Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Nishant Kumar (politician)

2026-05-08T13:28:09Z

RayfordFvx: Added initial bio w/ infobox...

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1975)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| office1 = [[List of Health Ministers of Bihar|Minister of Health]] [[Government of Bihar]]
| term_start1 = 7 May 2026
| term_end1 =
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata1 = [[Samrat Choudhary]]
| predecessor1 = [[Samrat Choudhary]]
| successor1 =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1975|7|20}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is Nishant Kumar? Meet Nitish Kumar’s software engineer son, who could be Bihar’s Deputy CM - The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/new-updates/who-is-nishant-kumar-meet-nitish-kumars-software-engineer-son-who-could-be-bihars-next-cm/amp_articleshow/129082174.cms |access-date=2026-05-08 |website=m.economictimes.com}}</ref>
| birth_place =
| party = [[Janata Dal (United)]] (since 2026)
| parents = [[Nitish Kumar]] (father)
}}

'''Nishant Kumar''' (born 20 July 1975)<ref>{{Cite news |title=Low-profile Nishant finds himself in the spotlight |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/low-profile-nishant-finds-himself-in-the-spotlight/amp_articleshow/129108180.cms |access-date=2026-05-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>is an Indian politician who currently serves as [[List of Health Ministers of Bihar|Minister of Health]] in the state of [[Bihar]]. He is the son of [[Nitish Kumar]], the former and longest serving [[Chief Minister of Bihar]] for 20 years and currently, a member of Rajya Sabha from [[Bihar]] and national president of [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/who-is-nishant-kumar-education-personal-life-and-possible-political-role-8020017.html|title=Who Is Nishant Kumar: Education, Personal Life and Possible Political Role|first=Gaurav|last=Sharma|date=8 March 2026|website=oneindia.com}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Kumar was born on 20 July 1975 to [[Nitish Kumar]] and Manju Kumari Sinha. His mother died in 2007 from [[pneumonia]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2007 |title=Nitish Kumar's wife passes away in Delhi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/nitish-kumar-s-wife-passes-away-in-delhi/story-W6jz9FvoNtuKkb772mo5zH.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=4 October 2020 |archive-date=7 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007170437/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/nitish-kumar-s-wife-passes-away-in-delhi/story-W6jz9FvoNtuKkb772mo5zH.html |url-status=live }}</ref> His father is a politician and is the longest-tenured chief minister in Bihari history, holding the post for 10 terms.

In his youth, Kumar attended [[St. Karen's High School, Patna|St. Karen's High School]] in [[Patna]] and Manava Bharati India International School in [[Mussoorie]]. He also graduated with a degree in [[software engineering]] from the [[Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra]] in [[Ranchi]]. He lives in Patna and did not pursue a political career until 2026, often staying away from politics as a whole. He is unmarried and has no children.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yadav |first1=J.P. |title=Coronation of dynasty baiter's son: Nishant Kumar joins JDU, marking his entry into active politics |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/nitish-kumars-son-nishant-kumar-formally-joins-jdu-marking-his-entry-into-active-politics-prnt/cid/2150416 |access-date=10 March 2026 |work=The Telegraph Online |date=9 March 2026}}</ref>

== Political career ==
In March 2026, Kumar joined the [[Janata Dal (United)]] following his father's announcement of his pending resignation. This was a departure from the party's previous policy of anti-dynasticism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/who-is-nishant-kumar-meet-nitish-kumars-software-engineer-son-who-could-be-bihars-next-cm/articleshow/129082174.cms?from=mdr|title=Who is Nishant Kumar? Meet Nitish Kumar's software engineer son, who could be Bihar's Deputy CM|date=5 March 2026|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

In May 2026, Kumar joined the [[Choudhary ministry]] as health minister, marking his formal entry into politics. <ref>{{cite web |title=Nishant Kumar, son of JD(U) chief Nitish Kumar, to join Bihar CM Samrat Choudhary's cabinet |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nishant-kumar-son-of-jdu-chief-nitish-kumar-to-join-bihar-cm-samrat-choudharys-cabinet-101778065134222.html|access-date=7 May 2026 |website=Hindustan Times|language=en-in}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=Bihar Cabinet expansion today: Nishant Kumar likely to be inducted; heavy security across Patna|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/bihar-cabinet-expansion-today-nishant-kumar-likely-to-be-inducted-heavy-security-across-patna-1503590868.html|access-date=7 May 2026 |website=The Statesman|language=en-in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nishant Kumar May Join Bihar Cabinet Tomorrow. How It Happened|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nishant-kumar-may-join-bihar-cabinet-tomorrow-how-it-happened-11458354 |access-date=7 May 2026 |website=NDTV|language=en-in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Nishant}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]
[[Category:Nitish Kumar]]
[[Category:Politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:People from Patna]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Bihar]]
[[Category:Health ministers of Bihar]]

Harsh Goenka

2026-05-06T18:03:15Z

RayfordFvx: Creating Initial Info Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian businessman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Harsh Vardhan Goenka
| image = Harsh Goenka.jpg
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| birth_date = {{Birth-date and age|23 December 1957}}
| title = Chairman of [[RPG Group]]
| spouse = Mala Goenka
| education = {{Ubl
| [[University of Calcutta]]
| [[International Institute for Management Development]]
}}
| relations = [[Sanjiv Goenka]] (brother)
| parents = [[R. P. Goenka]]
| children =
}}
'''Harsh Vardhan Goenka''' (born 23 December 1957) is an [[India|Indian]] [[industrialist]] and the chairman of [[RPG Group|RPG Enterprises]], a [[Mumbai]]-based business [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]] comprising over fifteen companies operating sectors, including [[infrastructure]], [[tyres]], [[information technology]], and life sciences.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Harsh Goenka: Harsh Goenka Net Worth, Biography, Age, Spouse, Children & More |url=https://www.goodreturns.in/harsh-goenka-net-worth-and-biography-blnr1567.html |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=Goodreturn |language=en}}</ref>

According to [[Forbes]], Goenka was ranked 1,045th on the 2024 list of global [[Billionaire|billionaires]] and 76th on [[Forbes India's richest Indian by year|Forbes India’s list]] of the country’s 100 richest individuals, with an estimated net worth of US$4.1 billion as of October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harsh Goenka |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/harsh-goenka/?sh=444a043a98ff |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/RnCjsjVissRim3biOq0vXK/Goenkas-split-rest-of-RPG-group.html | title=Goenkas split rest of RPG group | work=mint | date=27 December 2011 | last1=Datta | first1=Aveek }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kalesh |first=Baiju |date=2014-01-13 |title=How a forced split of RPG Enterprises actually worked for Goenka brothers |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/how-a-forced-split-of-rpg-enterprises-actually-worked-for-goenka-brothers/articleshow/28720838.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-04-21 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India's 100 Richest |website=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/india-billionaires/}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Goenka was born into a [[Marwari people|Marwari]] family in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]. He was born to Sushila Devi Goenka and industrialist [[R. P. Goenka]], the founder of [[RPG Group|RPG Enterprises]]. He is the eldest son in the Goenka family. Goenka completed his [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] studies in Economics at [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata|St. Xavier’s College, Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/durga-puja-in-the-comfort-of-your-home-harsh-goenka-s-tweet-shows-how-11664765258218.html |title='Durga Puja in the comfort of your home': Harsh Goenka's tweet shows how |work=mint |date=3 October 2022 |author1=Livemint }}</ref>

He later obtained a [[Master of Business Administration]] from the [[IMD Business School|International Institute for Management Development]] in Lausanne, [[Switzerland]], where he was subsequently inducted into the institute’s board.

Goenka is married to Mala Goenka.<ref name="g641">{{cite web | last=Badola | first=Shreya | title=My wife doesn't let me keep the 'clutter': Harsh Goenka | website=DNA India | date=2011-02-22 | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-my-wife-doesn-t-let-me-keep-the-clutter-harsh-goenka-1511282 | access-date=2025-12-31}}</ref> His children include Vasundhara Goenka, and Anant Goenka, who serves as Vice Chairman of [[RPG Enterprises]] and CEO of CEAT.<ref name="e210">{{cite web | last1=Shwenk | first1=Martin | last2=Murthy | first2=Narayana | last3=Poonawalla | first3=Adar | last4=Jain | first4=Manu | last5=Kamath | first5=Nitin | title=Harsh Goenka proud father as son Anant appointed FICCI VC | website=The Economic Times | date=2023-12-11 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/harsh-goenka-proud-father-as-son-anant-appointed-ficci-vc/articleshow/105891815.cms?from=mdr | access-date=2025-12-31}}|https://www.ceat.com/content/dam/ceat/pdf/ProfileMrAnantGoenka.pdf|</ref>

== Career ==
After completing his education, Harsh Goenka began his professional career in Mumbai. In 1983, at the age of 24, he was appointed [[Managing Director]] of [[CEAT Limited|CEAT Ltd]]. He succeeded his father, R. P. Goenka, as the Chairman of [[RPG Group|RPG Enterprises]] in 1988.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Harsh Goenka: The creative leader |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/harsh-goenka-the-creative-leader-111641454934065.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111141715/https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/harsh-goenka-the-creative-leader-111641454934065.html |archive-date=11 November 2024 |access-date=2025-04-21 |work=Mintlounge |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Kaushiki |date=2022-06-20 |title=Here is all you need to know about Harsh Goenka and what are his plans regarding the Agnipath scheme? |url=https://www.thetechoutlook.com/current-affairs/nation/here-is-all-you-need-to-know-about-harsh-goenka-and-what-are-his-plans-regarding-the-agnipath-scheme/ |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=The Tech Outlook |language=en-US}}</ref>

Under his leadership, the group expanded through a series of mergers, acquisitions, and joint ventures during the 1980s and 1990s. RPG Enterprises established collaborations with several multinational corporations, including Goodyear,<ref name="c208">{{cite web |website=Business Standard | title=Goodyear Picks Up Ceat Stake In South Asia Tyres | date=1998-04-18 | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/goodyear-picks-up-ceat-stake-in-south-asia-tyres-198041801037_1.html | access-date=2025-10-30}}</ref> DuPont,<ref name="k591">{{cite web | last=Special | first=Journal of Commerce | title=DU PONT TEAMS UP WITH GOENKA FOR INDIAN POLYESTER VENTURE | website=Journal of Commerce | date=1992-05-11 | url=https://www.joc.com/article/du-pont-teams-up-with-goenka-for-indian-polyester-venture-5467058 | access-date=2025-10-30}}</ref> Vodafone, Fujitsu, Phelps Dodge.<ref name="j127">{{cite web |website=Business Standard | title=Rpg, Vodafone Not To Sell Stake In Cell Firm | date=2001-07-04 | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/rpg-vodafone-not-to-sell-stake-in-cell-firm-101070401027_1.html | access-date=2025-10-30}}</ref><ref name="w069">{{cite web | last=Kumar | first=Abhineet | title=RPG buys Fujitsu’s 29% Zensar stake | website=mint | date=2007-03-03 | url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/XmOEdf9pkxIuI5CfIHIFFO/RPG-buys-Fujitsus-29-Zensar-stake.html | access-date=2025-10-30}}</ref><ref name="g861">{{cite web | title=RPG Group's HR transformation journey | website=People Matters | date=2019-03-27 | url=https://www.peoplematters.in/article/hr-technology/rpg-groups-hr-transformation-journey-21237 | access-date=2025-10-30}}</ref>

Goenka has served as President of the [[Indian Merchants' Chamber|Indian Merchants’ Chamber]]<ref name="b045">{{cite web | last=Maheshwari | first=Khushi | title=Harsh Goenka Says Never Thought Of Leaving India | website=NDTV Profit | date=2025-09-11 | url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/trending/harsh-goenka-says-never-thought-of-leaving-india-his-five-reasons | access-date=2025-10-30}}</ref> and is a member of the Executive Committee of the [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry]].<ref name="c724">{{cite web | last=Digital | first=ET Now | title=Industrialist Harsh Goenka shares an 'innovative' wedding invite, take a look | website=Times Now | date=2022-08-22 | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/companies/industrialist-harsh-goenka-shares-an-innovative-wedding-invite-take-a-look-article-93704055 | access-date=2025-10-30}}</ref>

Goenka serves as Chairman of the Board at Spencer International Hotels Ltd.<ref name="a173">{{cite web | last=Digital | first=ET Now | title='Most people don't have a talent problem. They have a...' | website=Times Now | date=2023-04-04 | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/companies/most-people-dont-have-a-talent-problem-they-have-a-big-life-lesson-from-harsh-goenka-article-99237149 | access-date=2025-12-31}}</ref>

== Philanthropy ==
Harsh Goenka serves as a [[trustee]] of the RPG Foundation and the RPG Art Foundation, which undertake various [[social]] [[initiatives]] in areas such as primary education, women’s empowerment, healthcare, and urban beautification.<ref name="h679">{{cite web | title=Right mentoring can bring women on board, says Harsh Goenka of RPG Enterprises | website=The Economic Times | date=2015-05-12 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/right-mentoring-can-bring-women-on-board-says-harsh-goenka-of-rpg-enterprises/articleshow/47244994.cms?from=mdr | access-date=2025-10-30}}</ref>

Goenka serves as a member of the National Art Advisory Committee for the [[National Gallery of Modern Art]] and is part of the Council of the National Culture Fund under India’s Ministry of Culture.<ref name="n791">{{cite web | title=Harsh Goenka | website=AsiaOne News, AsiaOne Latest News, AsiaOne Magazine India | date=2024-12-05 | url=https://asiaone.co.in/harsh-goenka/ | access-date=2025-12-31}}</ref>

== Board memberships ==

* Former president, [[Indian Merchants' Chamber]]<ref name="b045">{{cite web | last=Maheshwari | first=Khushi | title=Harsh Goenka Says Never Thought Of Leaving India | website=NDTV Profit | date=2025-09-11 | url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/trending/harsh-goenka-says-never-thought-of-leaving-india-his-five-reasons | access-date=2025-10-30}}</ref>
* Chairman of the board, KEC International Ltd, CEAT Limited, Zensar Technologies Ltd, RPG Life Sciences Ltd, Spencer International Hotels Ltd<ref name="z682">{{cite web | title=Harsh Vardhan Goenka - KEC.IN {{!}} KEC International Ltd. - Wall Street Journal | website=www.wsj.com | url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/IN/XNSE/KEC/company-people/executive-profile/245491 | access-date=2025-10-30}}</ref>
*Member- Executive committee, [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry]].<ref name="c724">{{cite web | last=Digital | first=ET Now | title=Industrialist Harsh Goenka shares an 'innovative' wedding invite, take a look | website=Times Now | date=2022-08-22 | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/companies/industrialist-harsh-goenka-shares-an-innovative-wedding-invite-take-a-look-article-93704055 | access-date=2025-10-30}}</ref>

* Former member of the board of governors, National Institute of Industrial Engineering (NITIE)<ref name="r372">{{cite web | title=Global Asian of the Year 2017 | url=https://asiaone.co.in/pdf/AGBL_2%20Magazine%202018.pdf | access-date=2025-10-30}}</ref>
* Member of the foundation board, International Institute for Management Development, Switzerland,<ref name="o055">{{cite web | title=The Foundation Board | website=IMD business school for management and leadership courses | date=2024-03-21 | url=https://www.imd.org/reports/annual-report/2023/the-foundation-board/ | access-date=2025-10-30}}</ref>
* Trustee, Breach Candy Hospital Trust<ref name="o055">{{cite web | title=The Foundation Board | website=IMD business school for management and leadership courses | date=2024-03-21 | url=https://www.imd.org/reports/annual-report/2023/the-foundation-board/ | access-date=2025-10-30}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{RPG Group}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Geonka, Harsh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
[[Category:Rajasthani people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:RPG Group]]
[[Category:International Institute for Management Development alumni]]
[[Category:Goenka family]]
[[Category:Businesspeople in information technology]]
[[Category:Businesspeople in agriculture]]
[[Category:Businesspeople in the coffee industry]]
[[Category:Indian billionaires]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in the pharmaceutical industry]]

Sangita Jindal

2026-05-04T07:43:30Z

RayfordFvx: started entry

{{short description|Indian businesswoman (born 1962)}}
{{Resume-like|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Sangita Jindal}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sangita Jindal
| image = SangitaJindal.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Sangita Jindal
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|08|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], India
| othername =
| alma_mater = [[St. Xavier's College, Ahmedabad]]
| occupation = Philanthropist
| yearsactive =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Sajjan Jindal]]|1984}}
| children = 3, including [[Parth Jindal]]
| organisation = JSW Foundation
| website =
| awards =
}}

'''Sangita Jindal''' (born 30 August 1962) is an Indian businesswoman and the chairperson of the JSW Foundation,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jsw.in/foundation/chairperson-speaks |title=JSW Group- Homepage- Corporate Citizenship - JSW Foundation - Chairperson Speaks- the social development arm of the Group |accessdate=2 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211203827/http://www.jsw.in/foundation/chairperson-speaks |archivedate=11 December 2015 }}</ref> which oversees social development projects within the [[JSW Group]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sangita Jindal |url=https://www.britishasiantrust.org/support-us/advisory-councils/sangita-jindal/ |access-date=8 August 2025 |website=[[British Asian Trust]] |language=en}}</ref>

She also leads ''Jindal Arts Centre'' and serves as the President of ''Art India'' magazine, a publication that focuses on contemporary art practices and critical theory in India.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web | url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/cover-story/The-Fabulous-Five/articleshow/49574396.cms |title = The Fabulous Five}}</ref> The magazine promotes interdisciplinary arts activity across the country. Under her leadership, the JSW Foundation has received the Golden Peacock Award for CSR in 2009 and 2019.<ref name="auto" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Golden Peacock Award for Corporate Social Responsibility (GPACSR) - Winners |url=https://www.goldenpeacockaward.com/national-winners/golden-peacock-award-for-corporate-social-responsibility-past-winners.html |access-date=8 August 2025 |website=www.goldenpeacockaward.com}}</ref>

== Early and education ==
Jindal was born on 30 August 1962 in [[Calcutta]] (present-day Kolkata), West Bengal, India, to industrialist Kailash Kumar Kanoria and his wife Urmila Kanoria.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Menon |first1=Rashmi |date=14 January 2015 |title=Mum's the word for JSW Steel's first lady Sangita Jindal |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/mums-the-word-for-jsw-steels-first-lady-sangita-jindal/articleshow/45884163.cms |accessdate=8 November 2019 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> She grew up in a business-oriented family and has one sibling, a brother named Saket Kanoria. For her higher education, she attended St. Xavier's College in Ahmedabad, where she completed her undergraduate studies.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Subramanyam |first1=Chitra |date=6 August 2009 |title=The memory keeper |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20090817-the-memory-keeper-740454-2009-08-06 |access-date=5 January 2021 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Jindal is married to [[Sajjan Jindal]] and has three children. Her son, [[Parth Jindal]], currently serves as the Managing Director of [[JSW Cement]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pandey |first=Piyush |date=4 April 2019 |title=JSW Group's gen-next looks at diversification |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/jsw-groups-gen-next-looks-at-diversification/article26737753.ece |access-date=8 August 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She also has two daughters—Tarini Jindal Handa, who is involved in the luxury and lifestyle business at JSW Realty, and Tanvi Jindal Shete, who runs the ''Museum of Solutions''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Binayak |first=Poonam |date=25 July 2024 |title=Museum of Solutions: World's Greatest Places 2024 |url=https://time.com/6992399/museum-of-solutions/ |access-date=8 August 2025 |website=TIME |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== JSW Foundation ===
Jindal has served as chairperson of the JSW Foundation since the 1990s, overseeing its social development programs in communities around JSW Group’s operational areas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Baxi C. V. & Ray, Rupamanjari |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Corporate_Social_Responsibility/DSDzDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Sangita+Jindal+JSW+Foundation&pg=PA97&printsec=frontcover |title=Corporate Social Responsibility |date=2012 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |isbn=978-93-259-5764-0 |language=en}}</ref>

The following are key projects implemented under her leadership.

==== Rural BPO Initiative for Women’s Empowerment ====
Jindal oversaw the establishment of women-only [[business process outsourcing]] centres in rural [[Karnataka]] and [[Maharashtra]] to create employment opportunities for women.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghvendra |first=R |date=19 April 2007 |title=Jindals take BPOs rural |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/jindals-take-bpos-rural/articleshow/1922723.cms |access-date=1 October 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Since its launch, the initiative has set up eight centres, training over 3,000 women in data entry and customer service. These ISO-certified centres offer localised jobs, allowing women to work within their communities. The program is part of the JSW Foundation’s broader focus on gender equity. Jindal also serves as chair of the UN Women’s Empowerment Principles Initiative in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2013 |title=Indian companies come together for the first time to champion gender equality |url=http://asiapacific.unwomen.org/en/news-and-events/stories/2013/3/indian-companies-come-together-for-the-first-time-to-champion-gender-equality |access-date=15 March 2021 |website=asiapacific.unwomen.org}}</ref>

[[File:Sangita_Jindal_at_the_12th_Earth_Care_Awards_2025.jpg|right|thumb|175px|Sangita Jindal speaking at the 12th Earth Care Awards 2025, [[Tata Theatre]], [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)]]]]

==== Heritage conservation and restoration ====
Jindal has overseen heritage conservation initiatives through the Hampi Foundation, which has carried out restoration work at three temples in Hampi, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Hampi Art Labs Marks The Next Chapter In JSW Foundation's Legacy Of Supporting The Arts Ecosystem In India: Sangita Jindal |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/leadership/hampi-art-labs-marks-the-next-chapter-in-jsw-foundations-legacy-of-supporting-the-arts-ecosystem-in-india-sangita-jindal/94586/1 |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref> The JSW Foundation, under her direction, has also supported the restoration of sites, including the [[Knesset Eliyahoo Synagogue]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernando |first=Benita |date=27 January 2019 |title=Saving the Sassoon legacy |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/ideas/saving-the-sassoon-legacy-111641547756225.html |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> and the [[David Sassoon Library]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deodhar |first=Neerja |date=6 July 2023 |title=The Gothic revival of Mumbai's iconic David Sassoon Library |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/story/the-gothic-revival-of-mumbais-iconic-david-sassoon-library-renovation-india-abha-narain-lambah/ |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=Architectural Digest India |language=en-IN}}</ref> in Mumbai. Additional projects include refurbishing the interiors of the [[Sir J. J. School of Art]] to improve its educational facilities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 October 2007 |title=Kipling house to become museum |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Kipling-house-to-become-museum/articleshow/2430337.cms |access-date=15 March 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==== Art and Culture Initiatives ====
In 1992, Sangita Jindal founded the ''Jindal Arts Centre'' at the [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|National Centre for the Performing Arts]] in Mumbai as a space for interdisciplinary arts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2019 |title=NCPA uses culture as a catalyst for change in society: Sangita Jindal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/ncpa-using-culture-as-a-catalyst-for-change-in-society/story-rsEQeH6AeiP8FnitIpCDlN.html |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> She launched ''Art India'' magazine in 1996, focusing on contemporary Indian art and critical writing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=6 home-grown magazines for lovers of art, culture, and aesthetics |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.in/culture/story/6-home-grown-magazines-for-lovers-of-art-culture-and-aesthetics-564952-2023-01-04 |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=Harper Bazar |language=en}}</ref> Jindal was also involved in the conceptualisation of the [[Kala Ghoda Arts Festival]] in Mumbai.<ref name="asiasociety.org">{{Cite web |date=2 April 2024 |title=Asia Society India Centre Board Names Sangita Jindal New Chair {{!}} Asia Society |url=https://asiasociety.org/india/asia-society-india-centre-board-names-sangita-jindal-new-chair |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=asiasociety.org |language=en}}</ref>

=== Other professional roles ===
In addition to her work with the JSW Foundation and art initiatives, Jindal holds positions in various cultural and social organisations. She serves as a Global Trustee of the [[Asia Society]],<ref name="asiasociety.org"/><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=7 November 2022 |title=Sangita Jindal elected as new trustee of Asia Society |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/sangita-jindal-elected-as-new-trustee-of-asia-society/article66108274.ece |access-date=1 October 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> a member of the National Culture Fund, and a trustee of the [[World Monuments Fund]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2025 |title=Sangita Jindal On Restoring India's Cultural Legacy And Empowering Its Artisans |url=https://www.travelandleisureasia.com/in/people/interview-with-sangita-jindal/ |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=Travel and Leisure Asia {{!}} India |language=en-IN}}</ref> In 2024, she became the chair of the Asia Society India Centre, where she promotes cultural exchange and dialogue. Jindal also advises TEDxGateway<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sangita Jindal |url=http://www.tedxgateway.com/speaker/sangita-jindal/ |access-date=15 March 2021}}</ref> and is a member of the IMC Ladies’ Wing Art, Culture, and Film Committee.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asia Society India Centre Board Names Sangita Jindal As New Chair |url=https://www.bwpeople.in/article/asia-society-india-centre-board-names-sangita-jindal-as-new-chair-515469 |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=BW People |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==

* 2004 [[Eisenhower Fellow]]ship.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Nidhi |date=4 June 2023 |title=I live and breathe art and heritage, says Sangita Jindal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/sangita-jindal-mumbai-s-art-patron-and-heritage-conservationist-of-kala-ghoda-district-101685817623747.html |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
* 2011 Women Philanthropist Award by FICCI.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 April 2011 |title=27th Annual Session: Honoring Women Philanthropists "Business of Sharing" |url=http://www.ficciflo.com/events/fdel/2010-11/annualsession.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716041609/http://www.ficciflo.com/events/fdel/2010-11/annualsession.html |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=Ficci Flo}}</ref>
* 2025 [[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres|Chevalier de l’Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2025 |title=Mrs Sangita Jindal conferred French honour, Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres |url=https://in.ambafrance.org/Mrs-Sangita-Jindal-conferred-French-honour-Chevalier-de-l-Ordre-des-Arts-et-des |access-date=3 October 2025 |website=French Embassy in New Delhi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{JSW Group}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jindal, Sangita}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian women philanthropists]]
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:JSW Group]]
[[Category:Jindal family]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]]

Premamati Mosque

2026-05-03T15:03:31Z

RayfordFvx: Added some entry nd citations...

{{short description|Mosque in Hyderabad, Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Premamati Mosque {{small|(Qutb Shahi Masjid)}}
| native_name = प्रेमामति मस्जिद / مسجد بريما ماتي
| native_name_lang = Hindi / Arabic
| image = Premamati Mosque, Hyderabad.png
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| caption = The five-arched facade of the Premamati Mosque, in {{circa|1924}}
| coordinates = {{coord|17|22|46.1|N|78|22|46.7|E|region:IN-TG_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = India Hyderabad
| map_size = 250
| map_alt =
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the mosque in [[Hyderabad]]
| location = Ibrahim Bagh, [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
| country = [[India]]
| religious_affiliation = [[Sunni Islam]]
| status = {{nowrap|[[Congregational mosque]]}}
| functional_status = Active
| architecture_type = [[Mosque]]
| architecture_style = [[Qutb Shahi architecture|Qutb Shahi]]
| founded_by = [[Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah]]
| established = {{start date and age| 1560}}
| year_completed = {{start date and age| 1610}}
| height_max = 38 feet (12 metres)
| dome_quantity = 10
| minaret_quantity = 2
| materials = Pink [[granite]]
}}

The '''Premamati Mosque''' (also known as Pema Mati Mosque, Ibrahim Bagh Mosque, or Qutb Shahi Masjid) is a 16th-century [[mosque]] located in the Ibrahim Bagh area of [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], India.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2016-01-31 |title=Telangana courts Premamati |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/310116/telangana-courts-premamati.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayeem |first=M. A. |title=The Heritage of the Qutb Shahis of Golconda and Hyderabad |year=2006 |pages=175}}</ref> Built during the reign of [[Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali|Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah]], it is historically significant as the architectural precursor to the grand [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Makkah Masjid]] and for its role in the aborted [[History of Hyderabad|urban planning]] of the [[Sultanate of Golconda|Golconda Sultanate]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Moin |first=Ather |date=2018-10-08 |title=Ibrahim Bagh mosque is Macca Masjid model {{!}} Ibrahim Bagh mosque is Macca Masjid model |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/081018/ibrahim-bagh-mosque-is-macca-masjid-model.html |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 2014, [[UNESCO]] placed the mosque on its "tentative list" to become a [[World Heritage Site]], with others in the region, under the name [[Monuments and Forts of the Deccan Sultanate]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=The Qutb Shahi Monuments of Hyderabad Golconda Fort, Qutb Shahi Tombs, Charminar |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5573/ |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The mosque was commissioned during the reign of [[Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali|Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah]] (r. 1550–1580). It was originally intended to serve as the [[Congregational mosque|Jama Masjid]] (congregational mosque) for a new city planned in the Ibrahim Bagh area, west of [[Golconda|Golconda Fort]].<ref name=":1" /> However, the plan for the new city was abandoned due to the lack of a sustainable water source. This eventually led his successor, [[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah]], to establish the city of [[Hyderabad]] further east on the banks of the [[Musi River (India)|Musi River]] in 1591.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Yazdani |first=Ghulam |title=Report of the Archaeological Department of His Exalted Highness The Nizam's Dominions, 1334 F. |url=https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/15317.pdf |publisher=Baptist Mission Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Ibrahim Bagh ki Masjid |url=https://www.theislamicheritage.com/detail/Ibrahim-bagh-ki-masjid-# |journal=Indian Islamic Heritage |via=Morgan Publishing House Inc}}</ref>

While the primary structure of the mosque was built in the 1560s, the mosque remained in a state of semi-completion for decades as the new city of Hyderabad was being built a few kilometres away. It was not until the early 17th century that the mosque was finalised for use, when it was completed to serve as a scaled-down prototype of the monumental [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Makkah Masjid]] whose construction started in 1617. The royal [[Architect|architects]] used the Ibrahim Bagh site to test the structural integrity of massive [[granite]] [[Arch|arches]] and vast, dome-less [[Vault (architecture)|vaulted ceilings]] before committing resources to the much larger Makkah Masjid project in the city center of Hyderabad.<ref name=":1" />

[[File:Mecca Masjid Hyderabad.JPG|alt=Makkah Masjid in Hyderabad which shares a nearly identical design|thumb|277x277px| Architecture of the much larger [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Mecca Masjid]] (Makkah Masjid) in Hyderabad is nearly identical to that of the Premamati Mosque. The Mecca Masjid started construction in 1617, during the reign of [[Muhammad Qutb Shah]], and was completed by [[Aurangzeb]] in 1694.]]The mosque was renovated by the Telangana Department of Archaeology and Museums in 2016 at an expense of Rs. 50 lakhs. The renovation included repairs to the roof, platform, and cellar, and the installation of lights to illuminate the mosque’s facade at night.<ref name=":3" />
[[File:Premavati Mosque at night.jpg|alt=image of the mosque at night|thumb|277x277px|Premamati Mosque’s western facade (rear) at night]]

== Etymology ==
The mosque is commonly associated with Premamati (or Pema Mati), a [[Hindus|Hindu]] [[Royal consort|consort]] of the seventh Qutb Shahi Sultan, [[Abdullah Qutb Shah]] (r. 1626–1672).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-04-14/hyderabad/27118330_1_qutub-golconda-monument|title=Heritage village near Golconda - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=13 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829174832/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-04-14/hyderabad/27118330_1_qutub-golconda-monument|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to local folklore, the structure was frequented by the Sultan and his consort and thereby it came to be known as the Premamati Mosque. Upon her death in 1662, Premamati was buried in a dedicated mausoleum within the [[Qutb Shahi tombs|Qutb Shahi Tombs]] complex {{convert|1.5|km|mi|0|abbr=off}} away, with the phrase "''Pema Mati was verily a rose of Paradise from Eternity''" carved in [[Arabic]] on her grave.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakravorty |first=Pallabi |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=3nRUDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT25&pg=PT24#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Dance Matters Too: Markets, Memories, Identities |last2=Gupta |first2=Nilanjana |date=2018-02-02 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-351-11616-9 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File: Taramati and Premavati Tombs 04.jpg|alt=Tombs of Taramati (left) and Premavati (right) at the Qutb Shahi Tombs complex|thumb|277x277px| Tombs of Taramati (left) and Premamati (right) at the [[Qutb Shahi Tombs]] complex]]

While the romantic story of the Sultan's devotion to his consort is deeply rooted in Hyderabad's [[oral history]], there is a lack of contemporary [[Historical method|literary evidence]] or [[Epigraphy|inscriptions]] on the building to definitively confirm her connection to the mosque itself.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://cultureincrisis.org/projects/conservation-of-the-17th-century-tombs-of-taramati-and-premamati-in-hyderabad | title=Conservation of the 17th-Century Tombs of Taramati and Premamati in Hyderabad}}</ref> The association relies largely on the mosque's proximity to other structures linked to the Sultan's consorts, such as the [[Taramati Baradari|Baradari of Tara Mati]].<ref name=":2">{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Kakoli |title=Resting places of Taramati & Premamati restored |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2020/Mar/11/resting-places-of-taramati--premamati-restored-2115034.html |access-date=10 September 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |date=March 11, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Afreen |first=Saima |date=2020-02-27 |title=Of finding bhagmati in History |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/hyderabad/2020/Feb/26/of-finding-bhagmati-in-history-2108977.html |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/restoring-lost-glory-of-premamatis-tomb/article31034575.ece | title=Restoring lost glory of Premamati's tomb| website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
[[File:Taramati Baradari 1924.jpg|alt=Old photograph of Taramati Baradari|thumb|277x277px| View of [[Taramati Baradari]] from the hilltop Premamati Mosque, photographed in 1924]]

== Architecture ==
The mosque is situated on a rocky hillock along the [[Osman Sagar|Osman Sagar Road]]. The mosque complex is spread over an area of 11 acres, which includes a narrow pedestrian path leading uphill to the mosque.

[[File: Interior of Pema Mati Mosque, 1924.jpg|alt=Interiors of the mosque|thumb|277x277px|The vaulted ceiling, domes, and Gothic columns of the mosque, photographed in 1924]]
* '''Terrace and Layout''': The structure sits on a nearly square elevated terrace, measuring {{convert|143|ft|m|0|abbr=off}} on each side. The mosque itself occupies the western end of this terrace.<ref name=":0" />
* '''Facade''': The eastern [[hall]] features a screen of five [[Arch|arches]] supported by [[Pier (architecture)|carved piers]], as is typical of [[Qutb Shahi architecture|Qutb Shahi]] mosques. These piers are decorated with a distinct band of mouldings and a "frizzle" design reminiscent of [[Kakatiya architecture|medieval Hindu architectural styles]], specifically those found at the [[Ramappa Temple]] and the [[Aundha Nagnath Temple]].<ref name=":0" />
* '''Roof and Domes''': A unique feature of the mosque is its roof, which contains ten flat [[Dome|domes]]. These domes are "buried" within the thickness of the roof and are not visible from the exterior, giving the building a flat-topped appearance.<ref name=":0" />
* '''Interior''': The interior is described as having a "[[Gothic architecture|Gothic]]" feel due to the lofty piers and [[Fluting (architecture)|circular flutings]]. The [[Mihrab]] (prayer niche) is located in the center of the west wall and consists of a rectangular [[Vestibule (architecture)|ante-chamber]] with a [[Vault (architecture)|vaulted ceiling]] and walls decorated with incised [[plaster]] arches.<ref name=":0" />
* '''Minarets''': The hall is flanked by two semi-decagonal [[Minaret|minarets]] which do not rise beyond the height of the roof.<ref name=":0" />

[[File: Floor Plan of Pema Mati Mosque in Ibrahim Bagh Hyderabad.jpg|alt=floor plan of the mosque|thumb|277x277px|Floor plan of the mosque]]

Premamati Mosque's architecture departs from the typical [[Islamic architecture|architectural style of a mosque]] in several ways. The structure appears incomplete for a mosque because it lacks the traditional kiosks ([[Chhatri|chhatris]]) atop its [[Minaret|minars]] and a finished carved parapet above the [[eaves]] ([[chhajja]]). The lack of chhatris makes the building appear flat-topped, which is very atypical for mosques which are easily recognisable by their tall, rising minars. Although the Premamati Mosque served as a [[prototype]] for the [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Makkah Masjid]] (whose alignment towards the [[Qibla]] is considered mathematically perfect for its time), the Premamati Mosque sits at a slightly different angle.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

The total height of the structure, from the terrace pavement to the [[chhajja]] stones, is {{convert|38|ft|m|0|abbr=off}}.

== Gallery ==

[[File:Ibrahim Bagh Pema Mati Mosque.jpg|alt=image of the mosque|thumb|277x277px|Premamati Mosque viewed from the west]]
{{Wide image|File:Panoramic view of Pema Mati Mosque in Ibrahim Bagh.jpg|720px|alt=Panoramic view of the mosque|[[panorama|Panoramic]] view of the western facade of the Premamati Mosque}}

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|Islam|Hyderabad}}}}

* [[Taramati Baradari]]
* [[Qutb Shahi tombs|Qutb Shahi Tombs]]
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in Telangana]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mosques in India}}
{{Qutb Shahi monuments}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mosque, Premamati}}
[[Category:16th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in India]]
[[Category:Mosques in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Qutb Shahi architecture]]
[[Category:Indo-Islamic mosques]]

Premalata Mohapatra

2026-04-30T02:25:33Z

RayfordFvx: Added the stub w/ sources...

{{Short description|Indian politician (1950–2015)}}{{Infobox officeholder
| birth_date = 15 July 1950
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| death_date = 1 May 2015
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Kailash Chandra Mohapatra
}}
'''Premalata Mohapatra''' (15 July 1950 – 1 May 2015) was an Indian politician. She was elected as a member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Kamakhyanagar Assembly constituency|Kamakhyanagar constituency]] in a by-election held on 8 February 1997 as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MLA Premalata Mohapatra(Bye) Profile {{!}} KAMAKHYANAGAR Constituency |url=https://naveenpatnaik.com/MLA-Premalata-MohapatraBye-of-KAMAKHYANAGAR-constituency-417.html |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=naveenpatnaik.com |archive-date=2024-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110082944/https://naveenpatnaik.com/MLA-Premalata-MohapatraBye-of-KAMAKHYANAGAR-constituency-417.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=02oWAQAAMAAJ&q=Premalata+Mohapatra |title=Economic and Political Weekly |date=1997 |publisher=Sameeksha Trust |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=Brief history of Odisha legislative assembly | url=https://odishaassembly.nic.in/pdf/BriefHistoryAssemblywebsite.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231053029/https://odishaassembly.nic.in/pdf/BriefHistoryAssemblywebsite.pdf | archive-date=2023-12-31}}</ref>

== Life ==

She was the daughter of Krushna Chandra Samantray, was an Indian politician and social worker. She was married to Kailash Chandra Mohapatra.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b59KAQAAIAAJ&q=Premalata+Mohapatra |title=Frontline |date= April 1997|publisher=S. Rangarajan for Kasturi & Sons |language=en}}</ref> Despite having an educational qualification of under matric, she dedicated herself to social service and public welfare.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gajrani |first=S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ksgz4Fvt57QC&dq=Premalata+Mohapatra&pg=PA175 |title=History, Religion and Culture of India |date=2004 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8205-063-1 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohapatra, Premalata}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Indian women]]
[[Category:19th-century women]]
[[Category:Odisha Legislature]]
[[Category:Indian politicians]]

Dil Ko Tumse Pyaar Hua

2026-04-26T12:59:22Z

RayfordFvx:

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{for|the 2001 Roopkumar Rathod song|Rehna Hai Tere Dil Mein}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Family drama]] [[Social issue]]
| writer = Srabasti Basu Sayan Chowdhury
| story = Srabasti Basu
| screenplay = Srabasti Basu
| director = Jasbir Saroj Bhaati
| creative_director = Garima Dimri
| starring = {{ubl|Aditi Tripathi|
[[Akshit Sukhija]]}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 216
| executive_producer = {{Plainlist|
* {{ubl|Sreeparna|Nibedita
* (SVF)}}
}}
| producer = {{ubl|Shrikant Mohta|Mahendra Soni}}
| location = Mumbai
| runtime = 22 minutes
| cinematography = Dipankar Saha
| editor = Babulal Sau
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| company = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| network = [[StarPlus]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|07|15|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|02|17|df=yes}}
}}
'''''Dil Ko Tumse Pyaar Hua''''' is an Indian [[Hindi-language]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series that premiered on 15 July 2024 to 17 February 2025 on [[StarPlus]]. Produced under the banner of [[Shree Venkatesh Films]], it stars Aditi Tripathi as Deepika and [[Akshit Sukhija]] as Chirag.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-12 |title="While performing this sequence for the promo, I could feel the pain and agony of Deepika," shares Aditi Tripathi from Dil Ko Tumse Pyaar Hua |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/while-performing-this-sequence-for-the-promo-i-could-feel-the-pain-and-agony-of-deepika-shares-aditi-tripathi-from-dil-ko-tumse-pyaar-hua/articleshow/111688567.cms |access-date=2024-12-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It is the third official [[Hindi language|Hindi]] remake of the [[Malayalam]] TV series ''[[Karuthamuthu]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dil Ko Tumse Pyaar Hua: Hindi remake of Bengali show Anurager Chhowa to air on Star Plus in July |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dil-ko-tumse-pyaar-hua-hindi-remake-of-bengali-show-anurager-chhowa-to-air-on-star-plus-in-july/cid/2030374 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629200506/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dil-ko-tumse-pyaar-hua-hindi-remake-of-bengali-show-anurager-chhowa-to-air-on-star-plus-in-july/cid/2030374 |archive-date=2024-06-29 |access-date=2024-12-31 |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
Set against the vibrant backdrop of [[Jodhpur]], the story follows Deepika, a kind and resilient woman often disregarded for her dark complexion. Challenging societal prejudices, Dr. Chirag Mittal sees beyond appearances and falls in love with Deepika's warmth and generosity, highlighting the essence of inner beauty over outward appearances. Their love blossoms into marriage, but their bond is soon tested when Chirag's obsessive friend, Mishka, enters their lives like a storm. Mishka's presence casts a dark shadow over their relationship, testing their bond in ways they never anticipated.

==Cast==
===Main===
*Aditi Tripathi as
** Deepika Agarwal Mittal: Yashwant's elder daughter; Shobha’s step-daughter; Janhvi’s step-sister; Chirag’s wife; Chandni and Ragini’s mother; Mishka's rival (2024–2025)
**Mrs. Agarwal: Yashwant’s wife, Deepika’s mother and doppelgänger; Jahnvi’s step-mother; Chandni and Ragini’s grandmother (uncredited - photo representation- dead)
*[[Akshit Sukhija]] as Dr. Chirag Mittal: Lavanya and Omkar's elder son; Payal and Prithvi’s brother; Deepika’s husband; Chandni and Ragini’s father; Mishka's College friend(2024–2025)

===Recurring===
* Shivani Jha / Simran Budharup as Dr. Mishka "Mish" Rathore: Chirag's friend and obsessive love interest; Deepika's rival (2024)/(2024—2025)
* [[Shubhaavi Choksey]] as Lavanya Maheshwari Mittal: Omkar's wife; Payal, Chirag and Prithvi's mother; Roshni, Chandni and Ragini’s grandmother (2024–2025)
* [[Avinash Wadhawan]] as Omkar Mittal: Ashutosh's brother; Payal, Chirag and Prithvi's father; Roshni, Chandni and Ragini’s grandfather (2024–2025)
* Urvashi Pardeshi as Janhvi Agarwal Mittal: Shobha and Yashwant's daughter; Prithvi's wife (2024–2025)
* Keshav Mehta as Prithvi Mittal: Lavanya and Omkar's younger son; Payal, Chirag's brother (2024–2025)
* Siyona Joisar as Chandni "Chandu" Mittal: Deepika and Chirag's elder daughter (2024–2025)
* Aaradhya Jha as Ragini "Rags" Mittal: Deepika and Chirag's younger daughter (2024–2025)
* Yashu Dhiman as Neelima Mittal: Ashutosh's wife (2024–2025)
* Jay Pathak as Ashutosh "Ashu" Mittal: Omkar's brother (2024–2025)
* Preetika Chauhan as Payal Mittal Verma: Lavanya and Omkar's daughter; Chirag and Prithvi's sister (2024)
* Rupali Thapa as Saloni Mittal: Neelima and Ashutosh's daughter; (2024)
* Niilam Paanchal as Shobha Agarwal: Yashwant's second wife; (2024)
* Pratish Vora as Yashwant "Yash" Agarwal: Shobha's husband; (2024)
* [[Ishaan Singh Manhas]] as Siddharth Oswal: Deepika’s sworn brother(2024–2025)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-05 |title=Ishaan Singh Manhas joins the cast of Dil Ko Tumse Pyaar Hua |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ishaan-singh-manhas-joins-the-cast-of-dil-ko-tumse-pyaar-hua/articleshow/114983719.cms |access-date=2024-12-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* Shweta Ojha as Shivani Oswal: Siddharth's wife (2024–2025)
* Rupali Upadhyay as Chitra: Baldev's wife (2024–2025)

==Production==
===Casting===
Aditi Tripathi and [[Akshit Sukhija]] were cast as the leads, Deepika and Dr. Chirag, respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-29 |title=Aditi Tripathi and Akkshith Sukhija to star in new TV show Dil Ko Tumse Pyaar Hua |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/aditi-tripathi-and-akkshith-sukhija-to-star-in-new-tv-show-dil-ko-tumse-pyaar-hua/articleshow/111361324.cms |access-date=2024-12-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Shubhaavi Choksey]] was cast as Lavanya Mittal, a character suffering from childhood trauma. Shivani Jha was initially cast<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-25 |title=Exclusive! It will be a negative role: Bhagyalakshmi actress Shivani Jha who will enter Dil Ko Tumse Pyaar Hua |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-it-will-be-a-negative-role-bhagyalakshmi-actress-shivani-jha-who-will-enter-dil-ko-tumse-pyaar-hua/articleshow/113662064.cms |access-date=2024-12-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> to play Dr. Mishka but was replaced within five days by Simran Budharup.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-27 |title=It was funny and abrupt how makers replaced my character in just five days: Shivani Jha on being replaced by Simran Budharup in Dil Ko Tumse Pyaar Hua |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/it-was-funny-and-abrupt-how-makers-replaced-my-character-in-just-five-days-shivani-jha-on-being-replaced-by-simran-budharup-in-dil-ko-tumse-pyaar-hua/articleshow/114653755.cms#:~:text=Priyanka%20Chahar%20Choudhary-,It%20was%20funny%20and%20abrupt%20how%20makers%20replaced%20my%20character,Dil%20Ko%20Tumse%20Pyaar%20Hua&text=Shivani%20Jha,%20who%20had%20entered,due%20to%20changes%20in%20script. |access-date=2024-12-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-27 |title=Shivani Jha Recounts Abrupt Replacement By Simran Budharup In Dil Ko Tumse Pyaar Hua |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/shivani-jha-recounts-abrupt-replacement-by-simran-budharup-in-dil-kotumsepyaarhua-article-114661416 |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Discrimination based on skin tone]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian family drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian romance television series]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]
[[Category:Social issues in popular culture]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:SVF Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Television episodes about body image]]
[[Category:Television shows filmed in India]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Rajasthan]]

Kruti Mahesh

2026-04-26T05:57:11Z

RayfordFvx: Creating Basic Entry Needs Work

{{Short description|Indian dancer and choreographer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kruti Mahesh
| image = Kruti Mahesh Choreographer.jpg
| caption = Kruti Mahesh
| birth_place = [[Matunga]], [[Mumbai]]
| occupation = Choreographer
| years_active = 2009–present
| style = Classical, Bollywood, Hip Hop
}}
'''Kruti Mahesh''' is an Indian dancer and choreographer known for her work in Hindi Cinema. She is a recipient of the [[National Film Award for Best Choreography]] for the song "[[Ghoomar (song)|Ghoomar]]" from ''[[Padmaavat]]'' (2018),<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2019-08-15 |title=Kruti Mahesh speaks on working with Sanjay Leela Bhansali, in Padmaavat's 'Ghoomar' and the folk dance style |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/choreographer-kruti-mahesh-speaks-on-winning-national-award-for-ghoomar/article29101142.ece |access-date=2023-08-05 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> together with Jyoti D.Tommar,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's Day: Saroj Khan To Kruti Mahesh, Female Choreographers Who've Won A National Film Award |date=9 March 2022 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/women-s-day-saroj-khan-to-kruti-mahesh-female-choreographers-who-ve-won-a-national-film-award-news-185885}}</ref> and has received the [[68th Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Award for Best Choreography]] for "Dholida" from ''[[Gangubai Kathiawadi]]'' (2022). Her best works are in ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]'' (2013), ''[[ABCD 2]]'' (2013), ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]'' (2015), ''[[A Flying Jatt]]'' (2016), ''[[Race 3]]'' (2018), ''[[Street Dancer 3D]]'' (2019), ''[[Shyam Singha Roy]]'' (2021), and ''[[Maja Ma]]'' (2022). [[Terence Lewis (choreographer)|Terence Lewis]] has been her mentor since joining his team in ''[[Dance India Dance]]'' and has assisted [[Remo D'Souza]] along the way before becoming an independent choreographer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-08-11 |title=Remo D'Souza: It's surreal that Kruti has won an award just a year after me |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/remo-dsouza-its-surreal-that-kruti-has-won-an-award-just-a-year-after-me/articleshow/70630038.cms |access-date=2023-08-04 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Born into a Tamil Brahmin family in [[Matunga]], [[Mumbai]], Kruti joined dance class as a 5-year-old and performed her Arangetram at the age of 14. She attended [[Mumbai University]] and, after graduation, travelled to London, where she attended London South Bank University, obtaining a Masters in Forensic Science, and then returned to Mumbai due to her father's health issues. Her father encouraged her to pursue her passion for dance, which inspired her to compete in dance contests. She also worked as an embryologist at a clinic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dedicated to dance |date=10 March 2022 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/090322/dedicated-to-dance-1.html}}</ref>

She was a contestant on [[Dance India Dance|''Dance India Dance Season 2'']] (2009), joining [[Terence Lewis (choreographer)|Terence Lewis]] and gaining her recognition. She continued to be part of dance shows, serving as a skipper in ''DID Li'l Master season 2''<ref>{{Cite web |last=RAZZAQ |first=SAMEENA |title=The Lady Behind Alia's Mesmerising Dholida |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/the-lady-behind-alias-mesmerising-dholida/20220302.htm |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> under the team Kruti Ke Kracters and Om Chetri from her team, finishing as the runner-up of the show. She became part of ''Dance Ke Superkids'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-08-15 |title=Farah Khan and Geeta Kapoor team up - Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Farah-Khan-and-Geeta-Kapoor-team-up/Article1-913431.aspx |access-date=2023-08-05 |archive-date=2012-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815072528/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Farah-Khan-and-Geeta-Kapoor-team-up/Article1-913431.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> and was the choreographer along with Prince Gupta for Team Yahoo, which was led by [[Raghav Juyal]], and the team won the competition with [[Faisal Khan (dancer)|Faisal Khan]], Soumya Rai, Rohan Parkale, Om Chetri, Jeet Das, Shalini Moitra, and Tanay Malhara as contestants in their team.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-24 |title=Team Yahoo wins 'DID Dance ke Superkids' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/team-yahoo-wins-did-dance-ke-superkids-510924.html |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

She assisted [[Remo D'Souza]] in the song "[[Balam Pichkari]]" from ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]''. She continued assisting him in several films, among which were "Pinga" and "[[Deewani Mastani]]" in [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]'s ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=Priya |title=Kruti Mahesh: Reality Show Contestant To National Award Winning Choreographer |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/art-culture/kruti-mahesh-interview/ |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=www.shethepeople.tv |language=en}}</ref> The success of the songs led Bhansali to offer her independent choreography for his next film, ''[[Padmaavat]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2022-03-06 |title=Choreographer Kruti Mahesh is dancing her way to success |url=https://telanganatoday.com/choreographer-kruti-mahesh-is-dancing-her-way-to-success |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref> The song eventually became "Ghoomar", which was based on a traditional folk dance that originated in Rajasthan under the [[Ghoomar|same name]]. [[Ghoomar]], traditionally performed by the Bhil tribes was later adopted by the Rajputs. Jyothi D. Tomar, an exponent in ghoomar worked with her on the project. The song and its dance, where [[Deepika Padukone]] who featured as a Rajput princess, danced to it, received widespread critical acclaim. She received the [[National Film Award for Best Choreography]] at the [[66th National Film Awards]] along with Tomar and won several awards for best choreography.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-30 |title=Ghoomar and dholida choreographer Kruti Mahesh: Reality shows have put a face to choreographers' names |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/kruti-mahesh-from-reality-tv-to-national-awards-bollywood-choreographer-credits-hard-work-and-changing-industry-101685446370154.html |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

She choreographed all the songs from ''[[Race 3]]'' along with [[Rahul Shetty]] and [[Remo D'Souza]] and also in ''[[Street Dancer 3D]]'', where two of its songs, "Illegal Weapon" and "Nachi Nachi" received [[66th Filmfare Awards|Filmfare]] nominations for [[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]. "Gharmi" was another dance from the film by her that featured [[Nora Fatehi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-07 |title=Choreographing 'Garmi' with Nora Fatehi and Varun Dhawan was a complete 'dance-gasm': Kruti Mahesh |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/choreographing-garmi-with-nora-fatehi-and-varun-dhawan-was-a-complete-dance-gasm-kruti-mahesh/articleshow/94707609.cms |access-date=2023-08-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> "Ghani Cool Chori", a garba from ''[[Rashmi Rocket]]'<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=Kruti Mahesh on choreographing Madhuri Dixit for 'Boom Padi': She sways like a swan |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/kruti-mahesh-on-choreographing-madhuri-dixit-for-boom-padi-she-sways-like-a-swan-23246892 |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>'' and the Punjabi dance "Jee Ni Karda" from ''[[Sardar Ka Grandson]]'' were among her other songs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-25 |title=Jee Ni Karda: Arjun Kapoor, Rakul Preet Singh groove to Punjabi beats in new Sardar Ka Grandson song. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/jee-ni-karda-arjun-kapoor-rakul-preet-singh-groove-to-punjabi-beats-in-new-sardar-ka-grandson-song-watch-101619332865591.html |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> She choreographed [[Sai Pallavi]] in the song "Pranavalaya" from ''[[Shyam Singha Roy]].'' The dance which had elements of Bharatanatyam, Odissi and Mohiniyattam, became popular upon release.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movers and Shakers: how choreographers are being recognised as the brand new hit makers of Indian cinema |date=10 March 2022 |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/2022/mar/11/movers-and-shakers-how-choreographers-are-being-recognised-as-the-brand-new-hit-makers-of-indian-ci-39549.html}}</ref>

She collaborated with Bhansali in ''[[Gangubai Kathiawadi]]'<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alia Bhatt is very aware of what she can or cannot do: Dholida choreographer Kruti Mahesh |date=March 2022 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/alia-bhatt-is-very-aware-of-what-she-can-or-cannot-do-dholida-choreographer-kruti-mahesh-1919450-2022-03-01}}</ref>'' for the songs "Dholida" and "Jhume Re Go"<ref>{{Cite web |last=RAZZAQ |first=SAMEENA |title=The Lady Behind Alia's Mesmerising Dholida |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/the-lady-behind-alias-mesmerising-dholida/20220302.htm |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> based on [[Garba (dance)|Garba]], danced by [[Alia Bhatt]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kruti Mahesh Calls Choreographing Alia Bhatt In Gangubai Kathiawadi's Dholida "A Masterpiece" |date=18 February 2022 |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/kruti-mahesh-calls-choreographing-alia-bhatt-in-gangubai-kathiawadis-dholida-a-masterpiece/}}</ref> which met with critical acclaim.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-19 |title=Kruti Mahesh: Every day is different when I work with Sanjay Leela Bhansali sir |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kruti-mahesh-every-day-is-different-when-i-work-with-sanjay-leela-bhansali-sir-101647707144496.html |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-20 |title=After the success of her song Dholida, Kruti Mahesh choreographs the first-ever Garba song with Madhuri Dixit |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/after-the-success-of-her-song-dholida-kruti-mahesh-choreographs-the-first-ever-garba-song-with-madhuri-dixit-11293091.html |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> She received the award for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]] for "Dholida" at the [[68th Filmfare Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-28 |title=Filmfare Awards complete list of winners: Gangubai Kathiawadi, Badhaai Do dominate |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/filmfare-awards-complete-list-of-winners-gangubai-kathiawadi-badhaai-do-dominate-101682651060503.html |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

She collaborated with [[Madhuri Dixit]] in the film ''[[Maja Ma]]'' (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2022-09-17 |title=Dance with Madhuri Dixit this festive season on 'Boom Padi' from movie 'Maja Ma' |url=https://telanganatoday.com/dance-with-madhuri-dixit-this-festive-season-on-boom-padi-from-movie-maja-ma |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref> for the song "Boom Padi",<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-15 |title=Maja Ma song Boom Padi: Madhuri Dixit is enthralling in festive garba anthem |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/maja-ma-song-boom-padi-madhuri-dixit-is-enthralling-in-festive-garba-anthem-8152229/ |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> a foot tapping [[Garba (dance)|Garba]] in a festive setting<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-10 |title=Kruti Mahesh: Madhuri Dixit-Nene is the empress of expressions |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/kruti-mahesh-madhuri-dixit-nene-is-the-empress-of-expressions-23226492 |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> and worked on a Bhangra track for the Punjabi film, ''Godday Godday Chaa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-12 |title=Allarhan De: Sonam Bajwa and Tania dance their heart out in the latest song of 'Godday Godday Chaa' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/alladaa-ve-sonam-bajwa-and-tania-dance-their-heart-out-in-the-latest-song-of-godday-godday-chaa/articleshow/100184969.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>''

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Song
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|2013
|''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]''
|"[[Balam Pichkari|Balam Pichakari]]"
|Debut
|
|-
|2013
|''[[ABCD 2]]''
|"Sun Saathiya"
|
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''
|"Pinga", "Deewani Mastani"
|
|
|-
|2016
|''[[A Flying Jatt]]''
|"Toota Joh Kabhi Tara Sajna", "Bhangra Paa", "Flying Jatt"
|
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Padmaavat]]''
|"Ghoomar", "Ek Dil Ek Jaan", "Holi Song"
|
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Race 3]]''
|All songs
|with [[Rahul Shetty]] and [[Remo D'Souza]]
|
|-
|2019
|[[Malaal (film)|''Malaal'']]
|
|
|
|-
|2019
|[[Commando 3 (film)|''Commando 3'']]
|"Ankhiyan Ladavan"
|
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Kalank]]''
|
|
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Indoo Ki Jawani]]''
|
|
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Street Dancer 3D]]''
|"Lahore", "Garmi", "Illigal Weapon 2.0", "Mile Sur", "Muqabla 2.0"
|with [[Rahul Shetty]]
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Tuesdays and Fridays]]''
|
|
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Sardar Ka Grandson]]''
|"Jeeni Karda"
|
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Rashmi Rocket]]''
|"Ghani Cool Chori"
|
|
|-
|2021
|[[The Empire (Indian TV series)|''The Empire'']]
|
|
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Shyam Singha Roy]]''
|"Pranavalaya"
|
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Gangubai Kathiawadi]]''
|"Jhume Re Go", "Meri Jaan", "Dholida"
|
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Maja Ma]]''
|"Boom Padi"
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-10 |title=Working with Madhuri Dixit is the highlight of this year: Choreographer Kruti Mahesh |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/working-with-madhuri-dixit-is-the-highlight-of-this-year-choreographer-kruti-mahesh-10657291.html |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|[[Jubilee (TV series)|''Jubilee'']]
|"Dariyacha Raja", "Vo Tere Mere Ishq Ka"
|
|
|-
|2023
|''Maharashtra Shahir''
|"Baharla Ha Madhumaas"
|
|
|-
|2023
|''Godday Godday Chaa''
|"Allarhan De"
|
|''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-05 |title=Godday Godday Chaa: Filmfare winner Kruti Mahesh is the choreographer behind the viral bhangra track |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/godday-godday-chaa-filmfare-winner-kruti-mahesh-is-the-choreographer-behind-the-viral-bhangra-track/articleshow/100011297.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>''
|}

=== Television appearance ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Show
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|2009
|[[Dance India Dance|''Dance India Dance Season 2'']]
|Contestant
|
|-
|2011
|[[Dance India Dance|''Dance Ke Superkids'']]
|Skipper
|
|-
|2012
|[[Dance India Dance|''Dance India Dance Lil Masters'']]
|Skipper
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]''
|Choreographer
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Mi Honar Superstar]]''
|Judge
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Heeramandi]]''
|choreographer
|

|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Category
!Award
!Song
!Film
!Notes
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="4" |2019
|[[National Film Award for Best Choreography]]
|[[National Film Awards]]
| rowspan="4" |"Ghoomar"
| rowspan="4" |''[[Padmaavat]]''
| rowspan="4" |with Jyothi D. Tomar
|
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
|[[Zee Cine Awards]]
|
|-
|[[25th Screen Awards|Best Choreography]]
|[[25th Screen Awards|Screen Awards]]
|
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Choreography]]
|[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
|
|-
|2023
|[[68th Filmfare Awards|Best Choreography]]
|[[68th Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Awards]]
|"Dholida"
|''[[Gangubai Kathiawadi]]''
|
|
|-
|2024
|Best Choreographer
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar]]
|"Baharla Ha Madhumas"
|''[[Maharashtra Shahir]]''
|
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{IMDb name|id=3840638}}

{{National Film Award Best Choreography|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahesh, Kruti}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Indian choreographers]]
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Toofan (2024 film)

2026-04-23T04:21:36Z

RayfordFvx: started a details

{{short description|2024 Bangladeshi crime thriller film by Raihan Rafi}}
{{about|a 2024 film|other films with a similar name|Toofan (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Toofan
| image = Toofan (2024 film).jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = {{Infobox name module|Bengali|তুফান}}
| director = [[Raihan Rafi]]
| writer = [[Raihan Rafi]]
| screenplay = [[Raihan Rafi]],
Adnan Adib Khan
| story = [[Raihan Rafi]]
| based_on =
| producer = Shahriar Shakil
[[Redoan Rony]]
Mahendra Soni
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Shakib Khan]]
* [[Mimi Chakraborty]]
* [[Masuma Rahman Nabila]]
* [[Chanchal Chowdhury]]
* [[Misha Sawdagor]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Tahsin Rahman
| editing = Subhajit Singha
| music = {{ubl||[[Arafat Mohsin]]||Naved Parvez||[[Pritom Hasan]]||[[Akassh]]}}
| studio = [[Alpha-i]]
| distributor = {{Plainlist|
* [[Chorki]] (Bangladesh)
* [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] (International)
* Bioscope Films (Middle East and North America)
* Bongoz Films (Oceania)
}}
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2024|06|17|Bangladesh}}
| runtime = 143 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=TOOFAN (15) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/toofan-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdiymjq1 |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = Bangladesh{{efn|name=bangladeshifilm|See [[#Controversies|Controversy]] section for further details}}
| language = Bengali
| budget = {{BDTConvert|7|c|year=2024}}<ref name='b24'/>
| gross = {{BDTConvert|56|c|year=2024}}<ref name='b24'>{{Cite news |title=Dhallywood's box office hits of 2024 |url=https://en.ittefaq.com.bd/10345/dhallywood%E2%80%99s-box-office-hits-of-2024 |access-date=2025-07-18 |work=The Daily Ittefaq |language=en}}</ref>
}}
'''''Toofan'''''{{efn|{{langx|bn|তুফান|tūfān}}, {{IPA|bn|t̪upʰan}}; {{translation|''Storm''}}}} is a 2024 Bangladeshi{{efn|name=bangladeshifilm}} Bengali-language film directed by [[Raihan Rafi]] and produced by Shahriar Shakil under the banner of [[Alpha-i|Alpha-i Studios Limited]], [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF Entertainment]] and [[Chorki]]. The story of the film revolves around a gangster of Bangladesh in the nineties, featuring [[Shakib Khan]] along with [[Mimi Chakraborty]] and [[Masuma Rahman Nabila]],<ref>{{cite news |date=2023-12-11 |title=Sayem Khan, Raihan Rafi team up on 'Toofan' |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/entertainment/movies/q34hfnqiiv |access-date=2024-03-14 |work=Prothom Alo}}</ref> while [[Chanchal Chowdhury]] made an extended [[cameo appearance]].<ref name=":0" />

It is the first collaboration between Khan, Rafi and Chowdhury.<ref name=":2" /> The film is marked [[Shakib Khan filmography|Khan's 250th film]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-28 |title=সিনেমাই তার ধ্যান-জ্ঞান |url=https://www.dainikamadershomoy.com/details/018fbb4b4c4c5 |access-date=2024-05-28 |work=[[Amader Shomoy]]}}</ref>
''Toofan'' received widespeared critical acclaim with praise for Shakib Khan's dual performance, music, songs, action, visual style and technical aspects. It broke several box office records for a Bangladeshi film. With an approximate gross of ৳56 crore, it is the [[List of highest-grossing Bangladeshi films|second highest grossing Bangladeshi film of all time]], as well as [[List of Bangladeshi films of 2024|highest grossing Bangladeshi film of 2024]]. Globally, it is the most widely released Bangladeshi film of all time, having been released in nearly twenty countries, as well as the first Bangladeshi film to have grossed over {{BDTConvert|56|c}}.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="itvbd.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.itvbd.com/entertainment/dhallywood/157551/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A7%AC-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87-%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AC%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B|title=প্রথম ৬ মাসে ২৬টি ছবি, হিট কোনগুলো?|language=bn|date=8 July 2024|access-date=9 July 2024|work=[[Independent Television (Bangladesh)|Independent Television]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
In 1994, aspiring actor Shanto goes to [[Bangladesh Film Development Corporation|FDC]] looking for a role in a movie but is dismissed. On the set, costume designer Julie mistakes Shanto for a background dancer and sends him to the dance floor. The movie's lead actor, Raj, becomes furious when he sees Shanto, who is taller and more handsome than him, and demands that the director removes Shanto from the set. Feeling guilty, Julie manages to get Shanto some minor roles as a background fighter.

