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Diptendu Pramanick

2026-05-06T23:57:24Z

Raymondbig: Done - done

{{Short description|Indian film personality (1910–1989)}}
{{Draft article|nomove=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Diptendu Pramanick

| image_size =
| caption = Pramanick in the 1940s
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1910|7|18}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]] (now [[Kolkata]]), [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1989|12|15|1910|07|18}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| years_active = 1931–1976
| children = 2
| father = [[Sudhamoy Pramanick]]
}}

'''Diptendu Pramanick''' (18 July 1910 –15 December 1989) was an Indian film personality from [[Calcutta]]. He was the founder secretary of the ''Eastern India Motion Pictures Association'' <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eimpa.org/index.php |title=EIMPA official website |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108012230/http://eimpa.org/index.php |archive-date=8 January 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> in Calcutta, [[India]], a fraternity of film personnel which is an interface between the entertainment industry of eastern India and the Government. During his multifarious career he came in contact with eminent personalities and saw the evolution of this organisation from its initial days to being a regionwide entity.

==Early life and education==
He was born on 18 July 1910 in Calcutta. He was the eldest son of [[Sudhamoy Pramanick]] from [[Shantipur]]. He did his early schooling in Calcutta and then at the Raiganj Coronation School, [[Raiganj]] where his father practised as a lawyer.

In 1926 he returned to Calcutta and cleared Matriculation followed by the Intermediate examinations in Science in 1928. He then joined the [[Scottish Church College, Calcutta]].

His interactions with many a revolutionary (due to his father's involvement with the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and the [[Salt Satyagraha|Satyagraha]] movement at Raigunj), the explosive air of the times, and the inspiration from a famous alumni ''(The [[Presidency University, Kolkata#Presidency during the Indian freedom struggle|Oaten Affair]] – Netaji [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] assaulted Prof Oaten due to the latter's derogatory comment on Indians )'' <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/politics/subhas-boses-statue-unveiled-at-presidency-college_100345774.html |title=Subhas Chandra Bose assaults Oaten, 1916 |access-date=15 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415230913/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/politics/subhas-boses-statue-unveiled-at-presidency-college_100345774.html |archive-date=15 April 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> probably drove him to antagonise an Indian-loathing teacher at Scottish Church College, and follow Bose's suit.

He later graduated from [[Asutosh College, Calcutta|Asutosh College]], and earned a bachelor's degree in science from the [[University of Calcutta]] in 1931.

==Career==
'''1931–1948'''
[[File:TheModernReview 1935Jan DP.jpg|right|thumb|Diptendu Pramanick in the reception committee of the 12th Prabasi Banga Sahitya Sammelan, Calcutta, in December 1934 (standing fifth from left)]]After leaving college, he worked as the Secretary to the then Mayor of Calcutta Sri Santosh Kumar Basu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/MayorsKolkata.jsp |title=Kolkata Mayors : KMC |access-date=21 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113918/https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/MayorsKolkata.jsp |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Out of his literary inclinations, he associated with literary conferences and Bengali literature fora.<ref>''Ramananda Chatterjee:''The [[Modern Review (Calcutta)]], vol 57; The Modern Review Office, Calcutta (1935), page 141.</ref> The 12th [[Nikhil Bharat Banga Sahitya Sammelan|Prabasi Banga-Sahitya Sammelan]] was inaugurated by [[Rabindranath Tagore]] in Calcutta, December 1934 ''(Photo : The Reception Committee was chaired by [[Ramananda Chatterjee]])''..Also seen in the photograph is [[Amala Shankar|Akshay Kumar Nandi]], father of Amala Sankar.

On completion of Mr Basu's term as Mayor, he became the Liaison Officer of Civil Defense and in the Publicity Section of the Commercial Museum. In 1942, he moved to the Home Department of the then Bengal Government as Liaison Officer, Civil Defense. The concept of Civil Defence owes its origin to erstwhile [[Air Raid Precautions|ARP]] Organisation raised and operated during World War II (1939–45) to safeguard the life and property of the civilian population and train the citizens to handle war time crisis.

At this time, Japan had overrun Burma and the threat of bombing was looming large on Calcutta. Eventually Japanese aircraft bombed [[Budge Budge]] (south of Calcutta).
A Bengali folk rhyme <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/1767 |title=Bengali folk rhyme |access-date=13 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420132026/http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/1767 |archive-date=20 April 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> captures this [[World War II]] event:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Sa-re-ga-ma-pa-dha-ni|| [Do re me fa so la ti]
|-
| Bom(b) phelechhe Japani,|| the Japanese have dropped a bomb
|-
| Bomer modhye keute shap|| There is a cobra in the bombs
|-
| British bole bapre-bap.|| The British shout, (in awe and fear)
|}

The bombing led to widespread panic – over a million people fled from the city and there was a huge pressure on civic authorities to control the situation. Indian Civil Defence Department expanded at a rapid pace to counter these threats and planned lighting restrictions, medical platoons, fire-fighting and rescue units.<ref>{{cite book |last=Drucquer |first= Seth|date= June 1942 |title= Civil Defence in India |location=Calcutta |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn=9781406758962}}</ref> At the end of the war, the department was wound down starting 1947.

Subsequently, he tested his skills of entrepreneurship through a venture ''(Cine Furnishers Limited)'' with a couple of friends . It is here that he came in close contact with people of the [[Bengali film industry]] of [[Kolkata]].



'''EIMPA'''

Enthused with these contacts, he joined an association of producers, distributors and exhibitors of Bengal (Bengal Motion Pictures Association) in 1948 as Secretary <ref>''Screen Year Book & Who's who 1956'', Express Newspapers Ltd., Mumbai, page 374</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=V. Doraiswamy, V.N. Sharma|title=Asian Film Directory & Who's who|year=1952|pages=255|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0wY6AQAAIAAJ&q=%22D+Pramanick%22+|access-date=21 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502155250/https://books.google.com/books?id=0wY6AQAAIAAJ&dq=%22D+Pramanick%22+bmpa&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22D+Pramanick%22+|archive-date=2 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> while Sri [[B. N. Sircar]] was the President. Next year he started the ''BMPA journal''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/filmtvinfo/publications/16+/pdf/imagineasia.pdf |title=British Film Institute guide |access-date=17 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602083002/http://www.bfi.org.uk/filmtvinfo/publications/16+/pdf/imagineasia.pdf |archive-date=2 June 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>''Erik Barnouw : Indian Film, Columbia University Press, New York (1963), pages 143, 206, 284.''</ref> and was the editor <ref>''Centennial Issue : Newspaper Press Directory, volume 100, Benn Brothers Ltd, London (1951), page 502 ''</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Ayyar|first1=K.P.V.|title=The Indian Press Year Book|date=1956|publisher=Indian Press Publications|page=343|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8H8UAAAAIAAJ&q=%22D+Pramanick%22+film|access-date=17 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502053132/https://books.google.com/books?id=8H8UAAAAIAAJ&q=%22D+Pramanick%22+film&dq=%22D+Pramanick%22+film&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwin6a7LncjRAhUDwI8KHVICBE0Q6AEIOjAH|archive-date=2 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> for more than two decades.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Indian Press Year Book|date=1954|publisher=Indian Press Publication|page=304|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjs6AQAAIAAJ&q=%22D+Pramanick%22+bmpa|access-date=1 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502051610/https://books.google.com/books?id=mjs6AQAAIAAJ&q=%22D+Pramanick%22+bmpa&dq=%22D+Pramanick%22+bmpa&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAmoVChMIivSukffUxwIVhJCOCh0VCwa9|archive-date=2 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Newspaper Press Directory, vol 102|date=1951|publisher=Benn Brothers Ltd, London|page=625|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0Y1AQAAIAAJ&q=%22D+Pramanick%22|access-date=18 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502053218/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0Y1AQAAIAAJ&dq=%22D+Pramanick%22+film&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22D+Pramanick%22|archive-date=2 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Sur|first1=Ansu|title=Bengali film directory|date=1999|publisher=[[Nandan (Kolkata)|Nandan]], West Bengal Film Centre|location=Kolkata|page=vi,280|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-hkAAAAMAAJ&q=%22d+pramanik%22+BMPA+journal|access-date=7 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214215809/https://books.google.com/books?id=R-hkAAAAMAAJ&q=%22d+pramanik%22+BMPA+journal&dq=%22d+pramanik%22+BMPA+journal&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NvPiU9CnC4i_uAStzIJo&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA|archive-date=14 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
The Association was working on a rented premises at 125, Dharamtolla Street ''(now Lenin Sarani)'' which was moved to 2, Madan Street, Calcutta. The association grew under his leadership and moved into 98E Chowringhee Square (now 98E B.N. Sircar Sarani – EIMPA house - its present location).

He was the first secretary of the then expanded Eastern India Motion Picture Association (EIMPA) and was instrumental in opening the EIMPA offices in [[Patna]] and [[Guwahati]].<ref name=1972Patna>{{Cite web |url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1122487/ |title=Indian Law |access-date=18 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726175059/http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1122487/ |archive-date=26 July 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> In this period the uncertainties of war led to severe shortage of raw [[film stock]] in the country. A Film Advisory Committee was formed under the Government of India, and was given control of raw film stock distribution.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dishumdishum.com/BollyPresentation/GLOBALIZATION.PDF |title=Contact Support |access-date=14 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182016/http://www.dishumdishum.com/BollyPresentation/GLOBALIZATION.PDF |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> EIMPA played an important role as a trade representative, negotiating materials for the film industry of eastern India and much of Diptendu's efforts were directed for the same. During his tenure he also served as the Secretary of '''[[Film Federation of India]] (1953–1954)'''.<ref>V. Doraiswamy, V.N. Sharma (editors), ''1956 : Asian Film Directory & Who's who, Doraiswamy-Mumbai, page 53 ''</ref> In 1956, Diptendu and other stalwarts like [[Satyajit Ray]], Robert Hawkins, [[Vijaya Mulay]] and Dasgupta revived the [[Calcutta Film Society]] which witnessed the joining of 300 members.<ref name=cherian2016>{{cite book|last1=Cherian|first1=VK|title=India's Film Society Movement: The Journey and its Impact|date=2016|publisher=Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd|page=264|isbn=9789385985621|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iytwDQAAQBAJ&q=pramanick|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502004437/https://books.google.com/books?id=iytwDQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=India%27s+Film+Society+Movement+cherian&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj3tuKn6-vhAhXLV30KHV8JCdcQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=pramanick&f=false|archive-date=2 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:CFS revival-1956.jpg|thumb|Diptendu seated left in 4th row at CFS 1956 meeting, Robert and Satyajit in 2nd row]] The same team were then the prime movers behind the formation of the '''[[Federation of Film Societies of India]] (FFSI) in 1959''' which was presided by Satyajit Ray, with Diptendu as the Jt. Treasurer <ref>http://www.premendra.info/art16.htm accessed at https://web.archive.org/web/20091124180214/http://www.premendra.info/art16.htm on 14 January 2012 : published in Chitralipi, Kolkata (May 2006)</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://icinema.medialabju.org/archive/files/aae76b96279c4a45dd884d92cc2a3af6.pdf |title=Film Society Movement in India |access-date=18 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001011537/http://icinema.medialabju.org/archive/files/aae76b96279c4a45dd884d92cc2a3af6.pdf |archive-date=1 October 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=cherian2016/> during which [[Indira Gandhi]] was a member of the FFSI (till 1964).<ref name=cherian2016/>

=== First International Film Festival of India (IFFI), 1952===
[[File:Withcapra.jpg|right|thumb|alt=Diptendu Pramanick with Frank Capra, latter deluged with garlands at the Dum Dum airport, Calcutta in 1952|With Frank Capra in 1952, Diptendu Pramanick - 2nd from left]]

The Films Division of the Government of India sponsored and organised the First [[International Film Festival of India]] in 1952. BMPA played a pivotal role in organising the festival in Calcutta. [[Frank Capra]], the famous American director flew in <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/participant.jsp?spid=28439 |title=Capra at Turner Classic Movies website |access-date=18 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606074654/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/participant.jsp?spid=28439 |archive-date=6 June 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and was overwhelmed by the reception he got at Calcutta after visiting [[Mumbai|Bombay]] and [[Delhi]]. In his autobiography he wrote {{cquote|.. Was deluged with garlands ... Bengali people are quite different from the rest of India. They are like the Irish, emotional, sentimental. All riots and revolutions start in Bengal. I can understand it. It took me an hour to leave the airport, what with the crowds and the photographers...

|publication=The name above the title - an Autobiography <ref>Frank Capra, The name above the title - an Autobiography, ''Vintage Books, New York'', 1985, page 437</ref>|40px}}
This photograph depicts his welcoming at the [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport|Dum Dum Airport]] as in his autobiography, with the who's who of Calcutta Filmdom.

===First film seminar, 1955===
[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] convened the first film seminar at Delhi and it was inaugurated by Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal [[Nehru]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.filmtvguild.in/milestones.htm |title=Film & TV guild website |access-date=20 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719114936/http://www.filmtvguild.in/milestones.htm |archive-date=19 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Prominent film personality attended this seminar <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lazydesis.com/chai-time/51698-history-indian-cinema.html |title=History of Indian Cinema - Lazydesis |access-date=20 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713192323/http://www.lazydesis.com/chai-time/51698-history-indian-cinema.html |archive-date=13 July 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{|
| [[File:DP PRESathome.jpg|thumb|alt=President's invitation card|Invitation to meet the President - [[Dr Rajendra Prasad]] at his residence]]
| [[File:DP PMathome.jpg|thumb|alt=PM's invitation card|Invitation from the Prime Minister, Pandit [[Nehru]] to meet at his residence]]
|}

===Twilight years===
In the early 1970s, he was still getting nominated to committees,<ref name=1972Patna/><ref>{{cite book|title=Report of the Enquiry Committee on Film Censorship|date=1969|publisher=Government of India, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting|page=163|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VOxkAAAAMAAJ&q=%22D+Pramanick%22|access-date=18 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502051529/https://books.google.com/books?id=VOxkAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22D+Pramanick%22+film&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22D+Pramanick%22|archive-date=2 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> representing the Cinema trade for their infrastructural and legal issues, including the significant 1967–68 and the 1973–74 Parliamentary Estimates Committee.<ref>{{cite book|title=Second Report-Estimates Committee (Fourth Lok Sabha)|date=1968|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|location=Parliament Library|url=http://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/757723/1/ec_04_02_1967.pdf|access-date=15 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515050153/https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/757723/1/ec_04_02_1967.pdf|archive-date=15 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Estimates Committee|date=1973|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|location=Parliament Library|edition=Volume 5, Issues 56-58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmRPAQAAMAAJ&q=%22D+Pramanick%22+|access-date=17 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502155312/https://books.google.com/books?id=LmRPAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22D+Pramanick%22+film&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22D+Pramanick%22+|archive-date=2 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

The elaborate reports of the 1968 and 1973 Committees raised issues about institutional finances, cess based state funding of cinema, creating a generation of ‘low-budget’ stars to counter the lopsided economics of a star-heavy industry and censorship reforms. In that sense the report anticipated the birth of a generation of stars from the state-driven [[Film and Television Institute of India|FTII]] in the [[Naseeruddin Shah]] and [[Smita Patil]] era.<ref>{{cite book|last1=RAJADHYAKSHA|first1=ASHISH|title=Indian Cinema in the Time of Celluloid From Bollywood to the Emergency|date=2009|publisher=INDIANA UNIVERSITY PRESS|isbn=978-0-253-22048-6|page=235|url=https://indiancine.ma/texts/ashish%3AIndian_Cinema_in_the_Time_of_Celluloid/text.pdf|access-date=17 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051352/https://indiancine.ma/texts/ashish%3AIndian_Cinema_in_the_Time_of_Celluloid/text.pdf|archive-date=18 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

==The Pramanick family==
{{tree chart/start}}
{{tree chart| | GOB|y| RAD| | GOB=Gobindo Chandra | RAD=Radharani}}
{{tree chart| | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart| | SUD|y| SWA| | | | | | | | | | SUD=[[Sudhamoy Pramanick]] | SWA=Swarnabala }}
{{tree chart| | | | |)|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|.| }}
{{tree chart| | |DIP|y|NIY| |NAB| |SUP| |SUU| |ANI| |SAB| |NIK| |ASI| | DIP='''Diptendu Pramanick''' | NIY=Niyoti | NAB= Nabendu | SUP=Suprabha |SUU=Subhendu| ANI=Anita | SAB=Sabita |NIK=Nikhilendu | ASI=Asita ... }}
{{tree chart| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart| | | | |SUB|y| GOU| | | | | | |SUB=Subrata | GOU=Gouri}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | |SOU|y| ADI| | | | | | |SOU= [[Sougata Pramanick]] | ADI=Aditi}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | |SHA| | OIN | | | | | SHA=Sharmila|OIN=Oindrila }}
{{tree chart/end}}

==Legacy==
Children from many underprivileged families of Dahuka, a remote village in [[Bardhaman]] district, receive school books from the '''''Diptendu Pramanick Book fund''''' every year, during a ceremony held on the occasion of the [[Saraswati]] [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]].<ref>2010 Annual report of the '''Dr S. S. De Education Foundation''' ''(Regn# S-196221 1999-2000 : W.B.Societies Act 1961)'', page 5.</ref>
The apex body of film distributors and producers (EIMPA) continues to help the industry facing the challenges of corporatisation, censorship, piracy and "multiplexes".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/calcutta-times/EIMPA-plans-Tollywood-survival-kit/articleshow/33217695.cms |title=EIMPA plans Tollywood survival kit, TOI, Jan 3, 2003 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 January 2003 |access-date=22 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909041207/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/calcutta-times/EIMPA-plans-Tollywood-survival-kit/articleshow/33217695.cms |archive-date=9 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130630/jsp/7days/17064362.jsp |title=A tryst with money, The Telegraph, June 30, 2013 |access-date=22 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005084924/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130630/jsp/7days/17064362.jsp |archive-date=5 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Backless-Rituparna-passes-censor-test-but-not-newbie/articleshow/37825608.cms |title=EIMPA guidelines required for censorship, TOI, Jul 5, 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708082315/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Backless-Rituparna-passes-censor-test-but-not-newbie/articleshow/37825608.cms |archive-date=8 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.asutoshcollege.in Ashutosh College]
*[http://www.scottishchurch.ac.in Scottish Church College, Calcutta]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091222083113/http://scottishchurch.ac.in/College%20History02.pdf History of Scottish Church College]
*[https://eimpacinema.blogspot.com/2009/08/association-of-film-industry-of-eastern.html EIMPA blog]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100507171509/http://www.sangeetnatak.com/ Sangeet Natak Akademi, Delhi]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110201170932/http://www.ffsi.org.in/next.htm Federation of Film Societies of India]
*[http://cameraworking.raqsmediacollective.net/pages/timeline_nf.htm Timeline for Cinematography In India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925053306/http://cameraworking.raqsmediacollective.net/pages/timeline_nf.htm |date=25 September 2012 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615101626/http://chandrakantha.com/articles/indian_music/filmi_sangeet/film_song_1940s_film.html Film events of 1940s]
*[http://bangodarshan.com/samajik/JANAPAD/BARDHAMAN_VILLAGE_LIST.pdf Village Dahuka in Bardhaman district]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pramanick, Diptendu}}
{{Draft categories|
[[Category:People from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Scottish Church College alumni]]
[[Category:Asutosh College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Culture of Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali people]]
[[Category:Shantipur]]
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:Cinema of Bengal]]
[[Category:Sangeet Natak Akademi]]
[[Category:People from New Alipore]]
}}

List of colleges in West Bengal

2026-05-06T00:12:36Z

Raymondbig: Made New Details

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

== Colleges affiliated with University of Calcutta ==
For the list of colleges under University of Calcutta, see the article.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cuexam.net/Downloads/9DEF8EC9772641FF8C4C38175BD0A9B9.pdf|title=List of colleges under University of Calcutta pdf|work=University of Calcutta|access-date=3 December 2018|archive-date=24 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024231321/http://www.cuexam.net/Downloads/9DEF8EC9772641FF8C4C38175BD0A9B9.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Main|List of colleges affiliated to the University of Calcutta}}

==Colleges affiliated with Bankura University==
{{Div col|colwidth=35em}}
* [[Bankura Christian College]]
* [[Bankura Sammilani College]]
* [[Bankura Zilla Saradamani Mahila Mahavidyapith]]
* [[Barjora College]]
* Birsha Munda Memorial College
* [[Chatra Ramai Pandit Mahavidyalaya]]
* Chhatna Chandidas Mahavidyalaya
* [[Gobindaprasad Mahavidyalaya]]
* Indas Mahavidyalaya
* Jamini Roy College
* [[Kabi Jagadram Roy Government General Degree College]]
* [[Khatra Adibasi Mahavidyalaya]]
* Onda Thana Mahavidyalaya
* [[Panchmura Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Pandit Raghunath Murmu Smriti Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Patrasayer Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Raipur Block Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Ramananda College]]
* [[Saldiha College]]
* [[Saltora Netaji Centenary College]]
* [[Sonamukhi College]]
* Swami Dhananjoy Das Kathiababa Mahavidyalaya
* Government General Degree College, Ranibandh
* Akui Kamalabala Women's College
{{Div col end}}

==Colleges affiliated with The University of Burdwan==
{{Div col|colwidth=35em}}
* [[Abhedananda Mahavidyalaya]]
* Acharya Sukumar Sen Mahavidyalaya
* [[Aghorekamini Prakashchandra Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Arambagh Girls' College]]
* [[Balagarh Bijoy Krishna Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Bejoy Narayan Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Bengal Law College]]
* [[Birbhum Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Bolpur College]]
* [[Burdwan Raj College]]
* [[Chandernagore Government College]]
* [[Chandidas Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Chandrapur College]]
* [[Dasarathi Hazra Memorial College]]
* [[Deshbandhu Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Dr. Bhupendra Nath Dutta Smriti Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Dr. Gourmohan Roy College]]
* [[Galsi Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Gushkara Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Hiralal Bhakat College]]
* [[Hooghly Mohsin College]]
* [[Hooghly Women's College]]
{{Div col end}}

==Colleges affiliated with Kazi Nazrul University==
{{Div col|colwidth=35em}}
* [[Asansol Girls' College]]
* [[Banwarilal Bhalotia College]]
* [[Bidhan Chandra College, Asansol]]
* [[St. Xavier's College, Asansol]]
* [[Kulti College]]
* [[Deshbandhu Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Kazi Nazrul Islam Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Triveni Devi Bhalotia College]]
* [[Raniganj Girls' College]]
* [[Durgapur Government College]]
* [[Michael Madhusudan Memorial College]]
* [[Durgapur Women's College]]
* [[Durgapur College of Commerce and Science]]
* [[Khandra College]]
* [[Pandaveswar College]]
{{Div col end}}

==Colleges affiliated with University of Kalyani==
{{Div col|colwidth=35em}}
*[[Asannagar Madan Mohan Tarkalankar College]]
*[[Berhampore College]]
*[[Berhampore Girls' College]]
*[[Bethuadahari College]]
*[[Chakdaha College]]
*[[Chapra Bangaljhi Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[Chapra Government College]]
*Domkal Girls' College
*[[Dr. B.R. Ambedkar College]]
*[[Dukhulal Nibaran Chandra College]]
*[[Dumkal College]]
*[[Dwijendralal College]]
* G.D.College
*[[Haringhata Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[Hazi A.K. Khan College]]
*[[Jalangi Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[Jangipur College]]
*[[Jatindra Rajendra Mahavidyalaya]]
*Kaliganj Government College
*[[Kalyani Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[Kanchrapara College]]
*[[Kandi Raj College]]
*[[Karimpur Pannadevi College]]
*[[Krishnagar Government College]]
*[[Krishnagar Women's College]]
*[[Krishnath College]]
*[[Lalgola College]]
*[[Muragacha Government College]]
*[[Murshidabad Adarsha Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[Muzaffar Ahmed Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[Nabadwip Vidyasagar College]]
*Nabagram Amar Chand Kundu College
*Nagar College
*[[Nur Mohammad Smriti Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[Panchthupi Haripada Gouribala College]]
*[[Plassey College]]
*[[Pritilata Mahila Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[Prof. Sayed Nurul Hasan College]]
*[[Raja Birendra Chandra College]]
*[[Ranaghat College]]
*[[Rani Dhanya Kumari College]]
*[[Sagardighi Kamada Kinkar Smriti Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[Santipur College]]
*[[Srikrishna College]]
*[[Sripat Singh College]]
*[[S.R. Fatepuria College|Sewnarayan Rameswar Fatepuria College]]
*[[Subhas Chandra Bose Centenary College]]
*[[Sudhiranjan Lahiri Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[Tehatta Government College]]
*Tagore School of Rural Development and Agriculture Management
*[[Snehangshu Kanta Acharya Institute of Law]]
*[[Bimal Chandra College of Law]]
*[[J.R.S.E.T. College of Law]]
*[[Mohammad Abdul Bari Institute of Juridical Science]]
{{Div col end}}

==Colleges affiliated with Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University==
{{Div col|colwidth=35em}}
* Achhruram Memorial College
* [[Ananda Marga College]]
* [[Arsha College]]
* [[Balarampur College]]
* [[Bandwan Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Barabazar Bikram Tudu Memorial College]]
* [[Bikramjit Goswami Memorial College]]
* [[Chitta Mahato Memorial College]]
* [[Government General Degree College, Manbazar II]]
* [[J. K. College]]
* [[Kashipur Michael Madhusudhan Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Kotshila Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Mahatma Gandhi College, Purulia]]
* [[Manbhum Mahavidyalaya]]
* Netaji Subhash Ashram Mahavidyalaya
* [[Nistarini Women's College]]
* [[Panchakot Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Raghunathpur College]]
* [[Ramananda Centenary College]]
* [[Santaldih College]]
* [[Sitaram Mahato Memorial College]]
{{Div col end}}

==Colleges affiliated with Vidyasagar University==
{{Div col|colwidth=35em}}
* [[Ambigeria Government College]]
* [[Bajkul Milani Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Belda College]]
* [[Bhatter College]]
* [[Chaipat S.P.B. Mahavidyalaya]]
* Chandrakona Vidyasagar Mahavidyalaya
* [[Debra Thana Sahid Kshudiram Smriti Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Deshapran Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Egra Sarada Shashi Bhusan College]]
* [[Garhbeta College]]
* [[Gourav Guin Memorial College]]
* [[Government General Degree College, Gopiballavpur-II]]
* [[Government General Degree College, Mohanpur]]
* [[Haldia Government College]]
* [[Haldia Law College]]
* Hijli College
* Jhargram Raj College
* [[Jhargram Raj College (Girls' Wing)]]
* K.D. College of Commerce and General Studies
* [[Keshiary Government College]]
* [[Kharagpur College]]
* [[Khejuri College]]
* [[Lalgarh Government College]]
* [[Maharaja Nandakumar Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Mahishadal Girls' College]]
* [[Mahishadal Raj College]]
* [[Midnapore College]]
* [[Midnapore Law College]]
* [[MIES R.M. Law College]]
* [[Moyna College]]
* [[Mugberia Gangadhar Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Narajole Raj College]]
* [[Nayagram Pandit Raghunath Murmu Government College]]
* [[Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Midnapore]]
* [[Panskura Banamali College]]
* [[Pingla Thana Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Prabhat Kumar College]]
* [[Rabindra Bharati Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Raja Narendra Lal Khan Women's College]]
* [[Ramnagar College]]
* [[Sabang Sajanikanta Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Salboni Government College]]
* [[Sankrail Anil Biswas Smriti Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Santal Bidroha Sardha Satabarsiki Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Seva Bharati Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Shahid Matangini Hazra Government College for Women]]
* [[Siddhinath Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Silda Chandra Sekhar College]]
* [[Sitananda College]]
* [[Subarnarekha Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Sukumar Sengupta Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Swarnamoyee Jogendranath Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Tamralipta Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Vidyasagar Institute of Health]]
* [[Vidyasagar School of Social Work]]
* [[Vivekananda Mission Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Vivekananda Satavarshiki Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Yogoda Satsanga Palpara Mahavidyalaya]]
{{Div col end}}

== Colleges affiliated with West Bengal State University ==
The column contains the list of colleges under West Bengal State University<ref>{{cite web|title=Affiliated Colleges|url=http://www.wbsubregistration.org/content/college%20list_pdf.pdf|publisher=West Bengal State University|access-date=29 August 2017|archive-date=30 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830015910/http://www.wbsubregistration.org/content/college%20list_pdf.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=List of BEd& B.P.Ed. Colleges|url=http://www.wbsubregistration.org/content/b.ed.%20list%20pdf.pdf|publisher=West Bengal State University|access-date=29 August 2017|archive-date=30 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830015714/http://www.wbsubregistration.org/content/b.ed.%20list%20pdf.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Div col|colwidth=35em}}
* [[Acharya Prafulla Chandra College]], [[New Barrackpore]]
* Ali Yavar Jung National Institute of Speech and Hearing Disabilities
* Amdanga Jugal Kishore Mahavidyalaya
* [[Bamanpukur Humayun Kabir Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Banipur Mahila Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Barasat College]]
* [[Barasat Government College]]
* [[Barrackpore Rastraguru Surendranath College]]
* [[Basirhat College]]
* [[Bhairab Ganguly College]]
* [[Bidhannagar College]]
* Bikashayan, 40, Bonhoogly Govt Colony, Alambazar
* [[Brahmananda Keshab Chandra College]]
* [[Chandraketugarh Sahidullah Smriti Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Derozio Memorial College]]
* [[Dinabandhu Mahavidyalay]]
* Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Government College
* [[Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Satabarshiki Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Dum Dum Motijheel Rabindra Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Dum Dum Motijheel College]]
* [[East Calcutta Girls' College]]
* [[Gobardanga Hindu College]]
* GLF Business School, Sector I, Salt Lake
* [[Hingalganj Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Hiralal Majumdar Memorial College for Women]]
* [[Kalinagar Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Kingston College of Science]]
* [[Kingston Law College]]
* [[Mahadevananda Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Morning Star College]]
* [[Mrinalini Dutta Mahavidyapith]]
* [[Maharajah's College]], (Balisa) Bira
* [[Naba Barrackpore Prafulla Chandra Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Nahata Jogendranath Mandal Smriti Mahavidyalaya]]
* National Institute for the Mentally Handicapped, B.T. Road, Bon Hoogly
* [[Netaji Satabarshiki Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[P. N. Das College]]
* [[P. R. Thakur Government College]]
* [[Panihati Mahavidyalaya]]
* Post Graduate Government Institute for Physical Education
* [[Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Ramakrishna Sarada Mission Vivekananda Vidyabhavan]]
* [[Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College]]
* [[Rishi Bankim Chandra Colleges|Rishi Bankim Chandra College]]
* [[Sarojini Naidu College for Women]]
* [[Saheed Nurul Islam Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Sarada Ma Girls' College]]
* [[Sree Chaitanya College]]
* [[Sree Chaitanya Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Taki Government College]]
* [[Vivekananda College, Madhyamgram|Vivekananda College]]
* [[Institute of Science and Advanced Research]]
{{Div col end}}

==Colleges affiliated with Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University==

* [[Acharya Brojendra Nath Seal College]]
* [[Bakshirhat Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Baneswar Sarathibala Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Cooch Behar College]]
* [[Dewanhat Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Dinhata College]]
* [[Thakur Panchanan Mahila Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Mathabhanga College]]
* [[Netaji Subhas Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Mekliganj College]]
* [[Sitalkuchi College]]
* [[Government College of Physical Education for Women]]
* [[Baneswar Sarathibala Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Ghoksadanga Birendranath Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Bakshirhat Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Dewanhat Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Madhusudan Hore Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Tufanganj Mahavidyalaya]]

==Colleges affiliated with University of North Bengal==
* [[Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy Government College]]
* [[Alipurduar College]]
* [[Alipurduar Mahila Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Ananda Chandra College]]
* [[Ananda Chandra College of Commerce]]
* [[Banarhat Kartik Oraon Hindi Government College]]
* [[Bijanbari Degree College]]
* [[Birpara College]]
* [[Birsa Munda College]]
* [[Chopra Kamala Paul Smriti Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Cluny Women's College]]
* [[Darjeeling Government College]]
* [[Dhupguri Girls' College]]
* [[Falakata College]]
* [[Ghoom-Jorebunglow Degree College]]
* [[Ghoshpukur College]]
* [[Government General Degree College, Gorubathan]]
* Government General Degree College, Pedong
* [[Gyan Jyoti College]]
* [[Indian Institute of Legal Studies]]
* [[Islampur College]]
* [[Jalpaiguri Law College]]
* [[Kalimpong College]]
* Kalipada Ghosh Tarai Mahavidyalaya
* [[Kurseong College]]
* [[Lilabati Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Maynaguri College]]
* [[Mirik College]]
* [[Munshi Premchand Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Nakshalbari College]]
* Model B.P.Ed. College
* [[Nani Bhattacharya Smarak Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[North Bengal St. Xavier's College]]
* [[P.D. Women's College]]
* [[Parimal Mitra Smriti Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Pijushkanti Mukherjee Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Rajganj College]]
* [https://saheedkshudiramcollege.ac.in/ saheed kshudiram college]
* [[St Joseph's College, Darjeeling]]
* [[Salesian College, Darjeeling]]
* [[Samuktala Sidhu Kanhu College]]
* [[Siliguri College]]
* [[Siliguri College of Commerce]]
* [[Siliguri Mahila Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Sonada Degree College]]
* [[Southfield College]]
* [[Sukanta Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Suniti Academy]]
* [[Surya Sen Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Vivekananda College, Alipurduar]]
* [[University B.T. & Evening College]]

== Colleges affiliated with University of Gour Banga ==
{{Div col|colwidth=35em}}
* [[Balurghat College]]
* [[Balurghat Law College]]
* [[Balurghat Mahila Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Buniadpur Mahavidyalaya]]
* Chanchal College
* [[Dewan Abdul Goni College]]
* [[Dr. Meghnad Saha College]]
* [[Gangarampur B.Ed College]]
* [[Gangarampur College]]
* [[Gazole Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Gour Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Jamini Majumdar Memorial College]]
* [[Kaliachak College]]
* [[Kaliyaganj College]]
* Kumarganj College{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}
* [[Kushmandi Government College]]
* [[Malda College]]
* [[Malda Women's College]]
* [[Manikchak College]]
* [[Nathaniyal Murmu Memorial College]]
* [[Pakuahat Degree College]]
* [[Raiganj Surendranath Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[S.B.S. Government College, Hili]]
* [[Samsi College]]
* [[Shree Agrasen Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[South Malda College]]
{{Div col end}}

== See also ==
{{portal|India|Education}}
* [[List of institutions of higher education in India]]
* [[List of schools in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20010627224302/http://www.calcuttaweb.com/inst/college.shtml "(Calcutta): Academic Institutes."] Calcuttaweb.com. Accessed July 2012.
* [https://www.bankurauniv.ac.in/Affilated_College.aspx "Bankura University"] Bankura University accessed Feb 2021.
* [http://www.studyguideindia.com/Colleges/default.asp?State=WB "Colleges in West Bengal"]

{{Universities in West Bengal}}

[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in West Bengal|Colleges]]

2025 Indian Premier League final

2026-05-02T09:06:45Z

Raymondbig: New

{{Short description|Twenty20 cricket match}}
{{good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox cricket final
| title = 2025 Indian Premier League final
| image = File:Tata IPL 2025 final poster.jpeg
| image_alt = Promotional poster for the match
| caption = Match programme cover
| event = [[2025 Indian Premier League]]
| team1 = [[{{IPL Teams 1|RCB}}]]
| team2 = [[{{IPL Teams 1|PBKS}}]]
| team1score = 190/9
| team1overs = 20 overs
| team2score = 184/7
| team2overs = 20 overs
| details = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won by 6 runs
| date = 3 June 2025 {{UTZ|19:30|+5:30}}
| stadium = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]]
| city = [[Ahmedabad]]
| man_of_the_match = [[Krunal Pandya]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru)
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind) [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| attendance = 91,419
| previous = [[2024 Indian Premier League final|2024]]
| next = [[2026 Indian Premier League final|2026]]
}}

The '''2025 Indian Premier League final''' was a [[Twenty20]] (T20) [[cricket]] match played at the [[Narendra Modi Stadium]] in [[Ahmedabad]], India, on 3 June 2025 to determine the winner of the [[2025 Indian Premier League]] (IPL). It was originally scheduled to be played at [[Eden Gardens]] in [[Kolkata]], on 25 May 2025 before being [[2025 Indian Premier League#Suspension and rescheduling|rescheduled]].

It was played between [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] and [[Punjab Kings]]. Punjab won the toss and elected to field first; Bengaluru scored 190/9 in their innings. In the second innings, Punjab scored 184/7. Bengaluru won the match by 6 runs to win their maiden IPL trophy after 18 years.

== Background ==
{{Main|2025 Indian Premier League}}
The [[2025 Indian Premier League]] was the 18th edition of the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL), a professional [[Twenty20]] (T20) [[cricket]] league, organised by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Premier League |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-Premier-League |access-date=22 March 2025 |website=[[Britannica.com]] |language=en-uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317155833/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-Premier-League|archive-date=17 March 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> On 16 February, the fixtures for the season were confirmed with the 2025 season set to commence from 22 March with 10 teams competing in 74 matches across 13 venues.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BCCI Announces Schedule For TATA IPL 2025 |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/4114/bcci-announces-schedule-for-tata-ipl-2025 |access-date=16 February 2025 |website=[[IPLT20.com]] |date=16 February 2025 |language=en |archive-date=16 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216125147/https://www.iplt20.com/news/4114/bcci-announces-schedule-for-tata-ipl-2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> The final was scheduled for 25 May at [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]] with the venue to host its third IPL final after [[2013 Indian Premier League final|2013]] and [[2015 Indian Premier League final|2015]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eden Gardens to host IPL 2025 final on May 25 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-schedule-eden-gardens-in-kolkata-to-host-final-on-may-25-1473429 |access-date=16 February 2025 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en |archive-date=16 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216140829/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-schedule-eden-gardens-in-kolkata-to-host-final-on-may-25-1473429 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 9 May 2025, the remaining matches were suspended due to the [[2025 India–Pakistan crisis]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=IPL 2025 suspended amid India-Pakistan border tensions |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-suspended-over-india-pakistan-border-tensions-1485448 |access-date=14 May 2025 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |archive-date=9 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509080730/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-suspended-over-india-pakistan-border-tensions-1485448 |url-status=live}}</ref> The revised schedule was announced on 12 May, and the remaining matches resumed on 17 May and were held across six venues.<ref name="res1">{{Cite web |date=12 May 2025 |title=Remainder of IPL 2025 to be held at six venues |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/4210/remainder-of-ipl-2025-to-be-held-at-six-venues |access-date=14 May 2025 |website=[[IPLT20.com]] |archive-date=14 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514101854/https://www.iplt20.com/news/4210/remainder-of-ipl-2025-to-be-held-at-six-venues |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="res2">{{Cite web |date=14 May 2025 |title=IPL 2025 to resume on May 17 with RCB vs KKR, final scheduled for June 3 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-to-resume-on-may-17-final-to-be-played-on-june-3-1485733 |access-date=14 May 2025 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |archive-date=14 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514101323/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-to-resume-on-may-17-final-to-be-played-on-june-3-1485733 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 20 May, the playoff fixtures were confirmed<ref name="res-po">{{Cite web |date=20 May 2025 |title=Schedule for TATA IPL 2025 Playoffs announced |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/4221/schedule-for-tata-ipl-2025-playoffs-announced |access-date=24 May 2025 |website=[[IPLT20.com]] |archive-date=28 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528125453/https://www.iplt20.com/news/4221/schedule-for-tata-ipl-2025-playoffs-announced |url-status=live }}</ref> with the final rescheduled for 3 June at the [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]] with the venue hosting its third final after [[2022 Indian Premier League final|2022]] and [[2023 Indian Premier League final|2023]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ahmedabad-to-host-third-ipl-final-in-4-years-mumbai-likely-for-playoff-matches-depending-on-weather-report-101747287409544.html |title=Ahmedabad to host third IPL final in 4 years, Mumbai likely for playoff matches depending on weather |archive-date=24 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250524064551/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ahmedabad-to-host-third-ipl-final-in-4-years-mumbai-likely-for-playoff-matches-depending-on-weather-report-101747287409544.html |access-date=24 May 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=15 May 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] qualified for their fourth IPL final after being runners-up in [[2009 Indian Premier League final|2009]], [[2011 Indian Premier League final|2011]] and [[2016 Indian Premier League final|2016]],<ref>{{cite web |access-date=29 May 2025 |title=Fiery RCB in IPL final after 9 years after routing PBKS on spicy Mullanpur pitch |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ipl-2025-playoff-qualifier-rcb-vs-pbks-mullanpur-pitch-virat-kohli-hazlewood-suyash-2732748-2025-05-29 |work=[[India Today]] |date=29 May 2025 |archive-date=30 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530065942/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ipl-2025-playoff-qualifier-rcb-vs-pbks-mullanpur-pitch-virat-kohli-hazlewood-suyash-2732748-2025-05-29 |url-status=live }}</ref> while [[Punjab Kings]] qualified for their second IPL final after being runners-up in [[2014 Indian Premier League final|2014]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2 June 2025 |title=Punjab Kings reaches first IPL final since 2014 |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/pbks-vs-mi-qualifier-2-ipl-2025-punjab-kings-reaches-first-final-since-2014/article69646659.ece |work=[[Sportstar]] |date=June 2025 |archive-date=2 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602203226/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/pbks-vs-mi-qualifier-2-ipl-2025-punjab-kings-reaches-first-final-since-2014/article69646659.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Both teams were competing for their maiden titles.<ref name=hist>{{Cite web |title=IPL History: Get the complete IPL History from 2008 to 2024 along with Results, Winners, Runners-up, Orange Cap and Purple Cap Holders |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl/indian-premier-league-history-winners-list |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404144236/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl/indian-premier-league-history-winners-list |archive-date=4 April 2025 |access-date=27 May 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en-us|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Closing ceremony ===
A closing ceremony was held at the Narendra Modi stadium ahead of the final commencing at 18:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]. [[Grammy Award]] winning singer [[Shankar Mahadevan]] along with his sons Shivam and [[Siddharth Mahadevan]] performed a musical tribute to the [[Indian Armed Forces]] in the aftermath of [[Operation Sindoor]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2025 |title=IPL 2025 Closing ceremony, RCB vs PBKS final: Check timing, performers and where to watch |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/ipl-2025-closing-ceremony-time-live-streaming-performers-and-more-check-full-details/articleshow/121590900.cms |access-date=10 April 2026 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2025 |title=IPL 2025 Closing Ceremony: IPL pays tribute to Indian Armed Forces for Operation Sindoor ahead of RCB vs PBKS final |url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/ipl-2025-final-closing-ceremony-tribute-indian-armed-forces-rcb-vs-pbks-13894115.html |access-date=10 April 2026 |work=[[Firstpost]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2025 |title=IPL 2025 closing ceremony to honour Indian Armed Forces in wake of Operation Sindoor |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/ipl-2025-closing-ceremony-indian-army-tribute-operation-sindoor-india-pakistan-war/article69622517.ece |access-date=10 April 2026 |work=[[Sportstar]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Road to the final ==
{{further|2025 {{IPL Teams 1|rcb}} season|2025 {{IPL Teams 1|pbks}} season}}
=== Overview ===
* Source: [[ESPNcricinfo]]<ref name=pts>{{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|ref=ipl-2025-1449924/points-table-standings|title=2025 Indian Premier League points table standings|access-date=3 June 2025|dynamic=n|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250627053137/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/points-table-standings|archive-date=27 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="IPL"/>

{| style="text-align:center;margin:auto;font-size:90%"
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#99CCFF"
! scope="col" colspan="4" width="40%" style="background:#{{IPL Team colors 1|rcb}}" | [[{{IPL Teams 1|rcb}}|{{IPL Teams 1|rcb}}]]
! scope="row" width="10%" | vs
! scope="col" colspan="4" width="40%" style="background:#{{IPL Team colors 1|pbks}}" | [[{{IPL Teams 1|tbd2}}|{{IPL Teams 1|pbks}}]]
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#99CCFF"
! scope="colgroup" colspan="9" | [[2025 Indian Premier League#League stage|League stage]]
|-
| colspan="9" style="text-align:left;background:#C1E0FF;" | {{#invoke: IndianPremierLeagueProgression | create

| W1, W8, L14, W20, L24, W28, L34, W37, W42, W46, W52, N58, L65, W70 | W71, U, W74
| W5, W13, L18, W22, L27, W31, W34, L37, N44, W49, W54, W59, L66, W69 | L71, W73, L74

| caption = League progression<ref name="pts"/>
| teams = {{IPL Teams 1|rcb}}, {{IPL Teams 1|pbks}}
| knockoutType = 2
| matchesPerTeam = 14
| matchReportArticle = 2025 Indian Premier League}}
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#C1E0FF"
! scope="col" | Opponent || Date || Result || Points || Match || Opponent || Date || Result || Points
|-
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[2025 Indian Premier League#match1|22 March 2025]] || Won || 2
! scope="row" style="background:#C1E0FF" | 1
| [[Gujarat Titans]] || [[2025 Indian Premier League#match5|25 March 2025]] || Won || 2
|-
| [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[2025 Indian Premier League#match8|28 March 2025]] || Won || 4
! scope="row" style="background:#C1E0FF" | 2
| [[Lucknow Super Giants]] || [[2025 Indian Premier League#match13|1 April 2025]] || Won || 4
|-
| [[Gujarat Titans]] || [[2025 Indian Premier League#match14|2 April 2025]] || Lost || 4
! scope="row" style="background:#C1E0FF" | 3
| [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[2025 Indian Premier League#match18|5 April 2025]] || Lost || 4
|-
| [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[2025 Indian Premier League#match20|7 April 2025]] || Won || 6
! scope="row" style="background:#C1E0FF" | 4
| [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[2025 Indian Premier League#match22|8 April 2025]] || Won || 6
|-
| [[Delhi Capitals]] || [[2025 Indian Premier League#match24|10 April 2025]] || Lost || 6
! scope="row" style="background:#C1E0FF" | 5
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || [[2025 Indian Premier League#match27|12 April 2025]] || Lost || 6
|-
| [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[2025 Indian Premier League#match28|13 April 2025]] || Won || 8
! scope="row" style="background:#C1E0FF" | 6
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[2025 Indian Premier League#match31|15 April 2025]] || Won || 8
|-
| [[Punjab Kings]] || [[2025 Indian Premier League#match34|18 April 2025]] || Lost || 8
! scope="row" style="background:#C1E0FF" | 7
| [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] || [[2025 Indian Premier League#match34|18 April 2025]] || Won || 10
|-
| [[Punjab Kings]] || [[2025 Indian Premier League#match37|20 April 2025]] || Won || 10
! scope="row" style="background:#C1E0FF" | 8
| [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] || [[2025 Indian Premier League#match37|20 April 2025]] || Lost || 10
|-
| [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[2025 Indian Premier League#match42|24 April 2025]] || Won || 12
! scope="row" style="background:#C1E0FF" | 9
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[2025 Indian Premier League#match44|26 April 2025]] || N/R || 11
|-
| [[Delhi Capitals]] || [[2025 Indian Premier League#match46|27 April 2025]] || Won || 14
! scope="row" style="background:#C1E0FF" | 10
| [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[2025 Indian Premier League#match49|30 April 2025]] || Won || 13
|-
| [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[2025 Indian Premier League#match52|3 May 2025]] || Won || 16
! scope="row" style="background:#C1E0FF" | 11
| [[Lucknow Super Giants]] || [[2025 Indian Premier League#match54|4 May 2025]] || Won || 15
|-
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[2025 Indian Premier League#match58|17 May 2025]] || N/R || 17
! scope="row" style="background:#C1E0FF" | 12
| [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[2025 Indian Premier League#match59|18 May 2025]] || Won || 17
|-
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || [[2025 Indian Premier League#match65|23 May 2025]] || Lost || 17
! scope="row" style="background:#C1E0FF" | 13
| [[Delhi Capitals]] || [[2025 Indian Premier League#match66|24 May 2025]] || Lost || 17
|-
| [[Lucknow Super Giants]] || [[2025 Indian Premier League#match70|27 May 2025]] || Won || 19
! scope="row" style="background:#C1E0FF" | 14
| [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[2025 Indian Premier League#match69|26 May 2025]] || Won || 19
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#99CCFF"
! scope="colgroup" colspan="9" | [[2025 Indian Premier League#Playoffs|Playoff stage]]
|-
| colspan="9" style="text-align:left;background:#C1E0FF;" | {{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|bracket}}
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#C1E0FF"
! scope="col" | Opponent || Date || colspan="2" | Result || Match || Opponent || Date || colspan="2" | Result
|-
| [[Punjab Kings]] || [[2025 Indian Premier League#match71|29 May 2025]] || colspan="2" | Won
! scope="row" style="background:#C1E0FF" | {{Abbr|Q1|Qualifier 1}}
| [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] || [[2025 Indian Premier League#match71|29 May 2025]] || colspan="2" | Lost
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#99CCFF" | Qualified for the final
! scope="row" style="background:#C1E0FF" | {{Abbr|Q2|Qualifier 2}}
| [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[2025 Indian Premier League#match73|1 June 2025]] || colspan="2" | Won
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#99CCFF"
! scope="row" colspan="9" | 2025 Indian Premier League final
|}

=== Royal Challengers Bengaluru ===
Royal Challengers Bengaluru began their season with two wins against [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-22 |title=KKR vs RCB LIVE score, IPL 2025 Highlights: Royal Challengers Bengaluru beats Kolkata Knight Riders by 7 wickets |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/indian-premier-league-2025-kolkata-knight-riders-vs-royal-challengers-bengaluru/article69361066.ece |access-date=2026-04-11 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and [[Chennai Super Kings]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/chennai-super-kings-vs-royal-challengers-bengaluru-8th-match-1473445/match-report|title=Patidar, bowlers lead RCB to first win over CSK in Chennai since 2008|date=28 March 2025|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=10 April 2026}}</ref> They lost to [[Gujarat Titans]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2025 LIVE: RCB vs GT - cricket score, radio commentary & updates |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/live/cdjy4v4e2jet |access-date=2026-04-11 |work=[[BBC Sport]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> won against [[Mumbai Indians]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/mumbai-indians-vs-royal-challengers-bengaluru-20th-match-1473458/match-report|title=Kohli, Patidar and Krunal star as RCB end ten-year Wankhede jinx|date=7 April 2025|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=11 April 2026}}</ref> lost to [[Delhi Capitals]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highlights: Royal Challengers Bengaluru vs Delhi Capitals, IPL 2025 Match 24 - Result, Scorecard |url=https://indianexpress.com/section/sports/cricket/live-score/rcb-vs-dc-live-score-full-scorecard-highlights-ipl-2025-match-24-royal-challengers-bengaluru-vs-delhi-capitals-bcdd04102025257238/ |access-date=2026-04-11 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> won against [[Rajasthan Royals]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-13 |title=RR vs RCB Highlights, IPL 2025: Kohli, Salt fifties guide Royal Challengers Bengaluru to comfortable win over Rajasthan Royals |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/rr-vs-rcb-live-score-ipl-2025-rajasthan-royals-royal-challengers-bengaluru-april-13-updates-highlights-streaming-info/article69445657.ece |access-date=2026-03-25 |work=[[Sportstar]] |language=en}}</ref> and lost to Punjab.<ref name="M34">{{Cite web |title=Royal Challengers Bengaluru vs Punjab Kings, 34th Match, Indian Premier League 2025 |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-match-highlights/115174/rcb-vs-pbks-34th-match-indian-premier-league-2025 |access-date=2026-04-11 |language=en |publisher=[[Cricbuzz]]}}</ref> Bengaluru won their next four matches against Punjab,<ref name="M37">{{Cite web |title=Punjab Kings vs Royal Challengers Bengaluru, 37th Match, Indian Premier League 2025 |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-match-highlights/115192/pbks-vs-rcb-37th-match-indian-premier-league-2025 |access-date=2026-04-11 |language=en |publisher=[[Cricbuzz]]}}</ref> Rajasthan,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/royal-challengers-bengaluru-vs-rajasthan-royals-42nd-match-1473479/match-report|title=Kohli and Hazlewood break RCB's home duck as RR botch another chase|date=23 March 2025|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 May 2025|archive-date=29 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429041658/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/royal-challengers-bengaluru-vs-rajasthan-royals-42nd-match-1473479/match-report|url-status=live}}</ref> Delhi<ref>{{Cite web |title=DC vs RCB IPL 2025 Match 46 live scores, results and updates |url=https://www.rajasthanroyals.com/schedule-fixtures-results/delhi-capitals-vs-royal-challengers-bengaluru-ddbc04272025257260 |access-date=2026-04-11 |publisher=[[Rajasthan Royals]] |language=en}}</ref> and Chennai.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/royal-challengers-bengaluru-vs-chennai-super-kings-52nd-match-1473489/match-report|title=Dayal trumps CSK in last over again to take RCB to the top|date=3 May 2025|access-date=10 April 2026|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> Their twelfth match against Kolkata was abandoned due to rain.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-17 |title=IPL 2025: Rain forces abandonment of RCB’s match against KKR |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/rcb-kkr-match-bengaluru/article69587921.ece |access-date=2026-04-11 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> They lost to [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2025/royal-challengers-bengaluru-vs-sunrisers-hyderabad-live-score-rcb-vs-srh-live-updates-ipl-2025-cricket-match-8489089 |title=Royal Challengers Bengaluru vs Sunrisers Hyderabad Highlights, IPL 2025: Ishan Kishan Shines As SRH Dent RCB's Top-Two Hopes With 42-Run Win |date=23 May 2025 |access-date=11 April 2026 |work=[[NDTV Sports]]}}</ref> and won against [[Lucknow Super Giants]];<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2025 LIVE: LSG vs RCB - score & radio commentary |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/live/c0r11zydrg0t |access-date=2026-04-11 |work=[[BBC Sport]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> to finish the league stage in second place with nine wins from 14 matches, and advanced to the qualifier 1 in the playoffs.<ref name="pts"/><ref name="IPL"/> They defeated Punjab in the qualifier 1 to qualify for their fourth final.<ref name="Q1">{{cite web |access-date=29 May 2025 |title=Bowlers, Salt shine as RCB march into first IPL final since 2016 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/punjab-kings-vs-royal-challengers-bengaluru-qualifier-1-1473508/match-report |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |archive-date=29 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529170109/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/punjab-kings-vs-royal-challengers-bengaluru-qualifier-1-1473508/match-report |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=IPL/>

=== Punjab Kings ===
Punjab Kings began their season with two wins against Gujarat<ref>{{Cite web |title=GT vs PBKS IPL 2025 Match 5 live scores, results and updates |url=https://www.rajasthanroyals.com/schedule-fixtures-results/gujarat-titans-vs-punjab-kings-ahmkp03252025253703 |access-date=2026-04-11 |publisher=[[Rajasthan Royals]] |language=en}}</ref> and Lucknow.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/lucknow-super-giants-vs-punjab-kings-13th-match-1473450/match-report|title=Prabhsimran and Iyer see LSG off with ease|date=1 April 2025|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=11 April 2026}}</ref> They lost to Rajasthan,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/punjab-kings-vs-rajasthan-royals-18th-match-1473455/match-report|title=Archer leads PBKS demolition job after Jaiswal & Co set the platform for Royals|date=23 March 2025|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 May 2025|archive-date=11 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411014303/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/punjab-kings-vs-rajasthan-royals-18th-match-1473455/match-report|url-status=live}}</ref> won against Chennai,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayanan |first=Sankar |date=2025-04-08 |title=PBKS vs CSK, IPL 2025: Priyansh Arya powers Punjab Kings to 18-run win over Chennai Super Kings |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/pbks-vs-csk-ipl-2025-match-report-result-highlights-punjab-v-chennai-super-kings-score/article69428664.ece |access-date=2026-04-10 |work=[[Sportstar]] |language=en}}</ref> lost to Hyderabad,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-12 |title=IPL 2025, SRH vs PBKS Highlights: Abhishek Sharma's record knock helps Sunrisers make mockery of 246-run target |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-2025-live-srh-vs-pbks-live-score-match-28-sunrisers-hyderabad-vs-punjab-kings-t20-ipl-live-match-12-april-101744452107418.html |access-date=2026-04-11 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> won against Kolkata<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highlights: Punjab Kings vs Kolkata Knight Riders, IPL 2025 Match 31 - Result, Scorecard |url=https://indianexpress.com/section/sports/cricket/live-score/pbks-vs-kkr-live-score-full-scorecard-highlights-ipl-2025-match-31-punjab-kings-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-kpkr04152025257245/ |access-date=2026-04-11 |language=en |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> and Bengaluru,<ref name="M34"/> and lost to Bengaluru.<ref name="M37"/> Their ninth match against Kolkata was abandoned due to rain.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-26 |title=IPL 2025 results: KKR v PBKS abandoned due to heavy rain |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/articles/c5yrx265ke9o |access-date=2026-04-11 |work=[[BBC Sport]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> Punjab won their next three matches against Chennai,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-30 |title=CSK vs PBKS, IPL 2025 Highlights: Shreyas Iyer, Prabhsimran fifties help Punjab Kings win by 4 wickets |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/csk-vs-pbks-live-score-chennai-super-kings-punjab-kings-info-highlights/article69508935.ece |access-date=2026-04-10 |work=[[Sportstar]] |language=en}}</ref> Lucknow<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=P. K. Ajith |date=2025-05-04 |title=PBKS vs LSG, IPL 2025: Prabhsimran, Arshdeep secure dominant win for Punjab Kings |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/pbks-vs-lsg-ipl-2025-match-report-punjab-kings-lucknow-super-giants-score-highlights-result/article69538838.ece |access-date=2026-04-11 |work=[[Sportstar]] |language=en}}</ref> and Rajasthan,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-18 |title=RR vs PBKS Highlights, IPL 2025: Punjab Kings beats Rajasthan Royals to close in on playoff spot |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/rr-vs-pbks-live-score-ipl-2025-rajasthan-royals-v-punjab-kings-match-updates-streaming-info-highlights/article69589964.ece |access-date=2026-03-25 |work=[[Sportstar]] |language=en}}</ref> lost to Delhi<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-24 |title=IPL 2025, PBKS vs DC Highlights: Sameer Rizvi's maiden IPL 50 guides sensational chase, PBKS top two hopes in jeopardy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-2025-pbks-vs-dc-ipl-live-score-punjab-kings-vs-delhi-capitals-live-ipl-match-today-66-t20-match-score-101748081118993.html |access-date=2026-04-11 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> and won against Mumbai;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/mumbai-indians-vs-punjab-kings-69th-match-1473506/match-report|title=Arya and Inglis take PBKS to Qualifier 1 and send MI to the Eliminator|date=26 May 2025|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=11 April 2026}}</ref> to finish the league stage in first place with nine wins from 14 matches, and advanced to the qualifier 1 in the playoffs.<ref name="pts"/><ref name="IPL"/> They lost the qualifier 1 to Bengaluru<ref name="Q1"/> but defeated Mumbai in the qualifier 2 to qualify for their second final.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=1 June 2025 |title=Sensational Shreyas Iyer powers PBKS to second IPL final |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/mumbai-indians-vs-punjab-kings-qualifier-2-1473510/match-report |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |archive-date=3 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603020850/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/mumbai-indians-vs-punjab-kings-qualifier-2-1473510/match-report |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=IPL/>

== Match ==
=== Match officials ===
Officials for the final were India's [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] and [[Nitin Menon]] as the [[umpire (cricket)|on-field umpires]], along with New Zealand's [[Chris Gaffaney]] as the [[third umpire]], India's [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] as the [[fourth umpire|reserve umpire]] and [[Javagal Srinath]] as [[match referee]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 June 2025 |title=RCB vs PBKS IPL 2025 Final: Who are the umpires and match officials for Royal Challengers Bengaluru vs Punjab Kings clash in Ahmedabad? |url=https://www.sportingnews.com/in/ipl/news/rcb-pbks-ipl-2025-final-who-umpires-match-officials-ahmedabad/63e0adfa49e9f3b4590cfc84 |work=[[The Sporting News]] |date=3 June 2025 |archive-date=3 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603082927/https://www.sportingnews.com/in/ipl/news/rcb-pbks-ipl-2025-final-who-umpires-match-officials-ahmedabad/63e0adfa49e9f3b4590cfc84 |url-status=live }}</ref>

* '''On-field umpires''': [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
* '''Third umpire''': [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ)
* '''Reserve umpire''': [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind)
* '''Match referee''': [[Javagal Srinath]] (Ind)

=== Team and toss ===
{{see also|2025 {{IPL Teams 1|rcb}} season#Squad|2025 {{IPL Teams 1|pbks}} season#Squad}}
Punjab's captain [[Shreyas Iyer]] won the toss and elected to field first. Both teams were unchanged from their previous matches.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 June 2025 |title=IPL 2025 Final: PBKS to bowl first against RCB |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/cricket/ipl-2025-final-pbks-to-bowl-first-against-rcb-3569534 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |archive-date=11 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251011132707/https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/cricket/ipl-2025-final-pbks-to-bowl-first-against-rcb-3569534 |url-status=live }}</ref>

* '''Royal Challengers Bengaluru''':<ref name="XI">{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/punjab-kings-vs-royal-challengers-bengaluru-final-1473511/match-playing-xi |title=Playing XI - PBKS vs RCB Final {{!}} Indian Premier League Squad |access-date=3 June 2025 |date=3 June 2025 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> [[Suyash Sharma]] (IMP), [[Phil Salt]], [[Virat Kohli]], [[Mayank Agarwal]] (SUB), [[Rajat Patidar]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]), [[Liam Livingstone]], [[Jitesh Sharma]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]]), [[Romario Shepherd]], [[Krunal Pandya]], [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]], [[Yash Dayal]], [[Josh Hazlewood]]
* '''Punjab Kings''':<ref name="XI"/> [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] (SUB), [[Priyansh Arya]], [[Prabhsimran Singh]] (IMP), [[Josh Inglis]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]]), [[Shreyas Iyer]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]), [[Nehal Wadhera]], [[Shashank Singh]], [[Marcus Stoinis]], [[Azmatullah Omarzai]], [[Kyle Jamieson]], [[Vijaykumar Vyshak]], [[Arshdeep Singh]]

=== Royal Challengers Bengaluru innings ===
[[File:Krunal Pandya and Hardik Pandya (cropped) (cropped).jpg|thumb|alt=Krunal Pandya in 2017|[[Krunal Pandya]] took 2 wickets for Bengaluru in the final, and received the player of the match award.]]
Put to [[Batting (cricket)|bat]] first, Bengaluru lost their opener Salt in the second [[Over (cricket)|over]]. Agarwal was [[Dismissal (cricket)|dismissed]] in the seventh over, captain Patidar in the eleventh; this left the team at 96 runs for the loss of three wickets. Kohli was dismissed in the fifteenth over leaving the team at 131 runs. Livingstone scored 25 runs before being dismissed in the seventeenth over. Sharma scored 24 [[Run (cricket)|runs]] in 10 [[Delivery (cricket)|balls]] before being dismissed in the eighteenth over. Shepherd scored 17 runs in 9 balls before being dismissed in the last over. In the final over [[Bowling (cricket)|bowled]] by Arshdeep, Punjab gave away only three runs while taking three [[wicket]]s, restricting Bengaluru to 190 runs for the loss of nine wickets. Kohli was the highest run-scorer for Bengaluru with 43 runs from 35 balls, while Arshdeep and Jamieson picked up three wickets each for Punjab.<ref name="sc1">{{cite web |date=3 June 2025 |access-date=3 June 2025 |title=Live Report - RCB etch their name on the IPL trophy |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/punjab-kings-vs-royal-challengers-bengaluru-final-1473511/live-match-blog |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref><ref name="sc2">{{cite web |date=3 June 2025 |access-date=3 June 2025 |title=RCB vs PBKS highlights, IPL 2025: Nehal, bowlers shine as Punjab Kings beats Royal Challengers Bengaluru |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/rcb-vs-pbks-live-score-updates-royal-challengers-bengaluru-punjab-kings-ipl-2025-match-streaming-info-highlights/article69464511.ece |work=[[Sportstar]]}}</ref><ref name="sc3">{{cite web |date=3 June 2025 |access-date=3 June 2025 |title=RCB and Virat Kohli end 18-year wait for IPL glory with six-run defeat of Punjab Kings |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2025/jun/03/rcb-and-virat-kohli-end-18-year-wait-for-ipl-glory-with-six-run-defeat-of-punjab-kings |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

=== Punjab Kings innings ===
[[Run chase|Chasing]] the target of 191, the Punjab openers Priyansh and Prabhsimran were dismissed in the fifth and ninth overs respectively. Punjab captain Iyer was dismissed in the tenth over for a single run, leaving the team at 79 runs for the loss of three wickets. Inglis scored 39 runs in 23 balls before being dismissed in the thirteenth over. Wadhera was dismissed in the seventeenth over, Stoinis also on the seventeenth and Omarzai on the eighteenth over, leaving the team at 145 runs for the loss of seven wickets. Meanwhile, Shashank scored 61 runs [[not out]] from 30 balls to take the team total to 184 runs for the loss of seven wickets. Shashank was the highest run-scorer for Punjab,<ref name="sc1"/><ref name="sc2"/><ref name="sc3"/> while Krunal Pandya picked up two wickets for Bengaluru, giving away only 17 runs in 4 overs and received the player of the match award.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 June 2025 |access-date=4 June 2025 |title=Krunal Pandya adjudged Player of the Match in IPL 2025 final |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/krunal-pandya-player-of-match-ipl-2025-final-rcb-vs-pbks-winner-news/article69653801.ece |work=[[Sportstar]]}}</ref>

=== Match details ===
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match74}}

{{Cot|Match scorecard<ref name="scf"/>|bg=lightblue}}
: ''"(IMP)" indicates an [[2023 Indian Premier League#Impact player rule|Impact player]]''
: ''"(SUB)" indicates a [[2023 Indian Premier League#Impact player rule|Substituted player]]''

; 1st innings
{{Cricket match batting box begin|title={{IPL Teams 1|rcb}} batting<ref name="scf"/>}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Phil Salt]]|status=c Iyer b Jamieson|runs=16|balls=9|4s=2|6s=1|strike_rate=177.77}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Virat Kohli]]|status=c & b Omarzai|runs=43|balls=35|4s=3|6s=0|strike_rate=122.85}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Mayank Agarwal]] (SUB)|status=c Arshdeep b Chahal|runs=24|balls=18|4s=2|6s=1|strike_rate=133.33}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Rajat Patidar]]|status=lbw b Jamieson|runs=26|balls=16|4s=1|6s=2|strike_rate=162.50}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Liam Livingstone]]|status=lbw b Jamieson|runs=25|balls=15|4s=0|6s=2|strike_rate=166.66}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Jitesh Sharma]]|status=b Vyshak|runs=24|balls=10|4s=2|6s=2|strike_rate=240.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Romario Shepherd]]|status=lbw b Arshdeep|runs=17|balls=9|4s=1|6s=1|strike_rate=188.88}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Krunal Pandya]]|status=c Iyer b Arshdeep|runs=4|balls=5|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=80.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]|status= c Arya b Arshdeep|runs= 1|balls= 2|4s= 0|6s= 0|strike_rate=50.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Yash Dayal]]|status= not out|runs= 1|balls=1|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=100.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Josh Hazlewood]]|status=did not bat|runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
|- align=left
| Extras || (w 9) || {{align|right|9}} || || || ||
|- align=right
| {{align|left|'''Total'''}} || {{align|left|(9 wickets; 20 overs)}} || '''190''' || || 11 || 9 || RR: 9.50
{{Cricket match box end}}
'''Fall of wickets:''' 1–18 (Salt, 1.4 ov), 2–56 (Agarwal, 6.2 ov), 3–96 (Patidar, 10.5 ov), 4–131 (Kohli, 14.5 ov), 5–167 (Livingstone, 16.5 ov), 6–171 (Jitesh, 17.4 ov), 7–188 (Shepherd, 19.2 ov), 8–189 (Krunal, 19.4 ov), 9–190 (Kumar, 19.6)

{{Cricket match bowling box begin|title={{IPL Teams 1|pbks}} bowling<ref name="scf"/>}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Arshdeep Singh]]|overs=4|maiden=0|runs=40|wickets=3|econ=10.00|wides=2|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Kyle Jamieson]]|overs=4|maiden=0|runs=48|wickets=3|econ=12.00|wides=3|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Azmatullah Omarzai]]|overs=4|maiden=0|runs=35|wickets=1|econ=8.75|wides=2|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Vijaykumar Vyshak]]|overs=4|maiden=0|runs=30|wickets=1|econ=7.50|wides=2|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Yuzvendra Chahal]] (SUB)|overs=4|maiden=0|runs=37|wickets=1|econ=9.25|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match box end}}

; 2nd innings
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ Impact players
! scope="col" | Team || Out || In
|-
! scope="row" | [[{{IPL Teams 1|rcb}}]]
| [[Mayank Agarwal]] || [[Suyash Sharma]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[{{IPL Teams 1|pbks}}]]
| [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] || [[Prabhsimran Singh]]
|}