Later, Raj gets into an altercation with some local goons. Julie tries to calm the situation, but the goons turn on her. Shanto steps in and fights them off, impressing the film's director, Rocky. Rocky sees potential in Shanto as a hero but can only secure him a role as a secondary villain in an upcoming film. The leading actress in the movie, Suchona, also takes notice. However, during the premiere, Shanto is humiliated when his scenes are cut, embarrassing him in front of his neighborhood. Despondent, he contemplates suicide, only to be taken hostage by Toofan's men.

It is revealed that Suchona had removed Shanto's scenes because of his resemblance to Toofan, a top terrorist and mafia kingpin, who also happens to be her lover. Toofan wants Shanto to impersonate him for a "movie." Shanto pleads for two months to learn how to emulate Toofan. Toofan's advisor and mentor, Jalaluddin, briefs Shanto on Toofan's history:

In 1961, in [[Alokdia Union|Alokdiya village]], Toofan, born Galib Bin Ghani, loses his mother during childbirth. In 1974, his father, Ghani Miah, stands up against a local land raider named Shehnawaz, threatening legal action. In retaliation, Shehnawaz kills Ghani. A vengeful Galib decapitates Shehnawaz and is arrested. A local gangster, Bashir, sees potential in Galib and bribes the police to release him, taking Galib under his wing and giving him the nickname "Toofan," though he treats him like a servant.

In 1985, Toofan kills Bashir during a “friendly” [[Pehlwani|wrestling]] match by snapping his neck and seizes control of his gang. He then sets his sights on expanding his criminal empire to the capital, [[Dhaka]]. At the same time, rival gangster Talat has similar ambitions. Toofan allies with Talat, pretending to be his right-hand man, only to poison him at their first meeting.

In 1990, Toofan's right-hand man, Jamshed, arranges a meeting with the leaders of the opposition party at a social gathering before the upcoming elections. However, they insult him, dismissing him as a village thug. Enraged, Toofan kills them all with a [[M134 Minigun|minigun]], gaining nationwide notoriety. He later meets with a minor political faction, the "Janata Party," funding them while his men eliminate top political figures to remove competition. The Janata Party wins the election, securing the most seats.

At a club party, Toofan becomes infatuated with lead dancer Suchona. When a man tries to dance with her, Toofan shoots him dead. The victim, Sohan Choudhary, was a rising star of the 1990s, sparking a media scandal. Toofan forces [[Minister of Home Affairs (Bangladesh)|Home Minister]] Ariffin to release a statement denying his existence. Growing reckless, Toofan expands his influence into various sectors, making him uncontrollable.

In the present, Shanto successfully imitates Toofan. To test him, Toofan sends Shanto to his bedroom to see if Suchona can tell the difference, but she fails to notice. Meanwhile, the [[President of Bangladesh|president]] authorizes [[Minister of Home Affairs (Bangladesh)|Home Minister]] Arifin to eliminate Toofan. Ariffin assigns [[Assistant Commissioner (Bangladesh)|Assistant Commissioner]] Akram and his team to track down Toofan. Akram, who has detailed information on Toofan, finds Jalaluddin and severely injures him. Upon hearing the news, Toofan rescues Jalaluddin but becomes furious when he learns that Jalaluddin had provided Akram with critical evidence and was set to testify against him, prompting Toofan to kill him.

Akram arrests many of Toofan's men, including Jamshed, and interrogates Suchona. The police issue a [[wanted poster]] of Toofan. Toofan, fearing capture, forces Suchona to call Akram and give him Shanto's address as his own while he escapes to [[Dubai]]. However, wanting to escape Toofan's control, Suchona provides Akram the true location of Toofan's car, leading Akram to kill Toofan, making national headlines.

Three days later, Akram questions why Suchona betrayed Toofan. She reveals that during Shanto's test, she accidentally informed him that Toofan only intended to use him as a body double, which led Shanto to beg for his life. Fearing Toofan's violent nature, she decided to act. Shanto eventually becomes a rising star.

In the [[post-credits scene]], it is revealed that Akram did not actually kill Toofan, who is recovering in a hospital.

== Cast ==
{{multiple image|total_width=350
|direction = horizontal
|footer = [[Shakib Khan]] in 2024 (left) and [[Chanchal Chowdhury]] in 2018 (right)
|image1 = Shakib Khan in BPL Program 2024.png
|image2 = Chanchal Chowdhury (2).jpg
}}
{{Colbegin}}
* [[Shakib Khan]] in a [[dual role]] as
**Galib Bin Ghani {{aka}} Toofan, a mafia kingpin and top terrorist of Bangladesh
*** Samriddha Pal as young Galib<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-21 |title='তুফান' সিনেমায় শাকিবের ছোটবেলার চরিত্রে কে এই অভিনেতা |url=https://www.ajkerpatrika.com/342962/%E2%80%98%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E2%80%99-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%87 |access-date=2024-10-04 |work=Ajker Patrika}}</ref>
**Shanto, an aspiring actor and Toofan's lookalike
* [[Mimi Chakraborty]] as Suchana, Toofan's partner and film actress
* [[Masuma Rahman Nabila]] as Julie, a costume designer and Shanto's girlfriend
* [[Chanchal Chowdhury]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Ahamed |first=Shakil |date=2024-04-23 |title='তুফান'-এ শাকিবের সঙ্গে চঞ্চল |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/video/entertainment/p9nt7au64a |access-date=2024-04-23 |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref> as [[Assistant commissioner (Bangladesh)|AC]] Akram, a [[Criminal Investigation Department|CID]] officer tasked with eliminating Toofan
*[[Misha Sawdagor]] as Bashir, a local gangster
* [[Fazlur Rahman Babu]] as Arifin, member of the Janata Party and [[Minister of Home Affairs (Bangladesh)|Home Minister of Bangladesh]]
* [[Shahiduzzaman Selim]] as Shahnawaz, a village land raider
* [[Gazi Rakayet]] as Jalaluddin, Toofan's foster father and advisor
* [[Sumon Anowar]] as Talat, a top gangster operating outside of Dhaka with ambitions to establish himself in the city.
* Loknath Dey as Jamshed, Toofan's right-hand man & advisor
* [[A.K. Azad Shetu]] as a member of intelligence under Akram
* Hasnat Ripon as a member of intelligence under Akram
* Bishwajit Ghosh as Sultan, one of Toofan's personal bodyguards
* Raj Basu as Suleiman, one of Toofan's personal bodyguards
* [[Salahuddin Lavlu]] as a member of the opposition party
* [[Rajat Ganguly]]
* [[Gousul Alam Shaon]] as Rocky, an "action" director
* Adnan Adib Khan as "Hero" Raj, a film actor with [[superiority complex]]
* [[Manav Sachdev]] as Sohan Choudhary, a famous film actor of the 1990s.
* Arijit Bhusan Bagchi as a member of the Janata Party
* [[Pritom Hasan]] as a cameo appearance in the song "[[Laage Ura Dhura]]"
* [[Raihan Rafi]] as a cameo appearance in the song "Laage Ura Dhura"
{{Colend}}

== Production ==
=== Pre-production ===
In October 2022, after wrapping up the filming of [[Shakib Khan]]'s ''[[Leader: Amie Bangladesh]]'', director [[Raihan Rafi]] announced the making of a film titled ''Premik'' with [[Shakib Khan]]. The director then confirmed that the film's shooting would begin in December that year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-05 |title=এবার 'প্রেমিক' হয়ে আসছেন শাকিব খান |url=https://www.newsbangla24.com/culture/208684/Rafis-movie-lover-with-Shakib |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=Newsbangla24 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-04 |title=Shakib Khan signs his next film with Raihan Rafi |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/182830/shakib-khan-signs-his-next-film-with-raihan-rafi |access-date=2024-03-17 |work=New Age |language=en}}</ref> Almost a year later in September 2023, ''[[Channel i]]'' confirmed that the film will not be produced due to unspecified reason. The newspaper also confirms that [[Chorki]], [[Alpha-i|Alpha-I]] and [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] has planned to co-produce a film jointly, slated for release on [[Eid al-Adha]] 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-09-27 |title='প্রেমিক' নয়, অন্য 'অ্যাকশন' ছবি হতে যাচ্ছে শাকিব-রাফীর! |url=https://www.channelionline.com/shakib-khan-collab-raihan-rafi/ |access-date=2024-03-17 |work=Channel i |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-27 |title=শাকিব খানকে নিয়ে রায়হান রাফির চূড়ান্ত আলোচনা |url=https://www.somoynews.tv/news/2023-09-27/4LXZzSTx |access-date=2024-03-18 |work=Somoy TV}}</ref> Initially it was reported in the media that Khan will be acting in a film titled ''Avineta'' directed by Raihan Rafi, later ''Channel i'' confirmed that the films is not titled ''Avineta'' but ''Toofan''.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-12-11 |title=রাফীর পরিচালনায় শাকিবের নতুন ছবি 'তুফান' |url=https://www.channelionline.com/shakib-khan-new-movie-toofan23/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |work=Channel i |language=bn}}</ref> Then on December 11, 2023, through a press conference in Dhaka, production companies [[Chorki]], [[Alpha-i]] and [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF]] officially announced the name of the film as ''Toofan'' and Shakib Khan as the lead actor under the direction of Raihan Rafi, which is their first collaboration.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-12-11 |title=একসঙ্গে শাকিব–রাফী, ঝড় তুলতে আসছে 'তুফান' |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/dhallywood/xzwgdoutj2 |access-date=2024-03-18 |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='আমরা ১০০ কোটির ক্লাবে কবে যাবো, সেদিকেই তাকিয়ে আছি' {{!}} চ্যানেল আই অনলাইন |url=https://www.channelionline.com/shakib-talks-about-toofan/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |work=Channel i}}</ref>

The pre-production work of the film began in the first week of January 2024. The film's director Raihan Rafi went to [[Chennai]], India to select the shooting location in the same month.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-04 |title=মস্ত আয়োজনে 'রাজকুমার' ও 'তুফান' নির্মাণের প্রস্তুতি |url=https://www.channelionline.com/shakib-khan-rajkumar-toofan-movies24/ |access-date=2024-04-19 |work=Channel i |language=bn}}</ref> On April 13, 2024, Shakib Khan went to [[India]] to participate in the shooting of the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-13 |title='তুফান'র শুটিংয়ে ভারতে উড়াল শাকিব খানের |url=https://bangla.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-movies/dhallywood/news-574496 |access-date=2024-04-17 |work=The Daily Star |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-14 |title='রাজকুমার' এর উন্মাদনার মধ্যে 'তুফান'র শুটিংয়ে শাকিব {{!}} চ্যানেল আই অনলাইন |url=https://www.channelionline.com/rajkumar-and-toofan-ll-hits-on/ |access-date=2024-04-17 |work=Channel i |language=bn}}</ref>

=== Development ===
The construction of the set for the shooting of the film at [[Ramoji Film City]] began in the first week of January, where a total of 4 huge sets will be constructed with 100 people working daily. The director confirmed with ''[[Kaler Kantho]]'' that it would take around two months to make the 4 shooting sets.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-04 |title=দুই মাস ধরে নির্মাণ হবে তুফানের সেট |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/entertainment/2024/01/04/1351922 |access-date=2024-04-19 |work=Kaler Kantho |language=bn}}</ref> Rafi confirmed that the sets of this film were built by the same technician who built the sets of the South Indian film franchise [[Baahubali (franchise)|Baahubali]]. A big budget of the film was spent on the set construction.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-05 |title='তুফান' -এর সেট নির্মাণে দৈনিক ১০০ জন কাজ করছেন: রাফী |url=https://dhakamail.com/entertainment/141767 |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Dhaka Mail |language=bn}}</ref> It was reported that Bangladesh of the nineties will be highlighted in those sets. Cars, trains and even roads of the 90s can be seen in the film. Three major cities of the nineties of the country will be brought up in the film along with various events that happened there.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-04 |title=৯০ দশকের বাংলাদেশ |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/rangberang/2024/01/04/1351721 |access-date=2024-04-19 |work=Kaler Kantho |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-05 |title='Rajkumar' and 'Toofan' gear up for grand-scale productions |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/rajkumar-and-toofan-gear-grand-scale-productions-3511561 |access-date=2024-04-19 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

The screenplay for the film was written by Adnan Adib Khan, cinematography was done by Tahsin Rahman, art direction by Shihab Nurun Nabi, and costumes were designed by Farzana San.<ref name=":7" />

=== Casting ===
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Masuma Rahman Nabila.jpg
| image2 = Mimi Chakraborty - Kolkata 2023-12-05 8668.jpg
| footer = [[Masuma Rahman Nabila]] (''left'') and [[Mimi Chakraborty]] (''right'') were signed for the female lead roles, pairing opposite Shakib Khan for the first time.
| total_width = 250
| align = right
}}

{{Multiple image
| image1 = Misha Shawdagor (1) (cropped).jpg
| image2 = Chanchal Chowdhury by NKS.jpg
| footer = [[Misha Sawdagor]] (L) will play the local villain in the film, while [[Chanchal Chowdhury]] (R) played the role of AC Akram, a CID officer tasked with eliminating Toofan
| total_width = 250
| align = right
}}

Initially, [[Nusraat Faria]] was rumored to be the lead actress of the film. Later on Meril Cafe Live of ''[[Prothom Alo]]'', she confirmed that she is not in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zaima |first=Sara Fairose |date=2024-01-22 |title=নুসরাত ফারিয়া কি শাকিবের 'তুফান' ছবির নায়িকা |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/video/entertainment/5kde4evqey |access-date=2024-04-19 |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref> Later in February 2024, ''[[Samakal]]'' reported that alongside Indian actress [[Mimi Chakraborty]], as well as [[Madhumita Sarcar]]'s name was also rumored to be the female lead. However, the producer of the film denied it at the time.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-18 |title=শাকিবের 'তুফান': নায়িকা মধুমিতা না হয় মিমি! |url=https://samakal.com/entertainment/article/223550/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E2%80%98%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E2%80%99:-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF |access-date=2024-04-19 |work=Samakal}}</ref> The film's production company Alpha-i Studios Ltd., SVF and Chorki revealed in a press release that the two actresses of the film is Mimi Chakraborty and [[Masuma Rahman Nabila]]. It is reported that both of them will be playing as the lead female roles, both of them will perform opposite Khan for the first time.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-03-11 |title='তুফান'–এ শাকিবের সঙ্গে ওপার বাংলার মিমি, এপারের নাবিলা |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/ott/g4gdjygwl6 |access-date=2024-04-19 |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-11 |title=শাকিবের 'তুফান'-এ আয়নাবাজি'র নাবিলা ও কলকাতার মিমি |url=https://www.channelionline.com/nabila-and-mimi-in-sk-toofan/ |access-date=2024-04-19 |work=Channel i |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dey |first=Shushmita |date=2024-03-11 |title=রাজনীতির ময়দান থেকে সরেই বড় চমক, এবার বাংলাদেশে 'তুফান' মিমির, সঙ্গী কে জানেন? |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/mimi-chakraborty-and-nabila-to-star-alongside-shakib-khan-in-te-film-of-bangladesh-toofan/articleshow/108395869.cms |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Eisamay |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-11 |title=Mimi Chakraborty and Nabila to star alongside Shakib Khan in Toofan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/mimi-chakraborty-and-nabila-to-star-alongside-shakib-khan-in-toofan/articleshow/108396363.cms?_gl=1*1sv5c8e*_ga*akVHUHhTQTdPcUhxSmh1SUVRc2tmcTFFdTNaelAxSW84WjdlVFZyQUVCVkF1RHh6NE5TVzdTVjlaVzFjRDZBUQ..*_ga_FCN624MN68*MTcxMzU0MTY2Mi4yLjAuMTcxMzU0MTY2Mi42MC4wLjA.#_ga=2.33344958.1002215201.1713541660-jEGPxSA7OqHqJhuIEQskfq1Eu3ZzP1Io8Z7eTVrAEBVAuDxz4NSW7SV9ZW1cD6AQ |access-date=2024-04-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> There is another rumor that Indian actor [[Jisshu Sengupta]] will play the villainous character in the film,<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-03-27 |title=শাকিব-মিমির 'তুফান'-এ যিশু? |url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/glitz/18deckm0ym |access-date=2024-04-19 |work=bdnews24.com |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-26 |title=শাকিবের 'তুফান'-এ ভিলেন যিশু! |url=https://www.ittefaq.com.bd/682168/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E2%80%98%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E2%80%99-%E0%A6%8F-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81 |access-date=2014-04-19 |work=The Daily Ittefaq}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-25 |title=শাকিবের তুফান–এ থাকছেন কি যীশু, যা বললেন প্রযোজক |url=https://www.ajkerpatrika.com/327352/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E2%80%93%E0%A6%8F-%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%95 |access-date=2024-04-20 |work=Ajker Patrika}}</ref> later, ''The Daily Star'' confirmed that he will be played as lead villain in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=রিপোর্ট |first=স্টার অনলাইন |date=2024-03-25 |title=শাকিবের 'তুফান' সিনেমায় খলনায়ক যীশু সেনগুপ্ত |url=https://bangla.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-movies/dhallywood/news-570081 |access-date=2024-04-19 |work=The Daily Star |language=bn}}</ref> According to a report of ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'', initially Bangladeshi actor [[Afran Nisho]] was reportedly offered the role of the villain in the film. But as he did not agree to do play the role, the makers later offered Sengupta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-26 |title=শাকিব-মিমির জীবনে 'তুফান' তুলবেন যিশু! নতুন ছবিতে অভিনেতার উপস্থিতি ঘিরে জল্পনা |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/rumours-suggest-that-bengali-actor-jisshu-sengupta-to-join-the-film-toofan-starring-shakib-khan-and-mimi-chakraborty-dgtl/cid/1505623 |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=Anandabazar Patrika}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-26 |title=শাকিবের জীবনে 'তুফান' তুলবেন যিশু? |url=https://samakal.com/entertainment/article/229656/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87-%E2%80%98%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E2%80%99-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81- |access-date=2024-04-20 |work=Samakal}}</ref> In late April 2024 ''[[Samakal]]'' reported that, it was rumored that [[Chanchal Chowdhury]] would be playing a guest role as the villain in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-20 |title=শাকিব খানের 'তুফান' এ খল চরিত্রে চঞ্চল চৌধুরী |url=https://samakal.com/entertainment/article/233221/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E2%80%98%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E2%80%99-%E0%A6%8F-%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80 |access-date=2024-04-24 |work=Samakal}}</ref> Later the same week, [[Chorki]] confirmed in a press release that Chanchal Chowdhury will play a special role in the film,<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-04-23 |title='তুফান' সিনেমায় চঞ্চল চৌধুরী |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/dhallywood/kr1g5c0iqa |access-date=2024-04-23 |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=অনলাইন |first=চ্যানেল আই |date=2024-04-23 |title=বড় আয়োজনের 'তুফান'-এ চঞ্চল |url=https://www.channelionline.com/chanchal-chowdhury-is-in-toofan-24/ |access-date=2024-04-23 |work=Channel i |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-23 |title=Chanchal Chowdhury confirms involvement in Shakib Khan's 'Toofan' |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/chanchal-chowdhury-confirms-involvement-shakib-khans-toofan-3593601 |access-date=2024-04-23 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> which will be the first collaboration between Khan and Chowdhury.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=সাজু |first=শাহ আলম |date=2024-05-21 |title=শাকিব খানের ভাবনায় শুধুই সিনেমার উন্নতি: চঞ্চল চৌধুরী |url=https://bangla.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-movies/dhallywood/news-583671 |access-date=2024-05-21 |work=The Daily Star |language=bn}}</ref> At the same time, prominent Bangladeshi actor [[Fazlur Rahman Babu]] was also signed for the film, which he confirmed to ''[[Jugantor]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-23 |title=প্রথমবার শাকিবের সঙ্গে বাবু |url=https://www.jugantor.com/todays-paper/anando-nagar/797589/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81 |access-date=2024-04-29 |work=Jugantor}}</ref> ''[[United News of Bangladesh]]'' also reported that [[Shahiduzzaman Selim]], [[Gazi Rakayet]], AK Azad Setu and Hasnat Ripon will cast some important characters in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-29 |title=শাকিব খানের 'তুফান' চলচ্চিত্রের চমকপ্রদ কিছু তথ্য |url=https://www.unb.com.bd/bangla/category/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-'%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8'-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF/87995 |access-date=2024-04-29 |work=UNB}}</ref>

=== Characterization ===
Shakib Khan played the role of a Bangladeshi gangster of nineties in the film.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=অনলাইন |first=চ্যানেল আই |date=2024-01-15 |title=নব্বই দশকের 'গ্যাংস্টার' রূপে আসছেন শাকিব |url=https://www.channelionline.com/shakib-khan-gangster-toofan/ |access-date=2024-04-19 |work=Channel i |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-17 |title='গডফাদার' হয়ে আসছেন শাকিব খান |url=https://www.banglanews24.com/entertainment/news/bd/1264642.details |access-date=2024-04-19 |work=banglanews24.com |language=bn}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[File:Ramoji Film City.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Ornate outdoor sign on pillars, reading "Ramoji Film City"|[[Ramoji Film City]] in [[Hyderabad]], where 90's Bangladesh is depicted.]]

Initially, the film was supposed to begin filming in India from March 20, 2024, which confirmed by [[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|''The Daily Star'']].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-11 |script-title=bn:শাকিবের নায়িকা মিমি ও নাবিলা, শুটিং ২০ মার্চ থেকে ভারতে |url=https://bangla.thedailystar.net/entertainment/news-566271 |access-date=2024-04-17 |work=The Daily Star Bangla |language=bn}}</ref> Subsequently, the [[principal photography]] of the film was commenced on April 15, 2024, in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-15 |title=Shakib Khan starts shooting for 'Toofan' in India |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/shakib-khan-starts-shooting-toofan-india-3587441 |access-date=2024-04-17 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-16 |script-title=bn:'তুফান'র শুটিং শুরু করলেন শাকিব |url=https://mzamin.com/news.php?news=105644 |access-date=2024-04-17 |work=Manab Zamin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pratik |date=2024-04-17 |script-title=bn:'তুফান'র শুটিং শুরু করলেন শাকিব |url=https://dainikazadi.net/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87/ |access-date=2024-04-17 |work=Dainik Azadi |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-15 |script-title=bn:'রাজকুমার' উন্মাদনা শেষ না হতেই 'তুফান'র শুটিংয়ে যোগ দিলেন শাকিব |url=https://www.dhakapost.com/entertainment/272525 |access-date=2024-04-19 |work=Dhaka Post |language=bn}}</ref> The films antagonist Chanchal Chowdhury went to India to participate in the filming on April 25. On the same day he participated in the filming. As of April 28, both Shakib Khan and Chowdhury have shot several scenes together.<ref>{{Cite news |last=সাজু |first=শাহ আলম |date=2024-04-28 |title=কলকাতায় মুখোমুখি শাকিব-চঞ্চল |url=https://bangla.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-movies/dhallywood/news-577996 |access-date=2024-04-29 |work=The Daily Star |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=সাজু |first=শাহ আলম |date=2024-04-24 |title=শাকিবের সঙ্গে প্রথম অভিনয় হলেও আগে থেকেই চেনাজানা আছে: চঞ্চল চৌধুরী |url=https://bangla.thedailystar.net/entertainment/news-577101 |access-date=2024-04-29 |work=The Daily Star |language=bn}}</ref> After the release of the trailer teaser, the director told ''Samakal'' that the majority of the film's shooting has already been completed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-07 |title='তুফান'র টিজারে শাকিবের দাপট, চঞ্চলের মুখে রহস্যের হাসি! |url=https://samakal.com/entertainment/article/236020/%E2%80%98%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E2%80%99%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F |access-date=2024-05-08 |work=Samakal}}</ref> The film was wrapped up on May 26, 2024, with a 41-days{{efn|Some of source says it is 40 days<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-26 |title='তুফান' শেষে দেশে শাকিব খান |url=https://sarabangla.net/post/sb-879890/ |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=Sarabangla {{!}} Breaking News {{!}} Sports {{!}} Entertainment |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=অনলাইন |first=চ্যানেল আই |date=2024-05-26 |title='তুফান'র শুটিং শেষ, ঢাকায় ফিরেছেন শাকিব |url=https://www.channelionline.com/tufan-shakib-khan-shooting-end/ |access-date=2024-05-26 |work=Channel i |language=bn}}</ref>}} filming in India. The protagonist also returned to country after the complete of filming as well as his dubbing, on the same day.<ref>{{Cite news |last=রিপোর্ট |first=স্টার অনলাইন |date=2024-05-26 |title=৪১ দিনের 'তুফান' শেষে ফিরলেন শাকিব |url=https://bangla.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-movies/dhallywood/news-584936 |access-date=2024-05-26 |work=The Daily Star |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-26 |title=ভারতে 'তুফান' শেষ করে ঢাকায় শাকিব |url=https://samakal.com/entertainment/article/239112/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E2%80%98%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E2%80%99-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC |access-date=2024-05-26 |work=Samakal}}</ref>

== Themes and influences ==
The plot of ''Toofan'' revolves around an underworld mafia in the nineties.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Romaan |first1=Mehedi Hasan |last2=Television |first2=Jamuna |date=2024-05-11 |title=মানুষের নব্বই দশকে ফিরতে চাওয়া ও 'তুফান' |url=https://jamuna.tv/news/536890 |access-date=2024-05-14 |work=Jamuna Television |language=en}}</ref> According to director [[Raihan Rafi]], the story is inspired by the life of a gangster in 1990s Bangladesh, promising a brutal action film.<ref>{{Cite news |title=এবার গ্যাংস্টার শাকিব খান |url=https://mzamin.com/news.php?news=93539 |access-date=2024-05-12 |work=Manab Zamin}}</ref> He stated that such a film has never been made in Bangladesh, with Khan taking on the role of a gangster.<ref name=":1" />

== Marketing ==
The announcement poster of the film was released through a press conference on December 11, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-11 |title=#Toofan announcement poster {{!}} A film by Raihan Rafi |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C0toX8EMZ6V/?igsh=MXAwcXMydmpsdzAxeg== |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=[[Instagram]]}}</ref> 5 pre-production miniature stills were revealed on January 9, 2024, with one of the stills used the poster of renowned Bangladeshi actor [[Salman Shah (actor)|Salman Shah]]'s [[:bn:মহামিলন (১৯৯৫-এর চলচ্চিত্র)|Moha Milon]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=অনলাইন |first=চ্যানেল আই |date=2024-01-10 |title=শাকিবের ক্যারিয়ারে দৃষ্টান্ত হয়ে থাকবে 'তুফান': রাফী |url=https://www.channelionline.com/rafi-talks-about-tufan-and-sk/ |access-date=2024-04-20 |work=Channel i |language=bn}}</ref> The first glimpse of the film was revealed on March 27, 2024, coinciding with Shakib Khan's 45th birthday. The promotional image portrayed Shakib Khan seated in an armchair, smoking a cigarette, with a [[Kalashnikov rifle]] resting against the chair.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-27 |title=Shakib Khan sports rugged look in first look of Toofan featuring Mimi Chakraborty |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/shakib-khan-sports-rugged-look-in-first-look-of-toofan-featuring-mimi-chakraborty/cid/2009490 |access-date=2024-04-20 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=অনলাইন |first=চ্যানেল আই |date=2024-03-27 |title=পূর্বাভাস দিয়ে এলো যে 'তুফান'! |url=https://www.channelionline.com/first-official-poster-of-toofan/ |access-date=2024-04-20 |work=Channel i |language=bn}}</ref> A 1 minutes 21-seconds [[teaser trailer]], titled "Toofani Tease" was released on May 7, 2024,<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-05-07 |title=শাকিবের 'তুফান' তাণ্ডব, চঞ্চলের মুখে পুষ্পের হাসি! |url=https://www.channelionline.com/toofan-teaser-out-now-2024/ |access-date=2024-05-08 |work=Channel i |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-05-07 |title=শাকিবের 'তুফান'-এ লন্ডভন্ড সবকিছু |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/video/entertainment/3sx1okjxqx |access-date=2024-05-08 |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref> which received mostly positive response from the audience and critics, with a wide criticism for plagiarism from Indian films [[KGF (film series)|KGF]] and ''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-09 |title='কপি' বলে কি শাকিবের তুফানকে খোঁচা দিলেন আরশাদ আদনান? |url=https://bangla.dhakatribune.com/entertainment/80508/%E2%80%98%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E2%80%99-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6 |access-date=2024-05-09 |work=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-09 |title=শাকিবের 'তুফান' নিয়ে তোলপাড়, 'কপি' নাকি ভিন্ন কিছু? |url=https://www.bhorerkagoj.com/videos/712315 |access-date=2024-05-09 |work=Bhorer Kagoj |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-07 |title='সস্তার অ্যানিম্যাল', 'তুফান'-এর টিজার আসতেই ট্রোলের মুখে বাংলাদেশের 'বাদশা খান' শাকিব |url=https://sangbadpratidin.in/cinema/mimi-chakraborty-shares-toofan-teaser-shakib-khan-got-trolled |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=Sangbad Pratidin}}</ref> It crossed over 10 million views in just 24 hours across social media, which is a milestone in the history of Bengali films, which also considered as one of the best teaser of Khan's career.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-05-09 |title=শাকিবের 'তুফান'-এর টিজার যে ৭ কারণে ঝড় তুলল |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/dhallywood/heyv389pz3 |access-date=2024-05-09 |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-05-08 |title=শাকিবের 'তুফান' টিজারে 'লন্ডভন্ড', কোটি ছাড়িয়েছে ভিউ |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/dhallywood/sr6hq46mws |access-date=2024-05-09 |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=অনলাইন |first=চ্যানেল আই |date=2024-05-08 |title=অসাধ্য সাধন শাকিবের, এক দিনে কোটি ভিউয়ের রেকর্ড! |url=https://www.channelionline.com/viral-of-toofan-teaser-2024/ |access-date=2024-05-09 |work=Channel i |language=bn}}</ref> The first official poster of the film, titled "Toofani Poster", was unveiled four days after the release of the official teaser on April 11.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-11 |title=ইদ-উল-আজহায় 'তুফান' তুলবেন শাকিব মিমি, প্রকাশ্যে ছবির পোস্টার |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/toofan-official-poster-out-starring-shakib-khan-mimi-chakraborty-31715417880680.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511092420/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/toofan-official-poster-out-starring-shakib-khan-mimi-chakraborty-31715417880680.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 11, 2024 |access-date=2024-05-12 |work=Hindustan Times |language=bn}}</ref> Four fan-made posters went viral across social media, which were praised by the film's director.<ref>{{Cite news |last=অনলাইন |first=চ্যানেল আই |date=2024-05-18 |title=ভক্তদের বানানো পোস্টারগুলোও ভাইরাল! |url=https://www.channelionline.com/toofan-fanmade-poster-24/ |access-date=2024-05-19 |work=Channel i |language=bn}}</ref> The official trailer for the film was released on June 15, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-15 |title=শাকিব খানের 'তুফান' ট্রেলার ছাড়াই মুক্তির ইঙ্গিত |url=https://www.ajkerpatrika.com/entertainment/cinema/ajpu2oEXV8vBx |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=Ajker Patrika |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-06-15 |title=প্রকাশ পেল তুফানের ২ মিনিট ৪৯ সেকেন্ডের ট্রেলার |url=https://www.dhakapost.com/entertainment/286636 |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=Dhaka Post |language=bn}}</ref> The trailer received widespread acclaim, especially for Khan's presence, which earned significant appreciation from netizens.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-06-16 |title='তুফান' ট্রেলারে দুই বাংলা জুড়ে শাকিব বন্দনা |url=https://www.channelionline.com/shakib-khan-toofan-trailer/ |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=চ্যানেল আই অনলাইন |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-06-16 |title=সাড়া ফেলেছে 'তুফান'-এর ট্রেলার |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/dhallywood/htnhi0bzmr |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref>

Mimi Chakraborty arrived in Dhaka on June 13, 2024, as the part of the promotional campaign for the film release in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=রিপোর্ট |first=স্টার অনলাইন |date=2024-06-13 |title='তুফান' সিনেমার প্রচারণায় ঢাকায় মিমি |url=https://bangla.thedailystar.net/entertainment/news-589801 |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=The Daily Star Bangla |language=en}}</ref> Later that evening, she attended a press conference in Dhaka, where the entire film team was present.<ref>{{Cite web |last=প্রতিবেদক |first=বিনোদন |date=2024-06-13 |title=আলোচনায় 'তুফান', মুক্তি ঈদেই |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/dhallywood/fwcqqd2mb9 |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=Prothomalo |language=bn}}</ref> On July 4, 2024, a press conference called Toofan Press Meet in Kolkata was held for the release of the film in India, attended by the director and lead actors. Later that same day, the film's premiere show took place at [[South City Mall]] in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rana |first=Sayani |date=2024-07-05 |title='তুফান'-এর প্রচারে কলকাতায় শাকিব, বুবলি-অপুর প্রসঙ্গে উঠতেই কী বললেন অভিনেতা? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bangladeshi-actor-shakib-khan-came-to-kolkata-to-promote-toofan-where-bubli-and-apu-biswas-comes-up-in-context-31720180792068.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091150/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bangladeshi-actor-shakib-khan-came-to-kolkata-to-promote-toofan-where-bubli-and-apu-biswas-comes-up-in-context-31720180792068.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=2024-10-03 |work=Hindustan Times |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-07-04 |title='উত্তম কুমারের শহরে কেন বাংলা ছবি দেখবে না মানুষ?' তুফান মুক্তির আগে প্রশ্ন শাকিবের - TOOFAN BENGALI MOVIE |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/shakib-khan-and-mimi-chakraborty-attends-press-meet-of-new-bengali-movie-toofan-in-kolkata-wbs24070407646 |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=bn}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Toofan
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Pritom Hasan]], [[Arafat Mohsin]] and Naved Parvez
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded = 2024
| venue =
| studio = [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF]]
| genre = [[Feature Film Soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Bengali
| label = {{ubl||SVF||Chorki||Alpha-i}}
| producer = {{Ubl|Pritom Hasan|[[Arafat Mohsin]]||Naved Parvez}}
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Pritom Hasan]]
| type = soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Damal (film)|Damal]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shahnewaz |first=Sadi Mohammad |date=2022-11-03 |title=The larger-than-life soundtrack of 'Damal' |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/music/news/the-larger-life-soundtrack-damal-3159761 |access-date=2022-11-24 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>
| prev_year = 2022
| title = Toofan
| year = 2024
| next_title =[[Borbaad (2025 film)|Borbaad]]
| next_year = 2025
}}

{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Arafat Mohsin]]
| type = soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Surongo]]
| prev_year = 2023
| title = Toofan
| year = 2024
| next_title = [[Borbaad (2025 film)|Borbaad]]
| next_year = 2025
}}

{{Extra chronology
| artist = Naved Parvez
| type = soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Omar (2024 film)|Omar]]
| prev_year = 2024
| title = Toofan
| year = 2024
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Singles
| name = Toofan
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = [[Laage Ura Dhura]]
| single1date = 28 May 2024
| single2 = Toofan Theme
| single2date = 05 June 2024
| single3 = [[Dushtu Kokil]]
| single3date = 20 June 2024
| single4 =
| single4date =
}}
}}
The film's first track, "[[Laage Ura Dhura]]," was released on May 28, 2024, coinciding with the silver jubilee of Shakib Khan's career.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kundu |first=Kasturi |date=2024-05-28 |title=আলতা পায়ে ডান্স ফ্লোরে মিমির তুফান, শাকিবের সঙ্গে জমজমাট 'লাগা উরা ধুরা' |url=https://eisamay.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/mimi-chakraborty-and-shakib-khan-latest-song-laage-ura-dhura-from-toofan-dance-clips-are-here/photoshow/110501746.cms |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=Eisamay |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Biswas |first=Mohona |date=2024-05-29 |title=বিনোদন জগতে শাকিব খানের ২৫ বছর পূর্তি! মুক্তি পেল 'তুফান'-এর নতুন গান 'লাগে উরা ধুরা' |url=https://bengali.oneindia.com/movies/news/the-new-song-laage-ura-dhura-from-toofan-was-released-234985.html |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=[[OneIndia]]}}</ref> The chorus tune of the song is adapted from Matal Razzak Dewan's song "Morar Kokiley," written by Sharif Uddin. The rest of the lyrics were written by Rasel Mahmud, with the tune and music arrangement by [[Pritom Hasan]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-05-29 |title=এল 'লাগে উরাধুরা' |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/dhallywood/gd3rpwwbcn |access-date=2024-05-29 |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref> The song is sung by Pritom Hasan and Debosree Antara, and was included in the film to fit the 1990s timeline. Pritom Hasan and director [[Raihan Rafi]] made cameo appearances in the song.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-28 |title=প্রকাশ্যে 'লাগে উরাধুরা', শাকিব-মিমির সঙ্গে প্রীতম-রাফিও |url=https://bangla.dhakatribune.com/entertainment/81248/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E2%80%98%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E2%80%99-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87 |access-date=2024-05-28 |work=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref> The second singles of the film Toofan Theme, was released on June 5, 2024, and was performed by Arif Rahman Joy, with Samybrata Dripto contributing backing vocals with additional rap was done by Rapsta Dadu. The music composed, arrange and backing vocal design were handled by Naved Parvez, while the lyrics were penned by Tahsan Shubho, both of them had previously collaborated with director Raihan Rafi on the title track of his third directorial [[Poran (film)|''Poran'']] (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title='তুফান' গানের গীতিকার কে এই তাহসান শুভ |url=https://www.deshrupantor.com/514752/%E2%80%98%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E2%80%99-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AD |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=Desh Rupantor}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-06-08 |title=ঝড় তুলেছে নাভেদের 'তুফান' |url=https://www.dhakapost.com/entertainment/285010 |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=Dhaka Post |language=bn}}</ref> The song received widespread acclaimed right after its release. Along with the vocals, lyrics, and tune, what impressed both audiences and critics the most was the way Shakib Khan was portrayed as a larger-than-life character on screen.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-06-06 |title=এই শাকিবকে আগে দেখা যায়নি... |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/song/5vlpr1gx0u |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title='তুফান'-এর টাইটেল ট্র্যাকে এ কোন শাকিব খান? |url=https://www.somoynews.tv/news/2024-06-06/7BEU5yBC |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=Somoy News}}</ref>

Maskawath Ahsan of ''Amader Shomoy'' highlights the songs and soundtrack of ''Toofan'' as essential elements that elevate the film's commercial appeal. He commends the choreography, music, and visual presentation, stating that these aspects align well with the film's intent to entertain. The songs are integrated seamlessly, contributing to the energy of the film and enhancing its appeal to a mass audience. Ahsan suggests that such well-executed musical elements reflect the technical competence of the production, making ''Toofan'' a strong commercial venture.<ref name=":8" /> Rabbani Rabbi of ''Independent TV'' noted that Toofan's soundtrack adds vibrancy to the film. It features both romantic songs and upbeat item numbers, successfully maintaining a mood of romance and entertainment. The lively "item songs" are particularly highlighted for stirring excitement among the audience.<ref name=":9" />

{{Track listing
| width =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title_width =
| writing_width =
| music_width =
| lyrics_width =
| extra_width =
| title1 = [[Laage Ura Dhura]]
| note1 =
| writer1 =
| lyrics1 = Rasel Mahmud, Shorif Uddin
| music1 = Pritom Hasan, Razzak Dewan
| extra1 = [[Pritom Hasan]], Debosrie Antara
| length1 = 2:45
| title2 = Toofan Theme
| note2 =
| writer2 =
| lyrics2 = Tahsan Shuvo
| music2 = Naved Parvez
| extra2 = Arif Rahman Joy, Rap: Rapista Dadu
| length2 = 2:13
| title3 = [[Dushtu Kokil]]
| note3 =
| writer3 =
| lyrics3 = [[Akassh]]
| music3 = Akassh
| extra3 = [[Dilshad Nahar Kona]], Akassh
| length3 = 3:39
| title4 = Pheshey Jaai
| note4 =
| writer4 =
| lyrics4 = Tonmoy Pervez
| music4 = [[Arafat Mohsin]]
| extra4 = [[Habib Wahid]]
| length4 = 2:34
| title5 = Ashbe Amar Din
| note5 =
| writer5 =
| lyrics5 = [[Robiul Islam Jibon]]
| music5 = Arafat Mohsin
| extra5 = Rehaan Rasul
| length5 = 2:58
| total_length = 14:49
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical release ===
The film was released on 17 June for the occasion of [[Eid al-Adha]] 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last=রিপোর্ট |first=স্টার অনলাইন |date=2023-12-11 |title=শাকিবের 'তুফান' আসছে ঈদুল আজহায় |url=https://bangla.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-movies/dhallywood/news-540896 |access-date=2024-04-19 |work=The Daily Star |language=bn}}</ref> On 17 June 2024, the movie was released in 129 theaters on Holiday Eid al-Adha, clashing with Rashid Palash's ''[[Moyurakkhi]]'', [[Mostafizur Rahman Manik]]'s [[Dark World (2024 film)|''Dark World'']], Sumon Dhar's ''[[Agontuk]]'' and Mohammad Iqbal's ''Revenge''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-17 |title=ঈদে মুক্তি পেল ৫ সিনেমা |url=https://www.banglanews24.com/entertainment/news/bd/1349881.details |access-date=2024-06-22 |work=banglanews24.com |language=bn}}</ref> The film got no objection clarification without any cuts with 145 minutes on June 5, 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |title='তুফান' পেল 'আনকাট' ছাড়পত্র |url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/glitz/6826a1b2fd58 |access-date=2024-09-22 |work=bdnews24.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=অনলাইন |first=চ্যানেল আই |date=2024-06-04 |title=বিনা কর্তনে সেন্সর পেল 'তুফান' {{!}} চ্যানেল আই অনলাইন |url=https://www.channelionline.com/toofan-got-censored-2024/ |access-date=2024-09-22 |work=চ্যানেল আই অনলাইন |language=en-US}}</ref>

A special screening of the film was held on June 24 at Sony Cineplex, Dhaka.<ref name="prothomalo.com">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-06-25 |title='তুফান' এর বিশেষ প্রদর্শনীতে যা বললেন শাকিব খান |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/video/entertainment/mgkyw3zhha |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref> Along with the cast and crews of the film, the event was attended by several guests, including actor [[Arifin Shuvoo]], [[Azizul Hakim]], [[Yash Rohan]], and other prominent figures of Bangladeshi films industry.<ref name="prothomalo.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=রিপোর্ট |first=স্টার অনলাইন |date=2024-06-25 |title=একসঙ্গে 'তুফান' দেখলেন শাকিব-চঞ্চল-শুভ |url=https://bangla.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-movies/dhallywood/news-592591 |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=The Daily Star Bangla |language=en}}</ref>

On June 28, 2024, the film was simultaneously released in over 100 theaters across 15 countries, including the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], the [[United Kingdom]], and [[France]]<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=রিপোর্ট |first=স্টার অনলাইন |date=2024-06-28 |title=১৫ দেশে মুক্তি পেল শাকিব খানের 'তুফান' |url=https://bangla.thedailystar.net/entertainment/news-593511 |access-date=2024-10-02 |work=The Daily Star |language=bn}}</ref> and it was released in India on the 5th of the following month.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-07-05 |title=এবার ভারতের সিনেমা হলে 'তুফান' |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/dhallywood/aka72fzhtk |access-date=2024-10-04 |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref>

On September 13, 2024, the film was released in Hindi dubbed as the same title in [[Bihar]], India.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=2024-09-07 |title=হিন্দি ভাষায় 'তুফান', শুক্রবার থেকে চলবে বিহারে |url=https://www.channelionline.com/toofan-ll-release-on-bihar/ |access-date=2024-10-04 |work=Channel i |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-09-07 |title=বিহারে চলবে শাকিব খানের 'তুফান' |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/dhallywood/pruzauc1jc |access-date=2024-10-04 |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref> It was released in [[Pakistan]] on November 1, 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-11-01 |title=আজ থেকে পাকিস্তানের ৪২ হলে শাকিব খানের 'তুফান' |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/dhallywood/xcmg568ipv |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref> marking the first Bangladeshi film to be dubbed in [[Urdu language|Urdu]] and shown in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-20 |title=উর্দু ভাষায় পাকিস্তানে মুক্তি পাচ্ছে বাংলাদেশের 'তুফান' |url=https://samakal.com/entertainment/article/261255/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E2%80%98%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E2%80%99 |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Samakal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-20 |title=১ নভেম্বর পাকিস্তানে মুক্তি পাচ্ছে উর্দু ভাষায় 'তুফান' |url=https://www.banglatribune.com/entertainment/868880/%E0%A7%A7-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F?_gl=1*1i0o0bl*_ga*VWxjNVhySU1QSFRhTTR1bmcycFc3d05nMm05QmlZbXYwRTRZMWZiM2NzRUNvMFRIUmFVWlVfWENWWVZVc0h0LQ..*_ga_PNWPB7KZBT*MTczMDQ4NDk2MS4xMS4xLjE3MzA0ODY1MDMuMC4wLjA. |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Bangla Tribune |language=bn}}</ref> It premiered on 128 screens simultaneously,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-01 |title=পাকিস্তানের ১২৮টি পর্দায় মুক্তি পেল বাংলাদেশের 'তুফান' |url=https://samakal.com/dhallywood/article/263049/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E2%80%98%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E2%80%99 |access-date=2024-11-01 |work=Samakal}}</ref> making it the most wider released for a [[Dhallywood]] film in Pakistan since 1971.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-01 |title=পাকিস্তানে শুরু শাকিব খানের নতুন অধ্যায় |url=https://www.banglatribune.com/entertainment/870853/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Bangla Tribune |language=bn}}</ref>

=== Streaming ===
On September 1, 2024, in two separate press releases, Streaming platforms [[Chorki]] and [[:bn:Hoichoi|Hoichoi]] announced that the film would be released on their respective platforms.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-09-01 |title=চরকি ও হইচইয়ে মুক্তি পাচ্ছে 'তুফান' |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/ott/2jygk1a5nk |access-date=2024-09-28 |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref> Later, on September 10, they confirmed that the film would be released simultaneously on both platforms, with viewers in Bangladesh able to watch it on Chorki and those in India on Hoichoi.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-09-10 |title='তুফান' কবে আসছে ওটিটিতে? জানা গেল মুক্তির তারিখ |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/ott/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%96 |access-date=2024-09-28 |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-13 |title=কেন একসঙ্গে দুটি ওটিটিতে মুক্তি পাচ্ছে তুফান? |url=https://www.somoynews.tv/news/2024-09-13/0NGFIIDs |access-date=2024-09-28 |work=Somoy News}}</ref> On the 19th of the same month, the film was released on both platforms simultaneously.<ref>{{Cite news |last=আলম |first=মনজুরুল |date=2024-09-20 |title=নাটক–সিনেমা–সিরিজে আবার চাঙা সাংস্কৃতিক অঙ্গন |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/dhallywood/fzoxp5ci3e |access-date=2024-09-28 |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=অনলাইন |first=চ্যানেল আই |date=2024-09-19 |title=মধ্যরাত থেকে হইচই কাঁপাচ্ছে 'তুফান'! {{!}} চ্যানেল আই অনলাইন |url=https://www.channelionline.com/toofan-shakib-khan-hoichoi/ |access-date=2024-09-28 |work=Channel i online |language=en-US}}</ref> To celebrate the film's release on [[Over-the-top media service|OTT]], several play packs have been designed as part of a special offer by [[Grameenphone]] for customers, allowing viewers to watch the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-09-19 |title=মাইজিপি অ্যাপে 'তুফান' |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/ott/p76dbw1hwy |access-date=2024-09-28 |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |title=শাকিব খানের 'তুফান' এখন মাইজিপি অ্যাপসে |url=https://www.dailyjanakantha.com/science-technology/news/733867 |access-date=2024-09-28 |work=Daily Janakantha |language=en}}</ref>

The film was screened at the ''23rd Amar Bhashar Chalachitra Utsab 1431'', one of the largest Bengali-language film festivals organized by the [[Dhaka University Film Society]] in remembrance of the [[Language Martyrs' Day|Language Martyrs]].<ref name="ChanneliFestival">{{cite web |date=February 8, 2025 |title=বাংলা চলচ্চিত্রের সর্ববৃহৎ উৎসবে 'তুফান'সহ আরো যতো ছবি |trans-title=Toofan and many other films to be screened at the biggest festival of Bengali films |url=https://www.channelionline.com/toofan-and-more-films-at-the-biggest-festival-of-bangladeshi-cinema/ |access-date=April 8, 2025 |website=Channel i Online}}</ref><ref name="ShakibJaya">{{cite web |date=February 8, 2025 |title=বিকেলে শাকিব, সন্ধ্যায় জয়া! |trans-title=Shakib in the afternoon, Jaya in the evening |url=https://www.channelionline.com/shakib-in-the-afternoon-jaya-in-the-evening/ |access-date=April 8, 2025 |website=Channel i Online |quote=‘আমার ভাষার চলচ্চিত্র’ উৎসবের তৃতীয় দিন বিকেলে শাকিব খানের তুফান, সন্ধ্যা জয়া আহসান অভিনীত ‘নকশি কাঁথার জমিন’ |trans-quote=Shakib Khan's Toofan will be screened on the third day of the Amar Bhashar Chalachitra Utshab (Films' in My Language Festival) in the afternoon, while Jaya Ahsan's Nakshi Kanthar Jamin will be screened in the evening.}}</ref> It was later premiere on ''[[Deepto TV]]'' on April 1, 2025, coinciding with [[Eid al-Fitr]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-04-01 |title=ঈদে টেলিভিশনে শাকিবের 'তুফান', 'দরদ' |url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/glitz/cinema/b28fe02be769 |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=bdnews24.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Distribution ===
The film was distributed in the [[United States]] by Bioscope Films, while Bangoz Films handled its distribution in [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]].<ref name=":3" />

=== Pre-release business ===
A day before its release at [[Modhuban Cineplex]], advance tickets for the first two days were sold out, a phenomenon last seen in 2022 with the release of the film ''[[Hawa (2022 Bangladeshi film)|Hawa]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-06-16 |title=বগুড়ায় মুক্তির আগেই ফুরিয়ে গেছে 'তুফান' সিনেমার দুদিনের টিকিট |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/dhallywood/34ws8q1uom |access-date=2024-10-02 |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref>

Shortly after advance tickets were released online, all branches of Star Cineplex sold out the first day's tickets within a few hours. For the second day, 80% of the tickets were sold online as well.<ref>{{Cite news |last=অনলাইন |first=চ্যানেল আই |date=2024-06-16 |title=১২৩ হলে শাকিবের 'তুফান', ঝড়ের গতিতে অগ্রিম টিকেট বিক্রি {{!}} চ্যানেল আই অনলাইন |url=https://www.channelionline.com/shakib-khan-advance-booking-toofan/ |access-date=2024-10-02 |work=চ্যানেল আই অনলাইন |language=en-US}}</ref>

The film has set a record for advance ticket sales in Australia, with over 2,000 tickets sold 10 days prior to its release. No other Bengali film has achieved this before. Previously, the highest advance ticket sales in Australia were for Raihan Rafi's ''[[Poran (film)|Poran]]'', which sold 800 tickets in advance.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-26 |title=তুফান: অস্ট্রেলিয়ায় নতুন রেকর্ড |url=https://www.somoynews.tv/news/2024-06-26/3uYCFX2N |access-date=2024-10-02 |work=Somoy News}}</ref>

=== Online piracy ===
Within three days after its release on streaming platforms, the film was pirated and quickly spread online. From September 22, 2024, it began circulating across various [[Facebook]], [[YouTube]], and [[Telegram (software)|Telegram]] groups,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-24 |title=আবারও পাইরেসির কবলে 'তুফান'! |url=https://www.banglanews24.com/entertainment/news/bd/1396720.details |access-date=2024-10-01 |work=banglanews24.com |language=bn}}</ref> with a runtime of 138 minutes, which clearly showing the Chorki logo.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-26 |title=পাইরেসির কবলে শাকিব খানের 'তুফান' |url=https://www.jaijaidinbd.com/todays-paper/entertainment/493651 |access-date=2024-10-01 |work=Jaijaidin |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2024-09-24 |title=শাকিবের 'তুফান' নিয়ে দুঃসংবাদ |url=https://www.rtvonline.com/entertainment/292672 |access-date=2024-10-01 |work=RTV |language=bn-BD}}</ref> The film had previously been a victim of piracy during its theatrical run as well. However, swift action by the authorities at the time led the successful removal of pirated copies from various sites.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-09 |title='তুফান' কি পাইরেসির কবলে |url=https://www.jagonews24.com/entertainment/news/954380 |access-date=2024-10-02 |work=[[Jago News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-07-09 |title=পাইরেসির শিকার শাকিব খানের 'তুফান' |url=https://www.somoyerkonthosor.com/post/2024/07/09/668cff3c12480 |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=Somoyer Konthosor |language=en}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical response===
Critic Rabbani Rabbi on [[Independent Television (Bangladesh)|''Independent TV'']] praised ''Toofan'' for its powerful performances, particularly Shakib Khan's dual role and the strong supporting cast. While the film draws inspiration from movies like [[KGF (film series)|''KGF'']] and [[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire|''Salaar'']], it still stands out with its engaging storyline and impressive action scenes. However, it slightly falters in narrative consistency. He gave the film a rating of 3.8/5.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last=Rabbi |first=Rabbani |date=2024-06-23 |title=তুফান: মানুষ না অমানুষ? |url=https://www.itvbd.com/entertainment/dhallywood/154678/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7 |access-date=2024-10-04 |work=Independent Television}}</ref> Film critic and journalist Ahsan Habib point out that the film ''Toofan'', explores a familiar storyline of crime and revenge, glamorizing violence and using clichéd lines like "society creates killers." While the film features strong performances from Shakib Khan and Chanchal Chowdhury, it suffers from inconsistencies and similarities to other films, notably in its portrayal of Shakib Khan's character. Despite these flaws, ''Toofan'' is smartly executed and hints at a sequel. He give the film 6 out 10 stars.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-20 |title=তুফান: সন্ত্রাসকে গ্ল্যামারাইজ করতে চাওয়া এক ছবি |url=https://www.banglatribune.com/entertainment/851790/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF |access-date=2024-10-05 |work=Bangla Tribune |language=bn}}</ref> Critic Shadique Mahbub Islam from ''[[The Business Standard]]'' gave the film a rating of 3.5/5. He noted that ''Toofan'' impresses with its thrilling sequences, Shakib Khan's dedication, and standout performances from Chanchal Chowdhury and the supporting cast. While the film draws inspiration from [[Indian cinema]], it stands out for its visual appeal, though it suffers from a weak, inconsistent plot and underdeveloped character arcs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Islam |first=Shadique Mahbub |date=2024-06-23 |title=Toofan: Could have been stormier |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/splash/toofan-could-have-been-stormier-882096 |access-date=2024-10-07 |work=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref> In a review in ''[[Prothom Alo]]'', Towheed Feroze highlighted Shakib Khan's impressive dual portrayal of the fierce Toofan and the innocent Shanto. Despite the film draws inspiration from popular titles and has sparked debates over its themes, Feroze commended its energetic storytelling, viral tracks, and Khan's commanding performance, marking it as a significant revival for the Bangladeshi cinema landscape.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Feroze |first=Towheed |date=2024-06-27 |title=Toofan! The celluloid tornado reaches a crescendo! |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/entertainment/movies/v7ukweexo3 |access-date=2024-10-07 |work=Prothom Alo |language=en}}</ref> Ahnaf Tahmid Fahid of ''[[The Financial Express (Bangladesh)|The Financial Express]]'' praised the film as a "cinematic storm," highlighting Khan's "mesmerizing" performance as the ruthless gangster. Fahid noted the film's strong direction and visuals but felt the story lacked depth and clarity regarding Toofan's motives. Despite this, he recommended the film as an action-packed entertainer.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fahid |first=Ahnaf Tahmid |date=2024-06-26 |title=Toofan: The Promising storm in our cinema |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/lifestyle/entertainment/toofan-the-promising-storm-in-our-cinema |access-date=2024-10-08 |work=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref> Shumona Sharmin Sharna of ''[[The Business Post]]'' the film as a "cinematic triumph," praising Khan's dual role and Raihan Rafi's expert direction. She highlighted the film's technical strengths but pointed out its lack of Bangladeshi authenticity and underutilized supporting cast. Despite these critiques, Sharna emphasized that ''Toofan'' is an engaging, high-budget spectacle that keeps audiences hooked.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharna |first=Shumona Sharmin |date=2024-06-24 |title=Toofan: A cinematic triumph by Shakib Khan and Raihan Rafi |url=https://businesspostbd.com/entertainment/toofan-a-cinematic-triumph-by-shakib-khan-and-raihan-rafi |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=The Business Post |language=en}}</ref> Purnia Samia of ''[[The Daily Ittefaq]]'' described ''Toofan'' a "cinematic revolution". She praised Khan's powerful performance and Mimi Chakraborty's charm, noting the film's stunning visuals and entertainment value. Despite minor character depth issues, she lauded the film as a groundbreaking moment for Bangladeshi cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Samia |first=Purnia |date=2024-07-04 |title=নতুন বিপ্লবের নাম 'তুফান' |url=https://www.ittefaq.com.bd/692459/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE-%E2%80%98%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E2%80%99 |access-date=2024-10-08 |work=The Daily Ittefaq}}</ref>

Shababa Iqbal of [[Ice Today]] called ''Toofan'' a "gory, racy thriller", praising Khan's "convincing dual role" and strong editing and cinematography that intensify the film's climax. Despite a "garbled storyline", Khan's performance kept ''Toofan'' gripping till the end.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iqbal |first=Shababa |date=2024-09-01 |title=A REIGN CUT SHORT |url=https://icetoday.net/2024/09/a-reign-cut-short/ |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=ICE Today |language=en-US}}</ref> Maskawath Ahsan of ''[[Amader Shomoy]]'' was more positive about the film for its "sound technical execution" but noted that its content fell short in delivering a nuanced story. "The film excels in its visuals, costume design, and choreography, making it a successful commercial production," he wrote, adding that ''Toofan'' reflects the technical strengths of [[Dhallywood]]. However, Ahsan criticized the film's narrative for leaning into themes of toxic masculinity and power dynamics, which detracted from its overall message. "It’s a film made purely for entertainment, best enjoyed without overthinking the content," he concluded.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last=Ahsan |first=Maskawath |date=2024-06-24 |title=তুফান : আ সাউন্ড টেকনিক্যাল এক্সিকিউশান |url=https://www.amadershomoy.com/opinion/article/115243/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%86-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1-%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE |access-date=2024-10-10 |work=Amader Shomoy |language=en}}</ref> Dr. Hossne Ara Jolly, Dean of Arts at [[Jagannath University]], critiqued the film as "disturbing" and "destructive." She remarked, "The film glorifies violence in a way that could negatively influence young minds, especially in today’s rising gang culture." While praising its production quality, Jolly also criticized the film for its chaotic storyline and excessive brutality, stating that it promotes lawlessness rather than meaningful entertainment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-27 |title=বীভৎস ভায়োলেন্সের ছবি 'তুফান': জবি শিক্ষক |url=https://www.ajkalerkhobor.net/details.php?id=161319 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=Ajkaler Khobor}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=কিশোর গ্যাং সন্ত্রাসীদের পৃষ্ঠপোষকতার ছবি তুফান |url=https://www.dhakaage.com/entertainment/news/9521 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=Dhaka Age |language=bn}}</ref>

''Aaro Ananda'' of ''[[ABP Group|ABP]]'' praised ''Toofan'' for Shakib Khan's larger-than-life dual performance as both gangster Toofan and actor Shanto, alongside Chanchal Chowdhury's standout portrayal of AC Akram. While the film excels in action sequences and provides good entertainment, it falters slightly in fully utilizing its talented female cast. Despite its flaws, the film remains engaging and visually appealing. The critic gave the film a rating of 3/5.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-05 |title=তুফান |url=https://www.aaroananda.com/story/entertainment-news/movie-reviews/movie-review-of-toofan/7799700 |access-date=2024-10-07 |website=Aaro Ananda |language=bn |quote=পরিচালক যথেষ্ট চেষ্টা করেছেন বিনোদনে ভরপুর অভিজ্ঞতা দিতে।}}</ref> Sayani Rana of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' awarded the film a 3.0/5 rating. He praised the film for its intense performances, especially Shakib Khan's portrayal of both Shanto and the ruthless Toofan. The film borrows elements from classic gangster movies, with nods to [[Don (1978 film)|''Don'']] and [[Animal (2023 Indian film)|''Animal'']], but still manages to stand out with its brutal narrative and gritty action sequences. However, despite the strong performances, the film falters in character depth and lacks consistency in its 90s setting.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rana |first=Sayani |date=2024-07-06 |title='উরা ধুরা' স্টাইলে পর্দায় কি 'তুফান' তুলতে পারলেন শাকিব? মিমি আর চঞ্চলই বা কেমন? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/shakib-khan-chanchal-chowdhury-mimi-chakraborty-and-masuma-rahman-nabila-movie-toofan-review-31720197005367.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908225116/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/shakib-khan-chanchal-chowdhury-mimi-chakraborty-and-masuma-rahman-nabila-movie-toofan-review-31720197005367.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 8, 2024 |access-date=2024-10-07 |work=Hindustan Times |language=bn}}</ref> Poorna Banerjee of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film a 3.0/5 rating, praising the film for its racy, action-packed narrative and highlighted Shakib Khan's commanding performance in his 250th film. The movie borrows elements from classics like ''Don'', ''KGF'' and ''Animal'', while the two main songs and dialogue references evoke 90's Bangladeshi pop culture. Though the film suffers from a lack of character development and a somewhat garbled storyline, it thrives on sharp editing and excellent cinematography, particularly in the thrilling second half. Despite its absurdities, Khan's portrayal of both the ruthless Toofan and innocent Shanto makes the film a fun watch.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Banerjee |first=Poorna |date=2024-07-10 |title=Toofan Movie Review : Shakib Khan is too fun to watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/toofan/movie-review/111633453.cms |access-date=2024-10-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Atindra Danyadari of ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'' rated the film 6 out of 10, calling it a film that prioritizes entertainment over logic. She noted it combines action and comedy, stating, "It offers pure entertainment without aiming for realism." Danyadari praised the performances and cinematography, emphasizing that the film's goal is to provide a delightful cinematic experience.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniyari |first=Atindra |date=2024-07-09 |title=তুফান: যুক্তি-তর্কে না গিয়ে, স্রেফ আরাম করে বসে বিনোদনটুকু ছেঁকে নেওয়ার ছবি |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-bengali-movie-toofan-starring-mimi-chakraborty-and-shakib-khan-dgtl/cid/1529703 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=Anandabazar Patrika |quote=প্রযোজনা সংস্থার দাবি, কলকাতায়ও ছবিটি প্রথম সপ্তাহেই দারুণ ব্যবসা করছে। কী রয়েছে এই ছবিতে, যাতে এত অনায়াস হচ্ছে বাণিজ্যিক সাফল্য? ‘তুফান’ ছবিকে ঘিরে কেন এত উন্মাদনা?}}</ref> Bidisha Chattopadhyay of ''[[Sangbad Pratidin]]'' called Toofan "thrilling," praising it for its bold action and performances. "Watching Toofan, I was reminded of the impact of Don and Animal," she said, noting that like those films, Toofan "brings a fresh wave of high-octane entertainment." She added that the film is "not just a thrilling action ride but also a showcase of modern Bangladeshi cinema's potential" with a compelling anti-hero and a visually dynamic narrative.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chattopadhyay |first=Bidisha |title=দুরন্ত শাকিব-মিমি-চঞ্চল ট্রায়ো, স্টাইল-অ্যাকশনে ভরপুর 'তুফান', পড়ুন রিভিউ |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/mimi-chakraborty-and-shakib-khan-movie-toofan-review/ |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=Sangbad Pratidin |language=en-US}}</ref> ''ETV Bharat'' gave the film a positive review, commended the film for its thrilling entertainment, calling it "a high-octane action drama" with a familiar storyline. "The film evokes memories of classics like Don and Animal," they observed, highlighting that despite "predictable characters and a disjointed plot," Khan's dual portrayal of Toofan and Shanto adds "vibrancy and excitement." While the narrative "falls short in depth and character exploration," the reviewer stressed that ''Toofan'' remains "a captivating watch" from start to finish.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-07-06 |title=দুর্দান্ত অ্যাকশন, মারকাটারি সংলাপে প্রেক্ষাগৃহে 'তুফান' শাকিব-মিমির - BENGALI FILM TOOFAN REVIEW |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/toofan-review-shakib-khan-mimi-chakraborty-movie-gets-applause-from-audience-wbs24070604079 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=bn}}</ref> Anuska Ghatak of ''IWMBuzz'' rated the film 4 out 5 stars. She praised the film as an "adrenaline-pumping" action thriller with Shakib Khan delivering a "standout performance" in both roles. While the story "lacks logic," she noted its "high entertainment value" and praised the action, cinematography, and supporting cast, especially Chanchal Chowdhury as ACP Akram.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghatak |first=Anuska |date=2024-07-10 |title=Toofan: A Stormy Thrill Ride with Shakib Khan |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/movies/editorial-movies/review-of-toofan-a-stormy-thrill-ride-with-shakib-khan/2024/07/10 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en}}</ref> Shamayita Chakraborty of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave the film 2.5/5 stars, criticizing its "abysmal storyline" and lack of character development. Despite Shakib Khan's effort, the film "borrows heavily" from Don, Animal, and KGF, but fails to deliver a coherent plot. Chanchal Chowdhury and the songs ''Dushtu Kokil'' and ''Laage Ura Dhura'' stand out, though they arrive too late to save the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Shamayita |date=2024-06-05 |title=Toofan review: Chanchal Chowdhury and Dushtu Kokil are the saving grace |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/toofan-review-chanchal-chowdhury-and-dushtu-kokil-are-the-saving-grace-of-this-neverending-shakib-khan-action-saga/8f139cade6768 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

Leon Overee of ''Asian Movie Pulse'' described the film as "an engaging and entertaining thriller." He praised Khan's magnetic dual performance and Raihan Rafi's stylized direction, noting the film's gritty visuals and commercial appeal. Despite minor absurdities and derivative elements, he hailed it as a bold and impactful entry in Bangladeshi cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Overee |first=Leon |date=12 January 2025 |title=Film Review: Toofan (2024) by Raihan Rafi |url=https://asianmoviepulse.com/2025/01/film-review-toofan-2024-by-raihan-rafi/#google_vignette |access-date=15 April 2025 |website=Asian Movie Pulse |language=en-US |quote=No one is a killer but circumstances make them one}}</ref>

===Box office===
In just two and a half days after its release, the film sold tickets worth {{BDT}}1.20 crore at Star Cineplex alone.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2024-06-26 |title=প্রেক্ষাগৃহে তুফান তাণ্ডব, আয়ে রেকর্ড |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/entertainment/2024/06/26/1400587 |access-date=2024-10-02 |work=Kaler Kantho}}</ref> The film earned {{BDT}}20 crore in its opening week<ref name="ntv28Jun2024">{{Cite news |date=2024-06-28 |script-title=bn:১০ দিনে কত আয় করলো ‘তুফান’? |url=https://www.ntvbd.com/entertainment/news-1422209 |access-date=2024-10-02 |work=NTV |language=bn}}</ref> and according to a report of ''[[Channel i]]'' and [[Independent Television (Bangladesh)|''Independent Television'']], the film grossed {{BDTConvert|25|c}} in its first ten days.<ref name="itvbd.com"/><ref name=":toofan">{{Cite news |date=2024-06-27 |script-title=bn:১০ দিনে ২৫ কোটি আয় করেছে ‘তুফান’! |url=https://www.channelionline.com/toofan-10-days-25-cr-gross-colleaction/ |access-date=2024-06-27 |work=Channel i |language=bn |archive-date=2024-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627140359/https://www.channelionline.com/toofan-10-days-25-cr-gross-colleaction/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In its third week of release, ''Toofan'' performed strongly at the box office, going housefull in the highest number of theaters across Bangladesh. As a result, by the end of the third week, the film grossed over {{BDTConvert|35|c}}.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> The film's total collection is {{BDTConvert|56|c}}.<ref name="jug10Jul2024">{{Cite news |script-title=bn:ভারতে কত টাকা আয় করল তুফান |url=https://www.jugantor.com/entertainment/826499/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%86%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8 |work=[[Jugantor]] |date=2024-07-10}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite news |title='Toofan' to stream on both Chorki and Hoichoi |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/showtime/356864/%E2%80%98toofan%E2%80%99-coming-to-streaming |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=2022-09-01 |access-date=2023-10-13}}</ref>

After its release in India on July 5, 2024, the film failed to perform well at the [[Box Office India|box office]]. The [[Hindustan Times|''Hindustan Times Bangla'']] reported, citing Sacnilk, that the film earned ₹7 lakh in its first five days in India.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=2024-07-10 |script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশের সুপারস্টার শাকিব এপারে ফের ডাহা ফেল! তুফান কত টাকা আয় করল ভারতে? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/box-office-collection-shakib-khan-mimi-chakraborty-starrer-toofan-earns-less-than-10-lakh-in-5-days-in-kolkata-31720580556691.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711124010/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/box-office-collection-shakib-khan-mimi-chakraborty-starrer-toofan-earns-less-than-10-lakh-in-5-days-in-kolkata-31720580556691.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 11, 2024 |access-date=2024-10-02 |work=Hindustan Times |language=bn}}</ref><ref name="jug10Jul2024" />

On June 28, 2024, the film was released in 19 theaters across the [[United States]]. After its release, the film earned more than {{USD|120,000}} in just 12 days, marking a milestone for Bangladeshi films released in the United States.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=অনলাইন |first=চ্যানেল আই |date=2024-07-10 |title=যুক্তরাষ্ট্রে 'তুফান'-এর ১২ দিন, বক্স অফিসে আয় কতো? {{!}} চ্যানেল আই অনলাইন |url=https://www.channelionline.com/toofan-box-office-in-usa/ |access-date=2024-10-02 |work=চ্যানেল আই অনলাইন |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
;Meril-Prothom Alo Awards
{| class="wikitable"
!Awards
!Date of Events
!Category
!Section
!Recipients
!Results
!{{abbr|Ref|Reflist}}
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Meril-Prothom Alo Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |[[26th Meril-Prothom Alo Awards|23 May 2025]]
|[[Meril-Prothom Alo Award for Best Film Actor|Best Film Actor]]
| rowspan="3" |Popular choice
|[[Shakib Khan]]
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=23 May 2025 |title=সেরা চলচ্চিত্র অভিনেতা শাকিব খান |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/szdmfpyvt3 |access-date=28 May 2025 |website=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|[[Meril-Prothom Alo Award for Best Male Singer|Best Male Singer]]
|[[Pritom Hasan]] – "[[Laage Ura Dhura]]"
| {{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=24 April 2025 |title=সেরা গায়ক–গায়িকার মনোনয়ন পেলেন যাঁরা |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/vdlikj9mk0 |access-date=28 May 2025 |website=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|[[Meril-Prothom Alo Award for Best Female Singer|Best Female Singer]]
|[[Dilshad Nahar Kona]] – "[[Dushtu Kokil]]"
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=24 May 2025 |title=কারা পেলেন 'মেরিল–প্রথম আলো পুরস্কার ২০২৪' |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/video/entertainment/ueg101nvwn |access-date=28 May 2025 |website=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref>
|}

== Sequel ==
The film's [[post-credits scene]] showcased the continuation of the story with a [[cliffhanger]] and the title for the second part revealed as ''Toofan 2''. Initially director [[Raihan Rafi]] has informed that the film's sequel, ''Toofan 2'' is in development and is expected to be released on Eid al-Fitr 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-18 |title=Now 'Toofan 2' coming, Shakib fans tasted big twist|url=https://www.daily-bangladesh.com/english/entertainment/95526 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Daily Bangladesh |language=en}}</ref> On October 2, 2024, during the announcement of a new project of director with Indian actor [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], titled ''Lion'' (2025), the film's director hinted in a Facebook post that the sequel, would be released on [[Eid al-Adha]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-02 |title=২০২৫ সালের ঈদুল আজহায় আসছে 'তুফান ২' |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/entertainment/2024/10/02/1431163 |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=Kaler Kantho}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-02 |title=কোরবানির ঈদে আসছে তুফান-২ |url=https://www.itvbd.com/entertainment/dhallywood/174070/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A7%A8 |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=Independent TV}}</ref> However, the film's lead actor, Shakib Khan, denied this, stating that the film would not be released on Eid al-Adha in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-10-03 |title=আগামী কোরবানিতে আসছে না 'তুফান-২': শাকিব খান |url=https://bangla.thedailystar.net/entertainment/news-619136 |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=The Daily Star Bangla |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-10-03 |title=আসছে কোরবানি ঈদে 'তুফান টু' মুক্তি সম্ভব? {{!}} চ্যানেল আই অনলাইন |url=https://www.channelionline.com/shakib-khan-toofan-2/ |access-date=2024-11-03 |work=চ্যানেল আই অনলাইন |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
After the announcement poster of the film was revealed, it faced wide criticism for copying the American film ''[[John Wick: Chapter 2]]'', which is very similar to ''John Wick: Chapter 2'' film poster.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-14 |title=শাকিব খানের নতুন সিনেমার পোস্টার নকল! |url=https://dailyinqilab.com/entertainment/dhallywood/623645 |access-date=2024-04-20 |work=Daily Inqilab |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-12 |title=শাকিব খানকে নিয়ে রাফীর সিনেমার শুরুতেই 'নকল'! |url=https://www.banglanews24.com/print/1242244 |access-date=2024-04-20 |work=banglanews24.com |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-12 |title=শাকিব খানের পোস্টার হুবহু 'নকল'! |url=https://www.newsg24.com/entertainment-news/24932// |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=newsg24}}</ref> Just as [[Keanu Reeves]] is seen in the poster of ''John Wick: Chapter 2'', Shakib Khan also seen in the poster of ''Toofan''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-12 |title=শাকিবকে নিয়ে শুরুতেই রাফির 'নকল' |url=https://www.deshrupantor.com/474205/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E2%80%98%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E2%80%99 |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=Desh Rupantor}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-13 |title=শাকিব খানের 'তুফান' : শাকিব খানের 'তুফান' নকল পোস্টার! নকল পোস্টার! {{!}} Bhorer Kagoj {{!}} ভোরের কাগজ |url=https://www.bhorerkagoj.com/print-edition/2023/12/13/%e0%a6%b6%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%95%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%ac-%e0%a6%96%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a8%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%a4%e0%a7%81%e0%a6%ab%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a8-%e0%a6%b6%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%95%e0%a6%bf/ |access-date=2024-04-20 |work=Bhorer Kagaj}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=জনকণ্ঠ |first=দৈনিক |title=শাকিব-রাফীর নতুন সিনেমার পোস্টারে নকলের আভাস |url=https://www.dailyjanakantha.com/entertainment/news/706950 |access-date=2024-04-20 |work=Daily Janakantha |language=en}}</ref>

Upon the release of its teaser, the film faced accusations of copying looks from [[Ranbir Kapoor]]'s film ''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]'' and [[Yash Gowda|Yash]]'s look from ''[[KGF: Chapter 2|KGF]]'' Additionally, there were rumors that the story of ''Toofan'' was also copied from ''KGF''. These claims were debunked by both the director and producer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-07 |title=কেজিএফ'-'অ্যানিমেল'র নকল শাকিবের 'তুফান'!|url=http://desh.tv/entertainment/36642 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=দেশ টিভি |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-07 |title=<nowiki>Shakib Khan Toofan: কেউ বলছেন 'কেজিএফ', কারও মতে 'অ্যানিম্যাল'...'তুফান'-এর ঝলকে অচেনা শাকিব</nowiki>|url=http://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/shakib-khan-toofan-reminds-kgf-animal-ranbir-kapoor-entertainment-update-1065723 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=abp live |language=bn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620125952/https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/shakib-khan-toofan-reminds-kgf-animal-ranbir-kapoor-entertainment-update-1065723 |archive-date=2024-06-20}}</ref>

The [[Bangladesh Film Censor Board]] has accused the film's production company of showing the teaser "Toofani Tease" in theaters without any censor clearance.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=11 May 2024 |title=মুক্তির আগেই আইন ভঙ্গ করেছে শাকিবের সিনেমা! |url=https://www.dhakapost.com/entertainment/278345 |access-date=15 May 2024 |work=Dhaka Post |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2024 |title='তুফান'র বিরুদ্ধে আইন ভঙ্গের অভিযোগ |url=https://www.bhorerkagoj.com/tp-entertainment/712887 |access-date=15 May 2024 |work=Bhorer Kagoj |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 May 2024 |title=আইন ভাঙার অভিযোগ 'তুফান' এর বিরুদ্ধে |url=https://www.somoynews.tv/news/2024-05-12/79wZ48Y8 |access-date=15 May 2024 |work=Somoy}}</ref> The Bangladesh Film Censor Board alleges that the film ''Toofan'' is proceeding without adherence to regulations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 May 2024 |title='তুফান' ছবির বিরুদ্ধে আইন ভঙ্গের অভিযোগ, যা বললেন প্রযোজক |url=https://samakal.com/dhallywood/article/236832/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E2%80%98%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E2%80%99 |access-date=15 May 2024 |work=Samakal}}</ref>

It was initially reported that the film was a [[Indo-Bangladesh joint production|joint production between India and Bangladesh]], with [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] from India and [[Chorki]] and Alpha-i Studios Ltd. from Bangladesh as producers, which was covered in various newspapers across Bangladesh and India.{{efn|Multiple sources<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-24 |title=শাকিব-মিমির প্রেমে 'তুফান' তুলবেন চঞ্চল! কোন চরিত্রে দেখা যাবে অভিনেতাকে? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/chanchal-chowdhury-joins-toofan-cast-with-shakib-khan-and-mimi-chakraborty-31713969080360.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426090318/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/chanchal-chowdhury-joins-toofan-cast-with-shakib-khan-and-mimi-chakraborty-31713969080360.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 26, 2024 |access-date=2024-04-26 |work=Hindustan Times |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-12-11 |title='তুফান' নিয়ে আসছেন শাকিব খান |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/video/entertainment/wpnkfcaagu |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/its-confirmed-that-bangladeshi-actress-nabila-has-joined-the-cast-of-toofan-starring-shakib-khan-and-mimi-chakraborty-dgtl/cid/1502239|title='তুফান'-এ জুটি বেঁধেছেন শাকিব-মিমি, ছবিতে থাকছেন আরও এক নায়িকা, কে তিনি?|date=2024-03-11|access-date=2024-11-02|website=Anandabazar Patrika}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-12-11 |title=এবার 'তুফান' নিয়ে আসছেন শাকিব |url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/glitz/4bsz2flzgf |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=bdnews24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-12-11 |title=একসঙ্গে শাকিব–রাফী, ঝড় তুলতে আসছে 'তুফান' |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/dhallywood/xzwgdoutj2 |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-04-29 |title=শাকিব খানের 'তুফান' সিনেমা নিয়ে চমকপ্রদ কিছু তথ্য |url=https://somoyerkonthosor.com/post/2024/04/29/662f36cd3dedf |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Somoyer Konthosor |language=en}}</ref>}} However, when the film was submitted to [[Bangladesh Film Censor Board]], only Alpha-i Studios Ltd. was listed as the sole production company.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=যেভাবে যৌথ প্রযোজনার 'তুফান' হয়ে গেল দেশি ছবি |url=https://www.itvbd.com/entertainment/dhallywood/151598/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87-%E2%80%98%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A5-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E2%80%99%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Independent TV}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://samakal.com/entertainment/article/240731/%E2%80%98%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E2%80%99-%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9C%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%95|title='তুফান' ছাড়পত্র পেল, প্রযোজনায় এক প্রতিষ্ঠানের নাম কেনো ব্যাখ্যা করলেন প্রযোজক|language=bn|date=5 June 2024|newspaper=[[Samakal]]|access-date=7 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-06-06 |title=যৌথ প্রযোজনার 'তুফান' হয়ে গেল দেশি ছবি |url=https://mohona.tv/?p=105054&amp |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Mohona TV |language=en-US}}</ref> Leaders from 19 film-related organizations at [[Bangladesh Film Development Corporation|BFDC]] later raised concerns about the production process and funding behind ''Toofan''.{{efn|Multiple sources<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-06-05 |title='তুফান' নির্মাণের নামে টাকা পাচার! |url=https://www.rtvonline.com/entertainment/276915 |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=RTV Online |language=bn-BD}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-13 |title='তুফান'র বিরুদ্ধে প্রতারণার অভিযোগ |url=https://dailyinqilab.com/entertainment/others/664943 |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Daily Inqilab |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title='তুফান'-এর অর্থায়ন ও নির্মাণপ্রক্রিয়া নিয়ে অভিযোগ |url=https://www.ajkerpatrika.com/epaper/ajp5SV459kljX |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Ajker Patrika |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-06-06 |title='তুফান'এর অর্থায়ন এবং নির্মাণ প্রক্রিয়ার অভিযোগের জবাব দিলেন প্রযোজক |url=https://www.channel24bd.tv/entertainment/article/214810/! |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Channel 24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=নতুন জটিলতায় শাকিবের ‌'তুফান' |url=https://www.rtvonline.com/entertainment/277261 |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=RTV Online |language=bn-BD}}</ref>}}

== Impact ==
The film broke all 20-year records at [[Star Cineplex]] by screening a maximum of 58 shows simultaneously.<ref>{{Cite news |last=ইমন |first=নাহিয়ান |date=2024-06-18 |title=২০ বছরের রেকর্ড ভেঙে সিনেপ্লেক্সে 'তুফান'-এর সর্বোচ্চ শো |url=https://www.channelionline.com/shakib-khan-star-cineplex-height-show/ |access-date=2024-10-02 |work=Channel i |language=bn}}</ref><ref name="ntv28Jun2024" /><ref name=":6" />

Due to overwhelming audience demand, a special screening of the film was held at 12 AM on June 18, 2024, at Chhayabani Cinema in Mymensingh, an exceptional event that hadn't occurred in Bangladesh in the past 20 years.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-06-19 |title=গভীর রাতে 'তুফান', ২০ বছর পর এমন ঘটনা |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/dhallywood/8giznw20xh?_gl=1*6hij1p*_ga*UGs1ZWRZSDMzbU8tc1EtSHZja3VKTEFUSk5uSjk5ckRPODJHZUFZeWdubWxSd2dwT3p1WE8xNmVpczJqZnh5Uw..*_ga_C4T51Z1NR8*MTcyNzg2ODA0OS4yMi4xLjE3Mjc4NjgzMjEuMC4wLjA. |access-date=2024-10-02 |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref>

== Footnotes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Portal bar|Film}}
* {{IMDb title|id=30415138|title=Toofan}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|m/toofan_2024}}
* {{Mojo title|id=30415138|title=Toofan}}

[[Category:2024 crime action films]]
[[Category:2024 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Bangladeshi films]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi gangster films]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi crime action films]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Arafat Mohsin]]
[[Category:Films scored by Pritam Hasan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Akassh]]
[[Category:Films scored by Naved Parvez]]
[[Category:Films directed by Raihan Rafi]]
[[Category:Crime films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1960s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1970s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1980s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1990s]]
[[Category:Films set in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]
[[Category:Films about lookalikes]]
[[Category:Films involved in plagiarism controversies]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Advertising and marketing controversies in film]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:SVF Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Chorki original films]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi films about revenge]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Bangladesh Police]]
[[Category:Films about criminals]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Alpha-i Studios films]]
[[Category:Girls with guns films]]
[[Category:2024 Bangladeshi films]]

Ramesh Awasthi

2026-04-20T09:33:00Z

RayfordFvx: Added some post w/ refs...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ramesh Awasthi
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Kanpur Lok Sabha constituency|Kanpur]]
| term_start1 = 4 June 2024
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Satyadev Pachauri]]
| successor1 =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1967|12|1|df=y}}
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| children = 3
| alma_mater = [[Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation]]
| father = Rajendra Prasad
| mother = Brahma Devi
| birth_place = [[Farrukhabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
}}

'''Ramesh Awasthi''' is an Indian [[politician]] and the Elected candidate for [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Kanpur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="eci">{{Cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS2443.htm |title=Election Commission of India |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=results.eci.gov.in |access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/kanpur-uttar-pradesh-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2548020-2024-06-04|title=Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Ramesh Awasthi Wins by a Margin of 20968 Votes|work=[[India Today]]|date=4 June 2024|access-date=4 June 2024}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="eci"/><ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Kanpur">{{cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Kanpur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2443.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304162101/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2443.htm |archive-date=4 March 2025 |access-date=4 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kanpur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024">{{cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=Kanpur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/kanpur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304162256/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/kanpur |archive-date=4 March 2025 |access-date=4 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mediapersons {{!}} The write platform">{{cite news|title=Mediapersons {{!}} The write platform|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-mediapersons-the-write-platform-2565847-2024-07-13|accessdate=2 March 2025|publisher=India Today|date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250302195210/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-mediapersons-the-write-platform-2565847-2024-07-13|archivedate=2 March 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref name="BJP's Ramesh Awasthi Clinches Narrow Victory Over Congress' Alok Mishra In Kanpur">{{cite news|title=BJP's Ramesh Awasthi Clinches Narrow Victory Over Congress' Alok Mishra In Kanpur|url=https://timelinedaily.com/lok-sabha-election-2024/bjps-ramesh-awasthi-clinches-the-victory-in-kanpur|accessdate=2 March 2025|publisher=TimelineDaily|date=5 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250302195906/https://timelinedaily.com/lok-sabha-election-2024/bjps-ramesh-awasthi-clinches-the-victory-in-kanpur|archivedate=2 March 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref name="MP Ramesh Awasthi appointed to advisory committee for Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas">{{cite news|title=MP Ramesh Awasthi appointed to advisory committee for Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/mp-ramesh-awasthi-appointed-to-advisory-committee-for-ministry-of-petroleum-and-natural-gas/articleshow/114701770.cms?from=mdr|accessdate=4 March 2025|publisher=The Economic Times|date=28 October 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304162343/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/mp-ramesh-awasthi-appointed-to-advisory-committee-for-ministry-of-petroleum-and-natural-gas/articleshow/114701770.cms?from=mdr|archivedate=4 March 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[18th Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{18th Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|state=expanded}}
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Awasthi, Ramesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:1967 births]]

R.K. Khandal

2026-04-20T08:56:44Z

RayfordFvx: Added Basic Page Initial Version - done

{{Short description|Indian academic}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=September 2017}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=September 2017}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = R.K. Khandal
| image =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = hi
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1957|9|6}}
| birth_place = [[Alwar|Alwar, Rajasthan, India]]
| education = Ph.D.(Applied Chemistry)
| alma_mater = *[[Royal Society of Chemistry]]
*[[Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad]]
*[[University of Delhi]]
| occupation = [[Academician]]
| home_town =
| title = Former vice chancellor at [[Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University]]
| term =
| awards =
| department =
| website =
| footnotes =
| term_start = 2012
| term_end = 2015
}}

'''R.K. Khandal''' (born 6 September 1957) is an Indian academic. He is a former vice- chancellor of [[Uttar Pradesh Technical University]]. He is also a fellow of the [[Royal Society of Chemistry]].

Khandal was also the president of the World Association of Industrial & Technological Organisations (WAITRO).{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

==Early life==
Khandal was born in the village Jonaicha Kalan in district Alwar, India, He completed his education up to eighth standard in the village school, and studied for his higher secondary education at a Govt. school in Delhi followed by further higher studies (graduation and post graduation) from the Hindu College of the [[University of Delhi]] and received a Doctorate degree in Applied Chemistry from the [[Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad]].

==Academics==
* FRSC - Fellow of Royal Society of Chemistry (FRSC), United Kingdom
* Ph.D. (Applied Chemistry), Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad
* M.Sc. (Chemistry), University of Delhi, India{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}

==Awards==
* Foundation Day IIC (Northern Regional Centre): R.K. Khandal Awarded By Ex. Prez Pranav Mukherjee<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mavericktimes.in/2017/12/18/foundation-day-iic-northern-regional-centre-r-k-khandal-awarded-by-ex-prez-pranav-mukherjee/|title=Foundation Day IIC (Northern Regional Centre): R.K. Khandal Awarded By Ex. Prez Pranav Mukherjee|date=2017-12-18|work=Maverick Times|access-date=2017-12-19|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Books edited==
* Radiation Processing Technology Applications: Volume I, An SRI Publication {{ISBN|978-81-910772-0-9}}
* Radiation Processing Technology Applications: Volume II, An SRI Publication {{ISBN|978-81-910772-1-6}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
* http://upgovernor.gov.in/upgovernor.gov.in/listvc.htm
* http://www.uptu.ac.in/governance/vc_profile.htm

==External links==
*{{official website|http://rkkhandal.puzl.com}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140319035635/http://www.engineeringwatch.in/dr-r-k-khandal-2/ R.K. Khandal Biography], ''EngineeringWatch'', 2013.
* http://tennews.in/uptu-best-technical-university-says-dr-r-k-khandal-vc/
* http://tennews.in/uptu-vc-dr-r-k-khandal-showers-praise-on-progressive-management-of-its-group-of-education/
* http://tennews.in/uptu-vc-dr-r-k-khandal-address-faculty-fdp-eng-college/
* http://ww.itimes.com/video/prof-dr-rk-khandal-vice-chancellor-gbtu-lucknow-srijan-2013-part-1

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khandal, R.K.}}
[[Category:People from Alwar district]]
[[Category:People from Lucknow district]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad alumni]]

{{India-academic-bio-stub}}
{{Academic-administrator-stub}}

National Film Award for Best Konkani Feature Film

2026-04-17T15:14:09Z

RayfordFvx: starting new info

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{Infobox film award
| name = National Film Award for Best Konkani Feature Film
| firstawarded = 1965
| sponsor = [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]
| reward = {{ubl|Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus)|{{INR|2,00,000}}}}
| description = Best [[Konkani cinema|Konkani feature film]] of the year
| former name = National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Konkani (1965{{ndash}}2021)
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = ''Kaajro'' (2019)
}}

The '''National Film Award for Best Konkani Feature Film''' is one of the [[National Film Awards]] presented annually by the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]. It is one of several awards presented for feature films and awarded with Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus). Since the [[70th National Film Awards]], the name was changed to "Best Konkani Feature Film".<ref>{{cite web|author=Under Secretary to the Government of India|title=Report on Rationalization of Awards Conferred by the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting {{!}} Ministry of Information and Broadcasting {{!}} Government of India|url=https://mib.gov.in/filmsdocuments/report-rationalization-awards-conferred-ministry-information-broadcasting|publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]|access-date=28 August 2024|date=14 December 2023}}</ref>

The [[National Film Awards]], established in 1954, are the most prominent film awards in India that merit the best of the [[Indian cinema]]. The ceremony also presents awards for films in various [[Languages of India|regional languages]].

Awards for films in seven regional language ([[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]]) started from [[2nd National Film Awards]] which were presented on December 21, 1955. Three awards of "President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film", "Certificate of Merit for the Second Best Feature Film" and "Certificate of Merit for the Third Best Feature Film" were instituted. The later two certificate awards were discontinued from [[15th National Film Awards]] (1967).

Till now, it has been awarded four times at [[52nd National Film Awards]] in 2004,<ref name="52ndaward">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/52nd_nff_2005.pdf|title=52nd National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|accessdate=January 28, 2012|format=PDF}}</ref> [[54th National Film Awards]] in 2006<ref name="54thaward">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/54th_nff_2006.pdf|title=54th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|accessdate=March 24, 2012|format=PDF}}</ref> and lately in [[57th National Film Awards]] in 2009.<ref name="57thaward">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/57thNFA.pdf|title=57th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|accessdate=March 28, 2012|format=PDF}}</ref> There was no separate category for Konkani at the 13th Awards, and Nirmon was awarded under the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi|Marathi category]]. Per [[Constitution of India]], [[Konkani language]] is among the languages specified in the [[Languages with official status in India#Eighth Schedule to the Constitution|Schedule VIII of the Constitution]].

== Winners ==

Award includes 'Rajat Kamal' (Silver Lotus Award) and cash prize. Following are the award winners over the years:

{| class="wikitable" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;width:40%;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"| Awards legends
|-
| style="background-color:#F4F4F4;width:20px;"|{{center|*}}
| {{small|President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film}}
|-
| style="background-color:#EFECD1;width:20px;"|{{center|*}}
| {{small|Certificate of Merit for the Second Best Feature Film}}
|-
| style="background-color:#D6E0CC;width:20px;"|{{center|*}}
| {{small|Certificate of Merit for the Third Best Feature Film}}
|-
| style="background-color:#EDF3F3;width:20px;"|{{center|*}}
| {{small|Certificate of Merit for the Best Feature Film}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%"
! colspan="5" | List of films, showing the year (award ceremony), producer(s) and director(s)
|-
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:12%;" | Year
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:22%;" | Film(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:22%;" | Producer(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:22%;" | Director(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:3%;" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Refs.|Reference}}
|-
|- style="background-color:#EFECD1"
| style="text-align:center;" | [[13th National Film Awards|1965 {{small|(13th)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#DFD6AD" | ''[[Nirmon]]''
| [[Frank Fernand]]
| A. Salam
| align="center" |<ref name="13thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/13th_NFA.pdf|title=13th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|accessdate=September 15, 2011|format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[52nd National Film Awards|2004 {{small|(52nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Aleesha]]''
| Rajendra Talak Creations
| [[Rajendra Talak]]
| align="center" |<ref name="52ndaward"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[54th National Film Awards|2006 {{small|(54th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Antarnad''
| Rajendra Talak Creations
| [[Rajendra Talak]]
| align="center" |<ref name="54thaward"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[57th National Film Awards|2009 {{small|(57th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Paltadacho Munis]]''
| [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]]
| [[Laxmikant Shetgaonkar]]
| align="center" |<ref name="57thaward"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[61st National Film Awards|2013 {{small|(61st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Baga Beach (film)|Baga Beach]]''
| Sharvani Productions
| [[Laxmikant Shetgaonkar]]
| align="center" |<ref name="61staward">{{cite press_release|title=61st National Film Awards For 2013|url=http://www.dff.nic.in/List%20of%20Awards.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=16 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416181218/http://www.dff.nic.in/List%20of%20Awards.pdf|archive-date=16 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[62nd National Film Awards|2014 {{small|(62nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Nachom-ia Kumpasar]]''
| Goa Folklore Productions
| Bardroy Barretto
| align="center" |<ref name="62ndaward">{{cite press_release|title=62nd National Film Awards|url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/62nd%20National%20Film%20Awards%202014%20-%20Press%20Release.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|date=24 March 2015|access-date=24 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[63rd National Film Awards|2015 {{small|(63rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Enemy (2015 film)|Enemy]]''
| A.D. Prasad
| Dinesh Bhonsle
| align="center" |<ref name="63rdaward">{{cite press_release|title=63rd National Film Awards|url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/Winners_of_63rd_NFA_2015.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|date=28 March 2016|access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[64th National Film Awards|2016 {{small|(64th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''K Sera Sera - Ghodpachen Ghoddtelem''
| de Goan Studio
| Rajeev Shinde
| align="center" |<ref name="64thaward">{{cite press_release|title=64th National Film Awards|url=http://www.dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606051143/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[66th National Film Awards|2018 {{small|(66th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Amori (film)|Amori]]''
| Opus Ga La
| Dinesh Bhonsle
| align="center" |
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[67th National Film Awards|2019 {{small|(67th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Kaajro''
| de Goan Studio
| Nitin Bhaskar
| align="center" |<ref name="67thaward">{{cite press release|title=67th National Film Awards, 2019|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1706663|publisher=Press Information Bureau|date=22 March 2021|access-date=23 March 2021|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://dff.nic.in Official Page for Directorate of Film Festivals, India]
* [http://dff.nic.in/NFA_archive.asp National Film Awards Archives]

{{National Film Awards}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:National Film Award For Best Feature Film In Konkani}}
[[Category:National Film Awards (India)|Regional Konkani]]

Siege of Leh

2026-04-12T22:50:37Z

RayfordFvx: started new stub

{{Short description|1842 battle between Dogra dynasty and Tibet}}
{{Original research|date=June 2025|reason=}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Leh
| partof = [[Dogra–Tibetan War]]
| date = August 1842
| place = [[Leh]], [[Ladakh]]
| result = {{ublist|Dogra victory}}
*[[Treaty of Chushul]]
*Brutal suppression of Ladakhi rebellion by the Dogras <ref>{{cite journal |last=Gruber |first=Jonathan |title=Labor Market Polarization |journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |volume=34 |issue=2 |year=2020 |pages=93–118 |doi=10.1257/jep.34.2.93 |doi-access=free|doi-broken-date=5 July 2025 |jstor=26906279 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26906279}}</ref>
*Hundreds of [[Buddhist monasteries]] plundered
| combatant1 = [[Sikh Empire]]
*[[File:Dogra Flag.png|25px]] [[Dogra dynasty]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Flag of China (1862–1889).svg|25px]] [[Qing dynasty|Qing Empire]]
* [[File:Flag of Tibet.svg|25px]] [[Tibet under Qing rule|Tibet]]
| commander1 = Unknown
| commander2 = Unknown Tibetan commanders
| strength1 = 2,500 Dogras<ref>{{cite book |last=Bal |first=Kawasis |title=Ladakh and Western Himalayan Politics, 1819-1848: The Dogra Conquest of Ladakh |url=https://archive.org/details/ladakh-and-western-himalayan-politics-1819-1848-the-dogra-conquest-of-ladakh-bal |year=1974 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |location=New Delhi}}</ref>
| strength2 = Unknown number of Tibetans ~1,000 Ladakhis<ref>{{cite web |last=Samphel |first=Tsering |title=The Dogra-Tibetan War 1841-42: The Battles of Lung-ur and Teng-chen |url=https://ladakhstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/rrol7.21-samphel-1.pdf |website=Ladakh Studies |publisher=International Association for Ladakh Studies |date=2021 |access-date=25 September 2024}}</ref>
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = Unknown Thousands of Ladkhis killed<ref>{{cite web |last=Samphel |first=Tsering |title=The Dogra-Tibetan War 1841-42: The Battles of Lung-ur and Teng-chen |url=https://ladakhstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/rrol7.21-samphel-1.pdf |website=Ladakh Studies |date=September 2021 |access-date=25 September 2024}}</ref>
| territory = Tibetan forces retreat from [[Ladakh]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bray |first=John |title=Patrick Geddes' Kashmir Report of 1915 |journal=The Geographical Journal |volume=185 |issue=1 |year=2019 |pages=72–86 |jstor=26634903 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26634903}}</ref>
| image = 'The Dogras entering Leh', from a painted scroll documenting the joint Dogra-Sikh invasions of Ladakh, Baltistan, and Western Tibet, ca.1840's.jpg
| image_size = 270px
| caption = [[Zorawar Singh (Dogra general)|Zorawar Singh]] putting down the Ladakhi rebellion in Leh
}}
The '''Siege of Leh''' was a significant military engagement{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}} that took place in August 1842 between the [[Dogra dynasty]] and Tibetan forces allied with the [[Qing Dynasty]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}} [[Leh]], the capital of [[Ladakh]] under the control of Dogras, was besieged by the Tibetan forces after [[Dogra–Tibetan war|Dogra invasion of Tibet]] was repulsed. The siege also witnessed a significant [[Ladakhis|Ladakhi]] uprising against Dogra rule, though it was suppressed brutally by Dogra forces.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

== Background ==
Ladakh, strategically located between Tibet and the Indian subcontinent, had long been a region of interest for both Tibetan and Indian rulers. By the early 19th century, the [[Dogra dynasty]] of Jammu, under the leadership of [[Gulab Singh|Maharaja Gulab Singh]], had embarked on a series of military campaigns aimed at expanding its territory. One of the key figures in this expansion was General [[Zorawar Singh (Dogra general)|Zorawar Singh]], who had successfully [[Dogra invasion of Ladakh|annexed much of Ladakh by 1834]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Charak |first=Sukh Dev Singh |url=https://archive.org/details/generalzorawarsi00char |title=General Zorawar Singh |date=1983 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India |others=Public Resource}}</ref>

However, the [[Battle of Ladakh|annexation of Ladakh]] brought the Dogras into conflict with the Tibetan authorities, who were aligned with the [[Qing dynasty]] of China. Tensions escalated after Zorawar Singh's invasion of Tibet in 1841, which was initially successful but later met with fierce Tibetan resistance. In response, Tibetan forces launched a counteroffensive, laying siege to Leh in 1842.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-09 |title=Highlights of Sikhism during Ladakh Travels |url=https://www.sikhnet.com/news/highlights-sikhism-during-ladakh-travels |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=SikhNet |language=en}}</ref>

== Ladakhi uprising ==
In addition to the external threat posed by the Tibetan forces, the Dogras faced internal dissent during the siege. Many of the Ladakhi nobles and local population, discontent with Dogra rule, saw the Tibetan invasion as an opportunity to rebel against Dogra control.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Looking Back at General Zorawar Singh and his Campaigns: An Assessment |url=https://www.vifindia.org/print/12519 |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=www.vifindia.org}}</ref>

The rebels hoped that the Tibetan forces would be able to defeat the Dogras and restore Ladakhi independence. However, the Dogra military, along with reinforcements from Jammu,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/ladakh-and-western-himalayan-politics-1819-1848-the-dogra-conquest-of-ladakh-bal |title=Ladakh And Western Himalayan Politics, 1819 1848 The Dogra Conquest Of Ladakh, Baltistan, And West Tibet, And Reactions Of The Other Powers By Chaman Lal Datta (z Lib.org)}}</ref> brutally suppressed the internal revolt and massacred Ladakhi revolters while simultaneously defending against the Tibetan siege.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Angmo |first=Phunstog |title=Dogra ascedency and integeration of ladakh with the state of Jammu and Kashmir (1834-1846 |url=https://www.academia.edu/105341005 |journal=Academia}}</ref>

== Siege ==
In August 1842, Tibetan forces, supported by Qing-aligned troops, launched an offensive against [[Leh]], the capital of Ladakh. The Dogra forces, under the command of [[Zorawar Singh (Dogra general)|Zorawar Singh]], were tasked with defending the city. The details of the siege, including the exact number of troops and casualties, remain largely unknown.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Ladakh |url=https://www.jktdc.co.in/History-of-Ladakh.aspx |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=www.jktdc.co.in}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
The Dogra victory at the siege of Leh solidified their control over Ladakh. However, the broader conflict continued until the [[Treaty of Chushul]] was signed in September 1842. Under the terms of this treaty, hostilities between the Dogras and the Tibetans were brought to an end, and a boundary was established between [[Ladakh]] and Tibet, which remained in place until the mid-20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=16 September 1842, Treaty of Chushul; History of Dogra–Tibetan War |url=https://www.jammukashmirnow.com/Encyc/2020/9/16/16-September-1842-Treaty-of-Chushul-History-of-Dogra-Tibetan-War.amp.html |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=www.jammukashmirnow.com |language=en}}</ref>

The treaty was significant in that it allowed the Dogras to retain control over Ladakh while recognizing Tibetan sovereignty over its own territory. This effectively ended the [[Dogra–Tibetan War]] and created a lasting peace in the region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Charak |first=Sukh Dev Singh |url=https://archive.org/details/generalzorawarsi00char |title=General Zorawar Singh |date=1983 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India |others=Public Resource}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Zorawar Singh Kahluria|Zorawar Singh]]
* [[Treaty of Chushul]]
* [[Battle of Ladakh]]
* [[Ladakh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Leh 1842}}
[[Category:Dogra–Tibetan war]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1842]]
[[Category:Sieges involving India]]
[[Category:Sieges involving China]]
[[Category:Leh|Siege]]
[[Category:History of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Battles involving Tibet]]
[[Category:1842 in India]]
[[Category:1842 in China]]
[[Category:August 1842]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Qing dynasty]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1842]]
[[Category:19th-century sieges]]

Chitra (art)

2026-04-12T15:43:19Z

RayfordFvx: new stub

{{Short description|Historic genre of Indian art}}
[[File:Exposition Clemenceau, le Tigre et l'Asie (MNAA-Guimet, Paris) (13888446659).jpg|thumb|A reproduced portion of 5th-century ''chitra'' from Ajanta fresco, at [[Musee Guimet]], Paris]]
'''Chitra''' or '''citra''' is an Indian genre of art that includes painting, sketch and any art form of delineation.{{sfn|Monier Monier Williams|2007}}{{sfn|Isabella Nardi|2007|pp=294–295}} The earliest mention of the term ''Chitra'' in the context of painting or picture is found in some of the ancient Sanskrit texts of Hinduism and Pali texts of Buddhism.{{sfn|Ananda K. Coomaraswamy|1930|pp=42–43}}

==Nomenclature==
''Chitra'' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: ''Citra'', चित्र) is a Sanskrit word that appears in the Vedic texts such as hymns 1.71.1{{refn|group=note|उप प्र जिन्वन्नुशतीरुशन्तं पतिं न नित्यं जनयः सनीळाः ।
स्वसारः श्यावीमरुषीमजुष्र'''ञ्चित्र'''मुच्छन्तीमुषसं न गावः ॥१॥ – Rigveda [https://sa.wikisource.org/s/132s 1.71.1]}} and 6.65.2 of the ''Rigveda''. There, and other texts such as ''Vajasaneyi Samhita'', ''Taittiriya Samhita'', ''Satapatha Brahmana'' and ''Tandya Brahmana'', ''Chitra'' means "excellent, clear, bright, colored, anything brightly colored that strikes the eye, brilliantly ornamented, extraordinary that evokes wonder".{{sfn|Monier Monier Williams|2007}} In the ''Mahabharata'' and the ''Harivamsa'', it means "picture, sketch, dilineation", and is presented as a genre of ''kala'' (arts).{{sfn|Monier Monier Williams|2007}} Many texts generally dated to the post-4th-century BCE period, use the term ''Chitra'' in the sense of painting, and ''Chitrakara'' as a painter. For example, the Sanskrit grammarian Panini in verse 3.2.21 of his ''Astadhyayi'' highlights the word ''chitrakara'' in this sense.{{sfn|Monier Monier Williams|2007}} Halls and public spaces to display paintings are called ''chitrasalas'', and the earliest known mention of these are found in the ''Ramayana'' and the ''Mahabharata''.{{sfn|C. Sivaramamurti|1996|pp=9–10}}

A few Indian regional texts such as ''Kasyapa silpa'' refer to painting by others words. For example, ''abhasa'' – which literally means "semblance, shining forth", is used in ''Kasyapa-shilpa'' to mean as a broader category of painting, of which ''chitra'' is one of three types.{{sfn|Coomaraswamy|1932}} The verses in section 4.4 of the ''Kasyapa-silpa'' state that there are three types of images – those which are immovable (walls, floor, terracota, stucco), movable, and those which are both movable-immovable (stone, wood, gems).{{sfn|Coomaraswamy|1932}} In each of these three, states ''Kasyapa-shipa'', are three classes of expression – ''ardhacitra, citra, and citra-abhasa''. ''Ardhacitra'' is an art form where a high relief is combined with painting and parts of the body is not seen (it appears to be emerging out of the canvas). The ''Citra'' is the form of picture artwork where the whole is represented with or without integrating a relief. ''Citrabhasha'' is the form where an image is represented on a canvas or wall with colors (painting).{{sfn|Coomaraswamy|1932}} However, states Commaraswamy, the word ''Abhasa'' has other meanings depending on the context. For example, in Hindu texts on philosophy, it implies the "field of objective experience" in the sense of the intellectual image internalized by a person during a reading of a subject (such as an epic, tale or fiction), or one during a meditative spiritual experience.{{sfn|Coomaraswamy|1932}}

In some Buddhist and Hindu texts on methods to prepare a manuscript (palm leaf) or a composition on a cloth, the terms ''lekhya'' and ''alekhya'' are also used in the context of a ''chitra''.{{sfn|Ananda K. Coomaraswamy|1932|p=127–129}} More specifically, ''alekhya'' is the space left while writing a manuscript leaf or cloth, where the artist aims to add a picture or painting to illustrate the text.{{sfn|Ananda K. Coomaraswamy|1928|pp=251–252}}

==History==
[[File:Chola fresco.png|thumb|A Chola era mural at a Hindu temple.]]
The earliest explicit reference to painting in an Indian text is found in verse 4.2{{refn|group=note| .... इव क्षणवेषं '''चित्र'''भित्तिरिव मिथ्यामनोरममित्यथोक्तम् ॥ शब्दस्पर्शादयो ... – Maitri Upanishad [https://sa.wikisource.org/s/bws 4.2]}} of the ''[[Maitri Upanishad]]'' where it uses the phrase ''citrabhittir'' or "like a painted wall".{{sfn|Ananda K. Coomaraswamy|1930|p=42}}{{refn|group=note|There are many Hindu texts generally dated to last centuries of the 1st millennium BCE that mention ''chitra''. For example, according to Coomaraswamy – the Ceylonese British scholar of historic art, the ''Paraskara Grhya Sutra'' of Hinduism uses a simile with the phrase "as a picture is gradually opened out by means of many colors, so should ...".{{sfn|Ananda K. Coomaraswamy|1932|p=127–129}} The Jain inscription at Hathigumpha of Kharavela, dated around the 1st century BCE, in line 13 has a phrase that means "fine towers painted within", but this phrase has also been interpreted as "fine towers carved within".{{sfn|Ananda K. Coomaraswamy|1932|p=127–128}}}} The [[Indian art]] of painting is also mention in a number of Buddhist Pali ''suttas'', but with the modified spelling of ''Citta''. This term is found in the context of either a painting, or painter, or painted-hall (''citta-gara'') in Majjhima Nikaya 1.127, Samyutta Nikaya 2.101 and 3.152, Vinaya 4.289 and others.{{sfn|Ananda K. Coomaraswamy|1930|p=42}} Among the Jain texts, it is mentioned in Book 2 of the ''Acaranga Sutra'' as it explains that Jaina monk should not indulge in the pleasures of watching a painting.{{sfn|Ananda K. Coomaraswamy|1930|p=43}}

The ''[[Kamasutra]]'', broadly accepted to have been complete by about the 4th-century CE, recommends that the young man should surprise the girl he courts with gifts of color boxes and painted scrolls. The ''Viddhasalabhanjika'' – another Hindu ''kama''- and ''kavya''–text uses chitra-simile in verse 1.16, as "pictures painted by the god of love, with the brush of the mind and the canvas of the heart".{{sfn|Ananda K. Coomaraswamy|1930|p=48}}

The nature of a ''chitra'' (painting), how the viewer's mind projects a two dimensional artwork into a three dimensional representation, is used by Asanga in ''Mahayana Sutralamkara'' – a 3rd to 5th-century Sanskrit text of the Mahayana Buddhist tradition, to explain "non-existent imagination" as follows:

{{Blockquote|Just as in a picture painted according to rules, there are neither projections nor depressions and yet we see it in three dimensions, so in the non-existent imagination there is no phenomenal differentiation, and yet we behold it.|''Mahayana Sutralamkara'' 13.7, Translated in French by Sylvain Levi<ref>{{cite book|author=S Levi|title=Mahayana-Sutralamkara: expose de la doctrine du Grand Vehicule|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mnc6jwEACAAJ| year=1907| publisher=Librarie Honore Champion|page=157}}</ref>}}

According to Yoko Taniguchi and Michiyo Mori, the art of painting the caves at the ''c.'' 6th-century [[Buddhas of Bamiyan]] site in Afghanistan, destroyed by the Taliban Muslims in the late 1990s, were likely introduced to this region from India along with the literature on early Buddhism.{{sfn|Yoko Taniguchi|Michiyo Mori|2021|p=21}}{{refn|group=note|The painting motifs, style and technique found in the Bamiyan site is syncretic, as some designs are likely Sassanian.{{sfn|Higuchi|Barnes|1995}}}}

===Texts===
There are many important dedicated Indian treatises on ''chitra''. Some of these are chapters within a larger encyclopedia-like text. These include:{{sfn|C. Sivaramamurti|1996|pp=5–9}}{{sfn|Shrikant B. Dabhade|1955|pp=8–11}}{{sfn|Isabella Nardi|2007}}
*''[[Chitrasutras]]'', chapters 35–43 within the Hindu text ''[[Vishnudharmottara Purana]]'' (the standard, and oft referred to text in the Indian tradition){{sfn|C. Sivaramamurti|1978b}}{{sfn|Stella Kramrisch|1928}}{{sfn|Parul Dave Mukherji|2001|pp=xxi–xliv}}
*''[[Chitralaksana]]'' of Nagnajit (a classic on classical painting, 5th-century CE or earlier making it the oldest known text on [[Indian painting]]; but the Sanskrit version has been lost, only version available is in Tibet and it states that it is a translation of a Sanskrit text){{sfn|Isabella Nardi|2007|pp=291–296}}
*''[[Samarangana Sutradhara]]'' (mostly architecture treatise, contains a large section on paintings)
*''[[Aparajitaprccha]]'' (mostly architecture treatise, contains a large section on paintings)
*''[[Manasollasa]]'' (an encyclopedia, contains chapters on paintings)
*''Abhilashitartha chinatamani''
*''Sivatatva ratnakara''
*''Chitra Kaladruma''
*''Silpa ratna''
*''Narada silpa''
*''Sarasvati silpa''
*''Prajapati silpa''
*''Kasyapa silpa''

These and other texts on ''chitra'' not only discuss the theory and practice of painting, some of them include discussions on how to become a painter, the diversity and the impact of a ''chitra'' on viewers, of aesthetics, how the art of painting relates to other arts (''kala''), methods of preparing the canvas or wall, methods and recipes to make color pigments.{{sfn|Isabella Nardi|2007}}{{sfn|C. Sivaramamurti|1996|pp=5–22}}{{sfn|C. Sivaramamurti|1978}} For example, the 10th-century ''Chitra Kaladruma'' presents recipe for making red color paint from the resin of [[Kerriidae|lac insects]]. Other colors for the historic frescoes found in India, such as those in the Ajanta Caves, were obtained from nature. Inorganic (earthy) colorants like yellow and red ochre, [[orpiment]], green celadonite, and ultramarine blue are mentioned (lapis lazuli). Inorganic (earthy) colorants like yellow and red ochre, orpigment, green celadonite, and ultramarine blue are mentioned (lapis lazuli).