{{Cricket match batting box begin|title={{IPL Teams 1|pbks}} batting<ref name="scf"/>}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Priyansh Arya]]|status=c Salt b Hazlewood|runs=24|balls=19|4s=4|6s=0|strike_rate=126.31}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Prabhsimran Singh]] (IMP)|status=c Kumar b Krunal|runs=26|balls=22|4s=0|6s=2|strike_rate=118.18}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Josh Inglis]]|status=c Livingstone b Krunal|runs=39|balls=23|4s=1|6s=4|strike_rate=169.56}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Shreyas Iyer]]|status=c †Jitesh b Shepherd|runs=1|balls=2|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=50.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Nehal Wadhera]]|status=c Krunal b Kumar|runs=15|balls=18|4s=0|6s=1|strike_rate=83.33}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Shashank Singh]]|status=not out|runs=61|balls=30|4s=3|6s=6|strike_rate=203.33}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Marcus Stoinis]]|status=c Dayal b Kumar|runs=6|balls=2|4s=0|6s=1|strike_rate=300.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Azmatullah Omarzai]]|status=c sub (Bhandage) b Dayal|runs=1|balls=2|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=50.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Kyle Jamieson]]|status=not out|runs=0|balls=2|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=0.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Vijaykumar Vyshak]]|status=did not bat|runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Arshdeep Singh]]|status=did not bat|runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
|- align=left
| Extras || (lb 8, w 3) || {{align|right|11}} || || || ||
|- align=right
| {{align|left|'''Total'''}} || {{align|left|(7 wickets; 20 overs)}} || '''184''' || || 8 || 14 || RR: 9.20
{{Cricket match box end}}
'''Fall of wickets:''' 1–43 (Arya, 4.6 ov), 2–72 (Prabhsimran, 8.3 ov), 3–79 (Iyer, 9.4 ov), 4–98 (Inglis, 12.1 ov), 5-136 (Wadhera, 16.2 ov), 6–142 (Stoinis, 16.4 ov), 7–145 (Omarzai, 17.2 ov)

{{Cricket match bowling box begin|title={{IPL Teams 1|rcb}} bowling<ref name="scf"/>}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]|overs=4|maiden=0|runs=38|wickets=2|econ=9.50|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Yash Dayal]]|overs=3|maiden=0|runs=18|wickets=1|econ=6.00|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Josh Hazlewood]]|overs=4|maiden=0|runs=54 |wickets=1|econ=13.50|wides=2|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Krunal Pandya]]|overs=4|maiden=0|runs=17|wickets=2|econ=4.25|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Suyash Sharma]] (IMP)|overs=2|maiden=0|runs=19|wickets=0|econ=9.50|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Romario Shepherd]]|overs=3|maiden=0|runs=30|wickets=1|econ=10.00|wides=1|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match box end}}
{{cob}}

== Aftermath ==
{{Quote box
| quote = "This win is as much for the fans as it is for the team," [...] "It's been 18 long years. I’ve given this team my youth, my prime, my experience. Every single season, I've walked out with a heart full of hope and a mind obsessed with victory. To finally have this moment... it's beyond belief."
| author = [[Virat Kohli]]
| source = ''[[Hindustan Times]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-04 |title=“Given this team my youth, prime, experience,” emotional Kohli after IPL win |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/given-this-team-my-youth-prime-experience-emotional-kohli-after-ipl-win-101748976643533.html |access-date=2026-04-11 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>
| width = 30%
| align = right
}}
This was Bengaluru's maiden IPL title after 18 years.<ref name="tw"/> Krunal Pandya became the first player to win the player of the match awards in two IPL finals, with his first coming in [[2017 Indian Premier League final|2017]] for Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=4 June 2025 |title=Krunal Pandya Creates History, Becomes 1st Player In The World To... |url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/krunal-pandya-creates-history-becomes-1st-player-in-the-world-to-ws-l-9367009.html |work=[[News18]] |archive-date=5 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250605135701/https://www.news18.com/cricket/krunal-pandya-creates-history-becomes-1st-player-in-the-world-to-ws-l-9367009.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Bengaluru's captain Patidar praised his team bowlers' performance in the final match.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 June 2025 |title= Patidar: 'Virat Kohli deserves it more than anyone else' |url= https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-final-rcb-players-react-after-beating-punjab-kings-in-ahmedabad-1488928 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |archive-date= 4 June 2025 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20250604222629/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-final-rcb-players-react-after-beating-punjab-kings-in-ahmedabad-1488928 |url-status= live }}</ref> Punjab's captain Iyer praised his team youngsters' performance throughout the season.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 June 2025 |title=Shreyas Iyer praises 'fearless' PBKS youngsters despite defeat in IPL final |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/shreyas-iyer-praises-fearless-pbks-youngsters-despite-defeat-to-rcb-in-ipl-final-1488952 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |archive-date=5 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250605040554/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/shreyas-iyer-praises-fearless-pbks-youngsters-despite-defeat-to-rcb-in-ipl-final-1488952 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bengaluru received {{INRconvert|20|c}} and Punjab received {{INRconvert|12.5|c}} in prize money.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 June 2025 |title=IPL 2025 Prize money: All you need to know about how much money RCB received |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/ipl-2025-prize-money-rcb-royal-challengers-bengaluru-punjab-kings-runner-up/article69654256.ece |work=[[Sportstar]] |date=3 June 2025 |archive-date=5 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250605183646/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/ipl-2025-prize-money-rcb-royal-challengers-bengaluru-punjab-kings-runner-up/article69654256.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Celebrations ===
{{See also|2025 Bengaluru crowd crush}}
On 4 June, the Bengaluru team flew to Bengaluru on a chartered flight and were honoured on the steps of the [[Vidhana Soudha]] by the [[Chief Minister of Karnataka|Karnataka chief minister]] [[Siddaramaiah]], [[Deputy Chief Minister of Karnataka|deputy chief minister]] [[D. K. Shivakumar]] and [[Governor of Karnataka|governor]] [[Thawar Chand Gehlot]].<ref>{{cite news |title=RCB Felicitation Bengaluru: Karnataka Govt Honours IPL Champions at Vidhana Soudha |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/karnataka-govt-felicitates-ipl-champions-rcb-at-vidhana-soudha-3571081 |access-date=5 June 2025 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=4 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref> An [[open top bus]] victory parade from Vidhana Soudha to the [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]] was initially planned,<ref>{{cite web |access-date=4 June 2025 |title=IPL 2025: Virat Kohli promises special RCB victory parade in Bengaluru on June 4 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ipl-2025-final-bengaluru-victory-parade-celebrations-virat-kohli-date-2735336-2025-06-04 |work=[[India Today]] |date=4 June 2025 |archive-date=19 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250719061412/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ipl-2025-final-bengaluru-victory-parade-celebrations-virat-kohli-date-2735336-2025-06-04 |url-status=live }}</ref> but was cancelled a few hours before the event after the [[Bengaluru Police]] denied permission citing traffic congestion in the [[Bengaluru Central Business District|central business district]].<ref name="cancel">{{cite news |title=Bengaluru IPL celebrations: No open bus parade for RCB due to traffic congestion fears |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ipl-2025-rcbs-open-top-bus-parade-in-bengaluru-cancelled-2735537-2025-06-04 |access-date=5 June 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |date=4 June 2025 |language=en |archive-date=20 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620055544/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ipl-2025-rcbs-open-top-bus-parade-in-bengaluru-cancelled-2735537-2025-06-04 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was announced that the team would proceed directly to the M. Chinnaswamy Stadium for a felicitation ceremony scheduled at 17:00 IST.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why was RCB's victory parade in Bangalore cancelled? The answer lies in a 'Peak Bengaluru moment' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/bengaluru-news/why-was-rcbs-victory-parade-in-bangalore-cancelled-the-answer-lies-in-a-peak-bengaluru-moment/articleshow/121620165.cms |access-date=5 June 2025 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=4 June 2025 |archive-date=4 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250604232243/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/bengaluru-news/why-was-rcbs-victory-parade-in-bangalore-cancelled-the-answer-lies-in-a-peak-bengaluru-moment/articleshow/121620165.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ahead of the felicitation ceremony, overcrowding at multiple entry gates of the stadium caused chaos and a [[2025 Bengaluru crowd crush|crowd crush]], resulting in eleven fatalities and injuries to forty-seven others.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prasad |first1=Sanath |last2=Parashar |first2=Kiran |title=11 dead in Bengaluru stampede as RCB's moment of celebration is marred by poor planning, last-minute changes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/11-dead-bengaluru-stampede-rcb-celebration-poor-planning-last-minute-changes-10048417/ |access-date=5 June 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=5 June 2025 |language=en |archive-date=5 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250605015507/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/11-dead-bengaluru-stampede-rcb-celebration-poor-planning-last-minute-changes-10048417/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The deceased included six men and five women.<ref>{{cite news |title=From a class 9 girl to a teenager who had come to the stadium without informing parents, 11 youths killed in stampede in Bengaluru |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/from-a-class-9-girl-to-a-teenager-who-had-come-to-the-stadium-without-informing-parents-11-youths-killed-in-stampede-in-bengaluru/article69658114.ece |access-date=5 June 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 June 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref> The ceremony was cut short after reports of the fatalities emerged.<ref>{{cite news |title=RCB Homecoming Turns Tragic: Stampede Mars Chinnaswamy Stadium Celebrations |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/royal-challengers-homecoming-ends-on-a-sore-note-3571642 |access-date=5 June 2025 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=8 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250608055107/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/royal-challengers-homecoming-ends-on-a-sore-note-3571642 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the [[government of Karnataka|state government]]'s testimony in a [[Karnataka High Court]] hearing, over 1,400 police personnel had been deployed around the stadium and approximately 250,000 fans had gathered on the surrounding streets, including people who had arrived from outside Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news |title='Not sparing anyone': What Karnataka government told high court on Bengaluru stampede |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/not-sparing-anyone-what-karnataka-government-told-high-court-on-bengaluru-stampede-101749121142385.html |access-date=5 June 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=5 June 2025}}</ref> The government stated in the High Court that the event was conducted without any [[standard operating procedure]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bengaluru stampede: Karnataka government admits before High Court lack of preparation to handle crowd of 2.5 lakh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/karnataka-high-court-seeks-report-on-stampede-during-rcb-victory-celebrations-in-bengaluru/article69659641.ece |access-date=5 June 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 June 2025 |language=en-IN |archive-date=5 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250605183646/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/karnataka-high-court-seeks-report-on-stampede-during-rcb-victory-celebrations-in-bengaluru/article69659641.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="sch-chng1">Original schedule vs Revised schedule:
* Original: {{Cite journal |date=2025-02-16 |title=IPL Season Schedule 2025 |url=https://documents.iplt20.com/smart-images/1739621485265_IPL%20Season%20Schedule%202025-1.pdf |journal=Indian Premier League Schedule |publisher=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] |volume=18 |issue=1}}
* Revised: {{Cite journal |date=2025-05-12 |title=IPL Season Schedule 2025 |url=https://scores.iplt20.com/TATA%20IPL%202025%20Season%20Schedule.pdf |journal=Indian Premier League Schedule |publisher=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] |volume=18 |issue=3}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.iplt20.com/}}
* {{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|id=ipl-2025-1449924|title=2025 Indian Premier League}}

{{Royal Challengers Bengaluru}}
{{Punjab Kings}}
{{2025 Indian Premier League}}
{{Indian Premier League}}

[[Category:2025 Indian Premier League]]
[[Category:Indian Premier League finals]]

Indian Broadcasting & Digital Foundation

2026-04-22T02:59:41Z

Raymondbig: put up the stub first draft

{{short description|Indian television organisation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
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| extinction = 
| merger =
| tax_id = 
| registration_id = 
| status =
| purpose = Representing Television Broadcasters and OTT platforms
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]]
| coordinates = 
| region_served = [[India]]
| services =
| products =
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| num_members_year =
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| secretary_general =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| board_of_directors =
| key_people = Vikramjit Sen Head of Broadcasting content complaints council (Appointed in 2017)<ref name="eco">{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/indian-broadcasting-foundation-names-justice-vikramajit-sen-as-bccc-chairperson/articleshow/59561110.cms|title=Indian Broadcasting foundation names justice vikramjit seen as bccc chairperson|work=The Economic Times|access-date=23 July 2017}}</ref>
| main_organ = Broadcasting Content Complaints Council
| parent_organization =
| subsidiaries =
| secessions =
| affiliations = [[Television in India|Indian Television Industry]]
| budget =
| budget_year =
| revenue =
| revenue_year =
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| endowment =
| num_staff =
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| num_volunteers =
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| slogan =
| mission =
| website = https://www.ibdf.com/
| remarks =
| former_name = Indian Broadcasting Foundation
| footnotes =
}}
'''Indian Broadcasting & Digital Foundation'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETBrandEquity.com |title=The IBF to be renamed as Indian Broadcasting and Digital Foundation - ET BrandEquity |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/media/the-ibf-to-be-renamed-as-indian-broadcasting-and-digital-foundation/82997039 |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=ETBrandEquity.com |language=en}}</ref> also known as (IBDF) (previously Indian Broadcasting Foundation) is an unified representative body of the television broadcasters and OTT platforms in India. The organisation was founded in the year 1999. Over 250 Indian television channels are associated with it. The organisation is credited as the spokesman of India Broadcasting Industry.<ref name="i 2nd">{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalindiamib.com/ibf.html|title=About IBF|accessdate=23 July 2017}}</ref>

==Objectives==
The IBDF is the parent organisation of the Broadcasting Content Complaints Council (BCCC) which was set up in the year 2011. The BCCC examines content-related complaints relating to all non-news general entertainment channels in India.<ref name="eco"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/perspectives/table-discontents|title=Questioning the basis for broadcast regulation in India|last=Gupta|first=Apar|date=October 2013|website=[[The Caravan]]|language=en|access-date=2019-12-30}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

*
*
*
*

[[Category:Broadcasting in India]]

Baharagora Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:16:35Z

Raymondbig: Put up

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jharkhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{about|the assembly constituency in Jharkhand|its namesake community development block|Baharagora block|its namesake village|Baharagora}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| map_image = Baharagora constituency map.svg
| name = Baharagora
|type= SLA
|state = Jharkhand
|established = 2000
|abolished =
|electors = 2,25,068
|mla = [[Samir Mohanty]]
| party = {{Party index link|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
| constituency_no = 44
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| district = [[East Singhbhum district|East Singhbhum]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jamshedpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jamshedpur]]
| reservation = None
}}

''' Baharagora Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=jhceo>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |title=AC & PC List- Jharkhand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152343/http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref><ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref>
{{Pie chart|caption=Most successful parties after separate [[Jharkhand|Jharkhand state]].|label1=[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]|value1=80|color1={{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}|label2=[[Bharatiya Janta Party |BJP]]|value2=20|color2={{party color|Bharatiya Janta Party }}}}

==Overview==
According to the Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India, Bahargora Assembly constituency covers Baharagora and Chakulia police stations. Baharagora (Vidhan Sabha constituency) is part of [[Jamshedpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf | title = Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 | work = East Singhbhum District Page 169-170, Extent of Parliamentary constitutencies Page 174 | publisher =Election Commission of India | access-date = 11 December 2021}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Before 1957: see Ghatsila cum Baharagora constituency''}}
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''1957-62: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]] ||[[Jhareswar Ghosh]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]] ||rowspan="3"|[[Shibu Ranjan Khan]]
|-
| [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]] ||[[Bishna Pada Ghosh]]
|-
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]] ||rowspan="4"|[[Devipada Upadhayay]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]] ||[[Dinesh Sarangi]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! colspan=4|[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]] ||Dinesh Sarangi || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[Bidyut Baran Mahato]] || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Kunal Sarangi]]
|-
| [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || rowspan=2|[[Samir Mohanty]]
|-
| [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Baharagora<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Samir Mohanty]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=96,870 |percentage=50.65% |change={{decrease}}11.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dineshananda Goswami |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=78,745 |percentage=41.17% |change={{increase}}14.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Swapan Kumar Mahato |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=4,518 |percentage=2.36% |change={{decrease}}2.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Murmu |party=Independent politician |votes=2,644 |percentage=1.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phani Bhushan Mahato |party=Independent politician |votes=1,625 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=2,495 |percentage=1.30% |change={{increase}}0.25 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,125 |percentage=9.48% |change= {{decrease}}25.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,91,264 |percentage=79.73% |change= {{increase}}3.74 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,39,900 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.59 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{decrease}}11.34 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Baharagora<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Samir Mohanty]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=1,06,017 |percentage=61.99% |change={{increase}}26.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kunal Sarangi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=45,452 |percentage=26.58% |change={{increase}}0.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Swapan Kumar Mahato |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=8,167 |percentage=4.78% |change={{increase}}1.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanat Kumar Mahato |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,249 |percentage=1.32% |change={{decrease}}1.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Durgapada Ghosh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,049 |percentage=1.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,797 |percentage=1.05% |change={{decrease}}0.55 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=60,565 |percentage=35.41% |change= {{increase}}25.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,71,017 |percentage=75.98% |change= {{decrease}}0.02 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,25,068 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.53 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{increase}}26.22 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Baharagora<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kunal Sarangi]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=57,973 |percentage=35.77% |change={{decrease}}7.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dineshananda Goswami |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=42,618 |percentage=26.29% |change={{decrease}}4.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Samir Mohanty]] |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=42,130 |percentage=25.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanat Kumar Mahato |party=Communist Party of India |votes=5,007 |percentage=3.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Swapan Kumar Mahato |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=4,679 |percentage=2.89% |change={{decrease}}1.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Debi Shankar Dutta |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,559 |percentage=2.20% |change={{decrease}}4.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhirendra Nath Vera |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,265 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=2,591 |percentage=1.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,355 |percentage=9.47% |change= {{decrease}}3.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,62,080 |percentage=76.00% |change= {{decrease}}0.03 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,13,264 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.96 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{decrease}}7.32 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Baharagora<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bidyut Baran Mahato]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=59,228 |percentage=43.09% |change={{increase}}7.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dinesh Sarangi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=42,074 |percentage=30.61% |change={{decrease}}7.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Samir Mohanty]] |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=11,465 |percentage=8.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shyamal Kumar Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,180 |percentage=6.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Swapan Kumar Mahato |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=6,098 |percentage=4.44% |change={{decrease}}3.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Saroj Kumar Mahapatra |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=2,739 |percentage=1.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhirendra Nath Bera |party=Independent politician |votes=2,676 |percentage=1.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,154 |percentage=12.48% |change= {{increase}}10.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,37,462 |percentage=76.03% |change= {{increase}}2.73 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,80,792 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}2.61 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}5.05 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2005===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Baharagora<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dinesh Sarangi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=51,753 |percentage=38.03% |change={{increase}}10.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vidyut Varan Mahato |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=48,441 |percentage=35.60% |change={{increase}}9.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Swapan Kumar Mahato |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=10,459 |percentage=7.69% |change={{increase}}4.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Samir Mohanty]] |party=Independent politician |votes=9,411 |percentage=6.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rabindra Nath Das |party=Communist Party of India |votes=9,043 |percentage=6.65% |change={{decrease}}13.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sarala Mahato |party=Independent politician |votes=2,515 |percentage=1.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Murari Mohan Mahato |party=Independent politician |votes=1,338 |percentage=0.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,312 |percentage=2.43% |change= {{increase}}1.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,36,068 |percentage=73.30% |change= {{increase}}4.69 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,85,629 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.92 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}10.80 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2000===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Baharagora<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar |access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dinesh Sarangi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=30,186 |percentage=27.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bidyut Baran Mahato]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=28,885 |percentage=26.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devipada Upadhyay |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,722 |percentage=22.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rabindra Nath Das |party=Communist Party of India |votes=21,888 |percentage=19.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dibakar Mardi |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,092 |percentage=2.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhut Nath Patra |party=Independent politician |votes=1,375 |percentage=1.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,301 |percentage=1.17% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,10,828 |percentage=69.30% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,61,523 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Vidhan Sabha]]
* [[List of states of India by type of legislature]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the [[Election Commission of India]] [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf]

{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}

{{coord|22.28|86.72|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:East Singhbhum district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2000]]

Air pollution in Delhi

2026-03-28T06:10:06Z

Raymondbig: cleaned up content for clarity and corrected details

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Update|reason=The many major events related to Delhi's air pollution in late 2025 are not covered, aside from the protest|date=December 2025}}
[[File:Poulluted killer fog in Delhi.jpg|thumb|A dense toxic smog in New Delhi blocks out the sun, Nov. 8, 2017.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/07/world/asia/delhi-pollution-gas-chamber.html |title=Delhi, Blanketed in Toxic Haze, "Has Become a Gas Chamber" |work=The New York Times |date=7 November 2017 |access-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108013324/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/07/world/asia/delhi-pollution-gas-chamber.html |archive-date=8 November 2017 |url-status=live |last1=Kumar |first1=Hari |last2=Schultz |first2=Kai }}</ref>]]
[[File:PIA21100 Severe Air Pollution in New Delhi View by NASA's MISR.jpg|thumb|[[MISR]] measurement, Nov. 5, 2016: The optical depth of the thick haze was too much for calculation, "because the haze is so thick that the algorithm has classified the area as cloud". (Less than 37% of sunlight, [[Air quality index|AQI]] = 751).]]'''Air pollution in Delhi''', the capital of India, was found to be one of the most lethal of any city in the world in an August 2022 study of 7,000 world cities by the US-based [[Health Effects Institute]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Koshy |first=Jacob |date=2022-08-17 |title=Delhi's PM2.5 levels worst in the world|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/delhis-pm25-levels-worst-in-the-world/article65780144.ece?homepage=true |work=The Hindu |access-date=2022-08-18}}</ref> [[Air pollution in India]] is estimated to kill about 2 million people every year. India has the world's highest death rate from [[Respiratory disease#Chronic respiratory disease|chronic respiratory diseases]] and [[asthma]] according to the [[World Health Organization]].<ref name=":3" /> In Delhi, poor air quality has irreversibly damaged the lungs of 2.2 million children.

On 25 November 2019, the [[Supreme Court of India]] expressed their sentiments on the pollution in Delhi, saying "Delhi has become worse than ''[[Naraka (Hinduism)|narak]]'' (hell)".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/get-15-explosives-kill-people-at-one-go-sc-rebukes-centre-states-on-pollution/story-zv7hFJDndV2rlrfwvXz3rK.html|title='Delhi worse than hell': Supreme Court rebukes Centre, states on air pollution|date=25 November 2019|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=26 November 2019}}</ref> Supreme Court Justice [[Arun Kumar Mishra|Arun Mishra]] remarked that it is "better to get explosives, (and) kill everyone."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/top-court-slams-centre-states-over-pollution-delhi-worse-than-nark-2138346|title="Better To Get Explosives, Kill Everyone": Supreme Court On Delhi Pollution|website=NDTV.com|access-date=26 November 2019}}</ref>

During the [[COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in India]], the air quality in Delhi significantly improved.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/the-silver-lining-air-pollution-dips-amid-the-lockdown-1671422-2020-04-26|title=The silver lining: air pollution dips amid the lockdown|access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 April 2020 |title=India's coronavirus lockdown reveals fresh air, cleaner rivers |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/coronavirus-lockdown-india-fresh-air-clean-rivers-1669726-2020-04-22 |access-date=22 April 2020 |publisher=Living Media India Ltd.}}</ref>

India's [[Ministry of Earth Sciences]] published a research paper in October 2018 attributing almost 41% of air pollution to vehicular emissions, 21.5% to dust and 18% to industrial emissions.<ref name="MoES5">{{cite news|title=Usual suspects: Vehicles, industrial emissions behind foul play|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/usual-suspects-vehicles-industrial-emissions-behind-foul-play-all-year/articleshow/66228517.cms|access-date=18 December 2018|work=Times of India}}</ref> The director of the [[Centre for Science and Environment]] alleged that the [[Automotive industry in India|Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers]] was lobbying "against the report" because it was "inconvenient" to the [[Automotive industry in India|automobile industry]].<ref name="CSE">{{cite news|title=UA vicious nexus|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/air/a-vicious-nexus-62475|access-date=18 December 2018|work=Down to Earth}}</ref>

The [[air quality index]] (AQI) in Delhi generally falls within the Satisfactory (51–100) and Moderate (101–200) ranges between March and September, and then drastically deteriorates to Poor (201–300), Severe (301–400), or Hazardous (401–500+) levels between October and February due to various factors including the burning of effigies during [[Vijayadashami]], the bursting of firecrackers during [[Diwali]], thermal power plants in the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]],<ref name="thermal plant">{{cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/delhi/other-news/delhi-ncr-pollution-main-causes-thermal-power-plants-polluting-more-than-stubble-burning/articleshow/115391931.cms|website=NavbharatTimes.com|title=Delhi Pollution: This is the reason behind the maximum pollution in Delhi-NCR, not due to stubble burning, shocking revelation in the study|quote=Thermal power plants in NCR cause 16 times more air pollution than stubble burning|date=17 Nov 2024}}</ref> [[stubble burning]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/out-of-here-in-november-in-del-ncr-smog-break-is-becoming-the-new-annual-vacation/articleshow/104979257.cms|title=Out of here in November: In Delhi-NCR, smog break is becoming the new annual vacation|newspaper=The Times of India |date=5 November 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-aqi-cp-smog-tower-down-due-to-dpcc-says-minister-gopal-rai-official-says-running-cost-high/articleshow/104978284.cms|title=Delhi AQI: CP Smog tower down due to DPCC, says minister Gopal Rai; official says running cost high|newspaper=The Times of India |date=5 November 2023 }}</ref> road dust, vehicle pollution and cold weather.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/iit-kanpur-study-says-trucks-and-road-dust-are-bigger-pollutants-than-cars-in-delhi/articleshow/50115310.cms |title=IIT-Kanpur study says trucks and road dust are bigger pollutants than cars in Delhi|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=10 December 2015|last1=Vishnoi|first1=Anubhuti}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-breathed-easier-from-january-to-april/articleshow/59011204.cms|title=Delhi breathed easier from January to April|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 June 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/air-pollution-delhi-enjoys-cleanest-february-in-three-years/story-SANlmslHev8ifFgZbh3WXI.html|title=Air pollution: Delhi enjoys cleanest February in three years|work=Hindustan Times |date=27 February 2018}}</ref>

In November 2016, in an event known as the "Great [[Smog]] of Delhi", the air pollution spiked far beyond acceptable levels. The levels of PM2.5 and PM 10 particulate matter hit 999 micrograms per cubic meter, well above their respective 24-hour peak limits of 15 and 60 micrograms per cubic metre.<ref name="PTI_PWPMSD">{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/post-diwali-pm-shoots-up-10-times-more-than-the-safe-limit-3730200/ |title=Diwali effect: Pollution worsens, particulate matter soars in Delhi |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=1 November 2016}}</ref>

According to [[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]], 16.7 lakh (1,670,000) people died due to polluted air in India in 2019. According to data released by the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] in 2022, the Air Quality Index in [[Delhi NCR|Delhi]] stood at over 200 for at least half the year.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rampal |first1=Nikhil |title=You thought only winter meant bad air in Delhi? Govt data tells a different, worrying story |url=https://theprint.in/india/you-thought-only-winter-meant-bad-air-in-delhi-govt-data-tells-a-different-worrying-story/1048553/ |access-date=2022-08-21 |work=The Print |date=2022-07-22}}</ref>

[[Animal husbandry|Animal agriculture]] also contributes to Delhi's pollution problem, as smog and other harmful particles have been produced by farmers [[stubble burning|burning their crops]] in other states since the 1980s.

An initiative that is being considered to address air pollution is a 1,600 km long and 5 km wide green ecological corridor along the [[Aravalli Range]] from Gujarat to Delhi connecting to the [[Sivalik Hills]] range. This would involve the planting of 1.35 billion (135 crore) new native trees over 10 years to combat pollution.<ref name="wall1">[https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/want-govt-to-build-1600-km-green-wall-along-aravalli-says-activist-vijaypal-baghel-6182069/ Want govt to build 1600 km green wall along Aravalli], Indian Express, 24 December 2019.</ref> In December 2019, [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay|IIT Bombay]], in partnership with the [[McKelvey School of Engineering]] of [[Washington University in St. Louis]], launched the [[Aerosol]] and Air Quality Research Facility to study air pollution in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://source.wustl.edu/2019/12/new-partnership-brings-together-mckelvey-iit-bombay-to-study-air-pollution/|title=McKelvey Engineering, IIT Bombay partner to study air pollution|date=2019-12-04|website=The Source|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref>

The [[Government of Delhi|Delhi government]] announced in November 2021 that it would be shutting all schools and government offices<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 13, 2021|first=Amit|last=Bhardwaj|title=Delhi shuts schools, govt offices for a week due to air pollution, CM Kejriwal says no lockdown for now|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/delhi/story/delhi-govt-schools-offices-closed-construction-air-pollution-cm-kejriwal-1876393-2021-11-13|access-date=2021-11-15|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> for a week due to the severe air pollution. The government told the Supreme Court that it was confident and prepared for a complete lockdown.<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 15, 2021|title=Consider work from home, call emergency meet with states in NCR: What SC said on Delhi pollution|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-air-pollution-lockdown-supreme-court-1876840-2021-11-15|access-date=2021-11-15|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> [[The Supreme Court of India|The Supreme Court]] asked authorities in the NCR region to consider [[remote work]] policies for employees. When the air quality in Delhi on 18 November 2021 slipped into the "severe" category with an AQI of 362, the [[Supreme Court of India]] reprimanded the central and state governments and asked them to take strict measures to reduce pollution in Delhi and the NCR region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi NCR Pollution: जानें कहां क्या बंद हुआ, किन चीजों पर लगीं पाबंदियां, 20 बड़े Updates |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/news/story/delhi-ncr-pollution-several-restrictions-20-big-updates-ntc-1358874-2021-11-18 | date=2021-11-18 |website=Aaj Tak |language=hi}}</ref>

In November 2023, New Delhi was suffering from particularly high levels of air pollution. 38% of this 2023's pollution has been caused by stubble burning.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dayal |first1=Sakshi |date=13 November 2023 |title=Explainer: Why is South Asia the global hotspot of pollution? |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/why-is-south-asia-global-hotspot-pollution-2023-11-13/ |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=Reuters |language=en}}</ref>

On November 18, 2024, Delhi recorded its worst air quality of the season, with a 24-hour AQI reading of 491, classified as "severe plus." This level, as reported by India's pollution control authority, indicates hazardous conditions with significant health impacts, particularly for vulnerable populations. The reading marks the highest AQI level for Delhi in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-18 |title=India's capital chokes as air pollution levels hit 50 times the safe limit |url=https://apnews.com/article/new-delhi-air-pollution-india-ae1ec1e6292009db198f18b113047cd5 |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> The [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janta Party]]-led [[Government of Delhi|Delhi Government]] was accused of deliberately distorting AQI data after [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]] tankers (controlled by the BJP) were witnessed spraying water around air-quality monitoring stations in a bid to suppress actual readings that suggested catastrophic air quality.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Video shows MCD water tankers spraying mist at Anand Vihar AQI station in Delhi; causes uproar|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/video-shows-mcd-water-tankers-spraying-mist-at-anand-vihar-aqi-station-in-delhi-causes-uproar-101761416645763.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=2025-10-26|access-date=2025-12-01|language=en}}</ref>

== Particulate matter levels in Delhi==

Air quality or ambient/outdoor air pollution is represented by the annual mean concentration of [[particulate matter]] PM10 (particles smaller than 10 [[microns]]) and PM2.5 (particles smaller than 2.5 microns, about 25 to 100 times thinner than a human hair).<ref name="Ambient (outdoor) air pollution database">{{cite web |title=Ambient (outdoor) air pollution database, by country and city |url=https://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328100014/http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/ |url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2014 |publisher=WHO|access-date=31 May 2015}}</ref>

PM10 levels, for the period 2008 and 2013, based on data of 1600 cities in 91 countries, range from 26 to 208 micrograms per cubic meter of air (μg/m3), with the world average being 71 μg/m3.<ref name="pollution in cities database 2014">{{cite web|title=Ambient (outdoor) air pollution in cities database 2014|url=https://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328100014/http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 March 2014 |website=who.int |publisher=[[WHO]] |access-date=31 May 2015|date=2014}}</ref> 13 of the 25 cities worldwide with the highest levels of PM are in India.<ref name=Gizmodo>{{cite web |first=Alissa|last=Walker|title=India's Air Pollution Is So Bad It's Causing Lung Damage in Kids|url=https://gizmodo.com/indias-air-pollution-is-so-bad-its-causing-lung-damage-1707775668|publisher=[[gizmodo]]|access-date=30 May 2015|date=29 May 2015}}</ref>

The 2022 version of the WHO ambient air quality database status report includes annual means for PM10, PM2.5, and NO2 for the years between 2010 and 2019, and it covers 6,743 human settlements in 117 countries worldwide. It documents the following annual mean concentration on particulate matter from 2010 to 2020 in Delhi:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambient Air Quality Database Application |url=https://worldhealthorg.shinyapps.io/AmbientAirQualityDatabaseV6_1/ |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=worldhealthorg.shinyapps.io}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!PM2.5 (μg/m3)
!PM10 (μg/m3)
!NO2 (μg/m3)
|-
|2010
|153
|274
|
|-
|2011
|237
|270
|
|-
|2012
|119
|238
|
|-
|2013
|120
|226
|69
|-
|2014
|198
|216
|66
|-
|2015
|113
|214
|
|-
|2016
|149
|292
|69
|-
|2017
|129
|213
|
|-
|2018
|106
|
|
|-
|2019
|105
|192
|
|-
|2020
|114
|194
|61
|}
In 2010, the year of the WHO survey, the average PM10 level in Delhi was 286 μg/m3. In 2013, the PM2.5 level was 153 μg/m3. These levels are considered very unhealthy. In Gwalior, the city with the worst air quality in India, the PM10 and PM2.5 levels were 329 μg/m3 and 144 μg/m3 respectively. For comparison, the PM10 and PM2.5 levels in London were 22 μg/m3 and 16 μg/m3 respectively.

In December–January 2015, in Delhi, an average PM2.5 level of 226 μg/m3 was noted by US embassy monitors in Delhi. The average in Beijing for the same period was 95.<ref>Air Pollution in India: Real-time Air Quality Index Visual Map, http://aqicn.org/map/india/</ref> Delhi's air is twice as bad as Beijing's air.<ref name="Gizmodo" /> As of November 2017, experts in several monitoring stations have reportedly measured an air quality index of 999. This is said to be the equivalent of smoking 45 to 50 cigarettes a day. This has led to chief minister of Delhi comparing the nation's capital to a "gas chamber".<ref name="D+C">{{cite news |title=10% of the disease burden|url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/india-needs-determined-action-fight-air-pollution|first=Roli|last=Mahajan|work=D+C, development and cooperation |date=15 March 2018 |access-date=7 May 2018}}</ref>

According to the WHO ambient air quality database, 2022 status report update, recommended levels as of 2021 are 15 μg/m3 (annual mean) for PM10, 5 μg/m3 (annual mean) for PM2.5, and 25 μg/m3 (annual mean) for NO2. These guidelines have changed from those of 2005 which were 20 μg/m3 (annual mean) for PM10, 10 μg/m3 (annual mean) for PM2.5, and 40 μg/m3 (annual mean) for NO2.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240047693 |title=WHO Ambient Air Quality Database, 2022 Update: Status Report |date=2023 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn=978-92-4-004769-3 |edition=1st |location=Geneva |pages=1}}</ref>

==Causes of poor air quality==
* [[Motor vehicle emissions]] are one of the causes of poor air quality.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Stewart|first1=Gareth J.|last2=Nelson|first2=Beth S.|last3=Drysdale|first3=Will S.|last4=Acton|first4=W. Joe F.|last5=Vaughan|first5=Adam R.|last6=Hopkins|first6=James R.|last7=Dunmore|first7=Rachel E.|last8=Hewitt|first8=C. Nicholas|last9=Nemitz|first9=Eiko|last10=Mullinger|first10=Neil|last11=Langford|first11=Ben|date=2020-08-13|title=Sources of non-methane hydrocarbons in surface air in Delhi, India|journal=Faraday Discussions|volume=226|pages=409–431|language=en|doi=10.1039/D0FD00087F|pmid=33336656|issn=1364-5498|doi-access=free}}</ref> Other causes include wood-burning fires,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Stewart|first1=Gareth J.|last2=Acton|first2=W. Joe F.|last3=Nelson|first3=Beth S.|last4=Vaughan|first4=Adam R.|last5=Hopkins|first5=James R.|last6=Arya|first6=Rahul|last7=Mondal|first7=Arnab|last8=Jangirh|first8=Ritu|last9=Ahlawat|first9=Sakshi|last10=Yadav|first10=Lokesh|last11=Sharma|first11=Sudhir K.|date=2021-02-18|title=Emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds from combustion of domestic fuels in Delhi, India|url=https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/21/2383/2021/|journal=Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics|language=English|volume=21|issue=4|pages=2383–2406|doi=10.5194/acp-21-2383-2021|bibcode=2021ACP....21.2383S|issn=1680-7316|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Stewart|first1=Gareth J.|last2=Nelson|first2=Beth S.|last3=Acton|first3=W. Joe F.|last4=Vaughan|first4=Adam R.|last5=Farren|first5=Naomi J.|last6=Hopkins|first6=James R.|last7=Ward|first7=Martyn W.|last8=Swift|first8=Stefan J.|last9=Arya|first9=Rahul|last10=Mondal|first10=Arnab|last11=Jangirh|first11=Ritu|date=2021-02-18|title=Emissions of intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds from domestic fuels used in Delhi, India|url=https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/21/2407/2021/|journal=Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics|language=English|volume=21|issue=4|pages=2407–2426|doi=10.5194/acp-21-2407-2021|bibcode=2021ACP....21.2407S|issn=1680-7316|doi-access=free}}</ref> cow dung cake combustion,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Stewart|first1=Gareth J.|last2=Nelson|first2=Beth S.|last3=Acton|first3=W. Joe F.|last4=Vaughan|first4=Adam R.|last5=Hopkins|first5=James R.|last6=Yunus|first6=Siti S. M.|last7=Hewitt|first7=C. Nicholas|last8=Nemitz|first8=Eiko|last9=Mandal|first9=Tuhin K.|last10=Gadi|first10=Ranu|last11=Sahu|first11=Lokesh K.|date=2021-02-25|title=Comprehensive organic emission profiles, secondary organic aerosol production potential, and OH reactivity of domestic fuel combustion in Delhi, India|journal=Environmental Science: Atmospheres|language=en|volume=1|issue=2|pages=104–117|doi=10.1039/D0EA00009D|issn=2634-3606|doi-access=free|bibcode=2021ESAt....1..104S }}</ref> fires on agricultural land, exhaust from diesel generators, dust from construction sites, burning garbage<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-india-pollution-new-delhi-cars-20160104-story.html | title=To fight the world's worst air pollution, New Delhi forces cars off the roads | work=[[Los Angeles Times]] | access-date=7 December 2017 | author=Bengali, Shashank | date=4 January 2016 | pages=4 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/a-history-of-delhi-s-air-pollution-can-road-rationing-even-the-odds/story-XNnrXjRY2I4bwzgSuYlJZK.html | title=A history of Delhi's air pollution: Can road rationing even the odds? | work=Hindustan Times | date=4 January 2016 | access-date=7 December 2017}}</ref> and illegal industrial activities in Delhi. Although pollution is at its worst from November to February, Delhi's air misses clean-air standards by a wide margin for much of the year. On the worst days, the air quality index, a benchmark ranging from zero (good) to 500 (hazardous), exceeds 400.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/south-central-asia_doctors-warn-pollutions-impact-health-new-delhi/6178945.html|title=Doctors Warn of Pollution's Impact on Health in New Delhi|website=Voice of America|date=6 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=7 November 2019}}</ref>
*Thermal power plants in NCR.<ref name="thermal plant" />
*Agricultural [[stubble burning]] in Haryana and Punjab, coupled with north-westerly winds also affects Delhi's air quality since the 1980s when crops are being harvested. This is the biggest cause {{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} of air pollution in Delhi and as can be seen from air pollution index data, the air quality drastically deteriorated in October, the season of crop burning in Punjab and Haryana.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 October 2017 |title=Stubble burning begins: Hold your breath Delhiites, that deadly smog is coming |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/stubble-burning-begins-hold-your-breath-delhiites-that-deadly-smog-is-coming/story-ahzIniEIeYF12iBDHtGHpO.html}}</ref> During the crop-burning season, the practice can account for up to 45% of Delhi's pollution, according to government meteorologists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamali Dehghan |first=Saeed |date=2021-12-10 |title=Burning issue: how enzymes could end India's problem with stubble |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/dec/10/burning-issue-how-enzymes-could-end-indias-problem-with-stubble |access-date=2021-12-11 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref>
*The drift/mist emissions from the wet [[cooling tower]]s are also a source of particulate matter as they are widely used in industry and other sectors for dissipating heat in cooling systems.<ref>{{cite news |title=Wet cooling towers: guide to reporting |url= https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/national-pollutant-release-inventory/report/sector-specific-tools-calculate-emissions/wet-cooling-tower-particulate-guide.html |access-date=19 October 2018}}</ref>
* Although Delhi is kerosene free and 90% of the households use [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]] for cooking, the remaining 10% uses wood, crop residue, [[cow dung]], and coal for cooking. (Census-India, 2011)
* Fire in [[Bhalswa Jahangir Pur|Bhalswa]] landfill is also a major reason for airborne particles in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bhalswa-landfill-site-major-factor-of-air-pollution-jain-116110501132_1.html|title=Bhalswa landfill site major factor of air pollution: Jain|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=5 November 2016|work=[[Business Standard India]]|access-date=7 December 2017}}</ref>

A study in 2016 measured the sources and average levels of various types of air pollution in Delhi. Of PM2.5 pollution, 38% came from road dust, 20% from vehicles, 12% from domestic fuel burning, and 11% from industrial point sources. Of PM10 pollution, 56% came from road dust, 10% from concrete batching, 10% from industrial point sources, and 9% from vehicles. Of NOx emissions, 52% came from industrial point sources (mostly from power plants and 36% from vehicles (but the 36% was potentially more damaging due to being emitted close to people){{Citation needed|date=January 2025|reason=The brackets, who said it was more damaging?}}. Of SO2 emissions, 90% came from industrial point sources. Of CO emissions, 83% came from vehicles.<ref>[https://cerca.iitd.ac.in/uploads/Reports/1576211826iitk.pdf Comprehensive Study on Air Pollution and Green House], Mukesh Sharma and Onkar Dikshit (Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur), 2016</ref> The large contributions of vehicles and road dust to air pollution have been made worse by court-ordered restrictions on bus service in Delhi, which had the effect of accelerating the purchase of private cars and the construction of roads to accommodate them.<ref>[https://srajagopalan.substack.com/p/altruism-and-development-its-complicated Altruism and Development - It's complicated.......]</ref>

A collaborative study between [[IIT Delhi]] and [[IIT Kanpur]] concluded that biomass burning drive is the primary cause air pollution in Delhi following the days after Vijayadashami and Diwali. It also said that stubble burning and increased heating requirements of the region in winters increase the biomass burning activity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DELHI |first=IIT |title=Biomass Burning Drives Poor Air Quality in Delhi Post Diwali, Not Fireworks: IIT Delhi Study |url=https://home.iitd.ac.in/show.php?id=23&in_sections=Research |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=home.iitd.ac.in |language=en}}</ref>

=== Past causes ===

* The [[Badarpur Thermal Power Station]], a coal-fired power plant built in 1973, was another major source of air pollution in Delhi. Despite producing less than 8% of the city's electric power, it produced 80 to 90% of the [[particulate matter]] pollution from the electric power sector in Delhi.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 August 2016 |title=The Badarpur Plant's effect on Air Pollution and why it needs to be shut down |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/the-badarpur-plants-effect-on-air-pollution-and-why-it-needs-to-be-shut-down/articleshow/53669369.cms |access-date=25 November 2016 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> During the Great Smog of Delhi in November 2016, the Badarpur Power Plant was temporarily shut down to alleviate the acute air pollution but was allowed to restart on 1 February 2017.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 November 2016 |title=Badarpur thermal power plant to remain shut till Jan 31 2017 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/badarpur-thermal-power-plant-to-remain-shut-till-jan-31-2017-4380987/ |access-date=25 November 2016 |work=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref> In view of the detrimental effect to the environment, the power plant has been permanently shut down since 15 October 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Badarpur thermal plant, Delhi's biggest power generator, to shut down from October 15 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/Delhi-news/badarpur-thermal-plant-delhi-s-biggest-power-generator-to-shut-down-from-october-15/story-6r1DhoDjb7G0yr48iv8IqI.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421060942/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/badarpur-thermal-plant-delhi-s-biggest-power-generator-to-shut-down-from-october-15/story-6r1DhoDjb7G0yr48iv8IqI.html |archive-date=21 April 2019 |access-date=16 January 2020}}</ref>

== Air quality index data of Delhi by month ==
{{More citations needed|section|date=January 2025}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Month
!January
!February
!March
!April
!May
!June
!July
!August
!September
!October
!November
!December
|-
|Average [[air quality index]]
| style="background:red; colour: black" |301–400
(Severe)
| style="background: #f90; colour: black" |201–300
(Poor)
| style="background: #ff0; colour: black" |101–200
(Moderate)
| style="background: #ff0; colour: black" |101–200
(Moderate)
| style="background: #ff0; colour: black" |101–200
(Moderate)
| style="background: #ff0; colour: black" |101–200
(Moderate)
| style="background: #6c0; colour: black" |51-100
(Satisfactory)
| style="background: #6c0; colour: black" |51–100
(Satisfactory)
| style="background: #6c0; colour: black" |51-100
(Satisfactory)
| style="background: #f90; colour: black" |201-300
(Poor)
| style="background:brown; colour: black" |401-500
(Hazardous)
| style="background:brown; colour: black" |401–500
(Hazardous)
|}

== Effects of poor air quality==
[[File:Delhi panorama 1857.jpg|thumb|A view from Old Delhi (year 1857) to mountains of the [[Himalaya range]]]]

=== Effects on children ===
22 lakh (2,200,000) children in Delhi have irreversible lung damage due to poor air quality. In addition, research shows that pollution can lower children's [[immune system]] and increase the risks of [[cancer]], [[epilepsy]], [[diabetes]] and even adult-onset diseases like [[multiple sclerosis]]. Children are more vulnerable to the negative effects of air pollution as they are growing and developing due to breathing a higher rate of air per kilogram of their body weight. They also spend more time outside and are thus more exposed to it.<ref name="Harris, MAY 29, 2015">{{Cite news|last1=Harris|first1=Gardiner|title=Holding Your Breath in India|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/31/opinion/sunday/holding-your-breath-in-india.html?_r=0|work=SundayReview, New York Times|access-date=30 May 2015|date=29 May 2015}}</ref>

===Effects on adults===
Poor air quality is a cause of reduced lung capacity, headaches, sore throats, coughs, fatigue, lung cancer, and early death.<ref name="Summary of risk assessment">{{cite web |date=2005 |title=WHO Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide Global update 2005 Summary of risk assessment |url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2006/WHO_SDE_PHE_OEH_06.02_eng.pdf |access-date=31 May 2015 |publisher=WHO}}</ref><ref name="Harris, MAY 29, 2015"/>

===Control measures===
{{Update|part=section|date=November 2024|reason=}}

In 2016, the Chief Minister of Delhi proposed these measures to reduce air pollution but didn't get any success due to the lack of implementation in reality. The efficacy of any individual step has been a matter of public debate.<ref name="TNN_DSSBCW">{{cite web |date=6 November 2016 |title=Air pollution: Delhi shuts schools, bans construction work |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Air-pollution-Delhi-shuts-schools-bans-construction-work/articleshow/55273297.cms |work=Times of India}}</ref>

* All Delhi schools will remain shut for the next few days.
* For the next five days, no construction and demolition work will take place in Delhi.
* All [[diesel generator]] sets have been banned for the next ten days, except at hospitals and in emergencies.
* The Delhi government will supply power to unauthorized colonies which use diesel generators.
* The coal-based [[Badarpur Thermal Power Station|Badarpur power plant]] will be shut down for ten days. There will be no-fly ash transportation from the power plant.
* The Environment Department will launch an app to monitor the burning of leaves.
* Vacuum cleaning of roads will start on 10 November.
* Water sprinkling will start on all roads from the next following days.
* People should stay at home as much as they can and they should try working from home.
* As per Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles in India scheme it is expected by 2030 all vehicles will be [[Battery electric vehicle|Battery electric]] and [[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid]]
* All combustion engined vehicles will be upgraded to [[Bharat stage emission standards|BS6 emission standards]]
* Any vehicle older than 10–15 years or below BS6 emissions will be banned
* [[Smog tower]]s will be installed in the city to purify and clean the air
* The Pusa Bio-decomposer will help farmers harvest crops to prevent [[stubble burning]].
* By 2021, the entire [[Delhi Metro]] is expected to be 100% powered by solar energy
* In 2022, the Punjab Government announced they will purchase [[maize]], [[sorghum]], [[pearl millet]], [[sunflower]] and [[mung bean]] crops at MSP, encouraging farmers to adopt less water consuming options as a sustainable alternative to paddy and wheat in the wake of fast-depleting groundwater.

In October 2020, Delhi authorities established a 10-member air pollution control team working in a dedicated conference room. They examine complaints received through the "Green Delhi" mobile app. As of 2020, they also regulate construction dust and ban diesel generators. Air pollution is an issue of special concern during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]] because the virus can damage people's lungs and make them less able to cope with pollution.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2020 |title=Delhi Gets "Green War Room" To Bring Down Pollution Levels This Winter |url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/delhi-gets-green-war-room-to-bring-down-pollution-levels-this-winter-2307162 |access-date=2020-10-21 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Yeung |first1=Jessie |last2=Mitra |first2=Esha |last3=Sud |first3=Vedika |date=21 October 2020 |title=India's pollution season could serve a double blow during Covid-19 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/21/asia/india-pollution-covid-intl-hnk-scn-wellness/index.html |access-date=2020-10-21 |website=CNN}}</ref>

===Longer term measures===
On 25 November 2017, the [[Supreme Court of India]] banned the sale of [[firecracker]]s in Delhi to alleviate pollution.<ref>{{cite news |title=Supreme Court bans sale of firecrackers in Delhi, NCR |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/pollution/SC-bans-sale-of-fire-crackers-in-Delhi-NCR/articleshow/55617850.cms? |access-date=25 November 2016 |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

In another measure, the extremely polluting [[Badarpur power plant]] was permanently shut down on 15 October 2018.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Goswami |first=Sweta |date=5 October 2018 |title=Badarpur thermal plant, Delhi's biggest power generator, to shut down from October 15 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/badarpur-thermal-plant-delhi-s-biggest-power-generator-to-shut-down-from-october-15/story-6r1DhoDjb7G0yr48iv8IqI.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421060942/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/badarpur-thermal-plant-delhi-s-biggest-power-generator-to-shut-down-from-october-15/story-6r1DhoDjb7G0yr48iv8IqI.html |archive-date=21 April 2019 |access-date=10 November 2018 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Shrangi |first=Vatsala |date=16 October 2018 |title=Badarpur power plant shut, action plan to tackle air pollution in Delhi-NCR comes into force |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/badarpur-power-plant-shut-action-plan-to-tackle-air-pollution-in-delhi-ncr-comes-into-force/story-Exu4ZryrjCEYZN2Wzpgs9H.html |access-date=10 November 2018 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> In October, 2020 the union environment ministry formed a commission for Air Quality Management in the National capital region and Adjoining Area Ordinance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nihar |date=27 October 2020 |title=Air pollution: Centre issues ordinance to form new commission to replace EPCA |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-issues-ordinance-to-form-new-commission-to-replace-sc-mandated-epca/story-nWagkwXA33KzD42FbWsTFN.html |access-date=2020-10-29 |website=hindustantimes.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, the Supreme Court advised the [[Government of Punjab, India|Punjab Government]] to reconsider the Punjab Preservation of Subsoil Water Act, 2009, a state law aimed at conserving groundwater. The law prohibits sowing of paddy seeds before 10 May every year and transplantation before 10 June. It allows the crop to be sown only during the monsoon months and as a result encourages stubble burning due to restricted cultivation period.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Akshat |date=2023-11-09 |title=What is the Punjab groundwater conservation law & why it's being blamed for Delhi's air pollution |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/what-is-the-punjab-groundwater-conservation-law-why-its-being-blamed-for-delhis-air-pollution/1838049/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Great Smog of 2016–2017 ==
{{Infobox event
| title = Great Smog of 2016–2017
| image = Low visibility due to Smog at New Delhi Railway station 31st Dec 2017 after 9AM DSCN8829 1.jpg
| caption = Low visibility due to [[Smog]] at [[New Delhi railway station]] 31 December 2017. Railway building is not visible.
| time =
| place = [[Delhi]], India
| coordinates =
| cause =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
}}

The Great Smog of Delhi was a severe air-pollution event in [[New Delhi]] and adjoining areas in the [[National Capital Territory]] of [[India]].<ref name="HT_DWSYWUG">{{cite web |last=Goswami |first=Sweta |date=7 November 2016 |title=Delhi's worst smog yet wakes up govt, emergency measures announced |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/delhi-sees-season-s-worst-air-quality-kejriwal-announces-emergency-steps/story-J11rGcyCdk2wn6T4jqxG2O.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> [[Air pollution in India|Air pollution]] in 2016 peaked on both PM2.5 and PM10 levels.<ref name="PTI_DWUTHPL">{{cite web |date=2 November 2016 |title=Delhi wakes up to hazardous pollution levels, reduced visibility due to smog |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-wakes-up-to-hazardous-pollution-levels-low-visibility-due-to-smog-3733302/ |work=Indian Express}}</ref> It was reported as one of the worst levels of air quality in Delhi since 1980.<ref name="PT_DPGIHAASCC">{{cite web |date=8 November 2016 |title=Delhi pollution: Government issues health advisory as smog chokes city |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/delhi-pollution-government-issues-health-advisory-as-smog-chokes-city/story-byUVNCraAWGH5CQ3usVsaN.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

Low visibility resulted in accidents across the city, notably a 24-vehicle pile-up on the [[Yamuna Expressway]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Blinding Smog Causes 24-Vehicle Pile-Up on Expressway Near Delhi |url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/delhis-toxic-smog-leads-to-24-car-accident-on-yamuna-expressway-1772758 |access-date=9 November 2017 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref>

"The Great Smog" also led to cancellation and delay of public transport, primarily trains and flights.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 November 2016 |title=Delhi wakes up to dense smog; train services suspended due to low visibility |url=http://www.timesnownews.com/india/video/delhi-smog-delhi-pollution-latest-updates-delhi-weather-updates-new-delhi-ncr-chandigarh-air/120194 |access-date=9 November 2017 |work=timesnownews.com |agency=Times Now Bureau}}</ref>

; Source of pollution

Majority of analysis sources are hinted towards colder weather, stagnant winds trapping the various sources of smoke. The primary sources of smoke are power plants, [[stubble burning]], lit garbage, road dust, factories, and vehicles.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

On 7 November 2016 the PM2.5 levels in Delhi shot up to a high of 999, much above the recommended 60 micrograms. At the same time, PM10 also shot up to 999 (the maximum level for the monitors), instead of the recommended limit of 100.<ref name="PTI_PWPMSD" />

Again, on 8 November 2016 the PM2.5 levels shot up to 449. At the same time PM10 levels shot up to 663.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 November 2016 |title=Delhi Smog and band aid efforts to patch it |url=http://theindependent.in/delhi-and-band-aid-efforts-to-patch-it/ |publisher=theindependent.in}}</ref>

The temperature in New Delhi during this period was from {{convert|15|to|29|°C}}.

According to a real-time source apportionment study conducted by the Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC) in 2023, the burning of local organic waste—which includes wood, cow dung cakes, and agricultural or other waste burned for heating needs—contributes '''24%''' to '''PM2.5 concentrations''' in Delhi during the winter season, when the demand for household heating rises. During this period, the impact of local sources such as the '''transport sector''' also increases, contributing approximately '''23%''' to PM2.5<ref>{{Cite web |title=दिल्ली में बढ़ता वायु प्रदूषण संकट: बदलते स्रोतों, AQI रुझानों और स्थानीय-क्षेत्रीय योगदान का गहन विश्लेषण |url=https://www.teriin.org/article/delhi-vayu-pradhushan-stotra-aqi-sthaniya-vishleshan |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=www.teriin.org |language=en}}</ref> levels (TERI, 2019).

=== Incidents ===
During the second day of the third test of [[Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 2017-18]] at [[Delhi]], the smog forced Sri Lanka cricketers to stop playing and wear anti-pollution masks. Cricketer [[Lahiru Gamage]] reported to have [[shortness of breath]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pollution stops play at Delhi test match as bowlers struggle to breathe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/03/pollution-stops-play-at-delhi-test-match-as-bowlers-struggle-to-breathe}}</ref> [[Nic Pothas]], coach of Sri Lankan cricket team, reported that cricketer [[Suranga Lakmal]] had vomited regularly due to severe pollution effect on the Delhi ground. There was a halt of play from 12:32 pm to 12:49 pm which caused Indian coach [[Ravi Shastri]] to come out aggressively and have a talk with the field umpire [[David Boon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India vs Sri Lanka, 3rd Test: "Angry" Ravi Shastri Marched on to the Field. Twitter Trolled Him {{pipe}} Cricket News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/india-vs-sri-lanka-2017-18/india-vs-sri-lanka-3rd-test-angry-ravi-shastri-marched-on-to-the-field-twitter-trolled-him-1783278 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031175252/https://amp.sports.ndtv.com/india-vs-sri-lanka-2017-18/india-vs-sri-lanka-3rd-test-angry-ravi-shastri-marched-on-to-the-field-twitter-trolled-him-1783278?akamai-rum=off |archive-date=31 October 2018 |access-date=31 October 2018}}</ref>

=== State reaction ===
A Health Emergency was declared in the capital by the Central Government of India to cope with the extrusive amount of polluted air. The day was declared as a holiday for schools, offices and other government centres.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

; Health effects

The government of Delhi has declared a health advisory for the following.<ref name="PT_DPGIHAASCC" />
* Breathlessness
* Chest constriction
* Irritation in eyes
* Asthma
* Allergy

==Air quality monitoring stations==
[[File:2018 Air Pollution in NewDelhi (PM2.5 AQI).svg|thumb|Days with healthy (= green) or unhealthy conditions with air pollution in year 2018. [[PM 2.5]], [[Air quality index#India|air quality index]].]]
The [[Indian Meteorological Department]] has [[air quality monitoring]] stations in [[Mathura Road]], Delhi (Jor Bagh area), [[IGI Airport]], IITM Delhi,{{clarify|What is IITM?|date=November 2021}} Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital ([[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]] area), Dhirpur, [[Delhi Technological University]], [[Pitampura]], Shaheed Sukhdev College of Business Studies (Rohini), Aya Nagar ([[Gurgaon]]), and [[Noida]].<ref name="Monitoring Stations">{{cite web|title=Monitoring Stations|url=http://safar.tropmet.res.in/|website=System of Air Quality Weather Forecasting and Research, [[Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology]], Pune|publisher=[[Ministry of Earth Sciences]], Govt. of India|access-date=2 June 2015|date=2015}}</ref> The air pollution monitor of the [[U.S. Embassy in New Delhi]] covers the area of [[Chanakyapuri]].<ref name="Air Quality Data, US">{{cite web|title=Air Quality Data|url=http://newdelhi.usembassy.gov/airqualitydata.html|publisher=usembassy|access-date=30 May 2015|location=New Delhi, India|date=30 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611125821/http://newdelhi.usembassy.gov/airqualitydata.html|archive-date=11 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Response of expatriates and government==
To contend with the poor air quality, embassies and international businesses in Delhi are considering reducing staff tenures, advising staff to reconsider bringing their children to Delhi, providing high-end [[air purifiers]], and installing expensive air purifiers in their offices.<ref name="GARDINER HARRIS, 14/2">{{Cite news |last1=Harris |first1=Gardiner|title=Delhi Wakes Up to an Air Pollution Problem It Cannot Ignore|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/15/world/asia/delhi-wakes-up-to-an-air-pollution-problem-it-cannot-ignore.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=30 May 2015|date=14 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://air8.tech/air-purifier-for-offices/ |title=Air Cleaning Technology: Air Purifier for Offices |work=Air Eight |access-date=18 March 2019 }}</ref><ref name=ab>{{Cite web|date=November 17, 2021|first1=Amit|last1=Bhardwaj|first2=Milan|last2=Sharma|title=Delhi-NCR schools, colleges shut till further notice; offices asked to do 50% WFH as air quality dips|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/delhi/story/schools-colleges-delhi-ncr-remain-shut-till-further-notice-poor-air-quality-1877521-2021-11-17|access-date=2021-11-17|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

On 14 November 2021, the air quality index of [[Delhi]] reached 465 and in response to the severe air quality index, the [[Government of Delhi|Delhi government]] announced the closure of all educational institutions for a week from November 15 after the [[Supreme court|Supreme Court]] raised concerns over the deteriorating air quality index.<ref>{{Cite web|title=School Closed: प्रदूषण के कारण दिल्ली के बाद हरियाणा के इन चार जिलों में भी बंद हुए स्कूल|url=https://www.aajtak.in/education/news/story/school-closed-in-haryana-4-districts-schools-shuts-till-november-17-due-to-air-pollution-lbse-1357209-2021-11-15|access-date=2021-11-17|website=Aaj Tak|date=15 November 2021 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=दिल्ली: 'एयर इमरजेंसी' पर हड़कंप, प्रदूषण को लेकर सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने की तीखी टिप्पणी|url=https://www.aajtak.in/programmes/aaj-subah/video/air-emergency-crisis-in-delhi-ncr-supreme-court-hearing-on-pollution-firecrackers-stubble-burning-1358397-2021-11-17|access-date=2021-11-17|website=Aaj Tak|date=17 November 2021 |language=hi}}</ref> On 17 November, as there was no improvement of the condition of the air quality index in Delhi. The Commission for Air Quality Monitoring (CAQM) directed that all schools, colleges and educational institutions will be closed until further notice, in Delhi and in NCR. Other than this the entry of trucks has been banned in Delhi; all construction activities have been halted until 21 November 2021 and 6 out of 11 thermal power plants in Delhi in a radius of 300 km have been shut down until 30 November, in an effort to reduce pollution and improve the air quality index.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pollution: दिल्ली-NCR के स्कूल-कॉलेज अगले आदेश तक बंद, दफ्तरों और कंस्ट्रक्शन पर भी पाबंदियां|url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/delhi/story/delhi-ncr-schools-colleges-shut-till-further-notice-office-work-from-home-construction-ntc-1358241-2021-11-17|access-date=2021-11-17|website=Aaj Tak|date=17 November 2021 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=ab/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Watch: Delhi schools to reopen from Nov 29|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/watch-delhi-schools-to-reopen-from-nov-29-1881712-2021-11-28|access-date=2021-11-29|website=India Today|date=28 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Delhi: वायु गुणवत्ता बेहद खराब श्रेणी में, चिंताजनक हालात के बीच खोले गए स्कूल-कॉलेज|url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/delhi/video/delhi-school-reopen-amid-poor-air-quality-very-poor-category-pollution-1364750-2021-11-29|access-date=2021-11-29|website=Aaj Tak|date=29 November 2021 |language=hi}}</ref>

The Delhi government said that to control the pollution in Delhi they will also be adding 1000 extra [[Compressed natural gas|CNG]] buses to the fleet. The Civil Defense Unit will also be checking the registrations and pollution certificates of the cars randomly to curb the pollution. Diesel cars above 10 years and Petrol cars above 15 years of age are banned in Delhi due to the pollution they cause.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Delhi Pollution पर एक्शन... 1000 एक्स्ट्रा CNG बसें उतरेंगी, गैस आधारित इंडस्ट्री को छोड़ बाकी पर बैन|url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/delhi/story/delhi-pollution-ban-on-construction-work-from-home-delhi-gov-action-ntc-1358449-2021-11-17|access-date=2021-11-17|website=Aaj Tak|date=17 November 2021 |language=hi}}</ref>

The [[Supreme Court of India]] also suggested that government officers living in government colonies should either commute by [[Carpool|car pooling]] together or by [[public transport]].<ref>{{Cite twitter |title=Supreme Court suggests that Central government officers living in government colonies travel in public transport |user=ani |number=1460867576242704384|access-date=2021-11-17|website=Twitter|language=en}}</ref>

On 18 November, the Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board announced that schools will no longer be closed due to air pollution in Noida and Ghaziabad.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Air Pollution: नोएडा-गाजियाबाद में नहीं बंद होंगे स्कूल-कॉलेज, DM का फैसला हुआ वापस|url=https://www.aajtak.in/education/news/story/air-pollution-in-delhi-updates-school-colleges-to-remain-open-in-noida-ghaziabad-says-up-pollution-control-board-lbse-1358912-2021-11-18|access-date=2021-11-18|website=Aaj Tak|date=18 November 2021 |language=hi}}</ref>

In view of pollution, the demand for air purifiers has increased significantly in Delhi-NCR. According to the available data, out of the total sales in the country, 70% of the demand is coming from Delhi-NCR. However, companies say that the demand for air purifiers has increased from other parts of the country as well.<ref>{{Cite web|title=दमघोंटू हवा ने बढ़ा दी Air purifiers की बिक्री, खरीदने वाले 70% लोग दिल्ली-NCR से|url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/news/story/pollution-leads-to-rise-in-sales-of-air-purifiers-70-percent-sale-comes-from-delhi-ncr-ntc-1359002-2021-11-18|access-date=2021-11-18|website=Aaj Tak|date=18 November 2021 |language=hi}}</ref>

The Delhi Government on 27 November 2021, banned the entry of commercial petrol and diesel vehicles in Delhi in view of the increasing pollution in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pollution Update: दिल्ली पर प्रदूषण की मार, राजधानी की हवा आज भी बेहद खराब, 3 दिसंबर तक इन गाड़ियों पर रोक|url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/delhi/story/air-quality-index-today-27-nov-delhi-pollution-government-bans-entry-on-commercial-petrol-diesel-vehicles-due-to-poor-aqi-lbs-1363811-2021-11-27|access-date=2021-11-29|website=Aaj Tak|date=27 November 2021 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=November 2, 2021|title=AQI crisis: Delhi bans entry of commercial petrol and diesel vehicles till Dec 3; CNG, EVs exempted|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/delhi/story/pollution-spike-delhi-bans-entry-of-petrol-and-diesel-vehicles-till-dec-3-cng-evs-exempted-1880762-2021-11-25|access-date=2021-11-29|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> On 1 March 2025, the Delhi Government decided that fuel stations will stop providing fuel to vehicles older than 15 years starting 1 April 2025, in an effort to reduce vehicular air pollution.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-01 |title=From April, no fuel for vehicles older than 15 years in Delhi as government tightens rules to tackle pollution |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/from-april-no-fuel-for-vehicles-older-than-15-years-in-delhi-as-government-tightens-rules-to-tackle-pollution/articleshow/118648283.cms |access-date=2025-03-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In October 2025, Delhi Government was criticized for suppressing<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-22 |title=Delhi air pollution: At peak hours, data goes blank at many stations; experts raise alarm |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/as-pollution-peaks-many-stns-go-blank/articleshow/124727657.cms |access-date=2025-10-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and tampering<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-27 |title=Sprinklers continue rounds at monitoring stations amid row over air pollution in Delhi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/sprinklers-continue-rounds-at-monitoring-stations-amid-row-over-air-pollution-in-delhi-10328796/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Grover |first=Samarth |date=2025-10-27 |title=Ground still wet, air stays toxic: A reality check at Anand Vihar air monitor after water sprinkler video |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2025/10/27/ground-still-wet-air-stays-toxic-a-reality-check-at-anand-vihar-air-monitor-after-water-sprinkler-video |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Newslaundry |language=en}}</ref> with data from [[Environmental monitoring#Air quality monitoring|air-quality monitoring stations]] during worst periods of air-pollution resulting from [[Diwali#Hazards|Diwali celebrations]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Milan |date=2025-10-27 |title=Delhi AQI data gap exposed: Only 11 of 39 stations recorded air quality on Diwali night |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/delhi/story/delhi-cpcb-aqi-data-gap-exposed-only-11-stations-recorded-air-quality-diwali-night-2809139-2025-10-27 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Following this, cloud seeding was conducted over Delhi so that rains can settle pollutants and improve the air quality but the experiment yielded no significant results.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-29 |title=No artificial rain after cloud seeding: Experts decode why Delhi’s Rs 3.2 crore experiment fell flat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/artificial-rain-costly-and-unsustainable-measure-say-experts/articleshow/124880965.cms |access-date=2025-10-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-29 |title=Silver flares fired into clouds: Delhi takes two shots at summoning rain |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhis-cloud-seeding-op-kicks-off-aircraft-takes-off-from-kanpur-where-will-it-rain-10331824/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Srivastava |first=Vanita |date=2025-10-24 |title=Delhi turns to cloud seeding as air quality crisis deepens |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d44151-025-00191-2 |journal=Nature India |language=en |doi=10.1038/d44151-025-00191-2 |issn=1755-3180|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi pollution: Citizens protest against toxic air in Capital; demand action |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/delhi-pollution-citizens-protest-against-toxic-air-in-capital-demand-action/articleshow/125201887.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=9 November 2025 |language=en-in |date=9 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Ratna |title=Organisers of Delhi protest against air pollution allege police pressured them to call off stir |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1088408/delhi-organisers-of-protest-against-air-pollution-allege-police-pressured-them-to-call-off-stir |website=Scroll.in |access-date=9 November 2025 |language=en-in |date=9 November 2025}}</ref>

== Major incidents ==
In December 2017 during [[Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 2017–18#3rd Test|a test match]] between [[Sri Lanka cricket team|Sri Lankan]] and [[Indian cricket team|Indian]] cricket teams in New Delhi, Sri Lanka players began to feel breathing problems and several players vomited both in the restrooms and in the field and had to use face masks until the match was stopped.<ref name="Safi">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/03/pollution-stops-play-at-delhi-test-match-as-bowlers-struggle-to-breathe|title=Pollution stops play at Delhi Test match as bowlers struggle to breathe|last=Safi|first=Michael|date=3 December 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=5 December 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
In the opinion of the [[Indian Medical Association]] president, the match should never have taken place and the [[International Cricket Council|ICC]] should have a policy on pollution.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hartman|first1=F. C.|last2=LaMuraglia|first2=G. M.|last3=Tomozawa|first3=Y.|last4=Wolfenden|first4=R.|date=1975-12-02|title=The influence of pH on the interaction of inhibitors with triosephosphate isomerase and determination of the pKa of the active-site carboxyl group|journal=Biochemistry|volume=14|issue=24|pages=5274–5279|doi=10.1021/bi00695a007|issn=0006-2960|pmid=47}}</ref>

In [[2024 Indo-Pakistani smog|November 2024]], pollution levels in [[Delhi]] reached drastic measures following increased fire activity in India and Pakistan's Punjab region as farmers burn off excess straw, caused a significant smog on the morning of 8 November, causing it to momentarily become the most polluted city in the world<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/environment/new-delhi-is-worlds-most-polluted-capital-for-third-straight-year-iqair-study-idUSKBN2B817E/|title=New Delhi is world's most polluted capital for third straight year|last=Arora|first=Neha|date=March 16, 2021|publisher=Reuters}}</ref>. Delhi again became the most polluted city in the world on 12 November, reaching an AQI reading of 1,200.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Shafiq |first=Saman |title=India, Pakistan blanketed in smog so thick, it's visible from space: See pictures |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2024/11/12/india-pakistan-toxic-smog-smoke/76222117007/ |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Public reaction ==
On November 9, 2025, hundreds of people, including children and activists, protested at India Gate in New Delhi, against the dangerous levels of air pollution. The air quality index (AQI) was often above 300-400, making it a health emergency. Protesters called for immediate government action, criticizing years of neglecting the issue and manipulating pollution data. They blamed vehicle emissions, crop burning, and industrial waste for worsening pollution. Despite the peaceful nature of the protest, police detained about 80 people, though they were later released.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-10 |title=Air pollution: Hundreds protest in Delhi against toxic air |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1k02lregw0o |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Environment}}
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Air pollution measurement]]
* [[Criteria air pollutants]]
* [[Environmental issues in Delhi]]
* [[List of most polluted cities by particulate matter concentration]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Cherni, Judith A. ''Economic Growth versus the Environment: The Politics of Wealth, Health and Air Pollution'' (2002) [https://www.questia.com/library/102251606/economic-growth-versus-the-environment-the-politics online]
* Currie, Donya. "WHO: Air Pollution a Continuing Health Threat in World's Cities," ''The Nation's Health'' (February 2012) 42#1 [https://www.questia.com/article/1G1-280406027/who-air-pollution-a-continuing-health-threat-in-world-s online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402122918/https://www.questia.com/article/1G1-280406027/who-air-pollution-a-continuing-health-threat-in-world-s |date=2 April 2015 }}
* Dholakia, H.H., Purohit, P., Rao, S., Garg, A. 2013. Impact of current policies on future air quality and health outcomes in Delhi, India. Atmospheric Environment, 75, 241-248, [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.04.052]
* Amann, M., Purohit, P., Bertok, I., Bhandarkar, A.D., Borken-Kleefeld, J., Cofala, J., Harshvardhan, B., Heyes, C., Kiesewetter, G., Klimont, Z., Jun, L., Majumdar, D., Ngyuen, B., Rafaj, P., Rao., P.S., Sander, R., Schöpp, W., Shrivastava, A. 2017. Managing future air quality in megacities: A case study for Delhi. Atmospheric Environment, 161: 99–111. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231017302856]
* Bhanarkar, A.D., Purohit, P., Rafaj, P., Amann, M., Bertok, I., Cofala, J., Rao, P.S., HarshaVardhan, B., Kiesewetter, G., Sander, R., Schöpp, W., Majumdar, D., Srivastava, A., Deshmukh, S., Kawarti, A., Kumar, R. 2018. Managing future air quality in megacities: Co-benefit assessment for Delhi. Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 186, pp. 158–177 [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.05.026]
* Bhalla, N., O'Boyle, J., & Haun, D. (2019). Who is responsible for Delhi air pollution? Indian newspapers' framing of causes and solutions. International Journal of Communication, 13, 24. [https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/8312/2521]

==External links==
* [https://airquality.cpcb.gov.in/AQI_India/ India real-time air quality index map] from the [[Central Pollution Control Board]]
* [http://www.urbanairquality.org/ International Conference on Urban Air Quality] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216144156/http://www.urbanairquality.org/ |date=16 December 2008 }}.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110927100158/http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/en/index.html Database: outdoor air pollution in cities] from the [[World Health Organization]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924035825/http://www.iom-world.org/pubs/IOM_TM0301.pdf Impact assessment of the mortality effects of longer-term exposure to air pollution: exploring cause-specific mortality and susceptibility] by BG Miller. [[Institute of Occupational Medicine]] Research Report TM/03/01 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Air pollution in Delhi}}
[[Category:Social issues in India]]
[[Category:Air pollution in India]]
[[Category:New Delhi]]
[[Category:Environment of Delhi]]
[[Category:Smog events]]

Hyderabadi biryani

2026-03-28T03:21:10Z

Raymondbig:

{{short description|Variant of biryani}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Hyderabadi biryani
| image = Hyderabadi Chicken Biryani.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Hyderabadi biryani
| country = [[India]]
| region = [[Hyderabad]]
| served =
| main_ingredient = {{plainlist|
*[[Basmati rice]]
*[[Goat meat]]
*[[Beef]]
*[[Chicken as food|Chicken]]
*[[Vegetables]]
*[[Spice]]s
}}
| variations =
| calories =
}}
{{Indian cuisine}}
'''Hyderabadi biryani''' (also known as '''Hyderabadi dum biryani''') is a style of [[biryani]] originating from [[Hyderabad]], [[India]] made with [[Basmati|basmati rice]] and [[meat]] (mostly [[goat meat]]). Originating in the kitchens of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], it combines elements of [[Hyderabadi cuisine|Hyderabadi]] and [[Mughlai cuisine|Mughlai]] cuisines. Hyderabad biryani is a key dish in [[Hyderabadi cuisine]] and it is so famous that the dish is considered synonymous with the city of Hyderabad.