The use of organic colorants prepared per a recipe in these texts have been confirmed through residue analysis and modern chromatographic techniques.{{sfn|Yoshiko Shimadzu|2021|pp=137–155}}

==Theory==
The Indian concepts of painting are described in a range of texts called the ''shilpa shastras''.{{sfn|Isabella Nardi|2007|pp=291–292}} These typically begin by attributing this art to divine sources such as Vishvakarma and ancient ''rishis'' (sages) such as Narayana and Nagnajit, weaving some mythology, highlighting ''chitra'' as a means to express ideas and beauty along with other universal aspects, then proceed to discuss the theory and practice of painting, sketching and other related arts. Manuscripts of many these texts are found in India, while some are known to be lost but are found outside India such as in Tibet and Nepal. Among these are the ''Citrasutras'' in the 6th-century ''Visnudharmottara Purana'' manuscripts discovered in India, and the ''Citralaksana'' manuscript discovered in Tibet (lost in India).{{sfn|Isabella Nardi|2007|pp=291–292}} This theory include early Indian ideas on how to prepare a canvas or substrate, measurement, proportion, stance, color, shade, projection, the painting's interaction with light, the viewer, how to captivate the mind, and other ideas.{{sfn|Isabella Nardi|2007|pp=291–294}}

According to the historic Indian tradition, a successful and impactful painting and painter requires a knowledge of the subject – either mythology or real life, as well as a keen sense of observation and knowledge of nature, human behavior, dance, music, song and other arts. For example, section 3.2 of ''Visnudharmottara Purana'' discusses these requirements and the contextual knowledge needed in ''chitra'' and the artist who produces it.{{sfn|Isabella Nardi|2007|pp=292–294}} The ''Chitrasutras'' in the ''Vishnudharmottara Purana'' state that the sculpture and painting arts are related, with the phrase "as in Natya, so in Citra". This relationship links them in ''rasa'' (aesthetics) and as forms of expression.{{sfn|Kapila Vatsyayan|2014|pp=1–2}}

===The painting===
[[File:1780 CE Rama and Sita in forest, Lakshmana removing thorn.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|A 1780 CE painting of a ''Ramayana'' scene in Kangra-school style; Rama and Sita in forest, Lakshmana removing thorn]]
A ''chitra'' is a form of expression and communication. According to ''[[Aparajitaprccha]]'' – a 12th-century text on arts and architecture, just like the water reflects the moon, a ''chitra'' reflects the world.{{sfn|Isabella Nardi|2007|pp=294–295}} It is a ''rupa'' (form) of how the painter sees or what the painter wants the viewer to observe or feel or experience.{{sfn|Isabella Nardi|2007|pp=294–295}}

A good painting is one that is alive, breathing, draws in and affects the viewer. It captivates the minds of viewers, despite their diversity. Installed in a ''sala'' (hall or room), it enlivens the space.{{sfn|Isabella Nardi|2007|pp=293–295}}

The ornaments of a painting are its lines, shading, decoration and colors, states the 6th-century ''Visnudharmottara Purana''. It states that there are eight ''gunas'' (merits, features) of a ''chitra'' that the artist must focus on: (1) posture; (2) proportion; (3) the use of the plumb line; (4) charm; (5) detail (how much and where); (6) verisimilitude; (7) ''kshaya'' (loss, foreshortening) and; (8) ''vrddhi'' (gain). Among the ''dosas'' (demerits, faults) of a painting and related arts, states ''Chitrasutra'', are lines that are weak or thick, absence of variety, errors in scale (oversized eyes, lips, cheeks), inconsistency across the canvas, deviations from the rules of proportion, improper posture or sentiment, and non-merging of colors.{{sfn|Isabella Nardi|2007|pp=293–295}}{{sfn|Victor Mair|2004}}

;Limbs of a painting
Two historical sets called "chitra anga", or "limbs of painting" are found in Indian texts. According to the ''[[Samarangana Sutradhara]]'' – an 11th-century Sanskrit text on [[Hindu architecture]] and arts, a painting has eight limbs:{{sfn|Isabella Nardi|2007|pp=294–295}}
*''Vartika'' – manufacture of brushes
*''Bhumibandhana'' – preparation of base, plaster, canvas
*''Rekhakarma'' – sketching
*''Varnakarma'' – coloring
*''Vartanakarma'' – shading
*''lekhakarana'' – outlining
*''Dvikakarma'' – second and final lining
*''Lepyakarma'' – final coating

According to Yashodhara's ''Jayamangala'', a Sanskrit commentary on ''Kamasutra'', there are ''sadanga'' (six limbs){{refn|group=note|Six limbs to any art or science is a popular classification, inspired by the Hindu tradition to reverentially mirror the famed "six limbs of the Vedanga".{{sfn|Victor Mair|2004|pp=96–102}}}} in the art of ''alekhyam'' and ''chitra'' (drawing and painting):{{sfn|Victor Mair|2004|pp=96–102}}
*''Rupa-bhedah'', or form distinction; this requires a knowledge of characteristic marks, diversity, manifested forms that distinguish states of something in the same genus/class
*''Pramanani'', or measure; requires knowledge of measurement and proportion rules (''talamana'')
*''Bhava yojanam'', or emotion and its joining with other parts of the painting; requires understanding and representing the mood of the subject
*''Lavanya yojanam'', or rasa, charm; requires understanding and representing the inner qualities of the subject
*''Sadrsyam'', or resemblance; requires knowledge of visual correspondence across the canvas
*''Varnika-bhanga'' or color-pigment-analysis; requires knowledge how colors distribute on the canvas and how they visually impact the viewer

These six limbs are arranged stylistically in two ways. First as a set of compound (Rupa-bhedah and Varnika-bhanda), a set of joining (middle two yojnam), and a set of single words (Pramanani and Sadrsyam). Second, states Victor Mair, the six limbs in this Hindu text are paired in a set of differentiation skills (first two), then a pair of aesthetic skills, and finally a pair of technical skills. These limbs parallel the 12th-century [[Six principles of Chinese painting]] of Xie He.{{sfn|Victor Mair|2004|pp=96–102}}{{sfn|Clay Lancaster|1952}}{{refn|group=note|The ''Hua Chi'' of Teng Ch'un, a 12th-century Chinese text, mentions the Buddhist temple of Nalanda with frescoes about the Buddha painted inside. It states that the Indian Buddhas look different from those painted by Chinese, as the Indian paintings have Buddha with larger eyes, their ears are curiously stretched and the Buddhas have their right shoulder bare. It then states that the artists first make a drawing of the picture, then paint a vermilion or gold colored base. It also mentions the use of ox-glue and a gum produced from peach trees and willow juice, with the artists preferring the latter. According to Coomaraswamy, the ox-glue in the Indian context mentioned in the Chinese text is probably the same as the recipe found in the Sanskrit text ''Silparatna'', one where the base medium is produced from boiling buffalo skin in milk, followed by drying and blending process.{{sfn|Ananda K. Coomaraswamy|1930|pp=56–57}}}}{{refn|group=note|This process of producing a gelatinous paste for the base of wall paintings is explained in the ''Chitrakala'' chapter of the ''Manasollasa''. This text suggests adding little amounts of colors to this ''lepana'' paste depending on what will be painted on top, and that such a base reduces fading or pealing over time.{{sfn|P. Arundhati|2003|pp=17–21}}}}

The six limbs in ''Jayamangala'' likely reflect the earliest and more established Hindu tradition for ''chitra''. This is supported by the ''Chitrasutras'' found in the ''Vishnudharmottara Purana''. They explicitly mention ''pramanani'' and ''lavanya'' as key elements of a painting, as well as discuss the other four of the six limbs in other sutras. The ''Chitrasutra'' chapters are likely from about the 4th or 5th-century.{{sfn|Victor Mair|2004|pp=96–102}} Numerous other Indian texts touch upon the elements or aspects of a ''chitra''. For example, the ''Aparajitaprccha'' states that the essential elements of a painting are: ''citrabhumi'' (background), the ''rekha'' (lines, sketch), the ''varna'' (color), the ''vartana'' (shading), the ''bhusana'' (decoration) and the ''rasa'' (aesthetic experience).{{sfn|Isabella Nardi|2007|pp=294–295}}

===The painter===
[[File:16th century Virabhadra temple, Lepakshi, Vijayanagara era Murals.jpg|thumb|Some of the better preserved Vijayanagara-era chitra murals are in Virabhadra temple, Lepakshi, Andhra Pradesh. These include secular and religious paintings. Above: Parvati getting ready for her wedding to Shiva; the mandapa with painted ceiling in the background.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Dallapiccola | first1=A.L. | last2=Majlis | first2=B.K. | last3=Michell | first3=G. | last4=Fritz | first4=J.M. | last5=Kumar | first5=S. | title=Lepakshi: Architecture, Sculpture, Painting | publisher=Niyogi Books | year=2019 | isbn=978-93-86906-90-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XtwKwwEACAAJ }}; Chitra are also found at the Virupaksha temple Hampi, see: {{cite journal | last=Dallapiccola | first=A.L. | title=Ceiling Paintings in the Virupaksha Temple, Hampi | journal=South Asian Studies | volume=13 | issue=1 | year=1997 | doi=10.1080/02666030.1997.9628525 | pages=55–66}}</ref>]]
The painter (''chitrakara'', ''rupakara'') must master the fundamentals of measurement and proportions, state the historic ''chitra'' texts of India.{{sfn|Isabella Nardi|2007|pp=293–295}} According to these historic texts, the expert painter masters the skills in measurement, characteristics of subjects, attributes, form, relative proportion, ornament and beauty, states Isabella Nardi – a scholar known for her studies on ''chitra'' text and traditions of India.{{sfn|Isabella Nardi|2007|pp=295–296}} According to the ''Chitrasutras'', a skilled painter needs practice, and is one who is able to paint neck, hands, feet, ears of living beings without ornamentation, as well as paint water waves, flames, smoke, and garments as they get affected by the speed of wind.{{sfn|Isabella Nardi|2007|pp=295–296}} He paints all types of scenes, ranging from dharma, artha and kama. A painter observes, then remembers, repeating this process till his memory has all the details he needs to paint, states ''Silparatna''. According to ''[[Sivatattva Ratnakara]]'', he is well versed in sketching, astute with measurements, skilled in outlining (''hastalekha''), competent with colors, and ready to diligently mix and combine colors to create his ''chitra''. The painter is a creative person, with an inner sense of ''rasa'' (aesthetics).{{sfn|Isabella Nardi|2007|pp=295–296}}

===The viewer===
The painter should consider the diversity of viewers, states the Indian tradition of ''chitra''. The experts and critics with much experience with paintings study the lines, shading and aesthetics, the uninitiated visitors and children enjoy the vibrancy of colors, while women tend to be attracted to the ornamentation of form and the emotions. A successful painter tends to captivate a variety of minds. A painter should remember that the visual and aesthetic impact of a painting triggers different responses in different audiences.{{sfn|Isabella Nardi|2007|pp=292–295}}

The ''Silparatna'' – a Sanskrit text on the arts, states that the painting should reflect its intended place and purpose. A theme suitable for a palace or gateway is different from that in a temple or the walls of a home. Scenes of wars, misery, death and suffering are not suitable paintings within homes, but these can be important in a ''chitrasala'' (museum with paintings). Auspicious paintings with beautiful colors such as those that cheer and enliven a room are better for homes, states ''Silparatna''.{{sfn|Isabella Nardi|2007|pp=294–295}}

==Practice==
According to the art historian [[Percy Brown (art historian)|Percy Brown]], the painting tradition in India is ancient and the persuasive evidence are the oldest known murals at the Jogimara caves.{{sfn|Percy Brown|1918|pp=16–18}} The mention of ''chitra'' and related terms in the pre-Buddhist Vedic era texts, the ''chitra'' tradition is much older. It is very likely, states Brown, the pre-Buddhist structures had paintings in them. However, the primary building material in ancient India was wood, the colors were organic materials and natural pigments, which when combined with the tropical weather in India would naturally cause the painting to fade, damage and degrade over the centuries.{{sfn|Percy Brown|1918|pp=16–18}} It is not surprising, therefore, that sample paintings and historic evidence for ''chitra'' practice are unusual. The few notable surviving examples of ''chitra'' are found hidden in caves, where they would be naturally preserved a bit better, longer and would be somewhat protected from the destructive effects of wind, dust, water and biological processes.{{sfn|Percy Brown|1918|pp=16–18}}{{sfn|Isabella Nardi|2007b}}

Some notable, major surviving examples of historic paintings include:
*Murals at [[Jogimara and Sitabenga Caves|Jogimara cave]] (eight panels of murals, with a Brahmi inscription, 2nd or 1st century BCE, Hindu), oldest known ceiling paintings in India in remote Ramgarh hills of northern [[Chhattisgarh]], below on wall of this cave is a Brahmi inscription in Magadhi language about a girl named Devadasi and a boy named Devadina (either they were lovers and wrote a love-graffiti per one translation, or they were partners who together converted natural caves here into a theatre with painted walls per another translation){{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=50}}{{sfn|T. Bloch|1906}}
*Mural at [[Sitabhinji Group of Rock Shelters]] (''c.'' 400 CE Ravanachhaya mural with an inscription, near a Shiva temple in remote [[Odisha]], a non-religious painting), the oldest surviving example of a [[tempera]] painting in eastern states of India
[[File:Female Ascetics (Yoginis) LACMA M.2011.156.4 (1 of 2).jpg|thumb|Yoginis, Rajput-school of ''chitrakala'']]
*Murals at [[Ajanta Caves]] (Jataka tales, Buddhist), 5th-century CE, [[Maharashtra]]
*Murals at [[Badami Cave Temples]] (Hindu), 6th-century CE, [[Karnataka]] (secular paintings along with one of the earliest known painting of a Hindu legend about Shiva and Parvati inside a Vaishnava cave)<ref>DONALD N. WILBER (1942), The Execution of the Paintings and their Sources, Bulletin of the Iranian Institute, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 26-30, {{JSTOR|44240526}}</ref><ref>KV Soundara Rajan (1981), Cave Temples of the Deccan: Number 3, Archaeological Survey of India, pp. 64–65 with Plate XV</ref>
*Murals at [[Bagh Caves]] (Hallisalasya dance, Buddhist or Hindu), [[Madhya Pradesh]]
*Murals at [[Ellora Caves]] (Flying vidyadharas, Jain), Maharashtra
*Frescoes at [[Sittanavasal Cave|Sittanavasal cave]] (Nature scenes likely representing places of Tirthankara sermons, Jain), [[Tamil Nadu]]
*Frescoes at [[Thirunadhikkara Cave Temple|Thirunadhikkara cave temple]] (Flowers and a woman, likely a scene of puja offering to Ganesha, another of Vishnu, Hindu)
*Paintings at the [[Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur|Brihadisvara temple]] (Dancer, Hindu), Tamil Nadu{{sfn|P. S. Sriraman|2011}}
*Manuscript paintings (numerous states such as [[Gujarat]], [[Kashmir]], Kerala, Odisha, [[Assam]]; also [[Nepal]], [[Tibet]]; Buddhist, Jain, Hindu){{sfn|Jagannatha P Das|2007}}{{sfn| G. E. Marrison|1969}}
*[[Pattachitra]] (Hindu), [[Bengal]] & Odisha
*[[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] temples (Hindu), Karnataka{{sfn|C. Sivaramamurti|1968}}
*[[Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|Chidambaram temple]] (Hindu), Tamil Nadu{{sfn|C. Sivaramamurti|1968}}
*Chitrachavadi (Hindu, a choultry–mandapa near [[Madurai]] with [[Ramayana]] frescoes)<ref>[https://eap.bl.uk/collection/EAP692-3 Narasingampatti - Chitrachavadi], 17th Century paintings, The British Library</ref>
*[[Pahari painting|Pahari paintings]] (Hindu), [[Himachal Pradesh]] and nearby regions
*[[Rajput painting|Rajput paintings]] (Hindu),{{sfn|H. Goetz|1949}} [[Rajasthan]]
*[[Deccan painting|Deccan paintings]] (Hindu, Jain)
*[[Kerala mural painting|Kerala paintings]] (Hindu)
*[[Cheriyal scroll painting|Telangana paintings]] (Hindu)
*[[Mughal painting|Mughal paintings]] (Indo-Islamic)

==Contemporary culture==
[[File:KALAMKARI HAND PAINTED CLOTH SRIKALAHASTI AP - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Kalamkari – a ''chitra'' on cloth, painted handicraft from Andhra Pradesh]]
{{expand section|date=August 2021}}
*Kalamkari (Hindu){{sfn|Paola von Wyss-Giacosa|2018|pp=34–41}}
*Pattas (Jain, Hindu){{sfn|Helle Bundgaard|2013}}{{sfn|Ku|2014}}{{sfn|Ponte|2015}}, see ''[[Tirthpat]]''

==See also==
*[[Rasa (aesthetics)]]
*[[Classical Indian music]]
*[[Classical Indian dance]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibiliogaphy ==
{{refbegin|2}}
*{{cite book|editor1=Shigeo Aoki|editor2=Yoko Taniguchi|editor3=Stephen Rickerby|author1=Yoko Taniguchi|author2=Michiyo Mori|title=Conservation and Painting Techniques of Wall Paintings on the Ancient Silk Road|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8VIjEAAAQBAJ |year=2021|publisher=Springer Nature|isbn=978-981-334-161-6}}
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*{{cite book|author=Stella Kramrisch|title=The Art of India: Traditions of Indian Sculpture, Painting, and Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GQPqAAAAMAAJ |year=1954|publisher=Phaidon Publishers| oclc = 16539346| isbn= 9788120801820}}
*{{cite book|author=Stella Kramrisch|title=The Vishṇudharmottaram, part III. A treatise on Indian painting |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWP4nAAACAAJ |year=1928|publisher=Calcutta University Press| oclc = 504043783 }}
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*{{cite journal|title = Keys to the Understanding of Indian and Chinese Painting: The "Six Limbs" of Yaṣoḍhara and the "Six Principles" of Hsieh Ho (Special Issue on Oriental Art and Aesthetics)| author= Clay Lancaster| journal = The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism| year= 1952| volume= 11| number= 2| jstor= 426036}}
*{{cite journal|title = Kīrtana-Ghoṣā, an Illustrated Assamese Manuscript| author= G. E. Marrison | journal = [[British Museum Quarterly|The British Museum Quarterly]]| volume = 33| number= 3/4| year= 1969|pages = 108–110|doi = 10.2307/4423027| jstor= 4423027}}
*{{cite journal|title= The concepts of Painting and the Figure of the Painter as Described in Selected Sanskrit Sources| author= Isabella Nardi| journal = Archiv Orientální | year= 2007| volume= 75| number =3}}
*{{cite book|author=Parul Dave Mukherji|title=विष्णुधर्मोत्तरपुराणीयं चित्रसूत्रम् (The Citrasutra of the Vishnudharmottara Purana) |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=QjsqAAAAYAAJ |year=2001|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |isbn=978-81-208-1805-7}}
*{{cite book|author=Isabella Nardi|title=The Theory of Citrasutras in Indian Painting: A Critical Re-evaluation of their Uses and Interpretations|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=snh9AgAAQBAJ |year=2007b| publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-16523-0}}
*{{cite book|author=Isabella Nardi|title=Portraits of Devotion: Popular Manorath Paintings from Nathdwara in the Collection of Anil Relia|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Ax5dxAEACAAJ|year=2019| publisher=Mapin Publishing|isbn=978-93-85360-67-1}}
*{{cite book|author=Dinanath Pathy|title=Mural Paintings in Orissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YBA3AAAAIAAJ|year=1981|publisher=Orissa Lalit Kala Akademi}}
* {{cite journal | last=Ponte | first=Inês | title=Cosmopolitan impressions from a contemporary Bengali patachitra painting museum collection in Portugal | journal=Ateliers d'anthropologie | issue=41 | year=2015 | doi=10.4000/ateliers.9771| doi-access=free | url=https://journals.openedition.org/ateliers/9771 }}
* {{cite journal | last=Sarkar | first=Bikramjit | title=The Art of Traditional Painting in Assam: a Critical Study on the Manuscript Paintings of Bhagavata-Purana, VI-VII | journal=The Chitrolekha Journal on Art and Design | volume=1 | issue=2 | year=2017 | doi=10.21659/cjad.12.v1n203| doi-access=free | url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f385/769b83495e8ab8237d6f10227c9786052c04.pdf }}
*{{cite book|author=C. Sivaramamurti|title=Indian Painting| year = 1996| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tpbgtAEACAAJ|publisher=India Book House|oclc=977530313 |isbn= 8123720149}}
*{{cite book|author=C. Sivaramamurti|title=Chitrasutra of the Vishnudharmottara| year = 1978b| publisher=Kanal Publications|oclc= 5856266 }}
*{{cite book|author=C. Sivaramamurti|title=South Indian Paintings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQMlAQAAMAAJ|year=1968|publisher=National Museum|isbn=978-81-230-0052-7}}
*{{cite book|author=C. Sivaramamurti|title=The painter in ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQMlAQAAMAAJ|year=1978|publisher=National Museum|isbn=9788123000527|oclc= 963176976}}
*{{cite book|author=Upinder Singh|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC |year=2008| publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0}}
*{{cite book|author=P. S. Sriraman|title=Chola Murals: Documentation and Study of the Chōl̲a Murals of Bṛihadīśvara Temple, Thanjavur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_OhRAQAAMAAJ|year=2011|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|isbn=978-0-230-33081-8}}
*{{cite book|editor1=Shigeo Aoki|editor2=Yoko Taniguchi|editor3=Stephen Rickerby|author=Yoshiko Shimadzu|title=Conservation and Painting Techniques of Wall Paintings on the Ancient Silk Road|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8VIjEAAAQBAJ |year=2021|publisher=Springer Nature|isbn=978-981-334-161-6}}
* {{cite journal | last=Shimizu | first=Tadashi | title=Some Aspects of Mediaeval Indian Painting in the Visnudharmottarapurana | journal=Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies (Indogaku Bukkyogaku Kenkyu) | publisher=Japanese Association of Indian and Buddhist Studies | volume=15 | issue=1 | year=1966 | issn=1884-0051 | doi=10.4259/ibk.15.426 | pages=426–422| doi-access=free }}
*{{cite book|author=Victor Mair|editor=Zongqi Cai|title=Xie He's "Six Laws" of Painting and Their Indian Parallels (Chapter 3 in Chinese Aesthetics by Editor: Zongqi Cai)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aalYEmp6rLYC |date= 2004|publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-2791-5}}
*{{cite book|title= Sanskrit English Dictionary (Updated)| author=Monier Monier Williams|publisher=Harvard University Press (Original published in 1899 by Oxford University Press)|year=2007| url= https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=MW&page=396}}
* {{cite journal | author= Paola von Wyss-Giacosa| title=Myth and Cloth from India: The Kalamkari Collection in the Ethnographic Museum of the University of Zurich | journal=Narrative Culture | publisher=Wayne State University Press | volume=5 | issue=1 | year=2018 | page=34 | doi=10.13110/narrcult.5.1.0034 }}
*{{cite book|author=Kapila Vatsyayan|title=Dance In Indian Painting|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58fUibaZdGYC|year=2014|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-153-9}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Painting]]
[[Category:Buddhist art]]
[[Category:Hindu art]]
[[Category:Jain art]]
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]

Kapil Harishchandra Patil

2026-04-10T04:05:12Z

RayfordFvx: Creating Basic Stub W/ Refs

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kapil Harishchandra Patil
| native_name =
| image = Kapil Harischandra Patil.jpg
| office = Ex [[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Member of Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
| term_start = (2006-2012), (2012-2018), (2018
| term_end = 2024)
| predecessor = Himself
| constituency = [[Mumbai Teachers constituency]]
| birth_date =
| party = [[Janata Dal United|Janata Dal (United) (JDU)]]
| other_party =
| alma_mater =
| website =
}}
'''Kapil Harishchandra Patil''' (better known as '''Kapil Patil''') is an Indian socialist politician, [[educationist]], trade union leader, and former journalist. He represented the [[Mumbai Teachers constituency]] in the [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]] for three consecutive terms (2006–2024).<ref name="Record voting for four Council seats">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Record voting for four Council seats |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/record-voting-for-four-council-seats/article24256816.ece |access-date=23 January 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=25 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123163127/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/record-voting-for-four-council-seats/article24256816.ece |archive-date=23 January 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="MLC polls: Sena keeps Mumbai graduates seat, BJP wrests Konkan graduates from NCP">{{cite news |title=MLC polls: Sena keeps Mumbai graduates seat, BJP wrests Konkan graduates from NCP |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/maharashtra/story/mlc-polls-sena-keeps-mumbai-graduates-seat-bjp-wrests-konkan-graduates-from-ncp-1272816-2018-06-29 |access-date=23 January 2025 |publisher=India Today |date=29 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123163140/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/maharashtra/story/mlc-polls-sena-keeps-mumbai-graduates-seat-bjp-wrests-konkan-graduates-from-ncp-1272816-2018-06-29 |archive-date=23 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="पत्रकार ते आमदार, कशी आहे कपिल पाटील यांची राजकीय वाटचाल?; वाचा सविस्तर!">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=पत्रकार ते आमदार, कशी आहे कपिल पाटील यांची राजकीय वाटचाल?; वाचा सविस्तर! |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/politics/journalist-turned-politician-know-about-kapil-patil-520531.html |access-date=23 January 2025 |publisher=TV9 Marathi |date=23 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123164440/https://www.tv9marathi.com/politics/journalist-turned-politician-know-about-kapil-patil-520531.html |archive-date=23 January 2025 |language=}}</ref>

==Early Activism and Student Movement==
Kapil Patil began his public life as a student activist. He was the founder secretary of [[Chhatra Bharati]], a student movement, and worked closely with editor [[Yadunath Thatte]] of [[Sadhana (weekly)]] and writer M. B. Shah, the founder president of [[Chhatra Bharati]]. He later served as secretary of the Namantarwadi Action Committee and actively participated in the movement for the renaming of [[Marathwada University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=मुंबई : छात्र भारतीच्या कार्यक्रमाला परवानगी नाही, कपिल पाटील यांची सरकारवर टीका |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/videos/mumbai-mla-kapil-patil-speaking-on-denied-chhatra-bharati-meeting-permission-498827 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr |date=4 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=कपिल पाटील विधानपरिषदेत १८ वर्षं आमदार होते, पण ते ‘प्रस्थापित आमदारां’सारखे कधीच वागले नाहीत… |url=https://www.aksharnama.com/client/article_detail/7308 |website=www.aksharnama.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MLC Kapil Patil returns Mhada flat at Versova |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mlc-kapil-patil-returns-mhada-flat-at-versova/articleshow/4581748.cms |website=The Times of India |date=27 May 2009}}</ref>

Patil is the founder and former president of Shikshak Bharati, Maharashtra’s largest government-recognized teachers’ organization.<ref name="Maharashtra MLC Kapil Patil appointed national general secretary of JD(U)"/>

In 2009, Kapil Patil rejected a flat allotted under the [[Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority|MHADA]] legislators’ quota in [[Versova, Mumbai]], and wrote to chief minister [[Ashok Chavan]] stating that elected representatives should not receive subsidised housing.<ref>{{cite web |title=MLC Kapil Patil returns Mhada flat at Versova |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mlc-kapil-patil-returns-mhada-flat-at-versova/articleshow/4581748.cms |website=The Times of India |date=27 May 2009}}</ref> In 2016, he urged chief minister [[Devendra Fadnavis]] to scrap or reduce such quotas. He argued that MHADA housing should prioritise economically weaker sections.<ref>{{cite web |title=Patil to CM Fadnavis: Scrap quota for MLAs/MPs in MHADA houses |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/patil-to-cm-fadnavis-scrap-quota-for-mlasmps-in-mhada-houses-2877050/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=26 June 2016}}</ref>

On 8 March 2010 ([[International Women's Day|International Women’s Day]]), he played a key role in securing six months of fully paid maternity leave for women teachers, later extended to all women government employees in [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Private schools staff to get 6-month maternity leave |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/private-schools-staff-to-get-6-month-maternity-leave/story-WSTbikm6xYS0BqcWssSIuI.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=9 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Maharashtra permits five-days working week for schools |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/maharashtra-permits-five-days-working-week-for-schools-115042901097_1.html |website=Business Standard}}</ref>

He led a sea march in Mumbai to secure compensation for fishermen affected by drought-like conditions and [[Cyclone|cyclones]], resulting in a ₹34-crore relief package

Patil played a role in the enactment of the Maharashtra Anti-Superstition and [[Black magic|Black Magic Act]], 2013, alongside Justice [[Chandrashekhar Shankar Dharmadhikari]] and [[Narendra Dabholkar|Dr. Narendra Dabholkar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Maharashtra Assembly passes anti-black magic Bill |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/maharashtra-assembly-passes-antiblack-magic-bill/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=13 December 2013}}</ref>

==OBC and Mandal Commission Movement==
During the 1980s, while OBC leader Janardan Patil was leading struggles for social justice, Kapil Patil was actively involved as a student and organizer. Along with Shabbir Ansari, he travelled extensively across Maharashtra, working among [[Other Backward Class|OBC caste]] and community organizations.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Inspirational Journey of Shabbir Ahmad Ansari Unveiled in 'Mandal Nama' |url=https://easterncrescent.net/the-inspirational-journey-of-shabbir-ahmad-ansari-unveiled-in-mandal-nama/ |website=Easterncrescent.net |date=7 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=कपिल पाटलांमुळं माझा जीव वाचला; भुजबळांनी सांगितला 'तो' कठीण प्रसंग |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/jalgaon-news/kapil-patil-saved-my-life-says-ncp-leader-chhagan-bhujbal-in-obc-council/articleshow/86507926.cms |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>

He co-authored and published two books with Janardan Patil titled “Mandal Commission: The OBC Manifesto”, considered among the earliest publications in Maharashtra focusing on Mandal Commission and OBC issues. He also organized statewide meetings and conferences advocating for the implementation of the Mandal Commission recommendations and reservation policies.<ref>{{cite web |title=CM should call all party meet to discuss Maratha reservation: Kapil Patil |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/cm-should-call-all-party-meet-to-discuss-maratha-reservation-kapil-patil-8926134 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=5 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=६९ टक्क्यांपर्यंत आरक्षण शक्य, फक्त राजकीय इच्छाशक्ती हवी; कपिल पाटलांचं एकनाथ शिंदेंना पत्र |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/maratha-reservation-jdu-mla-kapil-patil-wrote-letter-to-cm-eknath-shinde/articleshow/104813377.cms |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>

In 1984, he played a key role in the formation of Muslim OBC organizations, working alongside Shabbir Ansari and with encouragement from actor [[Dilip Kumar]] to promote awareness and organization among Muslim OBC communities.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Patil |first1=Kapil |title=Birthday special: When Dilip Kumar’s voice averted a war with Pakistan |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/entertainment/birthday-special-when-dilip-kumars-voice-averted-a-war-with-pakistan |website=National Herald |language=en |date=11 December 2018}}</ref>

He opposed the [[Maharashtra University]] bill allowing private universities in [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]] until provisions for [[Schedule Caste|SC]], [[Schedule Tribe|ST]], and [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] reservations were included.<ref>{{cite web |title=“Financially Weak Students Will Be Deprived of Education Due to the Private University Bill,” Says MLA Kapil Patil - www.lokmattimes.com |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/maharashtra/financially-weak-students-will-be-deprived-of-education-due-to-the-private-university-bill-says-mla/ |website=Lokmat Times |language=en |date=15 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Students want review of clause for scholarship in private varsities bill |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/students-want-review-of-clause-for-scholarship-in-private-varsities-bill/articleshow/106913395.cms |website=The Times of India |date=17 January 2024}}</ref>

==Journalism and Publications==
Kapil Patil worked as a journalist and editor with newspapers such as Aapla Mahanagar, Sakal, Lokmat and Editor of Aaj Dinank, Sanj Dinank & Lokmudra. His published and edited works include:<ref>{{cite web |title=पत्रकार ते आमदार, कशी आहे कपिल पाटील यांची राजकीय वाटचाल?; वाचा सविस्तर! |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/politics/journalist-turned-politician-know-about-kapil-patil-520531.html |website=TV9 Marathi |language=mr |date=23 August 2021}}</ref>

*Ragdarbari – a collection of political essays
*Ayudh – a collection of select speeches delivered in the Maharashtra Legislative Council<ref>{{cite web |title=कपिल पाटील यांच्या ‘आयुध’चे प्रकाशन |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/book-release/articleshow/40828490.cms |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
*Editor, Desh-Mukhi – a compilation of notable speeches by former Chief Minister and Union Minister Vilasrao Deshmukh

== Political career ==
Kapil Patil founded the political party Lok Bharati, which merged with the [[Janata Dal (United)]] in 2017. He was appointed National General Secretary of [[Janata Dal (United)]] in 2022<ref name="Maharashtra MLC Kapil Patil appointed national general secretary of JD(U)">{{cite news |title=Maharashtra MLC Kapil Patil appointed national general secretary of JD(U) |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/jdu-appoints-mlc-kapil-patil-as-national-general-secretary/articleshow/94950088.cms |access-date=23 January 2025 |date=18 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123162347/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/jdu-appoints-mlc-kapil-patil-as-national-general-secretary/articleshow/94950088.cms |archive-date=23 January 2025}}</ref> and was assigned charge of the party’s affairs in [[Gujarat]] and [[Goa]].<ref name="JD(U) announces new state in-charges">{{cite news |title=JD(U) announces new state in-charges |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/jdu-announces-new-state-in-charges/articleshow/112752132.cms |access-date=23 January 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=24 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123164813/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/jdu-announces-new-state-in-charges/articleshow/112752132.cms |archive-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>

Patil was featured in I.N.D.I.A alliance meetings and linked in media to promotion of Nitish Kumar as a national leader.<ref>{{cite web |title=कपिल पाटिल या निशांत कुमार? नीतीश कुमार के प्लान 'New JDU' का खाका बड़ा शानदार खिंच रहा |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/patna/kapil-patil-or-nishant-kumar-mat-become-new-working-president-on-jdu-know-nitish-kumar-bihar-politics/articleshow/126431292.cms#google_vignette |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> He has a reputation as JD(U)’s “Maharashtra face” and has been seen with Nitish Kumar at national meetings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nitish to enter state’s political arena |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/nitish-to-enter-states-political-arena/article18165151.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=20 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sutar |first1=Kamlesh Damodar |title=JD-U MLA from Maharashtra Kapil Patil miffed with Nitish's forming govt in Bihar with BJP support |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/janata-dal-united-mla-maharashtra-kapil-patil-lok-bharati-nitish-kumar-bjp-bihar-1026728-2017-07-27 |website=India Today |language=en |date=28 July 2017}}</ref>

Kapil Patil was elected three times from the [[Mumbai Teachers constituency]], remaining the only socialist representative in the [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]] for 18 consecutive years.<ref>{{cite web |title=कौन हैं कपिल पाटिल जिन्होंने नीतीश को पीएम कैंडिडेट घोषित कर दिया? |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/patna/india-meeting-know-about-kapil-patil-who-declared-nitish-kumar-as-pm/articleshow/103247647.cms |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=कपिल पाटील यांच्या संघर्षाची पंधरा वर्षे · इये मराठीचिये नगरी |url=https://iyemarathichiyenagari.com/mla-kapil-patil-fifteen-years-struggle-raja-kandalkar-article/ |website=इये मराठीचिये नगरी |date=28 June 2021}}</ref>

==Awards & recognition==
*Recipient of the Best Speech Award in the Maharashtra Legislative Council for 2007–08, presented by former President Pratibha Patil, and again for 2016–17, presented by the then Chief Minister of Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vote For LMOTY Awards 2019 {{!}} Lokmat Maharashtrian of The Year Awards 2019 {{!}} लोकमत महाराष्ट्रीयन ऑफ द इयर २०१९okmat.com |url=https://lmoty.lokmat.com/lmotywinner_en_2019.php |website=lmoty.lokmat.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patil, Kapil}}
[[Category:People from Raigad district]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Loktantrik Janata Dal politicians]]

Pritha Hari

2026-04-09T10:36:30Z

RayfordFvx:

{{short description|Indian businesswoman and former actress (born 1983)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pritha Hari
| image = Preetha Vijayakumar 62nd Filmfare South Awards.jpg
| caption = Pritha in 2015
| birth_name = Preetha Vijayakumar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|1|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Thanjavur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = {{ubl|Actress|Businesswoman}}
| othername = Preetha Vijayakumar
| years_active = 1997–2002
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Hari (director)|Hari]]|2002}}
| children = 3
| parents = {{ubl|[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]]|[[Manjula Vijayakumar]]}}
| relatives = [[Sridevi Vijayakumar]] (Sister) [[Vanitha Vijayakumar]] (Sister) [[Arun Vijay]] (Half-brother)
| family = [[Vijayakumar family]]
}}

'''Pritha Hari''' ([[née]] '''Vijayakumar'''; born 10 January 1983) is an Indian businesswoman and former actress who predominantly acted in Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam films. After her marriage to film director [[Hari (director)|Hari]], she retired from the film industry in 2002.

==Early life==
Pritha is the second daughter of Tamil actor [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] and his second wife, Tamil actress [[Manjula Vijayakumar|Manjula]]. She has two sisters, [[Vanitha Vijayakumar|Vanitha]] and [[Sridevi Vijayakumar|Sridevi]], who are also actresses. From his first marriage to Muthukannu Vellalar, Vijayakumar had three children: actor [[Arun Vijay]], Anitha and Kavitha.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2006/02/08/stories/2006020818560200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122171603/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2006/02/08/stories/2006020818560200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 January 2008 |title=Actor Vijayakumar returns to AIADMK |last=Dorairaj |first=S |date=8 February 2006 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=18 February 2010}}</ref>

==Career==
Pritha had first signed up to portray the leading role in [[Ravi Raja Pinisetty]]'s Telugu film ''[[Rukmini (film)|Rukmini]]'' opposite [[Vineeth]] in 1997, and she made her Tamil film debut with ''[[Sandhippoma]]'' in 1998.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz-5.htm |title=A-Z (V) |accessdate=11 December 2017 |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424003725/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz-5.htm |archivedate=24 April 2013 }}</ref> She is noted for her role in the movie ''[[Padayappa]]'' as [[Rajinikanth]]'s daughter.

==Personal life==
[[File:Director Hari with his wife Preetha.jpg|thumb|Preetha with her husband [[Hari (director)|Hari]].]]
She married director [[Hari (director)|Hari]] in 2002 and they have three sons.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2007 |title=Interview: Director Hari |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/interviews/2003/june/06-06-03.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213084224/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/interviews/2003/june/06-06-03.htm |archive-date=13 December 2007 |website=Dinakaran}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Rukmini (film)|Rukmini]]'' || Rukmini || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || credited as Rukmini
|-
| rowspan="2"|1998 || ''[[Sandhippoma]]'' || Nilani|| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| ''[[Dharma (1998 film)|Dharma]]'' || Sharmila || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="7"| 1999 || ''[[Ponnu Veettukaaran]]'' || Indu|| Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Padayappa]]'' || Anita || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Suyamvaram]]'' || Hema Kuselan || Tamil ||
|-
| ''Wife'' || Kranti || Telugu ||
|-
| ''Om Namah Shivaya'' || Gowri|| [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| ''[[Udayapuram Sulthan]]'' || Gopika || [[Malayalam]] || Malayalam Debut
|-
| ''[[Red Indians (film)|Red Indians]]'' || Preetha || Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2000 || ''[[Kakkai Siraginilae]]'' || Gayatri || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Maa Annayya]]'' || Sumathi || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Kshemamga Velli Labhamga Randi]]'' || Janaki || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2001|| ''[[Priyamaina Neeku]]'' || Sirisha || Telugu ||
|-
| [[Chandu (2001 film)|''Chandu'']]|| || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Dubai (2001 film)|Dubai]]'' || Alice || Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2002 || ''[[Alli Arjuna]]'' || Nisha || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Punnagai Desam]]'' || Nandhini || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Snehithan]]'' || Ann Mary || Malayalam || Final film
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0897226}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijayakumar, Preetha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil actresses]]
[[Category:Vijayakumar family|Preetha Vijayakumar]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]

Lakshya Lalwani

2026-04-07T17:56:02Z

RayfordFvx: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Lakshya (actor)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Christianity in India

2026-03-28T02:18:59Z

RayfordFvx: formatting fix

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox religious group
| group = Christians in India
| image = Nasrani cross.jpg
| caption = [[Saint Thomas Christian cross]] from the 9th-century [[St. George's Church, Kadamattom|St George's Church, Kadamattom, Kerala]]
| pop = 27,819,588 (2.3%) (2011)<ref name="Census2011religion">{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |title=C −1 Population by religious community – 2011 |publisher=[[Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner]] |access-date=27 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="Reporter">{{Cite news|date=26 August 2015|title=India's population at 1.21 billion; Hindus 79.8%, Muslims 14.2%|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-s-population-at-1-21-billion-hindus-79-8-muslims-14-2-115082600038_1.html|access-date=18 February 2021|archive-date=24 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424101619/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-s-population-at-1-21-billion-hindus-79-8-muslims-14-2-115082600038_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region1 = [[Christianity in Kerala|Kerala]]
| pop1 = 6,141,269
| region2 = [[Christianity in Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]
| pop2 = 4,418,331
| region3 = [[Christianity in Meghalaya|Meghalaya]]
| pop3 = 2,213,027
| region4 = [[Christianity in Nagaland|Nagaland]]
| pop4 = 1,739,651
| region5 = [[Christianity in Jharkhand|Jharkhand]]
| pop5 = 1,418,608
| region6 = [[Christianity in Manipur|Manipur]]
| pop6 = 1,179,043
| region7 = [[Christianity in Assam|Assam]]
| pop7 = 1,165,867
| region8 = [[Christianity in Odisha|Odisha]]
| pop8 = 1,161,708
| region9 = [[Christianity in Karnataka|Karnataka]]
| pop9 = 1,142,647
| region10 = [[Christianity in Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]
| pop10 = 1,129,784
| langs = [[Mizo language|Mizo]], [[Malayalam]], [[Syriac language|Syriac]], [[Latin]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Indian English|English]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Hindi-Urdu]], [[Bodo language|Bodo]], [[Khasi language|Khasi]], [[Karbi language|Karbi]], [[Rabha language|Rabha]], [[Mishing language|Mushing]], [[Naga languages|Naga]], [[Kukish languages|Kuki]], [[Garo language|Garo]], [[Hmar language|Hmar]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Kokborok]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Kadodi]], [[Kannada]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Bombay East Indian dialect]] & other [[Languages of India|Indian languages]] | religions = [[Protestantism in India|Protestant]] (59.22%), [[Catholic Church in India|Roman Catholic]] (33.19%), [[Oriental Orthodoxy in India|Oriental Orthodox]] (7.44%), others (0.15%) etc.<ref name="Pew1">{{cite web |last1=Hackett |first1=Conrad |title=Global Christianity A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf |publisher=Pew–Templeton global religious futures project |pages=19, 27, 57, 60, 75, 83, 90, 119 |date=December 2011 |quote=Estimated 2010 Christian Population 31,850,000 (pages 19, 60, 75) Protestant 18,860,000 Catholic 10,570,000 Orthodox 2,370,000 Others 50,000 (pp. 27, 83) |access-date=24 April 2021 |archive-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201151952/https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| notes = Names in native languages include ''Isai'', ''Kristhava'', ''Masihi-Qaum'' & ''Nasrani''
| native_name_lang =
| related_groups =
}}
{{Christianity in India sidebar}}
{{Christianity by country}}

[[Christianity]] is [[Religion in India|India's third-largest religion]] with 28 million adherents, who make up 2.3 percent of the population, according to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]].<ref name="Reporter"/> Nearly two-thirds (65 percent) of India's Christians are found in [[South India]], [[Goa]] and [[Mumbai (Bombay)]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vempeny |first1=Sebastian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NAmKAAAAMAAJ&q=dadra+nagar+haveli+caste+Christian |title=Minorities in Contemporary India |date=2003 |publisher=Kanishka Publishers, Distributors |isbn=978-81-7391-534-5}}</ref> Christianity is the major religion in parts of [[Northeast India]], specifically in [[Nagaland]], [[Mizoram]] and [[Meghalaya]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zhimomi |first=Kaholi |url=https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474439824.003.0014 |title=Christianity in South and Central Asia |date=2019 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=9781474439848 |editor1=Kenneth Ross |location=Edinburgh |publication-date=2019 |pages=156–167 |language=en |chapter=Northeast India |doi=10.3366/edinburgh/9781474439824.003.0014 |editor2=Daniel Jeyaraj |editor3=Todd Johnson |s2cid=242239030}}</ref> Christians are also a significant plurality in [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Center |first=Pew Research |date=21 September 2021 |title=3. Religious demography of Indian states and territories |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/09/21/religious-demography-of-indian-states-and-territories/ |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref>

The written records of [[St Thomas Christians]] mention that Christianity was introduced to the [[Indian subcontinent]] by [[Thomas the Apostle]], who sailed to the [[Malabar region]] (present-day [[Kerala]]) in 52 AD.{{sfn|Fahlbusch|Bromiley|Lochman|2008|p=285}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carman |first1=John B. |title=Christians in South Indian Villages, 1959–2009: Decline and Revival in Telangana |last2=Rao |first2=Chilkuri Vasantha |date=2014 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-1-4674-4205-3 |page=31 |language=en |quote=Most Indian Christians believe that the apostle Thomas arrived in southwest India (the present state of Kerala) in 52 CE and several years later was martyred outside the city of Mailapur (now part of metropolitan [[Chennai]]), on a hill now called [[San Thome|St Thomas Mount]].}}</ref><ref name="india-1809581172">{{cite web |last=Zacharia |first=Paul |date=19 February 2016 |title=The Surprisingly Early History of Christianity in India |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/how-christianity-came-to-india-kerala-180958117/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220035012/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/how-christianity-came-to-india-kerala-180958117/ |archive-date=20 February 2016 |access-date=26 May 2019 |work=Smithsonian Journeys Travel Quarterly: India}}</ref> The writings of [[Eusebius of Caesarea]] and of [[Jerome]] record that [[Bartholomew the Apostle]] evangelised India, particularly in the [[Konkan]].<ref name="PerumalilHambye1973">{{cite book |last1=Perumalil |first1=Hormice C. |last2=Hambye |first2=Edward René |title=Christianity in India: A History in Ecumenical Perspective |date=1973 |publisher=Prakasam Publications |page=21 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Acts of Thomas]] say that the early Christians were [[Malabar Jews]] who had settled in what is present-day Kerala before the [[Nativity of Jesus|birth of Christ]].<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8yvTEAAAQBAJ |title =The Acts of St. Thomas in India |isbn = 9781087965710 |last1 = Curtin|first1 = D. P.|last2 = James|first2 = M.R.|date = June 2018|publisher =Dalcassian Publishing Company }}</ref><ref name="Puthiakunnel">{{Cite encyclopaedia |last=Puthiakunnel |first=Thomas |date=1973 |publisher=BNK Press |pages=26–27 |url=https://archive.org/details/stthomaschristia0000unse_e8v5/page/26/mode/2up?view=theater&q=Puthiakunnel |encyclopaedia=The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India |editor-first=George |editor-last=Menachery |volume=2 |location=Madras |title=Jewish colonies of India paved the way for St Thomas |oclc=1237836 |url-access=registration}}</ref> St Thomas, an [[Aramaic]]-speaking Jew<ref name="Allen Myers">{{cite encyclopedia |year=1987 |title=Aramaic |encyclopedia=The Eerdmans Bible Dictionary |publisher=William B. Eerdmans |location=Grand Rapids, MI |editor=Allen C. Myers |page=72 |isbn=0-8028-2402-1 |quote=It is generally agreed that Aramaic was the common language of Israel in the first century AD. Jesus and his disciples spoke the Galilean dialect, which was distinguished from that of Jerusalem (Matt. 26:73)}}</ref><ref name="Britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Aramaic language |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aramaic-language |access-date=5 August 2023}}</ref> from [[Galilee]] (present-day Israel) and one of the [[Twelve Apostles|disciples]] of Jesus Christ, came to India<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2006 |title=Benedict XVI, General Audience, St Peter's Square: Thomas the twin |url=https://w2.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/audiences/2006/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20060927.html |access-date=5 August 2023 |website=w2.vatican.va}}</ref> in search of [[Indian Jews]].<ref name="Puthiakunnel"/><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qhKGPprbQaYC&q=St.+Thomas |title=The Jews of India: A Story of Three Communities |publisher=The Israel Museum, Jerusalem |year=2003 |isbn=965-278-179-7 |editor-last=Slapak |editor-first=Orpa |page=27 |via=University Press of New England}}</ref> After years of [[evangelism]], Thomas was [[Christian martyr|martyr]]ed and then buried at [[San Thome|St Thomas Mount]], in the [[Mylapore]] neighbourhood of [[Madras (Chennai)]].{{sfn|Fahlbusch |Bromiley |Lochman |2008|p=285}} [[Ambrose of Milan]], in his commentary on the Psalms, noted that Thomas the Apostle preached the Gospel to the [[Indian people]].<ref name="Fernandes2025">{{cite web |last1=Fernandes |first1=Savio |title=Christianity is not a colonial legacy but an Indian tradition |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/christianity-is-not-a-colonial-legacy-but-an-indian-tradition-10437692 |access-date=26 December 2025 |date=25 December 2025}}</ref> There is the [[scholarly consensus]] that a Christian community, had firmly established in the Malabar region by [[600 AD|600 AD]] at the latest;<ref>{{cite book |title=Cultural and Religious Heritage of India: Christianity |quote=The earliest historical evidence, however, regarding the existence of a Church in South India dates from the sixth century AD |author=Suresh K Sharma, Usha Sharma}}</ref> the community was composed of [[Nestorians]] or [[Eastern Christian]]s, who belonged to the [[Church of the East in India|Church of the East]] and used the [[East Syriac Rite]] of worship.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.religion-online.org/book-chapter/chapter-7-christianity-in-india-up-to-ad-1500/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116125120/https://www.religion-online.org/book-chapter/chapter-7-christianity-in-india-up-to-ad-1500/ | archive-date=16 January 2021 | title=Chapter 7: Christianity in India up to AD 1500 – Religion Online }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.423489 | title=Syriac Liturgy in India: Syro-Malabar, Malankara Orthodox and Marthoma Liturgies | last1=Varghese | first1=Baby | date=2023 | publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag | isbn=978-3-447-11964-1 }}</ref>