==History==
Hyderabad was conquered by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] in the 1630s, and ruled by its [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizams]]. Mughlai culinary traditions joined with local traditions to create [[Hyderabadi cuisine]].<ref name="Lizzie2006">{{cite book |title=Curry: A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors |url=https://archive.org/details/curry00lizz |last=Collingham |first=Lizzie |author-link=Lizzie Collingham |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-988381-3 |accessdate=2 March 2021}}</ref> {{rp|92}} Local folklore attributes the creation of Hyderabadi biryani to the chef of the first Nizam, [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I]], in the mid-18th century, during a hunting expedition.<ref>{{cite news|title=Which is the world's best biryani?|url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/which-is-the-worlds-best-biryani-1.2217020|newspaper=Gulf News|last=Rao|first=Nagarjuna|date=6 May 2018|accessdate=1 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="C.Taylor.S">{{cite book| title=Food culture in India| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YIyV_5wrplMC&q=silver+leaf&pg=PA90| publisher=Greenwood Publication| isbn=0-313-32487-5| author=Colleen Taylor Sen| page=115| year=2004| access-date=12 October 2011}}</ref> In 1857, when the [[Mughal Empire]] [[Siege of Delhi|declined in Delhi]], Hyderabad emerged as the center of [[South Asia]]n culture,<ref name="TOI-culture">{{cite news|title=The courtesans of Hyderabad & Mehboob Ki Mehendi|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/The-courtesans-of-Hyderabad-Mehboob-Ki-Mehendi/articleshow/17724790.cms?referral=PM|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 December 2012|access-date=1 March 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910204924/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/The-courtesans-of-Hyderabad-Mehboob-Ki-Mehendi/articleshow/17724790.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Court">{{cite book|title=The Nocturnal Court: The Life of a Prince of Hyderabad|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=xlii|year=2004|last1=Jaisi|first1=sadiq|last2=Luther|first2=Narendra|isbn=978-0-19-566605-2}}</ref> resulting in a mix of innovations in Hyderabadi biryani.<ref name="SyedTOI">{{cite news|last=Mohammed|first=Syed|title=Hyderabad through the eyes of a voyager|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Hyderabad-through-the-eyes-of-a-voyager/articleshow/9340561.cms?referral=PM|newspaper=The Times of India|date=24 July 2011|access-date=27 December 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910211931/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Hyderabad-through-the-eyes-of-a-voyager/articleshow/9340561.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Lynton1987">{{cite book|last=Lynton|first=Harriet Ronken|title=Days of the beloved|year=1987|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-0-86311-269-0}}</ref>{{rp|viii}} <ref>{{cite web|title=Hyderabadi Cuisine: Tracing its History through Culinary Texts|url=https://www.sahapedia.org/hyderabadi-cuisine-tracing-its-history-through-culinary-texts|publisher=sahapedia.org|last=Lanzillo|first=Amanda Marie|date=8 April 2020|accessdate=1 March 2021}}</ref>

===Origin===
The exact origin of the dish is uncertain. Despite legends attributing it to the Nizam's chef, the biryani is of South Indian origin, derived from ''[[pilaf]]'' varieties brought to [[South Asia]] by [[Arab people|Arab]] traders. ''Pulao'' may have been an army dish in medieval India. [[Army|Armies]] would prepare a one-pot dish of [[rice]] with whichever meat was available. The distinction between "pulao" and "biryani" is arbitrary.<ref name="Pratibha2009">{{cite book |first=Pratibha |last=Karan |title=Biryani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cZe-r38DYjcC |year=2009 |publisher=Random House India |isbn=978-81-8400-254-6 |pages=1–12, 45}}</ref><ref name="Vir_invention">{{cite web |url=http://blogs.hindustantimes.com/rude-food/2010/03/03/biryani-nation/ |title=Biryani Nation |first=Vir |last=Sanghvi |author-link=Vir Sanghvi |access-date=24 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817181203/http://blogs.hindustantimes.com/rude-food/2010/03/03/biryani-nation/ |archive-date=17 August 2014}}</ref> Hyderabadi biryani incorporated Deccani or Telangana flavors of, perhaps in the Nizam's kitchen.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Syed Akbar|date=Nov 15, 2021 |title='Wazir' Mandi strays into 'king' of Hyderabad cuisine Biryani's court {{!}} Hyderabad News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/wazir-mandi-strays-into-biryanis-court/articleshow/87704768.cms |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Ingredients==
<gallery class="center" widths="180" heights="145">
File:India food.jpg|Hyderabadi biryani (on the left) served with other [[Indian dishes]].
File:Mirchi ka salan and Dahi chutney.jpg|Two biryani accompaniments: [[mirchi ka salan]] and [[Raita|raitha]]/[[dahi chutney]].
</gallery>
Base ingredients are [[basmati|basmati rice]], meat (usually [[goat meat|goat]], but sometimes also [[chicken as food|chicken]] or [[beef]]), [[dahi (curd)|dahi]], [[fried onion]] and [[ghee]]. Spices include [[cinnamon]], [[clove]]s, [[cardamom]] (''elaichi''), [[Bay leaf|bay leaves]], [[nutmeg]], [[Papaya|papaya paste]], [[caraway]] (shahi jeera), mace flower (javitri), [[Illicium verum|star anise]], Garam Masala, (biryani flower), [[lemon]], and [[saffron]].<ref name="C.Taylor.S"/>

Hyderabadi biryani is of two types: the ''kachchi'' (raw) biryani, and the ''pakki'' (cooked) biryani.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/06/13/stories/2005061300010800.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091110082107/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/06/13/stories/2005061300010800.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-11-10 |title=Metro Plus Chennai / Eating Out : Back to Biryani |date=2005-06-13 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2011-02-18}}</ref>

===Kachche-gosht ki biryani===
The ''kachchi'' biryani is prepared with ''kachchi gosht'' (raw meat) marinated with spices overnight and then soaked in curd (dahi) before cooking. The meat is sandwiched between layers of fragrant basmati rice and cooked "in dum" after sealing the ''handi'' (vessel) with dough. This is a challenging process as it requires meticulous attention to time and temperature to avoid over- or under-cooking the meat.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-04-27|title=There's more than just one type of Hyderabadi biryani, and here's how different they are|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/there-s-more-just-one-type-hyderabadi-biryani-and-here-s-how-different-they-are-61085|access-date=2020-12-07|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Essential Andhra Cookbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QTQ4U6FzfS4C|publisher=Penguin|year=2000|last=Latif|first=Bilkees|isbn=9788184754339|accessdate=2 March 2021}}</ref>

===Vegetable dum biryani===
The vegetable biryani is prepared with mixed vegetables in a similar manner to dum biryani with meat. It is suitable for [[vegetarians]].

==Accompaniments==
A biryani is usually served with [[dahi chutney]] and [[mirchi ka salan]].<ref name="hindu2005">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/18/stories/2005081817520200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070329002326/http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/18/stories/2005081817520200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-03-29 |title=Telangana / Hyderabad News : Legendary biryani now turns 'single' |date=2005-08-18 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2011-02-18}}</ref> [[Baghaar-e-baingan]] is a common side dish. The [[kachumber|salad]] includes [[onion]], [[carrot]], [[cucumber]], and [[lemon]] wedges.

==See also==
{{Portal|Hyderabad|Food}}
* [[Hyderabadi cuisine]]
* [[Hyderabadi haleem]]
* [[Travancore biriyani]]
* [[Biriyani]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* ''A Princely Legacy, Hyderabadi Cuisine'' by Pratibha Karan. {{ISBN|81-7223-318-3}}, {{ISBN|978-81-7223-318-1}}
* ''Elegant East Indian and Hyderabadi Cuisine'' by Asema Moosavi. {{ISBN|0-9699523-0-9}}
* [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article3487356.ece ''The Hindu'': Hyderabadi Biryani popularity and its variants]
* [https://www.thebetterindia.com/60553/history-biryani-india/ The Story of Biryani: How This Exotic Dish Came, Saw and Conquered India!]

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline|Hyderabadi biryani}}
{{Hyderabad topics}}
{{Indian Dishes}}

[[Category:Indian rice dishes]]
[[Category:Hyderabadi cuisine]]
[[Category:Muhajir cuisine]]
[[Category:Telangana cuisine]]
[[Category:Goat dishes]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]

Keerthi Bhat

2026-03-26T14:35:23Z

Raymondbig: put up first entry from scratch

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Keerthi Bhat
| image =
| caption =
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actress]]}}
| birth_name = Keerthi Keshav Bhat
| spouse =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| years_active = 2017–present
| known_for = [[Manasichi Choodu (TV series)|''Manasichi Choodu'']] ''[[Karthika Deepam (Telugu TV series)|Karthika Deepam]]'' ''[[Bigg Boss Telugu 6]]'' ''[[List of programs broadcast by Star Maa|Madhuranagarilo]]''
}}

'''Keerthi Keshav Bhat''', known professionally as '''Keerthi Bhat, is''' an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Kannada]] and [[Television in India|Telugu]] television. She made her acting debut with ''Ice Mahal'' in 2017. Bhat is best known for her portrayal of Bhanu in [[Manasichi Choodu (TV series)|''Manasichi Choodu'']] and Dr. Hima Karthik in ''[[Karthika Deepam (Telugu TV series)]]''. In 2022, she appeared in the Telugu reality show ''[[Bigg Boss Telugu 6]]'' as a contestant and emerged as the 2nd runner-up.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2022 |title=Bigg Boss Telugu 6 contestant Keerthi Keshav Bhat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/bigg-boss-telugu-6-contestant-keerthi-keshav-bhat-from-losing-her-family-in-a-road-accident-to-winning-hearts-with-her-tv-performances-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-actress/articleshow/93985899.cms |access-date=4 September 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and family ==
Bhat was born in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2022 |title=Bigg Boss Telugu 6 contestant Keerthi Keshav Bhat: From losing her family in a road accident to winning hearts with her TV performances, all you need to know about the actress |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/bigg-boss-telugu-6-contestant-keerthi-keshav-bhat-from-losing-her-family-in-a-road-accident-to-winning-hearts-with-her-tv-performances-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-actress/articleshow/93985899.cms |access-date=4 September 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> In 2017, Keerthi's family members met with an accident, losing her entire family, including her father, mother, brother, and sister-in-law.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2021 |title=Keerthi Keshav Bhat: Sadly.. the entire family of this serial actress died in a car accident! |url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/star-maa-manasicchi-choodu-serial-heroine-keerthi-keshav-bhat-family-died-at-car-accident-in-few-years-ago-nr-971028.html |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=News 18 |language=en}}</ref> In August 2023, Keerthi engaged with actor Vijay Karthik.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2023 |title=Actress Keerthi Keshav Bhatt starts prepping for her wedding day with Vijay Karthik |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/actress-keerthi-keshav-bhatt-starts-prepping-for-her-wedding-day-with-vijay-karthik/articleshow/102823809.cms |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> In 2026, Keerthi and Karthik broke up.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2026 |title=Karthika Deepam actress Keerthi Bhat announces breakup with Vijay Karthik, says Choosing myself was the strongest and best thing I could do |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/karthika-deepam-actress-keerthi-bhat-announces-breakup-with-vijay-karthik-says-choosing-myself-was-the-strongest-and-best-thing-i-could-do/articleshow/127753337.cms |access-date=30 January 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2026 |title=Karthika Deepam actress Keerthi Bhat announces breakup with Vijay Karthik, says choosing myself was the strongest and best thing I could do |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/bollywood/karthika-deepam-actress-keerthi-bhat-announces-breakup-with-vijay-karthik-says-choosing-myself-was-the-strongest-and-best-thing-i-could-do/ar-AA1Vdh20 |access-date=30 January 2026 |website=MSN |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Bhat began her acting career in 2017; she made her first [[Kannada]] debut film, ''Ice Mahal''. From 2019 to 2022, she portrayed the leading role of Bhanumathi a.k.a. Bhanu in [[Star Maa]]'s soap opera [[Manasichi Choodu (TV series)|''Manasichi Choodu'']].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2019 |title=అన్న చనిపోతే తమ్ముడితో పెళ్లి.. |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/family/manasichi-choodu-tv-serial-actress-keerthi-special-interview-1232714 |access-date=21 March 2022 |website=Sakshi |language=te}}</ref> In 2021, she participated in many [[Telugu language|Telugu]] TV Show, including ''100% Love,'' which aired on [[Star Maa]]'s channel. She appeared in ''Star Maa Parivaar League'' Season 3.

In 2022, she was seen portraying Dr.Hima Karthik in [[Star Maa]]'s ''[[Karthika Deepam (Telugu TV series)]]'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2022 |title=Watch: Karthika Deepam actress Archana Ananth shares first promo post generation leap; new look of Hima and Sourya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/watch-karthika-deepam-actress-archana-ananth-shares-first-promo-post-generation-leap-new-look-of-hima-and-sourya/articleshow/90308347.cms |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=te}}</ref> opposite Manas Nagulapalli and Manoj Kumar. Since September 2022, she has been seen participating in [[Star Maa]]'s reality show ''[[Bigg Boss (Telugu season 6)]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2022 |title=Bigg Boss 6 Telugu Voting Updates: Keerthi Bhatt is the first contestant of BB 6 Telugu |url=https://thenewscrunch.com/bigg-boss-6-telugu-voting-updates-keerthi-bhatt-is-the-first-contestant-of-bb-6-telugu/42985/ |access-date=4 September 2022 |website=The News Crunch |language=te}}</ref>

From March 2023 to June 2024, she portrayed the leading role of [[Star Maa]]'s serial ''[[List of programs broadcast by Star Maa|Madhuranagarilo]]'' as Raadha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2023 |title=Latest teaser of Keerthi Keshav Bhat's 'Madhuranagarilo' is out; watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/latest-teaser-of-keerthi-keshav-bhats-madhuranagarilo-is-out-watch/articleshow/98300813.cms |access-date=28 February 2023 |website=The Times of India |language=te}}</ref> After ''[[List of programs broadcast by Star Maa|Madhuranagarilo]]'' Bhat was cast as Radha in [[Gemini TV]]'s ''[[List of programmes broadcast by Gemini TV|Radha]]'' as Radha in 2024.

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
|style="background:#ffc"|{{Dagger}}
|Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Ref.
|-
| 2017
| ''Ice Mahal''
| Kanaka
| rowspan="3" |[[Kannada]]
| {{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}
|-
| 2019
|''Point out''
| {{NA}}
| {{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}
|-
| {{TBA}}
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"|''Kaaneyagiddaale'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Kaveri
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2021 |title=Om Saiprakash, who supported the film 'Kanereadhu'; It's a love story in search! |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/vinay-karthik-keerthi-bhat-starrer-kaneyagiddale-movie-launched-by-om-saiprakash/articleshow/88150772.cms |access-date=7 December 2021 |website=Vijay Karnataka |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Channel
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2019-2022
| [[Manasichi Choodu (TV series)|''Manasichi Choodu'']]
| Bhanumathi Aadi
| rowspan="4" |[[Star Maa]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2021 |title=Manasichichudu' serial 500 episode |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/news/manasichi-choodu-team-celebrates-successful-500-episodes-today/videoshow/86319270.cms |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
| ''[[Karthika Deepam (Telugu TV series)|Karthika Deepam]]''
| Dr. Hima Karthik
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2022 |title=Karthika Deepam March 21 Episode: Bigg Boss Manas Hero Entry.. Hima Birthday Celebrations, Sourya Dadagiri! |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/news/karthika-deepam-2022-march-21-episode-preview-chandramma-lands-in-a-tight-spot-as-sourya-spots-her-stealing/articleshow/90343986.cms |access-date=21 March 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bigg Boss (Telugu season 6)|''Bigg Boss 6'']]
| Contestant
| 2nd Runner-Up
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2022 |title=Karthika Deepam Hima: 'Karthika Deepam' Sisters who share Bigg Boss |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/bigg-boss-telugu/karthika-deepam-sisters-amulya-gowda-and-keerthi-bhat-in-bigg-boss-house/articleshow/94512601.cms |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2023-2024
| ''[[List of programs broadcast by Star Maa|Madhuranagarilo]]''
| Radha Shyam
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2023 |title=Madhura Nagarilo Telugu Serial On Star Maa Channel Launching On 14 March At 02:00 PM |url=https://indiantvinfo.com/madhura-nagarilo-serial-star-maa/ |access-date=11 March 2023 |website=India TV news |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2024-2025
|''[[List of programmes broadcast by Gemini TV|Radha]]''
| Radha Shyam
| [[Gemini TV]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2024 |title=Keerthi Keshav Bhat & Prashanth Exclusive Interview {{!}} Radha Serial {{!}}{{!}} @NTVENT |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=87ftYY1Z9Mo |access-date=29 September 2024 |via=YouTube |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2026
| ''[[BB Jodi]]''
| Contestant
| [[Star Maa]]
| Quit
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2025 |title=BB Jodi Season 2 Release Date: Sridevi To Return As Judge As New Season Gears Up To Replace Bigg Boss Telugu 9 |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2025/bb-jodi-season-2-release-date-sridevi-to-return-as-judge-as-new-season-gears-up-to-replace-bigg-bos-493654.html |access-date=30 January 2026 |website=Filmibeat |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Mooguthi Malli''
| Mithila
| [[Udaya TV]]
| Kannada
| <ref>{{cite web
|url=https://vishwavani.news/movies/mooguthi-malli-serial-chandan-gowda-is-the-hero-when-did-the-serial-start-71435.html
|title=Mooguthi Malli Serial: Chandan Gowda is the hero; when did the serial start?
|website=Vishwavani News
|language=Kannada
|access-date=22 March 2026
}}</ref>
|-
| ''Mukkera Meenakshi''
| Mithila
| [[Gemini TV]]
| Telugu
|
|-
|}

====Special appearances====
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Channel
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2020
| ''Jatharo Jathara''
| rowspan="9" | Herself
|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| rowspan="3" |Guest Contestant
| {{NA}}
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2021
|''100% Love''
| rowspan="8" | [[Star Maa]]
| {{NA}}
|-
| ''Star Maa Parivaar Championship''
|{{NA}}
|-
|''Star Maa Parivaar League Season 3''
| Duet dance performance (With Sekhar Master)
|{{NA}}
|-
| ''Maa Varalakshmi Vratham''
| rowspan="2" | Special performance
|{{NA}}
|-
| ''Pandage Pandaga''
| {{NA}}
|-
| ''Star Maa Parivaar Awards''
| Duet dance performance (With Sekhar Master)
|{{NA}}
|-
| ''Start Music Season 3''
| Guest Contestant
|{{NA}}
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2022
| ''Maa Sankranthi Veduka''
| Special dance performance
|{{NA}}
|-
| ''BB Jodi''
| Contestant
| [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| Couple Show (With Mahesh Babu Kalidasu)
|{{NA}}
|-
| ''Ishmart Jodi'' Season 2
| rowspan="2" | Herself
| rowspan="2" | [[Star Maa]]
| Couple Show (With Mahesh Babu Kalidasu)
|{{NA}}
|-
| ''Moguds vs Pellams''
| Couple Show (With Mahesh Babu Kalidasu)
| {{NA}}
|-
| ''Bigg Boss Intilo Maa Parivaar''
| Contestant
| [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| Celebrities Show
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2022 |title='Bigg Boss Intlo Maa Parivaar' to air on June 12; details inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/bigg-boss-intlo-maa-parivaar-to-air-on-june-12-details-inside/articleshow/92037664.cms |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Sridevi Drama Company''
| Guest Contestant
| [[ETV Network]]
| Special dance performance (With Mahesh Babu Kalidasu)
|{{NA}}
|-
|''Ee Varsham Sakshiga''
| rowspan="3" | Herself
| [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| Guest Contestant
|{{NA}}
|-
|''Super Singer Junior''
| rowspan="2" | [[Star Maa]]
| Special dance performance (With Maanas Nagulapalli)
|{{NA}}
|-
| rowspan="7" |2023
| ''Aadivaram With Star Maa Parivaram''
| Guest Contestant
| {{NA}}
|-
| ''Gemini Mela''
| Host
| [[Gemini TV]]
| (With Anchor Ravi Kiran)
|{{NA}}
|-
| ''Maa Bonalu Jathara''
| rowspan="16" |Herself
| rowspan="3" |[[Star Maa]]
| rowspan="16" |Guest Contestant
| {{NA}}
|-
| ''Vinayaka Chavithi''
| {{NA}}
|-
| ''Aadivaram With Star Maa Parivaram''
| {{NA}}
|-
| ''Sridevi Drama Company''
| [[ETV Network]]
| {{NA}}
|-
| ''Aadivaram With Star Maa Parivaram''
| [[Star Maa]]
| {{NA}}
|-
| rowspan="7" |2024
|''Super Jodi''
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Telugu]]
| {{NA}}
|-
|''Sivangivey''
| {{NA}}
|-
| ''Aadivaram With Star Maa Parivaram''
| [[Star Maa]]
| {{NA}}
|-
| ''Drama Juniors Season 7''
| [[Zee Telugu]]
| {{NA}}
|-
| ''Aadivaram With Star Maa Parivaram''
| [[Star Maa]]
| {{NA}}
|-
| ''Ee Deepavaliki Motamogipoddi''
| rowspan="2" |[[ETV Network]]
| {{NA}}
|-
| ''Suma Adda''
| {{NA}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |2025
| ''Ishmart Jodi'' Season 3
| [[Star Maa]]
| {{NA}}
|-
| ''Aadivaram With Star Maa Parivaram''
| [[Star Maa]]
| {{NA}}
|-
| ''Sridevi Drama Company''
| rowspan="2" |[[ETV Network]]
| {{NA}}
|-
| ''Suma Adda''
| {{NA}}
|-
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Singer(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2023
| ''Sankranthi ThakaThai''
| Anoop Menon & Lakshmi Hoysal
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2023 |title=Kannada, Telugu stars come together for this special Sankranti song |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kannada-telugu-stars-come-together-for-this-special-sankranti-song/articleshow/96820033.cms?UTM_Source=Google_Newsstand&UTM_Campaign=RSS_Feed&UTM_Medium=Referral&from=mdr |access-date=8 January 2023 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| ''Bathukamma''
| Prabha
|
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
! Show
!Result
|-
|2023
|Yash International Award
|Indian Gem Achiever Award
|{{NA}}
|{{Won}}
|-
| 2025
| Icons of Excellence Awards 2025
| Best Small Screen Popular Actress
|{{NA}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|10933827}}
* {{Instagram|keerthibhatofficial}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhat, Keerthi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

2012–13 Pune FC season

2026-03-25T15:53:51Z

Raymondbig: New

{{Short description|Indian football club season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox football club season
| club = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
| season = [[2012-13 in Indian football|2012–13]]
| manager = [[Derrick Pereira]]
| mgrtitle = Manager
| chairman = Chirag Tanna
| chrtitle = Chairman
| stdtitle = Ground
| stadium = [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex|Balewadi Sports Complex]]
| league = [[2012–13 I-League|I-League]]
| league result = ''[[2012–13 I-League#League table|2nd]]''
| cup1 = [[2012 Indian Federation Cup|Federation Cup]]
| cup1 result = ''Group''
| league topscorer =
| season topscorer = [[James Moga]]
| highest attendance =
| lowest attendance =
| average attendance = 
| pattern_b1 = _chicagofire08h
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 = _aljazira1011a
| pattern_so1 = _aljazira1011a
| leftarm1 = ff0000
| body1 = ffffff
| rightarm1 = ff0000
| shorts1 =
| socks1 = ff0000
| pattern_b2 = _chicagofire08a
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_sh2 = _aljazira1011h
| leftarm2 = ffffff
| body2 =
| rightarm2 = ffffff
| shorts2 =
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| prevseason =2011–12
| nextseason = [[2013-14 Pune F.C. season|2013–14]]
}}

The '''2012–13 Pune F.C. season''' is the club's 5th and 6th year of existence as well as its 4th season in [[I-League]], the top-flight of [[Football in India|Indian football]].

Pune F.C. finished 2nd in the I-League, which is their best performance in the league.

After a good [[2011–12 I-League|2011–12 season]] in which the club finished 5th, Pune looked to bounce back to their 2009–10 form which saw them finish in 3rd place.

==Overview==

===Pre-season===

:'''Transfers'''

The [[2011–12 I-League]] season ended on 6 May 2012 for Pune<ref name=MB2-0Pune>{{cite web|last=Bera|first=Kaustav|title=Mohun Bagan 2–0 Pune FC: Barreto bids adieu to the Mariners in style and anoints his successor in Odafa|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/78440/mohun-bagan-vs-pune-fc/report|work=goal.com|accessdate=1 August 2012}}</ref> but the business end of the 2012–13 season began three days later on 9 May with the announced departures of club captain and #1 goalkeeper for club and country [[Subrata Pal]] as well as central midfielder [[Baldeep Singh (footballer born 1987)|Baldeep Singh]] both to fellow I-League club [[Prayag United S.C.|Prayag United]].<ref name=PaltoPrayag>{{cite news|title=Paul for United|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120510/jsp/sports/story_15473066.jsp#2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708144324/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120510/jsp/sports/story_15473066.jsp#2|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 July 2012|work=Telegraph India|accessdate=1 August 2012|location=Calcutta, India|date=10 May 2012}}</ref><ref name=PaltoPrayag2>{{cite web|title=Subrata Paul agrees to 2-year deal with United SC|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIKM/2012/05/10&PageLabel=19&EntityId=Ar01900&ViewMode=HTML|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316135514/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIKM/2012/05/10&PageLabel=19&EntityId=Ar01900&ViewMode=HTML|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 March 2014|work=Times of India|accessdate=1 August 2012}}</ref> It was then announced on 27 May 2012 that midfielder Paresh Shivalkar left the club and signed for newly formed Dodsal Football Club who would begin play in the [[Mumbai Football League]].<ref name=Paresh/>

Then on 5 June 2012 it was revealed that Pune top scorer for the last 2 seasons, [[Mandjou Keita]], would be leaving the club to join reigning [[Malaysia Super League]] [[2012 Super League Malaysia#League table|champions]], [[Kelantan FA]], on a free transfer.<ref name=Keita/> The Pune departures did not stop however as only three days later on 8 June 2012 it was officially announced that the 21-year-old defender, Rollingson Hungyo, would be one of the first official signings of the season for [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]].<ref name=Rollingson/>

Then on 11 June 2012 it was officially announced that Pune had sold Indian international midfielder [[Lester Fernandez]] to [[Prayag United S.C.|Prayag United]] for {{INR}}20 lakh in what is a notable event in [[Football in India|Indian football]] history as this was the first ever transfer which involved money being given for a player instead of the usual free transfers.<ref name=LesterPunetoPrayag>{{cite web|title=Indian first: Pune FC set transfer fee trend, sell medio Lester|url=http://punefc.com/?news=indian-first-pune-fc-set-transfer-fee-trend-release-medio-lester|work=Pune Football Club|accessdate=1 August 2012}}</ref>

Pune then made their first two signings of the season on 23 June 2012 with the signing of India international defender [[Nallappan Mohanraj]]<ref name=Nallappan/> and the even bigger signing of [[South Sudan national football team|South Sudan]] international striker [[James Moga]] who scored 15 goals in the [[I-League]] in 2011–12 for [[Sporting Clube de Goa]].<ref name=JamesMoga/> Pune went on to make two more signings afterwards with the signings of Vellington Rocha and [[Mumtaz Akhtar]] from Margao FC and [[United Sikkim F.C.|United Sikkim]] respectively.<ref name=VellingtonRocha/><ref name=MumtazAkhtar/> The club then signed the on-loan keeper from last season, [[Abhra Mondal]], on a permanent deal from [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] on 11 July 2012.<ref name="Abhra Mondal"/>

The club then dipped into the [[2012 I-League U20]] championship winning [[Pune F.C. Academy|academy]] squad by signing U20 captain Suji Kumar and Kamardeep Singh to professional contracts on 15 July 2012.<ref name=AcademyTeam15July>{{cite web|title=Pune FC squad revamped and geared up for 2012–13 season|url=http://punefc.com/?news=pune-fc-squad-revamped-and-geared-up-for-2012-13-season|work=Pune Football Club|accessdate=30 July 2012}}</ref> The club then made their defense stronger on 30 July 2012 after they signed [[Zohmingliana Ralte]] from [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]<ref name=Ralte/>

:'''Pre-season schedule and friendlies'''

Pune began pre-season training with the full squad on 16 July 2012.<ref name=PFCPre-Season3August>{{cite web|title=Down to Business: Pre-Season Practice completes two weeks|url=http://punefc.com/?news=down-to-business-pre-season-practice-completes-two-weeks|work=Pune Football Club|accessdate=3 August 2012}}</ref> Seven of the players however began training with the club a week earlier due to injuries they had towards the end of last season. Those players were [[Amrinder Singh]], John Benedick, Maninder Singh, [[Asim Hassan]], [[Jeh Williamson]], Kamardeep Singh, and Sukhwinder Singh.<ref name=PFCPre-Season3August/> Two of the 26-member squad did not join the club till early August. They were midfielder [[Pierre Djidjia Douhou]] and [[South Sudan national football team|South Sudan]] international [[James Moga]].<ref name=PFCPre-Season3August/> However defender [[Anas Edathodika]], who is sidelined with [[malaria]], is not decided how long he is out for.<ref name=PFCPre-Season3August/>

For the first-week of training the club focused on non-ball exercises and fitness.<ref name=PFCPre-Season3August/> The team was coached that week and supervised under fitness coaches Elton Menezes and Sridhar K.<ref name=PFCPre-Season3August/> The second week still focused on fitness but added the ball as well for three sessions.<ref name=PFCPre-Season3August/> On 3 August 2012 it was announced that the club would spend time in [[Goa]] in August and focus on technical and tactical aspects of the game and also play in a few friendlies.<ref name=PFCPre-Season3August/>

The club played their first pre-season match against DSK Shivajians in [[Pune]]. Pune FC drew the match 2–2 with [[Singam Subhash Singh]] and [[Chika Wali]] scoring.<ref name=PFCPS1>{{cite web|title=Practice Match 1: Pune FC 2–2 Shivajians|url=http://punefc.com/?news=practice-match-1-pune-fc-2-2-shivajians|work=Pune Football Club|accessdate=27 August 2012}}</ref> The next game Pune took on the [[Pune F.C. Academy]] in which Pune FC won 2–1 with Subhash Singh scoring 2 goals.<ref name=PFCPS2>{{cite web|title=Practice Match 2: Pune FC 2–1 PPFCA|url=http://punefc.com/?news=practice-match-2-pune-fc-2-1-ppfca|work=Pune Football Club|accessdate=27 August 2012}}</ref> Pune and Subhash continued their good form against Deccan XI in which Pune won 3–0 with goals from Subhash (his fourth in pre-season), [[Jeh Williamson]] and an Asian trialist.<ref name=PFCPS3>{{cite web|title=Practice Match 3: Pune FC 3–0 Deccan XI FC|url=http://punefc.com/?news=practice-match-3-pune-fc-3-0-deccan-xi-fc|work=Pune Football Club|accessdate=27 August 2012}}</ref>

==Players and Staff==

===First-team squad===
{{updated|12 May 2013.}}<ref>{{Cite web
|title=Senior Team
|url=http://punefc.com/?cat=12
|publisher=Pune F.C.
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928135838/http://punefc.com/?cat=12
|archivedate=2013-09-28
}}</ref>

{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=India|pos=GK|name=[[Abhra Mondal]]}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=India|pos=GK|name=[[Shahin Lal Meloly]]}}
{{Fs player|no=30|nat=India|pos=GK|name=[[Amrinder Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=2|nat=India|pos=DF|name=[[Othallo Tabia]]}}
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=India|pos=DF|name=Caitano Costa}}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=Nigeria|pos=DF|name=[[Chika Wali]]|other=[[Captain (association football)#Club|captain]]}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=India|pos=DF|name=[[Gurjinder Kumar]]}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=India|pos=DF|name=[[Zohmingliana Ralte]]}}
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=India|pos=DF|name=[[Anas Edathodika]]}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=India|pos=DF|name=[[Srikanth Ramu]]}}
{{Fs player|no=27|nat=India|pos=DF|name=[[Nallappan Mohanraj]]}}
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=India|pos=MF|name=[[Shanmugam Venkatesh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=India|pos=MF|name=[[Arata Izumi]]}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=Ivory Coast|pos=MF|name=[[Pierre Djidjia Douhou|Pierre Douhou]]}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=India|pos=MF|name=[[Karma Tsewang]]}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=India|pos=MF|name=[[Velington Rocha]]}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=India|pos=MF|name=[[Sukhwinder Singh (footballer, born 1983)|Sukhwinder Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=India|pos=MF|name=[[Asim Hassan]]}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=India|pos=MF|name=[[Nikhil Kadam]]}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=India|pos=MF|name=[[Khemtang Paite|Khanthang Paite]]|other=on loan from [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=India|pos=MF|name=[[Mumtaz Akhtar]]}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=India|pos=MF|name=[[Fanai Lalrempuia]]}}
{{Fs player|no=32|nat=India|pos=MF|name=[[David Lalbiakzara]]}}
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=South Sudan|pos=FW|name=[[James Moga]]}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=India|pos=FW|name=[[Jeje Lalpekhlua]]}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=India|pos=FW|name=[[Singam Subhash Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=29|nat=Australia|pos=FW|name=[[Boima Karpeh]]}}
{{Fs end}}

===Coaching staff===
12 May 2013
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
! Name
|-
| Manager
| [[Derrick Pereira]]
|-
| Assistant manager
| Norbert Gonsalves
|-
| Fitness Coach
| Elton Menezes
|-
| Youth team coach
| [[Gift Raikhan]]

|-
| Physiotherapist
| Tariq Wasim Shaikh
|-
| Head of youth development
| Rajan Chowdhury
|}
{{clear}}

==Transfers==

===In===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:90%; text-align:center; font-size:95%; text-align:left;"
|-
!'''#'''
!'''Position '''
!'''Player '''
!'''Transferred from'''
!'''Date'''
!'''Source'''
|-
|27
|{{sort|?|DF}}
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Nallappan Mohanraj]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Mohun Bagan]]
|{{dts|23 June 2012}}
|<ref name=Nallappan>{{cite web|last=Bhutani|first=Rahul|title=Indian Football Transfers – Live Updates, June 23rd|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/indian-football-transfers-live-updates-june-23rd/|work=The Hard Tackle|accessdate=30 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
|9
|{{sort|?|FW}}
|{{flagicon|South Sudan}} [[James Moga]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
|{{dts|23 July 2012}}
|<ref name=JamesMoga>{{cite web|title=Pune FC bring on striker James Moga for season ahead|url=http://punefc.com/?news=pune-fc-bring-on-striker-james-moga-for-season-ahead-2|work=Pune Football Club|accessdate=30 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
|16
|{{sort|?|MF}}
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Velington Rocha]]
|{{flagicon|India}} Margao
|{{dts|27 June 2012}}
|<ref name=VellingtonRocha>{{cite web|last=Bhutani|first=Rahul|title=Indian Football Transfers – Live Updates, June 27th|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/indian-football-transfers-live-updates-june-27th/|work=The Hard Tackle|accessdate=30 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
|23
|{{sort|?|MF}}
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Mumtaz Akhtar]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[United Sikkim F.C.|United Sikkim]]
|{{dts|8 July 2012}}
|<ref name=MumtazAkhtar>{{cite web|last=Swamy|first=Rohan|title=PFC gears up for gruelling season|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/pfc-gears-up-for-gruelling-season/971655/|work=Indian Express|accessdate=30 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
|1
|{{sort|?|GK}}
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Abhra Mondal]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|{{dts|11 July 2012}}
|<ref name="Abhra Mondal">{{cite news|last=Bhaduri|first=Archiman|title=Bengal 'keeper recovers from serious injury|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-11/top-stories/32632450_1_pune-fc-bengal-goalkeeper-east-bengal|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103104053/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-11/top-stories/32632450_1_pune-fc-bengal-goalkeeper-east-bengal|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|accessdate=30 July 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
|13
|{{sort|?|DF}}
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Zohmingliana Ralte]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
|{{dts|30 July 2012}}
|<ref name=Ralte>{{cite web|title=Pune FC bring on-board defender Zohmingliana Ralte|url=http://punefc.com/?news=pune-fc-bring-on-board-defender-zohmingliana-ralte|work=Pune Football Club|accessdate=30 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
|22
|{{sort|?|MF}}
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Khemtang Paite|Khanthang Paite]]
|{{flagicon|India}} on loan from [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|{{dts| September 2012}}
|-
|29
|{{sort|?|FW}}
|{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Boima Karpeh]]
|{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Persiram Raja Ampat]]
|{{dts|16 February 2013}}
|<ref name=jerry>{{cite web|title=Pune FC bring on-board Striker Boima Jerry Karpeh |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2013/02/16/3756939/pune-fc-add-boima-karpeh-to-their-roster-release-daisuke|work=goal.com|accessdate=16 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Out===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:90%; text-align:center; font-size:95%; text-align:left;"
|-
!'''Position '''
!'''Player '''
!'''Transferred to'''
!'''Fee'''
!'''Date'''
!'''Source'''
|-
|{{sort|?|MF}}
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Dhanpal Ganeshan]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Pailan Arrows]]
| out on loan [[Pailan Arrows]]
|{{dts| July 2012}}
|
|-
|{{sort|?|GK}}
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Subrata Pal]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Prayag United S.C.|Prayag United]]
|Free
|{{dts|9 May 2012}}
|<ref name=SubrataPal>{{cite news|title=Paul for United|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120510/jsp/sports/story_15473066.jsp#2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708144324/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120510/jsp/sports/story_15473066.jsp#2|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 July 2012|work=The Calcutta Telegraph|publisher=The Calcutta Telegraph|accessdate=10 May 2012|location=Calcutta, India|date=10 May 2012}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|?|MF}}
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Baldeep Singh (footballer born 1987)|Baldeep Singh]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Prayag United S.C.|Prayag United]]
|Free
|{{dts|9 May 2012}}
|<ref name=BaldeepSingh>{{cite web|title=SPORTS DIGEST|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIKM/2012/05/10&PageLabel=19&EntityId=Ar01900&ViewMode=HTML|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316135514/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIKM/2012/05/10&PageLabel=19&EntityId=Ar01900&ViewMode=HTML|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 March 2014|work=Times of India|publisher=Times of India|accessdate=10 May 2012}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|?|MF}}
|{{flagicon|India}} Paresh Shivalkar
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Dodsal|Mumbai Tigers]]
|Free
|{{dts|27 May 2012}}
|<ref name=Paresh>{{cite news|last=Majgaonkar|first=Kunaal|title=Multi-crore Dodsal Group to kick-start team in Mumbai|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Multi-crore-Dodsal-Group-to-kick-start-team-in-Mumbai/articleshow/13547883.cms|work=Times of India|accessdate=30 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|?|FW}}
|{{flagicon|Guinea}} [[Mandjou Keita]]
|{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Kelantan FA]]
|Free
|{{dts|5 June 2012}}
|<ref name=Keita>{{cite web|last=Bhutani|first=Rahul|title=Indian Football Transfers – Live Updates, June 5th|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/indian-football-transfers-live-updates-june-5th/|work=The Hard Tackle|accessdate=6 June 2012}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|?|DF}}
|{{flagicon|India}} Rollingson Hungyo
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
|Free
|{{dts|8 June 2012}}
|<ref name=Rollingson>{{cite news|title=Desmond Bulpin signs for Lajong FC|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-08/i-league/32123276_1_lajong-fc-desmond-bulpin-indian-arrows|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208200946/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-08/i-league/32123276_1_lajong-fc-desmond-bulpin-indian-arrows|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 December 2012|accessdate=8 June 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 June 2012}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|?|MF}}
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Lester Fernandez]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Prayag United S.C.|Prayag United]]
|{{INR}}20 lakh
|{{dts|11 June 2012}}
|<ref name=LesterFernandez>{{cite web|title=India sees introduction of Transfer Fees as Pune sell Lester Fernandez to Prayag United |url=http://www.thesportscampus.com/2012061122004/news-bytes/india-sees-introduction-of-transfer-fees-as-pune-sell-lester-fernandez-to-prayag-united |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130105051656/http://www.thesportscampus.com/2012061122004/news-bytes/india-sees-introduction-of-transfer-fees-as-pune-sell-lester-fernandez-to-prayag-united |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 January 2013 |work=The Sports Campus |accessdate=11 June 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|?|DF}}
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Kamaljeet Kumar]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]]
|Free
|{{dts|10 July 2012}}
|<ref name=Kumar>{{cite web |url=http://mumbaifc.com/MumbaiFC2012/InnerNews.aspx?TNid=294&Nid=POM |title=Mumbai Football Club - the official website of Mumbai FC |website=mumbaifc.com |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104032521/http://mumbaifc.com/MumbaiFC2012/InnerNews.aspx?TNid=294&Nid=POM |archive-date=4 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|?|MF}}
|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Daisuke Nishiguchi]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[DSK Shivajians F.C.]]
|Free
|{{dts|16 February 2013}}
|<ref name="jerry"/>
|-
|}

===Academy Sign-ups===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:90%; text-align:center; font-size:95%; text-align:left;"
|-
!'''#'''
!'''Position '''
!'''Player '''
!'''Age Group'''
!'''Date'''
!'''Source'''
|-
|20
|{{sort|?|MF}}
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Nikhil Kadam]]
|[[Pune F.C. Academy|U20]]
|{{dts|20 August 2012}}
|<ref name=DurandCup2012>{{cite web|title=Pune FC all set for Durand Cup challenge|url=http://punefc.com/?news=pune-fc-all-set-for-durand-cup-challenge|work=Pune Football Club|accessdate=20 August 2012}}</ref>
|-
|26
|{{sort|?|MF}}
|{{flagicon|India}}[[Fanai Lalrempuia]]
|[[Pune F.C. Academy|U20]]
|{{dts|April 2013}}
|-
|32
|{{sort|?|MF}}
|{{flagicon|India}}[[David Lalbiakzara]]
|[[Pune F.C. Academy|U20]]
|{{dts| 2013}}
|-
|}

==Appearances and goals==
{{Updated|12 May 2013 SEASON 12–13}}
{{Efs start|I-League|Federation Cup|Durand Cup}}
{{Efs player|no=1|name=[[Abhra Mondal]]|pos=GK|nat=IND |13|0|0|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=21|name=[[Shahin Lal Meloly]]|pos=GK|nat=IND |9|0|0|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=30|name=[[Amrinder Singh]]|pos=GK|nat=IND |5|0|2|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=2|name=[[Othallo Tabia]]|pos=DF|nat=IND |19|1|0|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=3|name=Caitano Costa|pos=DF|nat=IND |8|0|2|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=4|name=[[Chika Wali]]|pos=DF|nat=NGA |23|1|2|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=5|name=[[Gurjinder Kumar]]|pos=DF|nat=IND |23|0|2|0|0|0 }}
{{Efs player|no=13|name=[[Zohmingliana Ralte]]|pos=DF|nat=IND |4|0|0|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=15|name=[[Anas Edathodika]]|pos=DF|nat=IND |26|0|2|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=25|name=[[Srikanth Ramu]]|pos=DF|nat=IND |16|0|2|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=27|name=[[Nallappan Mohanraj]]|pos=DF|nat=IND |3|0|0|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=6|name=[[Shanmugam Venkatesh]]|pos=MF|nat=IND |6|1|0|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=8|name=[[Arata Izumi]]|pos=MF|nat=IND
|22|5|2|1|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=11|name=[[Pierre Djidjia Douhou]]|pos=MF|nat=CIV |25|5|2|1|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=14|name=[[Karma Tsewang]]|pos=MF|nat=IND |23|2|2|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=16|name=[[Velington Rocha]]|pos=MF|nat=IND
|7|0|0|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=17|name=[[Sukhwinder Singh (footballer, born 1983)|Sukhwinder Singh]]|pos=MF|nat=IND |5|1|0|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=18|name=[[Asim Hassan]]|pos=MF|nat=IND |0|0|1|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=20|name=[[Nikhil Kadam]]|pos=MF|nat=IND |5|1|1|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=22|name=[[Khemtang Paite|Khanthang Paite]]|pos=MF|nat=IND
|20|3|0|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=23|name=[[Mumtaz Akhtar]]|pos=MF|nat=IND |15|0|2|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=26|name=[[Fanai Lalrempuia]]|pos=MF|nat=IND |3|0|0|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=32|name=[[David Lalbiakzara]]|pos=MF|nat=IND |1|0|0|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=9|name=[[James Moga]]|pos=FW|nat=SSD |24|16|0|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=10|name=[[Jeje Lalpekhlua]]|pos=FW|nat=IND |19|5|3|1|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=12|name=[[Singam Subhash Singh]]|pos=FW|nat=IND |14|4|2|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=29|name=[[Boima Karpeh]]|pos=FW|nat=AUS |7|6|0|0|0|0}}
{{Efs end|date=February 2015}}

==Competitions==

===Pre-Season and friendlies===
{{footballbox collapsible
| round = Friendly
| date = 4 August 2012
| time =
| team1 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
| score = 2–2
| report = [http://punefc.com/?news=practice-match-1-pune-fc-2-2-shivajians Report]
| team2 = DSK Shivajians
| goals1 = [[Singam Subhash Singh|Subhash]] [[Chika Wali|Wali]]
| goals2 =
| location =
| stadium =
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = D
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| round = Friendly
| date = 5 August 2012
| time = 13:00 IST
| team1 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
| score = 2–1
| report = [http://punefc.com/?news=practice-match-2-pune-fc-2-1-ppfca Report]
| team2 = [[Pune F.C. Academy]]
| goals1 = [[Singam Subhash Singh|Subhash]] (2 goals)
| goals2 = Shoaib
| location = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
| stadium = [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex|Balewadi Sports Complex]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| round = Friendly
| date = 11 August 2012
| time =
| team1 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
| score = 3–0
| report = [http://punefc.com/?news=practice-match-3-pune-fc-3-0-deccan-xi-fc Report]
| team2 = Amanora Deccan XI
| goals1 = [[Singam Subhash Singh|Subhash]] Asian Trialist [[Jeh Williamson|Williamson]]
| goals2 =
| location = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
| stadium = [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex|Balewadi Sports Complex]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| round = Friendly
| date = 12 August 2012
| time =
| team1 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
| score = 1–0
| report = [http://punefc.com/?news=practice-match-4-pune-fc-1-0-indian-air-force Report]
| team2 = Indian Air Force
| goals1 = Korean Trialist
| goals2 =
| location = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
| stadium = [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex|Balewadi Sports Complex]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| round = Friendly
| date = 13 August 2012
| time =
| team1 = [[Salgaocar S.C.|Salgaocar]]
| score = 2–0
| report = [http://punefc.com/?news=practice-match-5-salgaocar-sc-2-0-pune-fc Report]
| team2 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
| goals1 = [[Sean Rooney (footballer)|Rooney]] [[Royston Dsouza|Dsouza]]
| goals2 =
| location = [[Margao]], [[Goa]]
| stadium = [[Chowgule College]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = L
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| round = Friendly
| date = 14 August 2012
| time =
| team1 = Wilfred Leisure
| score = 1–1
| report = [http://punefc.com/?news=practice-match-6-wilred-leisure-1-1-pune-fc Report]
| team2 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 = Korean Trialist
| location = [[Margao]], [[Goa]]
| stadium = [[Chowgule College]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = D
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| round = Friendly
| date = 16 August 2012
| time =
| team1 = [[Salgaocar S.C.|Salgaocar]]
| score = 0–0
| report = [http://punefc.com/?news=practice-match-7-salgaocar-sc-0-0-pune-fc Report]
| team2 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| location = [[Margao]], [[Goa]]
| stadium = [[Chowgule College]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = D
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| round = Friendly
| date = 19 August 2012
| time =
| team1 = Margao SC
| score = 1–1
| report = [http://punefc.com/?news=practice-match-8-margao-sc-1-1-pune-fc Report]
| team2 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
| goals1 = Korean Trialist
| goals2 = Unknown
| location = [[Margao]], [[Goa]]
| stadium = [[Chowgule College]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = D
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| round = Friendly
| date = 20 August 2012
| time =
| team1 = [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
| score = 1–1
| report =
| team2 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| location = [[Margao]], [[Goa]]
| stadium = [[Chowgule College]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = D
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| round = Friendly
| date = 21 August 2012
| time =
| team1 = [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
| score = 2–2
| report =
| team2 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| location = [[Margao]], [[Goa]]
| stadium = [[Chowgule College]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = D
}}

===Durand Cup===
{{footballbox collapsible
| round = Quarter-Finals
| date = 23 August 2012
| time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
| score = 0–0
| report = [http://punefc.com/?page_id=1822&match=3684 Report]
| team2 = [[Central Reserve Police Force FC|Central Reserve Police Force]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| location = [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]]
| stadium = [[Ambedkar Stadium]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = D
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| round = Quarter-Finals
| date = 27 August 2012
| time =
| team1 = [[SESA F.A.|SESA Football Academy]]
| score = 1–1
| report =
| team2 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
| goals1 = Unknown
| goals2 = [[Jeje Lalpekhlua|Lalpekhlua]] {{goal|90+1}}
| location = [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]]
| stadium = [[Ambedkar Stadium]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = D
}}

===I-League===
{{main|2012–13 I-League}}

====League table====
{{:2012–13 I-League|showteam=PFC}}

====Results summary====
{{Fb_rs |hw=6 |hd=4 |hl=3 |hgf=24 |hga=16 |aw=10 |ad=0 |al=3 |agf=29 |aga=10}}
{{Fb_rs_footer |u=12 May 2013 |s=[https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league/20122013/regular-season/tables/ I-League table] |date=January 2013}}

====Position by round====
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b|header=Round
|label1= Result
| res1=W/W/L/L/W/W/D/W/D/W/W/W/W/W/L/W/D/L/L/W/D/W/L/W/W/W
|label2= Position
| res2=3/3/6/7/5/6/7/5/5/4/4/3/2/2/2/3/4/4/5/4/3/3/3/3/2/2

|color_W=green2|text_W=Win
|color_D=yellow2|text_D=Draw
|color_L=red2|text_L=Loss
|color_1=1st|color_2=2nd|color_3=3rd|color_18-=red1

|updated=12 May 2013
|source=[http://punefc.com/?cat=27&year=2012 Pune FC]
|date=January 2013
}}

{{football box collapsible
| date = 8 October 2012
| time = 18:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = 1
| team1 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
| score = 3–2
| report = [http://punefc.com/?match-reports=i-league-rnd-1-%E2%80%93-pune-fc-3-2-ongc-fc Report]
| team2 = [[ONGC F.C.|ONGC]]
| goals1 = [[Jeje Lalpekhlua|Jeje]] {{goal|22|pen.}} [[Singam Subhash Singh|Subhash]] {{goal|47}} [[Shanmugam Venkatesh|Venkatesh]] {{goal|72}}
| goals2 = [[Jatin Singh|Jatin]] {{goal|54}} [[Katsumi Yusa|Yusa]] {{goal|61}}
| stadium = [[Balewadi Sports Complex]]
| location = [[Pune]]
| attendance =
| referee = Adley Costa
| result = W
}}

{{football box collapsible
| date = 11 October 2012
| time = 18:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = 2
| team1 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
| score = 3–2
| report = [http://punefc.com/?match-reports=i-league-rnd-2-pune-fc-3-2-mumbai-fc Report]
| team2 = [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]]
| goals1 = [[Daisuke Nishiguchi|Daisuke]] {{goal|7}} [[Daisuke Nishiguchi|Daisuke]] {{goal|51}} [[Jeje Lalpekhlua|Jeje]] {{goal|75}}
| goals2 = [[Evans Quao|Quao]] {{goal|17}} [[David Opara|Opara]] {{goal|26}}
| stadium = [[Balewadi Sports Complex]]
| location = [[Pune]]
| attendance =
| referee = Vishnu Chauhan
| result = W
}}

{{football box collapsible
| date = 29 October 2012
| time = 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = 3
| team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| score = 1–0
| report = [http://punefc.com/?match-reports=i-league-rnd-3-east-bengal-fc-1-0-pune-fc Report]
| team2 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
| goals1 = [[Chidi Edeh|Chidi]] {{goal|28}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium|Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance =
| referee = Armughan Rowan
| result = L
}}

{{football box collapsible
| date = 4 November 2012
| time = 18:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = 4
| team1 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
| score = 0–1
| report = [http://punefc.com/?match-reports=i-league-rnd-4-pune-fc-0-1-churchill-brothers-sc Report]
| team2 = [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 = [[Roberto Mendes Silva|Beto]] {{goal|90+2}}
| stadium = [[Balewadi Sports Complex]]
| location = [[Pune]]
| attendance =
| referee = Pranjal Banerjee
| result = L
}}

{{football box collapsible
| date = 9 November 2012
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = 5
| team1 = [[Pailan Arrows]]
| score = 0–2
| report = [http://punefc.com/?match-reports=i-league-rnd-5-pailan-arrows-0-2-pune-fc Report]
| team2 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 = [[Karma Tsewang|Karma]] {{goal|11}} [[Singam Subhash Singh|Subhash]] {{goal|46}}
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium|Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance =
| referee = Rabichandra Singh
| result = W
}}

{{football box collapsible
| date = 28 April 2013
| time =18:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = 6
| team1 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
| score = 4–0
| report = [http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/94693/pune-fc-vs-air-india-fc report]
| team2 = [[Air India (football club)|Air India]]
| goals1 = [[James Moga|Moga]] {{goal|34}} [[Pierre Djidjia Douhou|Douhou]] {{goal|50}} [[Pierre Djidjia Douhou|Douhou]] {{goal|77}} [[Boima Karpeh]] {{goal|84}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Balewadi Sports Complex]]
| location = [[Pune]]
| attendance =
| referee = V. Chauhan
| result = w
}}

{{football box collapsible
| date = 24 November 2012
| time = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = 7
| team1 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
| score = 2–2
| report = [http://punefc.com/?match-reports=i-league-rnd-7-pune-fc-2-2-united-sikkim-fc Report]
| team2 = [[United Sikkim F.C.|United Sikkim]]
| goals1 = [[James Moga|Moga]] {{goal|1}} [[James Moga|Moga]] {{goal|68}}
| goals2 = [[Attivi]] {{goal|25}} Safar {{goal|27}}
| stadium = [[Balewadi Sports Complex]]
| location = [[Pune]]
| attendance =
| referee = Umesh Bora
| result = D
}}

{{football box collapsible
| date = 27 November 2012
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = 8
| team1 = [[Sporting Clube de Goa|SC Goa]]
| score = 1–2
| report = [http://punefc.com/?match-reports=i-league-rnd-8-sporting-clube-de-goa-1-2-pune-fc Report]
| team2 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
| goals1 = [[Anoure Obiora|Obiora]] {{goal|21}}
| goals2 = [[Singam Subhash Singh|Subhash]] {{goal|42}} [[Singam Subhash Singh|Subhash]] {{goal|66}}
| stadium = [[Fatorda Stadium]]
| location = [[Margao]]
| attendance =
| referee = R. Shah
| result = W
}}

{{football box collapsible
| date = 2 December 2012
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = 9
| team1 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
| score = 2–2
| report = [http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96185/pune-fc-vs-mohun-bagan-ac Report]
| team2 = [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
| goals1 = [[Chika Wali|Chika]] {{goal|30}} [[Arata Izumi|Arata]] {{goal|75}}
| goals2 = [[Odafe Onyeka Okolie|Odafe]] {{goal|77}} [[Odafe Onyeka Okolie|Odafe]] {{goal|84}}
| stadium = [[Balewadi Sports Complex]]
| location = [[Pune]]
| attendance =
| referee = Santosh Kumar
| result = D
}}

{{football box collapsible
| date = 9 December 2012
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = 10
| team1 = [[Salgaocar S.C.|Salgaocar]]
| score = 0–2
| report = [http://punefc.com/?match-reports=i-league-rnd-10-salgaocar-fc-0-2-pune-fc Report]
| team2 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 = [[Khemtang Paite|Paite]] {{goal|64}} [[Khemtang Paite|Paite]] {{goal|78}}
| stadium = [[Fatorda Stadium]]
| location = [[Margao]]
| attendance =
| referee = Armughan Rowan
| result = W
}}

{{football box collapsible
| date = 15 December 2012
| time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = 11
| team1 = [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
| score = 1–5
| report = [http://punefc.com/?match-reports=i-league-rnd-11-dempo-sc-1-5-pune-fc Report]
| team2 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
| goals1 = [[Joaquim Abranches|Abranches]] {{goal|23}}
| goals2 = [[James Moga|Moga]] {{goal|15}} [[James Moga|Moga]] {{goal|53}} [[Arata Izumi|Arata]] {{goal|76}} [[Jeje Lalpekhlua|Jeje]] {{goal|79}} [[Pierre Djidjia Douhou|Douhou]] {{goal|85}}
| stadium = [[Fatorda Stadium]]
| location = [[Margao]]
| attendance =
| referee = Umesh Bora
| result = W
}}

{{football box collapsible
| date = 22 December 2012
| time = 18:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = 12
| team1 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
| score = 3–1
| report = [http://punefc.com/?match-reports=i-league-rnd-12-pune-fc-3-1-prayag-united-sc Report]
| team2 = [[Prayag United S.C.|Prayag United]]
| goals1 = [[James Moga|Moga]] {{goal|8}} [[James Moga|Moga]] {{goal|77}} [[Othallo Tabia|Tabia]] {{goal|17}}
| goals2 = [[C.K. Vineeth|Vineeth]] {{goal|51}}
| stadium = [[Balewadi Sports Complex]]
| location = [[Pune]]
| attendance =
| referee = A. Shekar
| result = W
}}

{{football box collapsible
| date = 29 December 2012
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = 13
| team1 = [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
| score = 1–2
| report = [http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96208/shillong-lajong-fc-vs-pune-fc Report]
| team2 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
| goals1 = [[Govin Singh|Singh]] {{goal|60}}
| goals2 = [[Jeje Lalpekhlua|Jeje]] {{goal|30}} [[Khemtang Paite|Paite]] {{goal|49}}
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Shillong|Nehru Stadium]]
| location = [[Shillong]]
| attendance =
| referee = P. Banerji
| result = W
}}

{{football box collapsible
| date = 5 January 2013
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = 14
| team1 = [[United Sikkim F.C.|United Sikkim]]
| score = 1–2
| report = [http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96219/united-sikkim-football-club-vs-pune-fc Report ]
| team2 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
| goals1 = Tamang {{goal|63}}
| goals2 = [[Arata Izumi|Arata]] {{goal|23}} [[James Moga|Moga]] {{goal|90+1}}
| stadium = [[Paljor Stadium]]
| location = [[Gangtok]]
| attendance =
| referee = P. Dhar
| result = W
}}

{{football box collapsible
| date = 9 January 2013
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = 15
| team1 = [[Prayag United S.C.|Prayag United]]
| score = 2–0
| report = [http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96227/prayag-united-vs-pune-fc Report ]
| team2 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
| goals1 = [[Lalkamal Bhowmick|Bhowmick]] {{goal|68}} [[Ranti Martins|Martins]] {{goal|85}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
| location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
| attendance =
| referee = K. Singh
| result = L
}}

{{football box collapsible
| date = 24 April 2013
| time = 15:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = 16
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan A.C.]]
| score = 1–3
| report = [http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/101311/mohun-bagan-ac-vs-pune-fc Report]
| team2 = [[Pune FC]]
| goals1 = [[Odafe Onyeka Okolie|Odafe]] {{goal|90+3}}
| goals2 = [[Pierre Djidjia Douhou|Douhou]] {{goal|27}} [[James Moga|Moga]] {{goal|65}} [[Karma Tsewang|Karma]] {{goal|77}}
| stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
| location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
| attendance =
| referee = U. Bora
| result = W
}}

{{football box collapsible
| date = 20 January 2013
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = 17
| team1 = [[Pune FC]]
| score = 0–0
| report = [http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96240/pune-fc-vs-sporting-clube-de-goa Report]
| team2 = [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Balewadi Sports Complex]]
| location = [[Pune]]
| attendance =
| referee = A. Rowan
| result = D
}}

{{football box collapsible
| date = 25 January 2013
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = 18
| team1 = [[Pune FC]]
| score = 1–2
| report = [http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96247/pune-fc-vs-east-bengal-fc Report]
| team2 = [[East Bengal F.C.]]
| goals1 = [[Arata Izumi|Arata]] {{goal|17}}
| goals2 = [[Chidi Edeh|Chidi]] {{goal|6}} [[Chidi Edeh|Chidi]] {{goal|75 |pen}}
| stadium = [[Balewadi Sports Complex]]
| location = [[Pune]]
| attendance =
| referee = C. Srikrishna
| result = L
}}

{{football box collapsible
| date = 2 February 2013
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = 19
| team1 = [[Pune FC]]
| score = 0–2
| report = [http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96255/pune-fc-vs-salgaocar-fc Report]
| team2 =[[Salgaocar S.C.|Salgaocar]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 = [[Francis Fernandes]] {{goal|2}} [[Francis Fernandes]] {{goal|45}}
| stadium = [[Balewadi Sports Complex]]
| location = [[Pune]]
| attendance =
| referee = A. Pillai
| result = L
}}

{{football box collapsible
| date = 9 February 2013
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = 20
| team1 = [[Mumbai FC]]
| score = 0–3
| report = [http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96703/mumbai-fc-vs-pune-fc Report]
| team2 = [[Pune FC]]
| goals1 = [[James Moga]] {{goal|56}} [[James Moga]] {{goal|71}}
| goals2 = [[Arata Izumi|Arata]] {{goal|84}}
| stadium = [[Balewadi Sports Complex]]
| location = [[Pune]]
| attendance =
| referee = U. Bora
| result = W
}}

{{football box collapsible
| date = 24 March 2013
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = 21
| team1 = [[Pune FC]]
| score = 2–2
| report = [http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96714/pune-fc-vs-shillong-lajong-fc Report]
| team2 = [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
| goals1 = [[Boima Karpeh]] {{goal|51}} [[Boima Karpeh]] {{goal|59}}
| goals2 = [[Edinho Júnior]] {{goal|13}} [[Edinho Júnior]] {{goal|56}}
| stadium = [[Balewadi Sports Complex]]
| location = [[Pune]]
| attendance =
| referee = A. Rowan
| result = D
}}

{{football box collapsible
| date = 28 March 2013
| time = 18:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = 22
| team1 = [[Pune FC]]
| score = 2–0
| report = [http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96721/pune-fc-vs-dempo-sc Report]
| team2 =[[Dempo SC]]
| goals1 = [[Sukhwinder Singh (footballer, born 1983)|Sukhwinder Singh]] {{goal|30}} [[James Moga]] {{goal|44}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Balewadi Sports Complex]]
| location = [[Pune]]
| attendance =
| referee = R. Singh
| result = W
}}

{{football box collapsible
| date = 5 April 2013
| time = 18:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = 23
| team1 = [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
| score = 2–1
| report = [http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96725/churchill-brothers-sc-vs-pune-fc Report]
| team2 =[[Pune FC]]
| goals1 = Bineesh Balan {{goal|58}} [[Sunil Chhetri]] {{goal|63}}
| goals2 = [[Boima Karpeh]] {{goal|90+1}}
| stadium = Tilak Maidan Stadium
| location = Vasco da Gama, Goa
| attendance =
| referee = A. Shekar
| result = L
}}

{{football box collapsible
| date = 14 April 2013
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = 24
| team1 = [[ONGC F.C.|ONGC]]
| score = 0–1
| report = [http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96735/ongc-fc-vs-pune-fc Report]
| team2 = [[Pune FC]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 = [[James Moga]] {{goal|45+2}}
| stadium = Dr. Ambedkar Stadium
| location = New Delhi
| attendance =
| referee = P. Dhar
| result = W
}}

{{football box collapsible
| date = 20 April 2013
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = 25
| team1 = [[Air India (football club)|Air India]]
| score = 0–6
| report = [http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96738/air-india-fc-vs-pune-fc Report]
| team2 = [[Pune FC]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 = [[Boima Karpeh]] {{goal|26}} [[James Moga]] {{goal|39}} [[Pierre Djidjia Douhou|Douhou Pierre]] {{goal|52}} [[James Moga]] {{goal|67}} [[Jeje Lalpekhlua]] {{goal|74}} [[Nikhil Kadam]] {{goal|86}}
| stadium = [[Balewadi Sports Complex]]
| location = [[Pune]]
| attendance =
| referee = T. Nagvenkar
| result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 11 May 2013
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = 26
| team1 = [[Pune FC]]
| score = 2–0
| report = [http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96749/pune-fc-vs-pailan-arrows-fc Report]
| team2 = [[Pailan Arrows]]
| goals1 = [[James Moga]] {{goal|39}} [[Boima Karpeh]] {{goal|65}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Balewadi Sports Complex]]
| location = [[Pune]]
| attendance =
| referee = P. Dhar
| result = W
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Pune F.C.}}
{{2012-13 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2012-13 Pune F.C. season}}
[[Category:Pune FC seasons]]
[[Category:2012–13 I-League by team|Pune]]

Nora Fernandes

2026-03-25T12:09:32Z

Raymondbig: details

{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 1998)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Nora Fernandes
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1998|6|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Goa]], India
| height = 1.84 m
| position = [[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]
| currentclub = [[SC Delhi]]
| clubnumber =
| youthyears1 = 2017–2019
| youthclubs1 = [[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]
| years1 = 2019–2020
| clubs1 = [[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]
| caps1 = 10
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2020–2023
| clubs2 = [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
| caps2 = 13
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2023–2024
| clubs3 = [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| caps3 = 17
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2024–2026
| clubs4 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| caps4 = 3
| goals4 = 0
| years5 = 2026–
| clubs5 = [[SC Delhi]]
| caps5 = 0
| goals5 = 0
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 =
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| medaltemplates =
| club-update = 18:34, 12 March 2025 (UTC)
| nationalteam-update =
}}

'''Nora Fernandes''' (born 18 June 1998) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Goalkeeper (association football)|goalkeeper]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[SC Delhi]].