Following the [[Portuguese discoveries|discovery of the sea route to India]], by the Portuguese explorer [[Vasco da Gama]] in the 15th century AD, [[Western Christianity]] was established in the European colonies of [[Portuguese Goa and Damaon|Goa]], [[Tranquebar]], [[Portuguese Bombay|Bombay]], [[Madras Presidency|Madras]] and [[French India|Pondicherry]]; as in [[Indian Catholics|Catholicism]] (of [[Latin liturgical rites|Latin]] or [[Syrian Catholics of Malabar|Syriac Rite]]s) and various kinds of [[Protestantism]].<ref name="india-1809581172"/> The [[Church of North India]] and the [[Church of South India]] are a [[United Protestant]] denomination; which resulted from the evangelism/ ecumenism of [[Anglicans in India|Anglicans]], [[Calvinist]]s, [[Methodist]]s and other [[Protestants in India|Protestant groups]] who flourished in [[colonial India]]. Consequently, these churches are part of the worldwide [[Anglican Communion]], [[World Communion of Reformed Churches]], and [[World Methodist Council]].<ref name="CSI20102">{{cite web |year=2010 |title=History |url=https://www.csisynod.com/aboutus.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811022709/http://csisynod.com/aboutus.php |archive-date=11 August 2020 |access-date=22 August 2020 |publisher=[[Church of South India]] |language=en |quote=Being the largest Protestant church in India, the CSI celebrates her life with Indian culture and spirituality and she also raises her voice for the voiceless on matters of justice, peace and integrity of creation.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2010 |title=History |url=https://www.csisynod.com/history.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214005331/https://www.csisynod.com/history.php |archive-date=14 February 2021 |access-date=22 August 2020 |publisher=[[Church of South India]] |language=English |quote=The Church of South India is the result of the union of churches of varying traditions Anglican, Methodist, Congregational, Presbyterian, and Reformed. It was inaugurated in September 1947, after protracted negotiation among the churches concerned. Organized into 22 dioceses, each under the spiritual supervision of a bishop, the church as a whole is governed by a synod, which elects a moderator (presiding bishop) every 2 years. Episcopacy is thus combined with Synodical government, and the church explicitly recognizes that Episcopal, Presbyterian, and congregational elements are all necessary for the church's life.}}</ref><ref name="Watkins2">{{cite book |last1=Watkins |first1=Keith |title=The American Church that Might Have Been: A History of the Consultation on Church Union |date=2014 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-63087-744-6 |pages=14–15 |language=English |quote=The Church of South India created a polity that recognized Episcopal, Presbyterian, and Congregational elements and developed a book of worship that bridged the liturgical traditions that came into this new church. It set up a plan by which existing ministries were accepted while including processes which would lead to the time, a generation later, when all ministers would have been ordained by bishops in apostolic succession. The Church of South India was important as a prototype for a new American church because two factors had come together: the cross-confessional nature of its constituent parts and the intention to be, in effect, the Protestant Christian presence in communities all across the southern territories of its nation.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=IDOC International |date=1971 |publisher=IDOC-North America |page=85 |language=English |quote=...churches that would combine the episcopal, presbyterian and congregational forms of church polity, and would accept the historic episcopate without committing the church to any particular theological interpretation of episcopacy. This is essentially what has been done both in the Church of South India and the Church of North India.}}</ref><ref name="WMC20202">{{cite web |date=9 November 2019 |title=Church of North India |url=https://worldmethodistcouncil.org/asia/name/india-church-of-north-india/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627112920/https://worldmethodistcouncil.org/asia/name/india-church-of-north-india/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=25 June 2020 |publisher=[[World Methodist Council]] |language=English |quote=The Church of North India is a united church which came into being as the result of a union of six churches on 29th November 1970. The six churches were: The Council of the Baptist Churches in Northern India, The Church of the Brethren in India; The Disciples of Christ; The Church of India (formerly known as the Church of India, Pakistan, Burma and Ceylon); The Methodist Church (British and Australian Conferences); The United Church of Northern India. ... The Church of North India is a full member of the World Council of Churches, the Christian Conference of Asia, the Council for World Mission, the Anglican Consultative Council, the World Methodist Council and the World Alliance of Reformed Churches.}}</ref> [[Christian missionaries]] introduced the [[western education]]al system to the Indian subcontinent, to preach Christianity and to campaign for [[Hindu social reform]]s<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/christian-impact-india-history |access-date=11 January 2022 |title=Christian Impact on India, History of |website=www.encyclopedia.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126213953/https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/christian-impact-india-history |archive-date=26 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Christianity hasn't failed in India. Conversion isn't its only goal|website=[[ThePrint]] |date=12 September 2020 |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/christianity-hasnt-failed-in-india-conversion-not-goal/501136/ |access-date=11 September 2021|archive-date=26 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926224530/https://theprint.in/opinion/christianity-hasnt-failed-in-india-conversion-not-goal/501136/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/13999/11/11_chapter%204.pdf|title=The Work of Pioneer Missionaries |access-date=9 September 2020|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185553/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/13999/11/11_chapter%204.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Contribution of Christian Missionaries to Social work Practice in India |url=https://www.studocu.com/in/document/jamia-millia-islamia/history-and-philosophy-of-social-work/contribution-of-christian-missionaries-to-social-work-practice-in-india/21293292 |website=Studocu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in/soc14/chapter/social-reform-movement-in-19th-century-india |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623120324/https://ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in/soc14/chapter/social-reform-movement-in-19th-century-india |archive-date=23 June 2024 |title=Social Reform Movement in 19th Century India |website=Social Movement}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jf4RxehpiewC&dq=social+evils+devadasi+purdah+Christian+missionaries&pg=PA10 |title=Recent Philosophies of Education in India |isbn=978-81-8069-216-1 |last1=Chaube |first1=Sarayu Prasad |date=2005 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company}}</ref> like the [[Channar revolt]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RK__DwAAQBAJ&dq=channar+revolt+missionaries&pg=PT224 | title=Lanterns on the Lanes: Lit for Life… | isbn=978-1-64899-659-7 | last1=Abraham | first1=George | date=28 December 2020 | publisher=Notion Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=byWUEAAAQBAJ&dq=channar+revolt+missionaries&pg=PT82 | title=Social Spaces and the Public Sphere: A Spatial-history of Modernity in Kerala | isbn=978-1-000-78658-3 | last1=Harikrishnan | first1=S. | date=25 November 2022 | publisher=Taylor & Francis }}</ref> The oldest known Christian group in [[North India]] are the [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]-speaking [[Bettiah Christians]] of Bihar, formed in the early 1700s through a [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchin]] mission and under the patronage of the [[Bettiah Raj]]as during the [[Moghal Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kanjamala |first1=Augustine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NweQBAAAQBAJ&dq=Bettiah+Christian+Hindustani&pg=PA265 |title=The Future of Christian Mission in India: Toward a New Paradigm for the Third Millennium |date=21 August 2014 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-62032-315-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kalapura |first1=Jose |date=2015 |title=Philanthropic Organizations and Community Development: The Case of the Bettiah Christians in India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43953933 |journal=Asian Journal of Social Science |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=400–434 |doi=10.1163/15685314-04304005 |jstor=43953933|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kalapura |first1=Jose |date=2000 |title=King, Fort, Zamindaris and Missionaries: The Founding of Bihar's Oldest Christian Community, 1745 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44148177 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=61 |pages=1011–1028 |jstor=44148177}}</ref> Along with native Christians, small numbers of mixed Eurasian peoples, such as [[Anglo-Indian people|Anglo-Indian]], [[Luso-Indian]], [[French people in India|Franco-Indian]] and [[Armenians in India|Armenian Indian]] Christians also existed.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kJ4vDwAAQBAJ&dq=anglo+Indians+luso+Indians+Armenian+Indians+Christianity&pg=PA10 | title=Anglo-Indian Women in Transition: Pride, Prejudice and Predicament | isbn=978-981-10-4654-4 | last1=Sen | first1=Sudarshana | date=3 August 2017 | publisher=Springer }}</ref> Also, there is the Hindu ''Khrista [[Bhakti movement|Bhakta]] movement'', who are [[baptism|unbaptise]]d followers of [[Jesus Christ]] and [[St Mary]], mainly among [[Shudra]]s and [[Dalit]]s.<ref>https://global.oup.com/academic/product/between-hindu-and-christian-9780190067120?cc=in&lang=en& {{Bare URL inline|date=September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ihc.ucsb.edu/the-khrist-bhaktas-of-banaras-2 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223121541/https://www.ihc.ucsb.edu/the-khrist-bhaktas-of-banaras-2 | archive-date=23 December 2012 | title=The Khrist Bhaktas of Banaras: Visions, Representations, and Dangerous Prognostications | date=4 June 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Khrist-Bhakta:-tens-of-thousands-of-Hindus-fascinated-by-Christ-16640.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109165824/https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Khrist-Bhakta:-tens-of-thousands-of-Hindus-fascinated-by-Christ-16640.html | archive-date=9 January 2017 | title=Khrist Bhakta: Tens of thousands of Hindus fascinated by Christ }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0048721X.2024.2286163 | doi=10.1080/0048721X.2024.2286163 | title=Between Hindu and Christian: Khrist Bhaktas, Catholics, and the Negotiation of Devotion in Banaras | date=2024 | last1=Tull | first1=Herman | journal=Religion | volume=54 | issue=2 | pages=336–338 | url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Christians were involved in the [[Indian National Congress (INC)]], which led the [[Indian independence movement]], the [[All India Conference of Indian Christians]] advocated for ''[[Maharashtra Swaraj Party|swaraj]]'' (self rule) and [[opposition to the partition of India|opposed the partition of India]].{{sfn|Oddie|2001|pp=357, 361–363, 365}}{{sfn|Thomas|1974|pp=106–110}}<ref name="Pinto2017">{{cite journal |last1=Pinto |first1=Ambrose |title=Christian Contribution to the Freedom Struggle |journal=Mainstream |date=19 August 2017 |volume=LV |issue=35 |language=en}}</ref> There are reports of [[crypto-Christian]]s who keep their faith in secret or hiding, due to the [[Violence against Christians in India|fear of persecution]]; especially Dalit (Outcaste) or [[Adivasi]] (Aboriginal) Christians resort to crypsis, because [[reservation in India|reservation]] and other rights are denied on [[religious conversion|conversion]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ijrf.org/index.php/home/article/download/248/293/307|title=Religious freedom and the subversive adaptation of Christian converts from Hinduism}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bpb.de/themen/asien/indien/190253/from-thomas-the-apostle-to-crypto-christians/|title=From Thomas the Apostle to Crypto Christians|date=11 April 2014 |access-date=7 April 2022|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407131537/https://www.bpb.de/themen/asien/indien/190253/from-thomas-the-apostle-to-crypto-christians/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/22/world/asia/india-christians-attacked.amp.html?espv=1|title=Arrests, Beatings and Secret Prayers: Inside the Persecution of India's Christians|newspaper=The New York Times|date=22 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.deccanherald.com/india/arrests-beatings-and-secret-prayers-inside-the-persecution-of-india-s-christians-1064158.html|title = Arrests, beatings and secret prayers: Inside the persecution of India's Christians|date = 24 December 2021|access-date = 7 April 2022|archive-date = 7 April 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220407131850/https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/national/arrests-beatings-and-secret-prayers-inside-the-persecution-of-india-s-christians-1064158.html?espv=1|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iirf.eu/news/archiv/india-attack-on-indian-revival-meeting-sends-christians-underground/|title=India: Attack on Indian revival meeting sends Christians underground | IIRF|access-date=7 April 2022|archive-date=30 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230015326/https://www.iirf.eu/news/archiv/india-attack-on-indian-revival-meeting-sends-christians-underground/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.thewire.in/article/rights/the-bogey-of-forced-conversions-has-long-diverted-us-from-the-realities-of-indian-christians/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817104726/https://m.thewire.in/article/rights/the-bogey-of-forced-conversions-has-long-diverted-us-from-the-realities-of-indian-christians/ | archive-date=17 August 2022 | title=The Bogey of 'Forced Conversions' Has Long Diverted Us from the Realities of Indian Christians }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.thewire.in/article/communalism/islam-christianity-conversion-hindutva-violence/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718224601/https://m.thewire.in/article/communalism/islam-christianity-conversion-hindutva-violence/ | archive-date=18 July 2023 | title=No Country for Religious Converts }}</ref> Some Christians have gone through [[Ghar Wapsi#Reception|forced conversion to Hinduism]] by [[Hindu extremist]]s, such as [[Shiv Sena|Shiv Sena (SS)]], the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP)]] and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.christiantoday.com/article/hindu.extremists.threaten.to.kill.christians.in.india.if.they.utter.the.name.of.christ/63567.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150902194718/https://www.christiantoday.com/article/hindu.extremists.threaten.to.kill.christians.in.india.if.they.utter.the.name.of.christ/63567.htm | archive-date=2 September 2015 | title=Hindu extremists threaten to kill Christians in India if they 'utter the name of Christ' | date=September 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://fsspx.news/en/news/india-accelerates-forced-conversions-42406 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222204059/https://fsspx.news/en/news/india-accelerates-forced-conversions-42406 | archive-date=22 February 2024 | title=India Accelerates Forced Conversions | FSSPX News | date=13 February 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/christians-face-conversion-threat-in-riot-hit-indian-state/101401 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524053837/https://www.ucanews.com/amp/christians-face-conversion-threat-in-riot-hit-indian-state/101401 | archive-date=24 May 2023 | title=Christians face conversion threat in riot-hit Indian state – UCA News }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newsclick.in/Misuse-PESA-Act-Ghar-Wapsi-Chhattisgarh-Tribal-Christians-Report | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222072516/https://www.newsclick.in/Misuse-PESA-Act-Ghar-Wapsi-Chhattisgarh-Tribal-Christians-Report | archive-date=22 February 2023 | title='Misuse' of PESA Act in Ghar Wapsi of Chhattisgarh Tribal Christians: Report | work=NewsClick | date=21 February 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/oct/19/orissa-violence-india-christianity-hinduism | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408003257/https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2008/oct/19/orissa-violence-india-christianity-hinduism | archive-date=8 April 2016 | title=Convert or we will kill you, Hindu lynch mobs tell fleeing Christians | India | the Guardian | work=The Observer | date=18 October 2008 | last1=Chamberlain | first1=Gethin }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/are-indias-christians-and-muslims-forced-to-become-hindus | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605031925/https://www.thedailybeast.com/are-indias-christians-and-muslims-forced-to-become-hindus | archive-date=5 June 2017 | title=Are India's Christians and Muslims Forced to Become Hindus? | newspaper=The Daily Beast | date=29 January 2015 | last1=Thakur | first1=Udit }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Nationalist-party:-India-is-not-a-country-for-Christians-42188.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030210925/https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Nationalist-party:-India-is-not-a-country-for-Christians-42188.html | archive-date=30 October 2017 | title=Nationalist party: India is not a country for Christians }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://qantara.de/en/article/conversion-christians-and-muslims-india-homecoming-or-forced-conversion | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224022213/https://qantara.de/en/article/conversion-christians-and-muslims-india-homecoming-or-forced-conversion | archive-date=24 December 2023 | title=Conversion of Christians and Muslims in India: Homecoming or forced conversion? | Qantara.de | date=16 March 2015 }}</ref> Various groups of Hindu extremists have also attacked [[Church (building)|churches]], or disrupted church services in certain [[states and territories of India]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Extremists Are Destroying Indian Christians' Homes and Shattering Their Lives - Christianity Today | date=24 July 2023 | url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/2023/07/christian-persecution-internally-displaced-persons-india/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130151319/https://www.christianitytoday.com/2023/07/christian-persecution-internally-displaced-persons-india/ | archive-date=30 January 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-U_5kftaoSsC&dq=Hindu+extremist+Church+demolished&pg=PA98 | title=Persecuted: The Global Assault on Christians | isbn=978-1-4002-0442-7 | last1=Marshall | first1=Paul | last2=Gilbert | first2=Lela | last3=Shea | first3=Nina | date=11 March 2013 | publisher=Thomas Nelson }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mizoram-bjp-vice-president-vanramchhuanga-resigns-protest-manipur-church-burnings-2406490-2023-07-14 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714091722/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mizoram-bjp-vice-president-vanramchhuanga-resigns-protest-manipur-church-burnings-2406490-2023-07-14 | archive-date=14 July 2023 | title=Mizoram BJP vice-president resigns in protest against church burnings in Manipur | date=14 July 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/political-blame-game-continues-over-demolition-of-church/article35354266.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715195410/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/political-blame-game-continues-over-demolition-of-church/article35354266.ece | archive-date=15 July 2021 | title=Political blame game continues over demolition of church | newspaper=The Hindu | date=15 July 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://sabrangindia.in/demolition-3-churches-bjp-ruled-manipur-illegal-construction-causes-social-media-uproar | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923182015/https://sabrangindia.in/demolition-3-churches-bjp-ruled-manipur-illegal-construction-causes-social-media-uproar | archive-date=23 September 2023 | title=Demolition of 3 Churches in BJP-Ruled Manipur for 'Illegal Construction' causes social media uproar | date=12 April 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://sabrangindia.in/xmas-eve-becomes-the-target-for-hindu-extremists/amp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109091809/https://sabrangindia.in/xmas-eve-becomes-the-target-for-hindu-extremists/amp | archive-date=9 January 2025 | title=X'mas Eve becomes the target for Hindu extremists | date=3 January 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/464628/as-another-christmas-arrives-hindu-extremists-are-targeting-indian-christians/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222204257/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/464628/as-another-christmas-arrives-hindu-extremists-are-targeting-indian-christians/ | archive-date=22 February 2024 | title=As another Christmas arrives, Hindu extremists are targeting Indian Christians – Washington Examiner | date=25 December 2022 }}</ref> [[Convent school]]s and [[charities]] are being targeted under the [[Modi administration]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/church-run-schools-in-india-told-to-remove-christian-symbols/104106 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209113417/https://www.ucanews.com/news/church-run-schools-in-india-told-to-remove-christian-symbols/104106 | archive-date=9 February 2024 | title=Church-run schools in India told to remove Christian symbols- UCA News }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/261423/leaders-urge-india-s-modi-to-curb-spiralling-violence-against-christians | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109092725/https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/amp/news/261423/leaders-urge-india-s-modi-to-curb-spiralling-violence-against-christians | archive-date=9 January 2025 | title=Leaders urge India's Modi to curb spiraling violence against Christians }}</ref> particularly by banning missionaries from getting [[donation]]s from abroad,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/2024/04/india-fcra-ngo-world-vision-foreign-funding-close | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906184153/https://www.christianitytoday.com/2024/04/india-fcra-ngo-world-vision-foreign-funding-close | archive-date=6 September 2024 | title=The Regulation Suffocating Christian Ministries in India | date=2 April 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last1=Scorziell | first1=Luke | url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/2021/02/india-christian-charity-fcra-nationalist-modi-license | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906183816/https://www.christianitytoday.com/2021/02/india-christian-charity-fcra-nationalist-modi-license | archive-date=6 September 2024 | title=Indian Government Regulation Squeezes Christian Charities | work=Christianity Today | date=16 February 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.voanews.com/a/india-s-foreign-funding-ban-on-missionaries-of-charity-comes-amid-pushback-against-religious-conversions-/6378682.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102151632/https://www.voanews.com/a/india-s-foreign-funding-ban-on-missionaries-of-charity-comes-amid-pushback-against-religious-conversions-/6378682.html | archive-date=2 January 2022 | title=India's Foreign Funding Ban on Missionaries of Charity Fuels Controversy | date=2 January 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/mha-data-shows-nearly-half-of-fresh-fcra-registrations-under-the-religious-category-are-for-christian-ngos/article67420855.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014155841/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/mha-data-shows-nearly-half-of-fresh-fcra-registrations-under-the-religious-category-are-for-christian-ngos/article67420855.ece | archive-date=14 October 2023 | title=MHA data shows nearly half of fresh FCRA registrations under the religious category are for Christian NGOs | newspaper=The Hindu | date=14 October 2023 | last1=Singh | first1=Vijaita }}</ref> while [[anti-Christian]] and pro-[[hindutva]] groups have been raising foreign funds.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www2.cbn.com/news/cwn/hindu-charity-texas-reportedly-raising-cash-demolish-churches-india | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624144152/https://www2.cbn.com/news/cwn/hindu-charity-texas-reportedly-raising-cash-demolish-churches-india | archive-date=24 June 2023 | title=Hindu Charity in Texas Reportedly Raising Cash to Demolish Churches in India | date=20 December 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title='Demolish Illegal Churches': Hindutva Fundraiser in Texas Kicks up a Storm | date=6 December 2022 | url=https://www.thequint.com/south-asians/hindutva-fundraiser-frisco-texas-global-hindu-heritage-foundation-demolition-of-illegal-churches-tirupati-ghar-wapsi }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Pal | first1=Felix | last2=Thapliyal | first2=Nisha | last3=Gandbhir | first3=Gauri | title=Taking ideology out: Finding the diasporic Hindu far-right down under | journal=Australian Journal of International Affairs | date=2025 | volume=79 | issue=5 | pages=691–708 | doi=10.1080/10357718.2025.2519395 | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10357718.2025.2519395#abstract | url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Texas Hindu charity that fundraised to demolish churches in India faces calls for investigation | date=15 December 2022 | url=https://www.christianpost.com/news/texas-charity-fundraised-demolish-churches-india-pastors-demand-investigation.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215160129/https://www.christianpost.com/news/texas-charity-fundraised-demolish-churches-india-pastors-demand-investigation.html | archive-date=15 December 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Hindu right-wing groups in US got $833,000 of federal COVID fund | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/hindu-right-wing-groups-in-us-got-833000-of-federal-covid-fund | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210402034127/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/hindu-right-wing-groups-in-us-got-833000-of-federal-covid-fund | archive-date=2 April 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=New report shows how Hindutva groups operate in US, send money to India | date=2 July 2014 | url=https://scroll.in/article/668870/new-report-shows-how-hindutva-groups-operate-in-us-send-money-to-india | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331031530/https://scroll.in/article/668870/new-report-shows-how-hindutva-groups-operate-in-us-send-money-to-india | archive-date=31 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=The Hindutva Threat outside India | Hudson Institute | url=https://www.hudson.org/religious-freedom/hindutva-threat-outside-india | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250625051719/https://www.hudson.org/religious-freedom/hindutva-threat-outside-india | archive-date=25 June 2025 }}</ref>

== Ancient period ==

=== Apostolic age ===

==== Saint Thomas ====
{{Main|Saint Thomas Christians}}
[[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Indo-Roman trade relations|Roman trade with India]] originated in Ancient Egypt according to the [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]] (1st century).]]

According to the traditional account of Saint Thomas Christians, Thomas the Apostle came to [[Kodungallur (Cranganore)]] in the present day [[Kerala]] in 52 AD,{{sfn|Fahlbusch |Bromiley |Lochman |2008|p=285}} and established the [[Ezharappallikal]] (Seven Churches) in or near ancient Jewish colonies<ref name="Puthiakunnel"/> by preaching among local [[Jews]] and [[Brahmins]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jtbYEAAAQBAJ |title=The Ramban Pattu |isbn=9781087913766 |last1=Curtin|first1=D. P. |last2=Nath|first2=Nithul|date=May 2017|publisher=Dalcassian Publishing Company}}</ref> According to St Thomas [[Christian tradition]], Thomas the Apostle did the first baptism in India at [[St Thomas Syro-Malabar Church, Palayur]], this church is therefore considered an [[Apostolic See]] credited to the apostolate of Thomas.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} After some years of [[Evangelism|evangelisation]] in South India, Thomas was martyred at the [[St Thomas Mount]] in [[Chennai (Madras)]] in 72 AD.{{sfn|Fahlbusch |Bromiley |Lochman |2008|p=285}} The neo-Gothic [[San Thome Cathedral Basilica|Cathedral Basilica of San Thome]] now stands on the site of his martyrdom and burial.{{sfn|Fahlbusch |Bromiley |Lochman |2008|p=285}}{{sfn|Neill|2004|p=29}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Menachery |first=George |date=2000 |title=Thomapedia |publisher=Thomapedia |isbn=81-87132-13-2 |oclc=56405161}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Varghese |first=Pathikulangara |title=Mar Thomma Margam: a new catechism for the Saint Thomas Christians of India |date=2004 |publisher=Denha Services |isbn=81-904135-0-3 |oclc=255155413}}</ref><ref name="missick">{{cite journal |title=Mar Thoma: The Apostolic Foundation of the Assyrian Church and the Christians of St. Thomas in India |first=Stephen Andrew |last=Missick |journal=Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies |volume=XIV |issue=2 |pages=33–61 |year=2000 |url=http://www.aina.org/articles/missick.pdf |access-date=2 March 2009 |url-status=live |archive-date=4 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304164708/http://www.aina.org/articles/missick.pdf}}</ref>{{sfn|Vadakkekara|2007|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} A historically more likely claim by [[Eusebius of Caesarea]] is that [[Pantaenus]], the head of the Christian [[exegetical]] school in [[Alexandria, Egypt]] went to India in 190 AD and found Christians already living in India using a version of the [[Gospel of Matthew]] with "Hebrew letters, a mixture of culture".<ref name="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesarea, ''Historia Ecclesiastica''5. 9–10. Pantaenus, who was known by Clement of Alexandria (Eusebius ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' 5.11.1–2; 6.13.2) and Origen (Eusebius, ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' 6.14.8), was certainly a historical person.</ref> This is a plausible reference to the earliest Indian churches which are known to have used the [[Syriac versions of the Bible|Syriac New Testament]]; [[Syriac language|Syriac]] being a dialect of the [[Aramaic|Aramaic language]] spoken by Jesus and his disciples.<ref name="Allen Myers"/><ref name="Britannica"/><ref name="missick"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Montgomery|first=Robert L. |title=The Lopsided Spread of Christianity: Toward an Understanding of the Diffusion of Religions|year=2002 |location=Westport|publisher=Praeger Publishers|page=27 |isbn=9780275973612 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RkeOLTrPDI0C&q=%22Aramaic+spoken+by+Jesus%22}}</ref> [[Pantaenus]]'s evidence thus indicates that early Christians from the Middle East had already evangelised parts of India by the late 2nd century AD.<ref name="missick"/><ref name="Eusebius"/>

Another Christian tradition concerning the birth of Jesus holds that [[Caspar (magus)|Gaspar]], one of the three [[Biblical Magi]], travelled from India to find the [[Nativity of Jesus|infant Jesus]] along with [[Melchior (magus)|Melchior of Persia]] and [[Balthazar (magus)|Balthazar of Arabia]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Magi biblical figures |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Magi |access-date=10 March 2024}}</ref>

An early 3rd-century AD [[Syriac language|Syriac]] work known as the ''[[Acts of Thomas]]''<ref name="AFM"/> connects the tradition of the Apostle Thomas's Indian ministry with two kings, one in the north and the other in the south. The year of his arrival is widely disputed due to lack of credible records.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}} According to one of the legends in the ''Acts of Thomas'', Thomas was at first reluctant to accept this mission, but Jesus over-ruled him by ordering circumstances so compelling that he was forced to accompany an Indian merchant, Abbanes, to his native place in northwest India, where he found himself in the service of the [[Indo-Parthian Kingdom|Indo-Parthian]] king, [[Gondophares]]. The apostle's ministry reputedly resulted in many conversions throughout this northern kingdom, including the king and his brother.<ref name="AFM" />

The ''Acts of Thomas'' identifies his second mission in India with a kingdom ruled by a certain King named Mahadwa belonging to a 1st-century dynasty in southern India. [[St. Mary's Church, Niranam|Niranam Pally]], also known as St Mary's Orthodox Syrian Church, is believed to be one of the oldest churches in India. The church was founded by St Thomas in 54 AD. On his way from [[Kollam (Quilon)]] in the northeast direction, he arrived at Niranam "Thrikpapaleswaram" by sea. The church was reconstructed several times with some parts dating back to a reconstruction in 1259. The architecture of the church bears a striking similarity to [[Hindu temple architecture]].

==== Saint Bartholomew ====
{{Main|Bartholomew the Apostle}}

[[Eusebius of Caesarea]]'s ''[[Ecclesiastical History (Eusebius)|Ecclesiastical History]]'' (5:10) states that Bartholomew, a disciple of Jesus, went on a [[missionary]] tour to India, where he left behind a copy of the [[Gospel of Matthew]]. One tradition holds that he preached the Gospel in India, prior to his travels to [[Armenia]],{{sfn|Butler|Burns|1998|p=232}} while others hold that Bartholomew travelled as a missionary in [[Ethiopia]], [[Mesopotamia]], [[Parthia]], and [[Lycaonia]].<ref name=EB>''Encyclopædia Britannica'', Micropædia. vol. 1, p. 924. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1998. {{ISBN|0-85229-633-9}}.</ref> The writings of [[Eusebius of Caesarea]] and [[Jerome]] record that [[Bartholomew the Apostle]] evangelized in ancient India.<ref name="PerumalilHambye1973"/>

=== Later antiquity ===
{{further|Church of the East in India}}

Although little is known of the immediate growth of the church in the northwestern regions of India, [[Bardaisan]] (154–223 AD) reports that in his time there were Christian tribes in North India that claimed to have been converted by Thomas and had books and relics to prove it.<ref name="AFM">A. E. Medlycott, ''India and The Apostle Thomas'', pp. 18–71;
M. R. James, ''Apocryphal New Testament'', pp. 364–436;
A. E. Medlycott, ''India and The Apostle Thomas'', pp. 1–17, 213–97;
Eusebius, ''History'', chapter 4:30;
[[J. N. Farquhar]], ''The Apostle Thomas in North India'', chapter 4:30;
V. A. Smith, ''Early History of India'', p. 235;
{{harvnb|Brown|1956|pp=49–59}}</ref> It is believed that by the time of the establishment of the [[Sassanid Empire]] around 226 AD, there were bishops of the Church of the East in northwest India, [[Afghanistan]] and [[Balochistan (region)|Baluchistan]], with laymen and clergy alike engaging in missionary activity.<ref name="AFM" /> The Syriac [[Chronicle of Edessa]] describes a "church of the Christians" in India around 200 AD.<ref>{{cite web |title=Christian History Timeline: Christianity in India {{!}} Christian History Magazine |url=https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/magazine/article/christianity-in-india |website=Christian History Institute |access-date=8 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

India had a flourishing trade with Central Asia, the [[Mediterranean]], and the Middle East, both along mountain passes in the north and sea routes down the western and southern coast, well before the advent of the Christian era, and it is likely that Christian merchants from these lands settled in Indian cities along these trading routes.{{sfn|Neill|2004|p=29}} The colony of [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christians]] established at [[Muziris]] may be the first Christian community in South India for which there is a continuous written record.<ref>K.S. Latourette, ''A History of the Expansion of Christianity,'' 7 vols., London, 1940–1949.{{full citation needed|date=August 2024}}</ref>

The ''[[Chronicle of Seert]]'' describes an evangelical mission to India by Bishop [[David of Basra]] around the year 300,{{sfn|Baum|Winkler|2003|p=53}} who reportedly made many conversions,<ref name="missick"/> and it has been speculated that his mission took in areas of southern India.{{sfn|Neill|2004|p=41}}

From various records of travelers we know the existence of Christian communities in India already by the year 345.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nunciature to India and Nepal |url=https://www.apostolicnunciatureindia.com/Diocese_Bishop.aspx |website=www.apostolicnunciatureindia.com |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref>

[[Thomas of Cana]], a Syriac Christian merchant, brought a group of 72 Christian families from [[Mesopotamia]] to Kerala in the 4th century.<ref name="missick"/>{{sfn|Frykenberg|2010|p=113}} He was granted [[Thomas of Cana copper plates|copper-plates]] by the [[Chera dynasty]], which gave his party and all native Christians socio-economic privileges.<ref>{{cite book|last=King|first=Daniel |year=2018|title=The Syriac World |publisher=Routledge Press |pages=663–670|isbn=9781138899018}}</ref> The group of Christians that came along with Thomas of Cana (''Knai Thoma'') are called [[Knanaya]] Christians.{{sfn|Frykenberg|2010|p=113}}{{sfn|Fahlbusch |Bromiley |Lochman |2008|p=286}}

The existence of [[Early Christian]]s in India is further substantiated by the records acknowledging the work of [[Severus of Vienne]], a 5th-century missionary of Indian origin who evangelised in [[Vienne, Isère|Vienne]], France.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kurikilamkatt |first1=James |title=First Voyage of the Apostle Thomas to India: Ancient Christianity in Bharuch and Taxila |date=31 December 2005 |publisher=ISD LLC |isbn=978-1-925612-63-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7U7VDwAAQBAJ |access-date=2 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Paul |title=Christians and Christianity in India and Pakistan: A General Survey of the Progress of Christianity in India from Apostolic Times to the Present Day |date=17 December 2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-22821-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GsJEAAAQBAJ |access-date=2 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Malabar Christians of 19th century.jpg|Saint Thomas Christians or Syrian Christians of ancient days from an old painting
File:Kodungaloor Mar Thoma Church.jpg|[[Ēḻarappaḷḷikaḷ|Mar Thoma Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]], at [[Muziris]], is believed to be the first Christian church built in India, circa 52 AD.
St.Thomas Cathedral - Mumbai.jpg|Stained glass window of [[Thomas the Apostle]], the traditional founder of Indian Christianity, in [[Saint Thomas Cathedral, Bombay|his namesake St Thomas CNI church]], the 300-year-old Cathedral of [[Mumbai (Bombay)]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=D'Souza |first1=Ornella |title=Mumbai's oldest church – St Thomas Cathedral to celebrate its three-hundredth anniversary on Christmas Day |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/just-before-monday/report-mumbai-s-oldest-church-st-thomas-cathedral-to-celebrate-its-three-hundredth-anniversary-on-christmas-day-2699173 |website=DNA India |language=en |date=23 December 2018 |access-date=23 April 2021 |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423015127/https://www.dnaindia.com/just-before-monday/report-mumbai-s-oldest-church-st-thomas-cathedral-to-celebrate-its-three-hundredth-anniversary-on-christmas-day-2699173 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Santhome Basilica.jpg|[[St. Thomas Cathedral Basilica, Chennai]] built over the tomb of [[Saint Thomas the Apostle]]
Kottayam Valiapally.jpg|Altar of the St Mary's Church in [[Kottayam]] flanked by two [[Saint Thomas Christian cross|St Thomas crosses]] from the 7th century AD on either side. The crosses pre-date the church which was built in 1550 AD.
File:Thiruvithamkode Arappaly.jpg|St Mary's [[Thiruvithamcode Arappally]] of [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] in [[Kanyakumari (Cape Comorin)]] is believed to have been founded by Thomas the Apostle in 63 AD.
File:Arakuzha Syrian Catholic Church.jpg|[[Marth Mariam Syro-Malabar Catholic Forane Church, Arakuzha|Marth Mariam Syro-Malabar Major Archiepiscopal Church]] at [[Arakuzha]], Kerala is an ancient [[Nasrani (India)|Nasrani]] church established in 999 AD.
File:Parumala Church.jpg|[[St. Peter and St. Paul's Church, Parumala]], the shrine of [[Geevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala|St Geevargeese Mar Gregorios]], an Oriental Orthodox Saint, in [[Kerala]]
File:Eliasthirdtomb.jpg|Tomb of the [[Ignatius Elias III|Saint Moran Mor Ignatius Elias Third]] (the only Universal Syrian Orthodox Patriarch to be buried in India) at Manjinikara, Kerala
</gallery>

== Medieval period ==

The [[Saint Thomas Christian]] community in Kerala was further strengthened by the arrival of various waves of Syriac Christians from the Middle East. This also resulted in the establishment of [[Knanaya]] colonies in Kerala during the 4th century. Babylonian Christians settled on the [[Malabar Coast]] in the 4th century. [[Mar Sabor and Mar Proth]] arrived in [[Kollam]] in the 9th century.<ref name="Malekandathil2010">{{cite book|author=Pius Malekandathil|author-link= Pius Malekandathil|title=Maritime India: Trade, Religion and Polity in the Indian Ocean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rN69iFj1PJoC|year=2010|publisher=Primus Books|page=39|isbn=978-93-80607-01-6}}</ref>

[[File:Quilon Syrian copper plates (849 CE) plates 1 and 4.jpg|thumb|right|Kollam Tharisappalli or Quilon copper plates (849 AD) commissioned during the reign of Sthanu Ravi Varma, and given to the [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christian]] leader Maruvan Sapir Iso, granting land for the construction of a Syrian Church near Kollam in [[Kerala]]]]
[[Saint Thomas Christians]] seem to have enjoyed various rights and privileges as well as a high status as recorded on copper plates, also known as Cheppeds, Royal Grants, Sasanam, etc.<ref name="SG Pothen">Syrian Christians of Kerala- SG Pothen- page 32-33 (1970)</ref> There are a number of such documents in the possession of the [[Saint Thomas Christian churches|Syrian churches]] of Kerala which include the ''Thazhekad Sasanam'', the [[Quilon Syrian copper plates]] (or ''Tharisappalli Chepped''s), ''Mampally Sasanam'' and ''Iraviikothan Chepped'', etc. Some of these plates have been dated to around 774 AD. Scholars have studied the inscriptions and produced varying translations. The language used is Old Malayalam in [[Vatteluttu|Vattezhuthu]] script intermingled with some [[Grantha script|Grantha]], [[Pahlavi script|Pahlavi]], [[Kufic]] and [[Hebrew]] scripts. The ruler of Venad ([[Travancore]]) granted the Saint Thomas Christians seventy-two rights and privileges which were usually granted only to high dignitaries. These rights included exemption from import duties, sales tax and the slave tax. A copper plate{{which|date=March 2020}} grant dated 1225 AD further enhanced the rights and privileges of [[Syrian Malabar Nasrani|Nasranis]].

Other references to [[Saint Thomas Christians]] include the South Indian epic of ''[[Manimekalai]]'', written between the 2nd and 3rd century AD, which mentions the [[Nasrani (India)|Nasrani]] people by referring to them by the name ''Essanis''.<ref name="Shattan">Manimekalai, by Merchant Prince Shattan, Gatha 27</ref> The embassy of [[Alfred the Great|King Alfred]] in 883 AD sent presents to St. Thomas Christians.<ref>''Anglo Saxon Chronicle'' Part II, 750–919 AD</ref> [[Marco Polo]] who visited in 1292, mentioned that there were Christians in the Malabar coast.<ref>Marco Polo. ''The Book of Travels''. page 287.</ref>

The French or Catalan [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] missionary [[Jordan Catala]] was the first [[Latin Christian|Catholic]] European missionary to arrive in India. He landed in [[Surat]] in around 1320. By a separate bull that reads ''Venerabili Fratri Jordano'', he was appointed the first Bishop of [[Quilon]] on 21 August 1329 AD.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.quilondiocese.com/quilon.php?Pid=16&Mid=73 |title=Milestones in the History of the Diocese of Quilon |access-date=25 April 2017 |archive-date=20 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620025717/http://www.quilondiocese.com/quilon.php?Pid=16&Mid=73 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="JOR">{{cite web
|url= http://www.quilondiocese.org/former%20prelates%20of%20diocese.htm
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060618161814/http://quilondiocese.org/former%20prelates%20of%20diocese.htm
|url-status= dead
|archive-date= 18 June 2006
|title= The greate prelates who shaped the history of diocese of quilon
|access-date= 17 January 2008
|publisher= Quilon Diocese}}</ref> In 1321, Jordanus Catalani also arrived in [[Bhatkal]], a place near Mangalore, and established a missionary station there converting many locals.<ref name="JOR" /> He also evangelised in [[Thana district]] (Trombay) near [[Mumbai|Bombay]]; the descendants of these converts would later become part of the [[Bombay East Indian]] community.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-I/population_christians.html#2 |title=Gazetteers Of The Bombay Presidency – Thana |access-date=23 July 2010 |archive-date=10 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110033730/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-I/population_christians.html#2 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.east-indians.com/history.pdf |title='''East Indians''' (the indigenous Catholic inhabitants of Bombay, Salsette and Bassein) |access-date=2 March 2008 |publisher=The East Indian Community |archive-date=10 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210185336/http://www.east-indians.com/history.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Modern period ==
[[File:Church of the East in the Middle Ages.svg|thumb|right |upright=1.35|[[Church of the East]] and its [[Dioceses of the Church of the East, 1318–1552|dioceses]] and missions throughout Asia, including [[India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)|India]]]]

===Portuguese efforts to Catholicise Saint Thomas Christians===
{{See also|Saint Thomas Christians}}
[[Thomas the Apostle]] is credited by tradition for founding the Indian Church in 52 AD.{{sfn|Fahlbusch |Bromiley |Lochman |2008|p=285}}{{sfn|Vadakkekara|2007|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}<ref>N.M. Mathew. St. Thomas Christians of Malabar Through Ages. CSS Tiruvalla. (2003). {{ISBN|81-7821-008-8}}.</ref> This church developed contacts with the [[Church of the East]] religious authorities based in [[Edessa, Mesopotamia]] at the time.

Historically, this community was organised as the [[India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)|Province of India]] of the [[Church of the East]] by [[Patriarch of the Church of the East|Patriarch of Babylon]] [[Timothy I (Nestorian patriarch)|Timothy I]] (780–823 AD) in the eighth century, served by bishops and a local dynastic [[archdeacon]].{{sfn|Baum|Winkler|2003|p=52}} In the 14th century, the Church of the East declined due to [[Persecution of Christians#By Tamerlane|persecution]] from [[Tamerlane]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=How did Timur change the history of the world |url=https://dailyhistory.org/How_did_Timur_change_the_history_of_the_world|website=DailyHistory.org|access-date=5 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305053212/https://dailyhistory.org/How_did_Timur_change_the_history_of_the_world|archive-date=5 March 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://listverse.com/2018/01/15/10-terrors-of-the-tyrant-tamerlane/|title=10 Terrors of the Tyrant Tamerlane|date=15 January 2018|website=Listverse|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-date=6 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106184721/https://listverse.com/2018/01/15/10-terrors-of-the-tyrant-tamerlane/|url-status=live}}</ref> The 16th century witnessed the colonial overtures of the Portuguese ''[[Padroado]]'' aiming to bring St Thomas Christians into the [[Latin Church|Latin Catholic Church]], administered by the [[Portuguese Padroado]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman|Archdiocese of Goa]], leading to the first of several rifts in the community.{{sfn|Frykenberg|2010|p=111}}<ref name=BritannicaIndia>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/115623/Christians-of-Saint-Thomas "Christians of Saint Thomas"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328144941/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/115623/Christians-of-Saint-Thomas |date=28 March 2015 }}. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved 9 February 2010.</ref>{{sfn|Frykenberg|2010|pp=134–136}} The efforts of the Portuguese culminated in the [[Synod of Diamper]], formally subjugating them and their whole [[Archdiocese of Angamaly]] as a suffragan see to the [[Archdiocese of Goa]] administered by [[Latin Church|Roman Catholic]] [[Padroado]] missionaries.

The death of the last [[metropolitan bishop]] – Archbishop Abraham of the [[Saint Thomas Christians]], an ancient body formerly part of the [[Church of the East]]{{sfn|Frykenberg|2008|p=93}}{{sfn|Wilmshurst|2000|p=343}} in 1597 gave the then Archbishop of Goa [[Aleixo de Menezes|Menezes]] an opportunity to bring the native church under the authority of the Roman Catholic Church. He was able to secure the submission of [[Givargis of the Cross|Archdeacon George]], the highest remaining representative of the native church hierarchy. Menezes convened the [[Synod of Diamper]] between 20 and 26 June 1599,<ref name="synod">[http://www.synodofdiamper.com/synod.php Synod of Diamper] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112031723/http://www.synodofdiamper.com/synod.php |date=12 November 2020 }} on Synod of Diamper Church website.</ref> which introduced a number of reforms to the church and brought it fully into the [[Latin Church]] of the Catholic Church. Following the Synod, Menezes consecrated Francis Ros, S. J. as Archbishop of the [[Diocese of Angamaly|Archdiocese of Angamalé]] for the Saint Thomas Christians; thus created another suffragan see to Archdiocese of Goa and [[Latin]]isation of St Thomas Christians started. The [[Saint Thomas Christians]] were pressured to acknowledge the authority of the Pope and most of them eventually accepted the Catholic faith, but a part of them switched to [[West Syriac Rite]].<ref name="synod" /> Resentment of these measures led to some part of the community to join the [[Archdeacon]], [[Thoma I|Thomas]], in swearing never to submit to the Portuguese Jesuits in the [[Coonan Cross Oath]] in 1653. Those who accepted the West Syriac theological and liturgical tradition of Gregorios became known as [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church|Jacobites]]. The others who continued with East Syriac theological and liturgical tradition stayed faithful to the Catholic Church and later became autonomous eastern catholic church named Syro Malabar Church (suriyani malabar sabha).

Following the synod, the Indian Church was governed by Portuguese prelates. They were generally unwilling to respect the integrity of the local church. This resulted in disaffection which led to a general revolt in 1653 known as the "[[Coonan Cross Oath]]". Under the leadership of Archdeacon [[Thoma I|Thomas]], Nazranis around Cochin gathered at Mattancherry church on Friday, 24 January 1653 (M.E. 828 Makaram 3) and made an oath that is known as the Great Oath of Bent Cross. There are various versions about the wording of oath, one version being that the oath was directed against the Portuguese, another that it was directed against Jesuits, yet another version that it was directed against the authority of [[Latin Church|Church of Rome]].<ref name=Gazette>{{cite book |title=Census of India (1961: Kerala|date=1965 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JCaAAAAIAAJ|language=en|page=111|quote=There are various versions about the wording of swearing, one version being that it was directed against the Portuguese, another that it was directed against Jesuits, yet another that it was directed against the authority of church of Rome}}</ref> Those who were not able to touch the cross tied ropes on the cross, held the rope in their hands and made the oath. Because of the weight it is believed by the followers that the cross bent a little and so it is known as "Oath of the bent cross" (Coonen Kurisu Sathyam). This demanded administrative autonomy for the local church.

A few months, later Archdeacon Thomas was ordained as bishop by twelve priests with the title [[Thoma I]]. At this time, Rome intervened and Carmelite Missionaries were sent to win the Thomas Christians back. Carmelites could convince the majority that the local church needs bishops and the consecration of the Archdeacon Thomas was invalid because the consecration was conducted not by a bishop, but by priests. Many leaders of the community rejoined the missionaries. But in 1663, Dutch conquered Cochin supplanting the Portuguese on the Malabar coast. Portuguese Missionaries had to leave the country and they consecrated [[Palliveettil Chandy]] kathanaar as the bishop for the Catholic Thomas Christians on 1 February 1663. Meanwhile, [[Thoma I]] appealed to several eastern Christian churches for regularising his consecration. The [[Syriac Orthodox]] Patriarch responded and sent metropolitan [[Gregorios Abdul Jaleel]] of [[Syriac Orthodox Archbishop of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]] to India in 1665. He confirmed Thoma I as a bishop and worked together with him to organise the Church. These events led to the gradual and lasting schism among the Saint Thomas Christians of India, leading to the formation of ''Puthenkūr'' (New allegiance) and ''Pazhayakūr'' (Old allegiance) factions.

[[File:Branches & Denominations of Saint Thomas Christians.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|Historic divisions among Saint Thomas Christians]]

The ''Pazhayakūr'' comprise the present day [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]] and [[Chaldean Syrian Church]] which continue to employ the East Syriac Rite.<ref>"Synod of Diamper." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 23 December 2011.</ref><ref>For the Acts and Decrees of the Synod cf. Michael Geddes, "A Short History of the Church of Malabar Together with the Synod of Diamper &c." London, 1694; Repr. in George Menachery, Ed., Indian Church History Classics, Vol.1, Ollur 1998, pp. 33–112.</ref><ref name="ODCC">''Addai and Mari, Liturgy of''. Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. 2005</ref> The ''Puthenkūr'', who entered into a new communion with the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch, an [[Oriental Orthodox]] church, inherited from them the West Syriac Rite, replacing the old East Syriac Rite liturgy. ''Puthenkūr'' is the body from which present day [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]], [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]], [[CSI Syrian Christians]], [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church]], [[St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India]], [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]] and [[Malabar Independent Syrian Church]] originate.<ref>Thomas Joseph, "Malankara Syriac Orthodox Church," in Malankara Syriac Orthodox Church, edited by Sebastian P. Brock, Aaron M. Butts, George A. Kiraz and Lucas Van Rompay, https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Malankara-Syriac-Orthodox-Church {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801114619/https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Malankara-Syriac-Orthodox-Church |date=1 August 2021 }}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasrani.net/2007/02/13/kerala-syrian-christian-the-tomb-of-the-apostle-persian-church-syond-of-diamper-coonan-cross-oath-divisions/|title=Kerala Syrian Christian, Thomas the Apostle in India, the tomb of the Apostles, Persian Church, Syond of Diamper – Coonan Cross Oath, Subsequent divisions and the Nasrani People|date=13 February 2007|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-date=22 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522022802/https://www.nasrani.net/amp/2007/02/13/kerala-syrian-christian-the-tomb-of-the-apostle-persian-church-syond-of-diamper-coonan-cross-oath-divisions/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Sebastian P. Brock, "Thomas Christians," in Thomas Christians, edited by Sebastian P. Brock, Aaron M. Butts, George A. Kiraz and Lucas Van Rompay, https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Thomas-Christians {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307151211/https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Thomas-Christians |date=7 March 2022 }}.</ref>

=== Arrival of Europeans ===
[[File:St Francis Church Fort Kochi DSC 1048.JPG|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Church of Saint Francis, Kochi|St. Francis Church, Kochi]], originally built in 1503, is the first European colonial church built in India. The Portuguese explorer [[Vasco da Gama]] died at [[Cochin]] in 1524 and was originally buried in this church.]]
{{Main|Portuguese discoveries|Latin Church in India|Christianisation of Goa|Portuguese in Goa and Bombay|Primate of the East Indies|Pearl Fishery Coast}}

In 1453, the [[fall of Constantinople]] to the [[Sunni Islam]]ic [[Ottoman Caliphate]] marked the end of the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine (Eastern Roman Empire)]], and severed European trade links by land with Asia. This massive blow to [[Christendom]] spurred the [[Age of Discovery]] as Europeans started seeking alternative routes east by sea along with the goal of forging alliances with pre-existing Christian nations.<ref name="GT-DEX-1453-09">{{cite web|title=Byzantine-Ottoman Wars: Fall of Constantinople and spurring "age of discovery"|url=http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/battleswars14011600/p/Byzantine-Ottoman-Wars-Fall-Of-Constantinople.htm|access-date=18 August 2012|archive-date=4 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604120350/http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/battleswars14011600/p/Byzantine-Ottoman-Wars-Fall-Of-Constantinople.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="GT-DEX-1453-10">{{cite web|title=Overview of Age of Exploration |url=http://www.learnerator.com/ap-european-history/study-center/summaries/age-of-exploration/overview |access-date=18 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709074111/http://www.learnerator.com/ap-european-history/study-center/summaries/age-of-exploration/overview |archive-date=9 July 2012}}</ref> Along with Portuguese long-distance maritime travelers that reached the [[Malabar Coast]] in the late 15th century, came Portuguese missionaries who made contact with the [[Saint Thomas Christians|St Thomas Christians]] in Kerala. These Christians were following [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christian]] practices and under the jurisdiction of [[Church of the East]]. The missionaries sought to introduce the [[Latin liturgical rites]] among them and unify [[Church of the East#India|East Syriac Christians in India]] under the [[Holy See]]. This group, which existed in [[Kerala]] relatively peacefully for more than a millennium, faced considerable persecution from Portuguese evangelists in the 16th century.{{sfn|Brown|1956|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}<ref name="Podipara">Podipara, Placid J. (1970) "The Thomas Christians". London: Darton, Longman and Tidd, 1970. (is a readable and exhaustive study of the St. Thomas Christians.)</ref> This later wave of evangelism spread Catholicism more widely along the [[Konkan]] coast.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://old.mbconf.ca/mb/mbh3509/christin.htm
|title=Christianity in India
|publisher=M.B. Herald, Vol. 35, No. 9
|access-date=13 March 2008 |url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309035010/http://old.mbconf.ca/mb/mbh3509/christin.htm
|archive-date=9 March 2008
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Asia and Western Dominance: A Survey of the Vasco Da Gama Epoch of Asian History, 1498–1945|publisher=The Pacific Historical Review|date=4 November 1954|pages=407–408 |volume=23 |isbn=0-04-950005-8}}</ref>

The South Indian coastal areas around Kanyakumari were known for pearl fisheries ruled by the [[Paravar]]s. From 1527, the Paravars, being threatened by Arab fleets offshore who were supported [[Zamorin]] of Calicut,{{sfn|Hastings|2000|pp=166–168}} sought the protection of the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] who had moved into the area. The protection was granted on the condition that the leaders were immediately baptised as Christians and that they would encourage their people also to convert to Christianity. The Portuguese in turn wanted to gain a strategic foothold and control of the pearl fisheries. The deal was agreed and some months later 20,000 Paravars were baptised en masse, and by 1537 the entire community had declared itself to be Christian. The Portuguese navy destroyed the Arab fleet at [[Vedalai]] on 27 June 1538.{{sfn|Frykenberg|2008|pp=137–138}}{{sfn|Hastings|2000|pp=166–168}}

[[St Francis Xavier|Francis Xavier]], a Jesuit, began a mission to the lower classes of Tamil society in 1542.{{sfn|Frykenberg|2008|p=139}} A further 30,000 Paravars were baptised. Xavier appointed catechists in the Paravar villages up and down the {{convert|100|miles|km}} coastline to spread and reinforce his teachings.{{sfn|Schurhammer|Costelloe|1980|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Paravar Christianity, with its own identity based on a mixture of Christian religious belief and Hindu caste culture, remains a defining part of the Paravar life today.{{sfn|Hastings|2000|pp=166–168}}{{sfn|Bayly|1989|p=326}}
[[File:Luso Tamil Catechism Lisbon 1554.JPG|thumb|right |Portuguese-Tamil Primer (1554). One of the earliest known Christian books in an Indian language]]

In the 16th century, the proselytisation of Asia was linked to the [[Portugal#Religion|Portuguese colonial policy]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Kenneth Scott |last=Latourette |title=A history of expansion of Christianity. Vol. 3. Three centuries of advance: AD 1500-AD 1800 |year=1939 |pages=247–284}}</ref> Missionaries of the different orders including [[Franciscan]]s, [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]], [[Jesuit]]s, [[Augustinians|Augustinian]]s arrived with the Portuguese colonisers. The history of Portuguese missionaries in India starts with the Portuguese clergy who reached [[Kappad]] near Kozhikode on 20 May 1498, along with the Portuguese explorer [[Vasco da Gama]] who was seeking to form anti-Islamic alliances with pre-existing Christian nations.<ref>Britannica CD 97, S.V "Gama, Vasco da "</ref><ref name="BBC">{{cite news |title=Factfile: Roman Catholics around the world |work=BBC News |date=29 January 2012 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4243727.stm|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129161033/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4243727.stm |archive-date=29 January 2012 }}</ref> The lucrative spice trade was further temptation for the Portuguese crown.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lib.umich.edu/area/sasia/dagama.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016043044/http://www.lib.umich.edu/area/sasia/dagama.htm|url-status=dead|title=Vasco da Gama collection |website=University of Michigan Library |archive-date=16 October 2007}}</ref> When he and the Portuguese missionaries arrived, they found Christians in the country in Malabar known as St. Thomas Christians who belonged to the then-largest Christian church within India.<ref name="BBC" /> The Christians were friendly to Portuguese missionaries at first; there was an exchange of gifts between them, and these groups were delighted at their common faith.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mundadan |first=Mathias|author-link=Mathias Mundadan|title=The Arrival of the Portuguese in India and the Thomas Christians Under Mar Jacob, 1498–1552|year=1967|series=Dharmārām studies|volume=2 |location=Bangalore |publisher=Dharmaram College |oclc=554054 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UqEhAAAAMAAJ}}{{page needed|date=August 2024}}</ref>

[[File:Jesuits at Akbar's court.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|[[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Akbar the Great]] holds a religious assembly in the Ibadat Khana; the two men dressed in black are [[Jesuit]] missionaries, c. 1605.]]

During the second expedition, the Portuguese fleet comprising 13 ships and 18 priests, under Captain [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]], anchored at Cochin on 26 November 1500. Cabral soon won the goodwill of the [[Kingdom of Cochin|Raja of Cochin]]. He allowed four priests to do apostolic work among the early Christian communities scattered in and around Cochin. Thus Portuguese missionaries established Portuguese Mission in 1500. Dom [[Francisco de Almeida]], the first Portuguese Viceroy got permission from the Kochi Raja to build two churches – namely [[Santa Cruz Basilica]] (1505) and [[St. Francis Church, Kochi|St. Francis Church]] (1506) using stones and mortar, which was unheard of at that time, as the local prejudices were against such a structure for any purpose other than a royal palace or a temple.<ref name="Paul">{{cite journal |title=Flight of the Deities: Hindu Resistance in Portuguese Goa |last1=Axelrod |first1=Paul |last2=Fuerch |first2=Michelle A. |journal=Modern Asian Studies |date=1996 |pages=387–421 |volume=30 |issue=2 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00016516 |jstor=313013 |s2cid=145210059 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/313013 |url-access=subscription |access-date=9 September 2017 |archive-date=20 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820230125/https://www.jstor.org/stable/313013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In the beginning of the 16th century, the whole of the east was under the jurisdiction of the [[Archdiocese of Lisbon]]. On 12 June 1514, Cochin and Goa became two prominent mission stations under the newly created [[Diocese of Funchal]] in [[Madeira]]. In 1534, [[Pope Paul III]] by the Bull Quequem Reputamus, raised Funchal as an [[archdiocese]] and [[Archdiocese of Goa|Goa]] as its [[suffragan]], deputing the whole of India under the [[diocese of Goa]]. This created an [[episcopal see]] – [[suffragan]] to [[Diocese of Funchal|Funchal]], with a jurisdiction extending potentially over all past and future conquests from the [[Cape of Good Hope]] to China.

The first converts to Christianity in Goa were native Goan women who married Portuguese men that arrived with [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] during the [[Portuguese conquest of Goa]] in 1510.<ref>{{cite book
|first=Roger
|last=Crowley
|year=2015
|title=Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire
|publisher=Faber & Faber
|location=London}}</ref> Due to the [[Christianisation of Goa]], over 90% of the [[Goans]] in the [[Velhas Conquistas]] became Catholic by the 1700s.<ref>{{cite book|author=Teotonio R. de Souza |title=Goa Through the Ages: An economic history|year=1990 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-259-0|pages=56}}</ref>
[[File:Codice Casanatense Portuguese Nobleman and Christian Indian.jpg|thumb|Christian maidens of Goa meeting a Portuguese nobleman seeking a wife, from the [[Códice Casanatense]] (c. 1540)]]

The Portuguese government supported the missionaries. At the same time many [[New Christian]]s from Portugal emigrated to India as a result of the [[Portuguese Inquisition]]. Many of them were suspected of being [[Crypto-Jew]]s and [[Crypto-Islam|Crypto-Muslim]]s, converted Jews and Muslims who were secretly practising their old religions. Both were considered a threat to the solidarity of Christian belief.<ref name="Paul"/> According to [[Maria Aurora Couto]], [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] missionary [[Francis Xavier]] requested the installation of the [[Goa Inquisition]] in a letter dated 16 May 1546 to [[King John III of Portugal]], but the tribunal commenced only in 1560.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Couto|first=Maria Aurora|title=Goa|publisher=Penguin Books|pages=109–121, 128–131}}</ref> The Inquisition office persecuted [[Hindu]]s, [[Muslim]]s, [[Bene Israel]]s, [[New Christian]]s and the [[Judaizing|Judaising]] [[Nasranis]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Glen|first=Ames|title=Portugal and its empire, 1250–1800|publisher=Trent University Press|pages=12–15}}</ref> [[Crypto-Hinduism|Crypto-Hindus]] were the primary target of the 250 years of persecution and punishment for their faith by the Catholic prosecutors.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Saraiva|first=Antony Jose|title=The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians 1536–1765|year=2001|url=https://archive.org/details/marranofactorypo00sari|url-access=limited|publisher=BRILL Academic.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/marranofactorypo00sari/page/n408 352]–357|isbn=9789004120808}}</ref> Most affected were the [[Shudras]] (12.5%) and farmers (35.5%).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Saraiva|first=Antonio Jose|title=The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians 1536–1765|year=2001|url=https://archive.org/details/marranofactorypo00sari|url-access=limited |publisher=BRILL|pages=[https://archive.org/details/marranofactorypo00sari/page/n460 409]|isbn=9789004120808}}</ref>

In 1557, [[Diocese of Goa|Goa]] was made an independent archbishopric, and its first suffragan sees were erected at [[Diocese of Cochin|Cochin]] and [[Diocese of Malacca|Malacca]]. The whole of the East came under the jurisdiction of [[Archdiocese of Goa|Goa]] and its boundaries extended to almost half of the world: from the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa, to Burma, China and Japan in East Asia. In 1576, the suffragan See of Macao (China) was added; and in 1588, that of Funai in Japan.

The [[Diocese of Angamaly]] was transferred to Diocese of Craganore in 1605, while, in 1606 a sixth suffragan see to Goa was established at San Thome, Mylapore, near the modern Madras, and the site of the National Shrine of [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas]] Basilica. The suffragan sees added later to Goa. were the prelacy of Mozambique (1612), Peking (1609) and Nanking (1609) in China.

A significant portion of the crew on Portuguese ships were Indian Christians.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Interracial Intimacy in Japan|first=Gary P. |last=Leupp|publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group]]|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8264-6074-5|page=35}}</ref>

The [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] were however unable to establish their presence in Mangalore as a result of the conquests of the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] ruler [[Krishnadevaraya]] and [[Abbakka Rani]] of [[Ullal]], the Bednore Queen of Mangalore. Most of [[Mangalorean Catholics]] were not originally from [[Mangalore]] but from [[Goa]], which they fled during the [[Sackings of Goa and Bombay-Bassein]] and to escape the persecution of the [[Goan Inquisition]].

The [[Franciscans]] spearheaded the [[evangelisation]] of the "Province of the North" ({{Lang|pt|Província do Norte}}){{sfn|Machado|1999|p=104}} headquartered at [[Fort San Sebastian of Bassein]] (close to present day [[Mumbai]]), but the fort's officials were subordinate to the viceroy in the capital of [[Velha Goa]]. From 1534 to 1552, a priest by the name António do Porto converted over 10,000 people, built a dozen churches, convents, and a number of orphanages hospitals and seminaries. Prominent among the converts were two yogis from the [[Kanheri Caves]] who became known as Paulo Raposo and Francisco de Santa Maria. They introduced Christianity to their fellow yogis, converting many in the process.{{sfn|Machado|1999|p=104}} The descendants of these Christians are today known as the [[Bombay East Indian]] Christians who are predominantly Roman Catholics and inhabitants of the north Konkan region.

In [[Portuguese Bombay and Bassein]] missionary work progressed on a large scale and with great success along the western coasts, chiefly at Chaul, Bombay, Salsette, Bassein, Damao, and Diu; and on the eastern coasts at San Thome of Mylapore, and as far as Bengal etc. In the southern districts the Jesuit mission in Madura was the most famous. It extended to the Krishna river, with a number of outlying stations beyond it. The mission of Cochin, on the Malabar Coast, was also one of the most fruitful. Several missions were also established in the interior northwards that of Agra and Lahore in 1570 and that of Tibet in 1624. Still, even with these efforts, and many vast tracts of the interior northwards were practically unreached.

With the decline of the Portuguese power, other colonial powers namely the Dutch and British gained influence, paving the way for the arrival of Protestantism.

=== Arrival of Protestant missions ===
[[File:Danish Church, Tranquebar.jpg|thumb|[[New Jerusalem Church, Tranquebar]], built in 1718, is one of the oldest Protestant churches in India.]]
Beginning in about 1700, Protestant missionaries began working throughout India; this led to the establishment of different Christian communities across the Indian Subcontinent.