== Career ==
=== Salgaocar ===
Fernandes began his professional career with [[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]. He played for them in the [[Youth League (India)|U-18 I-League]] and the [[Goa Football League|Goa Professional League]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Churchill Brothers, Salgaocar FC play out 1-1 draw |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Churchill-Brothers-Salgaocar-FC-play-out-11-draw/156608 |website=oHeraldo |access-date=12 May 2022 |date=6 February 2020 |archive-date=13 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413124338/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Churchill-Brothers-Salgaocar-FC-play-out-11-draw/156608 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Goan FC inch closer to GPL title after edging out Salgaocar |url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/m/details.php?n_id=145792 |website=oHeraldo |access-date=12 May 2022 |date=5 May 2019 |archive-date=12 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512032703/http://www.heraldgoa.in/m/details.php?n_id=145792 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=East Bengal Breeze Past Salgaocar To Advance To Maiden U-18 I-League Final |url=https://i-league.org/east-bengal-breeze-past-salgaocar-to-advance-to-maiden-u-18-i-league-final |access-date=12 May 2022 |work=i-league.org |date=5 May 2017 |archive-date=13 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413124139/https://i-league.org/east-bengal-breeze-past-salgaocar-to-advance-to-maiden-u-18-i-league-final/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 11 November 2017, Nora made his debut for Salgaocar in a [[2017–18 Goa Professional League]] game against FC Bardez which ended in a 2–1 loss.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2017/11/11/sports/fc-bardez-keep-salgaocar-fc-languishing-at-the-bottom/|date=11 November 2017|title=FC Bardez keep Salgaocar FC languishing at the bottom}}</ref>

=== Churchill Brothers ===
Fernandes moved to Churchill Brothers in 2020 and got his first game in the [[2021–22 I-League|2021–22 season]] of the [[I-League]]. He made his debut in a 2–1 defeat of [[Kenkre FC|Kenkre]] on 10 April 2022 at the [[Naihati Stadium]].<ref>{{cite news |title=I-League: Churchill Brothers come from behind to defeat Kenkre FC |url=https://theprint.in/sport/i-league-churchill-brothers-come-from-behind-to-defeat-kenkre-fc/910799 |access-date=12 May 2022 |work=ThePrint |date=10 April 2022 |archive-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509160349/https://theprint.in/sport/i-league-churchill-brothers-come-from-behind-to-defeat-kenkre-fc/910799/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Kerala Blasters FC ===
On 7 May, following his tenure at [[Aizawl FC]], Fernandes signed for the [[Indian Super League]] club [[Kerala Blasters FC]] on a three-year contract until 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goalkeeper Nora Fernandes joins Kerala Blasters |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2024/06/27/goalkeeper-nora-fernandes-joins-kerala-blasters.html |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref> He made his debut on 10 August in the [[2024 Durand Cup]] match against [[CISF Protectors]], where he came in as a substitute for [[Som Kumar]] in the second-half, as the Blasters won the match 7–0 at full-time, keeping a clean-sheet on his debut.<ref name="out1730455433133838642237225210">{{cite tweet |number=1822603346298970328 |user=KeralaBlasters |title=Blasters Debut ✅🟡 Memorable game last night for Sreekuttan, our latest academy player to step up to the senior team, while Nora also stood tall as our last line of defense for the first time in a competitive game! 🧤 |author=Kerala Blasters FC |date=11 August 2024 |access-date=11 August 2024}}</ref>

== Career statistics ==
{{updated|12 August 2024}}<ref>{{soccerway|nora-fernandes/685152}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|[[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
! colspan="2" |Other
! colspan="2" |Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]
|[[2017–18 Goa Professional League|2017—18]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Goa Football League|Goa Professional League]]
|2||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||2||0
|-
|[[2018–19 Goa Professional League|2018—19]]
|3||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||||0
|-
|[[2019–20 Goa Professional League|2019—20]]
|4||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||1{{efn|Appearance in [[Goa Police Cup]]}}||0||||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!!!
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
|[[2020–21 Churchill Brothers FC Goa season|2020–21]]
|rowspan="3"|[[I-League]]
|0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||0||0||0||0
|-
|[[2021–22 Churchill Brothers FC Goa season|2021–22]]
|3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||4{{efn|Appearances in [[Goa Football League|Goa Professional League]]}}||0||6||0
|-
|[[2022–23 Churchill Brothers FC Goa season|2022–23]]
|5||0||4||0||colspan="2"|—||1||0||9||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!8
!0
!4
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!12
!0
|-
|[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|[[2023–24 Aizawl FC season|2023–24]]
|I-League
|17
|0
|0
|0
|colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||17||0
|-
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|[[2024–25 Kerala Blasters FC season|2024–25]]
|[[Indian Super League]]
|0
|0
|0
|0||colspan="2"|—||1
|0
|1
|0
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!25!!0!!4!!0!!0!!0!!1!!0!!30!!0
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/59886?type=club Nora Fernandes profile] at AIFF
{{Kerala Blasters FC squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fernandes, Nora}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Footballers from Goa]]
[[Category:Men's association football goalkeepers]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:Goa Professional League players]]
[[Category:Churchill Brothers FC players]]
[[Category:Kerala Blasters FC players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]

List of longest films in India

2026-03-19T23:55:10Z

Raymondbig:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
This '''list of longest Indian films''' is composed of [[film]]s with a running time of 200 minutes (3 hours, 20 min) or more.

== List ==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Title
! Running time
! Language
! Year
! Ref(s)
|-
|''[[CzechMate: In Search of Jiří Menzel]]''
|448 mins (7 hr, 28 min)
|Czech, English, Slovak
|2018
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/czechmate-in-search-of-ji-menzel-a-throwback-to-the-golden-60s/article32084703.ece|title='Czechmate - In Search of Jiří Menzel', a throwback to the Golden '60s|first=Kennith|last=Rosario|date=15 July 2020|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>[https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shivendra-singh-dungarpur-on-his-7-hour-documentary-czechmate-the-longest-film-to-be-certified-in-india-4311499.html ''First Post'']: Longest Indian film production to be certified by [[Central Board of Film Certification]]</ref>
|-
| ''[[Tamas (film)|Tamas]]''
| 298 mins (4 hr, 58 min)
| Hindi
| 1988
|
|-
| ''[[Thavamai Thavamirundhu]]''
| '''Original cut:''' 275 mins (4 hr, 35 min) '''Theatrical cut:''' 204 mins (3 hr, 24 min)
| Tamil
| 2005
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-bathinda/20130429/page/8/textview|via=PressReader|title=Cinema Records|access-date=15 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[LOC: Kargil]]''
| 255 mins (4 hr, 15 min)
| Hindi
| 2003
|<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/16slid8.htm |title=The 10 longest films in Hindi cinema |work=Rediff.com |date=2006-08-16 |accessdate=2020-05-15}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mera Naam Joker]]''
| 248 mins (4 hr, 8 min)
| Hindi
| 1970
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| ''[[Sangam (1964 Hindi film)|Sangam]]''
| 238 mins (3 hr, 58 min)
| Hindi
| 1964
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| ''[[Lagaan]]''
| 233 mins (3 hr, 53 min)
| Hindi
| 2001
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| ''[[Dhurandhar: The Revenge]]''
| 229 mins (3 hr, 49 min)
| Hindi
| 2026
| <ref>{{Cite web |first=Fenil |last=Seta |date=17 March 2026 |title=EXCLUSIVE: CBFC reduces visuals in 4 violent scenes in Dhurandhar The Revenge by 34 seconds; censors abusive words |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-cbfc-reduces-visuals-4-violent-scenes-dhurandhar-revenge-34-seconds-censors-abusive-words/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=17 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Daana Veera Soora Karna]]''
| 226 mins (3 hr, 46 min)
| Telugu
| 1977
|
|-
| ''[[Baahubali: The Epic]]''
| 225 mins (3 hr, 45 min)
| Telugu
| 2025
|<ref>{{cite web |access-date=16 October 2025 |title=Baahubali: The Epic gets U/A certificate with a 3-hour-44-minute runtime, releasing this October |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/baahubali-epic-gets-u-certificate-3-hour-44-minute-runtime-releasing-october/ |publisher=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]''
| '''Theatrical cut''': 200 mins (3 hr, 20 min) '''OTT version''': 224 mins (3hr 44 mins)
| Telugu
| 2024
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2024 |title=BREAKING: Pushpa 2 - The Rule is 200 minutes long; CBFC censors 'r***i', two excessively violent scenes |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/breaking-pushpa-2-rule-220-minutes-long-cbfc-censors-ri-two-excessively-violent-scenes/ |access-date=28 November 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref name="RELOAD">{{Cite web |title=Pushpa 2: The Rule (Reloaded Version) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/pushpa-2-the-rule-reloaded-version-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi3nzq5 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Khatarnaak]]''
| 223 mins (3 hr, 43 min)
| Hindi
| 1990
|
|-
|''[[Nadodi Mannan]]''
| 220 mins (3 hr, 40 min)
|Tamil
|1958
|
|-
| ''[[Parthiban Kanavu (1960 film)|Parthiban Kanavu]]''
| 219 mins (3 hr, 39 min)
| Tamil
| 1960
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/10-of-the-longest-films-in-tamil-cinema/parthiban-kanavu.html|title=Parthiban kanavu | 10 of the longest films in Tamil cinema|date=4 November 2016|website=Behindwoods}}</ref>
|-
|[[Aryamala|''Aaryamala'']]
|218 mins (3 hr, 38 min)
|Tamil
|1941
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Aaryamala Movie {{!}}1941-ல் சூப்பர் ஸ்டார் பி.யூ சின்னப்பா N.S.கிருஷ்ணன் நடித்த வெற்றி படம் ஆர்யமாலா| date=11 June 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LhfEZUvkucU&list=PLpmQ6_cEfPgm8c4MWObBdJXadFj70YR0e|language=en|access-date=2020-03-18}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mohabbatein]]''
| 216 mins (3 hr, 36 min)
| Hindi
| 2000
|
|-
| ''[[Aayiram Thalai Vaangi Apoorva Chinthamani]]''
| 214 mins (3 hr, 34 min)
| Tamil
| 1947
|
|-
| ''[[Dhurandhar]]''
| 214 mins (3 hr, 34 min)
204 mins (3 hr, 24 min) (Netflix)
| Hindi
| 2025
| <ref>{{cite web |access-date=2 December 2025 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Dhurandhar is Ranveer Singh’s FIRST-ever ‘A’ rated film; final length locked at 214 minutes; CBFC censors violent visuals in 2 scenes, mutes cuss word |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-dhurandhar-ranveer-singhs-first-ever-rated-film-final-length-locked-214-minutes-cbfc-censors-violent-visuals-2-scenes-mutes-cuss-word/ |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]''
| 213 mins (3 hr, 33 min)
| Hindi
| 2008
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/film/132851de-2452-56d3-940f-da0ec6618c96/jodhaa-akbar|title=Jodhaa Akbar (2008)}}</ref>
|-
| ''Indrasabha''
| 211 mins (3 hr, 31 min)
| Hindi
| 1932
|
|-
| ''[[What's Your Raashee?]]''
| 211 mins (3 hr, 31 min)
| Hindi
| 2009
|<ref>{{cite web|title=What's Your Raashee?|url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/whats-your-raashee-1970-1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122133332/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/whats-your-raashee-1970-1|archive-date=22 January 2017|publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Hey Ram]]''
|'''Tamil version:''' 210 mins (3 hr, 30 min) '''Hindi version:''' 207 mins (3 hr, 27 min)
|Tamil Hindi
|2000
|
|-
| ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]''
| 210 mins (3 hr, 30 min)
| Hindi
| 2001
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/kabhi-khushi-kabhie-gham-2001 |title=''Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham'' (PG) |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221165800/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/kabhi-khushi-kabhie-gham-2001 |archive-date=21 February 2014 |access-date=2 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Swades]]''
| 210 mins (3 hr, 30 min)
|Hindi
|2004
|
|-
|''[[Lava Kusa (1963 film)|Lava Kusa]]''
|208 mins (3 hr, 28 min)
|Telugu
|1963
|
|-
| ''[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero]]''
| 208 mins (3 hr, 28 min)
| Hindi
| 2005
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| ''[[Suvarna Sundari]]''
| 208 mins (3 hr, 28 min)
| Telugu
| 1957
|
|-
| ''[[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!]]''
| 206 mins (3 hr 26 min)
| Hindi
| 1994
|
|-
|''[[The Bengal Files]]''
|204 mins (3 hr, 24 min)
|Hindi
|2025
|
|-
| ''[[Sholay]]''
| '''Alternate cut''': 204 mins (3 hr, 24 min) '''Theatrical cut''': 198 mins (3 hr, 18 min)
| Hindi
| 1975
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| ''[[Sampoorna Ramayanam (1958 film)|Sampoorna Ramayanam]]''
| 204 mins (3 hr, 24 min)
| Tamil
| 1958
|
|-
|''[[Naan (1967 film)|Naan]]''
|203 mins (3 hr, 23 min)
|Tamil
|1967
|
|-
|''[[Lajja (film)|Lajja]]''
|202 mins (3 hr, 22 min)
|Hindi
|2001
|
|-
|''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]''
|201 mins (3 hr, 21 min)
|Hindi
|2023
|<ref name="BBFC">{{Cite web |date=25 November 2023 |title=''Animal'' (18) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/animal-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde2otuz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125083307/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/animal-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde2otuz |archive-date=25 November 2023 |access-date=25 November 2023 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |quote=This dark Hindi language action drama charts a man's relentless pursuit of twisted revenge at all costs.}}</ref>
|-
| ''Gun Gun Gane Gane''
| 201 mins (3 hr 21 min)
| Assamese
| 2002
|
|-
| ''[[Saudagar (1991 film)|Saudagar]]''
| 201 mins (3 hr, 21 min)
| Hindi
| 1991
|
|-
| ''[[Salaam-e-Ishq]]''
| 201 mins (3 hr, 21 min)
| Hindi
| 2007
|
|-
| ''[[Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja (film)|Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja]]''
| 200 mins (3 hr, 20 min)
| Malayalam
| 2009
|
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of longest films]]
* [[List of multilingual Indian films]]
* [[Pan-Indian film]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of Indian films]]
[[Category:Top film lists]]
[[Category:Indian superlatives]]

National Academy of Sciences, India

2026-03-19T12:12:46Z

Raymondbig: slightly corrected section based on references also and updated info per sources

{{Short description|Learned society and academy in India devoted to science}}
{{distinguish|Indian Academy of Sciences|Indian National Science Academy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = The National Academy of Sciences, India
| native_name = राष्ट्रीय विज्ञान अकादमी, भारत
| native_name_lang = hi
| logo = National Academy of Sciences, India Logo.png
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| map =
| map_size =
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| map2_size =
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| abbreviation = NASI
| nickname =
| motto =
| predecessor =
| merged =
| successor =
| formation = {{start date and age|1930}}
| founder = Prof. Meghnad Saha
| founding_location =
| extinction = 
| merger =
| type =
| vat_id =
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| status =
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| professional_title =
| location = 5, Lajpat Rai Road, Mumfordganj, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh 211002, India
| location2 =
| additional_location =
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| origins =
| region =
| products =
| services =
| methods =
| fields =
| membership = 1,765
| membership_year = 2019
| language =
| owner = 
| sec_gen = 
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = [[Vinod K. Singh|Prof. Vinod K. Singh]]
| leader_title2 =
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| website = {{URL|http://nasi.ac.in/}}
| remarks =
| formerly = The Academy of Sciences of United Provinces of Agra and Oudh<ref name="Vision">{{Cite web |title=The National Academy of Sciences, India – Vision |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/vision.htm |access-date=6 November 2019 |website=National Academy of Sciences, India |archive-date=6 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606144310/http://nasi.org.in/vision.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| footnotes =
| bodystyle =
| established = {{start date and age|1930|||df=y}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=it}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 13
| mapframe-marker = school
}}
'''The National Academy of Sciences, India''', also known as NASI, was established in 1930 and is the oldest science academy of India. It is located in [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Prof. [[Meghnad Saha]] was the founder president.<ref name="NASI" />

==Fellows==
* [[Sneh Bhargava]]
*[[Suddhasatwa Basu]]
*[[Sudha Bhattacharya]]<ref name="Bhattacharya, Prof. Sudha Fellow profile">{{Cite web |title=Bhattacharya, Prof. Sudha Fellow profile |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/php/fell_detail.php3?name=Bhattacharya&intials=Sudha&year=07-03-1952 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315043329/http://www.ias.ac.in/php/fell_detail.php3?name=Bhattacharya&intials=Sudha&year=07-03-1952 |archive-date=15 March 2014 |access-date=8 October 2018 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref>
* [[Chittoor Mohammed Habeebullah]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=NASI |url=http://nasi.nic.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=H |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514161917/http://www.nasi.nic.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=H |archive-date=14 May 2016 |access-date=29 July 2017 |publisher=NASI}}</ref>
*[[Vinod Krishan]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://nbtindia.gov.in/writereaddata/freebooks/pdf/Women%20Scientists%20in%20India.pdf |title=Women Scientists in India |publisher=National Book Trust, India |pages=209}}</ref>
*[[Suhas S. Joshi]]
*[[Neelam Sangwan]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brief CV - Prof Dr Neelam Sangwan, FNA, FNASc, FNAAS |url=https://www.cuh.ac.in/pdf//biochem/CV_neelamsangwan.pdf |access-date=11 December 2022}}</ref>
*[[Rajender Singh Sangwan]]<ref name="NASI">{{Cite web |title=The National Academy of Sciences, India - Fellows |url=http://nasi.nic.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=S |access-date=11 December 2022}}</ref>
*[[Ram Parikshan Roy]]<ref name="NASI"/>

==Publications==
''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India'' was a [[peer-review]] [[scientific journal]] established in 1930. It split in two parts in 1942.
*''[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A: Physical Sciences]]''
*''[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences]]''
The academy also publishes ''[[National Academy Science Letters]]''.

NASI published the Proceedings of NASI, Sec. A & B, each in IV parts and National Academy Science Letters in VI parts, in collaboration with the Springer Nature, every year.

National Academy Science Letters received Impact Factor (IF) as 1.2 in 2023-24 from Thomson Reuters; about 1200 papers were received from thirty countries/regions every year.

PNASI, Sec. A received Impact Factor (IF) as 0.80 in 2023-24 from Thomson Reuters; and about 450 papers were received from twenty-five countries/regions every year.

The PNASI, Sec. B received Cite Score as 2.4 in 2023-24 from Scopus; and about 600 papers were received from thirty-seven countries/regions every year.

Many special publications were released  at New Delhi on the occasion of the "Closing Ceremony of the Anniversary Celebrations of 'Ba & Bapu' and Prof. Meghnad Saha". These were the collection of the Lectures delivered (in the memory of these three great personalities of the world) by the distinguished persons in different parts of the country.

Special Issue on '''"Remote Sensing"''', which most downloaded journal of the physics in the world,2017. Published in PNASI, Sec-A.  

An important book on "Vector Biology and Control" was also published.

== Major Accomplishments (in past few years) ==
The Academy also created two galleries (other than the Ganga-gallery at Prayagraj) on the rivers Brahmaputra and Cauvery respectively at Guwahati (with the partial support of the Govt. of Assam) and Mysuru (with total support of the Govt. of Karnataka), during the years of the report. NASI also undertook several projects on water; and scientifically rejuvenated the baolies (step-wells of about 200 years ago) at Bundelkhand area of MP with the scientific support of MPCOST, Bhopal and the BARC, Mumbai. All these facilities have been dedicated to the Nation.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.nasi.nic.in/ Official website]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:National Academy of Sciences, India}}
[[Category:Research institutes in India]]
[[Category:National academies of sciences|India]]
[[Category:Education in Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Prayagraj]]
[[Category:1930 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Scientific organizations established in 1930]]

{{India-edu-stub}}

Jehanabad district

2026-03-17T16:23:35Z

Raymondbig: General cleanup and content improvements

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|District in Bihar, India}}
{{For|other places with similar names|Jahanabad (disambiguation){{!}}Jahanabad}}
{{original research|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jehanabad district 
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Bihar|District]] of [[Bihar]]
| total_type = Total
| image_skyline = Barabar Caves 1.JPG
| image_caption = [[Barabar Caves]]
| image_map = Bihar district location map Jehanabad.svg
| map_caption = Location of Jehanabad district in Bihar
| coordinates = {{coord|24|45|N|85|00|E|region:IN_type:adm2nd|display=title}}
| coor_pinpoint = Jehanabad
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Bihar Government Banner.png}} [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Magadh division|Magadh]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Jehanabad]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| area_total_km2 = 932
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 11,25,313
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 918<ref name=districtcensus/>
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Jahanabad Lok Sabha constituency|Jahanabad]]
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[National Highway 83 (India, old numbering)|NH 83]]
| blank_name_sec2 = Average annual precipitation
| blank_info_sec2 = 1074 mm
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 8044xx (Jehanabad)<ref>[https://indiapincodes.net/Bihar/Jehanabad/ Jehanabad]</ref>
| website = https://jehanabad.nic.in/en/
}}
'''Jehanabad district''' is one of the thirty-eight [[districts of Bihar]] [[States and territories of India|state]], India. [[Jehanabad]] town is the administrative headquarters of this district. Jehanabad district is a part of [[Magadh Division]], and is located on the confluence of two small rivers called Dardha and Yamunaiya.

==History==
The territory of the present-day district became Jehanabad sub-division of [[Gaya district]] in 1872. The district came into existence on 1 August 1986. It is surrounded by [[Patna]] in north, [[Arwal]] in west, [[Nalanda]] in east and Gaya in south.

== Geography & Climate ==
Jehanabad lies in the southern Gangetic Plain. Elevation is low and flat; the district headquarters at Jehanabad town sits near the confluence of the Dardha and Jamuna rivers.[https://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/Jehanabadbihar.pdf#:~:text=town%20of%20Jehanabad%2C%20which%20is,longitude%2C%20the%20district%20is%20bounded] The climate is humid subtropical (monsoon-influenced): summers are very hot (up to ~44 °C) and winters cool (down to ~5 °C).[https://jehanabad.kvk4.in/district-profile.php#:~:text=Main%20Rivers%20Falgu%2C%20Jamuna%2C%20Baldai,Average%20Rainfall%201074%20mm%2FYear] The southwest monsoon (June–September) brings most rain (roughly 1,100–1,300 mm annually). [https://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/Jehanabadbihar.pdf#:~:text=The%20average%20annual%20rainfall%20in,The] [https://jehanabad.kvk4.in/district-profile.php#:~:text=5%27c%20in%20Winter,Average%20Rainfall%201074%20mm%2FYear] Spring and autumn are brief transitional seasons. The soil is broadly fertile alluvial loam. These conditions favor intensive cultivation; however, irrigation depends on monsoon rains and local tube wells (groundwater), since most rivers (Dardha, Phalgu, etc.) are seasonal. [https://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/Jehanabadbihar.pdf#:~:text=district%20and%20it%20gives%20a,The%20soil%20in%20the%20district]

Vegetation is that of the Indo-Gangetic plains (agricultural fields, patches of scrub or sal on higher ground). The landscape is largely cleared for farming; forest cover in the district is negligible.

==Demographics==

{{historical populations|11=1901|12=2,37,802|13=1911|14=2,49,238|15=1921|16=2,48,306|17=1931|18=2,75,471|19=1941|20=3,20,093|21=1951|22=3,54,133|23=1961|24=4,15,062|25=1971|26=4,95,614|27=1981|28=5,99,143|29=1991|30=7,09,862|31=2001|32=9,26,489|33=2011|34=11,25,313|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>{{cite web |title=Table A-02 Decadal Variation in Population Since 1901: Bihar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43343/download/47022/10%20A-2%20Bihar.pdf |website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|align=center}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Jehanabad district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Bihar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11366/download/14479/DDW10C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|darkorange|92.87}}
{{bar percent|[[Bihari Muslims|Muslims]]|green|6.73}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.40}}
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Jehanabad district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,125,313,<ref name=districtcensus>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Jehanabad |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/272/download/738/DH_2011_1037_PART_A_DCHB_JEHANABAD.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Cyprus]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = June 13, 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Cyprus 1,120,489 July 2011 est.
}}</ref> or the US state of [[Rhode Island]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|title=2010 Resident Population Data
|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau
|access-date=2011-09-30
|quote=Rhode Island 1,052,567
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|archive-date=2013-10-19
}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 412th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|1206|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 21.34%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Jehanabad has a [[sex ratio]] of 918 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 78.27%. 12.01% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 19.81% and 0.11% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages in Jehanabad district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Magahi language|Magahi]] |value1= 79.5|color1 = crimson
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 18.01|color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 2.00|color3 = green
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.16 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 79.5% of the population in the district spoke [[Magahi language|Magahi]], 18.01% [[Hindi]] and 2.00% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Bihar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10196/download/13308/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1000.XLSX|website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

== Politics ==
{{transcluded section|source=18th Bihar Assembly}}
{{#section:18th Bihar Assembly|MLA Header}}
{{#section:18th Bihar Assembly|Jehanabad district}}
|}

== Administrative units ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Sl. no.
!Name of the Gram Panchayats
!Name of the Blocks
!No. of Gram Panchayats
|-
|1
|Ammain
|rowspan="14" |[[Jehanabad]]
|rowspan="14"| 14
|-
|2
| Kalpa
|-
|3
| Kinari
|-
|4
| Gonwa
|-
|5
| Jamuk
|-
|6
| Nauru
|-
|7
| Pandui
|-
|8
| Muther
|-
|9
| Mandil
|-
|10
| Mande Bigaha
|-
|11
| Larsa
|-
|12
|SurangaparBhavanichak
|-
|13
| Sewanan
|-
|14
| Sikariya
|-
|15
|Ahiasa
|rowspan="10"|[[Ghosi]]
|rowspan="10"| 10
|-
|16
| Uber
|-
|17
| Kurre
|-
|18
| Gopalpur
|-
|19
| Ghosi
|-
|20
| Parawan
|-
|21
| Bharthu
|-
|22
| Lakhawar
|-
|23
| Shahpur
|-
|24
| Saho Bigaha
|-
|25
| Amathua
|rowspan="16"|[[Kako, Bihar|Kako]]
|rowspan="16"|16
|-
|26
| Uttar Sherthua
|-
|27
| Khalispur
|-
|28
| Dedhsaiya
|-
|29
| Damuha
|-
|30
| Nerthua
|-
|31
| Nonhi
|-
|32
| Purbi Kako
|-
|33
| Paschimi Kako
|-
|34
| Pinjaura
|-
|35
| Badauna
|-
|36
| Barawa
|-
|37
| Bara
|-
|38
| Maniawa
|-
|39
| Saidabad
|-
|40
| Sulemanpur
|-
|41
| Kachnawa
|rowspan="22"|[[Makhdumpur]]
|rowspan="22"|22
|-
|42
| Kamardiha
|-
|43
| Kalanour
|-
|44
| Kohra
|-
|45
| Chhariyari
|-
|46
| Jagapura
|-
|47
| Jamanganj
|-
|48
| Dakra
|-
|49
| Dharnaee
|-
|50
| Dharauphat
|-
|51
| Punahda
|-
|52
|Purvi Saren
|-
|53
| Paschimi Saren
|-
|54
| Bhaikh
|-
|55
| Makarpur
|-
|56
| Manjhaous
|-
|57
| Malathi
|-
|58
| Rampur
|-
|59
| Bela Birra
|-
|60
| Sugaon
|-
|61
| Sumera
|-
|62
| Solhanda
|-
|63
| Gandhar
|rowspan="8"|[[Modnaganj]]
|rowspan="8" | 8
|-
|64
| Jaitipur
|-
|65
| Dewara
|-
|66
| Naima
|-
|67
| Bandhuganj
|-
|68
| Modnaganj Govindpur
|-
|69
| Vishnupur Okari
|-
|70
| Saistabad
|-
|71
| Uchita
|rowspan="14"|[[Ratnifaridpur]]
|rowspan="14"| 14
|-
|72
| Kansua
|-
|73
| Kaswan
|-
|74
| Jhunathi
|-
|75
| Nehalpur
|-
|76
| Narayanpur
|-
|77
| Noama
|-
|78
| Pandaul
|-
|79
| Murhera
|-
|80
| Ratni
|-
|81
| Lakhapur
|-
|82
| Sesamba
|-
|83
| Sikandarpur
|-
|84
| Sohraiya
|-
|85
|Keuafar
|rowspan="9"|[[Hulasganj]]
|rowspan="9"| 9
|-
|86
| Kokarsa
|-
|87
| Khadauri
|-
|88
| Chiri
|-
|89
| Tirra
|-
|90
| Dawathu
|-
|91
| Bauri
|-
|92
| Murgaon
|-
|93
| Surajpur
|-
|colspan="2" align="right" bgcolor="fff999"|Total number of Gram Panchayats<ref>{{cite web |title=गांव और पंचायत |url=https://jehanabad.nic.in/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4/ |publisher=District Administration, Jehanabad (National Informatics Centre, Government of India) |date=2025-09-04 |access-date=2025-09-08}}</ref>
|
|bgcolor="fff999"|93
|}

* Number of Revenue Division(s)- 1
* Number of Blocks- 7
* Number of Police Stations- 12
* Number of Gram Panchayats- 93
* Number of Census Villages- 584
* Number of Municipalities- 2
* Number of Municipal Corporation- 1
See also - [[Literacy In Bihar]]

== Notable people ==

* [[Samprada Singh]] (1925–2019) – Born in Okri village (Modanganj block), Jehanabad, he was the co-founder of Alkem Laboratories, one of India’s largest pharmaceutical companies. Coming from a small farming family, Dr. S. N. (Samprada) Singh built Alkem into a multi-thousand-crore enterprise and was a noted philanthropist. (The official Alkem website notes: “Mr. Singh was born … in Okri village of Jehanabad district”.)
* [[Jagdeo Prasad|Jagdev (Jagdeo) Prasad]] (1922–1974) – A socialist leader and reformer, born in Kurtha sub-division, Jehanabad. He founded the Shoshit Dal and fought for OBC/Dalit rights in Bihar, even briefly becoming Deputy Chief Minister in 1968. Jagdev Prasad is celebrated by some as the “Lenin of Bihar” for his role in mobilizing backward classes.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://jehanabad.bih.nic.in/ Jehanabad district website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110430231908/http://www.allaboutbihar.com/districts/jehanabad/index.php Jehanabad Information Portal]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Jehanabad district
|North = [[Patna district]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Nalanda district]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Gaya district]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Arwal district]]
|Northwest =
}}

{{Districts of Bihar}}
{{Magadh Division}}
{{Magadh Division topics}}

{{Commons category}}

[[Category:Jehanabad district| ]]
[[Category:Magadh division]]
[[Category:Districts of Bihar]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in Bihar]]

Kherla kingdom

2026-03-17T06:05:49Z

Raymondbig: put up first data first draft

{{Short description|Kingdom in Gondwana}}
The '''Kherla Kingdom''' was the earliest kingdom in the Indian region of [[Gondwana (India)|Gondwana]], regarded as one of the four ancient Gond kingdoms.<ref name="jabalpur"/> [[Narsingh Rai]] was the first king of this dynasty and one of the earliest known [[Gondi people|Gond]] rulers. A [[Rajput]] dynasty is said to have preceded the Gond rule at Kherla.<ref name="gondwana">{{cite book |last1=Chatterton |first1=Eyre |title=The Story Of Gondwana |date=8 January 2021 |publisher=Read Books Ltd |isbn=978-1-5287-6963-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7UTEAAAQBAJ&dq=kherla+kingdom&pg=PT50 |language=en}}</ref> It was constantly caught between the conflicts of the North Indian Muslim rulers like the [[Malwa Sultanate|rulers of Mandu]] and the [[Deccan sultanates]]. Sources regarding this kingdom are notable nonexistent, unlike the other Gond rulers.<ref name="gondwana"/>

==History==
A Rajput dynasty was ruling in Kherla before the Gonds. The greatest of those Rajput rulers was named Jaitpal, who is credited with building the fortress of Kherla. Jaitpal was succeeded by [[Narsingh Rai]], the first Gond ruler of Kherla. During his reign, the kingdom stretched in a westerly direction to the hills north of [[Berar Province|Berar]], including the fortress of [[Gawilghur]]. His reign was marked by constant warfare with the Muslim rulers to his north and south.<ref name="gondwana"/><ref name="jabalpur">{{cite book |last1=Pradesh (India) |first1=Madhya |title=Madhya Pradesh District Gazetteers: Jabalpur |date=1971 |publisher=Government Central Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YqthAAAAIAAJ&q=kherla+kingdom |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:14th century in India]]

{{India-hist-stub}}

Magha (month)

2026-03-16T11:10:56Z

Raymondbig: added structure also and updated info to improve readability

{{Short description|Eleventh month of the Hindu lunar calendar}}
{{Other uses|Magha (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox month
| image = A_night_lit_up_on_Makar_Sankranti_Uttarayana_Festival_with_Kites_and_Lights_India.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Sky lit up with lights and kites during [[Makar Sankranti]], a major [[Hindu]] [[harvest festival]]
| native_name = {{Native name|sa|माघ}}
| calendar = [[Hindu calendar]]
| num = 11
| days = 29 or 30
| season = [[Shishira (season)|Shishira]] ([[Winter]])
| gregorian = [[January]]–[[February]]
| holidays = {{ubl |[[Bhishma Ashtami]] |[[Makar Sankranti]] |[[Ratha Saptami]] |[[Vasant Panchami]]
}}
| prev_month = [[Pausha]]
| next_month = [[Phalguna]]
}}
{{Hinduism}}
'''Magha''' ({{IAST|Māgha}}) is the eleventh [[month]] of the [[Hindu calendar|Hindu]] [[lunar calendar]] and the [[Indian national calendar]].<ref>{{cite book|editor=Kenneth W. Morgan|title=The Religion Of The Hindus|year= 1987|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|isbn=978-8-120-80387-9|page=96}}</ref> The name of the month is derived from the position of the [[Moon]] near the [[Magha (nakshatra)|Magha]] [[nakshatra]] (star) on the [[full moon]] day.<ref name="Ety">{{cite book|title=Heavens and Earth: The Story of Astrology Through Ages and Cultures|author=Garima Garg|year=2022|isbn=978-9-354-92705-8|publisher=[[Penguin Random House]]|page=75}}</ref> The month marks the [[winter]] ([[Shishira (season)|Shishira]]) season and falls in January–February of the [[Gregorian calendar]].<ref>{{cite book|editor=Helene Henderson|year=2005|title=Holidays, festivals, and celebrations of the world dictionary|edition=Third|location=[[Detroit]]|publisher=Omnigraphics|page=xxix|isbn=978-0-780-80982-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, N-Z (Vol 1 & 2)|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/508 508]|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/508}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Robert Sewell|author2=Śaṅkara Bālakr̥shṇa Dīkshita|title=The Indian Calendar |url=https://archive.org/details/indiancalendarwi00sewerich |year=1896|publisher=S. Sonnenschein & Company|pages=[https://archive.org/details/indiancalendarwi00sewerich/page/5 5]–11, 23–29}}</ref>

In the Hindu [[solar calendar]], it corresponds to the month of [[Makara (month)|Makara]] and begins with the [[Sun]]'s entry into [[Capricorn (constellation)|Capricorn]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Christopher John Fuller|title=The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=To6XSeBUW3oC|year=2004|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-0-69112-04-85|pages=291–293}}</ref><ref name=sewell10>{{cite book|author1=Robert Sewell|author2=Śaṅkara Bālakr̥shṇa Dīkshita|title=The Indian Calendar |url=https://archive.org/details/indiancalendarwi00sewerich |year=1896|publisher=S. Sonnenschein & Company|pages=[https://archive.org/details/indiancalendarwi00sewerich/page/10 10]–11}}</ref><ref name="Siddhantha">{{cite book|title=The Siddhantas and the Indian Calendar|author1=Robert Sewell|author2=John Faithful Fleet|year=1989|publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]]|page=334}}</ref> It corresponds to [[Magh (Bengali calendar)|Magh]], the tenth month in the [[Bengali calendar]].<ref name="Siddhantha"/> In the [[Tamil calendar]], it corresponds to the eleventh month of [[Masi (month)|Masi]], falling in the Gregorian months of February–March.<ref name="Siddhantha"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/tamil-calendar.html|title=Tamil Calendar – Months |work=Time and Date |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref> In the [[Vaishnav]] calendar, it corresponds to the eleventh month of [[Madhava (Vishnu)|Madhava]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vaisnavacalendar.info/aboutcalendar.htm|title=Vaisnava Calendar Reminder Services – About Calendar |work=Vaisnava Calendar |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.isvara.org/archive/on-the-calendar-by-srila-prabhupada/ |title=Something about the Vaisnava Calendar |work=ISVARA |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref>

In the Hindu lunar calendar, each month has 29 or 30 days. The month begins on the next day after [[Amavasya]] ([[new moon]]) or [[Purnima]] ([[full moon]]) as per [[Hindu calendar#Amānta and Purnimānta systems|amanta]] and [[Hindu calendar#Amānta and Purnimānta systems|purnimanta]] systems respectively. A month consists of two cycles of 15 days each, [[Shukla Paksha]] ([[waning moon]]) and [[Krishna Paksha]] ([[waxing moon]]). Days in each cycle is labeled as a [[thithi]], with each thithi repeating twice in a month.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iskconeducationalservices.org/HoH/practice/festivals/the-hindu-calendar/|title=Hindu calendar|work=[[ISKCON]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://aryasamajhouston.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=166&Itemid=125|title=Hindu calendar|work=[[Arya Samaj]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

== Festivals ==
=== Bhishma Ashtami ===
[[Bhishma Ashtami]] is observed on the [[Ashtami]] (eighth lunar day) [[thithi]] of [[Shukla Paksha]] ([[waning moon]]) of the month. It commemorates the death anniversary of [[Bhishma]], one of the central characters from the [[Hindu epic]] ''[[Mahabharata]]'', who chose his time of death during the auspicious [[Uttarayana]] period.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/rituals-puja/bhishma-ashtami/articleshow/68206280.cms|title=Bhishma Ashtami|date=4 February 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news9live.com/lifestyle/spirituality/bhishma-ashtami-2025-date-tithi-and-the-story-of-bhishma-pitamah-2813211|title=Bhishma Ashtami 2025: Date, Tithi and the Story of Bhishma Pitamah|work=News9|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> On the day, people perform rituals at river banks to honour him and their ancestors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailyjagran.com/spiritual/bhishma-ashtami-2025-date-time-significance-and-ritals-of-this-sacred-fast-10216605|title=Bhishma Ashtami 2025: Date, Time, Significance And Rituals Of This Sacred Fast|date=4 February 2025|work=Daily Jagran|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

=== Makar Sankranti ===
[[Makar Sankranti]] is a [[harvest festival]] that marks the transition of the Sun to [[Capricorn (constellation)|Capricorn]] (Makara), beginning its northward journey (Uttarayana). <ref>{{cite web|url=https://maharashtratourism.gov.in/festivals/makar-sankranti/|title=Makar Sankranti|work=Department of Tourism Maharashtra|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> People celebrate the festival by thanking the Sun and nature for a good harvest.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/explained/everyday-explainers/makar-sankranti-pongl-lohri-significance-rituals-9109065/|title=Makar Sankranti, Pongal, Lohri and more: Significance of these festivals|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> Rituals including river bathing, preparation of sweets, kite flying, and social activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/brand-studio/makar-sankranti-date-traditions-history-regional-celebrations|title=Makar Sankranti: Date, Traditions, History & Regional Celebrations|work=Outlook India|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

=== Ratha Saptami ===
[[Ratha Saptami]] falls on [[Saptami]] (seventh lunar day) of Shukla Paksha, and is dedicated to the [[Sun god]] [[Surya]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/rituals-puja/ratha-saptami-2025-date-time-puja-rituals-and-significance/articleshow/117878304.cms|title=Ratha Saptami 2025: Date, Timings, Puja Rituals and Significance|date=4 February 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> As per [[Hindu mythology]], it marks the day when Surya rides his chariot ([[ratha]]) drawn by seven horses, and marks the coming of spring.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ratha-saptami-marks-birth-of-sun-god-significance-of-surya-jayanti-1803993|title=Ratha Saptami Marks Birth Of Sun God: Significance Of Surya Jayanti|date=24 January 2018|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> People bathe early in the morning and offer prayers to the [[Sun]] for prosperity and health.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindutsav.com/ratha-saptami/|title=Ratha Saptami Significance and Date 2025|work=HindUtsav|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

=== Vasant Panchami ===
[[Vasant Panchami]] is celebrated on [[Panchami]] (fifth lunar day) thithi of Shukla Paksha. The festival marks the end of winter and welcomes the impending arrival of [[spring (season)|spring]] season ([[Vasanta (season)|Vasanta]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/vasant-panchami-2017-all-you-need-to-know-1654343|title=Vasant Panchami 2017 – All You Need To Know|date=1 February 2017|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> It is dedicated to the worship of goddess [[Saraswati]], the patron deity of knowledge, learning and arts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindutsav.com/vasant-panchami/|title=About Vasant Panchami Festival & Vasant Panchami Date 2025|date=9 August 2015|work=HindUtsav|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> People wear bright coloured clothes, symbolising the onset of spring, and often fly [[kites]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indif.com/nri/festivals/Vasant_panchami.asp|title=Vasant (Basant) Panchami - The Festival of Kites|work=Indif.com|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

=== Magha Purnima ===
[[Magha Purnima]], observed on the [[full Moon]] day, marks the start of the annual [[Magh Mela]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Magha Purnima 2023: Know The Rituals And Significance |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/magha-purnima-2023-date-rituals-and-significance-3750756 |work=[[NDTV]] |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> and the [[Kumbh Mela]], held once in twelve years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kumbh Mela: Hindu festival| work=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]|year= 2015|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kumbh-Mela|quote=The main festival is celebrated among four sacred sites in India, each located along the banks of a holy river, in a 12-year cycle.}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar]]
* [[Hindu astrology]]
* [[Hindu calendar]]
* [[Indian astronomy]]
* [[Indian units of measurement]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Hinduism}}

{{Hindu calendar}}
{{Indian astronomy}}

[[Category:Months of the Hindu calendar|*11]]

Surayya Tyabji

2026-03-15T05:05:44Z

Raymondbig: Started new post

{{Short description|Designer of Indian's Modern Flag}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Surayya Tyabji
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1919
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Hyderabad State]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = 1978
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| known_for = Contributing to the design of the [[Indian national flag]]
| spouse = [[Badruddin Tyabji (diplomat)|Badruddin Tyabji]]
| children = [[Laila Tyabji]]
| family = see [[Tyabji family]]
| occupation =
}}

'''Surayya Tyabji''' (1919–1978) was an Indian artist who designed the current [[Flag of India|Indian national flag]] by adding the [[Ashoka Chakra]] from the [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]], replacing the [[Spinning wheel|Charkha]] on the 1931 flag of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Dawar |first1=Nikhil |last2=Kundu |first2=Chayan |date=14 September 2018 |title=Fact Check: Did a Muslim woman design Indian National Flag? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fact-check/story/fact-check-did-a-muslim-woman-design-Pakistan-national-flag-1317892-2018-08-18 |website=India Today}}</ref>

==Work==
[[File:1931_Flag_of_India.svg|alt=A tricolour flag of saffron, white and green with a spinning wheel in the centre|right|thumb|{{FIAV|historical}} The ''Swaraj flag'', officially adopted by the Indian National Congress in 1931]]
[[File:Flag_of_India.svg|thumb|right|Current national flag of India]]

Historian Trevor Royle wrote in his book ''The Last Days of the Raj'' that [[Badruddin Tyabji (diplomat)|Badruddin Tyabji]] designed the final form of the current [[Indian national flag]]. Surayya Tyabji made the first copy that flew on [[Nehru|Jawahar Lal Nehru]]'s car on the night of independence: {{quote|By one of those contradictions which run through Indian's history, the national flag was designed by a Muslim, Badr-ud-Din Tyabji. Originally the Flag was to have contained the Charka symbol used by Gandhi. but this was a party symbol, which Tyabji thought might strike the wrong note. After much persuasion Gandhi agreed to the verse because the Emperor [[Asoka]] was venerated by Hindu and Muslim alike. The flag which flew on Nehru's car that night had been specially made by Tyabji's wife."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b-U9AAAAMAAJ&q=%22By+one+of+those+contradictions+which+run+through+Indian’s+history,+the+national+flag+was+designed+by+a+Muslim%22|title=The Last Days of the Raj|page=172|isbn=9780718129040|last1=Royle|first1=Trevor|year=1989}}</ref>}}

She also served as the member of various committees under the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sourav |first=Suman|title=Surayya Tyabji: The Woman Who Designed Indian's National Flag' |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2018/12/10/surayya-tyabji-designed-national-flag|website=Feminism in India|date=9 December 2018 }}</ref>

Surayya Tyabji's daughter, social worker, designer and activist [[Laila Tyabji]] wrote in 2018 that both her mother and her father were involved in the design of the flag, having been commissioned by Nehru to do so,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/history/Indian-national-flag-emblem-suraiya-badruddin-tyabji|title=How the Tricolour and Lion Emblem Really Came to Be|first=Laila |last=Tyabji|date=14 August 2018|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/who-designed-the-national-flag-nehrus-friend-or-gandhis-follower-11033361.html|title=Who designed the National Flag: Gandhi's friend or Nehru's follower?|date=9 August 2022|website=Firstpost}}</ref> as a development of a design by the soldier, scientist and lecturer [[Pingali Venkayya]].<ref name=":0"/>

==Family and ancestry==
She belonged to the [[Tyabji family|Tyabji clan]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karlitzky |first=Maren |title=Continuity and Change in the Relationship Between Congress and the Muslim Elite: A Case Study of the Tyabji Family |journal=Oriente Moderno |year=2004 |volume=23 |issue=84 |pages=161–175 |doi=10.1163/22138617-08401011 |jstor=25817923}}</ref> She was the niece of Sir [[Akbar Hydari]], who served as the Prime Minister of Hyderabad from 1937 to 1941, and granddaughter of Lady [[Amina Hydari]], who championed the cause of Muslim women's education in Hyderabad.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Tyabji |first=Laila |title=Growing Up in a Muslim Family That Didn't Fit Any Stereotypes |url=https://thewire.in/women/muslim-women-stereotypes-laila-tyabji |url-status= |access-date=13 August 2022 |website=The Wire}}</ref> She was married to [[Badruddin Tyabji (diplomat)|Badruddin Tyabji]], a civil servant and later the [[Vice Chancellor]] of [[Aligarh Muslim University]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saxena |first=Akanksha |title=Overlooked Personalities: How Surayya Tyabji Finalised The Design Of Indian National Flag |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/history/surayya-tyabji-indian-flag-34816 |access-date=13 August 2022 |website=The Logical Indian|date=3 April 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/exclusive/pingali-venkayya-designed-the-tricolour-but-one-woman-also-contributed-who-is-surayya-tyabji-article-93536753 |title=Pingali Venkayya designed the tricolour but one woman also contributed: Who is Surayya Tyabji |publisher=Times Now News |date=13 August 2022 |access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Tyabji family}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tyabji, Surayya}}
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:1978 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Artists from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Flag designers]]
[[Category:Tyabji family]]

Basti district

2026-03-12T10:10:50Z

Raymondbig: enhanced details per standard format

{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Basti, Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Basti district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|District]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| image_map = India Uttar Pradesh districts 2012 Basti.svg
| map_caption = Location of Basti district in Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates = {{Coord|27|15|N|83|00|E|region:IN_type:adm2nd|display=title}}
| coor_pinpoint = Basti, Uttar Pradesh
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Basti division|Basti]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Basti, Uttar Pradesh|Basti]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| area_total_km2 = 2688
| area_footnotes =<ref name="Basti_district">{{Cite web |title=District Basti |url=https://basti.nic.in/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810000130/http://basti.nic.in/ |archive-date=10 August 2018 |access-date=27 October 2018 |publisher=National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, Government of India}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2,464,464
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{Cite web |title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017 |access-date=16 May 2019 |website=nclm.nic.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff" />
| demographics1_title3 = Regional languages
| demographics1_info3 = [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], [[Bhojpuri language| Bhojpuri]]
| demographics_type2 = Demographics
| demographics2_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics2_info1 = 67.2 per cent
| demographics2_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics2_info2 = 963<ref name="Basti_district" />
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies
| leader_name1 = [[Basti (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basti]]
| leader_title2 = [[Member of parliament (India)|MP]]
| leader_name2 = [[Ram Prasad Chaudhary]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2461.htm | title=Election Commission of India }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate = UP-51
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[National Highway 28]]
| blank_name_sec2 = Average annual precipitation
| blank_info_sec2 = 1166 mm
| website = {{URL|https://basti.nic.in}}
}}

'''Basti district''' is one of the [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|districts of Uttar Pradesh]] state, [[India]], and a part of [[Basti division|Basti Division]]. [[Basti, Uttar Pradesh|Basti]] city is the district headquarters.

The district is bordered by [[Sant Kabir Nagar district|Sant Kabir Nagar]] to the east and [[Gonda district|Gonda]] to the west. To the south, the [[Ghaghara]] River forms its boundary with [[Ayodhya district|Ayodhya]] and [[Ambedkar Nagar district|Ambedkar Nagar]], while to the north, it shares its boundary with [[Siddharthnagar district|Siddharth Nagar]] district. The district covers an area of 2,688 square kilometers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=District Basti Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} Acharya Ram Chandra Shukla {{!}} India |url=https://basti.nic.in/ |access-date=2024-10-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Origin of name and history ==
[[Basti, Uttar Pradesh|Basti]] was originally known as [[Vasishtha|Vaishishthi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Where is Basti, Information about Basti, Where is Basti Located in Uttar Pradesh, India |date=27 February 2017 |url=https://www.majorcitiesofworld.com/where-is-basti-in-uttar-pradesh-india/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026183225/https://www.majorcitiesofworld.com/where-is-basti-in-uttar-pradesh-india/ |archive-date=26 October 2020 |access-date=28 October 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref> The origin of the name Vaishishthi is attributed to the fact that this area was the [[ashram]] of Rishi (sage) [[Vashistha]] in ancient period. [[Rama]] with his younger brother [[Lakshmana]] are described in the ''Ramayana'' as living with [[Vasishtha|Rishi Vashistha]] for a period.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

The district was formerly a major centre of [[Buddhism]], being close to the holy sites of [[Kapilavastu (ancient city)|Kapilavastu]] and [[Shravasti]]. British records then claim that after the decline of Buddhism, the district gradually became covered by jungle and was the home of the [[Bhar]]s and [[Tharu people|Tharu]]s. The tract comprising the present district was remote and much of it was covered with forest. But gradually the area became inhabitable, for want of recorded and reliable history it cannot, with any degree of certainty, be said how the district came to be known by its present name :
{{Blockquote|text = “On account of the original habitation (Basti) having been selected by the Kalhans [[Raja Udai Raj Singh]] as a seat of his Raj, an event which probably occurred in the 15th century. In 1801, Basti became the Tehsil headquarters and in 1865 it was chosen as the headquarters of the newly established district. [[Raja Udai Raj Singh]] was the first ruler of [[Kalhans dynasty]] based at [[Basti, Uttar Pradesh|Basti]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rizavī |first=Saiyada Najamula Razā |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5RafkUBcvMC&dq=Kesri+Singh+kalhans+last+chaukhara&pg=PA46 |title=Zamindars and Revenue Farmers of Eastern Uttar Pradesh: From Mughal to Colonial Rule |date=2004 |publisher=Anamika Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-7975-053-7 |page=46 |language=en |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817180412/https://books.google.com/books?id=T5RafkUBcvMC&dq=Kesri+Singh+kalhans+last+chaukhara&pg=PA46 |archive-date=17 August 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>”}}

In 1801, the town Basti became a ''[[tehsil]]'' headquarter, and in 1865, it was chosen as the headquarters of the newly established Basti district of [[Gorakhpur]] Commissionary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://basti.nic.in/general%20profile/general%20profile.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906144031/http://basti.nic.in/general%20profile/general%20profile.htm |archive-date=6 September 2018 |access-date=8 June 2016}}</ref> Specifically, it happened on 6 May 1865.<ref name="Gazetteer" />

At first, the plan was to use the [[West Rapti River|Rapti]] and [[Jamuwar]] rivers as the boundary between Basti and Gorakhpur districts, but this plan was abandoned.<ref name="Gazetteer">{{Cite book |last=Nevill |first=H.R. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49292 |title=Basti: A Gazetteer, Being Volume XXXII of the District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra And Oudh |date=1907 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |pages=112–4, 164 |access-date=26 April 2021}}</ref> Instead, the boundary cut across existing [[parganas]], with a few areas east of the Jamuwar becoming part of Basti district, while the eastern parts of [[Maghar, India|Maghar]] and [[Binayakpur]] parganas remained in Gorakhpur district.<ref name="Gazetteer" /> New [[tehsil]]s were established, and most of the original 8 parganas were split into two, for a new total of 13 parganas.<ref name="Gazetteer" /> Subordinate to the parganas were 131 [[tappa]]s, which were of significant administrative significance.<ref name="Gazetteer" /> The resulting setup was the following:

[[Amorha Khas]] is a historical place situated at a distance of 41 km from the district headquarters. Its old name is Ambodha, and it was once a province (state) of Raja Zalim Singh. Raja Zalim Singh's Mahal is here, old wall of mahal is still there with the mark of a bullet used by the English. The famous temple [[Ramrekha Mandir]] is here.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

In the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Great Revolt of 1857]], about 250 martyrs of [[Amorha]] State were hanged by the British Government from [[peepal tree]]s located at [[Chhawani]].<ref name="basti.nic.inb">{{Cite web |title=Places of Interest |url=http://basti.nic.in/Tourist%20gen%20info/placeof%20interest.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629215843/http://basti.nic.in/Tourist%20gen%20info/placeof%20interest.htm |archive-date=29 June 2016 |access-date=9 June 2016 |website=basti.nic.in}}</ref><ref name="google">{{Cite book |last=Thomas, D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9KkAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 |title=Battles and Honours of the Royal Navy |date=1998 |publisher=Leo Cooper |isbn=978-0-85052-623-3 |page=16 |access-date=14 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817190413/https://books.google.com/books?id=M9KkAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 |archive-date=17 August 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="google2">{{Cite book |last=Benett, W.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i6gIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA22 |title=The final settlement report on the Gonda district |date=1878 |volume=23 |page=22 |access-date=14 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817180414/https://books.google.com/books?id=i6gIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA22 |archive-date=17 August 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="google3">{{Cite book |last=Michael, B.A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iTKNBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA151 |title=Statemaking and Territory in South Asia: Lessons from the Anglo–Gorkha War (1814–1816) |date=2014 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-78308-322-0 |page=151 |access-date=14 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817180437/https://books.google.com/books?id=iTKNBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA151 |archive-date=17 August 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Geography ==
The district lies between the parallels of 26° 23' and 27° 30' North Latitude and 82° 17' and 83° 20' East longitude. Its maximum length from north to south is about 75 km. and breadth from east to west about 70 km. The district lies between newly created district Sant Kabir Nagar on the east and Gonda on the west on the south, the Ghaghra river near [[Amorha Khas]] previously known as [[Amorha]] Province or State of Raja Zalim Singh separates it from the [[Ayodhya]] and newly created district [[Ambedkar Nagar]]. On the north it is bounded by district Sidharth Nagar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://basti.nic.in/general%20profile/Geography%20of%20basti.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630092420/http://basti.nic.in/general%20profile/Geography%20of%20basti.htm |archive-date=30 June 2017 |access-date=8 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yahoo maps location of Basti |url=http://maps.yahoo.com/#mvt=m&lat=26.80351&lon=82.7416&zoom=13&q1=Basti%252C%2520Basti%252C%2520Uttar%2520Pradesh |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313184016/http://maps.yahoo.com/#mvt=m&lat=26.80351&lon=82.7416&zoom=13&q1=Basti%252C%2520Basti%252C%2520Uttar%2520Pradesh |archive-date=13 March 2009 |access-date=29 March 2009 |publisher=Yahoo maps}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thomas |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9KkAwAAQBAJ |title=Battles & Honours of Royal Navy |date=17 December 1998 |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=978-0-85052-623-3 |access-date=25 July 2016 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

=== Flora and fauna ===

The forest cover of the district has dwindled with increasing use of land for agriculture. There are areas with high prevalence of [[mango]] (''[[Mangifera indica]]''), [[Madhuca longifolia|mahua]] (''Madhuca longifolia''), [[Shorea robusta|sal]] (''Shorea robusta''), and [[bamboo]] (''[[Bambusa arundinacea]]'') trees. Some of the wild animals of the district are the [[nilgai]] (''Boselaphus tragocamelus''), antelok (''Anelok cervicapra''), [[pig]] (''[[Sus scrofa]]''), [[wolf]] (''Canis lupus''), [[jackal]] (''Conis aureus''), [[fox]] (''[[Vulpes bengalensis]]''), [[hare]] (''Lepus ruficandatus''), [[monkey]] (''[[Macaca mulatta]]''), [[wild cat]] (''[[Felis bengalensis]]'') and the [[porcupine]] (''Hystric leucura''). Several species of game birds are also seen, including the [[peafowl]] (''[[Pavo cristatus]]''), the black [[partridge]] (''Frencolinus francolinus'') and the grey partridge (''Francalinus pondicervanus''). A number of migratory water fowls visit the water bodies of the district in winter, such as the [[goose]] (''[[Anser anser]]''), [[common teal]] (''Anas crecca''), [[red-crested pochard]] (''Netta rufina''), white-eyed pochard (''Aythya rufa'') and the [[wigeon]] (''[[Mareca penelope]]''). The [[cobra]] (''[[Naja naja]]''), [[krait]] (''[[Bungarus caeruleus]]''), and [[rat-snake]] (''[[Ptyas mucosus]]'') are commonly found. The Indian crocodile or naka (''[[Crocodylus palustris]]''), and the [[ghariyal]] (''Gavialis gangeticus'') are also found in the [[river Ghaghra]]. The common fish species are [[rohu]] (''Lebeo rohita''), bhakur (''[[Catla catla]]''), nain (''Cirrhina mrigala''), [[Wallago attu|parhin]] (''Wallagonia attu''), krunch (''[[Labeo calbasu]]''), and tengan (''Mystus seenghala'').<ref name="Origin of name">{{Cite web |title=Origin of name |url=http://basti.nic.in/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719122956/http://basti.nic.in/ |archive-date=19 July 2011 |access-date=13 March 2014 |publisher=Basti Govt}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=6,56,285|13=1911|14=6,50,693|15=1921|16=6,84,396|17=1931|18=7,38,712|19=1941|20=7,76,969|21=1951|22=8,48,764|23=1961|24=10,10,706|25=1971|26=11,42,299|27=1981|28=13,66,434|29=1991|30=16,86,327|31=2001|32=20,84,814|33=2011|34=24,64,464|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226150601/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A-2_Data_Tables/10%20A-2%20Bihar.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2022 |access-date=8 August 2019}}</ref>|align=center}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Basti district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttar Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11394/download/14507/DDW09C-01%20MDDS.XLS |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163323/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11394/download/14507/DDW09C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-date=20 September 2022 |access-date=1 October 2022 |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|84.52}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Islam]]|green|14.79}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|mediumblue|0.40}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.29}}
|width=290px}}

According to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], Basti district had a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 2,464,464.<ref name="districtcensus">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Basti |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1186/download/3758/DH_2011_0954_PART_A_DCHB_BASTI.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> This ranked it the 178th most populous district in India. The district had a population density of {{convert|917|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}. Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 18.21%. Basti had a [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] of 963 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males, and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 67.22%. The child sex ratio of Basti was 922 females for every 1000 males. 5.60% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes make up 20.85% and 0.15% of the population respectively.<ref name="districtcensus" />

=== Languages ===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Basti district (2011)<ref name="languages" />
|label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1 = 80.25 |color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] |value2 = 14.29 |color2 = indianred
|label3 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value3 = 3.21 |color3 = gold
|label4 = [[Urdu]] |value4 = 2.14 |color4 = green
|label5 = Others |value5 = 0.11 |color5 = grey
|thumb=right
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 80.25% of the population in the district spoke [[Hindi]], 14.29% [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], 3.21% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] and 2.14% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Uttar Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10224/download/13336/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0900.XLSX |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163355/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10224/download/13336/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0900.XLSX |archive-date=20 September 2022 |access-date=1 October 2022 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

The district Basti may be considered as along the border of [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] and [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] speaking regions, and the dialect is consequently a mix of both. In cities and urban areas, due to increase in the educated population, [[Hindi]] is also spoken in daily conversations.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2009 |title=Bhojpuri: A language of India |encyclopedia=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |publisher=SIL International |location=Dallas, Texas |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=bho |access-date=30 September 2011 |editor-last=Gopeshwar Tripathi |edition=16th}}</ref>

=== Indian diaspora ===

During the mid-1800s to the early 1900s many people from the district of Basti migrated through the [[Indian indenture system]] to [[Fiji]], [[Mauritius]], [[South Africa]], [[Guyana]], [[Jamaica]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Suriname]], and other [[Caribbean]] countries. Most of them stayed and carried their traditions in those then European colonies.<ref>http://girmit.org/?page_id=1242 {{dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> The former [[President of Guyana]], [[Cheddi Jagan]]'s parents were from Basti district.<ref>https://jagan.org/Biography/CJ{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Bio/cj_biography4.html</ref> Former [[Leader of the Opposition (Trinidad and Tobago)|Leader of the Opposition of Trinidad and Tobago]] and founder of the [[Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha]], [[Bhadase Sagan Maraj]]'s paternal grandparents were from Basti district.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.saada.org/item/20141107-3923 | title=Bharati | date=7 November 2014 }}</ref> The maternal great-great-great-grandparents and maternal great-great-grandfather of [[Irfaan Ali]], the [[President of Guyana]], were from Basti district as well. In Trinidad, the name of the Indian majority village, Basta Hall, is derived from Basti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=At Home In Trinidad |url=https://southasia.ucla.edu/diaspora/indians-in-the-carribean/at-home/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919184451/http://southasia.ucla.edu/diaspora/indians-in-the-carribean/at-home/ |archive-date=19 September 2020 |access-date=10 September 2020 |website=MANAS}}</ref>

== Medical services and hospitals ==

* [[Maharshi Vashishtha Autonomous State Medical College, Basti]] & OPEC Hospital Basti (U.P.)<ref>{{Cite web |title=GMC Basti Medical College |url=http://asmcbasti.edu.in/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219083131/http://asmcbasti.edu.in/ |archive-date=19 February 2020 |access-date=20 October 2020 |website=asmcbasti.edu.in}}</ref>

== Administration ==
[[Basti, Uttar Pradesh|Basti town]] is the district headquarters of the district.<ref name="Origin of name" /> Basti district, a part of Basti division, is formed of four tehsils: Basti Sadar, [[Harraiya]], Bhanpur and [[Rudhauli]] and 14 development blocks,<ref>{{Cite web |title=शुभम नगर चंगेरवा बना जनपद का 15वां ब्लाक |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/basti-15245916.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216023941/http://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/basti-15245916.html |archive-date=16 February 2017 |access-date=15 February 2017}}</ref> 139 Nyay Panchayats, two Parganas named [[Amorha]] and Nagar as well as 10 Gram Sabhas. The [[Community development block in India|development blocks]] included are:
* [[Amorha]] (Pargana)
* Nagar (Pargana)
* [[Basti, Uttar Pradesh|Basti]]
* Bahadurpur
* Bankati
* Dubauliya
* Gaur
* [[Harraiya]] (Tahsil)
* Kaptanganj
* Kudaraha
* ParasRampur
* Ramnagar
* [[Rudhauli]] (Tehsil)
* Saltaua Gopal Pur
* Sau Ghat
* Vikram Jot

== Economy ==

The district is noted for its cotton textiles and sugar industries. Cottage industries and small-scale industries including the manufacturing units of brassware, iron and carpentry goods, agricultural implements, bricks, agro-products, foot-wear, soaps, candles, and pottery are present here. Basti is also known for its bamboo, eucalyptus (''Eucalyptus teritrornis''), mango and shisham (''Dalbergia sissoo'') populations. Four sugar factories are housed in the district. Sugarcane, maize, paddy, pulses, wheat, barley, and potato are commonly cultivated. Most of the population depends for their livelihood on agricultural practices. The district is well-connected through NH 28 which reflects on its good economy. The city is well-connected through railways also. {{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Basti one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name="brgf" /> It is one of the 34 districts in Uttar Pradesh currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).<ref name="brgf">{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |date=8 September 2009 |title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme |url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2012 |access-date=27 September 2011 |publisher=National Institute of Rural Development}}</ref> City is also known for nationwide youth organisation National Association of Youth founded by Bhavesh Kumar Pandey and run from Basti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NAY |url=http://www.nayindia.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113103312/http://nayindia.org/ |archive-date=13 January 2016 |access-date=18 January 2016}}</ref> The organisation organizes Basti Mini Marathon every year since 2012.

== Transportation ==
[[File:Basti Railway Platform.jpg|thumb|Basti Railway Platform]]

=== By air ===
[[Ayodhya Airport|Maryada Purushottam Shri Ram International Airport]] ([[Ayodhya]]) and [[Gorakhpur Airport]] are the nearby airports.

=== By railways ===
[[Basti railway station]] lies on the main line connecting [[Lucknow]] with [[Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh|Gorakhpur]] and places in Bihar and Assam in the east passes through the south of the district. The main line has 7 railway stations which are, from east to west, Munderwa,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome – Munderwa |url=http://www.munderwa.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711144408/http://munderwa.in/ |archive-date=11 July 2014 |access-date=4 October 2014}}</ref> Orwara, Basti, Govindnagar, Tinich, Gaur, and Babhnan within the district. Gorakhpur-Lucknow Vande Bharat Express and Amrit Bharat express has official stoppage at Basti railway station.

=== By roadways ===
[[File:NH 28 passing near Basti.jpg|thumb|290px|right|NH 28 near [[Basti, Uttar Pradesh|Basti]]]]
Basti is well connected with the nearby cities of [[Faizabad]], [[Ayodhya]], [[Gorakhpur]] and [[Gonda, Uttar Pradesh|Gonda]].

There is a daily Intercity express between [[Gorakhpur]], [[Basti, Uttar Pradesh|Basti]], [[Ayodhya]], [[Gonda, Uttar Pradesh|Gonda]], and Lucknow. National Highway 2a part of the East West Corridor project of Government of India and [[National Highways Authority of India|NHAI]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to NHAI |url=http://www.nhai.org/nhdpmain_english.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075250/http://www.nhai.org/nhdpmain_english.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=25 July 2016}}</ref> also passes through Basti.

== Landmarks ==
[[File:Bhadeshwar Nath Temple.jpg|thumb|Bhadeshwar Nath Temple Basti<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhadeshwer Nath {{!}} District Basti Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://basti.nic.in/tourist-place/bhadeshwer-nath/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810070422/https://basti.nic.in/tourist-place/bhadeshwer-nath/ |archive-date=10 August 2021 |access-date=10 August 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref>]]
* [[Amorha Khas]] is situated at a distance of 41 km from the district headquarters. Its old name was Ambodha, and it was once a province (state) of Surajbansi Rajput Raja Zalim Singh. Zalim Singh's Mahal is here, Old wall of mahal is still there with the mark of a bullet used by the English. Also a temple [[Ramrekha Mandir]] is here.<ref name="google" /><ref name="google2" /><ref name="google3" />
* [[Chhawani]] is a police station and is situated at a distance of 40 km from the district headquarters. It was the main shelter for Indian fighters during the 1857 mutiny.<ref name="basti.nic.inb"/>
* [[Vikramjot]] is a Block and small market of the Basti district 46 km away from the headquarters of Basti district.
* [[Harraiya]] is one of the tehsils in Basti district and also a legislative assembly.
* [[Ramrekha Mandir]] is one Hindu Mandir of Lord Ram & Goddess Sita.<ref>{{Cite web |title=रामरेखा मेले में उमड़े श्रद्धालु, लगाई डुबकी,बोले-जय श्रीराम |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/basti-12226638.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226073855/https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/basti-12226638.html |archive-date=26 December 2017 |access-date=3 January 2019 |website=Dainik Jagran}}</ref>
* [[Makhauda Dham]] is a Hindu religious spot.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2014 |title=84 कोसी परिक्रमा के लिए अयोध्या से संतों का दल रवाना हुआ मखौड़ा धाम |url=https://www.patrika.com/faizabad-news/saints-team-leaves-ayodhya-for-84-kosi-circuit-in-makhauda-dham-1277418/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103170216/https://www.patrika.com/faizabad-news/saints-team-leaves-ayodhya-for-84-kosi-circuit-in-makhauda-dham-1277418/ |archive-date=3 January 2019 |access-date=3 January 2019 |website=www.patrika.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=पर्यटन मंत्रालय ने किया अमोढ़ा व मखौड़ा का सर्वे |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/basti-13212125.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103170216/https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/basti-13212125.html |archive-date=3 January 2019 |access-date=3 January 2019 |website=Dainik Jagran}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=पौराणिक स्थलों का होगा विकास- Amarujala |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/basti/the-growth-of-mythological-sites |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120115804/http://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/basti/the-growth-of-mythological-sites |archive-date=20 January 2017 |access-date=3 January 2019 |website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref>

== Education ==

[[File:MVASMC Basti.jpg|thumb|Maharshi Vashishtha Autonomous State Medical College]]
The district has a medical college, [[Maharshi Vashishtha Autonomous State Medical College, Basti]], and an engineering college, Rajkiya Engineering College. The district follows a usual 10+2+3 pattern of education as elsewhere in India. Some notable schools and institutions of the district are :
* [[St. Basil's School]] (affiliated to [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations|CISCE]])


== Notable people ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2023}}
Notable people from the district include:


* [[Arvind Kumar Chaudhary]] – former [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Basti (Lok Sabha constituency)]].
* [[Ram Prasad Chaudhary]] – former cabinet minister in UP Government.
* [[Harish Dwivedi]] – [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] member of parliament
* [[Jagdambika Pal]] – former chief minister of UP Government
* [[Sarveshwar Dayal Saxena]] – Hindi poet
* [[Brijesh Shandilya]] – playback singer
* [[Ramchandra Shukla]] – literary historian
* [[Obaid Siddiqi]] – biologist
* [[Raghvendra Pratap Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Raghvendra Pratap Singh]] – politician and a member of 17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh
* [[Raj Kishor Singh]] – former UP cabinet minister
* [[Ran Bahadur Singh]] - freedom fighter and former MLA of [[Harraiya]]
* [[Yogendra Singh]] – sociologist
* [[Sushil Singh]] – former [[District President]] B.J.P. for Basti.
* [[Bhalchandra Yadava]] – former politician



== See also ==
* [[Sagra (Uttar Pradesh)|Sagra]]
* [[Mugraha, Uttar Pradesh|Mugraha]]
* [[Walterganj]]
* [[Sherwadeeh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://basti.nic.in/ Official website of Basti district]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170930011413/https://munderwa.in/ Munderwa, Basti District]

{{Geographic location
| Centre = Basti district
| North = [[Siddharthnagar district]]
| Northeast =
| East = [[Sant Kabir Nagar district]]
| Southeast =
| South = [[Ambedkar Nagar district]]
| Southwest = [[Ayodhya district]]
| West = [[Gonda district]]
| Northwest =
}}

{{Basti district}}
{{Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Districts of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Basti district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1865 establishments in India]]

Mara people

2026-03-11T00:09:15Z

Raymondbig: reworked structure for accuracy as per guidelines

{{Short description|Ethnic group of India and Myanmar}}
{{Distinguish|text=the [[Marra people]] of Australia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Mara people (Lakher)
| image = Mara Dress or Chyna poh.jpg
| image_caption =
| total = 42,885<ref>{{cite 2011 census of India | id = 43014 | name = Mizoram | access-date = 4 October 2024 }}</ref>
| total_ref =
| total_year = 2011
| popplace = {{flag|India}} ([[Mizoram]]) {{br}} {{flag|Myanmar}} ([[Chin State]])
| languages = {{hlist|[[Mara language|Mara]]|[[Maraic languages]]|[[Mizo language|Mizo]]|[[Burmese language|Burmese]]}}
| religions =[[File:Christian cross.svg|12px]] [[Christianity]]<ref>Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Population Census 2011. Table ST-14: Scheduled tribe population by religious community (State/UT level), Mizoram - 2011</ref>
| related =
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Mara''' ({{Langx|mrh|Mara}}, {{IPA|mrh|mərà|pron}}; {{Langx|my|မရာ}}, {{IPA|my|mərà|pron}}), also historically known as ''Lakher'', are an ethnic group native to [[Mizoram]], [[India]], and [[Chin State]], [[Myanmar]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Zohra |first=K. |title=An Introductory Notes to Mara District of South Mizoram, India |publisher= |year= |location= |language=English }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=June 2021}}

== Ethnonyms ==
While the community refers to themselves as '''Mara''', various exonyms have been used by neighboring tribes and colonial authorities. The [[Lusei people|Lushei]] referred to them as ''Lakher''. Early British records called them ''Shendu'' before adopting the Lushei term.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shakespear |first=John |date=1912 |title=The Lushei Kuki Clans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SNUKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA2 |location=London |publisher=Macmillan and Company, limited |page=213}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Parry |first1=N.E |last2=Hutton |first2=J.E |date=1932 |title=The Lakhers |url=https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/cultures/ar20/documents/001 |location=London |publisher=Macmillan & Co, Limited |page=1}}</ref> They were also called "Yo" (Zo) by the British, presumably learned from the Lai. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Tuck |first=H. N. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.41732 |title=The Chin Hills Vol. 1 |date=1896}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Maraland is divided between India and Myanmar, straddling the international border.
=== West Maraland ===
West Maraland lies in [[Mizoram]], India. It constitutes a distinct administrative region with its own [[Siaha district]] and enjoys autonomy through the [[Mara Autonomous District Council]].{{cn|date=November 2025}}
=== East Maraland ===
East Maraland is located in [[Chin State]], Myanmar. It is divided into two main districts: [[Thantlang Township|Thantlang District]] (locally known as "Chha Mara") and [[Matupi Township|Matupi District]] ("Fei Mara").{{cn|date=November 2025}}

==== Thantlang District ====
There are 9 Mara villages in the Thantlang District: Locheipi (Lungcawipi), Locheita (Luncawite), Ngephepi (Ngaphaipi), Ngepheta (Ngaphaite), Lodao (Inhmunpi), Meisakotla (Fartlang), Khipilu (Khuapilu), Lelai (Lailen) and La-ao (Lau).{{cn|date=November 2025}}

==== Matupi District ====
There are several more Mara villages in the Matupi District, namely: Lochei (Luncawi), [[Darling, Chin State|Dawlei (Darling)]], Sabyta (Sabongte), Sabypi (Sabongpi), Lialaipi (Lailenpi), Lialaita (Lailente), Sosai (Sungsen), Poitia (Pintia), and many more.{{cn|date=November 2025}}

== History ==
=== Early migrations ===
The Mara people are believed to have migrated from the north{{Clarify|reason=Where in the north? How far in the north? Name of a specific country or region would help.|date=September 2025}}, driven southward by pressure from the east. They initially settled between Leitak and Leisai, eventually crossing the [[Kaladan River]] and establishing a settlement in Phusa in the [[Lushai Hills]]. From Phusa, they moved to Beukhi, where two subgroups—the Siaha and Saiko Tlongsais—emerged, each establishing new settlements named [[Siaha]] and Serkawr, respectively.
It is estimated that the Mara have been settled in the Lushai Hills for approximately 300 to 400 years.{{efn|Parry's book was published in 1924 and referred to the migration as occurring 200–300 years prior.}}{{sfn|Parry|Hutton|1932|p=2}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081104104805/http://chakhei.com/ Chakhei.com: The first town portal in Maraland]
* [https://www.maraland.net/mara-history/ The history of the Mara people on maraland.net]
{{Kuki-Chin-Mizo tribes}}
{{Scheduled tribes of India}}
{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Kuki tribes]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Myanmar]]

== See also ==
* [[Mara language]]
* [[Mara Keyboard]]

Grassland

2026-03-04T13:57:27Z

Raymondbig: small fix

{{short description|Area with vegetation dominated by grasses}}
{{redirect|Greensward|the park plan|Central Park}}
{{About|the landscape of grasslands, a common vegetation type|other uses|Grassland (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
[[File:Красноковыльная степь в бассейне Кукуйки в Курьинском районе.JPG|thumb|upright=1.35|Typical grassland]]
[[File:Setaria pumila 20141024.jpg|thumb|''[[Setaria pumila]]'', a species of [[Poaceae]] (the dominant plant family in grasslands)]]
A '''grassland''' is an area (or ecosystem) where the [[vegetation]] is [[dominance (ecology)|dominated]] by [[Poaceae|grasses]]. [[Cyperaceae|Sedges]] and [[Juncaceae|rushes]] can also be found along with some of [[legumes]] such as [[clover]], and other [[Herbaceous plant|herbs]]. Grasslands occur naturally on all continents except Antarctica and are found in most [[ecoregion]]s of the Earth. Furthermore, grasslands are one of the largest [[biome]]s on Earth, covering 31–69% of the Earth's land area.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Conant |first=Richard T. |title=Challenges and opportunities for carbon sequestration in grassland systems: a technical report on grassland management and climate change mitigation |date=2010 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]] |isbn=978-92-5-106494-8 |oclc=890677450 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chapin III |first1=F. Stuart |first2=Osvaldo E. |last2=Sala |first3=Elisabeth |last3=Huber-Sannwald |author-link3=Elisabeth Huber-Sannwald |title=Global Biodiversity in a Changing Environment: Scenarios for the 21st Century |date=2013 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |isbn=978-1-4613-0157-8 |oclc=1059413892 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Gibson |first=David J. |title=Grasses and grassland ecology |date=30 October 2008 |isbn=978-0-19-154609-9 |location=New York |oclc=308648056 }}</ref> There are different types of grasslands: natural grasslands, semi-natural grasslands,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shipley |first1=J.R. |last2=Frei |first2=E.R. |last3=Bergamini |first3=A. |last4=Boch |first4=S. |last5=Schulz |first5=T. |last6=Ginzler |first6=C. |last7=Barandun |first7=M. |last8=Bebi |first8=P. |last9=Bollman |first9=K. |last10=Bolliger |first10=J. |last11=Graham |first11=C.H. |last12=Krumm |first12=F. |last13=Pichon |first13=N. |last14=Delpouve |first14=N. |last15=Rigling |first15=A. |last16=Rixen |first16=C. |title=Agricultural practices and biodiversity: Conservation policies for natural grasslands in Europe |journal=Current Biology |date=19 August 2024 |volume=34 |issue=16 |pages=R753–R761 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.062 |pmid=39163831 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and agricultural grasslands.<ref name=":0" />

== Definitions ==
[[Image:Coxilhas.jpg|thumb|right|''Coxilhas'' (hills covered by grasslands) in the [[Pampas]], Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil]]
Included among the variety of definitions for grasslands are:
* "...any plant community, including harvested forages, in which grasses and/or legumes make up the dominant vegetation."<ref name=":0" />
* "...terrestrial ecosystems dominated by herbaceous and shrub vegetation, and maintained by fire, grazing, drought and/or freezing temperatures." (Pilot Assessment of Global Ecosystems, 2000)<ref name=":0" />
* "A region with sufficient average annual precipitation (25-75 cm) to support grass..." (Stiling, 1999)<ref name=":0" />

Semi-natural grasslands are a very common subcategory of the grasslands biome.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Landscape images from the Nordic countries |date=19 August 2015 |isbn=978-92-893-4241-4 |doi=10.6027/TN2015-549 |last1=Lindhjem |first1=Henrik |last2=Reinvang |first2=Rasmus |last3=Zandersen |first3=Marianne |url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:norden:org:diva-4035 }}</ref> These can be defined as:
* Grassland existing as a result of human activity (mowing or livestock grazing), where environmental conditions and the species pool are maintained by natural processes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rūsiņa |first=Solvita |date=10 September 2012 |title=Semi-natural Grassland Vegetation Database of Latvia |journal=[[Biodiversity & Ecology]] |volume=4 |page=409 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00197 |issn=1613-9801 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

They can also be described as the following:
* "Semi-natural grasslands are one of the world's most biodiverse habitats on a small spatial scales."<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Waldén |first=Emelie |title=Restoration of semi-natural grasslands Impacts on biodiversity, ecosystem services and stakeholder perceptions. |date=2018 |publisher=Department of Physical Geography, [[Stockholm University]] |others=Lindborg, Regina., Helm, Aveliina., Landscape Ecology. |isbn=978-91-7797-172-6 |location=Stockholm |oclc=1038678595 }}</ref>
* "Semi-natural grasslands belong to the most species rich ecosystems in the world."<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Johansen |first1=Line |last2=Westin |first2=Anna |last3=Wehn |first3=Sølvi |last4=Iuga |first4=Anamaria |last5=Ivascu |first5=Cosmin Marius |last6=Kallioniemi |first6=Eveliina |last7=Lennartsson |first7=Tommy |date=April 2019 |title=Traditional semi-natural grassland management with heterogeneous mowing times enhances flower resources for pollinators in agricultural landscapes |journal=[[Global Ecology and Conservation]] |language=en |volume=18 |article-number=e00619 |doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00619 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019GEcoC..1800619J |hdl=11250/2612648 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
* "...have been formed over the course of centuries through extensive grazing and mowing."<ref name=":1" />
* "...without the use of pesticides or fertilisers in modern times."<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Pärtel |first=M. |date=2005 |title=Biodiversity in temperate European grasslands: origin and conservation |journal=[[Grassland Science in Europe]] |volume=10 |pages=1–14 }}</ref>

There are many different types of semi-natural grasslands, e.g. hay [[meadow]]s.<ref name=":2" />

== Evolutionary history ==
The [[graminoid]]s are among the most versatile [[organism|life form]]s. They became widespread toward the end of the [[Cretaceous]] period, and [[coprolite]]s of fossilized dinosaur feces have been found containing [[phytolith]]s of a variety of grasses that include grasses that are related to modern rice and [[bamboo]].

The appearance of mountains in the western United States during the [[Miocene]] and [[Pliocene]] epochs, a period of some 25 million years, created a continental climate favourable to the evolution of grasslands.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |title=University of California Museum of Paleontology Grasslands website |url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes/grasslands.php |access-date=1 December 2011 |website=[[University of California Museum of Paleontology]] }}</ref>

Around 5 million years ago during the [[Late Miocene]] in the New World and the Pliocene in the Old World, the first true grasslands occurred. Existing [[forest]] biomes declined, and grasslands became much more widespread. It is known that grasslands have existed in Europe throughout the [[Pleistocene]] (the last 1.8 million years).<ref name=":2" /> Following the [[Pleistocene]] [[ice age]]s (with their [[Glacial period|glacials]] and [[interglacial]]s), grasslands expanded in the hotter, drier climates, and began to become the dominant land feature worldwide.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Since the grasslands have existed for over 1.8 million years, there is high variability. For example [[Mammoth steppe|steppe-tundra]] dominated in Northern and Central Europe whereas a higher amount of xerothermic grasslands occurred in the Mediterranean area.<ref name=":2" /> Within temperate Europe, the range of types is quite wide and also became unique due to the exchange of species and genetic material between different biomes.

The semi-natural grasslands first appeared when humans started farming. So for the use of agriculture, forests got cleared in Europe. Ancient meadows and pastures were the parts that were suitable for cultivation. The semi-natural grasslands were formed from these areas.<ref name=":2" /> However, there's also evidence for the local persistence of natural grasslands in Europe, originally maintained by wild herbivores, throughout the pre-Neolithic Holocene.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hejcman |first1=M. |last2=Hejcmanová |first2=P. |last3=Pavlů |first3=V. |last4=Beneš |first4=J. |date=2013 |title=Origin and history of grasslands in Central Europe - a review |url=https://www.academia.edu/3660767 |journal=[[Grass and Forage Science]] |volume=68 |issue=3 |page=345 |doi=10.1111/gfs.12066 |bibcode=2013GForS..68..345H |issn=0142-5242 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Feurdean |first1=Angelica |last2=Ruprecht |first2=Eszter |last3=Molnár |first3=Zsolt |last4=Hutchinson |first4=Simon M. |last5=Hickler |first5=Thomas |date=1 December 2018 |title=Biodiversity-rich European grasslands: Ancient, forgotten ecosystems |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320718307456 |journal=[[Biological Conservation (journal)|Biological Conservation]] |volume=228 |pages=224–232 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2018.09.022 |bibcode=2018BCons.228..224F |issn=0006-3207 |access-date=4 February 2024 |via=Elsevier Science Direct }}</ref> The removal of the plants by the grazing animals and later the mowing farmers led to co-existence of other plant species around. In the following, the biodiversity of the plants evolve. Also, the species that already lived there adapted to the new conditions.<ref name=":2" />

Most of the grassland areas have been turned to arable fields and disappeared again. The grasslands permanently became arable cropping fields due to the steady decrease in organic matter.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Spehn |first1=Eva M. |last2=Joshi |first2=Jasmin |last3=Schmid |first3=Bernhard |last4=Alphei |first4=Jörn |last5=Körner |first5=Christian |date=2000 |title=Plant diversity effects on soil heterotrophic activity in experimental grassland ecosystems |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1023/A:1004891807664 |journal=Plant and Soil |volume=224 |issue=2 |pages=217–230 |doi=10.1023/A:1004891807664 |bibcode=2000PlSoi.224..217S |s2cid=25639544 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Nowadays, semi-natural grasslands are rather located in areas that are unsuitable for agricultural farming.<ref name=":2" />
== Ecology ==

=== Biodiversity ===
Grasslands dominated by unsown wild-plant communities ("unimproved grasslands") can be called either natural or "semi-natural" habitat. Although their plant communities are natural, their maintenance depends upon anthropogenic activities such as grazing and cutting regimes. The semi-natural grasslands contain many species of wild plants, including grasses, sedges, rushes, and herbs; 25 plant-species per 100 square centimeters can be found.<ref name=":2" /> A European record that was found on a meadow in Estonia described 76 species of plants in one square meter.<ref name=":2" /> Chalk downlands in England can support over 40 species per square meter.

[[File:Black rhino with calf (male).jpeg|thumb|Black rhino]]
In many parts of the world, few examples have escaped agricultural improvement (fertilizing, weed killing, plowing, or re-seeding). For example, original North American prairie grasslands or lowland wildflower meadows in the UK are now rare and their associated wild flora equally threatened. Associated with the wild-plant diversity of the "unimproved" grasslands is usually a rich invertebrate fauna; there are also many species of birds that are grassland "specialists", such as the [[snipe]] and the [[little bustard]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kunz |first=Werner |title=Species conservation in managed habitats: the myth of a pristine nature with a preamble by Josef H. Reichholf |year=2016 |isbn=978-3-527-68884-5 |location=Weinheim, Germany |oclc=948690426 }}</ref> Owing to semi-natural grasslands being referred to as one of the most-species rich ecosystems in the world and essential habitat for many specialists, also including pollinators,<ref name=":3" /> there are many approaches to conservation activities lately.

Agriculturally improved grasslands, which dominate modern intensive agricultural landscapes, are usually poor in wild plant species due to the original diversity of plants having been destroyed by cultivation and by the use of fertilizers.

Almost 90% of the European semi-natural grasslands do not exist anymore due to political and economic reasons. This loss took place during the 20th century.<ref name=":1" /> The ones in Western and Central Europe have almost disappeared completely. There are a few left in Northern Europe.<ref name=":1" />

Unfortunately, a large amount of red-listed species are specialists of semi-natural grasslands and are affected by the landscape change due to agriculture of the last century.<ref name=":5" />

The original wild-plant communities having been replaced by sown monocultures of cultivated varieties of grasses and clovers, such as [[perennial ryegrass]] and [[white clover]]. In many parts of the world, "unimproved" grasslands are one of the most threatened types of habitat, and a target for acquisition by wildlife conservation groups or for special grants to landowners who are encouraged to manage them appropriately.

=== Vegetation ===
[[File:Quercus robur 'Pendula'.JPG|thumb|upright|''Quercus robur'', also known as the English oak, dominating the semi-natural grasslands]]

Grassland vegetation can vary considerably depending on the grassland type and on how strong it is affected by human impact. Dominant trees for the semi-natural grassland are ''[[Quercus robur]]'', ''[[Betula pendula]]'', ''[[Corylus avellana]]'', ''[[Crataegus]]'' and many kinds of herbs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wahlman |first1=Henrik |last2=Milberg |first2=Per |date=2002 |title=Management of semi-natural grassland vegetation: evaluation of a long-term experiment in southern Sweden |journal=[[Annales Botanici Fennici]] |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=159–166 |jstor=23726791 |issn=0003-3847 }}</ref>

In [[Calcareous grassland|chalk grassland]], the plants can vary from very tall to very short. Quite tall grasses can be found in North American [[tallgrass prairie]], South American grasslands, and African [[savanna]]. Woody plants, shrubs or trees may occur on some grasslands—forming savannas, scrubby grassland or semi-wooded grassland, such as the African savannas or the [[dehesa|dehesa and montado]], in Spain and Portugal respectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=University of California Museum of Paleontology |url=https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/ |website=[[University of California Museum of Paleontology]] |access-date=20 May 2020 }}</ref>

As flowering plants and trees, grasses grow in great concentrations in [[climate]]s where annual rainfall ranges between {{convert|500|and|900|mm|abbr=on}}.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Laboratory/Biome/biograssland.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001027185727/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Laboratory/Biome/biograssland.html |archive-date=27 October 2000 |title=NASA Earth Observatory webpage |website=Earthobservatory.nasa.gov |date=29 April 1999 |access-date=1 December 2011 }}</ref> The root systems of perennial grasses and [[forb]]s form complex mats that hold the [[soil]] in place.

=== Fauna ===
[[File:Mountain Plover, Charadrius montanus.jpg|thumb|left|Mountain plover]]

Grasslands support the greatest aggregations of large animals on Earth, including jaguars, African wild dogs, [[pronghorn]], [[black-footed ferret]], [[plains bison]], [[mountain plover]], African elephant, Sunda tiger, black rhino, white rhino, savanna elephant, greater one-horned rhino, Indian elephant and [[swift fox]]. Grazing animals, herd animals, and [[Predation|predators]] in grasslands, like lions and cheetahs live in the grasslands of the African savanna.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |title=Grasslands {{!}} Habitats {{!}} WWF |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/habitats/grasslands |website=[[World Wildlife Fund]] |language=en |access-date=20 May 2020 }}</ref> [[Mite]]s, insect [[larvae]], [[nematode]]s, and [[earthworm]]s inhabit deep soil, which can reach {{Convert|6|m|ft|abbr=off}} underground in undisturbed grasslands on the richest soils of the world. These invertebrates, along with symbiotic fungi, extend the root systems, break apart hard soil, enrich it with [[urea]] and other natural fertilizers, trap minerals and water and promote growth. Some types of fungi make the plants more resistant to insect and microbial attacks.<ref>{{cite book |last=Menta |first=Cristina |chapter=Soil Fauna Diversity - Function, Soil Degradation, Biological Indices, Soil Restoration |date=29 August 2012 |title=Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization in a Diverse World |editor-last=Lameed |editor-first=Gbolagade Akeem |publisher=InTech |language=en |isbn=978-953-51-0719-4 }}</ref>
[[File:Cheetah Brothers AdF.jpg|thumb|Cheetah]]
Grassland in all its form supports a vast variety of mammals, reptiles, birds, and insects. Typical large mammals include the [[blue wildebeest]], [[American bison]], [[giant anteater]], and [[Przewalski's horse]].<ref>{{cite web |title=44.3D: Temperate Grasslands |url=https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_General_Biology_(Boundless)/44%3A_Ecology_and_the_Biosphere/44.3%3A_Terrestrial_Biomes/44.3D%3A_Temperate_Grasslands |date=17 July 2018 |website=Biology LibreTexts |language=en |access-date=20 May 2020 }}</ref>

The plants and animals that live in grasslands are connected through an unlimited web of interactions. But the removal of key species—such as buffalo and prairie dogs within the American West—and introduction of [[invasive species]], like cane toads in northern Australia, have disrupted the balance in these ecosystems and damaged a number of other species.<ref name=":4" /> Grasslands are home to a number of the foremost magnificent animals on the planet—elephants, bison, lions—and hunters have found them to be enticing prey. But when hunting is not controlled or is conducted illegally, species can become extinct.<ref name=":4" />

== Ecosystem services ==
Grasslands provide a range of marketed and non-marketed ecosystem services that are fundamental to the livelihoods of an estimated one billion people globally.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Stevens |first1=Nicola |last2=Bond |first2=William |last3=Feurdean |first3=Angelica |last4=Lehmann |first4=Caroline E.R. |date=17 October 2022 |title=Grassy Ecosystems in the Anthropocene |journal=[[Annual Review of Environment and Resources]] |language=en |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=annurev–environ–112420-015211 |doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-112420-015211 |s2cid=251265576 |issn=1543-5938 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022ARER...47..261S }}</ref>

=== Carbon sequestration ===
Grasslands hold about twenty percent of global [[soil carbon]] stocks.<ref name=":6" /> [[Herbaceous plant|Herbaceous]] (non-wooded) vegetation dominates grasslands and carbon is stored in the roots and soil underground. Above-ground biomass carbon is relatively short-lived due to grazing, fire, and [[senescence]]. Grassland species have an extensive fibrous root system, with grasses often accounting for 60–80% of the biomass carbon in this ecosystem. This underground biomass can extend several meters below the surface and store abundant carbon into the soil, resulting in deep, fertile soils with high organic matter content. For this reason, soil carbon accounts for about 81% of the total ecosystem carbon in grasslands. The close link between soil carbon and underground biomass leads to similar responses of these carbon pools to fluctuations in annual precipitation and temperature on a broad spatial scale. Because plant productivity is limited by grassland precipitation, carbon stocks are highest in regions where precipitation is heaviest, such as the high grass prairie in the humid temperate region of the United States. Similarly, as annual temperatures rise, grassland carbon stocks decrease due to increased [[evapotranspiration]].<ref name=":7">{{cite web |title=Grassland Carbon Management {{!}} Climate Change Resource Center |url=https://research.fs.usda.gov/centers/ccrc |access-date=20 May 2020 |website=www.fs.usda.gov }}</ref>

Grasslands have suffered large losses of [[organic carbon]] due to soil disturbances, vegetation degradation, fires, erosion, nutrient deficiencies, and water shortages. The type, frequency and intensity of the disturbance can play a key role in the soil organic carbon ([[Soil carbon|SOC]]) balance of grasslands. [[Bedrock]], irrigation practices, [[soil acidification]], [[Liming (soil)|liming]], and [[pasture]] management can all have potential impacts on grassland organic carbon stocks.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lorenz |first1=Klaus |title=Carbon Sequestration in Grassland Soils |date=2018 |work=Carbon Sequestration in Agricultural Ecosystems |pages=175–209 |publisher=[[Springer International Publishing]] |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-92318-5_4 |isbn=978-3-319-92317-8 |last2=Lal |first2=Rattan }}</ref> Good grassland management can reverse historical soil carbon losses.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite book |title=The potential of U.S. grazing lands to sequester carbon and mitigate the greenhouse effect |date=2001 |publisher=Lewis Publishers |others=R. F. Follett, J. M. Kimble, R. Lal |isbn=1-56670-554-1 |location=Boca Raton, FL |oclc=44174278 }}</ref> The relationship of improved biodiversity with carbon storage is subject of research.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hungate |first1=Bruce A. |last2=Barbier |first2=Edward B. |last3=Ando |first3=Amy W. |last4=Marks |first4=Samuel P. |last5=Reich |first5=Peter B. |last6=van Gestel |first6=Natasja |last7=Tilman |first7=David |last8=Knops |first8=Johannes M. H. |last9=Hooper |first9=David U. |last10=Butterfield |first10=Bradley J. |last11=Cardinale |first11=Bradley J. |date=April 2017 |title=The economic value of grassland species for carbon storage |journal=[[Science Advances]] |language=en |volume=3 |issue=4 |article-number=e1601880 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601880 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5381958 |pmid=28435876 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1880H }}</ref>

There is a lack of agreement on the amount of carbon that can be stored in grassland ecosystem. This is partly caused by different methodologies applied to measure soil organic carbon and limited respective datasets. Further, carbon accumulation in soils changes significantly over time and point in time measurements produce an insufficient evidence base.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jordon |first1=W. Matthew |last2=Buffet |first2=Jean-Charles |last3=Dungait |first3=A.J. Jennifer |last4=Galdos |first4=V. Marcelo |last5=Garnett |first5=Tara |last6=Lee |first6=R. Michael |last7=Lynch |first7=John |last8=Röös |first8=Elin |last9=Searchinger |first9=D. Timothy |last10=Smith |first10=Pete |last11=Godfray |first11=H.J. Charles |date=January 2024 |title=A restatement of the natural science evidence base concerning grassland management, grazing livestock and soil carbon storage |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=291 |issue=2015 |article-number=20232669 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2023.2669 |issn=0962-8452 |pmc=10806435 |pmid=38264781 }}</ref>

=== Other ecosystem services ===
* promotion of genetic diversity
* weather amelioration<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sala |first=Osvaldo E. |title=Ecosystem services in grasslands |pages=237–252 |oclc=1231779567 }}</ref>
* provision of wildlife habitat

== Degradation ==
Grasslands are among the most threatened ecosystems.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hoekstra |first1=Jonathan M. |last2=Boucher |first2=Timothy M. |last3=Ricketts |first3=Taylor H. |last4=Roberts |first4=Carter |date=3 December 2004 |title=Confronting a biome crisis: global disparities of habitat loss and protection: Confronting a biome crisis |journal=[[Ecology Letters]] |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=23–29 |doi=10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00686.x |doi-access=free }}</ref> Global losses from grassland degradation are estimated to be over $7 billion per year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344142265 |title=Large scale land investments, household displacement and the effect on land degradation in semiarid agro-pastoral areas of Ethiopia }}</ref> According to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the most significant threat to grasslands is human land use, especially agriculture and mining.<ref>{{cite web |title=010 - Protecting and restoring endangered grassland and savannah ecosystems |url=https://iucncongress2020.org/motion/010 |access-date=1 June 2021 |website=[[IUCN]] World Conservation Congress 2020 |language=en }}</ref> The vulnerability of grasslands stems from a range of factors, such as misclassification, poor protection and cultivation.<ref name=":9" />

=== Causes ===

==== Land use intensification ====
Grasslands have an extensive history of [[human activity]] and [[Disturbance (ecology)|disturbance]].<ref name="fs.usda.gov">{{cite web |title=Grasslands and Climate Change {{!}} Climate Change Resource Center |url=https://research.fs.usda.gov/centers/ccrc |access-date=20 May 2020 |website=www.fs.usda.gov |archive-date=23 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023202126/https://www.fs.usda.gov/ccrc/topics/biomes/grasslands |url-status=live }}</ref> To feed a growing human population, most of the world's grasslands are converted from natural landscapes to fields of corn, wheat or other crops. Grasslands that have remained largely intact thus far, such as the East African [[savanna]]s, are in danger of being lost to agriculture.<ref name=":4" /> Grasslands are very sensitive to disturbances, such as people hunting and killing key species, or plowing the land to make more space for farms.

Grassland vegetation is often a [[plagioclimax]]; it remains dominant in a particular area usually due to [[grazing]], cutting, or natural or man-made fires, all discouraging colonization by and survival of tree and shrub [[seedling]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ochoa-Hueso |first1=R. |last2=Delgado-Baquerizo |first2=M. |last3=King |first3=P.T.A. |last4=Benham |first4=M. |last5=Arca |first5=V. |last6=Power |first6=S.A. |date=2019 |title=Ecosystem type and resource quality are more important than global change drivers in regulating early stages of litter decomposition |journal=[[Soil Biology and Biochemistry]] |volume=129 |pages=144–152 |doi=10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.11.009 |bibcode=2019SBiBi.129..144O |hdl=10261/336676 |s2cid=92606851 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Some of the world's largest expanses of grassland are found in the African savanna, and these are maintained by wild [[herbivore]]s as well as by nomadic [[pastoralism|pastoralists]] and their cattle, sheep or goats. Grasslands have an impact on [[climate change]] by slower decomposition rates of litter compared to forest environments.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Jun |last2=Feng |first2=Chao |last3=Wang |first3=Deli |last4=Wang |first4=Ling |last5=Wilsey |first5=Brian J. |last6=Zhong |first6=Zhiwei |date=August 2015 |editor-last=Firn |editor-first=Jennifer |title=Impacts of grazing by different large herbivores in grassland depend on plant species diversity |journal=[[Journal of Applied Ecology]] |language=en |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=1053–1062 |doi=10.1111/1365-2664.12456 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015JApEc..52.1053L }}</ref>
[[File:Main land-cover trajectories from the 1960s to 2015.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Main land-cover trajectories from the 1960s to 2015]]
Grasslands may occur naturally or as a result of human activity. Hunting cultures around the world often set regular fires to maintain and extend grasslands and prevent fire-intolerant trees and shrubs from taking hold. The tallgrass [[prairie]]s in the [[Midwestern United States|U.S. Midwest]] may have been extended eastward into Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio by human agency. Much grassland in northwest Europe developed after the [[Neolithic Period]] when people gradually cleared the forest to create areas for raising their livestock.<ref>{{cite web |title=Grasslands Information and Facts |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/habitats/grasslands/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310135502/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/habitats/grasslands/ |archive-date=10 March 2017 |date=15 March 2019 |website=[[National Geographic]] |language=en |access-date=20 May 2020 }}</ref>

==== Climate change ====
Grasslands often occur in areas with annual precipitation is between {{convert|600|mm|abbr=on}} and {{convert|1500|mm|abbr=on}} and average mean annual temperatures ranges from −5 and 20 °C.<ref>{{cite web |title=EO Experiments: Grassland Biome |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Laboratory/Biome/biograssland.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001027185727/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Laboratory/Biome/biograssland.html |archive-date=27 October 2000 |access-date=1 December 2011 |website=Earthobservatory.nasa.gov |date=29 April 1999 }}</ref> However, some grasslands occur in colder (−20 °C) and hotter (30 °C) climatic conditions. Grassland can exist in habitats that are frequently disturbed by grazing or fire, as such disturbance prevents the [[Woody plant encroachment|encroachment of woody species]]. Species richness is particularly high in grasslands of low [[soil fertility]] such as [[serpentine barrens]] and [[calcareous]] grasslands, where woody encroachment is prevented as low nutrient levels in the soil may inhibit the growth of forest and shrub species. Another common predicament often experienced by the ill-fated grassland creatures is the constant burning of plants, fueled by oxygen and many expired photosynthesizing organisms, with the lack of rain pushing this problem to further heights.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Craven |first1=Dylan |last2=Isbell |first2=Forest |last3=Manning |first3=Pete |last4=Connolly |first4=John |last5=Bruelheide |first5=Helge |last6=Ebeling |first6=Anne |last7=Roscher |first7=Christiane |last8=van Ruijven |first8=Jasper |last9=Weigelt |first9=Alexandra |last10=Wilsey |first10=Brian |last11=Beierkuhnlein |first11=Carl |date=19 May 2016 |title=Plant diversity effects on grassland productivity are robust to both nutrient enrichment and drought |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=371 |issue=1694 |article-number=20150277 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2015.0277 |issn=0962-8436 |pmc=4843698 |pmid=27114579 }}</ref> When not limited by other factors, increasing CO2 concentration in the air increases plant growth, similarly as water use efficiency, which is very important in drier regions. However, the advantages of elevated CO2 are limited by factors including water availability and available [[nutrient]]s, particularly nitrogen. Thus effects of elevated CO2 on plant growth will vary with local climate patterns, species adaptations to water limitations, and nitrogen availability. Studies indicate that nutrient depletion may happen faster in drier regions, and with factors like plant community composition and grazing. Nitrogen deposition from air pollutants and increased [[mineralization (soil science)|mineralization]] from higher temperatures can increase plant productivity, but increases are often among a discount in [[biodiversity]] as faster-growing plants outcompete others. A study of a California grassland found that global change may speed reductions in diversity and forb species are most prone to this process.<ref name=":7" />

==== Afforestation or introduction of invasive species ====
Misguided afforestation efforts, for example as part of the global effort to increase carbon sequestration, can harm grasslands and their core ecosystem services.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 May 2021 |title=Can tree campaigns curb climate change without harming grasslands? |url=https://scienceline.org/2021/05/can-tree-campaigns-curb-climate-change-without-harming-grasslands/ |access-date=1 June 2021 |website=Scienceline |language=en-US }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Di Sacco |first1=Alice |last2=Hardwick |first2=Kate A. |last3=Blakesley |first3=David |last4=Brancalion |first4=Pedro H. S. |last5=Breman |first5=Elinor |last6=Cecilio Rebola |first6=Loic |last7=Chomba |first7=Susan |last8=Dixon |first8=Kingsley |last9=Elliott |first9=Stephen |last10=Ruyonga |first10=Godfrey |last11=Shaw |first11=Kirsty |date=April 2021 |title=Ten golden rules for reforestation to optimize carbon sequestration, biodiversity recovery and livelihood benefits |journal=[[Global Change Biology]] |language=en |volume=27 |issue=7 |pages=1328–1348 |doi=10.1111/gcb.15498 |pmid=33494123 |bibcode=2021GCBio..27.1328D |issn=1354-1013 |doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.11937/88524 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Forest centric restoration efforts can create the risk of misreading and misclassifying of landscapes.<ref name=":9" /> A map created by the [[World Resources Institute]] in collaboration with the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]] identifies 2 billion hectares for potential [[forest restoration]]. It is criticised for including 900 million hectares of grasslands.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dasgupta |first=Shreya |date=1 June 2021 |title=Many Tree-Planting Campaigns Are Based on Flawed Science |url=https://science.thewire.in/environment/many-tree-planting-campaigns-are-based-on-flawed-science/ |access-date=12 June 2021 |website=The Wire Science |language=en-GB }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bond |first1=William J. |last2=Stevens |first2=Nicola |last3=Midgley |first3=Guy F. |last4=Lehmann |first4=Caroline E.R. |date=November 2019 |title=The Trouble with Trees: Afforestation Plans for Africa |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169534719302526 |journal=[[Trends (journals)|Trends in Ecology & Evolution]] |language=en |volume=34 |issue=11 |pages=963–965 |doi=10.1016/j.tree.2019.08.003 |pmid=31515117 |bibcode=2019TEcoE..34..963B |s2cid=202568025 |hdl=20.500.11820/ad569ac5-dc12-4420-9517-d8f310ede95e |hdl-access=free }}</ref> It is expected that non-native grasses will continue to outperform native species under warmer and drier conditions that occur in many grasslands due to climate change.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Duell |first1=Eric B. |last2=Londe |first2=Dave W. |last3=Hickman |first3=K. R. |last4=Greer |first4=Mitchell J. |last5=Wilson |first5=Gail W. T. |date=15 July 2021 |title=Superior performance of invasive grasses over native counterparts will remain problematic under warmer and drier conditions |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11258-021-01156-y |journal=[[Plant Ecology (journal)|Plant Ecology]] |volume=222 |issue=9 |pages=993–1006 |language=en |doi=10.1007/s11258-021-01156-y |bibcode=2021PlEco.222..993D |s2cid=237775557 |issn=1385-0237 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==== Management ====
The type of land management used in grasslands can also lead to grassland loss or degradation. Many grasslands and other open ecosystems depend on [[disturbance (ecology)|disturbances]] such as [[wildfire]]s, [[controlled burn]]s or [[grazing]] to persist, although this subject is still controversial.<ref>{{cite journal |date=3 June 2022 |title=New perspectives in fire management in South American savannas: The importance of intercultural governance |journal=Ambio |doi=10.1007/s13280-018-1054-7 |language=en-US |last1=Mistry |first1=Jayalaxshmi |last2=Schmidt |first2=Isabel Belloni |last3=Eloy |first3=Ludivine |last4=Bilbao |first4=Bibiana |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=172–179 |pmid=29752682 |pmc=6346601 }}</ref> A study in Brazilian Subtropical Highland Grasslands found that grasslands without traditional land management—which uses fire every two years and extensive cattle grazing—can disappear within 30 years.<ref>{{cite journal |date=3 June 2022 |title=Preventing traditional management can cause grassland loss within 30 years in southern Brazil |journal=[[Scientific Reports]] |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-57564-z |language=en-US |last1=Sühs |first1=Rafael Barbizan |last2=Giehl |first2=Eduardo Luís Hettwer |last3=Peroni |first3=Nivaldo |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=783 |pmid=31964935 |pmc=6972928 |bibcode=2020NatSR..10..783S }}</ref> This study showed that grasslands inside [[protected areas]], in which fire is not allowed and cattle grazing is banned, were quickly replaced by shrubs ([[Woody plant encroachment|shrub encroachment]]). Moreover, the absence of fire in grasslands can lead to an increase in the dominance of a few species and litter accumulation, resulting in a reduction in the number of herbaceous species and changes in herbaceous species composition.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Casali |first1=Sofia |last2=Sühs |first2=Rafael Barbizan |last3=Joner |first3=Fernando |last4=Pinto |first4=Gustavo Lemes |last5=Neckel-Oliveira |first5=Selvino |last6=Giehl |first6=Eduardo Luís Hettwer |date=2 April 2025 |title=Fire regime and local biotic and abiotic factors as drivers of diversity patterns in highland grasslands in southern Brazil |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11258-025-01512-2 |journal=Plant Ecology |volume=226 |issue=5 |pages=539–552 |language=en |doi=10.1007/s11258-025-01512-2 |bibcode=2025PlEco.226..539C |issn=1385-0237 }}</ref>

=== Types of degradation ===

==== Land cover change ====
Land cover has always changed during the years. The following relates to the changes between 1960 and 2015. There has been a decrease in semi-natural grasslands and an increase in areas with [[arable land]], forest and land used for infrastructure and buildings. The line style and relative thickness of the lines indicates the percentage of the total area that changed. Changes less than 1% and land-cover classes with all changes less than 1% (i.e. semi-natural wetlands and water) are not included.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Aune |first1=Sigrun |last2=Bryn |first2=Anders |last3=Hovstad |first3=Knut Anders |date=4 July 2018 |title=Loss of semi-natural grassland in a boreal landscape: impacts of agricultural intensification and abandonment |journal=[[Journal of Land Use Science]] |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=375–390 |doi=10.1080/1747423X.2018.1539779 |issn=1747-423X |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018JLUS...13..375A |hdl=10852/72980 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

In 1960 most of the land, 49.7%, was covered with forest and there was also more semi-natural grassland (18.8%) than arable land (15.8%). In 2015 this has changed drastically. The forest cover has increased (50.8%) and arable land has also increased (20.4%), but the semi-natural grassland cover has decreased. Although it still covers a large area of the earth (10.6%).<ref name=":5" />

A quarter of semi-natural grassland was lost through intensification, i.e. it was converted into arable or pasture land and forests.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Monteiro |first1=Antonio T. |last2=Fava |first2=Francesco |last3=Hiltbrunner |first3=Erika |last4=Della Marianna |first4=Giampaolo |last5=Bocchi |first5=Stefano |date=April 2011 |title=Assessment of land cover changes and spatial drivers behind loss of permanent meadows in the lowlands of Italian Alps |journal=[[Landscape and Urban Planning]] |volume=100 |issue=3 |pages=287–294 |doi=10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.12.015 |bibcode=2011LUrbP.100..287M |issn=0169-2046 }}</ref> It is more likely that intensification will occur in flat semi-natural grasslands, especially if the soil is fertile. On the other hand, grasslands, where the land is drought-prone or less productive, are more likely to persist as semi-natural grasslands than grasslands with fertile soil and low gradient of the terrain.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cousins |first1=Sara A. O. |last2=Auffret |first2=Alistair G. |last3=Lindgren |first3=Jessica |last4=Tränk |first4=Louise |date=January 2015 |title=Regional-scale land-cover change during the 20th century and its consequences for biodiversity |journal=Ambio |volume=44 |issue=S1 |pages=17–27 |doi=10.1007/s13280-014-0585-9 |pmid=25576277 |pmc=4288995 |bibcode=2015Ambio..44S..17C |issn=0044-7447 }}</ref> Furthermore, the accessibility of the land is also important, as it is then easier to fertilize, for example. For instance, if it is located near a road. With the development of technology, it is becoming increasingly easy to cultivate land with a steeper gradient, to the detriment of grasslands. The management of grasslands is also changing permanently. There is increased use of mineral fertilizers, furthermore borders and field edges are removed to enlarge fields and leveling the terrain to facilitate the use of agricultural machinery.<ref name=":5" />

The professional study of dry grasslands falls under the category of [[rangeland management]], which focuses on [[ecosystem services]] associated with the grass-dominated arid and semi-arid rangelands of the world. Rangelands account for an estimated 70% of the earth's landmass; thus, many cultures including those of the United States are indebted to the economics that the world's grasslands have to offer, from producing grazing animals, tourism, ecosystems services such as clean water and air, and energy extraction.<ref>{{cite web |title=Grassland of the world |url=http://www.fao.org/3/y8344e06.htm |website=www.fao.org |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=18 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818055532/http://www.fao.org/3/y8344e06.htm }}</ref>{{main|Woody plant encroachment}}
Vast areas of grassland are affected by [[Woody plant encroachment|woody encroachment]], which is the expansion of woody plants at the expense of the herbaceous layer. Woody encroachment is caused by a combination of human impact (e.g. fire exclusion, overstocking and resulting [[overgrazing]]) and environmental factors (i.e. increased CO2 levels in the atmosphere). It can have severe negative consequences on key ecosystem services, like land productivity and groundwater recharge.

== Conservation and restoration ==
Despite growing recognition of the importance of grasslands, understanding of restoration options remains limited.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last1=Buisson |first1=Elise |last2=Le Stradic |first2=Soizig |last3=Silveira |first3=Fernando A. O. |last4=Durigan |first4=Giselda |last5=Overbeck |first5=Gerhard E. |last6=Fidelis |first6=Alessandra |last7=Fernandes |first7=G. Wilson |last8=Bond |first8=William J. |last9=Hermann |first9=Julia-Maria |last10=Mahy |first10=Gregory |last11=Alvarado |first11=Swanni T. |date=April 2019 |title=Resilience and restoration of tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and grassy woodlands: Tropical grassland resilience and restoration |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/brv.12470 |journal=[[Biological Reviews]] |language=en |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=590–609 |doi=10.1111/brv.12470 |pmid=30251329 |hdl=2268/229154 |s2cid=52816465 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Cost of grassland restoration is highly variable and respective data is scarce.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Knight |first1=Michelle L. |last2=Overbeck |first2=Gerhard E. |date=28 May 2021 |title=How much does is cost to restore a grassland? |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/rec.13463 |journal=[[Restoration Ecology (journal)|Restoration Ecology]] |volume=29 |issue=8 |article-number=e13463 |language=en |doi=10.1111/rec.13463 |bibcode=2021ResEc..2913463K |s2cid=236416000 |issn=1061-2971 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Successful grassland restoration has several dimensions, including recognition in policy, standardisation of indicators of degradation, scientific innovation, knowledge transfer and data sharing.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bardgett |first1=Richard D. |last2=Bullock |first2=James M. |last3=Lavorel |first3=Sandra |last4=Manning |first4=Peter |last5=Schaffner |first5=Urs |last6=Ostle |first6=Nicholas |last7=Chomel |first7=Mathilde |last8=Durigan |first8=Giselda |last9=L. Fry |first9=Ellen |last10=Johnson |first10=David |last11=Lavallee |first11=Jocelyn M. |date=7 September 2021 |title=Combatting global grassland degradation |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-021-00207-2 |journal=[[Nature Reviews Earth & Environment]] |volume=2 |issue=10 |language=en |pages=720–735 |doi=10.1038/s43017-021-00207-2 |bibcode=2021NRvEE...2..720B |s2cid=237426110 |issn=2662-138X }}</ref>

Restoration methods and measures include the following:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Buisson |first1=Elise |last2=Fidelis |first2=Alessandra |last3=Overbeck |first3=Gerhard E. |last4=Schmidt |first4=Isabel B. |last5=Durigan |first5=Giselda |last6=Young |first6=Truman P. |last7=Alvarado |first7=Swanni T. |last8=Arruda |first8=André J. |last9=Boisson |first9=Sylvain |last10=Bond |first10=William |last11=Coutinho |first11=André |date=April 2021 |title=A research agenda for the restoration of tropical and subtropical grasslands and savannas |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/rec.13292 |journal=[[Restoration Ecology (journal)|Restoration Ecology]] |language=en |volume=29 |issue=S1 |article-number=e13292 |doi=10.1111/rec.13292 |bibcode=2021ResEc..2913292B |s2cid=225160067 |issn=1061-2971 }}</ref>
* prescribed fires
* appropriate management of livestock and wild herbivores: in light of land use intensification caused by global food demand, grassland land use practices may need to be adjusted to better support key ecosystem services.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Savage |first1=Joanna |last2=Woodcock |first2=Ben A. |last3=Bullock |first3=James M. |last4=Nowakowski |first4=Marek |last5=Tallowin |first5=Jeremy R. B. |last6=Pywell |first6=Richard F. |date=1 June 2021 |title=Management to Support Multiple Ecosystem Services from Productive Grasslands |journal=[[Sustainability (journal)|Sustainability]] |language=en |volume=13 |issue=11 |page=6263 |doi=10.3390/su13116263 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Sust...13.6263S }}</ref>
* tree cutting
* shrub removal
* invasive species control
* reintroduction of native grasses and forbs via seeding or transplant: a main challenge for grassland restoration is how to overcome seed limitation.<ref name=":8" />

For the period 2021–2030 the [[United Nations General Assembly]] has proclaimed the UN Decade on Restoration, involving a joint resolution by over 70 countries. It is led by the [[United Nations Environment Programme]] and the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]].<ref>{{cite web |title=About the UN Decade |url=http://www.decadeonrestoration.org/about-un-decade |access-date=1 June 2021 |website=UN Decade on Restoration |language=en }}</ref>

== Types of grasslands ==
[[File:Desna river Vinn meadow 2016 G2.jpg|thumb|Meadow by the Desna river in Ukraine]]

=== Classifications of grassland ===
Grassland types by [[Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper|Schimper]] (1898, 1903):<ref name="Schimper">{{cite book |last=Schimper |first=A. F. W. |orig-date=1898 |title=Pflanzen-Geographie auf physiologischer Grundlage |language=de |trans-title=Plant geography on a physiological basis |translator-first=Jena |translator-last=Fisher |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/8099#/summary |date=1903 }}</ref>
* [[Meadow]] (hygrophilous or tropophilous grassland)
* [[Steppe]] (xerophilous grassland)
* [[Savanna]]h (xerophilous grassland containing isolated trees)[[File:Steppe Family by Mashin Rostislav.jpg|thumb|Steppe family: a common grassland animal, the swift fox]]

Grassland types by Ellenberg and Mueller-Dombois (1967):<ref>Ellenberg, H. & D. Mueller-Dombois. 1967. Tentative physiognomic-ecological classification of plant formations of the Earth [based on a discussion draft of the UNESCO working group on vegetation classification and mapping.] ''Berichte des Geobotanischen Institutes der Eidg. Techn. Hochschule, Stiftung Rübel, Zürich'' 37 (1965-1966): 21—55, [http://www.e-periodica.ch/cntmng?var=true&pid=bgi-002:1965-1966:37::129] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021095709/http://www.e-periodica.ch/cntmng?var=true&pid=bgi-002:1965-1966:37::129|date=21 October 2016}}.</ref>

Formation-class V. Terrestrial herbaceous communities

# Savannas and related grasslands (tropical or subtropical grasslands and parklands)
# Steppes and related grasslands (e.g. North American "prairies" etc.)
# Meadows, [[pasture]]s or related grasslands
# Sedge [[swamp]]s and flushes
# Herbaceous and half-woody salt swamps
# Forb vegetation[[File:Tallgrass Prairie Heritage Park (29237722250).jpg|thumb|A hike through the Tallgrass Prairie Heritage Park in Canada]]

Grassland types by Laycock (1979):<ref>{{Cite book |last=Laycock |first=W.A. |date=1979 |chapter=Introduction |pages=1–2 |editor-last=French |editor-first=N R. |title=Perspectives in Grassland Ecology |publisher=Springer |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4612-6182-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7_kBwAAQBAJ |via=[[Google Books]] }}</ref>

# [[Tallgrass prairie|Tallgrass]] (true) prairie
# [[Shortgrass prairie]]
# [[Mixed grass prairie|Mixed-grass prairie]]
# [[Shrub-steppe|Shrub steppe]]
# Annual grassland
# [[Desert]] (arid) grassland
# High mountain grassland

=== General grasslands types ===

==== Tropical and subtropical ====
These grasslands can be classified as the [[Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands|tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas and shrublands biome]]. The rainfall level for that grassland type is between 90 and 150 centimeters per year. Grasses and scattered trees are common for that ecoregion, as well as large [[mammal]]s, such as [[wildebeest]] (''Connochaetes taurinus'') and zebra (''Equus zebra''). Notable tropical and subtropical grasslands include the [[Llanos]] grasslands of South America.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas and shrublands {{!}} Biomes {{!}} WWF |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/biomes/tropical-and-subtropical-grasslands-savannas-and-shrublands |access-date=20 May 2020 |website=[[World Wildlife Fund]] |language=en }}</ref>
[[File:Cumberlain Plain Woodland6.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|[[Cumberland Plain Woodland]], a grassy woodland that covers [[Western Sydney]]]]

==== Temperate ====
Mid-latitude grasslands, including the [[prairie]] and [[List of California native plants#Selected grasses|Pacific grasslands]] of North America, the [[Pampas]] of Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay, calcareous [[downland]], and the [[steppe]]s of Europe. They are classified with temperate savannas and shrublands as the [[temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands|temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome]]. Temperate grasslands are the home to many large [[herbivores]], such as [[bison]], [[gazelle]]s, zebras, [[rhinoceros]]es, and [[wild horse]]s. [[Carnivores]] like lions, [[wolf|wolves]], cheetahs and [[leopard]]s are also found in temperate grasslands. Other animals of this region include [[deer]], [[prairie dog]]s, [[mouse|mice]], [[jack rabbit]]s, [[skunk]]s, [[coyote]]s, snakes, foxes, owls, [[badger]]s, blackbirds, [[grasshopper]]s, [[meadowlark]]s, [[Old World sparrow|sparrow]]s, [[quail]]s, [[hawk]]s and [[hyena]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Temperate grasslands, savannas and shrublands {{!}} Biomes {{!}} WWF |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/biomes/temperate-grasslands-savannas-and-shrublands |access-date=20 May 2020 |website=[[World Wildlife Fund]] |language=en }}</ref>

==== Flooded ====
Grasslands that are flooded seasonally or year-round, like the [[Everglades]] of Florida, the [[Pantanal]] of Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay or the [[Esteros del Ibera]] in Argentina, are classified with flooded savannas as the [[flooded grasslands and savannas|flooded grasslands and savannas biome]] and occur mostly in the tropics and subtropics. The species that live in these grasslands are well adapted to the hydrologic regimes and soil conditions. The Everglades—the world's largest rain-fed flooded grassland—is rich in 11,000 species of seed-bearing plants, 25 species of [[Orchidaceae|orchids]], 300 bird species, and 150 fish species.

[[Watermeadow|Water-meadows]] are grasslands that are deliberately flooded for short periods.<ref>{{cite web |title=Flooded grasslands and savannas {{!}} Biomes {{!}} WWF |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/biomes/flooded-grasslands-and-savannas |access-date=20 May 2020 |website=[[World Wildlife Fund]] |language=en }}</ref>[[File:AntelopeValleyCAgrassland.JPG|thumb|Grassland in the [[Antelope Valley]], California]]

==== Montane ====
High-altitude grasslands located on high [[mountain ranges]] around the world, like the [[Páramo]] of the [[Andes Mountains]]. They are part of the [[montane grasslands and shrublands|montane grasslands and shrublands biome]] and can be tropical, subtropical, and temperate. The plants and animals, that can be found in the tropical montane, are able to adapt to cool, wet conditions as well as intense sunlight.<ref>{{cite web |title=Montane grasslands and shrublands {{!}} Biomes {{!}} WWF |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/biomes/montane-grasslands-and-shrublands |access-date=20 May 2020 |website=[[World Wildlife Fund]] |language=en }}</ref>

==== Tundra grasslands ====
Similar to montane grasslands, polar [[Arctic tundra]] can have grasses, but high soil moisture means that few tundras are grass-dominated today. However, during the [[Pleistocene]] [[glacial periods]] (commonly referred to as [[ice age]]s), a grassland known as steppe-tundra or [[mammoth steppe]] occupied large areas of the Northern Hemisphere. These areas were very cold and arid and featured sub-surface [[permafrost]] (hence tundra) but were nevertheless productive grassland ecosystems supporting a wide variety of fauna. As the temperature increased and the climate became wetter at the beginning of the [[Holocene]] much of the mammoth steppe transitioned to forest, while the drier parts in central Eurasia remained as a grassland, becoming the modern [[Eurasian steppe]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tundra {{!}} Biomes {{!}} WWF |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/biomes/tundra |access-date=20 May 2020 |website=[[World Wildlife Fund]] |language=en }}</ref>

==== Desert and xeric ====
Also called desert grasslands, they are composed of sparse grassland ecoregions located in the [[deserts and xeric shrublands|deserts and xeric shrublands biome]]. Temperature extremes and low amounts of rainfall characterise these kinds of grasslands. Therefore, plants and animals are well adapted to minimize water loss.<ref>{{cite web |title=Deserts and xeric shrublands {{!}} Biomes {{!}} WWF |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/biomes/deserts-and-xeric-shrublands |access-date=20 May 2020 |website=[[World Wildlife Fund]] |language=en }}</ref>

== Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands ecoregions ==
The grassland [[ecoregions]] of the [[temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands]] [[biome]] are:

{{Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands|state=expanded]}}

== Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands ecoregions ==
{{Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands|state=expanded}}

== See also ==
* [[Meadow]]
* Forest
* [[Woody plant encroachment]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Courtwright, Julie. 2011. ''Prairie Fire: A Great Plains History''. University Press of Kansas. 274 pp.
* French, N. R. (ed.). 1979. ''Perspectives in Grassland Ecology''. Springer, New York, 204 pp., [https://books.google.com/books?id=v7_kBwAAQBAJ Perspectives in Grassland Ecology: Results and Applications of the US/IBP Grassland Biome Study].
* Suttie, J. M.; Reynolds, S. G.; C. Batello. 2005. ''Grasslands of the world''. Rome: FAO. [http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y8344e/y8344e00.htm#Contents Grassland of the world].
* Wilsey, B.J. 2018. Biology of Grasslands. Oxford University Press.

== External links ==
*{{Commonscatinline|Grasslands}}

{{Vegetation}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grasslands}}
[[Category:Grasslands| ]]
[[Category:Agricultural land]]
[[Category:Ecoregions]]
[[Category:Grasses|*]]
[[Category:Plains]]
[[Category:Poaceae]]

Santrash

2026-03-04T03:43:24Z

Raymondbig: cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Santrash
| image = Santrash.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = Narayan Roy
| producer = Ranjana Roy, Shivprakash Sharma
| writer = [[Anjan Choudhury]] Narayan Roy
| starring = [[Mithun Chakraborty]] [[Madhabi Mukherjee]] [[Ranjit Mallick]]
| music = Bidyut Goswami
| released = {{Film date|2003}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = Bengali
| budget = 
}}

'''''Santrash''''' (Terror) is a 2003 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali-language]] [[action thriller film]] co written and directed by Narayan Roy,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Santrash|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/santrash-37195|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627200248/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/santrash-37195|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 June 2021|access-date=2021-08-16|website=Cinestaan}}</ref> starring [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Madhabi Mukherjee]], and [[Ranjit Mallick]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=FilmiClub|title=Santrash (2003) Complete Cast & Crew|url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/santrash-2003-bengali-movie/cast-crew|access-date=2021-08-16|website=FilmiClub|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/jun/16/13873/revisiting-mithun-chakraborty-s-significant-works-in-bengali-cinema-birthday-special | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819011003/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/jun/16/13873/revisiting-mithun-chakraborty-s-significant-works-in-bengali-cinema-birthday-special | url-status=live | archive-date=19 August 2018 | title=Revisiting Mithun Chakraborty's significant works in Bengali cinema — birthday special }}</ref>

==Plot==
The film is a fast-paced thriller, with Mithun in the lead. Rajib is a corrupt minister and terrorizes the city. His goons kill Shubhankar's brother and also kill the lone witness. Tormented, Shubhankar searches for a man who can fight Rajib

==Cast==
* [[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Montu
* [[Usasi Misra]]
* [[Ranjit Mallick]]
* [[Madhabi Mukherjee]] as Montu's Mother
* [[Locket Chatterjee]] as Locket
* [[Narayan Roy]] as Chayan
* [[Pushpita Banerjee]]
* [[Rahul Barman]] as Ratan
* [[Raja Chattopadhyay]]
* [[Rimita Roy]]
* [[Mrinal Mukherjee]] as Minister Rajib Chowdhury
* [[Jayanta Dutta Barman]] As Rajiv
* [[Mrityun Hazra]] as Kidnapper
* [[Debnath Chaterjee]]
* [[Chandu Chowdhury]]

== Soundtrack ==
{{empty section|date=October 2024}}

== Reception ==

== References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2003 thriller films]]
[[Category:Mithun's Dream Factory films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]

{{2000s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Hothat Dekha

2026-03-04T00:32:37Z

Raymondbig: added references

{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hothat Dekha
| image = Hothat Dekha 2017 film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = Reshmi Mitra Shahadat Hossain
| screenplay = Aloke Mukherjee
| cinematography = Badal Sarkar
| editing = EditFX Studio
| producer = [[Impress Telefilms]], Reshmi Pictures and Bidyut Das
| starring = [[Debashree Roy]] [[Ilias Kanchan]] [[Deep Bhattacharya]] [[Jannatul Sumaiya Heme]] [[Sankar Chakraborty]] [[Tulika Bose]] [[Kartik Das Baul]] [[Parthasarathi Deb]]
| music = [[Raja Narayan Deb]]
| studio = [[Impress Telefilms]], Reshmi Pictures and Bidyut Das
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|03|31}}
| runtime = 103 minutes
| country = [[India]], [[Bangladesh]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Hothat Dekha''''' is a 2017 Bengali romantic drama film directed by Reshmi Mitra and Shahadat Hossain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/hathat-dekha-34474|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408211343/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/hathat-dekha-34474|url-status=live|archive-date=8 April 2018|title=Hathat Dekha (2017) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2019-03-16}}</ref><ref name="ind29Mar2017">{{Cite news|url=https://theindependentbd.com/printversion/details/87528|title=Heme to make silver screen debut with 'Hothat Dekha'|work=The Independent|location=Dhaka|date=29 March 2017|access-date=2019-03-16}}</ref> The film was originally inspired by a poem of the same name by [[Rabindranath Tagore|Tagore]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31812&articlexml=TAGORES-SAGA-OF-LOVE-ON-SCREEN-31032017106005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123075259/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31812&articlexml=TAGORES-SAGA-OF-LOVE-ON-SCREEN-31032017106005|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 January 2018|title=Tagore's Saga of Love on Screen|work=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-03-16}}</ref> It stars [[Debashree Roy]], [[Ilias Kanchan]], Deep Bhattacharya, Jannatul Sumaiya Heme, [[Sankar Chakraborty]], Tulika Bose and Kartik Das Baul and Parthasarathi Deb. Jannatul Sumaiya Heme made a debut with this movie.<ref name="ind29Mar2017" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tollykata.com/articles/movie-news/reshmi-mitras-hothat-dekha-hemes-bridge-from-bangladesh-to-kolkata|title=Reshmi Mitra's 'Hothat Dekha' - Heme's Bridge from Bangladesh to Kolkata|website=tollykata.com|access-date=2019-03-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/showtime/2017/03/29/hothat-dekha-released-friday/|title=Hothat Dekha to be released this Friday|work=Dhaka Tribune|date=29 March 2017|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-16}}</ref> The music of the film was composed by [[Raja Narayan Deb]]. The film was shot in [[Chittagong]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pycker.com/articles/report-card-of-bangla-films-released-in-march-2017|title=Report Card Of Bangla Films Released In March 2017|website=pyckers|language=en|access-date=2019-03-16}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDB title|tt6694312}}

[[Category:Bengali-language Bangladeshi films]]
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Bangladeshi films]]
[[Category:2017 Bengali-language films]]

Bhobishyoter Bhoot

2026-03-04T00:30:48Z

Raymondbig: updated details

{{Short description|2019 Indian satirical comedy film by Anik Dutta}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bhobishyoter Bhoot
| image = Bhobishyoter_Bhoot_film_poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Anik Dutta]]
| producer =
| writer =
| starring =
| music = [[Debojyoti Mishra]]
| cinematography = [[Avik Mukhopadhyay]]
| editing = [[Arghyakamal Mitra]]
| studio = 
| distributor = Star Synergy Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|02|15}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Bhobishyoter Bhoot''''' ({{langx|bn|ভবিষ্যতের ভূত||Future Ghosts}}) is a 2019 Indian [[Bengali-language]] satirical [[comedy film]] directed by [[Anik Dutta]]. The film was released on 15 February 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/i-have-said-everything-in-my-film-anik-dutta-ahead-of-bhobishyoter-bhoot-release/articleshow/67483422.cms|title=I have said everything in my film|date=11 January 2019|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref> Despite its similar topics, Dutta states that it is not a sequel to his film, ''[[Bhooter Bhabishyat]]'' (2012).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bhobishyoter-bhut-not-a-sequel-to-bhooter-bhabishyat-dutta-119021400659_1.html|title=Bhobishyoter Bhut not a sequel to Bhooter Bhabishyat|access-date=16 February 2019}}</ref> All single and multiple screen theaters were stopped from showing the film immediately after release citing "orders from upper management".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/screening-of-anik-dutta-s-bhobishyoter-bhoot-stopped-across-cinema-halls-dgtl-1.952780|title=রাজনৈতিক সিস্টেমকে প্রশ্নের মাসুল? আচমকা বন্ধ 'ভবিষ্যতের ভূত'-এর প্রদর্শন|work=Anandabazar Patrika|language=bn-IN|access-date=16 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewall.in/news-kolkata-screening-of-anik-dutta-s-bhobishyoter-bhoot-stopped/|title=রিলিজের পরের দিনই শহরের একাধিক সিনেমা হলে বন্ধ 'ভবিষ্যতের ভূত'|website=thewall.in|date=16 February 2019 |language=bn-IN|access-date=16 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/feb/16/screening-of-bengali-film-bhobisyoter-bhoot-stopped-a-day-after-release-1939709.html|title=Screening of Bengali film 'Bhobisyoter Bhoot' stopped a day after release|access-date=17 February 2019|archive-date=18 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218021124/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/feb/16/screening-of-bengali-film-bhobisyoter-bhoot-stopped-a-day-after-release-1939709.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Various leading newspapers quoted unnamed sources, as well as Dutta, saying that the West Bengal police had issued these instructions to the theatres.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/calcutta-plexes-pull-out-satire-bhobishyoter-bhoot-after-cop-warnings/cid/1684782|title=Calcutta plexes pull out 'satire' after cop warnings|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-03-05}}</ref>

==Plot==
Calcuttan Ghosts were rendered homeless as all the old haunted buildings were converted into multistoried buildings and malls. Various types of ghosts like politician, extortionist, cabaret dancer, ''Jatra'' actor are there. They constantly face certain social and political issues confronting the present times and also marginalized by their shrinking habitat in the real world, they conjecture whether they should find a place in the virtual world or cyberspace for their survival. Some of them take shelter in a disused refugee camp. They plan to make themselves fit for the new world and fight against injustices. And finally find a very novel solution to their existential crisis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/movie-review-bhobishyoter-bhoot-dgtl-1.952182|title=মুভি রিভিউ 'ভবিষ্যতের ভূত': শাসকের দিকে আঙুল তুলে মানুষ ভূতে বিলীন হয়েছে|access-date=16 February 2019}}</ref>
<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/film/bhobishyoter-bhoot-tmc-banned-bengal|title=Why Was 'Bhobishyoter Bhoot' Banned Even in the Absence of Protests?|website=The Wire|access-date=2019-03-11}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Paran Banerjee]] as Mrityunjoy Biswas, ''Natasurjo''
* [[Chandrayee Ghosh]] as Miss Rupali
* [[Barun Chanda]] as Harisadhan Ray aka Harry, the ghost of a manager of old British Mercantile Firm
* [[Sabyasachi Chakraborty]] as Bhuter raja
* [[Kaushik Sen]] as Ambubachi Dutta, a leader of the ruling political party
* [[Shataf Figar]] as Alex
* [[Chandan Sen]] as film producer.
* [[Shantilal Mukherjee]] as the editor of a popular newspaper
* [[Kanchan Mullick]] as Bhuto, a side role actor
* [[Debolina Dutta]] as Mokkhoda aka Motibai, an widow daner ghost who later become feminist
*
* [[Swastika Mukherjee]] in a guest appearance as ghost of ''Batabibala''
* [[Rimjhim Mitra]] as a Ghost of an Singer
* [[Moon Moon Sen]] in a guest appearance as Madam Jessica aka ''Miss J'', an Anglo-Indian dance trainer
* [[Kharaj Mukherjee]] in a guest appearance as Bishtu Mondal
* [[Rachel White (actress)|Rachel White]] as lead dancer in opening credit scenes
* [[Siddhartha Chatterjee]] as an organizer of Ghost-walk
* [[Badshah Maitra]] as Director Khonik
* Arunava Dutta as Biru, Production Manager
* Reshmi Sen as Sangeeta Sur, a ghost of Rabindra Sangeet artist
* Deboprasad Halder as assistant director
* Sumanta Mukherjee as Samyabrata Sarkar, the ghost of a left-wing party worker.
* Amit Saha as Bholanath Khara, an anti-social ghost who once used to be an artist.
* Sourav Chakraborty as Satyajit, a freelance investigating journalist
* Sumit Samaddar in a guest appearance
* Sibaji Bandopadhay as ghost-expert Nidhiram Banerjee aka ''Nidhu-babu''
* Pradip Mitra as an organizer of Ghost-walk
* Sanjay Biswas in a guest appearance

== Controversy ==
Right after the release, the film was removed from different theatres in Kolkata.<ref name="Politically-sensitive Bengali film Bhobishyoter Bhoot removed from Kolkata cinema halls">{{cite news |title=Politically-sensitive Bengali film Bhobishyoter Bhoot removed from Kolkata cinema halls |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sit-in-protest-planned-after-bengali-film-bhobishyoter-bhoot-is-cancelled-1458337-2019-02-17 |accessdate=26 February 2019 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="‘Bhobishyoter Bhoot’ screening stopped, director Anik Dutta receives full support from film fraternity">{{cite news |title='Bhobishyoter Bhoot' screening stopped, director Anik Dutta receives full support from film fraternity |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/bhobishyoter-bhoot-screening-stopped-director-anik-dutta-receives-full-support-from-film-fraternity/articleshow/68032055.cms |accessdate=26 February 2019 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The de facto ban was accordingly criticised as "fascist" (by noted actor [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/actor-soumitra-chatterjee-slams-mamata-over-bhobishyoter-bhoot |title=Soumitra Chatterjee Calls Mamata Govt 'Fascist' in Open Letter|website=The Quint|language=en|access-date=2019-03-05}}</ref> and actor-director [[Aparna Sen]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/bhobishyoter-bhoot-aparna-sen-and-soumitra-chatterjee-joins-protest-against-the-film-ban-1474936-2019-03-11|title=Bhobishyoter Bhoot: Aparna Sen and Soumitra Chatterjee joins protest against the film ban|date=March 11, 2019|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-03-11}}</ref>), "condemnable" (by director [[Srijit Mukherji]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/srijitspeaketh/status/1104705013979537409|title=#BhobishyoterBhootpic.twitter.com/dmoqVj7b5b|last=Mukherji|first=Srijit|date=2019-03-10|website=@srijitspeaketh|access-date=2019-03-11}}</ref>), "extremely undemocratic" (by economist and [[London School of Economics]] Professor [[Maitreesh Ghatak]]),<ref>{{Citation|title=Maitreesh Ghatak on illegal Ban|date=2019-03-01|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HTiLCdYWEPU|access-date=2019-03-05}}</ref> and as an "infringement on one’s fundamental right to view a film" (by an editorial in [[The Statesman (India)]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/exit-the-ghost-1502733819.html|title=Exit the Ghost|date=2019-02-21|website=The Statesman|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-05}}</ref> Other scholars and commentators termed the de facto ban "clearly unconstitutional" and in violation of Indian Supreme Court precedents,<ref name=":0" /> and an example of "liberal hypocrisy" (considering the ostensibly left-liberal credentials of the Chief Minister of West Bengal, [[Mamata Banerjee]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyo.in/politics/bhobishyoter-bhoot-liberal-hypocrisy-is-west-bengals-ghost-from-the-past/story/1/29550.html|title='Bhobishyoter Bhoot': Liberal hypocrisy is West Bengal's living ghost from the past|website=www.dailyo.in|access-date=2019-03-06}}</ref> When asked about the incident, Banerjee told the press: "I will not answer. Don’t ask me this question."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsmen.in/news/mamata-banerjee-ducks-question-on-bhobishyoter-bhoot-screening-stop-by-police/|title=Mamata Banerjee Ducks Question on Bhobishyoter Bhoot Screening Stop by Police|date=2019-02-18|website=newsmen.in|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-03-11|archive-date=5 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505085737/https://newsmen.in/news/mamata-banerjee-ducks-question-on-bhobishyoter-bhoot-screening-stop-by-police/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Various processions and marches have been carried out to protest against the ban.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/bhobishyoter-bhoot-actors-filmmakers-take-out-rally-to-protest-withdrawal-of-film-from-theatres-5619852/|title=Bhobishyoter Bhoot: Actors, filmmakers take out rally to protest withdrawal of film from theatres|date=2019-03-11|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-03-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/kolkata-news/bhobishyoter-bhoot-protests-after-satirical-bengali-film-pulled-out-of-theatres-post-release-1995069|title=Protests After Satirical Bengali Film Pulled Out Of Theatres Post Release|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2019-03-11}}</ref> A writ petition against the ban has been filed before the [[Calcutta High Court]] by film enthusiasts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/BhobishyoterBhootTheFilm/posts/637962686656653|title=Bhobishyoter Bhoot|website=www.facebook.com|language=en|access-date=2019-03-11}}</ref> The Supreme Court ordered the West Bengal government to pay compensation of Rs 20 lakh to Kalyanmoy Billy Chatterjee, producer of the film Bhobishyoter Bhoot, for imposing a “virtual ban” on the screening of the movie. The court also imposed a fine of Rs 1 lakh on the Mamata Banerjee-led government, "Free speech cannot be gagged for fear of the mob", the court said. It expressed concern over "growing intolerance" in society against artistic freedom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/latest/919686/sc-orders-west-bengal-to-pay-bhobishyoter-bhoot-producer-rs-20-lakh-for-virtual-ban-on-film|title=SC orders West Bengal to pay 'Bhobishyoter Bhoot' producer Rs 20 lakh for 'virtual ban' on film|date=11 April 2019 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|8427416}}

{{Anik Dutta}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2019 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Anik Dutta]]
[[Category:2010s satirical films]]
[[Category:Indian satirical films]]
[[Category:Film censorship in India]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Indian ghost films]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films about homelessness]]
[[Category:2019 controversies]]

Vellimoonga

2026-03-03T20:42:26Z

Raymondbig: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vellimoonga
| image = Vellimoonga.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Jibu Jacob]]
| producer = Shashidharan Ullattil Ex-Producer Sonu Singh
| writer = Joji Thomas
| narrator = [[Lal Jose]]
| starring = [[Biju Menon]]
| music = [[Bijibal]]
| cinematography = [[Vishnu Narayanan]]
| editing = [[Sooraj E. S.]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|9|25}} ([[India]])
| country = [[India]]
| language = Malayalam
| runtime = 130 minutes
| studio = Ullattil Visual Media Release and Indian movies uk & Tricolor Entertainments
| distributor = [[Malayala Manorama|Manorama Music Entertainment]]
| budget = {{INR|2.8}} crore<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/Satellite-Booming-For-Hit-Films-malayalam-news-118337 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111090248/http://www.indiaglitz.com/Satellite-Booming-For-Hit-Films-malayalam-news-118337 | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 November 2014 | title=Satellite booming for hit films | work=IndiaGlitz | date=10 November 2014 | access-date=11 November 2014}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|20}} crore<ref name=2014BO />
}}

'''''Vellimoonga''''' ({{translation|[[Eastern barn owl|Barn Owl]]}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[political satire]] film directed by [[Jibu Jacob]] and written by Joji Thomas. It stars [[Biju Menon]] in the lead role with [[Aju Varghese]], [[Nikki Galrani]], [[Tini Tom]], [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]], [[Sasi Kalinga]], [[Saju Navodaya]], [[Kalabhavan Shajon]], Veena Nair, and [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] in supporting roles. [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] appears in a cameo role. The music was composed by [[Bijibal]].