====German Lutherans and Basel mission====
The first Protestant missionaries to set foot in India were two [[Lutherans]] from Germany, [[Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg|Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg]] and [[Heinrich Plütschau]], who began work in 1705 in the Danish settlement of Tranquebar.<ref name="auto1">The Legacy that Ziegenbalg Left (by). S. Muthiah (The Hindu http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2006/07/02/stories/2006070200200500.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407202513/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2006/07/02/stories/2006070200200500.htm |date=7 April 2008 }})</ref> They translated the Bible into the local [[Tamil language]], and afterwards into [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]. They made little progress at first, but gradually the mission spread to [[Madras]], [[Cuddalore]] and [[Tanjore]].<ref name="auto1"/> The ''Bishop of Tranquebar'' is still the official title of the bishop of the [[Tamil Evangelical Lutheran Church]] in Tamil Nadu which was founded in 1919 as a result of the German Lutheran Leipzig Mission and [[Church of Sweden]] Mission, the successors of [[Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg|Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg]] and [[Heinrich Plütschau]]. The seat of the bishop, the cathedral and its church house, ''the Tranquebar House'' are in [[Tiruchirappalli]].

German missionary [[Johann Phillip Fabricius]], who arrived in South India in 1740, published the first Tamil to English dictionary and refined the Tamil Bible translation.<ref name=fryk>{{cite journal|title=The Legacy of Christian Friedrich Schwartz |author=Frykenberg, R.E. |journal=International Bulletin of Missionary Research|pages=130–135|year=1999|volume=23|issue=3 |s2cid=149285695 |doi=10.1177/239693939902300307 |url=http://www.internationalbulletin.org/issues/1999-03/1999-03-130-frykenberg.pdf|access-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223074422/http://www.internationalbulletin.org/issues/1999-03/1999-03-130-frykenberg.pdf|archive-date=23 February 2022|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

[[Christian Friedrich Schwarz]] was a prominent German Lutheran missionary who arrived in India in 1750. His mission was instrumental in the conversion of many people from [[Tamil Nadu]] to Lutheranism. He died in Tamil Nadu and was buried in St.Peter's Church at Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu.<ref name=fryk/><ref>{{cite book|title=The life of Christian F. Swartz: Missionary at Travancore. A.D. 1750–1798|year=1855| publisher=Seeley, Jackon, Halliday and B. Seeley |place=London|author=Pearson, H.N.}}</ref><ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Schwarz, Christian Friedrich|volume=24|page=389}}</ref>

[[Hermann Gundert]] a German missionary, scholar, and linguist, as well as the maternal grandfather of German novelist and Nobel laureate [[Hermann Hesse]] was a missionary in the [[South India]]n state of [[Kerala]] and was instrumental in compiling a Malayalam grammar book, Malayalabhaasha Vyakaranam (1859), in which he developed and constructed the grammar currently spoken by the [[Malayalis]], published a Malayalam-English dictionary (1872), and contributed to work on [[Bible translations into Malayalam]].<ref>[http://www.pressacademy.org/content/herman-gundert Herman Gundert | Kerala Press Academy] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514003031/http://pressacademy.org/content/herman-gundert |date=14 May 2013 }}. Pressacademy.org. Retrieved 28 July 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TDCKdPpbFPAC |title=Land and people of Indian states and union territories |page=289 |quote=This Bungalow in Tellicherry ... was the residence of Dr. Herman Gundert. He lived here for 20 years. |author=S. C. Bhatt and Gopal K. Bhargava |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-370-8 |year=2005 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527102140/https://books.google.com/books?id=TDCKdPpbFPAC |archive-date=27 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Eugen Liebendörfer]] was the first German missionary doctor in India as part of the [[Basel Mission]]. He built hospitals in Kerala and [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Veena |first=Maben |date=31 December 2012 |title=Missionary Narratives – Chapter 6: Healing Bodies and Saving Souls: The Medical Mission |chapter=6 |pages=188–240 |hdl=10603/132374 |chapter-url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/132374 |access-date=26 May 2022 |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423141047/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/132374|url-status=live}}</ref>

Another Basel Missionary [[Ferdinand Kittel]] worked in South Indian state of Karnataka in places such as Mangalore, Madikeri and Dharwad in Karnataka. He is renowned for his studies of the Kannada language and for producing a Kannada-English dictionary of about 70,000 words in 1894. He also composed numerous Kannada poems.<ref name="Manjulakshi">{{cite journal| last=Manjulakshi| first=L.| author2=Shripad Bhat| title=Kannada Dialect Dictionaries and Dictionaries in Subregional Languages of Karnataka| journal=Language in India| volume=5| date=9 September 2005| url=http://www.languageinindia.com/sep2005/kannadadictionary1.html |access-date=2007-09-27| archive-date=17 February 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217132327/http://www.languageinindia.com/sep2005/kannadadictionary1.html| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Rizvi|first1=Aliyeh|date=9 August 2015 |title=Resident Rendezvoyeur: Against all odds |agency=Bangalore Mirror Bureau|work=Bangalore Mirror |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/columns/others/Resident-Rendezvoyeur-Against-all-odds/articleshow/48414461.cms|access-date=12 August 2015|archive-date=6 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706115817/http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/columns/others/Resident-Rendezvoyeur-Against-all-odds/articleshow/48414461.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Journal of the Karnatak University: Humanities: Volume 19 Karnatak University – 1975 "He was also involved in the work of the revision of the Kannada Bible. But his magnum opus was the school dictionary English- Kannada Shala Nighantu, which saw the light of the day in 1876. Though [[William Reeve (missionary)]] compiled and published ..."</ref>

[[Hermann Mögling]] was a German missionary to Karnataka, he is credited as the publisher of the first ever newspaper in the Kannada language called as [[Mangalooru Samachara]] in 1843.<ref>{{cite news|title=Miscellany – Early years of Kannada journalism |work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=28 July 2015 |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/491818/miscellany-early-years-kannada-journalism.html|access-date=22 November 2016 |archive-date=8 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508163047/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/491818/miscellany-early-years-kannada-journalism.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was awarded a doctorate for his literary work in Kannada called as Bibliotheca Carnataca. He also translated Kannada literature into German.

Another Lutheran German missionary to Kerala was [[Volbrecht Nagel]], he was a missionary to the Malabar coast of India. Initially associated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church, he later joined the [[Open Brethren]], and is remembered now as a pioneer of the [[Kerala Brethren]] movement.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Story of Volbrecht Nagel |url=https://revisitingthepast.wordpress.com/2010/07/24/the-story-of-volbrecht-nagel/ |date=24 July 2010 |access-date=22 May 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220929200346/https://revisitingthepast.wordpress.com/2010/07/24/the-story-of-volbrecht-nagel/}}</ref>

====William Carey and the Baptists====
[[File:William Carey.jpg|upright=0.8|thumb|right|William Carey, 1761–1834]]
In 1793, [[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]], an English [[Baptist]] Minister, came to India as a missionary but also as a man of learning in economics, medicine and [[botany]].<ref>Vishal Mangalwadi and Ruth Mangalwadi, ''The Legacy of William Carey: A Model for the Transformation of a Culture'' (1999) [https://www.amazon.com/Legacy-William-Carey-Transformation-Culture/dp/1581341121/ excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123084644/https://www.amazon.com/Legacy-William-Carey-Transformation-Culture/dp/1581341121 |date=23 January 2017 }}</ref> He worked in [[Serampore]], Calcutta, and other places. He translated the Bible into Bengali, Sanskrit, and numerous other languages and dialects. He worked in India despite the hostility of the British East India Company until his death in 1834. Carey and his colleagues, Joshua Marshman and William Ward, blended science, Christianity, and constructive Orientalism in their work at the Danish settlement of Serampore, near Calcutta. Carey saw the dissemination of European science and Christianity as mutually supportive and equally important civilising missions. He also supported a revival of Sanskrit science. Carey played a key role in the establishment of the Agricultural Society of India. Ward, beginning in 1806, published important commentaries on ancient Hindu medical and astronomy texts. In 1818, Carey and his fellow missionaries founded [[Serampore College]] to nurture a uniquely Indian variety of European science.<ref>[[Sujit Sivasundaram]], "'A Christian Benares' Orientalism, science and the Serampore Mission of Bengal." ''Indian Economic & Social History Review'' 44.2 (2007): 111–145. [http://www.wmcarey.edu/carey/electronic-books/sivasundarum/christian-benares.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122233110/http://www.wmcarey.edu/carey/electronic-books/sivasundarum/christian-benares.pdf |date=22 January 2017 }}</ref>
[[File:Serampore College - Hooghly 2017-07-06 0840-0860.tif|thumb |upright=1.35|right|Established in 1818, [[Serampore College]] is one of the oldest continuously operating educational institutions in India.]]

====Other missions====
[[File:Christian Mission Stations of the Indian Empire.jpg|thumb|Christian Mission Stations of the Indian Empire, 1893]]
The [[London Missionary Society]] was the first Protestant mission in [[Andhra Pradesh]] which established its station at [[Visakhapatnam]] in 1805.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Canadian+Baptist+mission+work+among+women+in+Andhra,+India,...-a0146344617|title=Canadian Baptist mission work among women in Andhra, India, 1874–1924: Baptist women evolved a role for themselves in an otherwise male-dominated mission enterprise and a patriarchal Telugu society.|access-date=5 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402154405/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Canadian+Baptist+mission+work+among+women+in+Andhra,+India,...-a0146344617|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Anthony Norris Groves]], a [[Plymouth Brethren]] missionary arrived in 1833. He worked in the [[Godavari River|Godavari]] delta area until his death in 1852. [[John Christian Frederick Heyer]] was the first Lutheran missionary in the region of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He founded the Guntur Mission in 1842. Supported initially by the Pennsylvania Ministerium, and later by the Foreign Mission Board of the General Synod, Heyer was also encouraged and assisted by British government officials. He established a number of hospitals and a network of schools throughout the Guntur region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bio/14.html|title=John C F Heyer, Missionary|access-date=5 March 2015|archive-date=4 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004152036/http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bio/14.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Church Mission Society|Church Missionary Society]] (CMS), a mission society working with the [[Anglican Communion]],<ref name="CMS-RK">{{cite web| last =Keen| first =Rosemary| work =Adam Matthew Publications| title =Church Missionary Society Archive| url =http://www.ampltd.co.uk/digital_guides/church_missionary_society_archive_general/editorial%20introduction%20by%20rosemary%20keen.aspx| access-date =29 January 2017| archive-date =20 January 2022| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20220120160137/http://www.ampltd.co.uk/digital_guides/church_missionary_society_archive_general/editorial%20introduction%20by%20rosemary%20keen.aspx| url-status =live}}</ref> began sending missionaries to India and established mission stations at [[Chennai]] (Madras) and [[Bengal]], then in 1816 at [[Travancore]].<ref name="CMSatlasHind">{{cite web|title= The Church Missionary Atlas (India)|pages= 95–156|year= 1896|url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Atlas_01|access-date= 19 October 2015|publisher= [[Adam Matthew Digital]]|url-access= subscription|archive-date= 18 October 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201018082206/https://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Atlas_01|url-status= live}}</ref> The [[Church Missionary Society in India|CMS Mission to India]] expanded in the following years. The successors of the Protestant church missions are the [[Church of South India]] and the [[Church of North India]].<ref name="CMS-RK"/>

[[Marathi Christians]] can be found in the areas of [[Ahmednagar]], [[Solapur]], [[Pune|Poona]], and [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]. They were converted through the efforts of the [[American Missionary Association|American Marathi Mission]], [[United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel|The SPG Mission]], and the [[Church Mission Society]] of [[Church of England]] in the early 18th century. British missionary [[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]] was instrumental in translating the Bible into the [[Marathi language]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/april2001/carey.html|title=William Carey|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207034641/http://languageinindia.com/april2001/carey.html|archive-date=7 December 2010}}</ref>

During the [[Bettiah Raj]] of Bihar, the ethnoreligious community of [[Bettiah Christians]] was established in India in the 17th century by Christian missionaries belonging to the [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin]], a Roman Catholic [[religious order]].<ref name="John2000">{{cite book |last1=John |first1=Jose Kalapura |title=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Vol. 61 |date=2000 |publisher=Indian History Congress |pages=1011–1022 |language=en}}</ref> The Capuchins were personally invited to establish the Bettiah Christian Mission by Maharaja Dhurup Singh after the Italian Capuchin priest Joseph Mary Bernini treated his ill wife. [[Pope Benedict XIV]], on 1 May 1742, approved the appointment of the Capuchins at the Bettiah Fort in a letter to Maharaja Dhurup Singh.<ref name="UCA2020">{{cite web |title=Diocese of Bettiah |url=https://www.ucanews.com/directory/dioceses/india-bettiah/50 |publisher=[[Union of Catholic Asian News]] |access-date=15 November 2020 |language=en |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116143141/https://www.ucanews.com/directory/dioceses/india-bettiah/50 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Many upper-class Bengalis converted to Christianity during the [[Bengali Renaissance]] under [[British Rule of India|British Rule]], including [[Krishna Mohan Banerjee]], [[Michael Madhusudan Dutt]], [[Anil Kumar Gain]], and Gnanendramohan Tagore, [[Aurobindo Nath Mukherjee]].<ref>Marina Ngursangzeli Behera, "William Carey and the British East India Company" ''American Baptist Quarterly'' (Winter 2010) 29.1–2 (2010): 6–18.</ref>

During the 19th century, several American Baptist missionaries evangelised in the northeastern parts of India. In 1876, Dr. E. W. Clark first went to live in a [[Naga people|Naga]] village, four years after his Assamese helper, Godhula, baptised the first [[Naga people|Naga]] converts. Rev. and Mrs. A.F. Merrill arrived in India in 1928 and worked in the southeast section of the [[Garo Hills]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Old Fulton NY Post Cards By Tom Tryniski |url=https://fultonhistory.com/newspaper%2010/Carmel%20NY%20Putnam%20Country%20Courier/Carmel%20NY%20Putnam%20Country%20Courier%201931%20Grayscale/Carmel%20NY%20Putnam%20Country%20Courier%201931%20Grayscale%20-%200127.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=5 March 2022 |website=fultonhistory.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229135408/http://fultonhistory.com/newspaper%2010/Carmel%20NY%20Putnam%20Country%20Courier/Carmel%20NY%20Putnam%20Country%20Courier%201931%20Grayscale/Carmel%20NY%20Putnam%20Country%20Courier%201931%20Grayscale%20-%200127.pdf |archive-date=29 February 2012 }}</ref> Rev. and Mrs. M.J. Chance spent most of the years between 1950 and 1956 at Golaghat working with the Naga and Garo tribes.<ref>American Baptist Foreign Mission Society, ''Tour of Assam'', 1960</ref> Even today, the heaviest concentrations of Christians in India continue to be in the Northeast among the [[Naga people|Nagas]], [[Khasi people|Khasis]], [[Kuki people|Kukis]], and [[Mizo people|Mizos]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Census of India: Religion|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/religion.aspx|work=2001 Census of India|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of india|access-date=4 November 2013|archive-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315004939/http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/religion.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Role in the Indian independence movement===
Indian Christians were involved even at early stages of the nationalist movement in colonial India, both in the [[Indian National Congress]] and the wider [[Indian independence movement]]:{{sfn|Oddie|2001|pp=357, 361–363, 365}}

Indian Christian involvement in the early stages of the nationalist movement is also reflected in the high levels of participation in the activities of the Indian National Congress. During the period from its inception up until about 1892 all the evidence suggests that Indian Christians enthusiastically supported the National Congress and attended its annual meetings. For example, according to the official Congress report, there were 607 registered delegates at the Madras meeting of 1887; thirty-five were Christians and, of these, seven were Eurasians and fifteen were Indian Christians. Indian Christians alone made up 2.5 per cent of the total attendance, in spite of the fact that Christians accounted for less than 0.79 per cent of the population. The Indian Christian community was also well represented at the next four sessions of the Congress. The proportion of Indian Christian delegates remained very much higher than their proportion in the population, in spite of the fact that meetings were sometimes held in cities such as Allahabad and Nagpur, far removed from the main centres of Christian population.{{sfn|Oddie|2001|pp=357, 361–363, 365}}

The [[All India Conference of Indian Christians]] (AICIC) played an important role in the Indian independence movement, advocating for [[swaraj]] and [[opposition to the partition of India|opposing the partition of India]].{{sfn|Thomas|1974|pp=106–110}} The AICIC also was opposed to separate electorates for Christians, believing that the faithful "should participate as common citizens in one common, national political system".{{sfn|Oddie|2001|pp=357, 361–363, 365}}{{sfn|Thomas|1974|pp=106–110}} The All India Conference of Indian Christians and the [[All India Catholic Union]] formed a working committee with M. Rahnasamy of [[Andhra University]] serving as president and B.L. Rallia Ram of [[Lahore]] serving as general secretary; in its meeting on 16 April 1947 and 17 April 1947, the joint committee prepared a 13-point memorandum that was sent to the [[Constituent Assembly of India]], which asked for [[religious freedom]] for both organisations and individuals; this came to be reflected in the [[Constitution of India]].{{sfn|Thomas|1974|pp=106–110}}

== Art and architecture ==
[[File:Thomasreliquiar Kondungallur.jpg|thumb|Reliquary of St Thomas the Apostle, kept at [[Kodungallur (Cranganore)]] church, Kerala]]
{{Main|List of cathedrals in India}}

There are a large number of items of artistic and architectural significance in the religious and domestic life of Indian Christians.<ref name="scribd.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/7697242/Art-Architecture-India-Christian-Kerala-Syrian-Christianity|title=Art Architecture India Christian Kerala Syrian Christianity|access-date=5 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402233842/https://www.scribd.com/doc/7697242/Art-Architecture-India-Christian-Kerala-Syrian-Christianity|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Altar]]s, [[statue]]s, [[pulpit]]s, [[Christian cross|crosses]], [[Church bell|bells]] and [[Bell tower|belfries]] of churches along with other household items are among the many things that form part of the [[sacred art]] of the Indian Christians.<ref name="scribd.com" />

The following artistic elements predate European Christianity and form an integral part of the religious art and architecture of the [[Saint Thomas Christians]]:
* The open-air granite (rock) cross called the Nasrani Sthamba
* ''Kodimaram'' (''Dwajasthamba'') or flag-staff made of [[Kerala]]'s famed teak wood and often enclosed in copper hoses or paras
* The rock ''Deepasthamba'' or lampstand.<ref name="scribd.com" />

After the arrival of [[Vasco da Gama]] and more especially after the commencement of Portuguese rule in India, distinct patterns of Christian art developed within the areas of Portuguese influence, mostly along the coasts of the peninsula. The Portuguese commissioned monumental buildings and promoted architecture more than any other form of fine art. [[St. Francis Church, Kochi]] is the first European place of worship in India and incidentally also the place where Vasco da Gama was first buried. The Christian art of Goa reached its climax in church building, laying the foundations of Indian Baroque.<ref name="scribd.com" />

Indian Christian architecture during the [[British Raj]] has expanded into several different styles as a result of extensive church building in different parts of the country. The style that was most patronised is generally referred to as the [[British Regency]] style followed by [[Gothic Revival architecture|Neo-Gothic]] and [[Gothic Revival architecture]].{{sfn|Singh et al|2007|p=69}} Most Protestant cathedrals and churches in India conform to the Neo-Gothic and Gothic Revival architecture styles. The adaptation of European architectural elements to the tropical climate in India has resulted in the creation of the [[Indo-Saracenic architecture|Indo-Gothic]] style.{{sfn|Das|2014|p=98}} [[St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata]], is a typical example of this style. [[St. Mary's Church, Chennai]], the first Anglican church built east of the [[Suez]], is one of the first examples of British colonial architecture in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaihub.com/monuments-in-chennai.html|access-date=22 July 2010|title=Monuments in Chennai, Monuments of Chennai India, Monuments Tour in Chennai, Chennai Monuments Tours, Travel to Chennai Monuments, Chennai Monuments Holidays|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507094327/http://www.chennaihub.com/monuments-in-chennai.html|archive-date=7 May 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> French and [[Danish people|Danish]] influences on Christian art and architecture in India can be seen in their respective colonies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.travelpod.com/travel-photo/gemmakonrad/gemma_travels/1146091500/p1010697.jpg/tpod.html |title=Gemmakonrad's Travel Blog: Mamallapuram, India – April 25, 2006|work=TravelPod|access-date=5 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410170752/http://www.travelpod.com/travel-photo/gemmakonrad/gemma_travels/1146091500/p1010697.jpg/tpod.html |archive-date=10 April 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Manarcad Marthamariam Cathedral DSW.jpg|[[Manarcad Church]] is one of the oldest churches as well as a popular pilgrim site in India.
File:AloysiusChapel.jpg|Interior of the [[St. Aloysius Chapel]] in [[Mangalore]], an example of Indo-Baroque
File:Cathedral Church of the Redemption.jpg|Interior of the [[Cathedral Church of the Redemption|CNI Cathedral Church of Redemption]], New Delhi, a fine example of the [[Indo-Saracenic architecture]]al style
File:Se’ Cathedral, Goa.jpg|Built in 1562, [[Se Cathedral]] is an example of the Portuguese-Manueline style of architecture.{{sfn|Issar|1997|p=27}}{{sfn|Pereira|2000|p=190}}
File:St Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata.jpg|[[St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata|St. Paul's CNI Cathedral, Calcutta]] is one of the finest examples of [[Gothic Revival architecture]] in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=The story of the fifth Bishop of Calcutta |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/heritage/the-story-of-the-fifth-bishop-of-calcutta/cid/1689553 |website=The Telegraph |location=Kolkota |language=en |access-date=4 June 2020 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925143016/https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/heritage/the-story-of-the-fifth-bishop-of-calcutta/cid/1689553 |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:Infant Jesus Cathedral Kollam, Mar 2016.jpg|[[Infant Jesus Cathedral]] in [[Kollam]] city is an example of modern church architecture in India.
File:St. Marks Cathedral, Bangalore. (Old Postcard Re-print), India Post (2014).jpg|[[St. Mark's Cathedral, Bangalore]] is an example of the [[English Baroque]] style in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Philately Digest : News : April 2014 |url=http://www.indianphilately.net/news0414.html |work=India Post |access-date=4 June 2020 |archive-date=4 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604101028/http://www.indianphilately.net/news0414.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=200 years of Bangalore's oldest Christian landmark |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/web-exclusive/story/200-years-of-bangalores-oldest-christian-landmark-36864-2009-01-09 |website=India Today |date=9 January 2009 |language=en |access-date=4 June 2020 |archive-date=13 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413113345/https://www.indiatoday.in/web-exclusive/story/200-years-of-bangalores-oldest-christian-landmark-36864-2009-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:George'sCathedral.jpg|[[St. George's Cathedral, Chennai|Church of South India Cathedral of St. George, Chennai]] is an example of the [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] style.<ref>{{cite web |title=200 Years of the Iconic St George's Cathedral in Chennai |url=https://www.ndtv.com/chennai-news/200-years-of-the-iconic-st-georges-cathedral-in-chennai-1264204 |website=NDTV.com |access-date=4 June 2020 |archive-date=4 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604100842/https://www.ndtv.com/chennai-news/200-years-of-the-iconic-st-georges-cathedral-in-chennai-1264204 |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:Medak Cathedral (1).jpg|The [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] style [[Medak Cathedral]] is one of the largest churches in Asia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Medak Cathedral Church {{!}} District Medak, Government of Telangana {{!}} India |url=https://medak.telangana.gov.in/tourist-place/medak-cathedral-church/ |publisher=Govt. of Telangana|access-date=4 June 2020 |archive-date=4 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604101030/https://medak.telangana.gov.in/tourist-place/medak-cathedral-church/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:All Saints Cathedral, Allahabad in the night.jpg|The [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] style [[All Saints Cathedral, Allahabad]] illuminated at night<ref>{{cite web |title=All About All Saint's Cathedral |url=http://allahabad.gov.in/en/details/all-saint%E2%80%99s-cathedral/310030003500 |website=allahabad.gov.in |publisher=Official website of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India |access-date=4 June 2020 |archive-date=6 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506023341/http://allahabad.gov.in/en/details/all-saint%E2%80%99s-cathedral/310030003500 |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:Afghan Church - Doorway.jpg|Buff-coloured [[basalt]] and [[limestone]] doorway to the [[Afghan Church|CNI Afghan Church]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Afghan church gets a glass makeover |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/afghan-church-gets-a-glass-makeover/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=5 July 2004 |access-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423015136/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/afghan-church-gets-a-glass-makeover/ |archive-date=23 April 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:A traditional Malankara Church - Vadayaparambu Mar Bahanas Church.jpg|Vadayaparambu Mar Bahanans Church, built in the traditional style of the Malankara Orthodox Church
File:St. James Church 9.jpg| [[St. James' Church, Delhi]], built on a [[Greek cross|Greek]] [[cruciform]] plan, is an example of the [[Renaissance Revival]] style in India.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kapoor |first1=Cheena |date=8 March 2017 |title=St James, Delhi's oldest church set to get a facelift |website=DNA India |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/delhi/report-st-james-delhi-s-oldest-church-set-to-get-a-facelift-2345902 |language=en |access-date=23 April 2021 |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423015127/https://www.dnaindia.com/delhi/report-st-james-delhi-s-oldest-church-set-to-get-a-facelift-2345902 |url-status=live }}</ref>
</gallery>

Kerala Christians have a unique tradition of photographing funerals.<ref name="photo">{{Cite news |publisher=[[BBC]] |work=[[BBC News]] |date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-27 |language=en-GB |title=The photo tradition at Christian funerals in Kerala |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65023059 |first=Meryl |last=Sebastian |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327092114/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65023059 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Culture ==
[[File:Knajewfood.jpg|thumb|right|Pesaha Appam is an unleavened Passover bread made by the Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala to be served on Passover night.]]
[[File:Goan Ros Ceremony.jpg|thumb|Traditional pre-wedding [[Goan Catholic]] Ros ceremony]]
While Christians in India do not share one common culture, their cultures for the most part tend to be a blend of Indian, Syrian and European cultures. Indian Christian culture varies depending on ethnicity or the [[first language]] and as it differs from one [[regions of India|region to another]]. Cultural customs and values also differ among Indian Christians based on the prevailing [[Ritual family|liturgical rite]] and the extent of time for which Christianity has existed in those regions. The ancient [[Saint Thomas Christians]] of [[Kerala]] have a distinctively different culture when compared to Christians in other parts of the country.<ref name="malayalamresourcecentre.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.malayalamresourcecentre.org/Mrc/culture/cultureofkerala/christians.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616000436/http://www.malayalamresourcecentre.org/Mrc/culture/cultureofkerala/christians.html |archive-date=16 June 2013 |title=The Culture of Kerala}}</ref> Historical ties with the [[Church of the East]] and assimilation of Indian culture have contributed to the development of a unique subculture among Syrian Christians or Nasranis of Kerala.<ref name="malayalamresourcecentre.org" /> The use of ornamental umbrellas for Christian religious festivities illustrates an example of the indigenous character of Kerala's Syriac Christianity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianchristianity.com/|title=Welcome to Indian Christianity |access-date=5 March 2015|archive-date=6 October 1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991006195756/http://www.indianchristianity.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> The ''[[Malankara Nasrani]]s'' (Thomasine Christians) have a unique Syro-[[Malyali|Malabarese]] culture which includes [[Christianised]] Jewish elements, along with Hindu influences.

As a result of the [[Christianisation of Goa]] by the Portuguese in the 16th century AD, [[Goan Catholics]] have adopted a more Western culture.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PcD7p9y3EIcC|title=Pidgins and Creoles: Volume 2, Reference Survey|access-date=5 March 2015|isbn=978-0521359405|last1=Holm|first1=John A|date= 1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press |archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324124902/https://books.google.com/books?id=PcD7p9y3EIcC|url-status=live}}</ref> The dance, song and cuisine of [[Goa]] has been greatly influenced by the Portuguese.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indialine.com/travel/goa/culture.html|title=Goan People, Culture and Festivals in Goa: India Line Travel|access-date=5 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525043243/http://www.indialine.com/travel/goa/culture.html|archive-date=25 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[culture of Goan Catholics]] is a mix of [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] and [[Konkani people|Konkani]] cultures, with the former having a more dominant role because the Portuguese ruled Goa directly from 1510 to 1961.<ref>{{harvc
|chapter=The Impact of Portuguese Culture in Goa: A Myth or Reality
|first=Fatima
|last=da Silva Gracias
|year=1997
|in1=Borges |in2=Feldmann
|pages=41–51
}}</ref> [[Mangalorean Catholic]] Christians, who are mainly migrants from the [[Konkan region]] to the [[Canara]] subregion of [[Carnataca]], have developed a distinct [[Mangalorean Catholic culture]].<ref>{{cite web|title=History|work=Official website of Diocese of Manglore |url=http://dioceseofmangalore.com/fv951305.asp?fvpg=15019&fvic=CASI&fvpc=408&fvch=A&fvdf=102&fvpr=|access-date=26 November 2013}}{{dead link |date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Christianity in [[Tamil Nadu]], to a certain extent is shaped by the former [[Danish India|Danish presence in Tranquebar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tranquebar: a Danish town in India |date=22 September 2004 |website=en-danes.mforos.com |url=http://en-danes.mforos.com/675176/4399607-tranquebar-a-danish-town-in-india/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327021021/http://en-danes.mforos.com/675176/4399607-tranquebar-a-danish-town-in-india/ |archive-date=27 March 2010}}</ref>

Contemporary [[Christian culture]] in India also draws greatly from [[English culture]], as a result of the influence and dominance of former [[British India]]n rule, this is evident in the culture of [[Bombay East Indian Christian]]s, who were the first subjects of English rule, in the erstwhile [[Seven Islands of Bombay]] and the adjacent areas of North Konkan. The ''[[Book of Common Prayer]]'' is a widely used supplement for worship in the two major [[Anglican]] Protestant denominations: [[Church of South India]] and [[Church of North India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/world.htm|title=The Book of Common Prayer|access-date=5 March 2015|archive-date=17 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717042858/http://www.justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/world.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Today Christians are considered to be one of the most progressive communities in India.<ref name="medindia.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.medindia.net/news/indiaspecial/Indian-Christians-Treat-Their-Women-Better-Sex-Ratio-Highest-31076-1.htm|title=Indian Christians Treat Their Women Better, Sex Ratio Highest|work=Medindia |date=25 December 2007|access-date=5 March 2015|archive-date=3 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703004029/http://www.medindia.net/news/indiaspecial/Indian-Christians-Treat-Their-Women-Better-Sex-Ratio-Highest-31076-1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Urban Christians are to a greater extent influenced by European culture, which is considered an advantage in the business environment of urban India; this is given as an explanation for the large number of Christian professionals in India's corporate sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalcatholicreporter.org/globalpers/gp091703.htm|title=Global Perspective: India's Christian identity|access-date=5 March 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053301/http://www.nationalcatholicreporter.org/globalpers/gp091703.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Christians run thousands of [[educational institution]]s, which have contributed to the strengthening of Christian culture in India.

Religion plays a significant role in the daily life of Indian Christians, India ranks 15 among countries with based on [[church attendance]]. [[Religious procession]]s and [[carnival]]s are often celebrated by [[Catholic Church in India|Indian Catholic Christians]].<ref>[http://goa.mapsofindia.com/goa-carnival/origin-of-goa-carnival.html Origin of Goa Carnival] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619080554/http://goa.mapsofindia.com/goa-carnival/origin-of-goa-carnival.html |date=19 June 2010 }}</ref> Cities with significant Christian populations celebrate [[patron saint]] days. As in other parts of the world, Christmas is the most important festival for Indian Christians. [[Anglo-Indian]] Christmas [[Ball (dance)|balls]] held in most major cities form a distinctive part of Indian Christian culture.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Anglo-Indians-mark-Christmas-with-charity/articleshow/3892370.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811090246/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-26/bangalore/27908605_1_anglo-indians-army-officer-charity | url-status=live | archive-date=11 August 2011 |location=India | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Anglo-Indians mark Christmas with charity | date=26 December 2008}}</ref> [[Great Friday]] is a national holiday, [[All Souls Day]] is another holiday that is observed by most Christians in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=153159|title=Mangalorean.com – Mangalore News |access-date=5 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208140301/http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=153159|archive-date=8 December 2014}}</ref> Most Protestant churches celebrate harvest festivals, usually in late October or early November.<ref>{{cite web|title=Harvest Festival|url=http://www.stjohnschurchbangalore.com/?page_id=103|work=St. John's Church, Bangalore|access-date=26 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202233909/http://www.stjohnschurchbangalore.com/?page_id=103|archive-date=2 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Easter and All Saints Day are also observed by many.

Christian weddings in India conform to the [[white wedding]]. However, some Christian brides in the south, wear a white [[sari]] instead of a white dress (gown).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.surfindia.com/matrimonials/christian-wedding.html|title=Christian Wedding|access-date=5 March 2015|archive-date=4 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704203809/http://www.surfindia.com/matrimonials/christian-wedding.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Prior to the 1960s, the ''[[dhoti|dhothi]]'' was worn by [[South Canarese Christian]] bridegrooms to their [[Church wedding]]s; it has almost completely been replaced by the black [[suit and tie]] nowadays.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1177555 | jstor=1177555 | title=The Marriage Customs of the Christians in South Canara, India | last1=Silva | first1=Severine | last2=Fuchs | first2=Stephen | journal=Asian Folklore Studies | year=1965 | volume=24 | issue=2 | pages=1–52 | doi=10.2307/1177555 | access-date=15 August 2022 | archive-date=7 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707220746/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1177555 | url-status=live | url-access=subscription }}</ref> Elements and influences of [[Judaeo-Christian]] culture or [[western culture]], can also be seen in urbanised or modernised Hindus, particularly among Hindu men during weddings, as more and more Hindu grooms, are choosing to wear [[two-piece suit]]s instead of dhotis.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Ramdya | first1=Kavita | title=Bollywood Weddings: Dating, Engagement, and Marriage in Hindu America | date=January 2010 | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield | isbn=978-0-7391-3854-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2MpN1ZfDHkC&dq=Christian+culture+in+Hindu+weddings&pg=PA78 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Men's Indian Wedding Attire for Grooms & Guests | url=https://www.theknot.com/content/indian-mens-wedding-attire | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217144702/https://www.theknot.com/content/indian-mens-wedding-attire | archive-date=17 December 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1=Raheja | first1=Neeta | last2=Puri | first2=Adishwar | title=How to Arrange a Wedding | date=1995 | publisher=UBS Publishers and Distributors | isbn=978-81-86112-28-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VztLAAAAYAAJ&q=+suit+tuxedo+dhoti }}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{See also|Protestantism in India|Catholic Church in India|Orthodoxy in India (disambiguation){{!}}Orthodoxy in India}}
{{Historical populations
|title = Christian population in India by census:

|type =
|align = right
|width =
|state =
|shading =
|pop_name =
|source = <ref name="Firstpost_Aug2016">{{cite news |url=http://firstpost.com/india/india-has-79-8-percent-hindus-14-2-percent-muslims-2016-census-data-on-religion-2407708.html |title=India has 79.8% Hindus, 14.2% Muslims, says 2011 census data on religion |work=Firstpost |date=26 August 2016 |access-date=14 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426050938/https://www.firstpost.com/india/india-has-79-8-percent-hindus-14-2-percent-muslims-2011-census-data-on-religion-2407708.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 April 2020}}</ref><ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/31626/study-description India - Social and Cultural Tables, Part II-C (I), Series-5 - Census 1971]</ref><ref>[https://www.censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30729 India - General Population Tables, Volume-1, India Part-ii-A (i) - Census 1961.]
censusindia.gov.in</ref>
|1951 | 8,305,000
|1961 | 10,729,000
|1971 | 14,225,000
|1981 | 16,650,000
|1991 | 19,455,000
|2001 | 24,080,016
|2011 | 27,819,588
}}

The 2001 census of India recorded 24,080,016 Christians in the country, representing 2.34 per cent of the population.<ref name="census" /> A majority of Indian Christians are [[Protestants]], followed by [[Catholics]] and [[Oriental Orthodox]] etc.

===Population by region and group===
[[File:2001 Census India religion distribution map, percent Christian in states and union territories.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.5 |Distribution of Christian population in different Indian states<ref name="census">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm|title=Population by religious communities|access-date=5 March 2015|archive-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106014425/http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
[[File:India Christian.png|thumb|right|upright=1.5 |Percentage Christian population by district, India census 2011]]

Christianity is the predominant religion in the northeastern states of [[Nagaland]], [[Mizoram]], [[Meghalaya]], and [[Manipur]]. There are also substantial Christian populations in the regions of [[Arunachal]], Assam, [[Tripura]], Andhra Pradesh, [[Karnataka]], Kerala, [[Tamil Nadu]], Goa and the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01|title=Census India 2011|access-date=28 August 2015|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922204103/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Christian population of [[Bombay Metropolitan Area|Bombay (Mumbai)]] area, is above the national average of 2.3 percent and found to be at 3.45 percent according to the 2011 census.<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/district/356-mumbai-suburban.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415232228/https://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/district/356-mumbai-suburban.html | archive-date=15 April 2016 | title=Mumbai Suburban District Religion Data – Census 2011 }}</ref>

{{Pie chart
| caption = Social background of Christians in India (Pew Research)<ref name=PEWSalazar/>
| value1 = 33
| label1 = ''De facto'' [[Dalit Christian|Scheduled Castes]]
| color1 = #0073cf
| value2 = 24
| label2 = [[Scheduled Tribes]]
| color2 = #228b22
| value3 = 17
| label3 = Other backward groups
| color3 = #ffd700
| other = yes
| other-color = #bfbfbf
}}

According to [[Pew Research]], 74% of Christians in India belong to disadvantaged social groups, largely concentrated in the South, East, and Northeast. This includes 33% belonging to Scheduled Castes ({{aka}} [[Dalit Christian]]), mostly in South India, and 24% to Scheduled Tribes, mainly in the East and Northeast<ref name=PEWSalazar>{{Cite web |last=Salazar |first=Ariana Monique |date=2021-07-12 |title=8 key findings about Christians in India |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/07/12/8-key-findings-about-christians-in-india/ |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> A 2015 study estimates some 40,000 Christian believers from a Muslim background in the country, most of them belonging to Protestantism.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=International Journal of Research in Religion|year=2015|volume=11|issue=10|page=14|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|access-date=20 November 2015|archive-date=13 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313222442/https://www.academia.edu/16338087/Believers_in_Christ_from_a_Muslim_Background_A_Global_Census|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"
|+ Regions with Christian majority or plurality in India as per 2011 census<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{Cite web |title=India Census 2011 |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |url-status=live |access-date=5 March 2022 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-date=25 August 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! States
! Christian population
! Percentage (%)
! Status
|-
| '''[[Christianity in Kerala|Kerala]]'''
| 6,141,269
| 18.38
| "Significant"
|-
| '''[[Christianity in Meghalaya|Meghalaya]]'''
| 2,213,027
| 74.59
| "Majority"
|-
| '''[[Christianity in Nagaland|Nagaland]]'''
| 1,739,651
| 87.93
| "Majority"
|-
| '''[[Christianity in Manipur|Manipur]]'''
| 1,179,043
| 41.29
| "Plurality"
|-
| '''[[Christianity in Mizoram|Mizoram]]'''
| 956,331
| 87.16
| "Majority"
|-
| '''[[Christianity in Arunachal Pradesh|Arunachal Pradesh]]'''
| 418,732
| 30.26
| "Plurality"
|-
| '''[[Christianity in Goa|Goa]]'''
| 366,130
| 25.10
| "Significant"
|}

The native majority of [[Goa]] is Christian. According to the 1909 statistics in the Catholic Encyclopedia, the total Christian population in Portuguese controlled Goa was 293,628 out of a total population of 365,291 (80.33%).<ref>{{cite book
|chapter=Archdiocese of Goa
|author=Ernest Hull
|title=Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 6
|date=1909
|publisher=Robert Appleton Company
|location=New York}}</ref> Due to emigration of natives (mostly Goan Catholics) from Goa to cosmopolitan cities in India (Mumbai, Bangalore, etc.) and to foreign countries, as well as mass migration of non-Christians to Goa from other states of India since the 20th century, the demographics of Goa have been severely altered. Less than 50% of Indian residents in Goa are ethnic [[Goans]].<ref>{{cite news
|first=Vivek
|last=Menezes
|title=Who belongs to Goa? This question resurfaces as the State battles the raging pandemic
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/who-belongs-to-goa-this-question-resurfaces-as-the-state-battles-the-raging-pandemic/article34554870.ece
|date=15 May 2021
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|access-date=3 September 2022
|archive-date=2 June 2021
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213112/https://www.thehindu.com/society/who-belongs-to-goa-this-question-resurfaces-as-the-state-battles-the-raging-pandemic/article34554870.ece
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
The census of India provides us with the official numbers for Christian population in India. The Indian census has been recorded every ten years since 1871 and has always included religion (along with population, race, rural distribution, and occupation, among others).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Krishnamurty|first=J.|date=June 1969|title=Census of India 1961, Paper No. 1 of 1967, pp. iii + 145, Price: Rs. 2.00, Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner for India, New Delhi, 1968|journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review|volume=6|issue=2|pages=197–199|doi=10.1177/001946466900600205|s2cid=141590947|issn=0019-4646}}</ref> The most recently published census is from 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Data_Products/Library/Indian_perceptive_link/History_link/censushistory.htm|title=Census of India – History of Indian Census|website=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=19 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819100814/http://censusindia.gov.in/Data_Products/Library/Indian_perceptive_link/History_link/censushistory.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Subsequent estimates from 2013, 2015, 2017 and 2019 are also considered reliable.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004235571.cni-2024|title=Church of North India, Archival Collection, CNI-2024|journal=Church of North India, Archival Collection|date=2013 |doi=10.1163/9789004235571.cni-2024|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

{{Table alignment}}
{{Sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable defaultright col1left sticky-header"
|+ State/Union Territory-wise Christian population, 2011 census of India<ref>{{cite web | title = Census of India – Religious Composition | publisher = Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html | access-date = 27 August 2015 | archive-date = 13 September 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ST-14: Scheduled Tribe population by religious community, 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114034625/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14.html |archive-date=14 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2"| State/UT || rowspan="2"|Total population || colspan="3"|Christian population || colspan="2"|ST Christian population
|-
! Number || % of India || % of State|| Number || % of State Christian
|- style="background:silver;font-weight:bold"
| {{flagu|India}} || 1,210,854,977 || 27,819,588 ||100 || 2.30 || 10,327,052 || 37.12
|-
| [[Christianity in Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]] || 84,580,777 || 1,129,784 || 4.06 || 1.34 || 26,512 || 2.35
|-
| [[Christianity in Arunachal Pradesh|Arunachal Pradesh]] || 1,383,727 || 418,732 || 1.51 || 30.26 || 389,507 || 93.02
|-
| [[Christianity in Assam|Assam]] || 31,205,576 || 1,165,867 || 4.19 || 3.74 || 495,379 || 42.49
|-
| [[Christianity in Bihar|Bihar]] || 104,099,452 || 129,247 || 0.46 || 0.12 || 32,523 || 25.16
|-
| [[Christianity in Chhattisgarh|Chhattisgarh]] || 25,545,198 || 490,542 || 1.76 || 1.92 || 385,041 || 78.49
|-
| [[Christianity in Goa|Goa]] || 1,458,545 || 366,130 || 1.32 || 25.10 || 48,783 || 13.32
|-
| [[Christianity in Gujarat|Gujarat]] || 60,439,692 || 316,178 || 1.14 || 0.52 || 120,777 || 38.2
|-
| [[Haryana]] || 25,351,462 || 50,353 || 0.18 || 0.20 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh]] || 6,864,602 || 12,646 || 0.05 || 0.18 || 275 || 2.17
|-
| [[Christianity in Jharkhand|Jharkhand]] || 32,988,134 || 1,418,608 || 5.1 || 4.30 || 1,338,175 || 94.33
|-
| [[Christianity in Karnataka|Karnataka]] || 61,095,297 || 1,142,647 || 4.11 || 1.87 || 12,811 || 1.12
|-
| [[Christianity in Kerala|Kerala]] || 33,406,061 || 6,141,269 || 22.08 || 18.38 || 32,844 || 0.53
|-
| [[Christianity in Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]] || 72,626,809 || 213,282 || 0.77 || 0.29 || 88,548 || 41.52
|-
| [[Christianity in Maharashtra|Maharashtra]] || 112,374,333 || 1,080,073 || 3.88 || 0.96 || 20,335 || 1.88
|-
| [[Christianity in Manipur|Manipur]] || 2,855,794 || 1,179,043 || 4.24 || 41.29 || 1,137,318 || 96.46
|-
| [[Christianity in Meghalaya|Meghalaya]] || 2,966,889 || 2,213,027 || 7.95 || 74.59 || 2,157,887 || 97.51
|-
| [[Christianity in Mizoram|Mizoram]] || 1,097,206 || 956,331 || 3.44 || 87.16 || 933,302 || 97.59
|-
| [[Christianity in Nagaland|Nagaland]] || 1,978,502 || 1,739,651 || 6.25 || 87.93 || 1,680,424 || 96.6
|-
| [[Christianity in Odisha|Odisha]] || 41,974,218 || 1,161,708 || 4.18 || 2.77 || 816,981 || 70.33
|-
| [[Christianity in Punjab, India|Punjab]] || 27,743,338 || 348,230 || 1.25 || 1.26 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
| [[Rajasthan]] || 68,548,437 || 96,430 || 0.35 || 0.14 || 25,375 || 26.31
|-
| [[Christianity in Sikkim|Sikkim]] || 610,577 || 60,522 || 0.22 || 9.91 || 16,899 || 27.92
|-
| [[Christianity in Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]] || 72,147,030 || 4,418,331 || 15.88 || 6.12 || 7,222 || 0.16
|-
| [[Christianity in Tripura|Tripura]] || 3,673,917 || 159,882 || 0.57 || 4.35 || 153,061 || 95.73
|-
| [[Christianity in Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]] || 199,812,341 || 356,448 || 1.28 || 0.18 || 1,011 || 0.28
|-
| [[Christianity in Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand]] || 10,086,292 || 37,781 || 0.14 || 0.37 || 437 || 1.16
|-
| [[Christianity in West Bengal|West Bengal]] || 91,276,115 || 658,618 || 2.37 || 0.72 || 343,893 || 52.21
|-
| [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] || 380,581 || 80,984 || 0.29 || 21.28 || 57,280 || 70.73
|-
| [[Chandigarh]] || 1,055,450 || 8,720 || 0.03 || 0.83 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] || 343,709 || 5,113 || 0.02 || 1.49 || 2,658 || 51.99
|-
| [[Daman and Diu]] || 243,247 || 2,820 || 0.01 || 1.16 || 16 || 0.57
|-
| [[Christianity in Delhi|Delhi]] || 16,787,941 || 146,093 || 0.53 || 0.87 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] || 12,541,302 || 35,631 || 0.13 || 0.28 || 1,775 || 4.98
|-
| [[Lakshadweep]] || 64,473 || 317 || 0 || 0.49 || 3 || 0.95
|-
| [[Christianity in Puducherry|Puducherry]] || 1,247,953 || 78,550 || 0.28 || 6.29 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Distribution of population of each religion by caste as reported by the [[Sachar Committee]] on Muslim Affairs in 2006<ref>{{cite web |title=Social, Economic and Educational Status of the Muslim Community of India |url=https://www.minorityaffairs.gov.in/sites/default/files/sachar_comm.pdf |website=minorityaffairs.gov.in |date=2006|access-date=19 May 2022 |archive-date=3 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503115359/http://www.minorityaffairs.gov.in/sites/default/files/sachar_comm.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! Religion || [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|SC]] || [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|ST]] || [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] || [[Forward caste|Forward Class]]
|-
| [[Buddhism in India|Buddhism]] || 89.5% || 7.4% || 0.4% || 2.7%
|-
| [[Sikhism in India|Sikhism]] || 30.7% || 0.9% || 22.4% || 46.1%
|-
| [[Hinduism in India|Hinduism]] || 22.2% || 9.1% || 42.8% || 26.0%
|-
| style="background:silver" | '''Christianity''' || style="background:silver" | '''9.0%''' || style="background:silver" | '''32.8%''' || style="background:silver" | '''24.8%''' || style="background:silver" | '''33.3%'''
|-
| [[Islam in India|Islam]] || 0.8% || 0.5% || 39.2% || 59.5%
|-
| [[Jainism in India|Jainism]] || 0.0% || 2.6% || 3.0% || 94.3%
|-
| [[Zoroastrianism in India|Zoroastrianism]] || 0.0% || 15.9% || 13.7% || 70.4%
|-
| Others || 2.6% || 82.5% || 6.2% || 8.7%
|-
! Total || 19.7% || 8.5% || 41.1% || 30.8%
|}

=== Population by denomination ===

{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Relative size of Christian traditions in India, according to [[Pew Research Center]]'s analysis of [[2011 Indian census]].<ref name="Pew1" />
| label1 = [[Protestant]]
| value1 = 59.22
| color1 = green
| label2 = [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]
| value2 = 33.19
| color2 = yellow
| label3 = [[Oriental Orthodoxy|Oriental Orthodox]]
| value3 = 7.44
| color3 = red
| label4 = Others
| value4 = 0.15
| color4 = white
}}

In 2011, Pew reported 18,860,000 [[Protestants]], 10,570,000 [[Catholic Church|Catholics]], 2,370,000 [[Oriental Orthodox Churches|Oriental Orthodox]] and 50,000 other Christians in India.<ref name="Pew1" /> Other sources estimate the total number of [[Protestantism in India|Protestants]] throughout the country in several hundreds of denominations at 45 million (45 million).<ref name="Melton1">{{cite book |last1=Melton |first1=J. Gordon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bW3sXBjnokkC&q=number+protestantism+in+india+million&pg=PA284 |title=Encyclopedia of Protestantism |date=2005 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-0-8160-6983-5 |pages=284–285}}</ref><ref name="Lausanne1">{{cite web |date=8 July 2011 |title=Number of Christians in China and India |url=https://www.lausanne.org/lgc-transfer/number-of-christians-in-china-and-india-2 |website=Lausanne Movement |access-date=13 June 2020 |archive-date=13 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613031349/https://www.lausanne.org/lgc-transfer/number-of-christians-in-china-and-india-2 |url-status=live }}</ref> Several sources estimate Catholic population in India at over 17 million (1.7 crore)<ref>{{cite news |title=Factfile: Roman Catholics around the world |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4243727.stm |date=1 April 2005 |access-date=13 June 2020 |archive-date=15 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115191253/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4243727.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statistics by Country, by Percentage Catholic [Catholic-Hierarchy] |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/sc3.html |website=catholic-hierarchy.org |access-date=13 June 2020 |archive-date=1 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701013539/http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/sc3.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The largest single denomination is the [[Catholic Church in India|Catholic Church]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhagat |first1=Pamela |title=India |date=2004 |publisher=Oxfam |isbn=978-0-85598-495-3 |page=16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a5FX2jyJ8yoC&q=India+an+oxfam+country+profile+pamela+bhagat}}</ref> [[Anglicanism|Anglicans]] within the united [[Church of North India]] and [[Church of South India]], constitute the second largest group at over 5 million (5 million).<ref name="Cummings1">{{cite book |last1=Cummings |first1=Owen F. |title=One Body in Christ: Ecumenical Snapshots |date=2015 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-4982-0216-9 |page=10 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4AP1BgAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref name="Davies1">{{cite book |last1=Davies |first1=Noel |last2=Conway |first2=Martin |title=World Christianity in the 20th Century |date=2008 |publisher=Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd |isbn=978-0-334-04043-9 |pages=135–136 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=42hnPa3QsngC&q=World+Christianity+in+the+20th+Century}}</ref> The [[Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church]] is an [[Eastern Protestant Christianity|Eastern Protestant]] denomination with 1.1 million members in [[full communion]] with the [[Anglican Communion]].<ref name="MarThomaWCC">{{cite web |title=Mar Thoma Syrian Church of Malabar-World Council of Churches |url=https://www.oikoumene.org/member-churches/mar-thoma-syrian-church-of-malabar |website=www.oikoumene.org |language=en |date=1 January 1948}}</ref><ref name="MarThomaAnglicanCommunion">{{cite web |last1=Office |first1=Anglican Communion |title=Anglican Communion: Churches in Communion |url=https://www.anglicancommunion.org/ecumenism/churches-in-communion.aspx |website=Anglican Communion Website |language=en}}</ref>

==== Catholic denominations ====
The [[Saint Thomas Christians]] ([[Syro Malabar Church]], [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]], [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]], [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]], [[Chaldean Syrian Church]], [[CSI Syrian Christians]], [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church]], [[Pentecostal Syrian Christians]], [[St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India|St. Thomas Evangelical Church]] and [[Malabar Independent Syrian Church]]) of [[Kerala]] form 18.75% of the Christians in India with 4.5 million of them.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sudhi |first=K. S. |date=25 March 2021|title=Kerala has 164 forward caste communities|work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-has-164-forward-caste-communities/article34161509.ece |access-date=15 June 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611132055/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-has-164-forward-caste-communities/article34161509.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kochukudy|first=Anand|date=6 April 2021|title=In Kerala, the Church is a crucial political player|work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/in-kerala-the-church-is-a-crucial-political-player/article34247853.ece|access-date=15 June 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420183211/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/in-kerala-the-church-is-a-crucial-political-player/article34247853.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> 310,000 were members of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church|Syro-Malankara Church]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Recapitulation of Statistics |url=http://www.malankaracatholicchurch.net/Statistics.htm |publisher=The Syro-Malankara Catholic Major Archiepiscopal Church |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175035/http://www.malankaracatholicchurch.net/Statistics.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref>{{when|date=October 2013}} and 4,000,000 of the [[Syro-Malabar Church]].{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}{{when|date=October 2013}} In January 1993, the Syro-Malabar Church and in February 2005, the Syro-Malankara Church were raised to the status of [[major archbishop|major archiepiscopal churches]] by [[Pope John Paul II]]. The Syro-Malabar Church is the second largest among the 23 Eastern Catholic Churches who accept the Pope as the visible head of the whole church.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tJ7eCwAAQBAJ&q=The+Syro-Malabar+Church+is+the+second+largest |title=South Asian Christian Diaspora: Invisible Diaspora in Europe and North America|last=Selva J. Raj|publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317052296|date=April 2016}}</ref>

==== Oriental Orthodox denominations ====

The Oriental Orthodox churches in India include the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] with 1,120,000 members, the [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]] with 800,000 members and the Malabar Independent Syrian Church with 30,000 members.{{sfn|Fahlbusch |Bromiley |Lochman |2008|p=285}}

==== Protestant denominations ====
Most Protestant denominations are represented in India, as a result of missionary activities throughout the country, such as the [[American Missionary Association]], [[United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel|the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel Mission]], the [[Church Mission Society]] of the [[Church of England]] and many other missions from Europe, [[United States|America]] and Australia. In 1961, an evangelical wing of the Mar Thoma Church split and formed the St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India which has 35,000 members.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web|title=Unitarian/Unitarian Universalist, continued... |url=http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_622.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030921081436/http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_622.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 September 2003 |website=Adherents.com|access-date=5 March 2015}}</ref> There are about 1,267,786 [[Lutheranism|Lutherans]],<ref name=autogenerated8>{{cite web |title=India, continued... (Jainism-)|url=http://www.adherents.com/adhloc/Wh_137.html|website=Adherents.com|access-date=5 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028180907/http://www.adherents.com/adhloc/Wh_137.html|archive-date=28 October 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> 648,000 Methodists,<ref name=autogenerated7>{{cite web|url=http://gbgm-umc.org/global_news/full_article.cfm?articleid=3171|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216191021/http://gbgm-umc.org/global_news/full_article.cfm?articleid=3171|title=GBGM Feature|archive-date=16 February 2009}}</ref> 2,392,694 Baptists,<ref name=autogenerated9>{{cite web|url=http://www.bwanet.org/default.aspx?pid=437|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418102820/http://www.bwanet.org/default.aspx?pid=437|title=Baptist World Alliance – Statistics|archive-date=18 April 2008}}</ref> and 823,456 Presbyterians in India.<ref name=autogenerated6>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianchristianity.org/presbyterian.html|title=Indian Christianity|access-date=5 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015113449/http://www.indianchristianity.org/presbyterian.html|archive-date=15 October 2014}}</ref>

The [[Open Brethren]] movement is also significantly represented in India. The main Brethren grouping is known as the [[Indian Brethren]] (with a following estimated at somewhere between 449,550<ref name="Mandryk 2010 408">{{citation|first=Jason |last=Mandryk|title= Operation World |publisher=Biblica Publishing|year=2010|page = 408}}</ref> and 1,000,000), of which the [[Kerala Brethren]] are a significant subset. The closely related [[Assemblies Jehovah Shammah]] have around 310,000 adults and children in fellowship as of 2010.<ref name="Mandryk 2010 408"/> They are often considered part of the wider Brethren movement, although they were founded by an indigenous evangelist ([[Bakht Singh]]) and developed independently of the older Indian Brethren movement, which originated from missionary endeavours.