The film was released on 25 September 2014 in 60 centres across [[Kerala]]. It became one of the highest-grossing Malayalam films of 2014 with ticket sales estimated at {{INR Convert|20|c}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mohanlal's next with 'Vellimoonga' director Jibu Jacob|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/mohanlals-next-with-vellimoonga-director-jibu-jacob.html|newspaper=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=26 June 2015|author=Onmanorama desk|access-date=26 June 2015|archive-date=27 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627020347/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/mohanlals-next-with-vellimoonga-director-jibu-jacob.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The movie was remade in Tamil in 2016 as ''[[Muthina Kathirika]]''.

== Plot ==
Mamachan is an unmarried politician in his forties. He works in a relatively unknown party based in North India that barely has any presence in Kerala. He is subject to taunts and retorts to this though he is the national leader of the party he belongs to.

Well known for his cunning and slimy tactics, Mamachan has his share of haters in the village, [[Karthikapuram]]. Mamachan eventually decides to get married and visits a prospective bride, only to be chased away by the bride's father Wareed as Mamachan and the bride's mother Mollykutty were classmates and friends during their teens and Mamachan had slapped Wareed once when he tried to woo Mollykutty.

Mamachan in an attempt to get serious in life decides to progress his political career after he is taunted for being a good-for-nothing lazing around in a party without any scope or future. He visits Delhi and is instructed to stand in elections with the understanding that if he loses his election deposit in Kerala, he will be elevated to a role in the center which is viewed with jealousy by his colleague, Gopi.

Gopi decides it is better to let Mamachan win in Erikkur constituency and stay as a legislator rather than lose and move to Delhi for a better role. Gopi subsequently rallies all of Mamachan's rivals together to work for Mamachan's victory so that they can prevent him from going to Delhi which results in Mamachan's victory in the polls. Only after the elections, it is revealed that everything was Mamachan's plans to win the election as a legislator, making others work for his victory, and that there was nothing for him in Delhi.

Mamachan's prospective bride's alliance is fixed with a guy from Mumbai named Charlie who disappears on the day of the wedding. To save the bride and her family's honor, Mamachan is requested by the village elders and priest to marry her. After the marriage, Charlie appears and reveals he was Mamachan's friend and his disappearance was a part of a plan by Mamachan to marry her. Both are shown to be happily married and moving on after that.

The story is based on some real-life observations written by Joji Thomas who is a native of Karthikapuram.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Biju Menon]] as Mamachan C.P. [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
**Rohith Menon as Young Mamachan
* [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] as Charlie/Jose Kutty Pala
* [[Aju Varghese]] as Tony Vakkathanam/Pachan
* [[Nikki Galrani]] as Lisa Wareed
* [[Tini Tom]] as V.P. Jose, Panchayath Vice-president
* [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Annakutty, Mammachan's mother
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Kunnel Wareed
* [[Lena (actress)|Lena]] as Mollykutty Wareed
* Veena Nair as Sholi Mathew, Udayagiri Panchayat president
* [[Sunil Sukhada]] as Father Paulouse Karakkunam
* [[Saju Navodaya]] as Mathew / Kochappi
* [[Sasi Kalinga]] as Velayudhan
* [[Kalabhavan Shajon]] as Gopi
* Dr. Midhula Sebastian as Manju Pappan
* [[Anu Joseph]] as Sally Cherian P.
* Basil as Tom Cherian
* [[Geetha Salam]] as K.P. Joseph
* [[Chembil Ashokan]] as Maniyanikuttichan
* [[Shivaji Guruvayoor]] as Communist party leader
* Baby Rachael as a young girl
* [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as a voter (archived footage)
{{colend}}

== Reception ==
''Vellimoonga'' received positive reviews upon release.<ref name=Review>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vellimoonga-review-roundup-gets-clean-entertainer-tag-critics-609961|title='Vellimoonga' Review Roundup: Gets a Clean Entertainer Tag from Critics|date=25 September 2014|access-date=12 January 2015|newspaper=[[IB Times]]|author=Nicy V. P.|archive-date=3 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203024313/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vellimoonga-review-roundup-gets-clean-entertainer-tag-critics-609961|url-status=live}}</ref> Nowrunning.com gave 4.5/5 and called it a "surprise winner".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/15379/malayalam/vellimoonga/4830/review.htm | title=Vellimoonga review | publisher=Nowrunning.com | work=Veeyen | date=28 September 2014 | access-date=11 October 2014 | archive-date=12 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012031618/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/15379/malayalam/vellimoonga/4830/review.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Sify]] reported that ''Vellimoonga'' had a good opening and called the film an "instant hit".<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Box-Office – September|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=15058401&cid=14625530|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009183742/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=15058401&cid=14625530|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 October 2014|work=[[Sify]]|date=8 October 2014}}</ref> The film became one of the highest grossing Malayalam film of the year, with a box office collection estimated at {{INR Convert|20|c}}.<ref name=2014BO>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/chunk-ht-ui-homepage-entertainment/2014-when-little-gems-outclassed-big-guns-in-southern-cinema/article1-1298300.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219164947/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/chunk-ht-ui-homepage-entertainment/2014-when-little-gems-outclassed-big-guns-in-southern-cinema/article1-1298300.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 December 2014|title=2014: When little gems outclassed big guns in southern cinema |date=19 December 2014 |access-date=12 January 2015|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> It also earned {{INR Convert|4.5|c}} from satellite rights.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://m.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/tinsel-town-another-year-of-boxoffice-turkeys-passes-by/article6710653.ece/|title=Another year of box-office turkeys passes by|date=20 December 2014|access-date=12 January 2015|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|author=G. Krishnakumar.|archive-date=12 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112123611/http://m.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/tinsel-town-another-year-of-boxoffice-turkeys-passes-by/article6710653.ece/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The film won the [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Popular Film]] in [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards 2014|2014]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Critics award for Ottaal, Iyyobinte Pusthakam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/critics-award-for-ottaal-iyyobinte-pusthakam/article7072399.ece |access-date=28 January 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=6 April 2015 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128175803/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/critics-award-for-ottaal-iyyobinte-pusthakam/article7072399.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Tini Tom won the [[Asianet Film Awards#Best Supporting Actor|Asianet Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]] for this film in 2014.

The film was remade in Tamil as ''[[Muthina Kathirika]]'' by [[Sundar C]]

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Vellimoonga
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Bijibal]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2014|09|21}}
| recorded = 2014
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Malayalam
| label = Manorama Music
| producer = Bijibal
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Track !! Song title !! Lyricist !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1 || "Vellimoonga" || [[Santhosh Varma]] || Lola, Daya, Thamanna, Swathi, Dev
|-
| 2 || "Punchiri Kannulla" || [[Rajeev Nair]] || Ganesh Sundaram
|-
| 3 || "Mavelikku Shesham" || Santhosh Varma || [[Najim Arshad]]
|-
| 4 || "Punchiri Kannulla" || Rajeev Nair || [[Vijay Yesudas]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Indian political satire films]]
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thodupuzha]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kannur]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thalassery]]
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]
[[Category:2014 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2010s political satire films]]

Ottayaal Paatha

2026-03-03T20:37:10Z

Raymondbig: done

{{short description|2016 Indian Malayalam-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ottayaal Paatha
| image =
| caption =
| director = {{Unbulleted_list|Satish Babusenan|Santosh Babusenan}}
| producer =
| writer = {{Unbulleted_list|Satish Babusenan|Santosh Babusenan}}
| based_on =
| starring = K. Kaladharan Sarath Sabha Krishnapriya
| music = K. Santhosh
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| runtime =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016}}
| language = Malayalam
| gross = 
| country = India
}}
'''''Ottayaal Paatha''''' ({{literal translation|''The Narrow Path''}}) is a 2016 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language feature film directed by Satish Babusenan and Santosh Babusenan. The film won the Silver Gateway, the award for the second-best film, at the 18th Jio MAMI [[Mumbai Film Festival]] held in October 2016. Ottayaal Paatha was the only Malayalam film screened in the Mumbai festival. The film was also adjudged as the [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Film|Second Best Film]] by the jury of the 47th [[Kerala State Film Awards]] announced in January 2017. It won the [[John Abraham Award for Best Malayalam Film]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=John Abraham Awards for Best Malayalam Cinema - Looking Back |url=http://ffsikeralam.in/awards.html |website=ffsikeralam.in |publisher=[[Federation of Film Societies of India]] (Kerala) |access-date=28 January 2023}}</ref> It was the only Indian movie selected for the competition section of the [[Cairo International Film Festival]] held in Cairo in November 2016.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Malayalam film selected for Cairo festival|journal=The Hindu|date=8 October 2016|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/Malayalam-film-selected-for-Cairo-festival/article15475658.ece|accessdate=9 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Narrow Path (Ottayaal Paatha)|url=http://ciff.org.eg/en/info/the-narrow-path-ottayaal-paath|website=38th Cairo International Film Festival|publisher=Cairo International Film Festival|accessdate=9 March 2017|archive-date=12 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312031522/http://ciff.org.eg/en/info/the-narrow-path-ottayaal-paath|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Cast==
*Sarath Sabha as Akhil
*Krishnapriya as Nina
*K. Kaladharan as Vikraman
*Prajusha as Mary

==Awards==
* [[John Abraham Award for Best Malayalam Film]] (2016)

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2016 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]

{{2010s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Zampuimanga

2026-02-26T07:47:54Z

Raymondbig: Started a article - done

{{Short description|Mizo Pasalṭha}}
{{use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = Pasalṭha
| name = Zampuimanga
| honorific_suffix = Chhakchhuak-Hualngo
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| birth_date = 1801
| birth_place = Zampui, [[Hill Tipperah]]
| disappeared_date =
| disappeared_place =
| death_date = 1880
| death_place = Keltan Hmunpui
| death_cause =
| placeofburial = Keltan Hill
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| allegiance = [[Lalsavunga]]
| branch =
| branch_label = 
| serviceyears =
| serviceyears_label =
| rank =
| rank_label =
| servicenumber =
| unit =
| commands =
| known_for = [[Folk hero]]
| battles =
| battles_label =
| awards =
| memorials =
| alma_mater =
| spouse =
| children =
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| website = 
| module =
}}
'''Pasalṭha Zampuimanga''' was a Mizo warrior who served under Chief [[Lalsavunga]]. Zampuimanga also held a reputation as a tiger hunter.
==Early life==
Zampuimanga was born in 1801 in Zampui village under [[Hill Tipperah]].{{sfn|Explore Mizoram|2023}} He was known as Manga by birth, however in the future to make him distinct from another individual named 'Manga' he was termed Zampuimanga as his village of origin.{{sfn|Sanajaoba|1988|p=205}} His father was Thanghuliana, a member of the Chhakchhuak Hualngo tribe. He moved with his father in 1820 to Hualngo, west of Aizawl. During his stay, his father died.{{sfn|Explore Mizoram|2023}}
==Pasaltha==
In 1825, Zampuimanga was recruited into Lalsavunga's settlement and became one of the 12 famous pasalthas under him. Zampuimanga aided Lalsavunga's northern expansion and consolidation of Sailo rule in the Lushai Hills. He assisted in establishing Aizawl, Darlawng, Lamtual (Saitual), Puilo, Vancheng, Awnnu, Tualte, Lungdup, and Champhai.{{sfn|Explore Mizoram|2023}}

Other than being a warrior, Zampuimanga was also a tiger hunter. Zampuimanga was reputed to have killed 13 tigers with a sword alone, along with many more by rifle. In addition to his courage in facing tigers, Zampuimanga upheld the values of Tlawmgaihna and volunteering for his community.{{sfn|Explore Mizoram|2023}} Zampuimanga's bravery in facing tigers is also recounted as stories. One account states that once, a wild tiger who had killed many villagers approached the village. Zampuimanga was said to have taken out of his spear and thumped it thrice on the ground leading the tiger to run away.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=172}}
==Death==
After the death of Chief [[Vanhnuailiana]], Zampuimanaga moved to Chawngtlengah, Dokhuma village with his sister Challiani. After that he moved to Bemterah, Dopawnga.{{sfn|Explore Mizoram|2023}} Zampuimanga in his later life met with Pasalṭha
[[Chawngbawla]].{{sfn|Zawla|1964|p=218}} In 1880, Zampuimanga died at Keltan Hmunpui in Dopawnga. His grave was established on Keltan Hill.{{sfn|Explore Mizoram|2023}}
==Legacy==
Zampuimanga was one of the named battalions under the Dagger Brigade in the [[Mizo National Front uprising]].{{sfn|Hluna|Tochhawng|2012|p=34}}
==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite web |last1=Explore Mizoram |title=Pasalṭha Zampuimanga |url=https://www.exploremizoram.com/2023/08/pasaltha-zampuimanga.html |website=Explore Mizoram |access-date=13 April 2025|date=23 August 2023}}

*{{cite book |last=Goswami |first=B.B |date=1979 |title=The Mizo Unrest: A Study of Politicisation of Culture |location=Jaipur |publisher=Aalekh Publishers}}

*{{cite book |last1=Hluna |first1=Dr. J.V |last2=Tochhawng |first2=Rini|date=2012 |title=The Mizo Uprising: Assam Assembly Debates on the Mizo Movement, 1966-1971|location=Newcastle, UK |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-44384042-2}}

*{{cite book |last1=Sanajaoba |first1=Naorem |title=Manipur, Past and Present: Nagas & Kuki-Chins |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |location=Manipur}}

*{{cite book |last=Zawla |first=K |date=1964 |title=Mizo Pi Pute Leh An Thlahte Chanchin |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467485/page/n1/mode/2up |location=Aizawl |publisher=Gosen Press}}
{{Lushai frontier}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1801 births]]
[[Category:1880 deaths]]
[[Category:Pasalṭha]]

Subramanian Kalyanaraman

2026-02-12T02:55:32Z

Raymondbig: Started a post

{{Short description|Indian neurosurgeon}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Subramanian Kalyanaraman
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1934|1|1}}{{Citation needed|date=January 2025|reason=BLP}}
| birth_place = [[Tiruchirapalli]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Neurosurgery]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Western General Hospital]] | [[Apollo Hospitals]], Chennai | [[Madras Medical College]] | Sooriya Hospital, Chennai | Anuradha Clinic }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist|National High School, Tiruchirapalli | [[St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli]] | [[Stanley Medical College]] | [[University of Madras]] | [[Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist | [[Francis Gillingham]] | [[Norman Dott]] }}
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = {{ublist |Neurosurgery | [[Stereotactic surgery]] }}
| awards = {{ublist|1969 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 2003 Acharya Seva Ratnam Award | 2007 MNT Lifetime Achievement Award | 2008 Chetas Chikitsa Chintamani Award | 2009 For the Sake of Honor Award | 2010 Param Acharya Award | 2012 Sri G. K. Subramaniya Iyer Award | 2013 [[Indian Medical Association|IMA]] [[Kodambakkam]] Lifetime Achievement Award }}
}}
'''Subramanian Kalyanaraman''' (born 1934){{Citation needed|date=January 2025|reason=BLP}} is an Indian neurosurgeon and a former head of the Department of Neurosurgery at [[Apollo Hospitals]], Chennai.<ref name="With a prayer on his lips">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2002/12/29/stories/2002122900550200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=With a prayer on his lips |date=29 December 2002 }}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="Historical perspective of Indian neurology">{{Cite journal |last=Shrikant Mishra, Bhavesh Trikamji, Sandeep Singh, Parampreet Singh, and Rajasekharan Nair |title=Historical perspective of Indian neurology |pmc=3841583 |journal=Ann Indian Acad Neurol |publication-date=2013 |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=467–477 |doi=10.4103/0972-2327.120422 |pmid=24339562 |year=2013 |doi-access=free }}</ref> He was known for his pioneering techniques in [[stereotactic surgery]]<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=493 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2017 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize}}</ref> and is an elected fellow of a number of science and medical academies including the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]]<ref name="NAMS Fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://nams-india.in/downloads/fellowsmembers/ZZ.pdf |title=NAMS Fellows |date=2017 |publisher=National Academy of Medical Sciences}}</ref> and the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Kalyanaraman,_Prof._Subramanian |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Medical Sciences in 1969.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select award year to see details}}

== Biography ==
[[File:Madras Medical College.JPG|thumb|left|Madras Medical College|332x332px]]
S. Kalyanaraman, born on the [[New Year's Day]] of 1934{{Citation needed|date=January 2025|reason=BLP}} at [[Tiruchirapalli]] in the south Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], did his schooling at National High School and after passing the [[SSLC]] examination in 1948,{{Refn|group=note|He set a school record and stood second in the state}} he completed his intermediate studies at [[St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli]], standing second in the state in the final examinations.<ref name="Biodata of S. Kalyanaraman">{{Cite web |url=http://www.anuradhaclinic.com/drkalyan.aspx |title=Biodata of S. Kalyanaraman |date=2017 |publisher=Anuradha Clinic |access-date=19 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220015919/http://www.anuradhaclinic.com/drkalyan.aspx |archive-date=20 February 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He moved to Chennai for his medical studies at [[Stanley Medical College]] from where he completed MBBS in 1956 and MS in 1959. Subsequently, earning a Commonwealth scholarship, he pursued higher studies in the UK and became a fellow of the [[Royal College of Surgeons of London]] and the [[Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh]] in 1961. It was during this period, he trained neurosurgery under such notable neurosurgeons as [[Francis Gillingham]] and [[Norman Dott]].<ref name="Growth of the Department and Neurosurgery">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bioline.org.br/request?ni04009 |title=Growth of the Department and Neurosurgery |date=2004 |publisher=Neurology India}}</ref><ref name="The Madras Institute of Neurology, Madras Medical College, Chennai">{{Cite journal |last=Ramesh Vengalathur Ganesan, Kesavamurthy Bhanu, Ranganathan Jothi |title=The Madras Institute of Neurology, Madras Medical College, Chennai |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284278784 |journal=Neurology India |publication-date=2015 |volume=63 |issue=6 |pages=940–946 |doi=10.4103/0028-3886.170058 |pmid=26588630 |year=2015 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Continuing in the UK, he worked at [[Western General Hospital]] for a while.<ref name="Dr.S. Kalyanaraman on Sehat">{{Cite web |url=https://www.sehat.com/dr-s-kalyanaraman-neurosurgeon-chennai |title=Dr.S. Kalyanaraman on Sehat |date=2017 |publisher=Sehat}}</ref> He received the fellowship of the [[International College of Surgeons]] in 1964, the same year as he was awarded a PhD in neurosurgery by the Royal College of Edinburgh, thus becoming the first Indian to receive a PhD in neurosurgery.<ref name="Neurosurgery in India: An Overview">{{Cite web |url=http://www.kganapathy.com/Worldneurosurgery.pdf |title=Neurosurgery in India: An Overview |date=2017 |publisher=KGanapathy.com}}</ref> On his return to India, he joined the Institute of Neurology of [[Madras Medical College]] (MMC) and [[Government General Hospital, Chennai]] where came under the guidance of [[Balasubramaniam Ramamurthi]], neurosurgeon and [[Padma Bhushan]] recipient who founded the institute in 1950.<ref name="With a prayer on his lips" />

At Madras Medical College, he was a member of the team fostered by Ramamurthi which consisted of known neurosurgeons viz. V. Balasubramanian, G. Arjun Das and K. Jagannathan. He became a professor in 1968 and served the institution till his superannuation in 1991, heading the Department of Neurosurgery from 1986.<ref name="Biodata of S. Kalyanaraman" /> After his retirement from government service, he became the head of the neurosurgery department at [[Apollo Hospitals]], Chennai, to work alongside [[Prathap C. Reddy]], a known cardiologist,<ref name="Gupte2013">{{cite book|author=Pranay Gupte|title=Healer: Dr Prathap Chandra Reddy and the Transformation of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MxFMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT102|date=15 December 2013|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-93-5118-566-6|pages=102–}}</ref> where he worked till 2012, heading the department till 2008 and, serving as a consultant neurosurgeon thereafter. In between, he was associated with Sooriya Hospital, Chennai and founded the department of neurosurgery at the hospital.<ref name="Neuro Surgery Hospital in Chennai">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sooriyahospital.com/departments/neuro_surgery.htm |title=Neuro Surgery Hospital in Chennai |date=2017 |publisher=Sooriya Hospital}}</ref> He continues his medical practice at Anuradha Clinic, a private consultative facility attached to his residence in [[Kilpauk]] Garden Colony.<ref name="Senior Consultant Neurosurgeon">{{Cite web |url=http://www.anuradhaclinic.com/ |title=Senior Consultant Neurosurgeon |date=2017 |publisher=Anuradha Clinic}}</ref>

Kalyanaraman is married to Pattammal and the couple has two children. K. Subramanian, his son, heads the department of neurosurgery at Sooriya Hospital, and his daughter, Anuradha, is a consultant neurologist.<ref name="Biodata of S. Kalyanaraman" />

== Legacy ==
[[File:Brain biopsy under stereotaxy.jpg|thumb|307x307px|Brain biopsy under stereotaxy]]
Kalyanaraman, together with Ramamurthi and his other associates at Madras Medical College, formed a team of neurospecialists and promoted stereotactic surgery at the institution. They covered many neurological, behavioral and psychiatric disorders including [[Parkinson's disease]], [[epilepsy]] and [[spasticity]].<ref name="Growth of the Department and Neurosurgery" /> Kalyanaraman, meanwhile, pioneered many streotactic innovations and the simultaneous use of two stereotactic equipment, viz. [[Lars Leksell|Leksell system]] and Sehgal system, to access two intracranial targets was one of his pioneering techniques which he performed in 1970.<ref name="LozanoGildenberg2009">{{cite book|author1=Andres M. Lozano|author2=Philip L. Gildenberg|author3=Ronald R. Tasker|title=Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cnF-2KCeR1sC&pg=PA157|date=22 June 2009|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-69959-0|pages=157–}}</ref><ref name="History of stereotactic surgery in India">{{Cite web |url=http://www.neurologicalsurgery.in/stereotactic-biopsy-surgery/ |title=History of stereotactic surgery in India |date=2017 |publisher=Functional Neurosurgery |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220012607/http://www.neurologicalsurgery.in/stereotactic-biopsy-surgery/ |archive-date=20 February 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="What is Stereotaxy">{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/stereotactic-surgery-6960780230.html |title=What is Stereotaxy |date=2017 |publisher=India Mart}}</ref> He established the location of [[pyramidal tract]] in the white matter structure of the [[cerebrum]] of the brain known as [[internal capsule]], which assisted in the treatment of diseases such as [[Parkinsonism]].<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999}}</ref> The therapeutic systems popularized by Kalyanaraman and his associates later became known as the ''Madras School of Psychosurgery''.<ref name="TandonRamamurthi2012">{{cite book|author1=Prakash Narain Tandon|author2=Ravi Ramamurthi|title=Textbook of Neurosurgery, Third Edition, Three Volume Set|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ppO0ye8tUYoC&pg=PA2103|date=1 April 2012|publisher=JP Medical Ltd|isbn=978-93-5025-072-3|pages=2103–}}</ref> He has documented his researches by way of several articles in per-reviewed journals<ref name="Kalyanaraman S[Author] ">{{Cite web |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Kalyanaraman%20S%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=4926193 |title=Kalyanaraman S[Author] |date=2017 |publisher=PubMed}}</ref><ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Kalyanaraman=3ASubramanian=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} and his work has been cited by a number of authors and researchers.<ref name="Kandel2012">{{cite book|author=E.I. Kandel|title=Functional and Stereotactic Neurosurgery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YrndBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA635|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4613-0703-7|pages=635–}}</ref><ref name="Epilepsy surgery in India">{{Cite journal |url=http://www.neurologyindia.com/article.asp?issn=0028-3886;year=2009;volume=57;issue=1;spage=4;epage=6;aulast=Radhakrishnan#ft13 |title=Epilepsy surgery in India |last=Kurupath Radhakrishnan |date=2009 |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=4–6 |journal=Neurology India|doi=10.4103/0028-3886.48791 |pmid=19305068 |doi-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="TandonRamamurthi2012-2">{{cite book|author1=Prakash Narain Tandon|author2=Ravi Ramamurthi|title=Textbook of Neurosurgery, Third Edition, Three Volume Set|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ppO0ye8tUYoC&pg=PA2053|date=1 April 2012|publisher=JP Medical Ltd|isbn=978-93-5025-072-3|pages=2053–}}</ref><ref name="GillinghamGybels2012">{{cite book|author1=F.J. Gillingham|author2=J. Gybels|author3=E.R. Hitchcock, G.F. Rossi, G. Szikla|title=Advances in Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery 4: Proceedings of the 4th Meeting of the European Society for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Paris 1979|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MdDsCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA73|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-7091-8592-6|pages=73–}}</ref> Besides, he has contributed chapters to text books of Neurosurgery<ref name="Ramamurthi2005">{{cite book|author1=Ramamurthi|author2=S. Kalyanaraman (chapter)|title=Textbooks of Operative Neurosurgery ( 2 Vol.)|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J-OD2LP4sTwC&pg=PA217|date=1 January 2005|publisher=BI Publications Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-81-7225-217-5|pages=217–|chapter=Traumatic Extradural and Subdural Hematomas}}</ref> including ''Textbooks of Operative Neurosurgery'', a 2-volume text published by his mentor, B. Ramamurthi.<ref name="Ramamurthi2005-2">{{cite book|author=Ramamurthi|title=Textbooks of Operative Neurosurgery ( 2 Vol.)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J-OD2LP4sTwC|date=1 January 2005|publisher=BI Publications Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-81-7225-217-5}}</ref>

Kalyanaraman is one of the founders of Madras Neuro Trust, a non-governmental organization promoting theoretical and clinical research in Neurology, was its founder treasurer,<ref name="A Saga of Indian Neurology">{{Cite web |last=H. V. |first=Srinivas |date=2017 |title=A Saga of Indian Neurology |url=http://www.ian.net.in/uploads/files/A-Saga-of-Indian-Neurology-Book-1-283.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730104746/http://www.ian.net.in/uploads/files/A-Saga-of-Indian-Neurology-Book-1-283.pdf |archive-date=2013-07-30 |work=Book 1 |publisher=Indian Academy of Neurology}}</ref> and serves as a member of its Board of Trustees.<ref name="Trustees">{{Cite web |url=http://www.madrasneurotrust.org/trustees.html |title=Trustees |date=2017 |publisher=Madras Neuro Trust}}</ref> He organized the first [[Continuing medical education]] (CME) program in India in 1977 when he coordinated a CME program for the [[Neurological Society of India]]<ref name="History Events">{{Cite web |url=http://www.neurosocietyindia.com/NewLaunch/History_Events.html |title=History Events |date=2017 |publisher=Neurological Society of India}}</ref><ref name="Madras Institute of Neurology">{{Cite journal |last=Krishnan Ganapathy |title=Madras Institute of Neurology |journal=Neurology India |publication-date=2016 |volume=64 |issue=2 |page=360 |doi=10.4103/0028-3886.177593 |pmid=26954830 |year=2016 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and was a member of the organizing committee of ''NSICON 2016'' of the Neurological Society of India<ref name="NSICON 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nsicon2016.com/first.pdf |title=NSICON 2016 |date=2016 |publisher=Neurological Society of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220014913/http://www.nsicon2016.com/first.pdf |archive-date=20 February 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> as well as the ''Neuro Update Chennai 2017'', organized by Madras Neuro Trust in January 2017.<ref name="Neuro Update Chennai 2017">{{Cite web |url=http://www.madrasneurotrust.org/pdf/brochure-final-sept.pdf |title=Neuro Update Chennai 2017 |date=2017 |publisher=Madras Neuro Trust |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107102701/http://madrasneurotrust.org/pdf/brochure-final-sept.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He served as the convener of CME programs of Neurological Society of India from 1977 to 1984 and headed the Core Group for Educational promotion of NSI and [[National Board of Examinations]] in 2008.<ref name="Core Group">{{Cite web |url=http://www.neurosocietyindia.org/Newsletter/Jan_2009.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220011905/http://www.neurosocietyindia.org/Newsletter/Jan_2009.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-date=20 February 2017 |title=Core Group |date=2017 |publisher=Neurological Society of India}}</ref> The professional positions held by him include the president-ships of Neurological Society of India in 1987<ref name="Past Office Bearers Of The NSI">{{Cite web |url=http://www.neurosocietyindia.com/ |title=Past Office Bearers Of The NSI |date=2017 |publisher=Neurological Society of India}}</ref> and Indian Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery during 1998–2000.<ref name="Past Presidents INDSPN">{{Cite web |url=http://www.indspn.org/past-presidents |title=Past Presidents INDSPN |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery}}</ref> He has also served as a visiting faculty at many universities in India and abroad and has delivered a number of keynote or invited lectures.<ref name="Unravelling the brain">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/03/08/stories/13080783.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Unravelling the brain |date=8 March 2001 }}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==
The [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] elected Kalyanaraman as their fellow in 1969<ref name="Fellow profile" /> and the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]] followed suit in 1971.<ref name="NAMS Fellows" /> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 1969.<ref name="Medical Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Medical_SCIENCES.htm |title=Medical Sciences |date=2017 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224074105/http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Medical_SCIENCES.htm |archive-date=2013-02-24 }}</ref> He received the Acharya Seva Ratnam Award in 2003<ref name="Dr.S. Kalyanaraman on Sehat" /> and the Lifetime Achievement Award of the Madras Neuro Trust in 2007.<ref name="MNT Lifetime Achievement Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.madrasneurotrust.org/lifetime-achivement.html#up |title=MNT Lifetime Achievement Award |date=2017 |publisher=Madras Neuro Trust}}</ref> The next three years brought him three more awards viz. Chetas Chikitsa Chintamani Award in 2008, Rotary For the Sake of Honor Award in 2009 and Param Acharya Award in 2010.<ref name="S. Kalyanaraman on NGD">{{Cite web |url=https://www.newgendoctors.com/doctor/kalyanaraman |title=S. Kalyanaraman on NGD |date=2017 |publisher=New Gen Doctors}}</ref> Sri G. K. Subramaniya Iyer Award of 2012 and the Lifetime Achievement Award of the [[Kodambakkam]] chapter of the [[Indian Medical Association]] in 2013 are two other honors received by him.<ref name="Honoring Prof S Kalyanaraman">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pjp-KMw7vZs |title=Honoring Prof S Kalyanaraman |date=24 February 2013 |publisher=Indian Medical Association, Kodambakkam}}</ref> He is also a fellow of the Tamil Nadu Academy of Sciences and a member of Indian Cancer Society, International Medical Sciences Academy, International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery, [[Society of British Neurological Surgeons]], World Society for Stereotaxic and Functional Neurosurgery and Indian Association of Occupational Health.<ref name="Biodata of S. Kalyanaraman" /> Madras Medical College has instituted an endowment, ''Dr S. Kalyanaraman Endowment'',<ref name="Dr. S. Kalyanaraman Endowment">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mmc.tn.gov.in/medals.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903141545/http://www.mmc.tn.gov.in/medals.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-09-03 |title=Dr. S. Kalyanaraman Endowment |date=2017 |publisher=Madras Medical College }}</ref> an annual oration, ''Dr S. Kalyanaraman Oration'',<ref name="Fifth Prof. S. Kalyanaraman Oration">{{Cite web |url=https://minneuro.wordpress.com/2009/06/11/fifth-prof-s-kalyanaraman-oration-19-06-09/ |title=Fifth Prof. S. Kalyanaraman Oration |date=2017 |publisher=Madras Institute of Neurology}}</ref> and an award for academic excellence, ''Prof.S.Kalyanaraman Neurosurgery Prize for Neurosurgery post graduates'', in his honour.<ref name="Short History of the Department">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mmc.ac.in/mmc/content_page.jsp?sq1=nns&sqf=462 |title=Short History of the Department |date=2017 |publisher=Madras Medical College}}</ref> The award orations delivered by him include the 2002 ''Jacob Chandy Oration'' of the [[Neurological Society of India]],<ref name="With a prayer on his lips" /><ref name="Jacob Chandy Orators">{{Cite web |url=http://www.neurosocietyindia.com/ |title=Dr.Jacob Chandy Orators |date=2017 |publisher=Neurological Society of India}}</ref> and ''IEA Tirupati Oration in Epileptology 2012'',<ref name="IEA Tirupati Oration in Epileptology">{{Cite web |url=http://www.epilepsyindia.org/iea/newsletters/INDIA/Issue%202%20July%20-%20September%202013.pdf |title=IEA Tirupati Oration in Epileptology |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Epilepsy Association}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
=== Chapters ===
* {{cite book|author1=Ramamurthi|author2=S. Kalyanaraman (chapter)|title=Textbooks of Operative Neurosurgery ( 2 Vol.)|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J-OD2LP4sTwC&pg=PA217|date=1 January 2005|publisher=BI Publications Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-81-7225-217-5|pages=217–|chapter=Traumatic Extradural and Subdural Hematomas}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://mahaperiyavaa.blog/2012/12/24/experience-with-mahaperiyava-dr-kalyanaraman/ |title=Experience with Mahaperiyava |last=Dr Kalyanaraman (chapter) |editor-last=Karthikeyan |date=2012}}

=== Articles ===
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Balasubramaniam V, Ramamurthi B, Jagannathan K, Kalyanaraman S |title=Stereotaxic amygdalotomy |journal=1967 |publication-date=1967 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=119–22 |pmid=4878498 |year=1967}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Kalyanaraman S, Ramamurthi B |title=The pattern of head injury at Madras |journal=Int Surg |publication-date=1969 |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=479–87 |pmid=5788657 |year=1969}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Kalyanaraman S, Ramanujam PB, Ramamurthi B |title=Cerebral abscess in patients with congenital cyanotic heart disease |journal=Neurol India |publication-date=1970 |volume=18 |issue=a |pages=96–9 |pmid=5508117 |year=1970}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Kalyanaraman S, Ramamurthi B |title=Two machine stereotaxy |journal=Neurol India |publication-date=1970 |volume=18 |pages=53–5 |pmid=4927533 |year=1970}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Ramamurthi B, Balasubramaniam V, Kalyanaraman S, Arjundas G, Jagannathan K |title=Stereotaxic ablation of the irritable focus in temporal lobe epilepsy |journal=Confin Neurol. |publication-date=1970 |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=316–21 |pmid=4926193 |doi=10.1159/000103432 |year=1970}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Sarasa Bharati, R, Kalyanaraman, S. |title=Epidural spinal lymphoma in an infant |journal=Journal of Neurosurgery |publication-date=1973 |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=412–15 |doi=10.3171/jns.1973.39.3.0412 |pmid=4741065 |year=1973}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Bhargavi Ilangovan, Neetu Sasikumar, Janos Stump, Rathna Devi1, Murli Venkatraman, S. Kalyanaraman, Chendhilnathan |title=Four Cases of Hemangiopericytoma and the Contribution of Radiotherapy in Their Management |journal=Indian Journal of Neurosurgery |publication-date=2016 |doi=10.1055/s-0036-1582433 |volume=6 |year=2017 |pages=020–026|doi-access=free }}

== See also ==
* [[Lars Leksell]]
* [[Jacob Chandy]]
* [[Kurupath Radhakrishnan]]
{{Portal|India|Medicine}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.thamburaj.com/x.htm |title=A Recall |date=2017 |publisher=A. Vincent Thamburaj|work=Reminiscences}}
* {{cite book|title=International Surgery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XepPAQAAIAAJ|year=1972|publisher=International College of Surgeons}}
* {{cite book|author1=F.J. Gillingham|author2=E.R. Hitchcock|author3=J.W. Turner|title=Advances in Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery: Proceedings of the 1st Meeting of the European Society for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Edinburgh 1972|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hV4yBwAAQBAJ&pg=PP23|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-7091-8355-7|pages=23–}}
* {{cite book|author=Academia Eurasiana Neurochirurgica. Convention|title=Pain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aSBRBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT367|year=1987|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-7091-6975-9|pages=367–}}
* {{cite book|author=Douglas Kondziolka|title=Radiosurgery 1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fdMNMv-quIC&pg=PA191|year=2000|publisher=Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers|isbn=978-3-8055-6922-4|pages=191–}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zMxOYD7gwQM |title=Experience with Mahaperiyava - Dr Kalyanaraman |date=24 December 2012 |last=In conversation with G. Sivaraman |type=YouTube video |language=ta |publisher=Mahesh Krishnamoorthy |minutes=1:11:05}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pjp-KMw7vZs |title=Honoring Dr. Kalyanaraman |date=24 February 2013 |publisher=IMA Kodambakkam |language=en |type=YouTube video}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Medical Science}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalyanaraman, Subramanian}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Medical Science]]
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:People from Tiruchirappalli district]]
[[Category:Indian neurosurgeons]]
[[Category:St Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli alumni]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Apollo Hospitals]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil scientists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Madras]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil academics]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian surgeons]]

Monisha Arshak

2026-02-08T17:51:54Z

Raymondbig: Made New Article!

{{short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Monisha Arshak
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 11 March<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/aranmanai-kili-fame-monisha-gets-a-birthday-surprise-from-team-chinna-thambi-watch-video/articleshow/68376090.cms|work=timesofindia|title=Aranmanai Kili fame Monisha gets a birthday surprise from team Chinna Thambi; watch video|date=12 March 2019 }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Sultan Bathery]], [[Wayanad]], [[Kerala]]
| othername =
| years_active = 2016{{endash}}present
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actress|Television Actress]]|[[Indian classical dance|Classical dancer]]}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Arshak Nath|2018}}
| children =
| parents =
| alma_mater = {{hlist|[[Malabar Christian College]], [[Calicut]]|[[St. Teresa's College]], [[Ernakulam]]}}
}}

'''Monisha Arshak''' is an Indian [[Television show|television]] [[actress]] known for her works in Malayalam and Tamil television industry.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://m.imdb.com/name/nm10625387/|work=IMDb|title=Monisha Arshak}}</ref> She made her television debut through ''Manjurukum Kaalam''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/monisha-is-the-new-janikutty/articleshow/52882817.cms|title=Monisha is the new Janikutty|work=The Times of India|date=23 June 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/mobile/movies-music/interview/serial-actress-monisha-interview-manjurukum-kaalam-serial-jaanikutty--1.4902063|work=mathrubhumi|title=എനിക്ക് എക്കാലത്തും ജാനിക്കുട്ടി മാത്രമായി ഇരിക്കാനാവില്ലല്ലോ: മോനിഷ|date=13 July 2020 |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/television/manjurukum-kalam-serial-actress-monisha-reveals-about-her-glamourous-photoshoot-063553.html|work=filmibeat|title=പത്ത് സിനിമ തരുന്ന സ്വീകാര്യതയാണ് മഞ്ഞുരുകും കാലത്തിലൂടെ ലഭിച്ചത്! മനസുതുറന്ന് മോനിഷ|date=13 July 2020|language=ml}}</ref>

==Early life==
Monisha was born at [[Sultan Bathery]], [[Wayanad]] to P.K Shaji and Indira. She did her schooling in Thripunithura Sanskrit higher secondary school, [[Ernakulam]] and acquired her degree in BEd from [[Malabar Christian College]], [[Calicut]] and [[St. Teresa's College]], [[Ernakulam]]. She has two brothers Midhun Shah and Manek Shah.<ref>{{cite web|title=നമ്മുടെ സ്വന്തം മന്ത്രി ജാനി!|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/glitz-n-glamour/manjurukum-kalam-actress-monisha.html|work=manoramaonline|language=ml}}</ref> In 2018, she married Arshak Nath.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/manjurukum-kaalam-fame-actress-monishas-wedding-teaser-thrills-the-audience/articleshow/63043447.cms|title=Manjurukum Kaalam fame actress Monisha's wedding teaser thrills the audience - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=15 March 2018 }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col"| Language
!scope="col"| Notes
!scope="col"|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Ellam Sheriyakum]]'' ||Party office staff member || rowspan="3"|[[Malayalam]] || ||
|-
| rowspan=2|2022 || ''[[Salute (2022 Indian film)|Salute]]'' || Jhansi || ||
|-
| ''[[Ini Utharam]]'' || News Reporter || ||
|-
|}

=== Television ===
;TV serials
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Channel !! Language!!Notes!!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|2016-2017 || ''Manjurukum Kalam'' || V.R. Janaki/ Jani || [[Mazhavil Manorama]] || rowspan=3|[[Malayalam]] ||Debut/ Replaced Nikitha Rajesh ||<ref>{{cite web|title=ജാനികുട്ടിയാക്കാൻ സംവിധായകൻ ആവശ്യപ്പെട്ടത്|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/glitz-n-glamour/serail-actor-janikutty-manjurukum-kalam.html|work=manoramaonline|language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || ''Jagratha'' ||Deepthi|| [[Amrita TV]] ||||
|-
| 2017-2018|| ''Malarvadi''||Thenmozhi (Mozhi)||[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]] || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2017/09/malarvadi-flowers-tv-serial.html?m=1|work=vinodadarshan|title=Malarvadi -new serial on Flowers TV from 25th September 2017}}</ref>
|-
|2018-2020|| ''[[Aranmanai Kili (TV series)|Aranmanai Kili]]''||Janaki Arjun Sundareshwar (Jaanu)|| rowspan=2|[[Vijay TV]] || rowspan=2|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|| ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/aranmanai-kili-monisha-tests-positive-for-covid-19/articleshow/78234755.cms|title=Aranmanai Kili Monisha tests positive for COVID-19 - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=21 September 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| 2018|| ''[[Pandian Stores]]'' ||Janu || Guest appearance||
|-
|2019-2020|| ''[[Chackoyum Maryyum]]''||Neelambari|| Mazhavil Manorama|| Malayalam|| || <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/actress-monisha-along-with-other-co-actors-of-chackoyum-maryum-test-positive-for-covid-19/articleshow/78236588.cms |title=Actress Monisha along with other co-actors of 'Chackoyum Maryum' test positive for COVID-19 |work=timesofindia |date=21 September 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|2019||''[[Chinna Thambi (TV series)|Chinna Thambi]]'' || Janaki Arjun Sundareshwar || [[Star Vijay]]||rowspan=4|Tamil||Cross-Over Episodes with ''[[Aranmanai Kili (TV series)|Aranmanai Kili]]''||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/aranmanai-kili-fame-monisha-gets-a-birthday-surprise-from-team-chinna-thambi-watch-video/articleshow/68376090.cms|work=timesofindia|title=Aranmanai Kili fame Monisha gets a birthday surprise from team Chinna Thambi; watch video|date=12 March 2019 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2021|| ''[[Poove Poochudava (TV series)|Poove Poochudava]]''||Janaki Mahendra Singh ||[[Zee Tamil]]|| ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/poove-poochoodava-to-go-off-air-soon-isvar-raghunathan-confirms-with-a-bts-picture/articleshow/85761017.cms|title = Poove Poochoodava to go off-air soon; Isvar Raghunathan confirms with a BTS picture - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=30 August 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| 2021–2022 || ''[[Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar (TV series)|Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar Season 2]]''|| Maha Lakshmi Mayan (Mayan) || [[Star Vijay]] || Replaced [[Rachitha Mahalakshmi]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/premi-viswanath-to-sujitha-malayalam-tv-actors-who-are-shining-in-neighbouring-industries/etphotostory/89543506.cms|title=Premi Viswanath To Sujitha: Malayalam TV Actors Who Are Shining In Neighbouring Industries|work=The Times of India|date=13 February 2022|access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Pachakili (TV series)|Pachakili]]'' || Pachakili || [[Colors Tamil]] || || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-aranmanai-kili-janu-monisha-serial-patchakili-is-new-serial-in-colors-tamil-aranmanai-kili-janu-palying-lead-role-sre-756810.html|title=ரசிகர்களுக்காக அந்த முடிவை எடுத்த 'அரண்மனை கிளி' ஜானு!|website=tamil.news18.com|date=10 June 2022 |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| 2023–2024|| ''[[Anu Ane Nenu]]'' || Anu || [[Gemini TV]] || [[Telugu (language)|Telugu]] || ||
|-
|2024–present||''Manathe Kottaram'' ||rowspan=3|Vandana||rowspan=3|[[Zee Keralam]] ||rowspan=3|[[Malayalam]]||||
|-
|2024||''Mangalyam''||Guest Appearance||
|-
|2025||''Madhura Nombara Kattu''||Mahasangamam episodes||
|}

==== TV shows ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Channel !! Language!!Notes!!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Onnum Onnum Moonu|Onnum Onnum Moonu Season 2]]'' || rowspan="2" | Guest || Rowspan=2|[[Mazhavil Manorama]] ||rowspan=3|[[Malayalam]] || ||<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/janikutty-maina-and-rubi-on-onnum-onnum-moonnu/articleshow/55727820.cms Janikutty, Maina and Rubi on ‘Onnum Onnum Moonnu’]</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|2017 || ''Komady Circus'' || ||
|-
| ''Kalladuppum Karichattiyum'' ||Presenter||[[Amrita TV]]||Cookery show||
|-
|2018 ||''Enkita Modhadhae (Season 1)''||rowspan=3|Participant||rowspan="2"|[[Vijay TV]] || rowspan=2|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||rowspan=3|Reality Game Show ||
|-
| rowspan=2|2019
|''Enkita Modhadhae (Season 2)''
|
|-
|''Lets Rock & Roll''
|[[Zee Keralam]]
|rowspan=3|Malayalam||
|-
| 2020 || ''Atham Pathu Ruchi'' ||Celebrity Presenter|| Mazhavil Manorama || ||
|-
|2024–present||''Star Magic''||Contestant||Flowers TV|| ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|10625387}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arshak, Monisha}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]

Sonia Deepti

2026-02-08T02:20:33Z

Raymondbig: Started a info

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sonia Deepti
| image = Sonia Deepti in the 9th Annual Day celebrations of Rainbow Concept School, Mahabubnagar, Telangana State (cropped).jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Deepti in 2018
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|29 July 1983}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2007–present
}}

'''Sonia Deepti''' (born 29 July 1983) is an Indian actress who has primarily appeared in [[Telugu films]]. Her debut performance in the 2007, [[Sekhar Kammula]] film, ''[[Happy Days (2007 film)|Happy Days]]'' won her the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]].

==Career==
Sonia Deepti was born and brought up in [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]].<ref name="idlebrain">{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/chitchat-sonia.html |title=Sonia interview - chitchat - Telugu film actress |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=4 January 2008 |access-date=4 December 2016}}</ref> After finishing her studies with a degree in [[computer applications]], she worked as a [[software engineer]] in an IT company for three years, before stepping into acting.<ref name="idlebrain"/> At an event, she was spotted by [[Sekhar Kammula]], who gave her an acting offer, after seeing her performance in an audition. Accepting the offer, she made her acting debut in the 2007 Telugu film ''[[Happy Days (2007 film)|Happy Days]]'', enacting the role of Shravs. The film, upon release, became a blockbuster and won six awards at the 2008 [[Filmfare Awards South]], one of which was the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu|Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for Sonia for her performance that won her critical acclaim.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://awardsandwinners.com/category/filmfare-awards-south/2008/ |title=Filmfare Awards South - 2008 {{!}} Winners & Nominees |website=awardsandwinners.com |language=en |access-date=14 September 2017}}</ref>

In late 2008, her second film ''[[Vinayakudu (film)|Vinayakudu]]'' opposite [[Krishnudu]], one of her co-actors in ''Happy Days'', was released, which went on to become a successful venture as well. She soon got offers from the [[Tamil film industry]] as well and made her debut in Tamil with the [[N. Lingusamy]]-directed romantic-action film ''[[Paiyaa]]'' in 2010. That year she had another Tamil film releasing, ''[[Inidhu Inidhu]]'', a remake of ''Happy Days'', in which she reprised her role from the original.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/inidhu-inidhu-a-saga-so-sweet/article600430.ece |title=Inidhu Inidhu - A saga so sweet |work=The Hindu |date=28 August 2010 |access-date=4 December 2016}}</ref> Sonia played the role of [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]]'s character's friend in the 2011 Telugu film ''[[Dookudu]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/sonia-got-a-chance-to-play-in-dookudu--malayalam-news-60875 |title=Sonia got a chance to play in Dookudu - Malayalam Movie News |work=Indiaglitz.com |date=18 October 2010 |access-date=4 December 2016}}</ref>

She made her debut in [[Kannada]] with the film ''[[Ninnindale]]'' starring [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] and [[Erica Fernandes]], which was released in January 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sonia-going-places/articleshow/44940114.cms |title=Sonia going places - Times of India |work=The Times of India |date=26 October 2014 |access-date=4 December 2016}}</ref>

On the eve of [[International Women's Day]] in 2015, she released a short film on her YouTube channel. Scripted by Megha Wali, this film questions legality and legitimacy of [[Moral police|moral policing]]. It was well received on social media and appreciated by many stars including [[Ram Gopal Varma]] and [[Amitabh Bachchan]]. It was shot at Country Club in Hyderabad.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

== Filmography ==
=== Feature films ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Happy Days (2007 film)|Happy Days]]'' || Shravanthi "Shravs" || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || '''Winner''', [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]]
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Vinayakudu (film)|Vinayakudu]]'' || Kalpana|| Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2010 || ''[[Paiyaa]]''|| Priya || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| ''[[Inidhu Inidhu]]'' || Shravanthi "Shravs" || Tamil || Remake of ''[[Happy Days (2007 film)|Happy Days]]''
|-
| ''Brahmalokam To Yamalokam Via Bhulokam'' || Shwetha || Telugu ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Dookudu]]'' || Prashanthi's friend || Telugu ||
|-
| 2013 || ''Mr. Manmadha'' || Sonia|| Telugu ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Ninnindale]]'' || Vicky's friend || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| 2015
|''[[Mama Manchu Alludu Kanchu]]''
|Divya
|Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|''Chinni Chinni Asalu Naalo Regene''
|Nithya
|Telugu
|
|-
|''Maya Mall''
|
|Telugu
| Guest appearance
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Puriyatha Puthir]]'' || || Tamil || Cameo appearance
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Miss Shetty Mr Polishetty]]'' || Kavya|| Telugu ||
|}

=== Other work ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|''Respect doesn't stop @ 9 - India's Daughter''
|English short film
|-
|''Seventh Heaven''
|English music Video
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|2980056}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu}}{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deepti, Sonia}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Actresses from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Female models from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:1984 births]]

Wildlife SOS

2026-02-06T16:56:35Z

Raymondbig: Started new info - done

{{Short description|Animal rescue organization in India}}
{{About|the organization|the TV show|Wildlife SOS (TV series)}}

{{Infobox organization
| name = Wildlife SOS
| formation = {{start date and age|1995}}
| logo = Wildlife SOS Logo.jpg
| logo_alt = Wildlife SOS Logo
| founder = Geeta Seshamani, Kartick Satyanarayan
| headquarters = New Delhi
| website = {{URL|https://wildlifesos.org/}}
}}
'''Wildlife SOS (WSOS)''' is a conservation non-profit organisation in India, established in 1995 with the primary objective of rescuing and rehabilitating wildlife in distress, and preserving India's natural heritage. It is one of the largest wildlife organisations in [[South Asia]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

WSOS worked to end the cruel and barbaric practice of [[Tame bear|dancing bears]] from the streets of India, while creating alternative livelihoods for the nomadic communities that depended on the exploitation of the bears. It also rehabilitates sloth bears and more recently elephants.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thakur |first=Aksheev |date=2021-06-20 |title=Bengaluru: 'Dancing' bears find haven in Wildlife SOS |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/bengaluru/bengaluru-dancing-bears-find-haven-in-wildlife-sos-691622 |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Wildlife SOS also runs projects focused on mitigation of human wildlife conflict with regard to species like leopards,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-06 |title=Leopard trapped inside well; villagers, Forest dept and Wildlife SOS help rescue it |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/leopard-trapped-inside-well-villagers-forest-dept-and-wildlife-sos-help-rescue-it-7554503/ |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> macaques,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Monkeys in the City: The Urban Wildlife Syndrome and the Challenges of Growing Conflict |url=https://weather.com/en-IN/india/biodiversity/news/2022-02-03-the-urban-wildlife-syndrome-and-the-challenges-of-growing |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=The Weather Channel |language=en-IN}}</ref> elephants,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menezes |first=Anisha |date=2021-02-18 |title=How Wildlife SOS rescues elephants and sloth bears from the streets of India |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/wildlife-sos-rescue-and-rehabilitation-elephants-sloth-bear-india/article33870859.ece |access-date=2022-08-13 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> moon bears,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-05 |title=Meet The Brave Kashmiri Woman Breaking All Stereotypes To Rescue Leopards, Snakes, And Other Wildlife |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/news/meet-the-brave-kashmiri-woman-breaking-all-stereotypes-to-rescue-leopards-snakes-and-other-wildlife.html |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en-US}}</ref> snakes,<ref>{{Cite web |author=Neha Madaan|date=Jun 28, 2022 |title=Wildlife SOS captures snake preying on crow in Delhi farmhouse pool {{!}} Delhi News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/wildlife-sos-captures-snake-preying-on-crow-in-delhi-farmhouse-pool/articleshow/92528166.cms |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> and other animals across several states in India. In addition, their work includes projects targeted at biodiversity and habitat conservation, awareness workshops and anti-poaching operations, as well as the rehabilitation of communities dependent on performing or working animals for their livelihood.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Happiness delivery: Rescue and rehabilitation of wildlife |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/happiness-quest/story/happiness-delivery-rescue-and-rehabilitation-of-wildlife-1859561-2021-10-01 |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Wild life SOS features in a documentary show series of [[History TV18|History TV]] called ''India's Jungle Heroes''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WildlifeSOS on Nat Geo WILD {{!}} |url=https://natgeo.wildlifesos.org/ |access-date=2022-08-13 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
Wildlife SOS was founded in 1995 by Kartick Satyanarayan and Geeta Seshamani with the motive of protecting and preserving India's [[natural heritage]], forests, and wildlife. Initially dedicated to resolving the centuries-old practice of 'dancing' bears, the organisation now runs several projects across the country focused on rescuing wildlife in distress, mitigating human-animal conflict, [[Restoration ecology|habitat restoration]], raising awareness, training enforcement officers, conducting scientific research, and conservation studies, combating [[Wildlife trade#Illegal wildlife trade|illegal wildlife trade]] and [[Wildlife smuggling|trafficking]] and rehabilitating wildlife-dependent communities.

In 2005, as Wildlife SOS co-founders Kartick Satyanarayan and Geeta Seshamani visited the United States for fundraising and awareness engagements.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

In 2009, Wildlife SOS UK was launched as a [[501(c)(3) organization|501(c)3 charity organization]] in support of the conservation work taking place in India. Wildlife SOS UK works in collaboration with the volunteers and staff in India to raise awareness and funds for their various ongoing projects.

== Mission ==
Wildlife SOS aims to protect and preserve India's wildlife, run rehabilitation and rescue centres for wildlife, conserve habitats, raise awareness, conduct research, study biodiversity and provide sustainable alternative livelihoods for communities otherwise dependent on wildlife to earn a livelihood.

The organisation is undertaking several conservation projects: Dancing Bear Project, Elephant Conservation and Care, Leopard Conservation, Tribal Rehabilitation Program, Human-Bear Conflict Mitigation, Human-Wildlife Conflict Mitigation, Anti-Poaching, Human-Elephant Conflict Mitigation, Habitat Conservation, Research and Conservation, and Training and Awareness. Wildlife SOS takes a comprehensive approach to saving India's wildlife through conservation.

=== Animal welfare ===
Wildlife SOS works to protect India's wildlife, provides care for animals who cannot return to the wild and medical treatment for animals that can be released, offers rescue services for captive and abused animals, and advocates to prevent animals from being exploited for entertainment. The organisation is equipped with rescue and medical teams, a dedicated elephant ambulance, 12 sanctuaries, and a unit for treating elephants and advanced studies to improve care.<ref>{{Cite web |title=70-Year-Old Elephant Who Spent Her Life in Chains as Tourist Attractions Is Finally Free |url=https://people.com/pets/wildlife-sos-elephant-hospital-india/ |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=Peoplemag |language=en}}</ref>

=== Research ===
Wildlife SOS uses technology like drones and [[camera trap]]s to study elephants, leopards, sloth bears, and other animals in their native habitat. It also conducts animal care studies at its rescue facilities and gathers information to better understand all of India's sensitive and threatened species.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Arun |first1=A. S. |last2=Sharp |first2=T. R. |last3=Pillai |first3=H. C. |last4=Swaminathan |first4=S. |last5=Satyanarayan |first5=K. |last6=Seshamani |first6=G. |date=2018 |title=Sloth bear Melursus ursinus maternity denning at the Wildlife SOS Bannerghatta Bear Rescue Centre, India |url=https://doi.org/10.1111/izy.12179 |journal=International Zoo Yearbook |volume=52 |pages=235–244 |doi=10.1111/izy.12179 |language=English |issn=0074-9664|url-access=subscription }}</ref> WSOS works with partners around the world to learn more about protecting and caring for the species most endangered. Wildlife SOS also works with local communities through outreach programs and workshops to reduce or resolve human-wildlife conflicts.

=== Community empowerment ===
Wildlife SOS works towards empowering local communities like the Kalandar community, which earlier relied on bear dancing for their livelihoods. It imparts education to the children of the Kalandar community and provides opportunities for the members to financially sustain themselves with alternative livelihoods. Moreover, WSOS also provides training to those residing close to human-wildlife conflict zones.

== Projects ==
=== Sloth bears ===
[[File:Amitabh Bear.jpg|thumb|A Rescued Sloth Bear at the Agra Bear Rescue Facility|308x308px]]
The [[Sloth bear]] ''(Melurus ursinus)'' is a medium-sized [[Omnivore|omnivorous]] species of bear found in the Indian subcontinent, predominantly India, with a small population in Nepal and Bhutan and a sub-species in Sri Lanka. This species is listed as Vulnerable on the [[IUCN Red List]].<ref>{{Citation |last1=Bargali |first1=Harendra Singh |title=Sloth Bear (Melursus ursinus) |date=2020 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/bears-of-the-world/sloth-bear-melursus-ursinus/B44A410EFA3C9E1FEB15A572D1A11D99 |work=Bears of the World: Ecology, Conservation and Management |pages=99–109 |editor-last=Melletti |editor-first=Mario |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-48352-0 |access-date=2022-08-13 |last2=Pigeon |first2=Karine E. |last3=Akhtar |first3=Naim |last4=Sharp |first4=Thomas |last5=Jadav |first5=Kajal K. |editor2-last=Penteriani |editor2-first=Vincenzo}}</ref>

One of the major threats to these bears has been the exploitation of sloth bears as ‘dancing’ bears by members of a [[nomad]]ic tribe known as the Kalandars or Qalandars (a trade declared illegal under the [[Wildlife Protection Act, 1972|Wildlife Protection Act 1972]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Yoshita |date=2021-04-19 |title='We Ended the Dancing Bear Practice & Rescued 3,000 Families From Abject Poverty' |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/253114/dancing-bear-practice-wildlife-sos-geeta-seshamani-rescue-sloth-bear-cubs-yos191/ |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref> Today, poaching and trafficking of live bears and their body parts for use in traditional Chinese medicine, increasing human-wildlife conflict, [[habitat fragmentation]] and deforestation have led to the declining numbers of sloth bears in the wild.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-27 |title=Life and struggles of the sloth bear in human-dominated areas |url=https://india.mongabay.com/2020/11/life-and-struggles-of-the-sloth-bear-in-human-dominated-areas/ |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=Mongabay-India |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Alludeen dancing the bear.jpg|thumb|A dancing bear and its Kalandar Master]]
Wildlife SOS is credited with rescuing bears from the ‘dancing bear’ practices and [[Poaching|poachers]] and rehabilitating them in one of four centres in India.

#[[Agra Bear Rescue Facility]] (2000) in [[Agra]]
#Bannerghatta Bear Rescue Facility (2005) in [[Karnataka]]
#Van Vihar Bear Rescue Facility (2006) in [[Bhopal]]
#Purulia Bear Rescue Centre (2007) in [[West Bengal]]

Here, the bears are provided medical care, a nutritious diet, and have the chance to socialize and roam in large, free-range areas. To date, more than 650 sloth bears have been rehabilitated by the organization.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Endangered Sloth Bear Rescued from a 40-ft Deep Well, Tumakuru, Karnataka |url=https://www.conservationindia.org/gallery/endangered-sloth-bear-rescued-from-a-40-ft-deep-well-tumakuru-karnataka |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=Conservation India |language=en-US}}</ref> Wildlife SOS also carries out [[Ex situ conservation|ex-situ conservation]] studies on the bears to enhance existing conservation measures for the species’ survival and provides sustainable, alternative livelihoods to the bears’ former owners and their families.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-29 |title=Water pools, ice popsicles: Sloth bears, elephants beat the heat |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/water-pools-ice-popsicles-sloth-bears-elephants-beat-the-heat-101651254842965.html |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

=== Elephants ===
The [[Indian elephant]] ''(Elephas maximus indicus)'' is one type of three recognized subspecies of the [[Asian elephant]], native to mainland Asia and is listed as Endangered on the [[IUCN Red List]].

[[File:COCO MAYA PHOOLKALI (1).jpg|thumb|Rescued elephants at the Elephant Conservation and Care Centre, Mathura|301x301px]]Elephants are under threat due to poaching, [[habitat destruction]], man-animal conflict, and encroachment etc. Ignorance and a lack of awareness have resulted in the continuous enslavement of these animals as working elephants - to beg, for display in temples, for performances and entertainment.