[[Pentecostalism]] is also a rapidly growing movement in India. The major Pentecostal churches in India are the [[Indian Pentecostal Church of God]],<ref name=autogenerated4 /> the [[Assemblies of God]], [[The Pentecostal Mission]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apts.edu/ajps/05-1/05-1-RHedlund.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408203926/http://www.apts.edu/ajps/05-1/05-1-RHedlund.pdf|title=Critique Of Pentecostal Mission By A Friendly Evangelical|archive-date=8 April 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite conference |last=Hedlund |first=Roger E. |conference=IAMS Conf. Malaysia 31 July – 7 August 2004 |url=http://www.missionstudies.org/archive/conference/1papers/fp/Roger_Hedlund_Full_Paper.pdf |title=The Witness of New Christian Movements in India |access-date=2 November 2013|archive-date=6 November 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131106091138/http://www.missionstudies.org/archive/conference/1papers/fp/Roger_Hedlund_Full_Paper.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> the New Apostolic Church with 1,448,209 members,<ref name=autogenerated4>{{cite web |title=PENTECOSTALISM IN INDIA: AN OVERVIEW Stanley M. Burgess 2001 |url=http://www.apts.edu/aeimages/File/AJPS_PDF/01-1-SBurgess.pdf |access-date=2 November 2013|archive-date=4 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104030659/http://www.apts.edu/aeimages/File/AJPS_PDF/01-1-SBurgess.pdf}}</ref> the [[New Life Fellowship Association]] with 480,000 members, the [[Manna Full Gospel Churches]] with 275,000 members,<ref name=autogenerated4 /> and the Evangelical Church of India with 250,000 members.<ref name=adherents>{{cite web |title=India, continued... (Catholic-) |url=http://www.adherents.com/adhloc/Wh_135.html |website=Adherents.com|access-date=5 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402133910/http://www.adherents.com/adhloc/Wh_135.html|archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:A view of the Saint Francis Xavier church Old Goa during the feast of Saint Francis Xavier on December 02, 2009.jpg|[[Goan Catholics]] celebrating the feast of [[Saint Francis Xavier]]
File:Crucession in CNI Church.jpg|[[Marathi Christians|Marathi Anglicans]] in Mumbai
File:Oriental Orthodox church in India collects palm fronds for the Palm Sunday.jpg|[[Oriental Orthodoxy in India|Oriental Orthodox Christians]] celebrating [[Palm Sunday]]
File:Devotees light candles and pray outside the Sacred Heart Cathedral Church on the occasion of Christmas, at Gol Dak Khana, in New Delhi on December 25, 2013.jpg|Devotees light candles and pray outside the [[Sacred Heart Cathedral, New Delhi]] on the occasion of Christmas.
</gallery>

==== List ====
{{Main|List of Christian denominations in India}}

{{Sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"
|+ Christian denominations in India{{Citation needed|date=May 2025|reason=for any denomination without a source for the numbers}}
|-
! Church name
! data-sort-type="number" | Population
! width=50% | Orientation
|-
|[[Latin Church]] ("Roman Catholic" Church)
|11,800,000
|'''[[Catholic Church]], [[Latin-Rite|Latin rite]]'''
|-
|[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]
|4,000,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nasrani.net/2007/02/13/population-statistics-demography-saint-thomas-christians-churches/#footnote_26_181|title=Population Statistics and Demography of Saint Thomas Christians, Churches with historical references|work=Nasranis|date=13 February 2007|access-date=5 March 2015|archive-date=6 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806070419/https://www.nasrani.net/2007/02/13/population-statistics-demography-saint-thomas-christians-churches/#footnote_26_181|url-status=live}}</ref>
|'''[[Catholic Church]], [[East Syriac Rite]]'''
|-
|[[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]]
|410,000<ref name="statistics">{{cite web|url=http://nasrani.net/2007/02/13/population-statistics-demography-saint-thomas-christians-churches/|title=Population Statistics|date=13 February 2007|access-date=23 November 2009|archive-date=6 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806070419/https://www.nasrani.net/2007/02/13/population-statistics-demography-saint-thomas-christians-churches/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|'''[[Catholic Church]], [[West Syriac Rite]]'''
|-
|[[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]
|1,600,000{{sfn|Fahlbusch |Bromiley |Lochman |2008|p=285}}
|'''[[Oriental Orthodox]], West Syriac Rite'''
|-
|[[Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church]]
|1,200,000{{sfn|Fahlbusch |Bromiley |Lochman |2008|p=285}}
|'''[[Oriental Orthodox]], West Syriac Rite ([[Syriac Orthodox Church|Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch]])'''
|-
|[[Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church]]
|1,100,000<ref name="MarThomaWCC"/>
|'''Independent and [[Eastern Protestant Christianity|Eastern Protestant Christian]], Reformed West Syriac Rite'''
|-
|[[Malabar Independent Syrian Church]]
|20,000
|'''Independent, West Syriac Rite'''
|-
|[[Chaldean Syrian Church]]
|35,000
|'''[[Church of the East]], [[East Syriac Rite|East Syriac rite]]'''
|-
|[[Nagaland Baptist Church Council]]
|687,442
|'''Protestant (Baptist)'''
|-
|[[St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India]]
|35,000
|'''Episcopalian Protestant'''
|-
|[[Church of South India]]
|4,000,000
|'''[[Anglican]]''' ([[United and uniting churches|United and uniting]])
|-
|[[Church of North India]]
|2,100,000+
|'''[[Anglican]]''' ([[United and uniting churches|United and uniting]])
|-
|[[Methodist Church in India]]
|648,000
|'''Protestant'''
|-
|[[India Pentecostal Church of God]]
|2,600,000
|'''Protestant Evangelical Pentecostal'''
|-
|[[Assemblies of God in India]]
|5,000,000{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}
|'''Protestant Evangelical Pentecostal'''
|-
|[[United Pentecostal Church in India]]
|105,000<ref name="Global Mission Statistics Report">{{cite web |title=United Pentecostal Church of North East India |date=December 2018 |url=http://upcnei.org/global-mission-statistics-report/|access-date=19 October 2023}}</ref>
|'''Protestant Evangelical Pentecostal'''
|-
|[[The Pentecostal Mission]]
|700,000
|'''Protestant'''
|-
|[[Baptist]]
|2,991,276<ref name="BWAInd">{{cite web |title=Baptist World Alliance – Statistics |url=https://www.bwanet.org/statistics |website=bwanet.org |access-date=19 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927141856/http://bwanet.org/statistics |archive-date=27 September 2019}}</ref>
|'''Protestant''' (''[[List of Baptist denominations in India]]'')
|-
|[[Assemblies Jehovah Shammah]]
|310,000<ref name="Mandryk 2010 408"/>
|'''Protestant''' (''[[Plymouth Brethren]]'')
|-
|[[Lutheran]]
|4,220,178<ref name=autogenerated8 /><ref>{{cite web |title=India-The Lutheran World Federation |website=lutheranworld.org |url=https://www.lutheranworld.org/country/india |access-date=19 July 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418204605/https://www.lutheranworld.org/country/india}}</ref>
|'''Protestant''' (''[[List of Lutheran denominations|List of Lutheran Denominations Worldwide]]'')
|-
|[[Jeypore Evangelical Lutheran Church|Jeypore Evangelical Lutheran Church (JELC)]]
|250,000
|'''Protestant Lutheran'''
|-
|[[Orissa Baptist Evangelistic Crusade|Orissa Baptist Evangelistic Crusade (OBEC)]]
|650,000
|'''Protestant Baptist'''
|-
|[[Indian Brethren]]
|449,550<ref name="Mandryk 2010 408"/> to 1,000,000
|'''Protestant''' (''[[Kerala Brethren]]'')
|-
|[[Presbyterian Church of India]]
|1,605,423<ref>http://pcishillong.org/</ref><ref name="Presbyind">{{cite web |title=Member Church Feature: Presbyterian Church of India |date=27 April 2018 |url=https://www.cwmission.org/member-church-feature-presbyterian-church-of-india-pci/ |website=Council for World Mission |access-date=19 July 2020 |archive-date=1 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001131849/https://www.cwmission.org/member-church-feature-presbyterian-church-of-india-pci/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Official Site of The Presbyterian Church of India (PCI) |website=pcishillong.org |url=http://www.pcishillong.org/statistics.php |access-date=19 July 2020 |archive-date=14 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114202147/http://www.pcishillong.org/statistics.php}}</ref>
|'''Protestant''' (Reformed)
|-
|[[Reformed Presbyterian Church North East India]]
|15,000
|'''Protestant''' (Reformed)
|-
|[[Reformed Presbyterian Church of India]]
|10,000
|'''Protestant''' (Reformed)
|-
|[[Evangelical Church of Maraland]]
|30,000
|'''Protestant''' (Reformed)
|-
|[[Congregational Church in India]]
|5,500
|'''Protestant''' (Reformed)
|-
|Council of Reformed Churches of India
|200,000
|'''Protestant''' (Reformed)
|-
|[[Hindustani Covenant Church]]
|16,600
|'''Protestant'''
|-
|[[Evangelical Church of India|Evangelical Church]]
|250,000
|'''Protestant'''
|-
|[[New Apostolic Church]]<ref name=autogenerated4 />
|1,448,209
|'''Protestant'''
|-
|[[Pentecostal Maranatha Gospel Church]]
|12,000
|'''Protestant'''
|-
| [[New Life Fellowship Association]]<ref name=autogenerated4 />
|480,000
|'''Protestant'''
|-
| Sharon Fellowship Church<ref name=autogenerated4 />
|50,000
|'''Protestant'''
|-
|[[Manna Full Gospel Churches]]<ref name=autogenerated4 />
|275,000
|'''Protestant'''
|-
|Philadelphia Fellowship Church of India<ref name=autogenerated4 />
|200,000
|'''Protestant'''
|-
|[[Seventh-day Adventist Church]]
|1,560,000<ref name="7dai">{{cite web|url=http://www.cumorah.com/index.php?target=view_other_articles&story_id=497&cat_id=30|title=International Resources for Latter-day Saints|website=Cumorah.com|access-date=9 June 2013|archive-date=5 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605202444/http://www.cumorah.com/index.php?target=view_other_articles&story_id=497&cat_id=30|url-status=live}}</ref>
|'''Protestant (Restorationism)'''
|-
|Unitarian Union of Northeast India
|10,000
|'''Unitarian'''
|-
|[[Jehovah's Witnesses]]
|42,566<ref>''2016 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses'', p.182</ref>
|'''Jehovah's Witnesses (Restorationism)'''
|-
|[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in India|The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
|14,528<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/india|title=Statistics and Church Facts | Total Church Membership|website=newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org|access-date=12 March 2021|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416001151/https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/india|url-status=live}}</ref>
|'''Latter Day Saints (Restorationism)'''
|-
|[[Christian Revival Church]]
|21,447<ref>''Arunachal Pradesh Christian Revival Church Council (APCRCC)'', Annual Report as on 31 December 2015</ref>
|'''Protestant (Pentecostal)'''
|-
|Mennonite Brethren Church
|103,000<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Mennonite Brethren Church Around the World: Celebrating 150 Years|last=Dueck|first=Abe J|publisher=Pandora Press|year=2012|isbn=978-1926599113|location=Kitchener}}</ref>
|'''Protestant''' (Reformed)
|-
|[[Community of Christ]]
|15,000+
|'''Latter Day Saints (Restorationism)'''
|}

== Conflicts and controversies ==
=== Hindu–Christian conflict and controversy===
{{Main|Violence against Christians in India|Cattle slaughter in India|Anti-conversion laws in India|Hinduism and other religions#Christianity}}

[[File:Adoration Mangalore.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Adoration Monastery, [[Mangalore]], after it was vandalised by the [[Bajrang Dal]] militants during the [[September 2008 attacks on Christians in Mangalore]]]]
[[File:Orissa violence destroyedbuilding.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15 |right|A [[house church]] burnt during the [[2008 anti-Christian attacks in Orissa]]]]
The arrival of European colonialists brought about large-scale missionary activity in [[Coastal India|Coastal]] and [[Northeast India]]. The [[Cuncolim Massacre]]<ref name="CE">{{CathEncy|wstitle=Martyrs of Cuncolim|first=Anthony X.|last=D'Souza}}</ref> and the [[Maratha Invasion of Goa (1683)|Mahratta invasions of Goa-Anjediva and Bombay-Bassein]] are among the first known clashes.<ref>{{harvc |last=Shirodkar |first=P. P. |chapter=Socio-Cultural Life in Goa during 16th Century |page=35 |in1=Borges |in2=Feldmann |year=1997}}.</ref> Christianity has been [[propaganda|propagandised]] as a [[Xenophobia|"foreign" religion]], with the growth of [[Hindu fundamentalism]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sylff.org/news_voices/31663 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829185722/https://www.sylff.org/news_voices/31663 | archive-date=29 August 2024 | title=Farewell to Religious Freedom: Persecution of Christians and Muslims in Hindu India | Voices | Sylff Official Website | Cultivating Leaders of Tomorrow }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://webarchive.archive.unhcr.org/20230530053413/https://www.refworld.org/docid/50b495712.html | title=UNHCR Web Archive }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/social_encounters/vol6/iss1/3/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708215521/https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/social_encounters/vol6/iss1/3/ | archive-date=8 July 2024 | doi=10.69755/2995-2212.1112 | title=Hindu Nationalism and Indian Christian Response! | date=2022 | last1=Savariyar | first1=Dhinakaran | journal=The Journal of Social Encounters | volume=6 | pages=17–31 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> despite the fact that several [[List of Indian Christians|Christian individuals]] and institutions have been for [[Indian nationalism]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://trainingleadersinternational.org/jgc/123/the-challenges-of-hindu-nationalism-and-its-impact-on-christian-mission-today | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526054948/https://trainingleadersinternational.org/jgc/123/the-challenges-of-hindu-nationalism-and-its-impact-on-christian-mission-today | archive-date=26 May 2024 | title=The Challenges of Hindu Nationalism and Its Impact on Christian Mission Today }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781315255132-8/christianity-early-indian-nationalism-john-hinnells-duncan-forrester?context=ubx&refId=a386aef8-2f98-4941-b9a4-d61cd1c99ed1 | doi=10.4324/9781315255132-8 | chapter=Christianity and Early Indian Nationalism | title=Forrester on Christian Ethics and Practical Theology | date=2017 | pages=99–109 | isbn=978-1-315-25513-2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/2024/01/india-christian-freedom-fighters-constitution-gandhi | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111204847/https://www.christianitytoday.com/2024/01/india-christian-freedom-fighters-constitution-gandhi | archive-date=11 January 2025 | title=Five Indian Christians Who Fought for India's Freedom | date=24 January 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://madrascourier.com/insight/how-indian-christians-championed-the-indian-independence-movement | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208031858/https://madrascourier.com/insight/how-indian-christians-championed-the-indian-independence-movement | archive-date=8 December 2021 | title=How Indian Christians Championed the Indian Independence Movement | Madras Courier | date=7 December 2021 }}</ref>

During the [[1997–1999 anti-Christian violence in Gujarat]], the [[Human Rights Watch]] reported that from 25 December 1988 to 3 January 1999, at least 20 prayer halls were damaged or burnt down and Christian institutions were attacked in the [[Dang district, India|Dangs district]], and its surrounding districts and at least 25 villages had reported incidents of burning and damages to prayer halls all over Gujarat.<ref>{{cite web |title= Politics by Other Means: Attacks Against Christians in India |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a84b4.html |access-date=11 April 2020|website=Refworld|archive-date=22 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322135906/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a84b4.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bearing-the-cross-recent-attacks-against-christians-worrisome/story-SKCkeGQpV0bpVfY00ruOdO.html |title=Bearing the cross: Recent attacks against Christians worrisome|date=15 March 2015|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=11 April 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807101739/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bearing-the-cross-of-communal-discord/article1-1326535.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 22 January 1999, an Australian missionary [[Graham Staines]] and his two sons were burnt to death by [[Dara Singh (Bajrang Dal)|Dara Singh]] while sleeping in his station wagon at [[Manoharpur]] village in [[Keonjhar]] district in Odisha, India.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/wheres-dara-singh/207275|title=Where's Dara Singh?|work=outlookindia.com |access-date=11 January 2018|archive-date=11 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111165243/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/wheres-dara-singh/207275|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/remembering-graham-staines-17-years-after-his-murder |title=Remembering Graham Staines, 18 Years After His Murder|work=The Quint|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-date=4 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104060005/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/remembering-graham-staines-17-years-after-his-murder |url-status=live}}</ref> In the annual human rights reports for 1999, the [[United States Department of State]] also criticised India for "increasing societal violence against Christians".<ref>{{cite news |work=Express India |title=US rights report slams India for anti-Christian violence |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19990227/ige27064.html |date=27 February 1999 |access-date=17 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216180310/http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19990227/ige27064.html |archive-date=16 February 2008}}</ref> The report on anti-Christian violence listed over 90 incidents of anti-Christian violence, ranging from damage of religious property to violence against Christians pilgrims. The states of [[Rajasthan]], Madhya Pradesh, [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] passed laws placing restrictions on forced religious conversions as a result of communal tension between Christians and Hindus.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4290843.stm |work=BBC News |first=Narayan |last=Bareth |title=State to bar religious conversion |date=23 February 2005 |access-date=23 June 2011 |url-status=live |archive-date=27 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127110158/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4290843.stm}}</ref> The legislation passed in Tamil Nadu was later repealed.<ref name=":1" />

In 2007, 19 churches were burned by Hindu right-wingers in Odisha following conflicts between Hindus and Christians regarding Christmas celebrations in the [[Kandhamal district]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2007/12/27/india-stop-hindu-christian-violence-orissa |title=India: Stop Hindu-Christian Violence in Orissa |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=30 December 2007 |access-date=2 November 2013 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104090037/http://www.hrw.org/news/2007/12/27/india-stop-hindu-christian-violence-orissa |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2008, there was again violence against Christians, particularly in the state of [[Odisha]].<ref name="HRW">{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1999/09/29/anti-christian-violence-rise-india |title=Anti-Christian Violence on the Rise in India |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |date=1 October 1999 |access-date=2 November 2013 |archive-date=25 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925135935/http://www.hrw.org/news/1999/09/29/anti-christian-violence-rise-india |url-status=live }}</ref> After the [[Murder of Lakshmanananda Saraswati|murder of Swami Lakshmanananda]] by [[Indian Maoists]] (communist insurgents), tensions flared between the two communities in 2008. Christians were blamed and attacked in Orissa with 38 killed and over 250 churches damaged while several thousands of Christians were displaced. Sitting [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) MLA [[Manoj Pradhan]] was sentenced to rigorous imprisonment for six years by a fast track court for a murder during the 2008 communal riots in Odisha's [[Kandhamal district]].<ref name=NYT>{{Cite news
|title = Violence in India Is Fueled by Religious and Economic Divide
|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/04/world/asia/04christians.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
|work = [[The New York Times]]
|location =Tiangia, India
|date = 3 September 2008
|access-date = 24 February 2017
|archive-date = 1 November 2016
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161101165559/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/04/world/asia/04christians.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
|url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name="hindu-odisha">{{Cite news
|title = BJP MLA convicted in Kandhamal riots case
|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article623180.ece
|work = [[The Hindu]]
|location = Chennai, India
|date = 9 September 2010
|access-date = 5 December 2016
|archive-date = 4 November 2014
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141104163506/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article623180.ece
|url-status = live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Akkara|first1=Anto|title=Indian Supreme Court: State Response to Anti-Christian Mob Violence 'Inadequate' |url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/gleanings/2016/august/indian-supreme-court-compensation-for-worst-ever-anti-chris.html |access-date=5 December 2016|work=Gleanings {{!}} ChristianityToday.com |date=15 August 2016|archive-date=24 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924205438/http://www.christianitytoday.com/gleanings/2016/august/indian-supreme-court-compensation-for-worst-ever-anti-chris.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[2008 Kandhamal violence|2008 anti-Christian attacks in Orissa]] spilled over and escalated into the [[2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka]] state. The acts of violence include arson and vandalism of churches, forced conversion of Christians to [[Hinduism]] by threats of physical violence, distribution of threatening literature, burning of Bibles, raping of nuns, murder of Christian priests, and destruction of Christian schools, colleges and cemeteries.<ref name="HRW"/><ref name="MANAS">{{cite web|author=Vinay Lal |title=Anti-Christian Violence in India |url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Current_Affairs/Current_affairs.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021002012916/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Current_Affairs/Current_affairs.html |archive-date=2 October 2002 |work=Manas: India and Its Neighbors |publisher=UCLA College of Letters and Science}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/indiachr/christians8-05.htm|title=Attacks on Christians across India|publisher=Human Rights Watch|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418061235/https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/indiachr/christians8-05.htm|archive-date=18 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

A program or movement with its roots in [[Hindutva]] ideology, known as {{transliteration|hi|[[Ghar Wapsi]]}} ('returning home'), sponsored by a number of [[Hindu nationalist]] groups, facilitates the mass conversion of Christians – and, especially, Muslims – "back" to their supposedly "inherent" or "natural" religion of Hinduism. Organisations which promote {{transliteration|hi|Ghar wapasi}} include the far-right [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP) and [[Dharm Jagaran Samiti]]. Its support by influential officials within the BJP, the governing party, has led to criticism such that support threatens the secularism and freedom of religion enshrined in India's constitution.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rajeshwar |first1=Yashasvini |last2=Amore |first2=Roy C. |title=Coming Home (''Ghar Wapsi'') and Going Away: Politics and the Mass Conversion Controversy in India |journal=Religions |date=9 May 2019 |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=313 |doi=10.3390/rel10050313 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=25 December 2014 |title=''Ghar wapsi'' only way to end terror says BJP leader |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/ghar-wapsi-only-way-to-end-terror-says-bjp-leader/article1-1300421.aspx |work=Hindustan Times |archive-date=29 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229063904/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/ghar-wapsi-only-way-to-end-terror-says-bjp-leader/article1-1300421.aspx}}</ref>

India is number 10 on Open Doors' 2022 World Watch List, an annual ranking of the fifty countries where Christians face the most extreme persecution.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.opendoorsuk.org/persecution/world-watch-list/india/?ref=wwmap | title=India is number 10 on the World Watch List | access-date=24 June 2022 | archive-date=24 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624150258/https://www.opendoorsuk.org/persecution/world-watch-list/india/?ref=wwmap | url-status=live }}</ref> However, a faction of the [[Christianity in Kerala|Syrian Christians of Kerala]] do support the Hindutva ideology and extremist groups like the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS);<ref>{{cite web | url=https://feminisminindia.com/2024/07/25/growing-casteism-and-islamophobia-among-syrian-christians-of-kerala | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241230062258/https://feminisminindia.com/2024/07/25/growing-casteism-and-islamophobia-among-syrian-christians-of-kerala | archive-date=30 December 2024 | title=Growing Casteism and Islamophobia Among Syrian Christians of Kerala | date=25 July 2024 }}</ref> which was involved in the violent and forceful demolition of the [[Babri Masjid]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/chrisanghis-rise-christian-right-kerala-170777 | title='Chrisanghis': The rise of the Christian right in Kerala | date=January 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/why-as-a-christian-i-support-the-ram-mandir-9112380 | title=Why, as a Christian, I support the Ram Mandir | date=17 January 2024 }}</ref> While some have argued that [[Hindu caste based discrimination]] has continued [[caste system among South Asian Christians|among Christians in India]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/watch-caste-discrimination-in-christianity/article67731571.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612232901/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/watch-caste-discrimination-in-christianity/article67731571.ece | archive-date=12 June 2024 | title=Caste discrimination in Christianity | work=The Hindu | date=11 January 2024 | last1=Kumar | first1=D. Suresh }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://scroll.in/article/876000/is-the-caste-system-deep-rooted-among-christians-in-india-a-kerala-bishop-stirs-up-a-hornets-nest | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308053348/https://amp.scroll.in/article/876000/is-the-caste-system-deep-rooted-among-christians-in-india-a-kerala-bishop-stirs-up-a-hornets-nest | archive-date=8 March 2023 | title=Is the caste system deep-rooted among Christians in India? A Kerala bishop stirs up a hornet's nest | date=20 April 2018 }}</ref> other [[Indian people|Indians]] and [[Hindus]] have denied [[reservation in India|caste based reservation]] to [[Dalit Christian]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/dalit-leaders-pontiffs-argue-against-sc-quota-for-dalit-christians-3175613 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908024044/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/dalit-leaders-pontiffs-argue-against-sc-quota-for-dalit-christians-3175613 | archive-date=8 September 2024 | title=Karnataka news: Dalit leaders, pontiffs argue against SC quota for Dalit Christians }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/dalit-christians-exclusion-by-society-church-state/article67190986.ece#expand | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204141114/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/dalit-christians-exclusion-by-society-church-state/article67190986.ece#expand | archive-date=4 February 2024 | title=Dalit Christians — exclusion by society, church, state | work=The Hindu | date=13 August 2023 | last1=Arockiasamy | first1=Clement }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/india-alludes-to-foreign-origins-of-christianity-islam/99372 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110095432/https://www.ucanews.com/news/india-alludes-to-foreign-origins-of-christianity-islam/99372 | archive-date=10 November 2022 | title=India alludes to 'foreign origins' of Christianity, Islam- UCA News }}</ref>

=== Muslim–Christian conflict and controversy===
{{Main|Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam|Indian Rebellion of 1857}}

[[File:JamalabadFortPassage.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|The [[Jamalabad]] fort route. [[Mangalorean Catholics]] travelled through this route on their way to [[Seringapatam]].]]

The relationship between Muslims and Christians in India has also been occasionally turbulent. With the advent of European colonialism in India throughout the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, Christians were systematically persecuted in certain Muslim-ruled kingdoms in India, particularly the actions by [[Tippu Sultan]], the ruler of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] against the [[Mangalorean Catholic]]s ([[South Canara]]). The [[captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam]], which began on 24 February 1784 and ended 15 years later on 4 May 1799, remains the most disconsolate memory in that community's history.<ref name="dajser">{{cite web
|url = http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/achievers_view.asp?a_id=28
|title = Deportation and The Konkani Christian Captivity at Srirangapatna (1784 Feb. 24th Ash Wednesday)
|access-date = 29 February 2008
|publisher = [[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]]
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060510000451/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/achievers_view.asp?a_id=28
|archive-date = 10 May 2006}}</ref>

The Bakur Manuscript reports Tippu Sultan as having said:<ref name="Lobo" />
{{blockquote|All Musalmans should unite together, considering the annihilation of infidels as a sacred duty, and labour to the utmost of their power, to accomplish that subject.}}
Soon after the [[Treaty of Mangalore]] in 1784, Tipu gained control of [[South Canara]].{{sfn|Forrest|1887|pp=314–316}} He issued orders to seize the Christians in Canara, confiscate their estates,<ref>{{cite book |year=1833 |title=The Gentleman's Magazine, and Historical Chronicle. From July to December, 1833 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CnSrSlq_ckcC |series=Vol. CIII. Part II. |access-date=15 October 2008 |page=388}}</ref> and deport them to Seringapatam, the capital of his empire, via the [[Jamalabad]]-fort route.<ref name="dm">{{cite web
|url=http://www.dioceseofmangalore.org/history.asp
|title=Christianity in Mangalore
|access-date=30 July 2008 |publisher=[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore|Diocese of Mangalore]]
|url-status=usurped
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709104331/http://www.dioceseofmangalore.org/history.asp
|archive-date=9 July 2010}}</ref> However, there were no priests among the captives. Together with Fr Miranda, all the 21 arrested priests were issued orders of expulsion to Goa, fined Rs 200,000, and threatened with death by hanging if they ever returned.<ref name="Lobo" />

Tipu ordered the destruction of twenty-seven Catholic churches{{when|date=May 2023}} all intricately carved with statues depicting various saints. Among them were Nossa Senhora de Rosario Milagres at [[Mangalore]], Jesu Marie Jose at [[Omzoor]], the Chapel at [[Bolar]], the Church of Merces at [[Ullal]], Imaculata Conceiciao at [[Mulki, Karnataka|Mulki]], Sao Lawrence at [[Karkal]]{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} and Immaculata Conceciao at Baidnur.<ref name="Lobo">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150619170641/http://www.kinnigoli.com/?app=article&mode=view&uid=11 Sarasvati's Children], Joe Lobo</ref> All were razed to the ground, with the exception of the [[Hospet Church|Church of Holy Cross]] at [[Hospet]], owing to the friendly offices of the Chauta Raja of [[Moodbidri]].<ref name="escdemo">{{cite web
|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=129
|title=Monti Fest Originated at Farangipet – 240 Years Ago!
|access-date=28 April 2009 |author=John B. Monteiro
|publisher=Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208022642/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=129
|archive-date=8 February 2012
}}</ref>

An instigating factor that helped spark the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] was, for Muslims sepoys, resistance to the [[East India Company]]'s introduction of the new [[Pattern 1853 Enfield|Enfield Rifle-Musket]] – abhorrent to them due to a belief that the weapon's cartridges, which they would be required to handle and even to bite open the encasing papers, were greased with pig fat, a religiously unacceptable agent for Muslim soldiers. Sepoys interpreted the rumours of grease constituents as a deliberate ploy by the company to defile Muslim soldiers so that they would convert to Christianity.<ref>{{cite book |last1=David |first1=Saul |title=The Indian Mutiny: 1857 |date=2003 |publisher=Penguin |location=London; New York |isbn=978-0-14-100554-6 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/indianmutiny18570000davi/page/60/mode/2up |chapter=The greased cartridges |pages=52–66 |chapter-url-access=registration}}</ref> In combination with a corresponding idea that cow fat was included to defile Hindu soldiers, this was perceived as an attempt to impose [[Christian law]] in [[Hindustan]].{{sfn|Dalrymple|2009|pp=22–23}}

Historian [[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]] notes the religiously imbued rhetoric employed, in contrast to nationalistic sentiment. For instance, when [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]] met the sepoys on 11 May 1857, he was told: "We have joined hands to protect our religion and our faith." They later stood in [[Chandni Chowk]], the main square, and asked the people gathered there, "Brothers, are you with those of the faith?"{{sfn|Dalrymple|2009|pp=22–23}} Those British men and women who had previously converted to Islam such as the defectors, Sergeant-Major Gordon, and Abdullah Beg, a former Company soldier, were spared.{{sfn|Dalrymple|2009|p=153}} In contrast, foreign Christians such as the Rev Midgeley John Jennings, as well as Indian converts to Christianity such as one of Zafar's personal physicians, Chaman Lal, were killed outright.{{sfn|Dalrymple|2009|p=153}} Dalrymple recounts that as late as 6 September, when calling the inhabitants of Delhi to rally against the upcoming British assault, Zafar issued a proclamation stating that this was a religious war being prosecuted on behalf of "the faith", and that all Muslim and Hindu residents of the imperial city, or of the countryside were encouraged to stay true to their faith and creeds.{{sfn|Dalrymple|2009|pp=22–23}} He observes that the Urdu sources of the pre- and post-rebellion periods usually refer to the British not as {{transliteration|ur|angrez}} ('the English'), {{transliteration|ur|goras}} ('whites') or {{transliteration|ur|firangis}} ('foreigners'), but as {{transliteration|ar|[[kafir]]}} ('infidels') and {{transliteration|ar|nasrani}} ('Christians').{{sfn|Dalrymple|2009|pp=22–23}}

Muslims in India who convert to Christianity are considered apostates and subject to harassment, intimidation, and attacks by Muslims.<ref name=arson>{{cite news|last=Gheddo |first=Piero |url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Indian-Kashmir,-Muslims-set-fire-to-a-Catholic-church-24848.html |title=Indian Kashmir, 'unknown arsonists' set fire to a Catholic church |work=Asia News |date=25 May 2012 |access-date=4 November 2013 |archive-date=21 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221023818/http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Indian-Kashmir,-Muslims-set-fire-to-a-Catholic-church-24848.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Carvalho|first=Nirmala|title=Indian Kashmir, two Christians arrested on false charges of forced conversions|work=Asia News |url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Indian-Kashmir,-two-Christians-arrested-on-false-charges-of-forced-conversions-27639.html |access-date=11 July 2016|archive-date=21 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621061433/http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Indian-Kashmir,-two-Christians-arrested-on-false-charges-of-forced-conversions-27639.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], a Christian convert and missionary named Bashir Tantray was killed, allegedly by militant Islamists in 2006.<ref>[http://www.speroforum.com/site/article.asp?id=6705 Christian convert from Islam shot dead in Kashmir] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017021324/http://speroforum.com/site/article.asp?id=6705 |date=17 October 2007 }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=January 2024}}

== List of Christian communities in India ==

=== Christian communities ===
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Anglo-Indian people]]
* [[Bengali Christians]]
* [[Bettiah Christians]]
* [[Bombay East Indian Catholics]]
* [[Christian Revival Church]]
* [[Dalit Christians]]
* [[Goan Catholics]]
* [[Karwari Catholics]]
* [[Knanaya Christians]]
* [[Latin Catholics of Malabar]]
* [[Mangalorean Christians]]
* [[Marathi Christians]]
* [[Meitei Christians]]
* [[Protestants in India]]
* [[Punjabi Christians]]
* [[Reddy Catholics]]
* [[St Thomas Christians]]
* [[Tamil Christians]]
* [[Telugu Christian]]
{{div col end}}

=== Christianity by state/territory===
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Christianity in Arunachal Pradesh]]
* [[Christianity in Assam]]
* [[Christianity in Bihar]]
* [[Christianity in Chhattisgarh]]
* [[Christianity in Delhi]]
* [[Christianity in Goa]]
* [[Christianity in Gujarat]]
* [[Christianity in Jharkhand]]
* [[Christianity in Karnataka]]
* [[Christianity in Kerala]]
* [[Christianity in Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Christianity in Maharashtra]]
* [[Christianity in Manipur]]
* [[Christianity in Meghalaya]]
* [[Christianity in Mizoram]]
* [[Christianity in Nagaland]]
* [[Christianity in Odisha]]
* [[Christianity in Punjab, India|Christianity in Punjab]]
* [[Christianity in Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Christianity in Tripura]]
* [[Christianity in Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Christianity in West Bengal]]
{{div col end}}

== Indian Christians ==
{{Main|List of Indian Christians}}

==Violence against Christians in India==
{{Main|2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka|2021 anti-Christian violence in Karnataka}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Christianity|Religion}}

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Ancient Christianity in the Indian Subcontinent]]
* [[Anti-Christian violence in India]]
* [[Anti-Christian violence in Karnataka]]
*[[Christian ashram movement]]
* [[Christian seminaries and theological colleges in India]]
*[[Christianity in Bangladesh]]
*[[Christianity in Pakistan]]
*[[Christianity in Nepal]]
*[[Christianity in Sri Lanka]]
*[[Church of India, Burma and Ceylon]]
* [[Caste system among South Asian Christians]]
*[[Dalit theology]]
*[[Francis Xavier]]
*[[Freedom of religion in India]]
*[[Graham Staines]]
*[[History of Pentecostalism in India]]
*[[Indian Christian Day]]
*[[Indian Christian Front]]
*[[Indian Christian Marriage Act of 1872]]
*[[Indian Christian Weddings]]
*[[Indigenous religion in India]]
*[[Irreligion in India]]
*[[Jesus in India]]
*[[Joseph Mary Bernini]]
*[[Koswad]]
* [[List of cathedrals in India]]
* [[List of Saints from India]]
* [[List of basilicas in India]]
* [[List of Catholic missionaries in India]]
* [[List of Protestant missionaries in India]]
*[[Monti Fest|St Mary's Festival]]
*[[Rice Christian]]s
*[[Sikhism in India]]
*[[Teresa of Calcutta]]
*[[Valentine's Day in India]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book|last=Bayly|first=Susan|author-link=Susan Bayly|title=Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700–1900|year=1989|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521891035|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fxqtx8SflEsC}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Baum|first1=Wilhelm|author-link1=Wilhelm Baum (historian)|last2=Winkler|first2=Dietmar W.|title=The Church of the East: A Concise History|year=2003|location=London-New York|publisher=Routledge-Curzon|isbn=978-1134430192|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CnSCAgAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Borges |editor-first1=Charles J. |editor-last2=Feldmann |editor-first2=Helmut |year=1997 |title=Goa and Portugal: Their Cultural Links |location=New Delhi |publisher=Concept Publishing Company}}
* {{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Leslie W.|year=1956|title=The Indian Christians of St Thomas: An Account of the Ancient Syrian Church of Malabar |location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H9gYAAAAIAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Alban |last2=Burns |first2=Paul |title=Butler's Lives of the Saints: August |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O8O1_vnTS3QC&pg=PA232 |year=1998 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-0-86012-257-9 }}
* {{cite book|title=The Last Mughal: The Fall of Delhi, 1857 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wYW5J-jQn8QC |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4088-0688-3 |last=Dalrymple|first=William|year=2009}}
* {{cite book | last = Das | first = Pradip Kumar | title = Henry Irwin and the Indo Saracenic Movement Reconsidered | date = 2014 | publisher = PartridgeIndia | isbn = 978-1482822694 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PK0WBAAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZUBZlth2qgC&pg=PP315 |title=Syrian Orthodox Churches in India |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Christianity |volume=5 |last1=Fahlbusch |first1=Erwin |author-link1=Erwin Fahlbusch |last2=Bromiley |first2=Geoffrey William |author-link2=Geoffrey W. Bromiley|last3=Lochman |first3=Jan Milic|author-link3=Jan Milic Lochman |isbn=978-0-8028-2417-2 |location=Grand Rapids, MI |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |year=2008}}
* {{cite book |last=Forrest |first=George W. |author-link=George William Forrest |title=Selections from the Letters, Despatches, and Other State Papers Preserved in the Bombay Secretariat |volume=2 |year=1887 |isbn=3337278663 |publisher=Government Central Press}}
* {{Cite book|last=Frykenberg|first=Robert E.|title=Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present|year=2008|location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0198263777 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXgSDAAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book|last=Frykenberg|first=Robert E.|title=Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present|date=2010|location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199575831}}
* {{cite book |title=A World History of Christianity |first=Adrian |last=Hastings |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |location=Grand Rapids, MI |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8028-4875-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kL5-5Z2QGFsC }}
* {{cite book |last=Issar |first=Tribhuvan Prakash |title=Goa Dourada: the Indo-Portuguese bouquet |year=1997 |publisher=Issar |location=Bangalore |isbn=978-81-900719-0-1}}
* {{cite book |title=Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians |author-mask=Machado, Alan (Prabhu) |last=Machado |first=Alan |location=Bangalore |publisher=I.J.A. Publications |year=1999 |edition=1st |isbn=978-81-867782-5-8}}
* {{Cite book|last=Neill|first=Stephen|author-link=Stephen Neill|title=A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707 |year=2004 |orig-year=1984|location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521548854 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4VPgB__GQC}}
* {{cite journal |last=Oddie |first=Geoffrey A. |title=Indian Christians and National Identity 1870–1947 |journal=The Journal of Religious History |volume=25 |issue=3 |year=2001 |pages=346–366 |doi=10.1111/1467-9809.00138 }}
* {{cite book |last=Pereira |first=José |title=Baroque India: the neo-roman religious architecture of South Asia: a global stylistic survey |year=2000 |publisher=Aryan Books Internat |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7305-161-6}}
* {{cite book |last1=Schurhammer |first1=Georg |last2=Costelloe |first2=M. Joseph |title=Francis Xavier: His Life, His Times: Indonesia & India, 1545–1549 |volume=3 |date=1980}}
* {{cite book|first=Abraham Vazhayil|last=Thomas|year=1974 |title=Christians in Secular India|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press|isbn=978-0-8386-1021-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dcDhYz8vUKcC}}
*{{cite book|title=South India | first1=Sarina| last1=Singh| first2=Stuart| last2=Butler| first3=Virginia| last3=Jealous| first4=Amy| last4=Karafin| first5=Simon| last5=Richmond| first6=Rafael| last6=Wlodarski| edition=4th| publisher=Lonely Planet| year=2007|isbn=978-1-74104-704-2|ref={{sfnRef|Singh et al|2007}} }}
* {{Cite book|last=Vadakkekara|first=Benedict|title=Origin of Christianity in India: A Historiographical Critique|year=2007 |location=Delhi |publisher=Media House|isbn=978-81-7495-258-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7f3YAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Wilmshurst|first=David|title=The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913|year=2000 |location=Louvain|publisher=Peeters Publishers|isbn=978-9042908765 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jB8ir0ek8bgC}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VRkNAQAAIAAJ |title=Religion in Victorian Britain. Vol. V – Culture and Empire |last=Beckerlegge |first=Gwilym |publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |year=1997 |isbn=0-7190-5184-3 |chapter=Professor Friedrich Max Müller and the Missionary Cause |editor1-last=Wolfe |editor1-first=John}}
* {{cite book |first=K. L. |last=Bernard |year=1995 |title=Flashes of Kerala History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lf5qGwAACAAJ |location=Cochin |publisher=Victory Press}}
* {{cite book |title=Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan and the struggle with the Musalman powers of the south |last=Bowring |first=Lewin |year=1974 |orig-year=1893 |location=Delhi |url=http://greatest-battles.webs.com/MysoreWars/MysoreWars.htm |access-date=11 July 2016 |publisher=Adabiyat-I Delli |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817114702/http://greatest-battles.webs.com/MysoreWars/MysoreWars.htm |archive-date=17 August 2011}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dW0cAAAAMAAJ |title=An Introduction to Indian Christian Theology |last=Boyd |first=Robin |author-link=Robin Boyd (theologian) |publisher=Christian Literature Society |year=1975 |edition=Revised |location=Madras |language=en}}
* Dutta, Sutapa (2017). ''British Women Missionaries in Bengal, 1793–1861''. UK: Anthem Press. {{ISBN|978-1-78308-726-6}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Frykenberg |editor-first=Robert E. |year=2003 |title=Christians and Missionaries in India: Cross-Cultural Communication since 1500 |location=London and New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0700716005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3CfIl2v8PYC}}
* Goel, S.G. (2016). ''History of Hindu-Christian encounters, AD 304 to 1996''.
* Hollister, John Norman (1956). ''The Centenary of the Methodist Church in Southern Asia''. Lucknow Publishing House.
* Jain, Sandhya (2010). ''Evangelical intrusions: [Tripura, a case study]''. New Delhi: Rupa & Co.
* {{cite book |chapter=Christianity in South Asia |title=Introducing World Christianity |last=Jones |first=Arun |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |location=Malden, MA |year=2012 |isbn=978-1405182492 |editor-first=Charles E. |editor-last=Farhadian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjIVn4IX69oC}}
* {{cite book |title=Christianity in India: The Anti-Colonial Turn |last=Joseph |first=Clara |year=2019 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781351123860 |isbn=9781351123860 |url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351123860}}
* {{cite journal |title=A Christian Caste in Hindu Society: Religious Leadership and Social Conflict among the Paravas of Southern Tamilnadu |first1=S. B. |last1=Kaufmann |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=15 |issue=2 |year=1981 |pages=203–234 |jstor=312091 |doi=10.1017/s0026749x00007058 |s2cid=143211480}}
* Latourette, Kenneth S. (1939) ''A history of expansion of Christianity. Vol. 3. Three centuries of advance: AD 1500–AD 1800''. pp 247–284.
* Latourette, Kenneth S. (1944) ''A history of expansion of Christianity. Vol. 6. The great century: in Northern Africa and Asia: AD 1800–AD 1914''. pp 65–214.
* Latourette, Kenneth S. (1961) ''Christianity In A Revolutionary Age. Vol. 3, A History Of Christianity In The Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries The Nineteenth Century Outside Europe The Americas The Pacific Asia And Africa''. pp. 400–415. [https://archive.org/details/christianityinar012668mbp online]
* Latourette, Kenneth S. (1962) ''Christianity in a Revolutionary Age. Vol. 5, The 20th Century outside Europe'' pp. 299–331.
* {{cite book |last=Lewis |first=James R. |year=2003 |title=Legitimating New Religions |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=0-8135-3324-4}}
* Madhya Pradesh (India)., & Niyogi, M. B. (1956). Vindicated by time: The Niyogi Committee report on Christian missionary activities. Nagpur: Government Printing, Madhya Pradesh.
* Malech, George David. ''History of the Syrian Nation and the Old Evangelical-Apostolic Church of the East''. Gorgias Press.
* Menachery, George, Ed., various publications incl. ''The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India'' in 3 vols. and The Indian Church History Classics ''The Nazranies'' for some 1500 photos and art reproductions.
* Menachery, George, Ed., ''The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India'', Vol. I (India) 1982, Vol. II (Kerala) 1973, Vol. III (India) 2010.
* {{cite book |editor-last=Menachery |editor-first=George |year=1973 |title=The Saint Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India |volume=2 |location=Trichur |publisher=St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India |url=https://archive.org/details/stthomaschristia0000unse_e8v5}}
* Menachery, George, Ed. (1998) ''Indian Church History Classics. Vol.I (Nazranies)''
* Michael, S.M. (2010) ''Dalit's Encounter with Christianity. A Case Study of Mahars in Maharashtra'', ISPK – Ishvani Kendra: Delhi – Pune, 230 pp. {{ISBN|978-81-8465-074-7}}.
* {{Cite journal |last=Mingana |first=Alphonse |author-link1=Alphonse Mingana |title=The Early Spread of Christianity in India |journal=Bulletin of the John Rylands Library |year=1926 |volume=10 |number=2 |pages=435–514 |doi=10.7227/BJRL.10.2.7 |url=https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/api/datastream?publicationPid=uk-ac-man-scw:1m1200&datastreamId=POST-PEER-REVIEW-PUBLISHERS-DOCUMENT.PDF |access-date=4 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124093126/https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/api/datastream?publicationPid=uk-ac-man-scw:1m1200&datastreamId=POST-PEER-REVIEW-PUBLISHERS-DOCUMENT.PDF |archive-date=24 January 2021 |url-status=live}}
* Moffett, Samuel Hugh. (2005) ''A History of Christianity in Asia, Vol. II, 1500–1900''.
* {{Cite book |last=Mooken |first=Aprem |author-link=Aprem Mooken |title=The Chaldean Syrian Church in India |year=1977 |location=Trichur |publisher=Mar Narsai Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QwkuAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{Cite book |last=Moraes |first=George M. |title=A History of Christianity in India: From Early Times to St. Francis Xavier: A.D. 52–1542 |year=1964 |location=Bombay |publisher=Manaktalas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dM_YAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mundadan |first=Mathias |author-link=Mathias Mundadan |title=Sixteenth century traditions of St. Thomas Christians |year=1970 |location=Bangalore |publisher=Dharmaram College |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zI4hAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mundadan |first=Mathias |author-link=Mathias Mundadan |title=Indian Christians: Search for Identity and Struggle for Autonomy |year=1984 |location=Bangalore |publisher=Dharmaram College |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VdXUAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite book |last=Neill |first=Stephen |author-link=Stephen Neill |title=Colonialism and Christian Missions |year=1966 |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgdLAAAAIAAJ}}
* {{Cite book |last=Neill |first=Stephen |author-link=Stephen Neill |title=A History of Christianity in India: 1707–1858 |year=2002 |orig-year=1985 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521893329 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi-tvrYbYxMC}}
* {{cite journal |last=Oddie |first=Geoffrey A. |title=Christianity and social mobility in South India 1840–1920: A continuing debate |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=19 |issue=1 |year=1996 |pages=143–159 |doi=10.1080/00856409608723277}}
* Panikkar, K. M. (1959). ''Asia and Western dominance''. London: Allen & Unwin. {{ISBN|978-1597406017}}
* Panikkar, K. M. (1997). ''Malabar and the Portuguese: Being a history of the relations of the Portuguese with Malabar from 1500 to 1663''. Bombay: D B Taraporevala.
* Pickett, J. Waskom. (1939). ''The Methodist Church in India''.
* {{cite book |last=Rice |first=Edward |title=Eastern Definitions: A Short Encyclopedia of Religions of the Orient |year=1978 |location=New York |publisher=Doubleday & Co |isbn=0-385-08563-X |url=https://archive.org/details/easterndefinitio00rice |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |first=Rowena |last=Robinson |date=2003 |title=Christians of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HyFDnV9k2cYC |publisher=Sage Publications |isbn=978-0-7619-9822-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Schurhammer |first=Georg |title=Francis Xavier; His Life, His Times: India, 1541–1544 |volume=2 |publisher=Jesuit Historical Institute |date=1982}}
* Shourie, Arun. (2006). Missionaries in India: Continuities, changes, dilemmas. New Delhi: Rupa.{{ISBN|978-8172232702}}
* Thoburn, James M. ''The Christian conquest of India'' (1906) [https://archive.org/details/christianconque00thob/page/n11/mode/2up online]
* {{Cite book |last=Wilmshurst |first=David |year=2011 |title=The martyred Church: A History of the Church of the East |publisher=East & West Publishing |location=London |isbn=978-1907318047 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zfxNtwAACAAJ}}
* ''This article includes material from the 1995 [[public domain]] [[Library of Congress Country Studies|Library of Congress Country Study]] on India.''
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}{{Wikiquote}}
* {{cite web|title=8 key findings about Christians in India|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/07/12/8-key-findings-about-christians-in-india/|website=[[Pew Research Centre]]|date=12 July 2021 }}
*{{cite web|title=History of Christianity in India|url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/history/issues/issue-87/christianity-in-india.html|website=[[Christianity Today]]|date=July 2005 }}

{{Churches in India}}{{Christianity in India by region}}{{Asia in topic|Christianity in}}
{{Religion in India topics}}

[[Category:Christianity in India| ]]

Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

2026-03-27T21:56:20Z

RayfordFvx: update information also and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian anti-government conflict since 1967}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Naxalite–Maoist insurgency
| image = India Naxal Affected Districts 2024.svg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = [[Red Corridor]]–Naxalite active zones in 2024
| date = {{start date|1967|05|18|df=yes}} – present ({{age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=5|day1=18|year1=1967}})
| place = India
| status = [[List of ongoing armed conflicts|Ongoing as a low-level insurgency]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/why-has-maoist-violence-subsided-in-india/a-64292819|title=Why has Maoist violence subsided in India?|work=[[DW-TV]]|date=1 May 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=4 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404183752/https://amp.dw.com/en/why-has-maoist-violence-subsided-in-india/a-64292819|url-status=live}}</ref>
| combatant1 = {{tree list}}
*'''{{flag|India}}'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/terroristoutfits/MCC.htm|title=Maoist Communist Centre – Left Wing Extremism, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212092516/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/terroristoutfits/MCC.htm|archive-date=12 February 2012|work=South Asia Terrorism Portal|access-date=21 May 2014}}</ref>
** [[Central Armed Police Forces]]
*** {{flagicon image|Flag of Central Reserve Police Forces.png}} [[Central Reserve Police Force]]
**** [[Commando Battalion for Resolute Action]]
*** {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} [[Border Security Force]]
*** [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]]
*** [[Central Industrial Security Force]]
** [[State Armed Police Forces]]
*** [[District Reserve Guard]]
*** [[Greyhounds (police)|Greyhounds]] (AP & Telengana)
*** Jharkhand Jaguar
*** [[Special Operation Group (Odisha)]]
*** [[Kerala Thunderbolts]]
*** Special Task Force (Bihar)
*** Anti Naxal Force (Karnataka)<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/anti-naxal-force-will-remain-active-in-state-despite-downsizing-parameshwara/articleshow/121835149.cms</ref>

{{tree list/end}}
----
'''Militias:''' (until 2011)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2161246.ece|title=Salwa Judum is illegal, says Supreme Court|author=J. Venkatesan|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=16 August 2022|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192532/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2161246.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Bhumi Sena]]
* [[Kuer Sena]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Namrata Goswami|title=Indian National Security and Counter-Insurgency: The use of force vs non-violent response|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RiecBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA126|date=27 November 2014|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-134-51431-1|page=126}}</ref>
* [[Lorik Sena]]
* [[Ranvir Sena]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/06/20/stories/14202251.htm|title=A new twist to Ranvir Sena killings|access-date=25 December 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430020150/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/06/20/stories/14202251.htm|archive-date=30 April 2018|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 June 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kd28Ay09adgC&q=ranvir+sena+naxalites&pg=PA53|title=Broken People: Caste Violence Against India's "untouchables"|access-date=24 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225091925/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Kd28Ay09adgC&pg=PA53&dq=ranvir+sena+naxalites&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiXkam73aPYAhVsK8AKHZrHBIIQ6AEIJDAA|archive-date=25 December 2017|isbn=978-1-564-32228-9|last1=Narula|first1=Smita|year=1999|publisher=Human Rights Watch Organization|page=53}}</ref>
* [[Salwa Judum]]
* [[Sunlight Sena]]
* [[Tritiya Prastuti Committee]]
| combatant2 = {{tree list}}
*{{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} '''Naxalites'''
** [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)|CPI (Maoist)]]
*** [[People's Liberation Guerrilla Army (India)|PLGA]]
** Jharkhand Janmukti Parishad<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/Sep/28/maoist-gunned-down-in-jharkhand-encounter-jaguar-official-injured-2364930.html|title=Maoist gunned down in Jharkhand encounter, Jaguar official injured|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=11 September 2021|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=13 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913114221/https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/nation/2021/sep/28/maoist-gunned-down-in-jharkhand-encounter-jaguar-official-injured-2364930.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
** [[People's Liberation Front of India|PLFI]]
** Revolutionary Communist Centre (2006–2019)<ref>{{cite web|title=Incidents and Statements involving RCC|url=https://www.satp.org/terrorist-incident-text/india-maoistinsurgency/revolutionary-communist-centre-rcc_Jan-2019|work=South Asia Terrorism Portal|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=11 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711072028/https://www.satp.org/terrorist-incident-text/india-maoistinsurgency/revolutionary-communist-centre-rcc_Jan-2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
** Odisha Maobadi Party (2002–2015)<ref>{{cite web|title=Maoist Insurgency: Incidents and Statements involving Odisha Maobadi Party (OMP): 2015|url=https://www.satp.org/terrorist-incident-text/india-maoistinsurgency/odisha-maobadi-party-omp_Jan-2015|work=South Asia Terrorism Portal|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=7 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807051640/https://www.satp.org/terrorist-incident-text/india-maoistinsurgency/odisha-maobadi-party-omp_Jan-2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
** {{flagicon image|CPIML LIBERATION FLAG.png}} [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML) Liberation]] (1974–1992)
*** {{flagicon image|Lal sena.jpg}} [[Lal Sena]]
** [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Janashakti|CPI(ML) Janashakti]] (1992–2013)
** [[Communist Party of United States of India|CPUSI]] (1997–2005)<ref>{{cite web|title=Incidents involving CPUSI|url=https://www.satp.org/terrorist-incident-text/india/communist-party-of-united-states-of-india-cpusi_Apr-2005|work=South Asia Terrorism Portal|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>
** [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) New Democracy|CPI(ML) ND]]
** [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) (Mahadev Mukherjee)|CPI(ML) MM]] (until 2012)
** [[Akhil Bharat Nepali Ekta Samaj|ABNES]] (until 2002)
** {{flagicon image|Flag of TNLA.png}} [[Tamil Nadu Liberation Army|TNLA]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/LD22Ae01.html|title=Can a Governor withhold assent without reasons?|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|author=V. Venkatesan|date=22 April 2010|access-date=21 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013000000/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/LD22Ae01.html|archive-date=13 October 2018}}</ref> (until 2005)<ref>{{cite web|title=Tamil Nadu Liberation Army (TNLA)|url=https://www.satp.org/terrorist-profile/india/tamil-nadu-liberation-army-tnla|work=South Asia Terrorism Portal|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>{{tree list/end}}
{{collapsible list
| title = Supported by:|
* {{flagicon image|Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg}} [[United Liberation Front of Assam|ULFA]]<ref name="Strat">{{cite web|work=[[Stratfor]]|title=Pakistan and the Naxalite Movement in India|date=18 November 2010|access-date=1 June 2011|url=https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/pakistan-and-naxalite-movement-india|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330212604/https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/pakistan-and-naxalite-movement-india|archive-date=30 March 2018}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Unofficial flag_of Nagaland.svg}} [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland|NSCN]]<ref name="Strat"/>
* {{flagicon image|Bandera FPRM Manipur.svg}} [[People's Liberation Army of Manipur|PLA-MP]]
* [[Maoist Communist Party of Manipur|MCPM]]
* [[Kangleipak Communist Party|KCP]]
|''Declared support:''
|{{flagicon image|ICL English.png}} International Communist League<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ci-ic.org/blog/2024/04/25/international-call-for-actions-he-who-is-not-afraid-of-death-by-a-thousand-cuts-dares-to-unhorse-the-emperor/|title=International Call for Actions: "He who is not afraid of death by a thousand cuts dares to unhorse the emperor"|date=25 April 2024|work=CIIC|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522153453/https://ci-ic.org/blog/2024/04/25/international-call-for-actions-he-who-is-not-afraid-of-death-by-a-thousand-cuts-dares-to-unhorse-the-emperor/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[Communist Party of Nepal (Revolutionary Maoist)|CPN (RM)]] (until 2023)
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist).svg}} [[Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) (2014)|CPN (2014)]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Regional Powers and Security Orders|page=240|year=2012|publisher=[[Routledge]]|first=Robert|last=Stewart-Ingersoll}}</ref>
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Communist Party of the Philippines (alternative II).svg}} [[New People's Army|NPA]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/LD22Ae01.html|title=Philippine reds export armed struggle|newspaper=[[Asia Times]]|author=Al Labita|date=22 April 2010|access-date=21 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414070000/http://atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/LD22Ae01.html |archive-date=14 April 2012|url-status=unfit}}</ref>
|{{flagicon image|PBSP-Flag.png}} [[Proletarian Party of East Bengal|PBSP]]<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Sunday Guardian]]|title=Bangla Maoists involved in plan to target PM|url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/bangla-maoists-involved-plan-target-pm|date=9 June 2018|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907221442/https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/bangla-maoists-involved-plan-target-pm|archive-date=7 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> (until 2021)
|{{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[Purbo Banglar Communist Party|PBCP]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/bangladesh/terroristoutfits/PBCP.htm|title=Purba Banglar Communist Party (PBCP), South Asia Terrorism Portal|work=South Asia Terrorism Portal|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=28 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428172055/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/bangladesh/terroristoutfits/PBCP.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (until 2021)
|{{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[Centre of Indian Communists|CIC]] (until 1977)
|{{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[Ceylon Communist Party (Maoist)|CCP (Maoist)]] (until 1976)<ref name="naxalite movement">{{cite book|author=Singh, Prakash|title=The Naxalite Movement in India|publisher=[[Rupa & Co.]]|year=1999|page=24}}</ref>
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Democratic Kampuchea.svg}} [[Khmer Rouge]] (until 1999)<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://llco.org/notes-on-todays-maoists-who-uphold-pol-pot-and-the-khmer-rouge/ | title=Notes on today's Maoists who uphold Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge | date=2016-09-03 | website=llco.org}}</ref>
|{{flagicon image|Flag of PCP-Sendero Luminoso.svg}} [[Shining Path]] (from 2004)<ref>{{cite web | title=Maoist Insurgency in Asia and Latin America: Comparative Perspectives | IIAS | url=https://www.iias.asia/event/maoist-insurgency-asia-latin-america-comparative-perspectives }}</ref>
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Militarized Communist Party of Peru.svg}} [[Militarized Communist Party of Peru|MPCP]] (alleged)
}}
| commander1 = {{flagicon|India}} [[Droupadi Murmu]] {{flagicon|India}} [[Narendra Modi]] {{flagicon|India}} [[Amit Shah]] {{flagicon|India}} [[Rajeev Rai Bhatnagar]] {{flagicon |India}} [[Pranay Sahay]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Anti-Naxal operations will be intensified: CRPF chief Pranay Sahay|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-01-11/news/36280119_1_anti-naxal-operations-naxal-ambush-crpf-chief-pranay-sahay|access-date=31 March 2013|date=11 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523233831/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-01-11/news/36280119_1_anti-naxal-operations-naxal-ambush-crpf-chief-pranay-sahay|archive-date=23 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Mahendra Karma]]{{Assassinated}} (Salwa Judum) [[Brahmeshwar Singh]]{{Assassinated}} (Ranvir Sena)
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[Muppala Lakshmana Rao| Ganapathy]]
{{collapsible list|title=Past senior commanders:|
{{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[Nambala Keshava Rao| Keshava Rao]]{{KIA}} {{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[Thippiri Tirupathi]]{{Surrendered}} {{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[Barsa Deva]]{{Surrendered}} {{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[Madvi Hidma]]{{KIA}} {{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[Mallujola Venugopal]]{{Surrendered}} {{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[Chalpathi (Maoist)|Chalpathi]]{{KIA}} {{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[Charu Majumdar]]{{Natural Causes}} {{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[Jangal Santhal]]{{Natural Causes}} {{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[Kanu Sanyal]]{{Natural Causes}} {{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[Sabyasachi Panda|Babu Panda]]{{POW}} {{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[Azad (Maoist)|Azad]]{{KIA}} {{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[Anand (Maoist)|Anand]]{{Natural Causes}} {{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[Kondapalli Seetharamaiah]]{{Natural Causes}} {{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[Kosa (Maoist)|Kosa]]{{KIA}} {{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[Kishenji|Koteswara Rao]]{{KIA}} {{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[Prashant Bose|Kishan]]{{POW}} {{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[Ashutosh Tudu]]{{POW}} {{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[Yalavarthi Naveen Babu|Naveen Babu]]{{KIA}} {{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[Narmada Akka]]{{KIA}} {{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[Deo Kumar Singh]]{{Natural Causes}} {{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[Milind Teltumbde]]{{KIA}} {{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[Jagdish Mahto]]{{KIA}} {{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[Ravindra Singh Kushwaha|Ravindra Singh]]{{POW}} {{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[Mahendar Prasad Singh|Mahendar Singh]]{{KIA}} {{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[Shankar Rao (Maoist leader)|Shankar Rao]]{{KIA}} {{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[Vinod Gowda (Maoist)|Vinod Gowda]]{{KIA}}
}}
| strength1 = [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]]: 313,634 State Police Forces: 1,289,900
| strength2 = 350+ (2026 est., according to the [[Government of India]])<ref>{{cite news|title=Record 677 weapons recovered from Maoists in 2025; many linked to decades-old attacks|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/record-677-weapons-recovered-from-maoists-in-2025-many-linked-to-decades-old-attacks-101770108720251-amp.html|access-date=6 February 2026|date=6 February 2026|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> 6,500–9,500 (2013 est.)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/index.php?ref=MjBfMDlfMTZfMTNfMV85Ml8xODM1NDA=|title=India faces internal challenge from Maoist-Naxalites|newspaper=[[The Financial Express (Bangladesh)|The Financial Express]]|access-date=26 October 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603160508/http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/index.php?ref=MjBfMDlfMTZfMTNfMV85Ml8xODM1NDA|archive-date=3 June 2015}}</ref> 10,000–20,000 (2009–2010 est.)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-07-29/maoists-in-india-blow-up-pipelines-as-78-billion-in-resources-threatened.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100802095511/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-07-29/maoists-in-india-blow-up-pipelines-as-78-billion-in-resources-threatened.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 August 2010|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|first=Mehul|last=Srivastava|title=Maoists in India Blow Up Pipelines, Putting $78 Billion at Risk|date=29 July 2010|access-date=1 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2009/09/20099191105479635.html|title=Indian police battle Naxalites|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|access-date=26 October 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091217115727/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2009/09/20099191105479635.html|archive-date=17 December 2009}}</ref>
| strength3 =
| casualties1 = '''2000–2026:''' 2,723 killed<ref name="War"/>
| casualties2 = '''2000–2026:''' 5,063 killed 20,073 surrendered 17,217 captured<ref name="War"/>
| casualties3 = '''2000–2026:''' 4,138 civilians killed<ref name="War"/>
| notes =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Naxalite insurgency}}
{{Internal conflicts in India}}
}}

The '''Naxalite–Maoist insurgency''' is an ongoing conflict between the [[Indian government]] and [[Left-wing terrorism|left-wing extremist]] groups. The [[Naxalites]] are a group of [[communist]] groups following [[Maoist]] political sentiment and ideology, and claim to fight a rural rebellion and [[people's war]] against the government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgle158kp17o|title=After decades of bloodshed, is India winning its war against Maoists?|date=27 May 2025|access-date=27 May 2025|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mccaine.org/2009/06/24/communists-fight-in-india/|title=Communists fight in India|date=24 June 2009|access-date=1 June 2024|author=Matthijs Krul|work=Mccaine}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/india-60-years-of-maoist-insurgency-and-its-human-cost/a-71614467|title=India: 60 Years of Maoist insurgency and its human cost|date=14 February 2025|access-date=1 May 2025|work=DW}}</ref>

The insurgency started after the [[Naxalbari uprising|1967 Naxalbari uprising]] and the subsequent split of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] leading to the creation of a [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)|Marxist–Leninist faction]]. The faction later splintered into various smaller groups. The Naxalites' armed wing, the [[People's Liberation Guerrilla Army (India)|People's Liberation Guerrilla Army]], was declared a [[Terrorism|terrorist]] organisation under the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act of India (1967)]], and has been responsible for numerous attacks causing several deaths and injury to civilians and security personnel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/maoist/terrorist_outfits/Janashakti.htm|title=Maoist Communist Centre – Extremism, India|work=South Asia Terrorism Portal|access-date=1 April 2015|archive-date=26 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426151124/https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/maoist/terrorist_outfits/Janashakti.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/maoist/terrorist_outfits/PWG.htm|title=People's War Group – Extremism, India|work=South Asia Terrorism Portal|access-date=1 April 2015|archive-date=25 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125074700/https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/maoist/terrorist_outfits/PWG.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India's War Against Maoist Rebels Reaches Decisive Point |url=https://thediplomat.com/2025/05/indias-war-against-maoist-rebels-reaches-decisive-point/ |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |access-date=29 May 2025}}</ref>

The insurgency reached its peak in the late 2010s and has been on the decline since then due to the counter-insurgency actions and development plans formulated by the [[Government of India|Indian government]]. The Naxal influence zone, known as the [[red corridor]], has shrunk from a peak of nearly 180 districts in the late 2000s to 12 districts by 2025, with over 5,000 insurgents being killed since the 2000 and more than 10,000 surrendering between 2015 and 2025.