Wildlife SOS works in collaboration with the [[Government of India]]'s [[Project Elephant]] and in partnership with the Haryana Forest Department at Ban Santour and the Uttar Pradesh Forest Department at [[Mathura]] to confiscate abused and mistreated elephants and provide them safe and healthy retirement in one of the three elephant sanctuaries it manages - the Elephant Conservation and Care Centre (set up in 2011) in Mathura, the Elephant Rescue Centre (set up in 2010) in Haryana, and a Treatment Unit (set up in 2018) in Agra.

Wildlife SOS is caring for 36 rehabilitated elephants at these centers. Medical treatment is made available for injured or sick elephants, and handlers, known as [[mahout]]s, are trained to carry out humane treatment and management of the animals to improve their working conditions and reduce illicit poaching and mistreatment of the animals.

The main objectives of these centres are to eradicate illegal trafficking and holding of elephants, create a platform for public awareness about the threats faced by Asian elephants, and ensure the safety and protection of elephants in the wild. As a first in India, a humane, modern, and scientific model has been implemented by Wildlife SOS to manage elephants in order to replace prevailing methods involving abuse and starvation of elephants, and risks to owners and mahouts.

Wildlife SOS veterinarians and trained staff work round the clock to cater to the needs of rescued and rehabilitated Asian elephants. Wildlife SOS has constructed a Treatment Unit in Churmura, Uttar Pradesh, designed to treat injured, sick or geriatric elephants. The Unit is equipped with an inbuilt path lab to test and diagnose elephants for a host of diseases and pathogens and hoist and support structure to deal with emergencies. To avoid spread of diseases, the Treatment Unit quarantines the ailing elephant for the required duration.

The Treatment Unit also has an interpretation centre and observation window for visiting veterinarians, biologists, and elephant caretakers from around the world to observe and learn about veterinary care for captive Asian elephants. The Unit has modern medical facilities for the treatment of injured elephants in distress like Wireless Digital [[X-ray|X-Ray]], [[Laser|Laser Treatment]], Dental X-Ray, [[Thermography|Thermal imaging]], [[Hydrotherapy]], [[Tranquilizer|Tranquilization Equipment]], and [[Quarantine|Quarantine facilities]]. The Unit is located near Agra, in the Farah block of Mathura near the Elephant Conservation and Care Center (ECCC) run by Wildlife SOS.

=== 'Refuse To Ride' campaign ===
[[Poaching]] for use in captivity is a serious threat faced by elephants across South and Southeast Asian countries. They are forced to beg on the streets, give rides to tourists, made to perform unnatural tricks in circuses, and kept shackled in temples. The rich cultural and natural heritage of these countries attracts a substantial footfall of tourists every year. For many tourists travelling to India, taking an elephant ride tops their bucket list of must-have experiences. But most people are not aware of the harsh reality behind how elephants have been tamed and the horrific abuse they must endure being "trained" for giving rides.

To combat this cruel industry and educate people about elephant riding, Wildlife SOS launched a campaign called Refuse to Ride, in 2018, with the hope that the RTR campaign will educate the public and help bring a change for elephants all around the country.

=== Chhattisgarh wild elephant radio collaring project ===
The Mahasamund area of [[Chhattisgarh]] has been in the throes of human-elephant conflict ever since a herd of 19 wild elephants moved into the region after they were possibly displaced from the shrinking forests of [[Odisha]] or [[Jharkhand]]. Regular instances of crop-raiding and destruction of human habitations are the reason for the escalation of the conflict. When the Chhattisgarh Forest Department took the initiative to minimize the rapidly growing Human-Elephant Conflict, Wildlife SOS came up with a unique plan to use radio collars on the wild elephant herd so as to issue timely alerts to the villages, by effectively tracking the elephants’ movements.

The [[GPS animal tracking|radio-collaring]] program has been successful in raising awareness and involving local communities as stakeholders to effectively mitigate human-elephant conflict situations. The radio collar tracks the location of the [[Matriarchy|matriarch]] of the herd so we can monitor whether or not she is approaching human settlement areas. Predicting the matriarch's location helps in assessing her possible route, which helps in reaching out to local community representatives to raise alerts in the village. This has led to the mitigation of conflict in areas that are prone to human-elephant encounters. Interactive discussions on the [[biology]], [[Behavior|behaviour]], and [[ecology]] of wild elephants and the safety measures that can be adopted to avoid conflicts were conducted in awareness workshops. These sessions also educate the villagers about the reasons for such conflict, elephant behaviour, essential conflict mitigation strategies, and the importance of [[Early warning system|Early Warning Systems]] (EWS). In fact, through these sessions, volunteers actively help in alerting the villages when the elephants are nearby, thereby making communication during the time of distress more efficient and reliable.

=== Black bears ===
[[File:Sahib at Dachigam.jpg|thumb|192x192px|Rescued Asiatic Black Bear at the Dachigam Bear Rescue Centre]]

The [[Asian black bear|Asiatic black bear]] (Ursus thibetanus), also called the Moon bear, is one of four species of bear found in India. The range of the Asiatic black bear extends across the [[Himalayas]], from Bhutan to Pakistan. It is listed as Vulnerable on the [[IUCN Red List|IUCN Red list]].

Wildlife SOS works in [[Kashmir]] to mitigate human-animal conflict that arises when bears wander into human settlements, incidents of which increase with [[deforestation]] and encroachment. Wildlife SOS has been working with the Jammu and Kashmir Wildlife Protection Department and the Forest Department since 2007, attempting to mitigate the conflict situation in the area.

As part of this project, known as the Moon Bear Conservation Project, Wildlife SOS conducts training workshops for the staff of the J&K Wildlife Protection Department with a focus on capacity building and training in the use of specialized tranquilizing equipment and avoidance behaviour, carries out extensive studies on man-animal conflict situations and treats and rehabilitates animals that fall victim to confrontation- in particular moon bears and leopards. If possible, the animals are released back into the wild, or else they are cared for and treated by Wildlife SOS staff at centers in Pahalgam and Dachigam in Kashmir.

[[File:Leopard at MLRC.jpg|alt=Rescued Leopard at the Wildlife SOS Manikdoh Leopard Rescue Centre|thumb|205x205px|Rescued Leopard at the Wildlife SOS Manikdoh Leopard Rescue Centre]]

=== Leopards ===
The [[leopard]] (Panthera pardus) is one of five [[big cat]]s found in India (also found in Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Pakistan) and is listed as Near Threatened on the [[IUCN Red List]].

The animals are under threat due to a variety of factors, including but not limited to habitat encroachment and poaching.

The scrub jungle of [[Maharashtra]] was ideal habitat for the leopard until incentives for the cultivation of sugarcane lead to rampant callous farming practices and encroachment of the leopards’ habitat, causing man-animal conflict to escalate. In 2008, Wildlife SOS collaborated with the state government on the expansion of the existing Manikdoh Leopard Rescue Centre in Junnar, near Pune, which currently houses 30 leopards. In addition, Wildlife SOS veterinarians and biologists conduct awareness workshops and training programs for local communities, the Forest Department, law enforcement, educational institutions, and forums to help raise awareness and mitigate conflict situations.

=== Ramdurga habitat conservation ===
Wildlife SOS’ [[habitat conservation]] project is situated near the [[Ramdurg|Ram Durga]] valley in [[Koppal]], [[Karnataka]], and aims at protecting critical sloth bear habitat, threatened by [[illegal mining]] activities, rampant [[deforestation]], and encroachment by human settlements and industries which, along with poaching, massacred the wildlife of the region. In 2007, Wildlife SOS purchased nearly {{cvt|40|acre}} of land in the region, creating a crucial [[wildlife corridor]] by allowing at-risk habitats to link up with a patch of Reserve Forest.

The project was expanded in 2012, with the acquisition of an additional {{cvt|10|acre}} of land, made possible by the support of [[Bharat Heavy Electricals|BHEL]], PSSR, Chennai. In consultation with experts, appropriate species of vegetation were selected and an extensive afforestation project was undertaken- planting nearly 10,000 saplings. A bore well, drip irrigation system, and solar-powered electrical fencing were soon acquired. Local community members were employed to manage and patrol the land, allowing the project to achieve a 90% plant survival rate in just 2–3 years. The vegetation flourished and, in areas where conservation efforts had been initiated earlier, species of wildlife have begun returning, including sloth bears, leopards, and endangered species like the pangolin and star tortoise.

In addition, Wildlife SOS works with local communities and stakeholders and educates them so as to increase their involvement in forest protection. The organization works to secure agricultural land along the forested areas, to serve as safe buffers for wildlife.

=== Anti-poaching ===
Wildlife SOS works to curb the illegal trade and [[Smuggling|trafficking]] of wildlife and wildlife products - birds, mammals, and reptiles, along with skins, bones, and other body parts harvested from poached animals. Efforts at eradicating the practice of ‘dancing’ bears and related poaching have resulted in a marked reduction in bear poaching as per statistics.

Wildlife SOS’ anti-poaching squad, Forest Watch, consists of a complex network of informants gathering critical information on poachers and criminals involved in the illegal wildlife trade. Forest Watch has assisted the forest department, the police department, and law enforcement agencies to crack down on traffickers and smugglers, recovering animal skins, body parts, ivory, and sometimes live animals from poachers, and even providing legal assistance where required.

Wildlife SOS offers further assistance by conducting grassroots-level training workshops focusing on capacity building and wildlife crime prevention in the field.

=== Conservation awareness ===
Understanding that human involvement is crucial to conservation efforts, Wildlife SOS works with local communities in urban and rural areas to educate people regarding their local wildlife and ecosystem. Programs focus on teaching locals how to live sustainably with their environment, helping people deal with man-animal conflict in vulnerable areas, and involving locals in conservation efforts such as tree plantation drives in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], plastic removal drives in Bannerghatta, Karnataka, and cleaning the [[Dal Lake]] with the help of students from local schools and colleges.
[[File:Orphaned rhesus macaque rescued by Wildlife SOS.jpg|thumb|264x264px|Orphaned rhesus macaque rescued by Wildlife SOS]]
Wildlife SOS also routinely hosts workshops with law officers, forest department enforcement officers, police, and customs officials to educate them about the wildlife trade, recognition of contraband, a basic understanding of related law in the field, conflict mitigation, and rescue techniques to control human-animal conflict.

=== Rescue helplines ===
In addition to its conservation projects, Wildlife SOS runs a 24-hour animal rescue with a team trained to perform emergency rescues of wild animals in four states – Delhi NCR, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, and Jammu and Kashmir. The initiative was started in 1998 and now responds to nearly 500 rescue calls a month. The team rescues animals that have been injured, abandoned, or trapped in urban areas. Common rescues include monkeys, jackals, snakes, monitor lizards, deer, and birds. These are given immediate medical attention and then released to suitable, safer locations. If the release is not possible, the animals are relocated to the WSOS Rescue Centre in Gurgaon, which was set up in 1999.

Since 2010, Wildlife SOS has been working in collaboration with the Gujarat Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (GSPCA) to rescue wildlife trapped in urban localities, particularly snakes and crocodiles in Gujarat. Wildlife SOS's rescue team has animal-control contracts with Indira Gandhi Airport, Delhi Golf Club, Agra Development Authority, Delhi Jal Board, Akbar's Tomb, residential colonies in the city, and the Commonwealth Games village for the 2010 Commonwealth games hosted in India.

=== Tribal rehabilitation program ===
As part of its project to eradicate the erstwhile practice of dancing bears in India, Wildlife SOS runs a simultaneous rehabilitation program for the Qalandar (Kalandar) tribals, for whom the bears provided a source of livelihood. The program, started in 2001, includes incentives for the bear-owners, in the form of sustainable livelihood alternatives. Wildlife SOS may provide seed funds for ventures or assist in the purchase of shops, handcarts, bicycles, cycle-rickshaws, auto-rickshaws, or something that could support an alternative career for the individual, as well as providing training for alternative jobs as drivers, small scale poultry or goat farmers, metallurgy or gem-cutting and stone polishing for costume jewelry. Rehabilitated tribals form nearly 50% of the workforce at Wildlife SOS rescue centres.

Wildlife SOS also organizes vocational courses and seed funding for the womenfolk of the community to start businesses in the states of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and Haryana, sets up self-help groups, and provides them with marketing links, wherever necessary. This allows them to become secondary breadwinners for the family and empowers them through financial independence.

Further, Wildlife SOS provides educational opportunities for the children of Kalandars, helping them break out of the [[cycle of poverty]] and oppression and resolving the dependency on ‘dancing’ bears for income, thereby reducing poaching and mistreatment of the animals.

Wildlife SOS is also involved in the rehabilitation of other traditionally wildlife-dependent communities including the Saperas, an originally nomadic, Muslim tribe of snake-charmers, hiring the community members to work with them as animal rescue workers.

=== Star tortoise repatriation project ===
Wildlife SOS released over 51 Indian star tortoises as a part of the Wildlife SOS Indian Star Tortoise Repatriation Project. These tortoises, along with over 100 others, were confiscated in Singapore, luckily before they were put on the black market to be sold as pets or food. Wildlife SOS worked with ACRES (Animal Concerns Research and Education Society), a non-profit group based in Singapore and CITES, and the Central Government & Forest Department of Karnataka to get the tortoises back to India. Once back in India, they were placed in soft release enclosures next to the Wildlife SOS field station in Ramdurga Reserve Forest in the southern state of Karnataka, where they could reacclimate to their native conditions before being released back to the wild.

This is the first time that a unique and innovative satellite telemetry study of Indian Star tortoises rescued from the illegal wildlife trafficking industry has been initiated. A team of researchers and wildlife biologists monitor the movements and ranging patterns of the tortoises in the wild. The Satellite Tags attached to some of the tortoises indicate their movement pattern, pace, and location using satellite locations. As a part of the research study, factors like health condition, body weight, behaviour patterns, adaptation to wild foraging, etc. are also being documented. The Satellite tags combined with radio transmitters are attached to the carapace of the tortoises which is the dorsal portion of its shell). This will enable the research team to track and monitor the movements and ranging patterns of the tortoises.

=== 'The Wild Side' with Wildlife SOS! ===
"The Wild Side" with Wildlife SOS is an online talk show featuring Bollywood celebrities, philanthropists, conservationists, and wildlife filmmakers from across the globe to create awareness about wildlife and nature conservation. Hosted by the NGO's co-founder and CEO— Kartick Satyanarayan, the show shares good news, lessons from the lockdown, and thoughts on wildlife conservation amidst rapid-fire sessions.

The Wild Side features conversations with noted guests such as [[Jim Sarbh]], [[Randeep Hooda]], [[Farah Khan|Farah Khan Kunder]], [[Adil Hussain]], philanthropist and entrepreneur [[Roshni Nadar]], conservationist and actor Katie Cleary, and award-winning Wildlife filmmakers [[Sandesh Kadur]] and Shaaz Jung. The 30-minute segment is an informative and lively opportunity for viewers to learn about the challenges in wildlife and environmental conservation.

It was launched on the 5 June 2020 to commemorate [[World Environment Day]].

=== Elephant Tails podcast ===

The Elephant Tails Podcast from Wildlife SOS brings you intimate stories and behind-the-scenes perspectives with the people working to save India's wildlife. A continuing podcast with 7 episodes so far, the show aims to dive into the depths of Wildlife SOS’ work and the many challenges faced by the teams regularly.

From rescuing animals from myriad scenarios - elephants from abject negligence and abuse, leopards from open wells - to researching sloth bears and their denning habits via camera traps, the podcast aims to shed light on the work undertaken by Wildlife SOS in an effort to spread awareness.

== Publications and papers ==
Notable publications include:
*Geeta Seshamani, Kartick Stayanarayan; ''Dancing Bears of India'' (1997)
*Brij Kishor Gupta, R. Singh, Kartick Satyanarayan, Geeta Seshamani; ''Trade in Bears and Their Parts in India : Threats to Conservation of Bears'' (2006)
*Wildlife SOS; ''Gall Bladder in the State of Uttarakhand'' (2006)
*Usham Singh; ''Conservation and Science: Human-Leopard Conflict Study in Jammu and Kashmir, India'' (2008)
*Kartick Satyanarayan; ''Working with Government Agencies: Wildlife Crime Enforcement, Wildlife Rescue and Rehabilitation'' (2008)
*Dr. Arun A. Sha; ''Dental Diseases in Sloth Bears and Tigers and Their Treatment'' (2008)

Wildlife SOS has published numerous field reports and veterinary papers as well.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wildlifesos.org/publications/|title=Welcome to Wildlife SOS – Publications|website=wildlifesos.org|language=en-US|access-date=2017-05-03}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website}}

[[Category:1995 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Environmental organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Environmental organizations established in 1995]]
[[Category:Forest conservation organizations]]
[[Category:Forestry in India]]
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Wildlife conservation organizations]]

Chhanagiri

2026-02-01T11:23:09Z

Raymondbig: New

{{Short description|Village in Odisha, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chhanagiri
| native_name = ଛଣଗିରି
| native_name_lang = or
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Odisha#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Odisha, India
| coordinates = {{coord|20.08|N|85.55|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Khordha district|Khordha]]
| subdivision_type3 = Block
| subdivision_name3 = [[Jankia]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 1.10
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1637
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 752020
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Gram panchayat]]
| blank_info_sec1 = Chhanagiri
| website =
}}

'''Chhanagiri''' is a village and [[Gram panchayat]] located in the [[Jankia]] [[Tehsil]] of [[Khordha district]] in the Indian state of [[Odisha]]. It is situated approximately 24 kilometres (15 mi) from the district headquarters in [[Khordha]] and falls under the jurisdiction of the Jankia police station.<ref name="Census2011">{{cite web |title=Chhanagiri Village Population - Jankia - Khordha, Orissa |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/407908-chhanagiri-orissa.html |publisher=Census 2011 |access-date=20 January 2026}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Chhanagiri is located at the coordinates {{coord|20.08|N|85.55|E|region:IN-OR_type:city}} within the coastal plains of Odisha. The village covers a total geographical area of {{convert|110|ha|km2|1}}. It is bounded by agricultural lands and small water bodies typical of the Khordha region.

The settlement is situated approximately 6.79 km from the Nirakarpur railway station and roughly 33 km from [[Biju Patnaik Airport]] in [[Bhubaneswar]]. The village is part of the Jankia Community Development Block and is well-connected by road to nearby settlements such as Golabai, Olasinha, and Rameswar. The local climate is [[Tropical savanna climate|tropical]], characterized by hot summers, high humidity during the monsoon, and mild winters.

== Demographics ==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Chhanagiri had a total population of 1,637, consisting of 832 males and 805 females. The sex ratio of the village was 968 females per 1,000 males, which was lower than the Odisha state average of 979 at the time.<ref name="Census2011"/>

The village reported a literacy rate of 86.57%, significantly higher than the state average of 72.87%. Male literacy stood at 92.94%, while female literacy was 80.06%. Approximately 10.87% of the population was under the age of six. The census recorded 309 households in the village.<ref name="Census2011"/>

== Administration ==
Chhanagiri is administered by a [[Sarpanch]], who is the elected representative of the village as per the Constitution of India and the [[Panchayati Raj]] Act.<ref name="Census2011"/> It serves as the headquarters for the Chhanagiri Gram Panchayat. The village falls under the administrative division of the Puri postal division, with the Postal Index Number (PIN) 752020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chhanagiri Pin Code |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/odisha/khorda/chhanagiri |publisher=India TV News |access-date=20 January 2026}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Khordha district]]
* [[Jankia]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Khordha district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Odisha]]
[[Category:Khordha district]]
[[Category:Geography of Odisha]]
{{authority control}}

Abraham Mulamoottil

2026-01-30T08:14:57Z

Raymondbig: Page

{{short description|Indian Catholic priest}}
{{Multiple issues|{{Advert|date=June 2022}}
{{Like resume|date=June 2022}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rev. Dr. Abraham Mulamoottil
| image = Rev. Fr Abraham Mulamoottil.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1954|11|24}}
| alma_mater = [[KU Leuven]], Belgium
| title =
| website = {{URL|www.mulamoottil.in}}
}}
'''Abraham Mulamoottil''' is a [[Catholic Priest|Catholic priest]], [[author]], [[teacher]], [[Innovation|innovator]], and [[Philosophy|philosopher]]. He earned his PhD from the [[Katholieke Universiteit Leuven|Catholic University of Leuven]] in [[Belgium]]. He is the founder and principal of MACFAST ([[Mar Athanasios College for Advanced Studies, Tiruvalla]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mar Athanasios College for Advanced Studies Tiruvalla |url=http://macfast.in/technitrous07/cpanel/browser/management.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218083050/http://macfast.in/technitrous07/cpanel/browser/management.php |archive-date=18 February 2020 |website=macfast.in}}</ref> He also introduced postgraduate courses—including MSc [[Bioinformatics]], MSc Plant [[Biotechnology]], MSc [[Food Science]] and Technology, and MSc [[Phytomedical Science]]—for the first time in [[Kerala]].<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-educationplus/A-novel-initiative-in-self-financing-sector/article15695300.ece | title=The Hindu | date=12 January 2010}}</ref>

Mulamoottil also served as the chair and chief executive of the Pushpagiri Group of Medical Institutions in Tiruvalla. His vision played an influential role during the construction of [[St. John's Cathedral, Tiruvalla|St. John's Cathedral in Tiruvalla]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/book-on-st-johns-cathedral-released/article8549769.ece | title= Book on St. John's cathedral released | date=3 May 2016 | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=2 June 2018 }}</ref> He founded Kerala's first campus-based community radio, RADIO MACFAST 90.4 FM.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Radio-Macfast-90.4-Travancorersquos-new-voice/article16889624.ece#!|title = Radio Macfast 90.4: Travancore's new voice|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 31 October 2009|last1 = Kuttoor|first1 = Radhakrishnan}}</ref> He also pioneered the state's first and largest solar project.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/states-first-solarpowered-campus-coming-up-in-thiruvalla/article2650263.ece|title=State's first solar-powered campus coming up in Thiruvalla|newspaper=The Hindu|date=22 November 2011|last1=Kuttoor|first1=Radhakrishnan}}</ref> Additionally, he is the chief organiser of the Centre for Innovation and Development of Affordable Technologies (CIDAT), a startup platform and hub for innovation resources located in Tiruvalla, Kerala, India.<ref name=":0">{{cite news
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mla-to-launch-cidat-platform-today/article26007361.ece
|title=MLA to launch CIDAT platform today
|work= The Hindu
|date=16 January 2019
|accessdate=16 January 2019}}</ref> As president of Central Chambers, he led an international business delegation to [[Expo 2020]] Dubai and the ninth edition of Manama Entrepreneurship Week (MEW 2024) in [[Bahrain]].<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news |last1=Kuttoor|first1=Radhakrishnan|date=13 October 2019 |title=Chamber moots development model linking 20 towns |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/chamber-moots-development-model-linking-20-towns/article29674848.ece|accessdate=29 October 2024 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

In recognition of his contributions as a literary writer, Abraham Mulamoottil was honoured with the [[UAE Golden Visa]] by the government of [[Dubai]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2 October 2024 |title=ഫാ.ഡോ. ഏബ്രഹാം മുളമൂട്ടിലിന് യുഎഇ ഗോൾഡൻ വീസ|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/global-malayali/gulf/2024/10/02/uae-golden-visa-for-doctor-abraham-mulamoottil.html |accessdate=6 November 2024 |work=[[Manorama online]]}}</ref>

==Biography==
Mulamoottil was born as the fifth of six children to Mariamma and M. V. Varughese on 24 November 1954. He attended M.G.M. High School in Thiruvalla and SB College in Changanassery before joining IMM Seminary in 1970. Recognized for his singing ability at the major seminary, he was entrusted with several key positions in the music ministry, including serving as choirmaster of the Apostolic Seminary at Vadavathoor, Kottayam, from 1973 to 1980.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://mulamoottil.in/profile
|title=First Decade of Priesthood
|publisher= mulamoottil.in
|accessdate=6 January 2018}}</ref>

In 1998, he had the opportunity to conduct the Malayalam choir during a Holy Mass at the Asian Bishops' Synod held in the Vatican, where the late [[Pope John Paul II]] served as the principal celebrant. In 1991, he departed for higher education in Belgium to pursue postgraduate studies in Brussels and later enrolled at the [[KU Leuven|Catholic University of Leuven]] for his doctoral studies.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://futurekerala.in/2017/12/06/good-shepherd-on-the-path-of-entrepreneurship/
|title=Good Shepherd on the path of entrepreneurship
|publisher=futurekerala.in
|accessdate=6 October 2017
|archive-date=1 January 2018
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101140039/https://futurekerala.in/2017/12/06/good-shepherd-on-the-path-of-entrepreneurship/
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

==Professional career==
[[File:Abraham Mulamoottil with Shashi Tharoor.jpg|thumb|Rev. Dr. Abraham Mulamoottil with Dr. Shashi Tharoor]]

After obtaining his PhD from KU Leuven, Belgium, in 1998, Rev. Dr. Mulamoottil founded and became the principal of MACFAST (Mar Athanasios College for Advanced Studies, Tiruvalla) in 2001. He also introduced Kerala's first MSc courses in Bioinformatics, Plant Biotechnology, Food Science and Technology, and Phytomedical Science and Technology. In addition, he initiated the decentralized Clean and Green Project for MACFAST, extending it to the Tiruvalla Municipality.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kuttoor |first1=Radhakrishnan |date=12 February 2011 |title=Students chip in for clean, green city |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Students-chip-in-for-clean-green-city/article15411792.ece |accessdate=10 October 2016 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> He further promoted experiential learning at MACFAST, beginning with the distribution and marketing of the film [[The Passion of the Christ]] in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 April 2004 |title=Passion coming to town |url=https://www.thehindu.com/2004/04/25/stories/2004042511250300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610072908/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/04/25/stories/2004042511250300.htm |archive-date=10 June 2008 |accessdate=25 April 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Afterwards, he became the chairman and chief executive of the Pushpagiri Group of Medical Institutions in Tiruvalla. His work led to St. John's Metropolitan Cathedral being featured by the "Incredible India" campaign in 2004.<ref>{{cite web |title=St.John's Cathedral Thiruvalla |url=http://incrediblekerala.org/listing/st-johns-cathedral-thiruvalla/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531071317/https://incrediblekerala.org/listing/st-johns-cathedral-thiruvalla/ |archive-date=31 May 2019 |website=incrediblekerala.org}}</ref> In 2009, he founded one of the first community radio projects in Kerala, RADIO MACFAST 90.4 FM. In 2011, he pioneered Kerala's first and largest solar project by installing a 30 kW solar power plant at MACFAST and a "Vellavum Velichavum" (Water and Solar) 100 kW solar electricity and reverse osmosis water plant. The facility produced 10,000 litres of water per hour at Pushpagiri, serving as a model for rural water schemes.

He has been the chairman of peacepeopleplanet.org since 2013, an agency that promotes healthcare, education, green energy, environmental protection, and research, as well as planning, designing, and coordinating corporate social responsibility activities for firms and establishments.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chairman – PeacePeoplePlanet |url=http://www.peacepeopleplanet.org/peacepeopleplanet/chairman |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531071852/http://www.peacepeopleplanet.org/peacepeopleplanet/chairman/ |archive-date=31 May 2019 |website=peacepeopleplanet.org}}</ref> He has also established a store for the organization that produces energy-efficient products. Additionally, he is a nominated member of the District Innovation Council of Pathanamthitta, Government of Kerala.<ref>{{cite web |title=District Innovation Council |url=http://www.innovationcouncil.kerala.gov.in/index.php/pathanamthitta/15-development-innovation |website=innovationcouncil.kerala.gov.in}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

He is the chief organiser of the Centre for Innovation and Development of Affordable Technologies (CIDAT), a startup platform and hub for innovation resources located in Tiruvalla, Kerala, India. The centre is expanding its operations in close association with the [[Kerala Startup Mission]], Government of Kerala, for the establishment of a [[Technology Business Incubator]] (TBI) in Tiruvalla.<ref name=":0" />

Presently, he is the President of the Central Travancore Chamber of Commerce and Industry, a registered association for the promotion and development of business and industry in the Central Travancore region, which comprises four districts of Kerala, India—[[Kottayam]], [[Pathanamthitta]], [[Idukki]], and [[Alappuzha]].<ref name="thehindu.com"/> The Central Chambers is affiliated with the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI), the Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM), and the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII).<ref>{{cite web |title=CentralChambers|url=https://centralchambers.in//index.php/pathanamthitta/15-development-innovation |website=centralchambers.in}}{{Dead link|date=October 2024|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

Recently, he launched a new initiative, TALKS INDIA, driven by the belief that "human consciousness is the unique faculty of acquiring knowledge and critical thinking." The project's mission is encapsulated in the motto "Lead India Towards a Knowledge Society." Led by the Kottayam Public Library and the Mulamoottil Achen Foundation, TALKS INDIA held its inaugural session on 9 September 2024, featuring [[Tushar Gandhi]], the great-grandson of Mahatma Gandhi, as the keynote speaker. The initiative aims to engage, inspire, and educate.<ref>{{cite news |last1=KOTTAYAM |first1=The Hindu Bureau|date=3 September 2024 |title=Tushar Gandhi to inaugurate lecture series in Kottayam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/tushar-gandhi-to-inaugurate-lecture-series-in-kottayam/article68601594.ece |accessdate=16 October 2024 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Books==
[[File:E-Rupee to Reinvent India authored by Abraham Mulamoottil.jpg|thumb|E-Rupee to Reinvent India authored by Abraham Mulamoottil released by Arun Jaitley in the presence of P. J. Kurien and Jose K. Mani at North Block New Delhi, on 19 December 2014.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Mulamoottil-move-in-the-right-direction/article16441273.ece
|title=Mulamoottil: move in the right direction
|work= The Hindu
|date=10 November 2016
|accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://newsable.asianetnews.com/south/a-priest-in-kerala-has-a-new-way-to-combat-demonetization-issue |title=This Kerala priest has an E-way to combat currency troubles |publisher=Asianet Newsable|date=13 November 2016}}</ref> ]]

*Puthiya Veenjum Puthiya Kuppiyum (2011)
*Vijnana Samooha Nirmiti (2013)<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/knowledge-is-a-tool-to-learn-truth-says-chrysostum/article4430179.ece
|title=Knowledge is a tool to learn truth, says Chrysostum
|work= The Hindu
|date=19 February 2013
|accessdate=19 February 2013}}</ref>
*E-Rupee to Reinvent India (2014)<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/a-priests-idea-to-tackle-black-money-erupee/article6706956.ece
|title=A priest's idea to tackle black money: e-rupee
|work= The Hindu
|date=19 December 2014
|accessdate=19 December 2014|last1=Kuttoor
|first1=Radhakrishnan
}}</ref>
*The Tent of the Pilgrim of Exile (2016)<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/book-on-st-johns-cathedral-released/article8549768.ece
|title=Book on St. John's cathedral released
|work= The Hindu
|date=3 May 2016
|accessdate=3 May 2016}}</ref>
*Keeping Religion Private - Reimagine and Reclaim (2022)<ref>{{cite news
|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/columns/view-from-my-window/why-do-we-need-god-column-m-g-radhakrishnan-1.8219855
|title=Why do we need God?
|work= Mathrubhumi
|date=14 January 2023
|accessdate=14 January 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mulamoottil, Abraham}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Roman Catholic priests]]
[[Category:Catholic University of Leuven alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Roman Catholic priests]]

Siddharthnagar district

2026-01-27T18:08:48Z

Raymondbig: cleanup page for accuracy and cleaned formatting

{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Siddharthnagar district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|District]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = Kapilavastu Stupas-Original-00020.jpg
| image_caption = Stupa at [[Piprahwa]]
| image_map = India Uttar Pradesh districts 2012 Siddharthnagar.svg
| map_caption = Location of Siddharthnagar district in Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates = {{Coord|27|0|N|82|45|E}} - {{Coord|27|28|N|83|10|E}}
| coor_pinpoint = Siddharthnagar
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Basti Division|Basti]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Siddharthnagar]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 1.Siddharthnagar(Naugarh) 2.Shohratgarh 3.Bansi 4.Itwa 5.Domariyaganj
| area_total_km2 = 2895
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2559297
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = 882
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 59.2%
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 976
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Domariyaganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Domariyaganj]]
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| leader_title3 = District Magistrate
| leader_name3 = Dr.Rajaganpathy R Sir <ref name="Siddharthnagar NIC">{{Cite web |url=https://siddharthnagar.nic.in/about-district/whos-who/ |title=about - who is who|website=Siddharthnagar NIC Official Website |access-date=Sep 29, 2023}}</ref>
| registration_plate = UP-55
| blank_name_sec1 = Languages
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|https://siddharthnagar.nic.in/}}
| official_name =
}}

'''Siddharthnagar district''' is one of the 75 [[Districts of Uttar Pradesh|district]]s of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. [[Siddharthnagar]] is the district headquarters. Siddharthnagar district is a part of [[Basti division]]. It was under the ancient [[Kosala]] kingdom and also the [[Shakya]] kingdoms.{{Cn|date=July 2024}}

==Administrative divisions==

===Tehsils===
Siddharthnagar district comprises five tehsils or sub-divisions each headed by a [[Sub-Divisional Magistrate]] (SDM):
# [[Siddharthnagar|Naugarh]]
# [[Bansi]]
# [[Domariaganj|Domariyaganj]]
# [[Itwa (Siddharth Nagar)|Itwa]]
# [[Shohratgarh]]

===Blocks===
These Tehsils are further divided into 14 [[Community development block|Block]]s, each headed by a Block Development Officer (BDO):<ref>{{Cite web |title=सिद्धार्थनगर ब्लॉक प्रमुख चुनाव: बवाल के बीच सात ब्लॉकों में भाजपा, दो सपा और एक निर्दल विजयी |url=https://www.amarujala.com/gorakhpur/siddharthnagar-block-pramukh-chunav-2021-election-results-news-update |access-date=1 September 2022 |website=[[Amar Ujala]] |language=hi}}</ref>
# [[Naugarh]]
# [[Barhani Bazar]]
# [[Shohratgarh]]
# [[Birdpur]]
# Jogia
# Uska Bazar
# [[Bansi]]
# Methwal
# Khesraha
# Bhanwapur
# [[Itwa (Siddharth Nagar)|Itwa]]
# Khuniyaon
# [[Domariaganj]]
# Lotan

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=7,01,884|13=1911|14=6,95,902|15=1921|16=7,31,947|17=1931|18=7,90,038|19=1941|20=8,30,952|21=1951|22=9,07,736|23=1961|24=9,62,262|25=1971|26=10,89,054|27=1981|28=13,00,583|29=1991|30=16,07,964|31=2001|32=20,40,085|33=2011|34=25,59,297|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Siddharthnagar district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11394/download/14507/DDW09C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|69.93}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Islam]]|green|29.23}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|mediumblue|0.47}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.37}}
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Siddharthnagar district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 2,559,297,<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web |year=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Siddharthnagar|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1290/download/4174/DH_2011_0953_PART_A_DCHB_SIDDHARTHNAGAR.pdf|access-date= |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Kuwait]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Kuwait 2,595,62}}</ref> or the US state of [[Nevada]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|title=2010 Resident Population Data|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau|access-date=2011-09-30| quote =Nevada 2,700,551 }}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 164th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|882|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 25.17%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Siddharthnagar has a [[sex ratio]] of 970 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 67.81%. 6.28% of the population lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 15.97% and 0.47% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>

===Languages===

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Siddharthnagar district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1 = 80.51 |color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value2 = 10.06 |color2 = gold
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 4.73 |color3 = green
|label4 = [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] |value4 = 4.61 |color4 = indianred
|label5 = Others |value5 = 0.09 |color5 = grey
|thumb=right
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 80.51% of the population in the district spoke [[Hindi]], 10.06% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], 4.73% [[Urdu]] and 4.61% [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10224/download/13336/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0900.XLSX|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

The minority population is about 27% of the total population of the district. Siddharthnagar is a category "A" district; that is, it has socio-economic and basic amenities parameters below the national average.<ref>[{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930090010/http://minorityaffairs.gov.in/sites/upload_files/moma/files/pdfs/34thEC.pdf |date=30 September 2011 }} F. No. 3/64/2010-PP-I, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, MINISTRY OF MINORITY AFFAIRS</ref>

==History==
Some scholars have suggested that modern-day Piprahwa-Ganwaria was the site of the ancient city of [[Kapilavastu (ancient city)|Kapilavastu]], the capital of the [[Shakya]] kingdom,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-06|title=The story of neglected birthplace of Gautam Buddha, Siddharth Nagar|url=https://mavericktimes.in/news/national-news/the-story-of-neglected-birthplace-of-gautam-buddha-siddharth-nagar/4279/|access-date=2021-04-16|website=Maverick Times|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Peppe">{{Citation|last=Peppe|first=WC|title=The Piprahwa Stupa, containing relics of Buddha|journal=With a Note by V.A. Smith. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|issue=Article XXIII|pages=573–88|date=July 1898|jstor=25208010}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Bühler|first=Georg|title=Preliminary note on a recently discovered Sakya inscription|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|issue=Correspondence: Note 14|pages=387–389|date=April 1898|jstor=25207982}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Srivastava|first=KM|title=Archaeological Excavations at Piprāhwā and Ganwaria and the Identification of Kapilavastu|journal=The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies|volume=13|issue=1|pages=103–10|year=1980|url=http://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8511/2418}}</ref> where [[Gautama Buddha|Siddhartha Gautama]] spent the first 29 years of his life, referring to [[Buddhist texts]] such as the [[Pāli Canon]].<ref name=EoB2010>{{cite book|last=Trainor|first=K|editor-last=Keown|editor-first=D|editor2-last=Prebish|editor2-first=CS|title=Encyclopedia of Buddhism|chapter=Kapilavastu|pages=436–7|publisher=Routledge|location=Milton Park, UK|year=2010|isbn=978-0-415-55624-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NFpcAgAAQBAJ&q=kapil}}</ref> Others suggest that the original site of Kapilavastu is located {{Convert|16|km|mi}} to the northwest, at [[Tilaurakot]], in what is currently [[Kapilvastu District]] in [[Nepal]].<ref name="Peppe"/><ref>{{Citation | last =Tuladhar | first =Swoyambhu D. | title =The Ancient City of Kapilvastu - Revisited | journal = Ancient Nepal | issue = 151 | date = November 2002 | pages = 1–7 | url =http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_151_01.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=UP's Piprahwa is Buddha's Kapilvastu?|author=Sharda, Shailvee|journal=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 May 2015|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/UPs-Piprahwa-is-Buddhas-Kapilvastu/articleshow/47143085.cms?}}</ref>

==Geography==
Siddharthnagar district lies between 27°N to 27°28'N and 82°45'E to 83°10'E. It is part of [[Purvanchal]]. The district borders [[Nepal]]'s [[Kapilvastu district]] on the north and [[Rupandehi district]] on the northeast. Otherwise, it is surrounded by other districts of Uttar Pradesh: [[Maharajganj district|Maharajganj]] on the east, [[Basti district|Basti]] and [[Sant Kabir Nagar district|Sant Kabir Nagar]] on the south, and [[Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh|Balrampur]] on the west. Siddharthnagar's area is 2,895 km2.

==Economy==
[[File:Kala-Namakst-all-at-Siddharthnagar-Station.jpg|thumb|[[One District One Product (Uttar Pradesh)|One District One Product (ODOP)]] retail outlet at the station where [[Kalanamak rice]] can be obtained which is product of the Siddharthnagar district.]]
In 2006, the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named Siddharthnagar one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=brgf/> It is one of the 34 districts in Uttar Pradesh currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj|date=8 September 2009|title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme|publisher=National Institute of Rural Development|url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf|access-date=27 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf|archive-date=5 April 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

[[Kalanamak rice]] is grown in Siddharthnagar<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-31|title=Kala Namak rice ready for International market|url=https://mavericktimes.in/news/national-news/kala-namak-rice-ready-for-international-market/7556/|access-date=2021-04-16|website=Maverick Times|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Education==
===University and Colleges===
* [[Siddharth University]] is a [[State university (India)|state university]] in Kapilvastu, Siddharthnagar, [[Uttar Pradesh]].
* [[Madhav Prasad Tripathi Medical College and Hospital]], a government medical college in Siddharthnagar.

==Notable people==
Notable people from the district include:
* [[Kazi Jalil Abbasi]], former minister of UP Government, former MLA of [[Domariyaganj Assembly constituency]] and former MP [[Domariyaganj (Lok Sabha constituency)]].
* [[Jagdambika Pal]], former chief minister of UP Government and current [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Domariyaganj (Lok Sabha constituency)]].
* [[Mata Prasad Pandey]], former speaker of UP Assembly [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for [[Itwa Assembly constituency|Itwa]].
* [[Brij Bhushan Tiwari]], former MP [[Domariyaganj (Lok Sabha constituency)]].
* [[Mohammed Muqueem]], former MP [[Domariyaganj (Lok Sabha constituency)]] and former MLA [[Itwa Assembly constituency]].
* [[Jai Pratap Singh]], Former Minister of Health Uttar Pradesh [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for Bansi Assembly constituency.
* [[Satish Chandra Dwivedi]], Minister of state (Independent charge) [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for [[Itwa Assembly constituency|Itwa]].
* [[Shyam Dhani]], MLA [[Kapilvastu Assembly constituency|Kapilvastu]].
* [[Amar Singh Chaudhary]], MLA [[Shohratgarh Assembly constituency|Shohratgarh]].
* [[Raghvendra Pratap Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Raghvendra Pratap Singh]], MLA [[Domariyaganj Assembly constituency|Domariyaganj]].
* [[Keshav Dev Malviya]], Father of Indian petroleum industry.
* [[Yogendra Singh]], Sociologist
* [[Saiyada Khatoon]], MLA [[Domariyaganj Assembly constituency|Domariyaganj]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://sidharthnagar.nic.in/}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Siddharthnagar district
|North = [[Lumbini Province]], {{flag|Nepal}}
|Northeast =
|East = [[Maharajganj district]]
|Southeast = [[Gorakhpur district]] [[Sant Kabir Nagar district]]
|South = [[Basti district]]
|Southwest = [[Gonda district]]
|West = [[Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh|Balrampur district]]
|Northwest =
}}

{{Siddharthnagar district}}
{{Districts of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Minority Concentrated Districts in India}}
{{Uttar Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siddharthnagar District}}
[[Category:Siddharthnagar district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Uttar Pradesh]]

Akhil (singer)

2026-01-23T23:39:24Z

Raymondbig: New

{{short description|Indian playback singer, songwriter and music composer (born 1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date = March 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Akhil
| image = Akhil.jpg
| caption = Akhil
| alias = Akhil Pasreja
| birth_date = 2 October 1990 <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://music.apple.com/ng/artist/akhil/593966718|title= Akhil Born on 02 October 1990|website=Apple Music|date=20 December 2024}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| origin =
| genre = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Hip hop music|Hip Hop]], [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]]
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Singer
* Songwriter
* Music composer
}}
| instrument =
| years_active = 2013—present
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] Akhil Music Official Desi Music Factory Speed Records Crown Records
| website =
}}

'''Akhil Pasreja''', known mononymously as '''Akhil''',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/khwaab-singer-akhils-gig-police-thrashing-unruly-crowd-bring-dramatic-end-to-kmc-fest/articleshow/68429109.cms|title=Khaab singer Akhil's gig, police thrashing unruly crowd bring dramatic end to KMC fest ►|website=The Times of India|date=16 March 2019 }}</ref> is an Indian playback singer, songwriter and music performer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Akhil|title=Akhil: Latest News, Videos and Photos of Akhil | Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/bikaner-news/punjabi-singer-akhils-songs-in-bikaner-2010235/|title=बीकानेर में पंजाबी सिंगर अखिल के गानों की मचेगी धूम|website=www.patrika.com|date=18 November 2017 }}</ref> He made his [[Music of Bollywood|Bollywood singing]] debut in ''[[Luka Chuppi]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/after-sunanda-punjabi-singers-karan-and-akhil-step-into-bollywood-328701.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322033526/https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/after-sunanda-punjabi-singers-karan-and-akhil-step-into-bollywood-328701.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-03-22|title=After Sunanda, Punjabi singers Karan and Akhil step into Bollywood|website=in.com}}</ref> He was born in Jalandhar, Punjab.

== Career ==

In February 2014, his first single "Muradaan" was released under HSR Entertainment (formerly Yellow Music).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.catchnews.com/bollywood-news/luka-chuppi-songs-singer-akhil-s-khaab-is-now-kartik-aaryan-and-kriti-sanon-s-duniyaa-150251.html|title=Luka Chuppi Songs: Singer Akhil's 'Khaab' is now Kartik Aaryan and Kriti Sanon's 'Duniyaa'|website=CatchNews.com}}</ref> He previously sang a song titled "Pee Lain De" in 2012 though.<ref>{{Citation|title=Akhil Pasricha {{!}} Pee Lain De {{!}} OFFICIAL VIDEO {{!}} 2012|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eyDgXjMylTQ|language=en|access-date=2020-01-22}}</ref>

His Punjabi-language single "Khaab", which was released in February 2016 became popular on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/check-out-kartik-aaryan-kriti-sanons-sizzling-chemistry-in-this-exclusive-still-from-luka-chuppi-song-duniya/370484|title=Luka Chuppi song Duniyaa: Kartik Aaryan and Kriti Sanon's sizzling chemistry will leave you impressed | Bollywood News|website=www.timesnownews.com}}</ref> In February 2019, a Hindi remake of ''Khaab'', ''Duniyaa'', was recorded for the film ''[[Luka Chuppi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/akhil-steps-into-bollywood-with-khaab-remake-for-luka-chuppi/|title=Akhil Steps into Bollywood With Khaab Remake For Luka Chuppi|first=Diksha|last=Kapoor|date=22 February 2019}}</ref>

In June 2016, he collaborated with music composer "[[Manni Sandhu]]" for a single titled "Gani" for his album ''Welcome to the Future'', released by Speed Records.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/akhil-screws-up-his-khaab-by-letting-bollywood-recreate-it-as-duniya-323077.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322033528/https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/akhil-screws-up-his-khaab-by-letting-bollywood-recreate-it-as-duniya-323077.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-03-22|title=Akhil screws up his 'Khaab' by letting Bollywood recreate it as 'Duniya'!|website=in.com}}</ref> A year later, he released the single "Life" starring Bollywood actress [[Adah Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chandigarhmetro.com/life-punjabi-song-by-akhil-heres-the-official-video/|title=Life (Punjabi Song) by Akhil - Here's the Official Video of the New Song|date=16 June 2017|website=Chandigarh Metro}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chandigarhmetro.com/life-punjabi-song-by-akhil-heres-the-official-video/|title=Life (Punjabi Song) by Akhil - Here's the Official Video of the New Song|date=16 June 2017}}</ref>

In 2017 he was awarded "Best Breakthrough Act" at the [[Brit Asia TV Music Awards]].<ref name=BAMA2017>{{cite news |title=BritAsia TV World Music Awards 2017 celebrated |url=https://www.newasianpost.com/britasia-tv-world-music-awards-2017/ |accessdate=20 August 2020 |work=New Asian Post |date=4 March 2017 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011133631/https://www.newasianpost.com/britasia-tv-world-music-awards-2017/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Discography ==

===Film Songs===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Track
!Co-singer(s)
!Label
!Notes
|-
|2016
|''[[Vaapsi]]''
|''Saari Saari Raat''
|
| rowspan="2" |Speed Records
| rowspan="3" |Punjabi Movies
|-
|2017
|''[[Jindua]]''
|''Takdi Ravan''
|[[Jonita Gandhi]]
|-
|2018
|''[[Ishqaa]]''
|''Ishqaa''
|
|[[Times Music]]
|-
|2019
|''Luka Chuppi''
|''Duniyaa''
|[[Dhvani Bhanushali]]
|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
|Bollywood Debut
|-
|}

=== Singles ===

{| class="wikitable"
!Track
!Year
!Music
!Lyrics
!Label
!Notes
|-
|''Muradaan''
| rowspan="2" |2014
|Anil Saberwal
|Akhilll
|HSR Entertainment (formerly Yellow Music)
|
|-
|''Supne''
|Storm DJ
|Akhil
|HSR Entertainment (formerly Yellow Music)
|
|-
|''Makhual''
|2015
|Manni Sandhu
|Akhil
|Speed Records
|
|-
|''Khaab''
| rowspan="3" |2016
|BOB
|Raja
|Crown Records
|''Breakthrough single''
Has crossed 700 Million Views
|-
|''Gani''
|Manni Sandhu
|Akhil / Vakeel Saab
| rowspan="10" |Speed Records
|
|-
|''Teri Kami''
|BOB
|Happy Raikoti
|
|-
|''Zindagi''
| rowspan="5" |2017
|Desi Routz
|Maninder Kailey
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/180214-punjabi-singer-akhil-unveils-love-single-on|title=Punjabi singer Akhil unveils love single on V-Day)}}</ref>
|-
|''Life''
|Preet Hundal
|Preet Hundal
|
|-
|''Mere Khuda''
|BOB
|BOB
|
|-
|''Rukh''
|BOB
|Akhil
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/haryana/kurukshetra-punjabi-singer-akhil-in-nit-and-a-former-student-of-the-institute-is-very-fond-of-future-engineer-on-songs-of-vivek-18587113.html|title=एनआइटी में पंजाबी गायक अखिल और संस्थान के पूर्व छात्र विवेक के गीतों पर खूब थिरके भावी इंजीनियर|website=Dainik Jagran}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chandigarhmetro.com/rukh-new-punjabi-song-by-akhil-out-official-video/|title=Rukh (New Punjabi Song) by Akhil Out | Official Video|date=17 August 2017}}</ref>
|-
|''Bollywood''
|Preet Hundal
|Babbu
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chandigarhmetro.com/bollywood-by-akhil-latest-punjabi-song-2017-official-video-out/|title=Bollywood by Akhil (Latest Punjabi Song 2017) | Official Video Out|date=16 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
|''Akh Lagdi''
| rowspan="4" |2018
|Desi Routz
|Bittu Cheema
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chandigarhmetro.com/akh-lagdi-by-akhil-ft-desi-routz-new-punjabi-song-official-video-out/|title=Akh Lagdi by (Akhil ft Desi Routz) New Punjabi Song | Official Video Out|date=15 February 2018}}</ref>
|-
|''Rang Gora''
|BOB
|Jass Inder
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/rang-gora-akhil-creates-a-romantic-buzz-on-the-internet/articleshow/64802835.cms|title='Rang Gora': Akhil creates a romantic buzz on the internet|website=The Times of India|date=30 June 2018 }}</ref>
|-
|''Teri Khamiyaan''
|B Praak
|Jaani
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/teri-khaamiyan-akhils-latest-soft-melody-is-out/articleshow/66283950.cms|title=Teri Khaamiyan: Akhil's latest soft melody is out|website=The Times of India|date=19 October 2018 }}</ref> Featuring [[Wamiqa Gabbi]]
|-
|''Beautiful''
|BOB
|Akhil / BOB
|G.K Digital, Lokdhun Punjabi
|Featuring Sara Gurpal
|-
|''Karde Haan''
| rowspan="3" |2019
|Manni Sandhu
|Akhil
|Crown Records
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/karde-haan-akhil-to-release-his-latest-song-on-february-1/articleshow/67599294.cms|title=Karde Haan: Akhil to release his latest song on February 1|website=The Times of India|date=19 January 2019 }}</ref>
|-
|''Gaddaar''
|BOB
|Akhil / BOB
|Planet Recordz
|
|-
|''Kalla Sohna Nai''
|Mix Singh
|Babbu
|Desi Music Factory
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Kalla Sohna Nai - AKHIL ft. Sanjeeda Sheikh {{!}} Babbu {{!}} MixSingh {{!}} Latest Song 2019|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_87sQk_Ybsk|language=en|access-date=2020-01-22}}</ref> Featuring [[Sanjeeda Sheikh|Sanjeeda Shaikh]]
|-
|''Deewana''
| rowspan="2" |2020
|Desi Routz
|Maninder Kailey
|Desi Music Factory
|
|-
|Bachalo
|Enzo
|Nirmaan
|White Hill Music
|
|-
|Dooja Pyaar
| rowspan="4" |2021
|Sunny Vik
|Raj Fatehpur
|Sony Music India
|
|-
|Perfect
|BOB
|BOB
|Akhil Music
|
|-
|Paagla
|Sunny Vik
|Raj Fatehpur
|Desi Music Factory
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paagla: Singer Akhil Shares The First Look Poster Of His Upcoming Romantic Track; Features Avneet Kaur|url=https://www.spotboye.com/pollywood/pollywood-music/paagla-singer-akhil-shares-the-first-look-poster-of-his-upcoming-romantic-track-features-avneet-kaur/60d0a91cc22b2417f3f93325|access-date=2021-06-22|website=www.spotboye.com|language=en}}</ref> Featuring [[Avneet Kaur]]
|-
|Shopping Karwade<ref>{{Cite news|title=Check Out Latest Punjabi Song Music Video 'Shopping Karwade' Sung By Akhil {{!}} Punjabi Video Songs - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/check-out-latest-punjabi-song-music-video-shopping-karwade-sung-by-akhil/videoshow/84751340.cms|access-date=2021-07-27|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|BOB
|Navi Kamboj
|White Hill Music
|
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
*{{IMDb name|id=10241573}}
* [https://gaana.com/artist/akhil Akhil] on [[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]
* [https://music.apple.com/in/artist/akhil/593966718 Akhil] on [[iTunes]]
* [https://www.hungama.com/artist/akhil/113803/ Akhil] on [[Hungama.com]]
* {{Instagram|a.k.h.i.l_01}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Akhil}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Bhangra (music) musicians]]
[[Category:Indian male songwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian songwriters]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:People from Jalandhar]]
[[Category:Indian male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]

Neha Sharad

2026-01-19T17:04:00Z

Raymondbig: Made Data

{{short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Neha Sharad
| birth_name = Neha Joshi
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| known_for =
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| spouse = Bhushan Jeevan (died 1997)
| children =
| relatives = [[Sharad Joshi]] (father) Irfana Siddiqui (mother)
| website =
}}

'''Neha Sharad''' is an Indian television actor and poet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.anubhuti-hindi.org/chhandmukt/n/neha_sharad/index.htm|title=नेहा शरद|website=www.anubhuti-hindi.org|access-date=2016-06-27}}</ref> She has worked in TV shows, including ''[[Tara (TV series)|Tara]]'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/dont-you-miss-these-10-tv-serials-from-the-1990s-647180.html|title=Don't you miss these 10 TV serials from the 1990s?|date=26 October 2013|publisher=News18|first=Saurav|last=Jha|access-date=5 November 2018}}</ref> ''Waqt ki Raftar'',<ref name=":0" /> [[Mamta (TV series)|''Mamta'']],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shobhnadesaiproductions.com/portfolio/mamta/|title=Mamta |website=www.shobhnadesaiproductions.com|access-date=2016-06-29}}</ref> Gumraah,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/telly-stars-go-musical-intl-stage|title=Telly stars go musical on intl stage|last=Team|first=Tellychakkar|access-date=2016-06-29}}</ref> ''[[Yeh Duniyan Gazab Ki|Yeh Duniya Ghazab Ki]]'' and ''[[Farmaan]]''.

==Life==
Neha was born as Neha Joshi in [[Bhopal]] and grew up in [[Mumbai|Bombay]]. She is the daughter of writer [[Padma Shri]] awardee [[Sharad Joshi]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/entertainment/spoken-word-caravanghazal-safari/article8593199.ece|title=Spoken Word: Caravan-Ghazal Safari|date=2016-05-13|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-06-27}}</ref> and theatre artist Irfana Siddiqui.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fwa.co.in/ogtemplate.php?get=FWAoig4|title=Film Writers Association|website=fwa.co.in|access-date=2016-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908082502/http://fwa.co.in/ogtemplate.php?get=FWAoig4|archive-date=8 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> She was involved in the 2009 TV series, ''[[Lapataganj]]'', as a creative head, as the initial episodes were based on her father's works.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/sab-presents-lapataganj-sharad-joshi-ki-kahaniyon-ka-pata_100263842.html| title = SAB presents Lapataganj… Sharad Joshi Ki Kahaniyon Ka Pata| publisher = ThaIndian News| date = 22 October 2009| accessdate = 27 June 2016| archive-date = 15 August 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160815145154/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/sab-presents-lapataganj-sharad-joshi-ki-kahaniyon-ka-pata_100263842.html| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://xn--j2beko0a2dfo5c.com/television-articles/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C-109121000042_1.htm| title=कस्बाई जीवन का पता- 'लापतागंज'| publisher=Web Dunia| accessdate=27 June 2016| archive-date=27 August 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827100314/http://xn--j2beko0a2dfo5c.com/television-articles/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C-109121000042_1.htm| url-status=dead}}</ref>

She has organized literary festivals, such as ''Sharadotsav'', to commemorate her father's works.<ref>{{Cite web |title=शरदोत्सव-16 : शरदजी की याद में अनोखा मेला, किताबों के साथ रचनापाठ भी |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/MH-MUM-OMC-sharad-utsav16-hindi-book-fair-at-mumbai-5237386-PHO.html?seq=5 |access-date=2016-06-29 |website=Daily Bhaskar}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|3658979}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharad, Neha}}
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:1970 births]]

List of deputy chief ministers of Haryana

2026-01-16T14:00:08Z

Raymondbig: further cleaned up details per standard format and corrected details

{{Short description|De facto deputy head of government}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox political post
| insignia = Emblem of Haryana.svg
| insigniasize = 50px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of Haryana]]
| post = Deputy Chief Minister
| image =
| incumbent = Vacant
| incumbentsince = 12 March 2024
| precursor =
| appointer = [[Governor of Haryana|Governor]] on the advice of the [[Chief Minister of Haryana|Chief Minister]]
| inaugural = [[Chand Ram (politician)|Chand Ram]]
| formation = 24 March 1967
| body = Haryana
| member_of = [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| residence = 48, Sector 2, Chandigarh
| native_name = ''Hariyāṇā Kē Upamukhyamaṁtrī''
| seat = [[Chandigarh]]
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| abbreviation = DCM
| status = Deputy Head of Government
}}

The '''deputy chief minister of Haryana''' ('''DCM Haryana''', [[ISO 15919|ISO]]: ''Hariyāṇā Kē Upamukhyamaṁtrī'')<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/HAR-PAN-HMU-story-about-deputy-five-deputy-cm-of-haryana-news-hindi-5568776-PHO.html|title=ये 5 नेता रह चुके हैं डिप्टी CM, फिर भी एक बार भी पूरा नहीं कर पाए टर्म|date=April 7, 2017|website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref> is a member of the Cabinet of [[Government of Haryana]]. This is not a [[Constitution of India|constitutional]] office, it seldom carries any specific powers.<ref name="dpmconsti">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/of-deputy-chief-ministers-and-the-constitution/article3632410.ece|title=Of Deputy Chief Ministers and the Constitution|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=12 July 2012 |accessdate=7 November 2017}}</ref> In the [[parliamentary system]] of government, the chief minister is treated as the "first among equals" in the cabinet; the position of deputy chief minister is usually but not necessarily used to bring political stability and strength within a [[coalition government]]. A deputy chief minister usually also holds another cabinet portfolio such as home minister or finance minister.

==List of deputy chief ministers of haryana==
{|class="wikitable" style="width:75%; text-align:center"
|-
!Sr. No.
!Name {{small|(constituency)}} {{small|(birth-death)}}
!Portrait
! colspan=3|Term of office
!colspan=2|Political party
![[List of chief ministers of Haryana|Chief Minister]]
!Ref
|-
!1
|[[Chand Ram (politician)|Chand Ram]] {{small|(Jhajjar)}} {{small|(1923–2015)}}
|
|24 March 1967
|2 November 1967
|{{age in years and days|1967|03|24|1967|11|02}}
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Birender Singh (politician, born 1921)|Rao Birender Singh]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rajya-sabha-mourns-death-of-ex-haryana-deputy-chief-minister-chand-ram/articleshow/48185891.cms|title=Rajya Sabha mourns death of ex-Haryana Deputy Chief Minister Chand Ram|date=July 23, 2015|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="10" |Vacant (2 November 1967 - 21 June 1977)
|-
!2
|[[Mangal Sein]] {{small|([[Rohtak (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rohtak]])}} {{small|(1927–1990)}}
|
|21 June 1977
|28 June 1979
|{{age in years and days|1977|06|21|1979|06|28}}
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|[[Devi Lal]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20131028/haryana.htm#12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030020040/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20131028/haryana.htm#12|archivedate=30 October 2013|title=Former BJP MLA remembered|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=18 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/ex-deputy-chief-minister-dr-mangal-sen-paid-tribute-020504-3073431.html|title=पूर्व उप मुख्यमंत्री डॉ. मंगल सेन को श्रद्धा सुमन अर्पित किए|date=October 28, 2018|website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="10" |Vacant (28 June 1979 - 20 June 1987)
|-
!3
|[[Banarsi Das Gupta]] {{small|([[Bhiwani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhiwani]])}} {{small|(1917–2007)}}
|
|20 June 1987
|2 December 1989
|{{age in years and days|1987|06|20|1989|12|02}}
| rowspan="2" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Dal]]
|[[Devi Lal]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19900615-haryana-has-a-new-leader-in-banarasi-das-gupta-but-same-old-equation-persists-812671-1990-06-15|title=Haryana has a new leader in Banarasi Das Gupta but same old equation persists|first=Harinder|last=Baweja|date=June 15, 1990|website=India Today}}</ref>
|-
!4
|[[Hukam Singh (Haryana politician)|Hukam Singh]] {{small|([[Dadri (Haryana Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dadri]])}} {{small|(1926–2015)}}
|
|
|
|
|[[Om Prakash Chautala]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/chandigarh-punjab-news/former-cm-of-haryana-master-hukam-singh-fogaat-passed-away-1004433/|title=नहीं रहे जाटों को आरक्षण की पैरवी के पुरोधा मास्टर हुकम सिंह |website=Patrika News|date=13 July 2017 }}</ref>
|-
!5
|[[Chander Mohan]] {{small|([[Kalka (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kalka]])}} {{small|(b. 1965)}}
|[[File:Chander mohan.jpg|100px]]
|15 March 2005
|7 December 2008
|{{age in years and days|2005|03|15|2008|12|07}}
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/chander-mohan-to-be-haryana-deputy-cm/story-oFecfPQi1PgSjVnZSGOxCN.html|title=Chander Mohan to be Haryana Deputy CM|date=March 15, 2005|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/haryana-deputy-cm-chander-mohan-sacked-34775-2008-12-07|title=Haryana Deputy CM Chander Mohan sacked|website=India Today|date=7 December 2008 }}</ref>
|-
! colspan="10" |Vacant (7 December 2008 - 27 October 2019)
|-
!6
|[[Dushyant Chautala]] {{small|([[Uchana (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Uchana]])}} {{small|(b. 1988)}}
| [[File:Dushyant chautala at public meeting 2014-05-21 13-02.jpeg|100px]]
|27 October 2019
|12 March 2024
| {{age in years and days|2019|10|27|2024|03|12}}
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Jannayak Janata Party}}" |
|[[Jannayak Janata Party]]
|[[Manohar Lal Khattar]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dushyant-chautala-given-11-depts-in-first-haryana-cabinet-expansion-scores-excise-revenue-1618674-2019-11-14|title=Dushyant Chautala given 11 depts in first Haryana cabinet expansion; scores excise, revenue|website=India Today|date=14 November 2019 }}</ref>
|-
! colspan="10" |Vacant (Since 12 March 2024)
|-
|}

== Statistics ==
{{empty section|date=December 2025}}
==See also ==
* [[List of current Indian deputy chief ministers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Deputy Chief Ministers of Indian states}}

[[Category:Deputy chief ministers of Haryana]]
[[Category:Lists of deputy chief ministers of Indian states|Haryana]]
[[Category:Haryana-related lists|Deputy chief ministers]]

Kamata Kingdom

2026-01-11T03:14:26Z

Raymondbig: improved article

{{Short description|Medieval Kingdom in Assam and nearby areas}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Kamata Kingdom
| common_name = Kamata
| capital = Kamarupanagara {{small|(present-day [[North Guwahati]])}} Kamatapur {{small|(present-day [[Gosanimari]])}}
| common_languages = [[Early Assamese]] (eastern part), [[KRNB lects#Proto Kamta|Proto Kamta]] (western part)
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| era = [[Late Medieval period]]
| status =
| p1 = Pala dynasty (Kamarupa)
| s1 = Cooch Behar State{{!}}Koch Bihar Bengal Sultanate
| flag_s1 =
| s2 = Koch Hajo
| s3 =
| s4 =
| s5 =
| image_map = {{South Asia in 1400|center||{{Annotation|208|96|[[File:Long Rectangle (plain).png|35px]]}}}}
| image_map_caption =
| event_start = Established by Sandhya
| year_start = c. 1257
| date_start =
| event1 = Durlabh Narayan receives Candivara
| date_event1 = unknown
| event2 = Sasanka seizes power
| date_event2 = unknown
| event3 = Niladhwaj establishes [[Khen dynasty]]
| date_event3 = unknown
| event4 = [[Alauddin Hussain Shah]] defeats the last Khen ruler
| date_event4 = 1498
| event5 = [[Biswa Singha]] forms the [[Koch dynasty]]
| date_event5 = 1515
| event_end = Division of Koch dynasty into [[Koch Hajo]] and [[Koch Bihar]]
| year_end = 1587
| date_end =
| today = [[India]] ([[North Bengal]], [[Lower Assam]]) [[Bangladesh]]
| demonym =
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
| flag_s4 =
| flag_s2 =
}}
{{Assam History}}
The '''Kamata Kingdom''' {{Langx|as|কমতা ৰাজ্য|ˈkʌmətɑ}}; in the eastern [[Sivalik Hills]], emerged in western [[Kamarupa]] probably when [[Sandhya (ruler of Kamarupa)|Sandhya]], a ruler of Kamarupanagara, moved his capital west to Kamatapur sometime after 1257 CE.<ref>"[[Kamarupa]] was reorganized as a new state. 'Kamata' by name with Kamatapur as capital. The exact time when the change was made is uncertain. But possibly it had been made by Sandhya (c1250-1270) as a safeguard against mounting dangers from the east and the west. Its control on the eastern regions beyond the Manah (Manas river) was lax." {{harv|Sarkar|1992|pp=40–41}}</ref> Since it originated in the old seat of the Kamarupa kingdom, and covered most of the western parts of it, the kingdom is also sometimes called as Kamarupa-Kamata.

It covered a region corresponding to present-day undivided districts of [[Undivided Kamrup district|Kamrup]], [[Undivided Goalpara district|Goalpara]], [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]], and [[Cooch Behar district]] in [[India]] and [[Rangpur Division|Rangpur]] and northern parts of [[Mymensingh Division|Mymensingh]] in [[Bangladesh]].<ref>"Broadly speaking it included the districts of Kamrup, Goalpara, Koch Bihar, Rangpur, and some portions of Mymensingh." {{harv|Sarkar|1992|p=39}}</ref> The rise of the Kamata kingdom marked the end of the ancient period in the [[history of Assam]] and the beginning of the medieval period. The last rulers were the Khens, who were later displaced in 1498 by [[Alauddin Hussain Shah]], the ruler of the [[Bengal Sultanate]]. Though Hussain Shah developed extensive administrative structures, he lost political control to a confederation of [[Baro-Bhuyan]] within a few years.<ref name="baruah-daniel"/>

In 1515, [[Biswa Singha]] removed the Baro-Bhuyan confederacy and established the [[Koch dynasty]].<ref name="baruah-bhuyans">"The kingdom again passed on to the rule of the Bhuyans till the rise of the Koches in about 1515 AD." {{harvcol|Baruah|1986|p=181}}</ref> The Koches were the last to call themselves ''Kamateshwar'' (the rulers of Kamata), but due to the far-reaching extensive influence and expansions the kingdom is sometimes called the Koch Kingdom. In the following century the kingdom split in [[Cooch Behar State|Koch Bihar]] and [[Koch Hajo]]. The eastern kingdom, Koch Hajo, was absorbed into the [[Ahom kingdom]] in the 17th century. The western portion of the Kamata kingdom, Koch Bihar continued to be ruled by a branch of the [[Koch dynasty]] and later merged with the Indian territory after the independence of India from the British domain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://coochbehar.nic.in/htmfiles/royal_history2.html|title=Historical Acts/Statements of Cooch Behar|access-date=27 October 2013|archive-date=17 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017230009/http://coochbehar.nic.in/htmfiles/royal_history2.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The boundary between Koch Bihar and Koch Hajo is approximately the boundary between West Bengal and Assam today.

==Rulers of Kamata kingdom==

The political history of the Kamata kingdom region prior to the rise of the Koch dynasty remains uncertain and is largely reconstructed from traditions and scattered sources. Historians have relied on limited epigraphic evidence alongside later literary works, genealogical traditions, and retrospective chronicles, resulting in reconstructions that remain tentative.
<ref>Neog, Maheswar, "Early History of the Vaiṣṇava Faith and Movement in Assam, p.39,"The political history of Kāmarūpa of the times immediately preceding the age of Śaṅkaradeva still remains a virgin field of research...For a reconstruction of the history of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries we have to depend upon the scanty evidences afforded by some copperplate and stone inscriptions, the political works of several pre-Śaṅkaradeva poets and of Śaṅkaradeva himself, the guru-caritas, the rāja-vaṁśāvalīs of the Koch kings of Kāmarūpa; and have also to refer in some instances to Muhammedan chronicles"</ref>

===Early rulers===
{{See also|Yuzbak Khan's invasion of Kamarupa}}
Sandhya, was a ruler of Kamarupanagara, the capital of the erstwhile [[Kamarupa]].<ref>{{harvcol|Baruah|1986|p=175}}</ref> After withstanding an attack from [[Malik Ikhtiyaruddin Iuzbak]] in which Iuzbak was killed (1257)<ref>"Finally the Bengal army was routed in an open encounter in a narrow mountainous defile. An arrowshot wounded the elephant-borne Sultan in the chest. The Rajah allowed the captured Sultan to see his son before being killed." {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|pp=38–40}}</ref> Sandhya moved his capital to Kamatapur, near present-day [[Cooch Behar]] town. Sandhya styled himself ''Kamateswara'' and the kingdom came to be known as Kamata.<ref>{{harvcol|Baruah|1986|p=176}}</ref>

==== List of early Kamata rulers ====
* Sandhya
* Sindhu Rai
* Rup Narayan
* Singhadhwaj

===Middle rulers===
Pratapdhvaj was a minister of Singhadhvaj when he usurped power. At his death, his cousin Dharmanarayan seized power. He was challenged by Pratapdhvaj's son Durlabhnarayan and they decided to settle. Durlabhnarayan assumed power Kamrup, Goalpara, Jalpaiguri, Koch Bihar, along with the capital Kamatapur, while Dharmanarayan retained Rangpur and Mymensingh.<ref>{{harvcol|Baruah|1986|p=177}}</ref><ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=41f}}</ref> As part of the settlement, Durlabhnarayan received from Dharmanarayan the custody of fourteen families of [[Brahmans]] and [[Kayastha]]s, one among whom was Candivara, the great-great-grandfather of [[Sankardev]].<ref>{{harvcol|Neog|1980|p=50}}</ref> The court poets of Durlabhnarayan ([[Hema Saraswati]] and [[Harivara Vipra]]) and Indranarayan produced literary works that are considered to be the first examples of [[Early Assamese]].<ref>{{harvcol|Baruah|1986|p=178}}</ref>

Separately, an epigraphic record, from 1428, of a king named Durlabhnarayan (mentioned as son of Dharmanarayan), found in Sadiya-Chepakhowa, mentions that his grandfather Ratnanarayana (identified with Satyanarayana from late 14th century), after defeating the enemies of Kamdeva, became the king of [[Kamata kingdom|Kamatapura]]<ref>"Ratnanãrãyana is called the king of Kamatãpura and his grandson Durlabhanãrãyana is described as giving lands under the administration of the Governor of Häbunga province." {{harvcol|Neog|1977|p=818}}</ref> which might indicate that the eastern region of [[Chutia kingdom|Sadhaya]] was politically connected to the western region of Kamata.<ref>"The eastern region, whether it is called Sadhaya or Svadhaya as in the plates or Sadhiya or Sadiya as in Assamese chronicles and the western region of Kamatapura seems to be politically connected and the same Satyanarayana/Ratnanarayana might have held sway over both regions"{{harvcol|Neog|1977|p=818}}</ref>

==== List of middle Kamata rulers ====
* Pratapdhvaj
* Dharma Narayan
* Durlabh Narayan
* Indra Narayan

===Baro-Bhuyan rule===
{{main|Baro-Bhuyan}}
The invasion of Assam by [[Sikandar Shah]] (1357–1390) weakened Indranarayan. Though Sikander Shah had to retreat from central Assam because of an attack on Bengal by [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]], Indranarayana was sufficiently damaged that a Bhuyan from [[Darrang]], Arimatta, was able to usurp power.<ref>"Indranarayan's inability to resist the Muslims paved the way for the rise of the Bhuyans. Indeed, one of them, Arimatta or Sasanka became so ambitious that he killed Indranarayan and usurped the throne of Kamata." {{harvcol|Baruah|1986|pp=178–179}}</ref>
* Sasanka (Arimatta)
* Gajanka
* Sukranka
* Mriganka [[Jungal Balahu]]

===Khen dynasty===
{{further|Khen dynasty}}
The Khen dynasty,<ref>{{Harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=44}}</ref> of [[Kheng people|Kheng-Bhutanese]] origin,<ref>"There was a significant trade relationship between khengpas and Indians. During winter seasons the people of hill had to migrate to the plains with their goats and sheep. Khengpas were known for their excellence in warfare and statecraft. A Khen chief established a dynasty in Kamata (kamrupa) by virtue of his courage and skill. We have evidence of three kheng kings of this dynasty who ruled Kamrupa (Kamta)." {{harvcol|Dorji|2005|p=34}}</ref> replaced the weak rulers of [[Kamata kingdom]] following Arimatta in the middle of the 15th century. Niladhvaj Khen, the first king, united several Baro-Bhuyan chieftains of the area and removed the last of Arimatta's successors—Mriganka. There were only three Khen rulers:
* [[Niladhwaj of Kamata|Niladhwaj]]
* [[Chakradhwaj of Kamata|Chakradhwaj]]
* [[Nilambar of Kamata|Nilambar]] (c. 1498)
The last king, Nilambar expanded the kingdom to include the present Koch Bihar districts of West Bengal and the undivided Kamrup and [[Darrang]] districts of Assam and northern [[Mymensingh District|Mymensingh]] in Bangladesh as well as eastern parts of [[Dinajpur District, Bangladesh|Dinajpur district]], though he was removed by Alauddin Husain Shah in 1498.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

===Bengal Sultanate rule===
[[Alauddin Hussain Shah]], a [[Bengal Sultanate|Sultan of Bengal]], removed the last Khen ruler in 1498.<ref>The dates and duration of this invasion are not well established. See {{Harvtxt|Sarkar|1992|pp=46–47}}.</ref> This followed a long siege that likely started in 1493 soon after Alauddin's ascension and ended in a treacherous win with 24,000 infantry, cavalry and a war flotilla.<ref>{{Harvcol|Sarkar|1992|pp=46–47}}</ref> Alauddin destroyed the city and eventually annexed the region up to [[Hajo]] by 1502,<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=47}}</ref> removed the local chieftains, and established military control over the region.<ref>"Kamrup came to be used as a colony of the Afhans. They drove away the Hindu chieftains and assumed the civil and military administration of the area." {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=47}}</ref> He established his son [[Shahzada Danyal]] as an administrator and issued coins in his own name as the "conqueror of Kamru and Kamata ...".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sircar|first=D. C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1JYwP5tVQUC&pg=PA21|title=Studies in Indian Coins|date=2008|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|isbn=978-81-208-2973-2|language=en}}</ref> This rule was short since the Baro-Bhuyans rose up in revolt soon after and exterminated Sultanate rule.<ref name="baruah-daniel">"But the rule of the Muslims was short. The Bhuyans made a united attack on Daniel's garrison and destroyed it to the last man."{{harvcol|Baruah|1986|p=181}}</ref>

* [[Danyal (Hussain Shahi dynasty)|Danyal]] (1498-????)

Nevertheless, the Muslim rule had lasting effects. Hussein Shah's coins continued to be used till 1518, when the Koch dynasty began consolidating their rule. Ghiasuddin Aulia, a Muslim divine figure from [[Mecca]], established a colony at Hajo. His tomb, which is said to contain a little soil from Mecca, now called "Poa Mecca" ("a quarter Mecca"), is frequented by Hindus and Muslims alike.<ref>{{Harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=48}}</ref>

===Baro-Bhuyan Interregnum===
Alauddin Hussain Shah's representative in Kamata, his son [[Shahzada Danyal]] and his officers, was seized and killed by the [[Baro-Bhuyan]]s of the region and the region lapsed into their confederated style of governance till the Koches took over.<ref name="baruah-bhuyans"/> Though it is not known when the [[Baro-Bhuyan]] rule began, historians estimate that [[Biswa Singha]]'s campaign against the Baro-Bhuyans began in 1509.<ref>{{harvcol|Nath|1989|pp=28–29}}</ref>

===Koch kingdom===
{{Further|Koch dynasty|Koch Bihar|Koch Hajo}}

* [[Biswa Singha]] (1515–1540)
* [[Nara Narayan]] (1540–1587)

The Kamata kingdom then passed into the hands of the [[Koch dynasty]], with Biswa Singha consolidating his control over the Bara-Bhuyans one after another and establishing the [[Koch dynasty]] with its dominion from the [[Karatoya River]] in the west to the [[Barnadi River|Barnadi river]] in the east.<ref>"[Bisu, the son of Haria Mandal,] organised the strength of his tribe and defeated all the neighboring Bhuyans one after another and at last made himself the master of the dominion extending from the Karatoya in the west to the Barnadi in the east." {{harvcol|Baruah|1986|p=204}}</ref> In the 1581 Raghudev, the son of [[Chilarai]] and the nephew of [[Nara Narayan]], affected a split in the kingdom<ref name="harvcol|Baruah|1986|p=214">{{harvcol|Baruah|1986|p=214}}</ref>—[[Koch Hajo]] and [[Cooch Behar State|Koch Bihar]].<ref>"The Persian writers called the eastern part of the kingdom Koch Hajo and the western part Koch Behar. Assamese chronicles referred to them as Kamrup and Behar respectively." {{harvcol|Baruah|1986|pp=214–215}}</ref> Though Raghudev had accepted the suzerainty of his uncle,<ref name="harvcol|Baruah|1986|p=214"/> the two parts of the original Kamata kingdom split for good in 1587 when Naranarayan died,<ref>{{harvcol|Baruah|1986|p=205}}</ref> the boundary between them forming roughly the administrative boundary between the present-day [[Assam]] and [[West Bengal]].

[[Koch Hajo]], the eastern kingdom, soon came under attack from the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]], and the region went back and forth for between the Mughal and the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahoms]], finally settling with the Ahoms. Koch Bihar, the western kingdom, first befriended the Mughals and then the British, and the rulers maintained the princely state till the end of the British rule.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

====Administration system====
'''Yuvaraj''': Biswa Singha appointed his brother Sisu as the ''Yuvaraj''. The descendant of Sisu became the [[Raikat]] kings of [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]].

'''Karjis/Karzis''': Biswa Singha appointed twelve minister from his tribesman to form a ''Karjee'', this position was hereditary. Two important ''Karjee'' and ''Yuvaraj'' form a cabinet.

'''Senapati''': Commander of a standing army.

==== Paik System ====
Paik: Individual male

* Thakuria: in charge of over 20 ''paiks''.
* Saikia: in charge of over 100 ''paiks''.
* Hazari: in charge of over 1000 ''paiks''.
* Omra: in charge of over 3000 ''paiks''.
* Nawab: in charge of over 66,000 ''paiks''.

==See also==
* [[Koch–Ahom conflicts]]
* [[Bengal Sultanate–Kamata Kingdom War|Bengal Sultanate-Kamata Kingdom war]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation |last=Baruah |first=S L |title=A Comprehensive History of Assam |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.|place=New Delhi |year=1986}}
* {{Cite journal| last = Boruah| first=Nirode| title = Kamarupa to Kamata: The political Transition and the New Geopolitical Trends and Spaces | journal= Proceedings of the Indian History Congress| volume=72 |number= | year=2011| pages= 78–86| jstor=44146698}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Dorji |first=Lham |title=The Historical Anecdotes of Kheng Nobilities |journal=Journal of Bhutan Studies |publisher=Centre for Bhutan Studies |place=Thimpu |year=2005 |volume=13 |issn=1608-411X}}
* {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ECxUOSudNGYC|last=Nath|first=D.|title=History of the Koch Kingdom, C. 1515–1615|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1989|isbn=8170991099|access-date=26 March 2023|archive-date=3 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503105404/https://books.google.com/books?id=ECxUOSudNGYC|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book
| last = Neog
| first = Maheshwar
| authorlink = Maheshwar Neog
| title = Early History of the Vaishnava Faith and Movement in Assam
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DcReZM-rI0MC
| publisher = [[Motilal Banarsidass]]
| year = 1980
| location = Delhi
| isbn = 9788120800076
}}
* {{Citation |last=Sarkar |first=J. N. |contribution=Chapter II The Turko-Afghan Invasions |editor-last=Barpujari |editor-first=H. K. |title=The Comprehensive History of Assam |volume=2 |pages=35–48 |publisher=Assam Publication Board |place=Guwahati |year=1992}}
{{refend}}

{{Assam}}
{{Cooch Behar topics}}

[[Category:Kingdoms of Assam]]
[[Category:History of Cooch Behar]]
[[Category:Medieval Indian monarchies]]
[[Category:Kamtapur]]

Kaitabheshvara Temple, Kubatur

2025-12-30T03:03:07Z

Raymondbig: put up some location v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kaitabheshvara Temple
| native_name =
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| settlement_type = Hindu temple
| image_skyline = Rear view of Kaitabhesvara temple (1100 AD) at Kubatur.JPG
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| image_caption = Kaitabheshvara temple (1100 AD) at Kubatur in [[Shimoga district]]
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14.5648100|N|75.1523400|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Shimoga District]]
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| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
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The '''Kaitabheshvara''' temple (also spelt '''Kaitabhesvara''' or '''Kaitabheshwara''', known also as '''Kotisvara''') is located in the town of Kubatur (also spelt Kubattur or Kuppattur, and called Kuntalanagara or Kotipura in ancient inscriptions), near [[Anavatti]] in the [[Shimoga district]] of [[Karnataka]] state, [[India]]. The temple was constructed during the reign of [[Hoysala]] King [[Vinayaditya (Hoysala dynasty)|Vinayaditya]] around 1100 AD. The Hoysala ruling family was during this time a powerful feudatory of the imperial [[Western Chalukya Empire]] ruled by King [[Vikramaditya VI]].<ref name="kotipura">{{cite web |url=http://asibengalurucircle.org/shimoga-14.html|title=Kaitabhesvara Temple|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle |publisher=ASI Bengaluru Circle|access-date=14 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="strong">During the rule of Vinyaditya (1047–1098), the Hoysalas established themselves as a powerful Chalukya feudatory (Chopra 2003, p151, part 1)</ref><ref name="strong10">Sen (1999), p498</ref><ref name="feudal">Foekema (1996), p14</ref> According to the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], the architectural signature of the temple is mainly "Chalukyan".<ref name="kotipura"/> Art historian [[Adam Hardy (architectural historian)|Adam Hardy]] classifies the style involved in the construction of the temple as "Later Chalukya, non mainstream, far end of spectrum". The building material used is [[soapstone]]<ref name="nonmainstream">Hardy (1995), p335</ref> The temple is protected as a monument of national importance by the Archaeological Survey of India.<ref name="protected">{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_karnataka_bangalore.asp|title=Alphabetical List of Monuments - Karnataka -Bangalore, Bangalore Circle, Karnataka|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Center for the Arts|access-date=14 July 2012}}</ref>

==Temple plan==
The temple has a single square shaped shrine (''[[garbhagriha]]'') with an east–west orientation, a [[Vestibule (architecture)|vestibule]] that connects the sanctum (cella or ''vimana'') to the main large open hall (''mukha[[mantapa]]'') that has a staggered square plan and can be entered from five sides;<ref name="stagger">Foekema (1996), p21</ref> two lateral and one each in the north, south, and east. The walls of the shrine and vestibule stand on a base (''adisthana'') that is composed of five [[molding (decorative)|molding]]s. The superstructure over the sanctum is four-tiered (''chatustala arpita''). It is crowned by a large domed roof that looks like a "helmet" (''amalaka'') and whose shape follows the shape of the shrine (square in this case). The "helmet" is the largest sculptural piece in the temple, it is beautifully carved and well decorated. Atop the dome is a beautiful water-pot like stone structure (''[[kalasha]]'') that forms the pinnacle of the tower. In case of those temples where the original pinnacle is lost, a metallic structure is normally used as a replacement. The tower over the vestibule (''sukanasi'' or "nose"), which is actually a protrusion of the main tower, faces east.<ref name="kotipura"/><ref name="dome">Foekema (1996), p22, p27</ref> The open mantapa is large and its ceiling is supported by massive lathe-turned circular pillars. The relief work in the central panel of the hall ceiling is particularly noteworthy and the overall preservation of the temple is good.<ref name="ceilinghall">Cousens (1926), p99</ref>

==Sculptures and decoration==
[[File:Rear profile of Kaitabheshvara temple (1100 AD) at Kubatur.JPG|thumb|250px|left|A rear profile view of Kaitabheshvara temple at Kubatur]]
[[File:Old Kannada inscription (1241-1249 AD) in mantapa of Kaitabhesvara temple at Kubatur.jpg|thumb|upright|Old Kannada inscription (1241-1249 A.D.) at Kaitabheshvara temple]]
The sculptural [[motif (visual arts)|motif]]s and [[frieze]]s, the decorative articulation, the shape of superstructure (''[[shikhara]]'') and the design of pillars in this temple are those commonly found in other Western Chalukyan temples.<ref name="kotipura"/><ref name="nonmainstream"/> On the outer walls of the shrine and vestibule are [[pilaster]]s of two types; full length pilasters that reach up to the heavy though inconspicuous [[eaves]], and half length pilasters that support miniature decorative towers ([[Aedicula]]) of various kinds (such as ''[[Latina (architecture)|latina]]'' and ''[[Bhumija (architecture)|bhumija]]'').<ref name="kotipura"/><ref name="eves">Foekema (1996), p28</ref> The sculptures of [[Mahishamardini]] ( a form of the Hindu goddess [[Durga]], [[Bhairava]] ( a form of the god [[Shiva]]), and [[Ganesha]] can be found on the main tower. The base of the outerwall of the open hall (''mukhamandapa'') has decorative motifs, pilasters surmounted by miniature decorative pyramidal shaped [[Turret (architecture)|turret]]s with gargoyle faced (''[[kirtimukha]]'') scrolls. The seating area in the hall (''kakshasana'') is treated with floral decorations. The pillars of the mandapa are characteristically circular, polished and lathe-turned, with those pillars that are mounted on a platform (''[[jagati (temple)|jagati]]'') being fluted and shorter in height.<ref name="kotipura"/> The ceilings are ornate and the typical Hoysala style [[parapet]] over the eaves has sculptural representations of [[Narasimha|Ugra Narasimha]], [[Varaha]] (the boar, an incarnation of the god [[Vishnu]]), [[Garuda]] (the eagle) and [[Keshava]] (a form of the god [[Krishna]]). The doorjamb at the entrance to the vestibule and sanctum are typically ornate and Hoysala in character, with the [[lintel]] displaying a sculpture of "Gajalakshmi" (the Hindu goddess [[Lakshmi]] with elephants on either side).<ref name="kotipura"/>

== Notes ==
{{reflist|1}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Profile of mantapa (hall) and shrine Kaitabhesvara temple at Kubatur.JPG|Profile of ''mantapa'' (hall) and shrine outer wall decor in Kaitabheshvara temple at Kubatur
File:Vesara style tower over shrine in Kaitabhesvara temple at Kubatur.JPG|Vesara style tower over shrine in Kaitabheshvara temple at Kubatur
File:Ornate bay ceiling in Kaitabhesvara temple at Kubatur.jpg|Ornate bay ceiling in Kaitabheshvara temple at Kubatur
File:Open mantapa (hall) in Kaitabhesvara temple at Kubatur.JPG|large open ''mahamantapa'' (main hall) with three sided entrance in Kaitabheshvara temple at Kubatur
File:A virgal (herostone) in Kaitabhesvara temple at Kubatur.JPG|A ''virgal'' ([[Hero stone]]) in Kaitabheshvara temple at Kubatur
File:A small shrine inside the open mantapa in Kaitabhesvara temple at Kubatur.JPG|A small shrine in the hall of Kaitabheshvara temple at Kubatur
File:Domical bay ceiling in Kaitabhesvara temple at Kubatur.JPG|Ornate domical bay ceiling in Kaitabheshvara temple at Kubatur
</gallery>

== References ==
{{commons category}}
*{{cite web |url=http://asibengalurucircle.org/shimoga-14.html|title=Kaitabhesvara Temple|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle|publisher=ASI Bengaluru Circle|access-date=14 July 2012}}
*Adam Hardy, Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation : the Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa Tradition, 7th to 13th Centuries, Abhinav, 1995 {{ISBN|81-7017-312-4}}.
*{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_karnataka_bangalore.asp|title=Alphabetical List of Monuments - Karnataka -Bangalore, Bangalore Circle, Karnataka|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Center for the Arts|access-date=12 July 2012}}
*{{cite book |last1= Chopra|first1= P.N.|last2= Ravindran|first2= T.K.|last3=Subrahmanian|first3= N|title= History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern) Part 1|orig-year=2003|year=2003|publisher= Chand Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn= 81-219-0153-7}}
*{{cite book |last= Sen|first= Sailendra Nath |title= Ancient Indian History and Civilization |orig-year=1999|year=1999|publisher= New Age Publishers|isbn=81-224-1198-3}}
*Gerard Foekema, A Complete Guide to Hoysala Temples, Abhinav, 1996 {{ISBN|81-7017-345-0}}
* {{cite book|author=Cousens, Henry|title= The Chalukyan Architecture of Kanarese Districts|orig-year=1926|year=1996|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |location= New Delhi|oclc=37526233}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Shimoga district]]
[[Category:12th-century Hindu temples]]

Zoram Medical College

2025-12-25T06:01:58Z

Raymondbig:

{{short description|Medical college in Mizoram, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox college
| name = Zoram Medical College and Hospital
| former_name = Mizoram Institute of Medical Education & Research
| image =
| motto = Learn and Serve
| established = {{Start date and age|2018|08|07}}
| type = [[Medical Education]] [[Research institute]]
| city = Falkawn, [[Mizoram]]
| country = India
| campus = [[urban area|Semi Urban]]
| director = Dr. Zoramthara Zadeng
| undergrad = 100
| postgrad =
| affiliations = [[Mizoram University]] [[National Medical Commission|NMC]]
| website = {{URL|zmc.edu.in}}
}}

'''Zoram Medical College and Hospital''' previously known as '''Mizoram Institute of Medical Education & Research''' is the first medical college in [[Mizoram]], [[India]]. It was inaugurated on 7 August 2018 by the then CM of Mizoram, [[Lal Thanhawla]], at Falkawn, about {{cvt|16|km}} from [[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lalrinpuii |first1=Emily |title=MIZORAMA MBBS ZIRNA IN HMASA BER CHIEF MINISTER IN A HAWNG |url=https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/post/mizorama-mbbs-zirna-in-hmasa-ber-chief-minister-in-a-hawng |access-date=7 August 2018 |archive-date=7 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807220626/https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/post/mizorama-mbbs-zirna-in-hmasa-ber-chief-minister-in-a-hawng |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hmar |first1=Sangzuala |title=Mizoram’s first medical college inaugurated |url=https://nenow.in/health/mizorams-first-medical-college-inaugurated.html |access-date=7 August 2018 |publisher=NE Now}}</ref> ZMC is expected to meet the growing demand of Doctors in Mizoram.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saprinsanga |first1=Adam |title=No Medical College, Insufficient Recruitment, And Unfavourable Service Conditions: Why Mizoram Is Suffering From A Shortage Of Doctors |url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/mizoram-shortage-doctors-medical-college-recruitment |access-date=7 August 2018 |publisher=Caravan}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:MIMIR_Entrance.jpg|thumb|300px|ZMC Entrance]]
Construction work on the State Referral Hospital started in 1999 with funds from the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]], following approval of Rs. 40 crore for the proposal in 1996. The State Referral Hospital was initially planned for a 300 Bedded Hospital but had to start as a 50 bedded hospital in the Administrative Building from 21 July 2005 because the then [[Mizo National Front]] government deviated from original plan in executing construction.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nod for medical college in Aizawl |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1091109/jsp/northeast/story_11712307.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103063511/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1091109/jsp/northeast/story_11712307.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 November 2011 |access-date=7 August 2018 |publisher=The Telegraph India}}</ref> Subsequently, it was enlarged to 150 beds on 10 Dec 2012. MIMER was established by the Government of [[Mizoram]] under the Centrally Sponsored Scheme 'Establishment of new Medical Colleges attached with existing district/referral hospitals' with a project cost of Rs. 189 lakhs and funding pattern 90:10.<ref>{{cite news|title=List of identified States/districts under the scheme for Establishment of new Medical Colleges attached with existing district/referral hospitals|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=177043|access-date=11 July 2018|publisher=PIB Government of India}}</ref>

Prof. Lallukhum Fimate was appointed as the first director of the college on 27 October, 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About|url=https://zmc.edu.in/page/about|website=zmc.edu.in|language=en|access-date=2020-06-02|archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814232549/https://zmc.edu.in/page/about|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Permission to start MBBS courses was given on 25 May 2018 by the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]], Government of India on the recommendation of the [[National Medical Commission]].<ref>{{cite news|title=1st medical college for Mizoram|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/1st-medical-college-for-mizoram-232869|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711185236/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/1st-medical-college-for-mizoram-232869|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 July 2018|access-date=11 July 2018|publisher=Telegraph India}}</ref> It was inaugurated on 7 August 2018 by [[Lalthanhawla]], the Chief Minister of Mizoram.

It was renamed to Zoram Medical College on 26 April 2019 as per the decision of the Council of Ministers, Government of Mizoram.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eastmojo.com/mizoram/2019/04/24/mizoram-cabinet-renames-mimer-as-zoram-medical-college|title=Mizoram: Cabinet renames MIMER as Zoram Medical College|website=EastMojo|language=en|access-date=2019-06-04}}</ref>

==Admissions==
Students are admitted through the Higher & Technical Education Department, Government of Mizoram on the basis of [[National Eligibility and Entrance Test]] (NEET) scores. Total number of students admitted per year is 100, with 15% of seats reserved for All India Quota, 15% seats for NRI Quota and 70% of seats reserved for the State Quota.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Henry |first1=Khojol |title=Medical college to open with 3 courses |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/medical-college-to-open-with-3-courses-228820 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723122611/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/medical-college-to-open-with-3-courses-228820 |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 July 2018 |website=Telegraph |access-date=23 July 2018}}</ref>

== Courses ==
The college offers MBBS course which is affiliated to [[Mizoram University]] under permission of the Board of Governors in supersession of the [[National Medical Commission]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Affiliation |url=https://zmc.edu.in/page/affiliating-universities |website=ZMC&H |access-date=12 Jun 2025}}</ref>

The college also offers a two year Master of Public Health program and recently introduced Post Graduate Speciality Programs (MD/MS) in five clinical streams i.e. Anaesthesiology ,Paediatrics,General Surgery ,General Medicine and Obs and Gynaecology from the year 2025 onwards

==Departments==
{{colbegin|colwidth=15em}}
#Anatomy
#Physiology
#Biochemistry
#Pharmacology
#Pathology
#Microbiology
#General Surgery
#General Medicine
#Oto-rhino-laryngology
#Ophthalmology
#Obstetrics & Gynecology
#Community Medicine
#Forensic Medicine
#Pediatrics
#TB & Respiratory Diseases
#Dermatology & Venereology
#Radio-diagnosis
#Psychiatry
#Dentistry
#Anesthesiology
#Orthopedics<ref>{{cite web |title=Departments |url=https://zmc.edu.in/page/departments |website=ZMC |access-date=2 May 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
{{colend}}

==Location==
[[File:Hospital_MIMIR.jpg|thumb|300x300px|ZMC with surrounding areas of campus]]The Medical College is located on a campus at Falkawn on the outskirts of [[Aizawl]], about 16 km from Aizawl city and takes about 41 minutes to drive.<ref>{{cite web |last1=IANS |title=Mizoram's first medical college to open in August |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/mizorams-first-medical-college-to-open-in-august/articleshow/64040488.cms |website=Timesofindia.com |publisher=TOI |access-date=23 July 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mizoram}}

{{Coord|23|37|23.1|N|92|43|41.6|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Aizawl district]]

Pcheda

2025-12-21T23:16:13Z

Raymondbig: stub.

{{Italic title|reason=[[:Category:Naga words and phrases]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}

'''''Pcheda''''' is a traditional Indian game held in [[Viswema]], [[Nagaland]] that requires players to throw thin bamboo sticks from a set distance. An open competition is held annually in the month of January.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/nagaland-open-pcheda-competition-held/|title=Nagaland Open Pcheda competition held|date=7 January 2019|website=Eastern Mirror|access-date=1 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nagalandpost.com/pcheda-competition-held-at-viswema/188910.html|title=Pcheda competition held at Viswema|date=20 January 2019|website=[[Nagaland Post]]|access-date=1 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/pcheda-competition-held-at-viswema/|title=Pcheda competition held at Viswema|date=20 January 2019|website=Eastern Mirror|access-date=1 August 2021}}</ref>

==Game==
''Pcheda'' is played with thin dried bamboo sticks called ''Opche''. The players are divided into two teams and compete to throw the bamboo stick the furthest distance possible from a platform on solid mud. The winner is the team which throws the stick the furthest distance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/indigenous-game-southern-angamis-pcheda-draws-huge-participants|title=Indigenous game of Southern Angamis 'Pcheda' draws huge participants|date=6 January 2011|website=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=1 August 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of traditional Naga games and sports]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{sister project links}}

{{Nagaland}}

[[Category:Viswema]]
[[Category:Naga games]]

{{Game-stub}}

Raja Adeel

2025-12-08T04:53:52Z

Raymondbig: updated article additionally and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian-born cricketer (born 1987)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Raja Adeel
| image =
| country = United Arab Emirates
| country2 = Spain
| internationalspan = 2015
| internationalspan2 = 2019–
| fullname = Raja Adeel Iqbal
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|10|2|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting =
| bowling =
| role =

| international = true
| T20Idebutfor = Spain
| T20Idebutdate = 25 October
| T20Idebutyear = 2019
| T20Idebutagainst = Portugal
| T20Icap2 = 16
| lastT20Ifor = Spain
| lastT20Idate = 7 December
| lastT20Iyear = 2025
| lastT20Iagainst = Croatia

| columns = 1
| column1 = [[Twenty20 International|T20I]]
| matches1 = 29
| runs1 = 5
| bat avg1 = 1.25
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 2[[Not out|*]]
| deliveries1 = 590
| wickets1 = 33
| bowl avg1 = 17.27
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 3/8
| catches/stumpings1 = 4/–

| date = 6 November 2022
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/937669.html Cricinfo
}}
'''Raja Adeel''' (born 2 October 1987) is an Indian-born [[cricket]]er, who plays for the [[Spain national cricket team|Spanish cricket team]].<ref name="Cricinfo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/937669.html |title=Raja Adeel |accessdate=11 November 2015 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut for the [[United Arab Emirates national cricket team|United Arab Emirates]] against [[Hong Kong national cricket team|Hong Kong]] in the [[2015–17 ICC Intercontinental Cup]] tournament on 11 November 2015.<ref name="FC">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/911047.html |title=ICC Intercontinental Cup, United Arab Emirates v Hong Kong at Dubai (CA), Nov 11-14, 2015 |accessdate=11 November 2015 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> In September 2019, he was named in Spain's [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) squad for the [[2019 Iberia Cup]] tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketspain.es/news.php?id=2041 |title=Spain name their sqaud for the Iberian Cup |work=Cricket España |accessdate=28 September 2019}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023}}</ref> He made his T20I debut for Spain, against [[Portugal national cricket team|Portugal]], on 25 October 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1201668.html |title=1st Match, Iberia Cup at Cartagena, Oct 25 2019 |work=ESPN Cricinfo |accessdate=25 October 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|ref=ci/content/player/937669.html}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adeel, Raja}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Emirati cricketers]]
[[Category:Spanish cricketers]]
[[Category:Spain Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:Dual international cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Spain]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate sportspeople in Spain]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
{{UnitedArabEmirates-cricket-bio-stub}}

Kanishka Singh

2025-11-25T06:24:47Z

Raymondbig: Enhanced and reorganized content

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian politician
| name = Kanishka Singh
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1978}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/austerity-express-with-waiting-list-stamp-rahul-confirms-berth/517696/0 |title=Austerity express: With 'waiting list' stamp, Rahul confirms berth |publisher=Indian Express |date=2009-09-16 |accessdate=2013-10-05}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]]
| residence = [[New Delhi]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| constituency =
| office = Political aide to Rahul Gandhi
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| date = |
| year = |
| source =
}}
'''Kanishka Singh''' (born 1978) is an Indian [[politician]]. He is a political aide to the Congress MP and former President, [[Rahul Gandhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/news/cong-mp-quits-party-attacks-rahul-coterie-news-national-jegqCrjihhg.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114081547/http://sify.com/news/cong-mp-quits-party-attacks-rahul-coterie-news-national-jegqCrjihhg.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-11-14 |title=Cong MP quits party, attacks Rahul 'coterie' |website=[[Sify]] |date=2008-05-16 |accessdate=2013-10-05}}</ref>

==Early life==
He was born to [[Shilendra Kumar Singh|S. K. Singh]], an [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS officer]], former foreign secretary and ex-governor of [[Rajasthan]] and Manju. He is a computer engineer<ref name="indianexpress1">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/candidate-sonia/3912/0 |title=Candidate Sonia |publisher=Indian Express |date=2006-05-06 |accessdate=2013-10-05}}</ref> and went to [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]].<ref>[http://www.caravanmagazine.in/Story.aspx?StoryID=1017&Page=2 ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018153828/http://www.caravanmagazine.in/Story.aspx?StoryID=1017&Page=2 |date=18 October 2011 }}</ref> He did his MBA from [[Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania|Wharton]]. His elder brother Shashank Singh, is a [[Harvard]] MBA and works in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/20/stories/2009022057410500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107085614/http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/20/stories/2009022057410500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-11-07 |title=Other States / Rajasthan News : Rahul in Jaipur to attend wedding |date=2009-02-20 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2013-10-05}}</ref>

==Career==
Kanishka Singh started his career as an [[investment banker]] on [[Wall Street]]<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/may/09/india.randeepramesh |title=The latest face of the Gandhi dynasty comes to claim his own &#124; World news |work=The Guardian |date=2007-05-09 |accessdate=2013-10-05}}</ref> working with merchant banking firm [[Lazard Freres|Lazard Freres & Co]] in New York, before he decided to join up with Rahul Gandhi.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Congs-F1-driver-his-team/articleshow/4540863.cms |title=Cong's F1 driver & his team - Economic Times |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=2009-05-17 |accessdate=2013-10-05}}</ref> He also worked with the [[World Bank]].{{cn|date=July 2025}}

==Political career==
He entered politics in 2003 being part of the team that was behind [[Delhi]] chief minister [[Sheila Dikshit]]'s electoral campaign.

After writing an article for Outlook magazine, proved to be a turning point in his career.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/why-sonia-is-like-john-kerry/223548 |title=Why Sonia Is Like John Kerry | first=Kanishka | last=Singh |publisher=Outlookindia.com |date=12 April 2004 |accessdate=12 November 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/rahul-treks-to-hideaway-in-himalayas-59085-2009-10-22 |title=Rahul treks to hideaway in Himalayas : Latest Headlines, News - India Today |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=2009-10-23 |access-date=2013-10-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Rahul-Gandhi-the-organisation-man/articleshow/4544420.cms |title=Rahul Gandhi, the organisation man - Economic Times |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=2009-05-18 |accessdate=2013-10-05}}</ref> He has been a constant companion of Rahul Gandhi, ever since he won the [[Amethi]] seat in 2004. Among his contributions, a customised Request Management System software for speedy processing of appeals and grievances from Amethi. For [[Sonia Gandhi]]'s election, He was in charge of door-to-door campaigning in the Saraini Assembly segment.<ref name="indianexpress1"/>
With his vital role alongside [[Rahul Gandhi]], Kanishka Singh has also been named in the list of the most powerful Indians in 2012 where he has been ranked at no. 31.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-most-powerful-indians-in-2012-no.-3140/916155 |title=The most powerful Indians in 2012: No. 31-40 |publisher=Indian Express |date=2012-02-24 |accessdate=2013-10-05}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?223548 Kanishka Singh's Column in Outlook magazine]
* [http://www.india-seminar.com/2005/556/556%20kanishka%20singh.htm India-seminar.com]
* [http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/nation/rahul-gandhi-corporation Openthemagazine.com]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Kanishka}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Wharton School alumni]]
[[Category:Politicians from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian investment bankers]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United States]]

{{Delhi-INC-politician-stub}}

Nandi Awards of 1981

2025-10-31T07:53:12Z

Raymondbig: Made New Info!

{{Short description|Indian Telugu film and TV awards ceremony}}
{{one source|date=July 2021}}
{{Nandi Awards}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}

Nandi Awards presented annually by Government of Andhra Pradesh. First awarded in 1964.

== 1981 Nandi Awards Winners List ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Category<ref>{{cite web|date=|title=Nandi Award winners 1964-2008|url=https://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=14 July 2021}}</ref>
!Winner
!Film
|-
|[[List of winners of the Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]]
|[[Bharathiraja]]
|[[Seethakoka Chilaka]]
|-
|Second Best Feature Film
|[[K. Balachander]]
|[[Tholi Kodi Koosindi]]
|-
|Third Best Feature Film
|[[K. Bapayya]]
|[[Oorukichchina Maata]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Nandi Awards]]
[[Category:1981 awards]]

Indrani Mukherjee (singer)

2025-10-09T02:52:23Z

Raymondbig: put up first post w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian vocalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Indrani Mukherjee
| image = Indrani Mukherjee.jpg
| caption =
| landscape = yes
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1974|1|25}}
| birth_place = [[Asansol]], [[West Bengal]], India
| native_name = ইন্দ্রানী মুখার্জী
| occupation = [[Vocalist]]
| spouse = Apurba Mukherjee (Tabla Player)[https://in.linkedin.com/in/apurba-mukherjee-41729769]
| genre = [[Khyal]], [[Thumri]]
}}

'''Indrani Mukherjee''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali:]] ইন্দ্রানী মুখার্জী; born 25 January 1974) is a [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]] [[vocalist]] and [[Thumri]] exponent in India. Her singing repertoire covers [[Khyal]] ([[Kirana gharana|Kirana]] - Rampur style) and Thumri (Purab Ang).

She was a scholar student of [[ITC Sangeet Research Academy]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] in 1996 under the guidance of Pandit Arun Bhaduri.<ref>Pt. Arun Bhaduri [https://itcsra.org/Artiste-of-the-month.aspx?AOMDate=2017/03/01] Publisher: ITC Sangeet Research Academy</ref> She pursued her learning with the Late Vidushi Purnima Choudhury<ref>Vidushi Purnima Choudhury [http://www.sarangi.net/other-gems/141-purnima-choudhury]. Source: http://www.sarangi.net</ref> and the Late Pandit [[Ramashreya Jha|Ramashreya Jha Ji]] of [[Allahabad]]. Since 2012, Indrani started learning with Vidushi Manju Sundaram Ji<ref>Vidushi Manju Sundaram: Understanding an enigma [https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/vidushi-manju-sundaram-understanding-an-enigma/article25389848.ece]. Source: The Hindu, 2 November 2018</ref> of [[Varanasi]].

She is an empanelled artist of [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] and [[SPIC MACAY|Spic Macay]] and high grade artist in [[All India Radio]] for Khyal and [[Thumri]].

==Early life==
Indrani was born in 1974 in [[Asansol]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. She is the daughter of Smt. Shikha Chatterjee (singer) and Sri Krishna Gopal Chatterjee (architect). As she was born in a musical family, therefore, from childhood she exhibited a keen interest in music.

Initially her learning started with her Mother and Aunt. When she was 3 years old, she took taalim from her maternal Grand Father Shri Sanjib Banerjee, disciple of the late [[Arkut Kannabhiran|Pandit A.T.Kanan]]. [[File:Indrani Mukherjee at the age of 3.jpg|thumb|Indrani at the age of 3]] At the age of 14, her grand father asked about her aim of life, when she realised that she wants to become a professional singer. She is the first member in the family to take music as profession. On her first public performance, in 1995, she impressed [[Padma Bhushan|the Padma Bhushan awardee]] [[Buddhadev Das Gupta|Pandit Buddhadev Das Gupta]], who suggests her to shift in Kolkata. After completing her Graduation degree in Political Science in 1995 from [[University of Burdwan|Burdwan University]] she joined the [[ITC Sangeet Research Academy]]. In 1996, Indrani was selected as a scholar of the prestigious ITC Sangeet Research Academy, [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] and came under the able guidance of Pandit Arun Bhaduri, and continued till his demise in 2018. Indrani is the first official Scholar<ref>Indrani Mukherjee [https://www.itcsra.org/OurScholarsPerform.aspx?ShishyasId=38]. Publisher: ITC Sangeet Research Academy</ref> in ITC Sangeet Research Academy under Pt. Arun Bhaduri.

<blockquote>''"Playing the protagonist in the audio-drama is Bhaduri's first disciple at Sangeet Research Academy – Indrani Mukherjee. Bhaduri still can't believe that Mukherjee took such an initiative. Calling it a fitting 'Gurudakshina', Bhaduri is overwhelmed by her efforts."'' 
The Times of India, Times City, Kolkata, 15.12.2015 - Priyanka Dasgupta.<ref>Audio-drama format for Arun Bhaduri's novel soon [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Audio-drama-format-for-Arun-Bhaduris-novel-soon/articleshow/50182972.cms]. Publisher: TOI, 15 December 2015</ref></blockquote>

==Career==
Indrani has decided to take her passion as profession at the age of 14 and then she continued her formal training in classical music seriously. After completing the residential course of ITC Sangeet Research Academy Kolkata, she left the institution in 2001 to make independent career but continued her Taalim with Pt. [[Arun Bhaduri]] Ji.

==Performance==
''"Indrani Mukherjee from Kolkata left an indelible impression of her artistic sensibilities during her vocal that opened with the challenging raga Puriya. Opting for a raga like Puriya and Sarangi for sangat instead of the harmonium marked high standard from the beginning."''
The Hindu, 11.02.2016 by Smt Manjari Sinha.<ref>Music in guru's abode [https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music-in-gurus-abode/article8224006.ece]. Publisher:The Hindu, 11 February 2016</ref>

===International===
She has played a pivotal role in making of the album "Benares", an international collaboration project with [[Erik Truffaz]], Malcolm Braff and Apurba Mukherjee in 2008.

[[File:Left to right- Malcolm Braff,Eric Truffaz,Indrani Mukherjee,Apurba Mukherjee, Paleo Festival,Switzerland.jpg|thumb|Indrani performing at Paleo Festival, Switzerland]]

"Mukherjee's overwhelming voice in particular gave the night a touch of magic that will leave a lasting impression upon the Music Hall audience. Indrani Mukherjee took the stage and the atmosphere changed. The instruments moved to the background and the Indian vocalist's strong emotive voice filled the room. The performance was now more arranged, less improvised, but every time her voice paused it provided Truffaz's trumpet the room to cling magically in the air." ''The Daily Star'' (28 August 2008), Lebanon by Raphael Thelen.<ref>{{cite news | title=A tasty melange of east and west, shot through a jazz blender | url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Culture/Art/2008/Aug-28/120323-a-tasty-melange-of-east-and-west-shot-through-a-jazz-blender.ashx | newspaper=The Daily Star | date=28 August 2008}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Indrani married [https://in.linkedin.com/in/apurba-mukherjee-41729769 Sri Apurba Mukherjee], a renowned tabla player and a disciple of [[Shankar Ghosh (musician)|Pandit Shankar Ghosh]]. They have a son, Anjishnu Mukherjee (Born in 2004), who is also maintaining the family tradition of music.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.indranimukherjee.com Official website]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Indrani}}
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Asansol]]

Arunava Sinha

2025-10-02T16:46:49Z

Raymondbig: Stub

{{Short description|Indian translator and former journalist}}{{Infobox person
| native_name = অরুনাভ সিনহা
| native_name_lang = Bangla
| birth_date = 1962
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| citizenship = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| alma_mater = [[Jadavpur University]]
| occupation = translator, professor
| website = https://arunavasinha.in/
}}
'''Arunava Sinha''' is an Indian translator, former journalist, and professor of creative writing at [[Ashoka University]], [[Haryana]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Aditya Mani |date=2025-07-18 |title=Arunava Sinha's 'The Laboratory' {{!}} Found in translation |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20250728-arunava-sinhas-the-laboratory-found-in-translation-2757890-2025-07-18 |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramani |first=Priya |date=2022-10-14 |title=Meet Arunava Sinha, likely India's most prolific translator |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/meet-arunava-sinha-likely-indias-most-prolific-translator/article65974733.ece |access-date=2025-09-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Rush |date=2023-03-26 |title=For Arunava Sinha, time is the best workspace |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/ideas/for-arunava-sinha-time-is-the-best-workspace-111679728597518.html |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> He is also the co-director of the Ashoka Centre for Translation. His work mainly involves translating [[Bengali language|Bengali]] fiction and nonfiction, both classical and contemporary, into English, as well as translating from English into Bengali.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Arunava Sinha, One of the Most Ingenious Indian Translators Who Spreads Magic One Book at a Time |url=https://www.india.com/lifestyle/meet-arunava-sinha-one-of-the-most-ingenious-indian-translators-who-spreads-magic-one-book-at-a-time-6840123/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arunava Sinha lets young translators experience Manto's stories in a new anthology |url=https://t2online.in/goodlife/books/arunava-sinha-lets-young-translators-experience-manto-s-stories-in-a-new-anthology/2000389 |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=t2online.in |language=en}}</ref> As of 2025, over ninety of his translations have been published.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Soumitra |date=2024-09-20 |title=Flavour lost {{!}} Review of 'The Penguin Book of Bengali Short Stories', edited by Arunava Sinha |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/book-review-the-penguin-book-of-bengali-short-stories-editor-arunava-sinha-flavour-lost-in-english-translation/article68584800.ece |access-date=2025-09-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-15 |title=In conversation with Arunava Sinha - |url=https://www.himalayanwritingretreat.com/in-conversation-with-arunava-sinha/ |access-date=2025-09-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> He has received translation awards and has been shortlisted for others, both in [[India]] and abroad.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-04-20 |title=Bengali novel shortlisted for Independent Foreign Fiction prize |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/Bengali-novel-shortlisted-for-Independent-Foreign-Fiction-prize/article16371394.ece |access-date=2025-09-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arunava Sinha wins Vani Foundation distinguished translator award |url=https://www.printweek.in/news/arunava-sinha-wins-vani-foundation-distinguished-translator-award-55848 |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=PrintWeek |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-09 |title=Indian translator Arunava Sinha is among PEN Translates 2017 grant winners |url=https://scroll.in/latest/857247/indian-translator-arunava-sinha-among-pen-translates-2017-grant-winners |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> He has conducted translation workshops at institutions including the [[British Centre for Literary Translation]] (UEA), [[University of Chicago|the University of Chicago]], the Dhaka Translation Centre, and [[Jadavpur University]], and has worked with translators internationally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SummerSALT: A Unique Training for Emerging Translators {{!}} South Asian Literature in Translation |url=https://salt.humanities.uchicago.edu/2024/05/22/summersalt-a-unique-training-for-emerging-translators/ |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=salt.humanities.uchicago.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The unique experience of summer school at BCLT |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/magazine/arts-and-letters/125620/the-unique-experience-of-summer-school-at-bclt |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=www.southasiaspeaks.org — mentors |url=https://southasiaspeaks.org/p24569152/ |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=www.southasiaspeaks.org}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Sinha was born in [[Kolkata]], [[India]], and spent his early childhood in [[Mahim]], [[Mumbai]]. In an interview with the writer [[Nilanjana Roy|Nilanjana S Roy]], he recalled his first memories of language as being in [[Marathi language|Marathi]], spoken by older children in the household. However, his earliest meaningful exposure to language came through songs played by his mother, particularly [[Rabindra Sangeet|Rabindrasangeet]] sung by [[Debabrata Biswas]], which left a lasting impression on him.<ref name="nilanjanaroy.com">{{Cite web |date=2014-09-09 |title=The Creative Life: Arunava Sinha, Translator |url=https://nilanjanaroy.com/2014/09/09/the-creative-life-arunava-sinha-translator/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=nilanjana s roy |language=en}}</ref>

From the age of four, Sinha began reading in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], his mother tongue. At eight, he transitioned to reading exclusively in [[English language|English]], although Bengali remained the language of communication with family and neighbourhood friends. He describes himself as being [[bilingual]] from childhood, though he did not enjoy studying Bengali as a subject in school.<ref name="nilanjanaroy.com"/>

Sinha pursued his undergraduate studies in [[electrical engineering]] but soon realised it was not his calling. He switched to studying [[English literature]] at [[Jadavpur University]], where he developed a deeper appreciation for language and literature.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-27 |title=Interview: Arunava Sinha, Translator, winner of the 6th Vani Foundation Distinguished Translator Award 2022 – “I'm very hopeful for the future of translations” |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/interview-arunava-sinha-translator-winner-of-the-6th-vani-foundation-distinguished-translator-award-2022-i-m-very-hopeful-for-the-future-of-translations-101653672349327.html |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

His journey into translation began during his college years, when he gave a talk on [[translation]]. This early exposure sparked his interest in the field, leading him to translate short stories for a city magazine in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arunava Sinha |url=https://www.platform-mag.com/literature/arunava-sinha.html |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=www.platform-mag.com}}</ref>

In 1992, Sinha undertook his first book-length translation, translating [[Sankar (writer)|Sankar]]'s novel ''[[Chowringhee (novel)|Chowringhee]]'' from Bengali to English. This project came about when Sankar requested that he translate the novel for a [[French language|French]] publisher. Years later, in 2007, the translation was published by [[Penguin India]], marking the beginning of Sinha's professional career as a translator.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cultural bridges built of words |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/books/cultural-bridges-built-of-words-3724616 |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Sukanta Chaudhuri]]
* [[Sankar (writer)|Sankar]]
* [[Rabisankar Bal]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Arunava}}
[[Category:Indian translators]]
[[Category:Journalists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1962 births]]

Sushil Kumar Singh

2025-10-01T07:55:35Z

Raymondbig: rework structure also and cleaned formatting for accuracy

'''Sushil Kumar Singh''' may refer to:

* [[Sushilkumar Singh Chongtham]] (born 1981), Indian footballer
* [[Sushil Kumar Singh (politician)]] (born 1963), Indian politician

{{hndis|Singh, Sushil Kumar}}

Garo Baptist Convention

2025-09-23T18:03:43Z

Raymondbig: added references per sources and added references for clarity

{{Short description|Baptist Christian denomination in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox Christian denomination
| name = Garo Baptist Convention
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = [[Garo Baptist Convention (GBC), Birishiri, Durgapur, Netrokona]]
| imagewidth =
| alt =
| caption =
| abbreviation = GBC
| main_classification = [[Evangelicalism]]
| theology = [[Baptists|Baptist]]
| orientation =
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Mr. Sundar A Sangma
| leader_title1 = General Secretary
| leader_name1 = Rev Janang R. Sangma
| associations = [[Council of Baptist Churches in Northeast India]], [[Baptist World Alliance]]
| founder = [[American Baptist Foreign Mission Society]]
| founded_date = {{start date and age|df=yes|1874}}
| founded_place =
| area = [[Meghalaya]], [[Assam]], [[Bangladesh]]
| language =[[Garo language|Garo]]
| headquarters = [[Tura, Meghalaya|Tura]], [[India]]
| congregations = 2,619
| members = 333,908
| ministers =
| website =
}}
{{Baptist}}
'''Garo Baptist Convention''' is a [[Baptists|Baptist]] [[Christian denomination]] of [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]]. It is named after the ethnic group of the name [[Garo people|Garo]]. Most members of this church are in [[Meghalaya]]. In Bangladesh the central office of the GBC is located in Birishiri under the Durgapur Upazila of [[Netrokona District]]. It is affiliated with the [[Council of Baptist Churches in Northeast India]] and the [[Asia Pacific Baptist Federation]] ([[Baptist World Alliance]]).

==History==
It was established in the year of 1881, though it started working in that area in 1874.<ref> Hub Network, [https://hubnetwork.in/a-celebration-of-faith-marks-150-years-of-church-establishment-in-garo-hills/ A celebration of Faith marks 150 years of Church establishment in Garo Hills], hubnetwork.in, India, February 3, 2024</ref>

==Memberships==
According to a census published by the association in 2023, it claimed 2,619 churches and 333,908 baptized members. <ref>Baptist World Alliance, [https://www.baptistworld.org/member-unions/ Members], baptistworld.org, USA, retrieved May 5, 2023</ref>

== Schools ==
[[File:Harding Theological College, Tura.JPG|thumb| Harding Theological College at [[Tura, Meghalaya|Tura]], [[Meghalaya]]]]

GBC runs the Harding Theological College in Tura, Meghalaya. GBC also runs the J.N.B. Memorial Baptist Training Institute in [[Birishiri]], [[Netrokona]], Bangladesh.<ref>[https://www.bwanet.org/programs/mej/baptist-colleges-seminaries-and-bible-schools Baptist Colleges, Seminaries, and Bible Schools] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203181900/http://bwanet.org/programs/mej/baptist-colleges-seminaries-and-bible-schools |date=3 February 2020 }}, Baptist World Alliance</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Council of Baptist Churches in Northeast India]]
* [[North East India Christian Council]]
* [[List of Christian denominations in North East India]]
* [[Bible]]
* [[Born again]]
* [[Worship service (evangelicalism)]]
* [[Jesus Christ]]
* [[Believers' Church]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130331003604/http://www.gbc-bd.org/index_1.php GBC in Bangladesh]

{{Churches in India}}
{{Baptist World Alliance Members}}

[[Category:1890 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Religion in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Baptist Christianity in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Council of Baptist Churches in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Christianity in Meghalaya]]

{{bangladesh-org-stub}}
{{india-org-stub}}
{{baptists-stub}}

Ramakkalmedu

2025-09-20T05:39:56Z

Raymondbig: enhanced information per sources and cleaned formatting

{{more citations needed|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ramakkalmedu
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Hill Station
| image_skyline = Statue of Kuruvan & Kuruthi.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Statue of Kuruvan & Kuruthi at Ramakkalmedu
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9|47|59|N|77|14|14|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Idukki district|Idukki]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Panchayath
| governing_body = Karunapuram & Nedumkandam grama panchayath
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km3 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 981.07
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 685552
| area_code = 04868
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-69, [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-37
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ramakkalmedu''' is a [[hill station]] and a [[Hamlet (place)|hamlet]] in [[Idukki district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Kerala]]. The place is noted for its panoramic beauty and numerous windmills.

==Location ==
It is located about 15 km from [[Nedumkandam]] on the [[Munnar]]-[[Thekkady]] route. Nearby towns are Thookkupalam (5 km), [[Kattappana]] (25 km), and [[Kumily]] (40 km).

==Geography==
Ramakkalmedu stands tall in the western ghats at a height of {{cvt|3500|ft}} above sea level.

==Flora and fauna==
The ecosystem of the area consists largely of grass land Shola forest type which is laced by sporadic bamboo forests.

==Climate==
Constant wind is a defining characteristic that sets Ramakkalmedu apart. The area experiences a consistent wind speed of approximately 35 kilometers per hour year-round, regardless of the season or time of day.

==Wind Energy==
Villages such as Pushpakandam and Kuruvikanam near Ramakkalmedu are home to the second wind energy farm installation in Kerala. While these installations are on private holdings, they collectively have a current capacity of approximately 14.25 MW, utilizing NEG MICON Wind Mills. The electricity generated here is distributed to the Kerala State Electricity Board. Despite Ramakkalmedu being known as one of Asia's largest wind-blown areas, its potential for electricity generation remains largely untapped.

==Tourism==

[[File:View from ramakkalmedu 2.jpg|thumb|View from Ramakkalmedu]]

Although Ramakkalmedu has the potential to become an international tourist destination and already attracts more than 100,000 visitors, as of 2015, not much had been done to improve basic facilities in the area. The government of Kerala has announced plans to develop this tourist destination by improving transportation facilities with buses, upgrading the Kerala police, and taking other measures. Tourist attractions such as Tortoise Rock, Kuravan Hills, Rama Rock, Wind Mills Viewpoint, Soolapara Hill, and Hyderamala Hills are all part of the Ramakkalmedu tourism circuit.

== Kuravan and Kurathi ==
[[File:Kuravan kurathi statue.jpg|thumb|Kuravan and Kurathi statue, Ramakkalmedu|left]]

Ramakkalmedu is a historic site with a monument to Kuravan and Kurathi, a large statue that depicts the [[Sangam Period]] and [[Sangam landscape]] of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The monument provides a panoramic view of [[Tamil Nadu]] villages and towns, including Cumbum, Theni, Kombai, Thevaram, Uthamapalayam, Bodinaykannor, and Vaiga. Rolling green hills and the fresh mountain air make Ramakkalmedu an enchanting retreat. The view is striking at dusk when all these towns in Tamil Nadu are lit up.

Ramakkalmedu, the name of the place, literally means "Land of Rama’s Stone" or "Land where [[Rama]] set his holy foot" (Rama is a Hindu deity in the epic [[Ramayana]]). One story suggests that Rama, accompanied by his younger brother [[Lakshmana]], set his foot at the top of Ramakkalmedu in search of his wife [[Sita]], who had been abducted by the rakshasa king of [[Lanka]], [[Ravana]].

The Twin Statue was sculpted by C.B. Jinan and erected on the hill's summit in the year 2005. This statue depicts two historical characters with a connection to the construction of the Idukki Dam. The Idukki Arch dam links two massive rock hills named Kuravan Mala (Kuravan Hill) and Kurathi Mala (Kurathi Hill).<ref>[http://www.thekkady.com/Ramakkalmedu.html Thekkady.com]</ref>{{panorama|image=File:View of Tamil Nadu, from Ramakkalmedu.jpg|caption=View of Tamil Nadu, from Ramakkalmedu|height=230}}

==Gallery==
{{Gallery
|width=120 |height=100
|align=center
|File:View from ramakkalmedu.jpg|view from ramakkalmedu
|File:Ramakkalmedu 1.jpg|ramakkalmedu viewpoint
|File:Ramakkalmedu.jpg|view of tamilnadu from ramakkalmedu viewpoint
|File:Ramakkalmedu 2.jpg|view from ramakkalmedu viewpoint
|File:Kuravan kurathi statue, ramakkalmedu.jpg|kuravan kurathi statue, ramakkalmedu
|File:Ramakkal Made.jpg|Views from Ramakkalmade
|File:Ramakkalmedu in Kerala.JPG|Side view of Kuravan and Kurathi
|File:Ramakkalmedu Kerala.jpg|Tourist at Ramakkalmedu viewpoint
|File:Scenry of ramakkalmedu.jpg|an outcrop of rock jutting to tamilnadu scenery
|File:Tamil nadu view from Ramakkalmedu.jpg|View of Tamil Nadu from Ramakkalmedu
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{commons category}}
{{Idukki district}}

[[Category:Villages in Idukki district]]
[[Category:Hill stations in Kerala]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Idukki district]]
[[Category:Geography of Idukki district]]

Neeleeswaram

2025-08-20T18:21:21Z

Raymondbig: small improved lead for accuracy and updated info

{{for|the city|Nileshwaram}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Neeleeswaram
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Assumption Monastery Parish Church, Neeleeswaram.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Assumption Monastery Parish Church, Neeleeswaram
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala
| coordinates = {{coord|10|11|0|N|76|28|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/ |title=Official website of kerala.gov.in |accessdate=2006-08-25 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060118031516/http://www.kerala.gov.in/ |archivedate=2006-01-18 }}</ref>
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ernakulam.nic.in/ |title = Ernakulam District Website {{!}} Kerala State, India {{!}} India}}</ref>
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Malayattoor-Neeleeswaram [[Grama Panchayat]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&id=2064&Itemid=2584|title=Kerala State Portal|access-date=11 July 2013|archive-date=21 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821192656/http://www.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&id=2064&Itemid=2584|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 683574
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0484
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-63
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest cities
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Angamaly]], [[Kalady]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Chalakudy Lok Sabha constituency|Chalakudy]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Malayattoor-Neeleeswaram Grama Panchayat<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&id=2064&Itemid=2584|title=Kerala State Portal|access-date=11 July 2013|archive-date=21 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821192656/http://www.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&id=2064&Itemid=2584|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Neeleeswaram''' is a small village located in the [[Ernakulam district]] of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is on the way to the famous St. Thomas pilgrimage centre in [[Malayattoor]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.malayattoorkurisumudy.in/ |title = St. Thomas International Shrine}}</ref>

The [[Periyar River]] flows through the south of the village.

Neeleeswaram is part of the Malayattoor-Neeleeswaram [[Gram panchayat|Grama Panchayat]]. Near the main junction of Neeleeswaram are the Panchayat Office, Assumption Monastery Parish Church,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://neeleeswaramchurch.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507104229/http://neeleeswaramchurch.com/ |archive-date=7 May 2013 |title=ASSUMPTION MONASTERY CHURCH NEELEESWARAM}}</ref> [[Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam|SNDP]] Branch, and [[Primary school|LP School]]. [[File:SNDP High School Neeleeswaram 1.JPG|thumb|SNDP High School Neeleeswaram 1]]

==History==
The east boundary of Neeleeswaram is the Pallipetta junction and a small stream of water flowing to [[Periyar River|Periyar]]. By the side of this stream, there is a very ancient pillar marking the boundary between the erstwhile princely states of [[Travancore]] and [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]]. The residents call this pillar the Kothi-Stone. From the Pallipetta junction, there is a road to the south leading to Pallikkadavu which is a small ferry leading to [[Cheranalloor]] [[Francis Xavier|St. Xaviers]] Church. The road leading to the north goes to a tiles factory.

Neeleeswaram junction is the center point of the road connecting the nearby villages of [[Kalady]] and [[Malayattoor]]. Govt. [[Primary school|LP School]] and [[Cooperative|Cooperative Society]] buildings are situated at the center junction and alongside the road to [[Naduvattam (Ernakulam)|Naduvattom]]. Naduvattom boasts a vivid view with its [[paddy field|paddy]] fields and its greenery. From this junction, there is road going to the north side passing through Jeevadan Convent, YMA, YCA junction. The region comes under the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Major Archeparchy of Ernakulam–Angamaly]]. This road, leads to another village called Naduvattom.

==Naduvattom==
[[Naduvattam (Ernakulam)|Naduvattom]] is a happening place in the [[Malayattoor]]-Neeleeswaram [[grama panchayat|Grama Panchayat]]. It is a stone's throw from Neeleeswaram junction which houses the [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]] office. It can also be approached from Chandrapura junction for those coming from [[Angamaly]] and [[North Malabar|Northern Kerala.]] Naduvattom is en route to the [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas]] Shrine in [[Malayattoor]]. A [[Malayattoor pilgrimage|huge number of pilgrims]] visit the shrine mostly during [[Good Friday]] and the Holy Month. Naduvattom has the St. Antony's Church in the name of [[Saint]] [[Anthony of Padua]] which also houses the [[parish]] hall for organizing cultural activities. The Naduvattom Church had celebrated its platinum jubilee in the year 2013. Sahrdaya club and Angel Club are the major recreation centres. The All Kerala [[Badminton]] Open Tournament is conducted by Sahrdaya club in January every year. [[Onam]] activities like [[tug of war]] and indoor games like [[chess]], [[carrom]] are organized under the club every year.

==Demographics==
Malayattoor-Neeleeswaram [[Gram panchayat|Grama Panchayat]] had a total population of 13,915 of which 7,080 are males and 6,835 are females as of census report of 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012024644/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archive-date=12 October 2007 |title=Population data - Villages with population 5000 & above}}</ref>

==People==
Most people follow either Catholic or [[Narayana Guru|Srinarayana]] tradition of beliefs and they are significantly peaceful minded with a great sense of religious unity. All the families are known by traditional family names such as Manjaly, Konukudy, Manavalan, Poonely, Pullan, Chiraparamban, Arackal, Thanickaparambil, Vadakkedathu, Karingen, Kidangen, Konooran, Moolan, Nadayil (Tharanilathu), Nedunkandathil, Kallookkaran, Kozhikodath, Kollamkudy, Chitten, Manickathan, Menachery etc. The Kidangen family has more than 700 members and Kozhikodath family has more than 500 members in this village.

==Medical centres==
Dr Vineetha G P clinic is situated on the east side of the road to [[Naduvattam (Ernakulam)|Naduvattom]] just after the main junction. There is also a Government [[Ayurveda]] Hospital on the south side of the road to [[Malayattoor]] just after a stream on the east end of Neeleeswaram. Moreover, there are various government primary health care centres in various interior parts.

==Festivals==
Traditional festivals like [[Onam]] are celebrated with great enthusiasm. [[Christmas in India|Christmas]] and [[New Year's Day|New Year]] are also celebrated with great pomp and show. Temples and churches celebrate their anniversaries, popularly known as {{transliteration|ml|perunal}}, with great fervour.

==Climate==
Under the [[Köppen climate classification]], Neeeleeswaram features a [[tropical monsoon climate]] (''Am''). Neeleeswaram's proximity to the equator along with its coastal location results in little seasonal temperature variation, with moderate to high levels of humidity. Annual temperatures range between {{convert|23|and|31|C|F}} with the record high being {{convert|38|°C|°F|abbr=on}}, and record low {{convert|17|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. Drought-like conditions might be prevalent (very rarely) during late February and March.
During the [[2018 Kerala floods|2018 floods]], Neeleeswaram was one of the villages that was not severely affected. Only a small portion in the east of Neeleeswaram was badly affected while most of Neeleeswaram experienced only waterlogging.
{{Weather box
|location = kalady, India
|metric first = yes
|single line = Yes
|temperature colour = pastel
|Jan high C = 30
|Feb high C = 31
|Mar high C = 31
|Apr high C = 31
|May high C = 31
|Jun high C = 28
|Jul high C = 28
|Aug high C = 28
|Sep high C = 28
|Oct high C = 29
|Nov high C = 30
|Dec high C = 30
|year high C = 30
|Jan low C = 23
|Feb low C = 25
|Mar low C = 26
|Apr low C = 26
|May low C = 26
|Jun low C = 25
|Jul low C = 24
|Aug low C = 24
|Sep low C = 25
|Oct low C = 25
|Nov low C = 25
|Dec low C = 23
|year low C = 25
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 20
|Feb precipitation mm = 20
|Mar precipitation mm = 40
|Apr precipitation mm = 120
|May precipitation mm = 310
|Jun precipitation mm = 560
|Jul precipitation mm = 520
|Aug precipitation mm = 340
|Sep precipitation mm = 240
|Oct precipitation mm = 310
|Nov precipitation mm = 160
|Dec precipitation mm = 40
|year precipitation mm= 2740
|source 1 = Weatherbase<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=35334&cityname=Cochin-Kerala-India&units=metric| title=Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Kalady, India | publisher=Weatherbase |accessdate=12 July 2013}}</ref>
|date=July 2013
}}

==Education==
[[File:SNDP High School Neeleeswaram.JPG|200px|thumb|right|SNDP High School Neeleeswaram]]
# [[SNDP]] HSS Neeleeswaram
# St. Thomas HSS Malayattoor
# Govt. [[LP School]]
Glps Neeleeswaram is a Primary only School in Kalady Village of Angamaly. It was established in the year 1950 and the school management is Department of Education. It's a Malayalam medium, co-educational school.<ref>http://allindiafacts.com/school/kerala/ernakulam/angamaly/32080201014.html {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>

==Industries==
This region is in the foothills of the [[Western Ghats]], so [[rubber plantations]] are plenty in number. Also various herbs are available in the forests which are used for making [[ayurvedic]] medicines. [[Bamboo]] corporation,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bambooworldindia.com/factory_units.html |title=Welcome to Kerala State Bamboo Corporation Ltd |accessdate=2013-07-12 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704085738/http://bambooworldindia.com/factory_units.html |archivedate=2013-07-04 }}</ref> crusher units are the major industries operating in this area. Heavy vehicles carrying rocks and soil are a common sight on the roads.

==Nearest railway station==
[[Angamaly railway station|Angamaly]] for [[Kalady]] (limited stop), [[Aluva railway station|Aluva]] (major stop).

==Nearest airport==
[[Cochin International Airport]] is about 10 kilometres from Neeleeswaram-Naduvattom.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cial.aero/ |title = The Official Website of Cochin International Airport}}</ref>

==Tourism==
[[Athirapilly]], [[Vazhachal]] are some 20 kilometres from this place. This attracts tourists from all over Kerala. Also the international shrine of [[Malayattoor]] welcomes a [[Malayattoor pilgrimage|huge number of pilgrims]]. [[Kalady]]-the birthplace of [[Adi Shankaracharya]] is also a popular destination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.keralatourism.com/php/PlacestoSee.php?pid=14|title = Kerala Tourism -}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category}}
{{Kerala}}
{{Ernakulam district}}

[[Category:Villages in Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Periyar (river)]]

Chamrauli, Barauli Ahir

2025-07-17T15:49:37Z

Raymondbig: Info

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
'''Chamrauli''' is a village in Barauli Ahir block of [[Agra District]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The block headquarter [[Barauli Ahir]] is located at distance of 1.6 km. [[Agra]] is at a distance of 8 km from village.<ref>{{cite book |title=Uttar Pradesh Administrative Atlas |date=2007 |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |pages=219 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nI0nAQAAIAAJ&q=Chamrauli,+Barauli+Ahir |access-date=25 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

The nearest railway station to Chamrauli is [[Agra Fort]] which is located in and around 6.3 kilometer distance.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nearest Railway Stations to Chamrauli Barauli Ahir Uttar-Pradesh Agra - Search Nearest Railway Stations of Any Place |url=https://trainspy.com/nearestrailwaystations/Chamrauli+Barauli+Ahir+Uttar-Pradesh+Agra |website=trainspy.com |access-date=25 May 2021}}</ref> The Pin Code of village is 283125. The village has higher secondary school.{{fact|date=June 2023}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Agra district]]

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

{{Agra-geo-stub}}

South African cricket team in India in 2025-26

2025-04-03T11:51:02Z

Raymondbig: made a article - done

#REDIRECT [[:South African cricket team in India in 2025–26]]

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