== History ==
{{Maoism sidebar}}
{{Communism sidebar}}
{{Marxism–Leninism sidebar}}
{{see|Timeline of the Naxalite–Maoist insurgency}}

=== Formation and early years (late 1960s to 1970s) ===
{{see|Naxalbari uprising}}

In 1967, a faction of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] led by [[Charu Majumdar]], [[Kanu Sanyal]], and [[Jangal Santhal]] called the "Siliguri group" wanted a [[protracted people's war]] in India similar to the [[Chinese Communist Revolution]] and Majumdar wrote the [[Historic Eight Documents]] which became the foundation of the [[Naxalite]] movement.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Naxalbari Uprising|url=http://www.bannedthought.net/India/PeoplesMarch/PM1999-2006/publications/30%20years/part1.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031003912/http://www.bannedthought.net/India/PeoplesMarch/PM1999-2006/publications/30%20years/part1.htm|archive-date=31 October 2010|access-date=2 May 2018|work=Banned Thought}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Naxalite Ideology: Charu's Eight Documents|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]|date=9 May 2003 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/naxalite-ideology-charu-s-eight-documents/story-hiCWDlzyc5yNRgYkBMX1qL.html|access-date=2 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221162344/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/naxalite-ideology-charu-s-eight-documents/story-hiCWDlzyc5yNRgYkBMX1qL.html|archive-date=2016-12-21}}</ref> The party was part of a [[coalition government]] in West Bengal. Majumdar believed that the party would support his doctrine with other leaders like land minister [[Hare Krishna Konar]] who had been supporting his rhetoric suggesting that "the militant confiscation of land was integral to the party's programme."<ref name="Diplomat">{{cite web|last=Roy|first=Siddharthya|title=Half a Century of India's Maoist Insurgency|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/09/half-a-century-of-indias-maoist-insurgency/|access-date=12 November 2019|work=The Diplomat|archive-date=3 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003220504/https://thediplomat.com/2017/09/half-a-century-of-indias-maoist-insurgency/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Atul Kohli|title=From breakdown to order: West Bengal|date=1998|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=0-19-564765-3|author-link=Atul Kohli|page=348}}</ref> However, the party did not approve of the armed uprising, which led to internal conflict with the sympathizers of the group.<ref name="History">{{cite web|date=22 February 2018|title=History of Naxalism|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/history-of-naxalism/story-4f1rZukARGYn3qHOqDMEbM.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222151700/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/history-of-naxalism/story-4f1rZukARGYn3qHOqDMEbM.html|archive-date=22 February 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=8 December 2019}}</ref>

In March 1967, a few peasant workers seized a plot of land from its [[jotedar]]. In May 1967, the Siliguri Kishan Sabha, of which Santhal was the president, declared their support for the movement initiated by Sanyal and their readiness to adopt an armed struggle to redistribute land to the landless.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sen, Sunil Kumar|title=Peasant movements in India: mid-nineteenth and twentieth centuries|publisher=K.P. Bagchi|year=1982}}</ref> The group advocated initiation of armed struggle and in [[Naxalbari]] in [[West Bengal]], the peasants fought when a [[sharecropper]] of [[Adivasi|tribal background]], who had been given land by the courts under the tenancy laws, was attacked by the previous landlord's men. When the police arrived, they were ambushed by a group led by Santhal, and in the ensuing fight, 11 people including a [[police inspector]] were killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/51-years-of-naxalbari-how-a-peasant-uprising-triggered-a-pan-india-political-movement-5191046/|title=Naxalbari: How a peasant uprising triggered a pan-India political movement|date=25 May 2018|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=50 years of Naxalite movement: What happened at Naxalbari on May 25, 1967?|url=https://www.dailyo.in/politics/naxalite-naxalbari-may-25-1967-charu-mazumdar-kanu-sanyal/story/1/17404.html|access-date=7 May 2021|work=Dailyo|archive-date=27 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527072445/https://www.dailyo.in/politics/naxalite-naxalbari-may-25-1967-charu-mazumdar-kanu-sanyal/story/1/17404.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Rediff">{{cite web|last=Diwanji|first=A. K.|date=2 October 2003|title=Primer: Who are the Naxalites?|url=http://us.rediff.com/news/2003/oct/02spec.htm|access-date=15 May 2007|work=[[Rediff.com]]|archive-date=4 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504151532/http://us.rediff.com/news/2003/oct/02spec.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 1967, a group led by [[Sushital Ray Chowdhury]] organised the [[All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries]] (AICCCR).<ref>{{cite book|author=Mukherjee, Arun|title=Maoist "spring thunder": the Naxalite movement 1967–1972|date=2007|publisher=K.P. Bagchi|isbn=978-8-17074-303-3|page=295}}</ref>

The uprising led to the formation of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)]] (CPI-ML) in April 1969, which was announced by Sanyal at a mass meeting in [[Calcutta]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Rao|first=Shamanth|date=10 March 2011|title=The remains of Naxalbari|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/qILQtLkiUnpvkRP9v3aV3O/The-remains-of-Naxalbari.html|access-date=27 May 2021|work=[[Live Mint]]}}</ref> It inspired similar movements in states like [[Odisha]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite news|date=26 June 2015|title=From Naxalbari to Nalgonda|url=http://www.thehindu.com/mag/2004/12/05/stories/2004120500470400.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150626152543/http://www.thehindu.com/mag/2004/12/05/stories/2004120500470400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 June 2015|access-date=30 July 2021|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In 1971, Satyanarayan Singh revolted against the leadership and split the CPI-ML into two, forming a separate [[Provisional Central Committee, Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)|provisional committee]].<ref name="Mohanty">{{cite book|author=Mohanty, Manoranjan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=da2NAAAAMAAJ|title=Revolutionary Violence. A Study of the Maoist Movement in India|publisher=Sterling Publishers|year=1977|page=120}}</ref> The Naxalites gained presence among the radical sections of the student groups in Calcutta.<ref>{{cite book|author=Judith Vidal-Hall|title=Naxalites|pages=73–75|publisher=Index on Censorship|volume=35|year=2006}}</ref> Students left school to join the Naxalites and Majumdar declared that the revolutionary warfare was to take place not only in the rural areas as before, but now everywhere and spontaneously. He also declared an "annihilation line" and issued a dictum to assassinate individual "class enemies" such as landlords, businessmen, teachers, police officers, politicians and others.<ref>{{cite news|author=Sen, Antara Dev |date=25 March 2010|title=A true leader of the unwashed masses|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column_a-true-leader-of-the-unwashed-masses_1363010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107190230/http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-a-true-leader-of-the-unwashed-masses-1363010|archive-date=7 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Dasgupta, Biplab|year=1973|title=Naxalite Armed Struggles and the Annihilation Campaign in Rural Areas|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=1973|pages=173–188 |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/audience.nsf/b1bc9409c64d85a06525698d0025dc3c/5813146ae3eeee2e652572870041e297/$FILE/A0260027.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127164644/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/audience.nsf/b1bc9409c64d85a06525698d0025dc3c/5813146ae3eeee2e652572870041e297/$FILE/A0260027.pdf|archive-date=27 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In response, the [[Government of West Bengal]] instituted countermeasures against the Naxalites. The insurgents clashed with the [[West Bengal Police]] and CPI-M cadres. With the public rejection of Majumdar's calls for extrajudicial killings, Naxalites alleged human rights violations by the state government, which responded that "the state was effectively fighting a civil war and that democratic pleasantries had no place in a war, especially when the opponent did not fight within the norms of democracy and civility".<ref name="Rediff"/> With the support of the [[Indian Government|central government]], Operation Steeplechase was launched with the aid of the [[Paramilitary forces of India|paramilitary forces]] of the [[Indian Armed Forces]], which resulted in the killing and imprisoning of suspected Naxalites and their cadres, including senior leaders.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lawoti|first1=Mahendra|title=The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal: Revolution in the Twenty-first Century|last2=Pahari|first2=Anup Kumar|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2009|isbn=978-1-135-26168-9|location=London|page=208|chapter=Part V: Military and state dimension|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KtGNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA208}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Pandita|first=Rahul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ83V3JLXFMC&pg=PA23|title=Hello, Bastar : The Untold Story of India's Maoist Movement|publisher=[[Westland Books|Westland]]|year=2011|isbn=978-9-38065-834-6|pages=23–24|oclc=754482226}}</ref> In July 1972, Majumdar was arrested by the [[West Bengal Police]] and he later died in police custody.<ref>{{cite web|title=The last of the three|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the-last-of-the-three/|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=25 March 2010|access-date=1 June 2024|url-access=subscription|archive-date=6 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006095256/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the-last-of-the-three/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=9 May 2003|title=Charu Majumdar – The Father of Naxalism|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/charu-majumdar-the-father-of-naxalism/story-xMbqnzd7MJp8nm4NamCxqJ.html|access-date=12 January 2022|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124180520/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/charu-majumdar-the-father-of-naxalism/story-xMbqnzd7MJp8nm4NamCxqJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After his death, the CPI-ML split into further factions such as the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) (Mahadev Mukherjee)|Mahadev Mukherjee faction]] and the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI-ML Liberation]] in 1972.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Naxalism|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/history-of-naxalism/story-4f1rZukARGYn3qHOqDMEbM.html|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814222816/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/history-of-naxalism/story-4f1rZukARGYn3qHOqDMEbM.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 August 2016}}</ref> By 1973, the main leaders of the Naxalites were either eliminated or arrested.<ref>{{cite book|author=K.P. Singh|title=The Trajectory of the Movement in The Naxal Challenge: Causes, Linkages and Policy Options|publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]]|year=2008|pages=10–11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Anup K. Pahari|title=Unequal Rebellions: The Continuum of 'People's War' in Nepal and India|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2010|pages=208–210}}</ref> As a result of both external repression and a failure to maintain internal unity, the movement degenerated into extreme sectarianism and the original party fractured into more than 40 separate small groups.<ref>{{cite book|author=P.V. Ramana|title=India's Maoist Insurgency: Evolution, Current Trends, and Responses|editor=Michael Kugelman|publisher=Woodrow Wilson International Center|year=2011|pages=138–141}}</ref>

=== Further growth and government action (1980s to late 1990s) ===
The late 1970s saw the spread of [[Naxalism]] to other states of India.<ref>{{cite news|date=22 August 1970|title=Naxalite violence continues in Calcutta|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19700822&printsec=frontpage|access-date=10 April 2017|website=The Indian Express|page=7}}</ref> Though the first wave of insurgent violence ended badly, it did not eliminate the movement altogether. The insurgency arose in [[South India]] in the early 1980s and on 22 April 1980, the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) People's War]], commonly called as People's War Group (PWG) was founded by [[Kondapalli Seetharamaiah]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=India's Naxalite Insurgency: History, Trajectory, and Implications for U.S.-India Security Cooperation on Domestic Counterinsurgency by Thomas F. Lynch III|url=https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/stratperspective/inss/Strategic-Perspectives-22.pdf|journal=Institute for National Strategic Studies}}</ref> He sought a more efficient structure in attacks and followed the principles of Majumdar. The insurgents kidnapped landlords and forced them to confess to crimes, apologize to villagers, and repay forced bribes. By the early 1980s, the insurgents had established a stronghold and sanctuary along the Andhra Pradesh–Orissa border.<ref name="Singh">{{cite book|author=Singh, Prakash|title=The Naxalite Movement in India|publisher=[[Rupa & Co.]]|year=1999|page=101}}</ref>

In 1985, the Naxalites began ambushing police forces and killed N.Yadagiri Reddy, a sub-inspector of police in [[Warangal district]] of Andhra Pradesh. In response, a special task force called the [[Greyhounds (police)|Greyhounds]] was formed by the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Bhattacharjee|first=Sumit|date=22 March 2017|title=Greyhounds among the best anti-insurgency forces: Experts|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/greyhounds-among-the-best-anti-insurgency-forces-experts/article17568627.ece|access-date=30 July 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=30 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730113544/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/greyhounds-among-the-best-anti-insurgency-forces-experts/article17568627.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The governments of Andhra Pradesh and Orissa quelled down the rebels with a variety of [[counterinsurgency]] measures. The states established special laws that enabled police to capture and detain Naxalite cadres, fighters and presumed supporters.<ref>{{cite book|title=Conflict Resolution: Learning Lessons from Dialogue Processes in India|publisher=The Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue|year=2011|pages=10–11}}</ref> They invited additional central paramilitary forces, set up organisations to attract youth away from the Naxalites, started rehabilitation programs for those who surrendered.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sahoo|first=Niranjan|date=26 June 2019|title=From Bihar to Andhra, how India fought, and won, its 50-yr war with Left-wing extremism|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/from-bihar-to-andhra-how-india-fought-and-won-its-50-yr-war-with-left-wing-extremism/254462/|access-date=30 July 2021|work=[[The Print]]|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411063615/https://theprint.in/opinion/from-bihar-to-andhra-how-india-fought-and-won-its-50-yr-war-with-left-wing-extremism/254462/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 1990s, several [[Bara massacre|incidents of mass murders]] happened in [[Bihar]] wherein Maoists killed members of the land-owning [[Bhumihar]] community, who then retaliated through militias.<ref>{{cite journal|date=5 June 2015|title=The Bara Killings|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/1992/15-16/letters/bara-killings.html|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=27|issue=–1|pages=7–8|access-date=27 May 2021|archive-date=27 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527075358/https://www.epw.in/journal/1992/15-16/letters/bara-killings.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Gaikwad|first=Rahi|date=9 October 2013|title=Patna High Court acquits all 26 in Dalit massacre case|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/patna-high-court-acquits-all-26-in-dalit-massacre-case/article5218083.ece|access-date=2021-05-27|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Tewary|first=Amarnath|date=16 November 2016|title=10 get death penalty for Senari massacre|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/10-get-death-penalty-for-Senari-massacre/article16443811.ece|access-date=27 May 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Peak of insurgency (2000s) ===
On 2 December 2000, the armed wing of the Maoists called the [[People's Liberation Guerrilla Army (India)|People's Liberation Guerrilla Army]] was founded and mostly equipped with [[small arms]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-17/india/35868361_1_mass-contact-programmes-people-s-liberation-guerrilla-army-plga|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016084607/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-17/india/35868361_1_mass-contact-programmes-people-s-liberation-guerrilla-army-plga|url-status=dead | archive-date=16 October 2013|title=CPI (Maoist) marks PLGA anniversary with mass contact programmes|date=17 December 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=31 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="Conflict">{{cite web|work=[[Uppsala Conflict Data Program]]|title=Conflict Encyclopedia, India: government, Government of India – CPI-Maoist, Actor Information, CPI-Maoists|access-date=29 May 2013|url=http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=74&regionSelect=6-Central_and_Southern_Asia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203162633/http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=74&regionSelect=6-Central_and_Southern_Asia |archive-date=3 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="Rediff"/> On 1 October 2003, the Naxalites attacked a convoy of then [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]] [[Chandrababu Naidu]] en route to [[Tirumala]], in which the Chief Minister was injured.<ref>{{cite news|date=1 October 2003|title=Indian politician survives attack|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3155208.stm|access-date=30 July 2021|archive-date=30 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730113540/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3155208.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> In response, the Andhra Pradesh government embarked on a rapid modernisation of its police force and up-gradation of its technical and operational capabilities to fight the insurgents and about 246 insurgents were killed during the year.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Naxal Insurgency in India|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/files/RS.pdf|journal=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|page=56|access-date=5 October 2024|archive-date=2 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502011027/https://carnegieendowment.org/files/RS.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="War"/> In September 2004, the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)|CPI-Maoist]] was founded through the merger of the People's War Group, and the [[Maoist Communist Centre of India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/cpi-maoist-commander-hidma-promoted-to-central-committee/article19653439.ece|title=CPI (Maoist) commander Hidma promoted to Central Committee|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 September 2017|access-date=27 April 2019|last1=Dahat|first1=Pavan|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207060343/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/cpi-maoist-commander-hidma-promoted-to-central-committee/article19653439.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2005, peace talks between the Andhra Pradesh government and the Maoists broke down after the government had not agreed to the release of prisoners and to redistribution of land.<ref name="Conflict"/> In August 2005, the government of Andhra Pradesh outlawed the CPI-Maoist party and other affiliated organisations and arrested suspected members and sympathizers of the group.<ref>{{cite news|date=16 August 2010|title=Ban on CPI (Maoist) Continues In Andhra Pradesh|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/ban-on-cpi-maoist-continues-in-andhra-pradesh/690550|access-date=27 May 2021|work=[[Outlook India|Outlook (Indian magazine)]]|archive-date=27 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527085530/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/ban-on-cpi-maoist-continues-in-andhra-pradesh/690550|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Jafri|first=Syed|date=17 August 2005|title=AP govt re-imposes ban on Maoists|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2005/aug/17ap1.htm|access-date=27 May 2021|work=[[Rediff.com]]|archive-date=25 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925041532/https://www.rediff.com/news/2005/aug/17ap1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Maoists orchestrated several attacks on government facilities across various states. They freed prisoners after attacks on prisons and stole weapons from government facilities.<ref name="Attack">{{cite news|date=16 February 2008|title=Naxalite attack claims 13 lives in Orrisa|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/naxalite-attack-claims-13-lives-in-orrisa_10017995.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006122723/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/naxalite-attack-claims-13-lives-in-orrisa_10017995.html|archive-date=6 October 2012|access-date=27 May 2021|work=Thaindian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=14 November 2005|title=Operation jailbreak: Naxals run amok in Bihar, 341 inmates flee|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/operation-jailbreak-naxals-run-amok-in-bihar-341-inmates-flee/articleshow/1294201.cms|access-date=27 May 2021|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ramana|first=P. V.|title=Jehanabad raid: A higher stage of Maoists' militarisation|url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/jehanabad-raid-a-higher-stage-of-maoists-militarisation/|access-date=27 May 2021|work=ORF}}</ref> They also attacked anti-Maoist protesters, took hostages and killed those who opposed them.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/14/stories/2005111418820100.htm|title=Naxalites lay siege to Jehanabad 25 killed in Maoist attack|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 November 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051126221442/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/14/stories/2005111418820100.htm |access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=26 November 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/01/stories/2006030116431600.htm|title=25 killed in Maoist attack|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 March 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822183535/http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/01/stories/2006030116431600.htm |access-date=1 June 2007|archive-date=22 August 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=29 killed, 80 injured in Chhattisgarh naxal attack|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/29-killed--80-injured-in-chhattisgarh-naxal-attack/399528|access-date=20 December 2015|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|date=17 July 2006}}</ref> Police men and security forces were targeted in ambushes using automatic weapons and [[improvised explosive devices]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6201792.stm|title=Maoists kill 14 Indian police|work=[[BBC News]]|date=2 December 2006|access-date=1 June 2012|archive-date=30 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930092855/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6201792.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2007, the Maoists killed [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] [[Sunil Mahato]] in [[Jharkhand]] and a local leader in Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news|date=4 March 2015|title=Tributes paid to slain JMM leader Sunil Mahato|work=The Avenue Mail|url=http://www.avenuemail.in/jamshedpur/tributes-paid-to-slain-jmm-leader-sunil-mahato/72022/|access-date=20 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703122535/http://www.avenuemail.in/jamshedpur/tributes-paid-to-slain-jmm-leader-sunil-mahato/72022/|archive-date=3 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India Human Rights Report 2008|work=Asian Centre for Human Rights|url=http://www.achrweb.org/reports/india/AR08/andhra.htm|access-date=20 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222075828/http://www.achrweb.org/reports/india/AR08/andhra.htm|archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref> They were also involved in local protests against the establishment of [[Special Economic Zone]]s and killed tribal youths of counter militia organisations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/16/stories/2007031607360100.htm|title=Naxalites massacre policemen in Chhattisgarh|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070319201041/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/16/stories/2007031607360100.htm |access-date=1 June 2008|archive-date=19 March 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070032266&ch=11%2F8%2F2007%209%3A10%3A00%20PM|title=Reports see Maoist Hand in Nandigram|author=Monideepa Bannerjie|work=[[NDTV]]|date= 8 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080103202527/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070032266&ch=11%2F8%2F2007%209%3A10%3A00%20PM |access-date=1 June 2008|archive-date=3 January 2008 }}</ref> In 2008, Naxal attacks increased in Orissa, which inflicted multiple casualties on the security forces.<ref>{{cite news|date=31 May 2012|title=Naxal movement entering mobile warfare phase|url=http://www.merinews.com/article/naxal-movement-entering-mobile-warfare-phase/136863.shtml|access-date=27 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531071345/http://www.merinews.com/article/naxal-movement-entering-mobile-warfare-phase/136863.shtml|archive-date=31 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.groundreport.com/Arts_and_Culture/Maoist-Hit-Back-Greyhound-Commandos-Killing-35|title=Maoist Hit Back Greyhound Commandos Killing 35|publisher=GroundReport|date=1 July 2008|access-date=13 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705024422/http://www.groundreport.com/Arts_and_Culture/Maoist-Hit-Back-Greyhound-Commandos-Killing-35|archive-date=5 July 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://ia.rediff.com/www/news/2008/jul/12naxal.htm|title=Orissa Naxal attack: All bodies recovered: Rediff.com news|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=12 July 2008|access-date=13 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/21-Orissa-policemen-feared-killed-by-Maoists/336441/|title=21 Orissa policemen feared killed by Maoists|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207141955/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/21-Orissa-policemen-feared-killed-by-Maoists/336441/|archive-date=7 December 2011|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=16 July 2008|access-date=1 June 2009}}</ref> On average, 700 people were killed in the conflict every year from 2005 to 2008.<ref name="War"/>

Between 2009 and 2010 the conflict escalated turning these two years into the deadliest with more than 1000 casualties annually.<ref name="War"/> The Indian government announced a nationwide initiative called the Integrated Action Plan for broad coordinated operations aimed at combatting and undermining support for the Naxalites in selected states. The plan included funding for grass-roots economic development projects in the affected areas and increased special police funding for containment and reduction of Naxalite influence.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Special-project-for-Naxal-areas-to-be-extended-to-18-more-districts/articleshow/11033847.cms|title = Special project for Naxal areas to be extended to 18 more districts|access-date = 2 January 2012|date = 8 December 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130429194400/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-08/india/30490059_1_naxal-violence-districts-in-eight-states-integrated-action-plan|archive-date = 29 April 2013|url-status = live|newspaper= [[The Times of India]]|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Co-ordinated_operations_to_flush_out_Naxalites_soon/articleshow/4084039.cms|title=Co-ordinated operations to flush out Naxalites soon|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210222202/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Co-ordinated_operations_to_flush_out_Naxalites_soon/articleshow/4084039.cms|archive-date=10 February 2009|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=6 February 2009}}</ref>

=== Counter-action and decline (2010s–present) ===
{{see|Operation Green Hunt}}

In 2009, the Indian government launched a massive military offensive, code named [[Operation Green Hunt]] and planned to deploy nearly 50,000 soldiers over two years, with the objectives of eliminating Naxal insurgents and bringing stability to the regions.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?667442|title=Centre's Anti-Naxal Plan to be Implemented Soon|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718084042/http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?667442|archive-date=18 July 2011|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref> The Maoists targeted security personnel involved in the operations against them with major attacks such as the [[Silda camp attack]], [[April 2010 Maoist attack in Dantewada|Dantewada ambush]] and [[2010 Dantewada bus bombing]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/news/india/naxals-blow-up-bus-near-dantewada-33-killed-26123.php |title=Naxals blow up bus near Dantewada, 30 Killed|access-date=18 May 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100520002216/http://www.ndtv.com/news/india/naxals-blow-up-bus-near-dantewada-33-killed-26123.php|archive-date=20 May 2010|work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8604256.stm|title=Scores of Indian soldiers killed in Maoist ambushes|date=6 April 2010|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=1 June 2012|archive-date=8 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408014043/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8604256.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8517371.stm|work=[[BBC News]]|title=India Maoists attack troops' camp|date=16 February 2010|access-date=20 May 2010|first=Subir|last=Bhaumik|archive-date=9 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009165455/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8517371.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> They also killed civilians suspected of helping the government and those who were involved in building public infrastructure.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-18/ranchi/28140501_1_police-informers-maoists-chakulia|title=Maoists kill doc for being police informer|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811041810/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-18/ranchi/28140501_1_police-informers-maoists-chakulia |access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=11 August 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8521269.stm|title=India Maoist attack kills 11 in Bihar village|work=[[BBC News]]|date=18 February 2010|access-date=1 June 2011|archive-date=21 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221155230/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8521269.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/19/stories/2010021959220100.htm|title=Maoists kill 12 in brutal assault on Bihar village|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222221615/http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/19/stories/2010021959220100.htm |access-date=1 June 2011|archive-date=22 February 2010 }}</ref> Naxalites carried out a series of attacks, including shootings and bombings across Indian states and the security forces retaliated in response.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10549410|work=[[BBC News]]|title=Indian Maoist attacks kill seven|date=8 July 2010|access-date=1 June 2017|archive-date=9 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009165534/https://www.bbc.com/news/10549410|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Naxals-kill-4-on-second-day-of-bandh/Article1-569461.aspx|title=Naxals kill 4 on second day of bandh|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|date=10 July 2010|access-date=1 June 2017|archive-date=12 September 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120912024717/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Naxals-kill-4-on-second-day-of-bandh/Article1-569461.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Naxalites were also suspected of attempted [[train derailment]]s.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=4445152&pgnew=false|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171012042556/http://www.msn.com/en-in/news/national?cp-documentid=4445152&pgnew=false|title=Naxalites remove fish plates|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 October 2017|access-date=21 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/naxalites-hold-lineman-hostage-remove-fish-plates/693982/|title=Naxalites hold lineman hostage, remove fish plates|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117203212/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/naxalites-hold-lineman-hostage-remove-fish-plates/693982/|archive-date=17 January 2011|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=7 October 2010|access-date=21 May 2014}}</ref>

In early 2010s, [[Karnataka]] was removed from the list of Naxal-affected states.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubli/Karnataka-no-longer-Naxal-infested/articleshow/6441743.cms|title=Karnataka no longer Naxal infested|date=26 August 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110902032455/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-26/hubli/28275788_1_police-station-naxal-activities-home-minister|archive-date=2 September 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]] claimed that the Naxal insurgency has reduced in the state and attributed its success to the rural development schemes.<ref>{{cite news|year=2011|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/nation/others/mp-govt-claims-positive-change-naxal-hit-areas-893|title=MP govt claims positive change in Naxal-hit areas|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=2 January 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101170735/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/nation/others/mp-govt-claims-positive-change-naxal-hit-areas-893|archive-date=1 January 2012}}</ref> In July 2011, the central government announced that the number of Naxal-affected areas were reduced to 83 districts across nine states.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/centre-to-declare-more-districts-naxalhit/812671/|title=Centre to declare more districts Naxal-hit|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121216133547/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/centre-to-declare-more-districts-naxalhit/812671/ |archive-date=16 December 2012|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=5 July 2011|access-date=21 May 2014}}</ref> Senior Maoist leaders were killed by the security forces, and many were arrested.<ref>{{cite news|title=Top Maoist leader Kishenji killed|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/WestBengal/Top-Maoist-leader-Kishenji-killed/Article1-773485.aspx|access-date=24 July 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|date=24 November 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819145814/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/WestBengal/Top-Maoist-leader-Kishenji-killed/Article1-773485.aspx|archive-date=19 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=36 Naxals arrested in Andhra Pradesh|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-01/india/32494466_1_naxals-joint-forces-alias|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103073246/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-01/india/32494466_1_naxals-joint-forces-alias|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|access-date=24 July 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 July 2012}}</ref> In early 2012, the Naxalites kidnapped foreign nationals and a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] in Odisha to force the government to release its cadres held as prisoners.<ref>{{cite news|title=India 'Maoist' bomb blast kills 15 police|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-17521372|work=[[BBC News]]|date=27 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328171838/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-17521372|archive-date=28 March 2012}}</ref> In May 2013, [[2013 Naxal attack in Darbha valley|a Naxal attack]] in Chhattisgarh resulted in the deaths of 24 [[Indian National Congress]] leaders including the former state minister [[Mahendra Karma]] and the Chhattisgarh Congress chief Nand Kumar Patel.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/kidnapped-chhattisgarh-cong-chief-son-found-dead/article4752692.ece|title=Kidnapped Chhattisgarh Cong chief, son found dead|date=26 May 2013|access-date=26 May 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610041302/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/kidnapped-chhattisgarh-cong-chief-son-found-dead/article4752692.ece|archive-date=10 June 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In the later 2010s, while the Maoists continued to carry out planned attacks such as the [[2014 Chhattisgarh attack]], the [[2017 Sukma attack]] and the [[2018 Sukma attack]], the security forces were able to retaliate in response.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sandhu|first1=Kamaljit Kaur|date=13 March 2018|title=9 CRPF soldiers martyred in Maoist ambush in Sukma|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/chhattisgarh-9-crpf-jawans-killed-sukma-maoist-ied-blast-1188258-2018-03-13|access-date=28 May 2021|work=[[India Today]]|archive-date=9 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009165455/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/chhattisgarh-9-crpf-jawans-killed-sukma-maoist-ied-blast-1188258-2018-03-13|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/24/world/asia/india-chhattisgarh-maoist-rebels.html|title=25 Police Officers in India Killed in Attack by Maoist Rebels|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=24 April 2017|access-date=1 June 2018|archive-date=9 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009165455/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/24/world/asia/india-chhattisgarh-maoist-rebels.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Maoists kill 15 Security Personnel in a Deadly Ambush in Sukma, Chhattisgarh|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/03/maoists-kill-15-security-personnel-in-a-deadly-ambush-in-sukma-chhattisgarh/|work=Bihar Prabha|access-date=12 March 2014|archive-date=14 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314020906/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/03/maoists-kill-15-security-personnel-in-a-deadly-ambush-in-sukma-chhattisgarh/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/20-security-personnel-feared-killed-in-chhattisgarh-naxal-attack/article5773315.ece?homepage=true|title=20 security personnel feared killed in Chhattisgarh Naxal attack|date=11 March 2014|access-date=11 March 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311131630/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/20-security-personnel-feared-killed-in-chhattisgarh-naxal-attack/article5773315.ece?homepage=true|archive-date=11 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The security forces engaged in multiple gun battles which resulted in more than 1000 Maoists being killed in the late 2010s.<ref name="War"/><ref>{{cite news|date=24 October 2016|title=24 Maoists killed in encounter on Andhra-Odisha border|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/24-Maoists-policeman-killed-in-encounter-on-Andhra-Odisha-border/articleshow/55036202.cms|access-date=2016-10-30|archive-date=31 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331041923/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/24-Maoists-policeman-killed-in-encounter-on-Andhra-Odisha-border/articleshow/55036202.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Jadhav|first=Rajendra|date=4 April 2018|title=Police kill at least 37 Maoist militants in central India|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-militants-maoists-idUSKBN1HV0NV|access-date=28 May 2021|archive-date=14 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214174623/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-militants-maoists-idUSKBN1HV0NV|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2018, the Naxalites killed Member of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] [[Kidari Sarveswara Rao]] and former member Siveri Soma in [[Araku Valley]].<ref>{{cite news|title=TDP MLA Kidari Sarveswara Rao, ex-MLA Siveri Soma shot dead by naxels In Araku|url=https://headlinestoday.org/national/3112/tdp-mla-kidari-sarveswara-rao-ex-mla-siveri-soma-shot-dead-by-maoists-in-araku/|date=23 September 2018|access-date=23 September 2018|work=Headlines Today|archive-date=23 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923191544/https://headlinestoday.org/national/3112/tdp-mla-kidari-sarveswara-rao-ex-mla-siveri-soma-shot-dead-by-maoists-in-araku/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Kerala Police]] eliminated the presence of Maoists in [[Kerala]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kerala-police-thunderbolts-maoists-naxals-killed-attapadi-hills-palakkad-1613891-2019-10-29|title=Kerala cops gun down three maoists, kill another while inspecting encounter spot|work=[[India Today]]|date=29 October 2019|access-date=1 June 2023|archive-date=6 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006110012/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kerala-police-thunderbolts-maoists-naxals-killed-attapadi-hills-palakkad-1613891-2019-10-29|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sporadic attacks such as the [[2021 Sukma–Bijapur attack]] and [[2023 Dantewada bombing]] on security personnel and civilians continued into the 2020s.<ref>{{cite news|title=10 security personnel, driver killed in Maoist IED blast in Chhattisgarh's Dantewada|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dantewada-security-personnel-maoist-ied-blast-in-chhatisgarh-2364885-2023-04-26|access-date=12 January 2024|work=[[India Today]]|date=26 April 2023|archive-date=7 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507141609/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dantewada-security-personnel-maoist-ied-blast-in-chhatisgarh-2364885-2023-04-26|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first1=Rishabh M.|last1=Pratap|first2=Swati|last2=Gupta|title=At least 22 Indian security personnel killed in clash with Maoist insurgents|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/05/india/india-clash-maoist-insurgents-intl-hnk/index.html|access-date=5 April 2021|work=[[CNN]]|date=5 April 2021|archive-date=6 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006105911/https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/05/india/india-clash-maoist-insurgents-intl-hnk/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/23-maoists-were-killed-in-minpa-encounter-which-took-place-in-march-bastar-police/story-zwedqUEqJPIqRKppIj0oCL.html|title='23 Maoists were killed in Minpa encounter which took place in March': Bastar Police|date=12 September 2020|access-date=27 September 2021|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927123416/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/23-maoists-were-killed-in-minpa-encounter-which-took-place-in-march-bastar-police/story-zwedqUEqJPIqRKppIj0oCL.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=23 March 2021|title=Five policemen killed as Naxals blow up bus in Chhattisgarh|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/five-policemen-killed-as-naxals-blow-up-bus-in-chhattisgarh/article34142914.ece|access-date=25 March 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=6 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006110419/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/five-policemen-killed-as-naxals-blow-up-bus-in-chhattisgarh/article34142914.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The anti-insurgency operations also intensified with higher success rate resulting in the death or capture of several insurgent leaders.<ref>{{cite news|date=13 November 2021|title=26 Naxals killed in encounter in Maharashtra's Gadchiroli district|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/naxals-killed-in-encounter-in-gadchiroli-forest-in-maharashtra/article37469210.ece|access-date=28 November 2022|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=6 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006110440/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/naxals-killed-in-encounter-in-gadchiroli-forest-in-maharashtra/article37469210.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=CPI (Maoist) zonal commander carrying Rs 10 lakh bounty surrenders in Jharkhand's Latehar|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/jharkhand/cpi-maoist-zonal-commander-carrying-rs-10-lakh-bounty-surrenders-in-jharkhands-latehar-2889786|date=12 February 2024|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=1 October 2024|archive-date=12 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212174259/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/jharkhand/cpi-maoist-zonal-commander-carrying-rs-10-lakh-bounty-surrenders-in-jharkhands-latehar-2889786|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Maoist carrying Rs 10 lakh bounty surrenders in Jharkhand's Latehar|url=https://theprint.in/india/maoist-carrying-rs-10-lakh-bounty-surrenders-in-jharkhands-latehar/1976604/|date=23 February 2024|work=[[The Print]]|access-date=1 October 2024|archive-date=26 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226172845/https://theprint.in/india/maoist-carrying-rs-10-lakh-bounty-surrenders-in-jharkhands-latehar/1976604/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Naxal influence reduced to about 70 districts in 2021 of which only 25 were most affected from a high of 180 districts in the late 2000s.<ref name="PIB" /><ref name="Report"/> Though there was a sporadic increase in Naxal activity in parts of [[Telangana]], West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh,<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/maoists-are-making-a-comeback-in-telangana/article32298580.ece#!|title = The return of the Maoists in Telangana|newspaper = [[The Hindu]]|date = 8 August 2020|last1 = Singh|first1 = S. Harpal|access-date = 9 January 2022|archive-date = 9 January 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220109181057/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/maoists-are-making-a-comeback-in-telangana/article32298580.ece#!|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://tv9bangla.com/kolkata/west-bengal-stf-launches-left-wing-extremism-section-au50-572418.html|title=Left Wing Extremism Section|date=28 May 2022|access-date=1 June 2024|work=TV9|archive-date=31 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831020319/https://tv9bangla.com/kolkata/west-bengal-stf-launches-left-wing-extremism-section-au50-572418.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/madhya-pradesh-maoists-find-sanctuary-in-kanha/ar-AAWJpvr|title=Madhya Pradesh: Maoists find sanctuary in Kanha|work=[[MSN]]|date=27 May 2022|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=5 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105171824/https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/madhya-pradesh-maoists-find-sanctuary-in-kanha/ar-AAWJpvr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ibc24.in/videos/exclusive-news-naxalite-movement-increased-in-kanha-national-park-50-60-naxalites-active-in-the-area-ig-920894.html|title=Naxal movement in Kanha National Park|lang=hi|date=27 May 2022|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=31 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831020222/https://www.ibc24.in/videos/exclusive-news-naxalite-movement-increased-in-kanha-national-park-50-60-naxalites-active-in-the-area-ig-920894.html|url-status=live}}</ref> the Maoist activity have relatively suppressed due to the increase in anti-terror operations conducted by the security forces in 2024. Operations like the [[2024 Kanker clash]] and the [[2024 Abujhmarh clash]]
resulted in a great loss of personnel and material for the Maoists.<ref>{{cite news|title=Security forces kill 30 Maoists in encounter in Chhattisgarh's Narayanpur|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/security-forces-kill-30-maoists-in-encounter-in-chhattisgarhs-narayanpur-101728050258612.html|date=4 October 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|access-date=1 October 2024|archive-date=6 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006104438/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/security-forces-kill-30-maoists-in-encounter-in-chhattisgarhs-narayanpur-101728050258612.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=12 Maoists killed in Chhattisgarh encounter, 2024 toll reaches 103|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/May/11/12-maoists-killed-in-chhattisgarh-encounter-2024-toll-reaches-103|access-date=1 June 2024|date=11 May 2024|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=6 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006103500/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/May/11/12-maoists-killed-in-chhattisgarh-encounter-2024-toll-reaches-103|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sparse Naxal attacks continued into 2025 such as the [[2025 Bijapur Naxal attack|IED attack in Bijapur District]] that killed nine policemen,<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian police officers killed in Chhattisgarh Maoist attack |url=https://www.dw.com/en/indian-police-officers-killed-in-chhattisgarh-maoist-attack/a-71226557 |work=DW |date=6 January 2025 |archive-date=13 January 2025 |access-date=13 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113191545/https://www.dw.com/en/indian-police-officers-killed-in-chhattisgarh-maoist-attack/a-71226557 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://redherald.org/2025/08/04/india-week-of-action-by-the-maoist-guerrillas/|title=India: Week of Action by the Maoist Guerrillas |work=The Red Herald|date=4 August 2025 |access-date=1 December 2025}}</ref> In April-May 2025, the Indian authorities conducted a 21-day anti-Maoist operation named ''[[Operation Black Forest]]'' (Operation Kagar) in the Karregutta Hills region in the Chhattisgarh-Telangana border, that resulted in the deaths of 31 insurgents and three security personnel.<ref>{{cite news |title=Security forces claim top Maoist leaders either killed or injured in 'Operation Black Forest' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/security-forces-claim-top-maoist-leaders-either-killed-or-injured-in-operation-black-forest-101747234931173.html |access-date=14 May 2025 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |date=14 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Battle of Karregutta Hills: 24,000 jawans closing in on 1,000 Naxals in biggest-ever operation |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/battle-of-karregutta-hills-24-000-jawans-closing-in-on-1-000-naxals-in-biggest-ever-operation-2025-04-29-987829 |work=India TV |date=29 April 2025 |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/3-greyhounds-commandos-killed-in-maoist-landmine-blast-in-telangana/articleshow/120985107.cms | title=3 Greyhounds commandos killed in landmine blast triggered by Maoists in Telangana | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=8 May 2025 |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> On 21 May, [[Nambala Keshava Rao]], the general secretary of CPI (Maoist), was killed alongside 26 other Naxals.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 May 2025 |title=Naxal leader Basava Raju killed in encounter. Is this the end of the Maoist movement? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/naxal-leader-basava-raju-killed-in-encounter-is-this-the-end-of-the-maoist-movement-13890480.html |access-date=1 June 2025 |work=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=21 May 2025 |title=Maoist Basavaraju killed: How 50-hour-long Op Kagar ended era of red terror |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nambala-keshava-rao-basavaraju-killed-chhattisgarh-naxal-encounter-red-terror-2728416-2025-05-21 |access-date=23 May 2025 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> From 2015 to 2025, over 10,000 Naxals have surrendered to the government and security forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/articles/c1jw2yj4wpzo |trans-title=India's first female Maoist commander surrenders after 25 years |title= भारत की पहली महिला माओवादी 'मिलिट्री' कमांडर ने 25 साल के बाद क्यों किया था सरेंडर?|work=[[BBC News]] |date=18 September 2025|access-date=1 December 2025}}</ref>

== Red corridor ==
{{anchor | Geography | Red corridor | Influence zone }}
{{Main|Red corridor}}

{{multiple image
| align = right
| footer = Areas with Naxalite activity in 2007 (left), in 2024 (right)
| image1 = Naxalite affected districts of India map 2007.svg
| width1 = 195
| image2 = India Naxal Affected Districts 2024.svg
| width2 = 204
}}
The influence zone of the Naxalites is called the [[red corridor]].<ref name="Report"/> The most affected districts accounted for 85% of the left wing extremist incidents in India.<ref name="Report"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Bhattacharjee|first=Sumit|date=26 June 2021|title=When Greyhounds struck in Andhra Pradesh's fading red zone|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/when-greyhounds-struck-in-andhra-pradeshs-fading-red-zone/article34979972.ece|access-date=19 November 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119064558/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/when-greyhounds-struck-in-andhra-pradeshs-fading-red-zone/article34979972.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

The insurgency was its peak in the late 2000s with nearly 180 affected districts across an area of {{cvt|92000|km2}} and has been on the decline since then.<ref name="PIB">{{cite web|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=50833|title=Naxal Problem needs a holistic approach|work=[[Press Information Bureau]]|access-date=8 August 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908173208/http://www.pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=50833|archive-date=8 September 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Following counter-insurgency efforts, the number of Naxalite-affected districts in India declined significantly, to 126 affected with 35 "most affected" in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/deaths-in-naxal-attacks-down-by-21-shah-at-cms-meeting/articleshow/86543018.cms|title=Deaths in Naxal attacks down by 21%|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 September 2021|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=26 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926222634/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/deaths-in-naxal-attacks-down-by-21-shah-at-cms-meeting/articleshow/86543018.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=17 August 2018|title=The contours of the new Red map|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/naxalism-maoist-attacks-home-minstry-modi-govt-national-policy-and-action-plan-5140028/|access-date=10 September 2018|archive-date=10 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910104829/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/naxalism-maoist-attacks-home-minstry-modi-govt-national-policy-and-action-plan-5140028/|url-status=live}}</ref>

As of the early 2020s, the Naxal activity was largely concentrated in two clusters, the first in and round the forested remote hilly areas of [[Dandakaranya]] spread across Chhattisgarh and Odisha and the second in the border region of Jharkhand-Bihar-West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.achrweb.org/ncm/ncm.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822194351/http://www.achrweb.org/ncm/ncm.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 August 2006|title=Asian Centre for Human Rights|access-date=13 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/images/westbengal_naxal.htm|title=West Bengal: Districts Affected by Naxalite Activity|work=South Asia Terrorism Portal|access-date=13 July 2009|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717063207/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/images/westbengal_naxal.htm |archive-date=17 July 2009}}</ref> The number of affected districts reduced to 70 with 25 declared as "most affected" in 2021,<ref name="Report">{{cite report|title=Naxal affected Districts|url=https://crpf.gov.in/writereaddata/images/pdf/815072021.pdf|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 July 2021|archive-date=9 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009165456/https://crpf.gov.in/writereaddata/images/pdf/815072021.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and to 38 districts in 2024.<ref>{{cite web|title=Naxal affected Districts|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2042128|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref>
In April 2025, the union [[Home Minister (India)|home minister]] [[Amit Shah]] declared that six districts– [[Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh|Bijapur]] [[Kanker district|Kanker]], [[Narayanpur district|Narayanpur]], and [[Sukma district|Sukma]] in [[Chhattisgarh]], [[West Singhbhum]] in [[Jharkhand]], and [[Gadchiroli district|Gadchiroli]] in [[Maharashtra]] as "most affected" by Naxalism.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2117140|title=Union Home Minister and Minister of Cooperation Shri Amit Shah says, number of districts most affected by Left-Wing Extremism has been reduced to just 6|date=1 April 2025|access-date=1 May 2025|work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/number-of-left-wing-extremism-districts-reduced-to-6-from-12-amit-shah/article69399068.ece|title=Number of left-wing extremism districts reduce to 6 from 12:Amit Shah|date=2 April 2025|access-date=1 May 2025|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Additionally, six districts–[[Alluri Sitharama Raju district|Alluri Sitarama Raju]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Balaghat district|Balaghat]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Kandhamal district|Kandhamal]], [[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]] and [[Malkangiri]] in [[Odisha]], and [[Bhadradri Kothagudem district|Bhadradri-Kothagudem]] in [[Telangana]] were declared as "districts of concern".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/most-affected-naxal-districts-down-to-just-six-from-12-amit-shah/articleshow/119888805.cms|title=Number of left-wing extremism districts reduce to 6 from 12:Amit Shah|date=2 April 2025|access-date=1 May 2025|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Government response ==
{{anchor | NatSec | National security }}
Then [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Manmohan Singh]] called the Naxalites the "single biggest internal security challenge ever faced by our country" and in June 2011, he said, "Development is the master remedy to win over people", adding that the government was "strengthening the development work in the 60 Maoist-affected districts.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://twocircles.net/2011jun30/development_master_remedy_against_maoists_pm.html|title=Development master remedy against Maoists: PM|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601084036/http://twocircles.net/2011jun30/development_master_remedy_against_maoists_pm.html|archive-date=1 June 2012|work=TwoCircles|date=30 June 2011|access-date=21 May 2014}}</ref> In 2010, Home secretary [[Gopal Krishna Pillai]] acknowledged that there were legitimate grievances regarding the local people's access to the forest land and produce and the distribution of benefits from mining and hydropower developments. However, he claimed that the Naxalites' long-term goal was to establish an Indian [[communist state]] and the government wanted to tackle the Naxalites head-on to take back the lost areas.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Maoists-looking-at-armed-overthrow-of-state-by-2050/articleshow/5648742.cms|title=timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Maoists-looking-at-armed-overthrow-of-state-by-2050/articleshow/5648742.cms|date=6 March 2010|access-date=26 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106193659/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-06/india/28119932_1_maoists-indian-state-forest-land|archive-date=6 January 2014|url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Infrastructure development ===
{{anchor | Infra | Infrastructure | Development }}

The Indian government launched three schemes–Special Central Assistance (SCA), Security Related Expenditure (SRE), and Special Infrastructure Scheme (SIS) for the economic development of the Naxal-affected areas. About {{INRconvert|375|m}} was sanctioned for more than 10,000 projects till 2021. About {{INRconvert|276|m}} of the funds were earmarked for the most affected districts.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/centre-to-intensify-operations-against-naxals-choke-flow-of-funds-1857468-2021-09-26|title=Connectivity, schools and joint action: Home Ministry's approach to counter Left-Wing Extremism|work=[[India Today]]|date=26 September 2021|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927141656/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/centre-to-intensify-operations-against-naxals-choke-flow-of-funds-1857468-2021-09-26|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2024, 85% of the projects were complete, including the construction of {{cvt|14,618|km}} of roads out of the planned {{cvt|17600|km}}, establishment of 7,768 [[mobile telephone]] towers out of 10,505 planned, opening of 1,007 bank branches, 937 [[Automatic Teller Machine|ATM]]s and 5,731 [[post offices]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Lok Saha question No. 2378|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|url=https://sansad.in/getFile/loksabhaquestions/annex/182/AU2378_awyJFP.pdf?source=pqals|access-date=18 September 2025|date=6 August 2024}}</ref> About 179 [[Eklavya Model Residential School]]s were operational out of 234 approved, and 46 Industrial Training Institutes and 49 Skill Development Centres were established.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dropouts from EMRS schools jumped nearly fivefold|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dropouts-from-emrs-schools-jumped-nearly-fivefold-in-4-years-chhattisgarh-odisha-worst-hit-govt-data-101754560394508.html|access-date=18 September 2025|date=7 August 2025}}</ref>

In addition, women [[self-help groups]] and industries were established by various state governments. The [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]] aided 23,113 women self-help groups covering 274,000 families in the affected districts and established 18 industries that would employ 4,000 people. Additionally, loans to tribals were waived, and land right ownership documents were granted.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/18-industries-to-come-up-in-maoist-infested-areas-madhya-pradesh-cm-in-left-wing-extremism-meet/articleshow/86532430.cms|title=18 industries to come up in Maoist infested areas: Madhya Pradesh CM in Left Wing Extremism meet|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 September 2021|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927135504/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/18-industries-to-come-up-in-maoist-infested-areas-madhya-pradesh-cm-in-left-wing-extremism-meet/articleshow/86532430.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Counter-insurgency ===
{{anchor | Militia | Vigilante }}
[[File:COBRA in Chhattisgarh deep Jungles MAOIST stronghold.png|thumb|A [[Commando Battalion for Resolute Action]] (COBRA) soldier in August 2014]]

In 2018, the central government sought to stem insurgency by earmarking development funds for revolt-hit areas and improving policing. The government planned a {{INRconvert|250|b}} scheme for the modernisation of central and state police forces in the next three years.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/red-terror-new-strategy-puts-a-leash-on-maoists/story-a8eaFvV9qGeKdqPPmelFpL.html|title=Red terror: New strategy puts a leash on Maoists|date=16 April 2018|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=18 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118082718/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/red-terror-new-strategy-puts-a-leash-on-maoists/story-a8eaFvV9qGeKdqPPmelFpL.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Under the SRE scheme, 400 fortified police stations were established at the cost of {{INRconvert|140|m}}. In addition, funds were utilised to hire helicopters, media services, and for other public relations and community activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mha.gov.in/division_of_mha/left-wing-extremism-division|title=Left wing extremism division|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 June 2022|archive-date=9 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909174922/https://www.mha.gov.in/division_of_mha/left-wing-extremism-division|url-status=live}}</ref>

Since late 1990, several armed anti-insurgency vigilante groups have were backed by the government to fight against the Maoists. In Chhattisgarh, [[Salwa Judum]], consisted of local tribal youth was formed received support and training from the [[Government of Chhattisgarh]], as an anti-insurgency vigilante group aimed at countering the violence in the region in 2005.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian state 'backing vigilantes'|work=[[BBC News]]|date=15 July 2008|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7505252.stm|access-date=12 April 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130063029/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7505252.stm|archive-date=30 January 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Various other paramilitary vigilante groups had emerged in other states such Andhra Pradesh, some of these groups were accused of extra-judicial murders of civil liberties activists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.achrweb.org/ncm/vigilante.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220135828/http://www.achrweb.org/ncm/vigilante.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 December 2007|title=The Vigilante groups: Of the tigers and cobras|publisher=Asian Centre for Human Rights|access-date=12 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The Adivasis of Chhattisgarh: Victims of the Naxalite Movement and Salwa Judum Campaign.|journal=Asian Centre for Human Rights|page=42|location=New Delhi|year=2006|url=http://www.achrweb.org/reports/india/Chattis0106.pdf|access-date=12 April 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100319202800/http://www.achrweb.org///reports/india/Chattis0106.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> According to the Institute of Peace and Conflict studies, while Naxal groups recruited children in different capacities and exposed them, the same accusation was levelled at Salwa Judum and the special police officers assisting the government security forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipcs.org/article_details.php?articleNo=2738|title=Child Soldiers of the Naxal Movement|work=Institute of Peace and Conflict studies|date=24 November 2008|access-date=13 July 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526190852/http://www.ipcs.org/article_details.php?articleNo=2738|archive-date=26 May 2011 }}</ref> The allegations against Salwa Judum and the special police officers were rejected by a [[Supreme Court of India]]-appointed fact-finding commission of the [[National Human Rights Commission of India]] which determined that the Salwa Judum was a spontaneous reaction by tribals against Maoist atrocities perpetrated against them.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Existence_of_Salwa_Judum_necessary/articleshow/3565263.cms|title=Existence of Salwa Judum necessary|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810001432/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Existence_of_Salwa_Judum_necessary/articleshow/3565263.cms|archive-date=10 August 2016|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=6 October 2008|access-date=1 June 2009}}</ref>

On 5 July 2011, the Supreme Court declared militia groups such as the Salwa Judum to be illegal and unconstitutional, ordering their disbandment, the confiscation of their weapons, and a government investigation into their alleged criminal activities and human rights violations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Salwa-Judum-is-illegal-says-Supreme-Court/article13639702.ece|title=Salwa Judum is illegal, says Supreme Court|access-date=12 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230030758/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Salwa-Judum-is-illegal-says-Supreme-Court/article13639702.ece|archive-date=30 December 2016|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 July 2011|last1=Venkatesan|first1=J.}}</ref>

== Casualties ==
The Naxalites have conducted multiple attacks on the security forces, government workers and civilians, with casualties on both sides.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2009/07/200971214640798718.html|title=Maoist attacks kill Indian police|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=15 March 2007|access-date=13 July 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090713012830/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2009/07/200971214640798718.html|archive-date=13 July 2009}}</ref> To enforce their control over the population, the Maoists have often convened [[kangaroo court]]s to mete out summary justice, death, beatings, or exile.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Anthony|last=Loyd|year=2015|title=India's insurgency|journal=[[National Geographic]]|issue=April|pages=95|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2015/04/india-coal-conflict-minerals-maoist-insurgency/|access-date=13 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001031238/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2015/04/india-coal-conflict-minerals-maoist-insurgency/|archive-date=1 October 2018|url-status=dead }}</ref> As per the South Asia Terrorism portal, the conflict has resulted in the deaths of more than 12,102 people including 4,134 civilians, 2,722 security force personnel and 4,994 Naxalites from 2000 to 2025.<ref name="War">{{cite web|url=https://www.satp.org/datasheet-terrorist-attack/fatalities/india-maoistinsurgency|title=India's Maoist insurgency|work=South Asia Terrorism portal|access-date=26 October 2023|archive-date=22 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922072536/https://www.satp.org/datasheet-terrorist-attack/fatalities/india-maoistinsurgency|url-status=live}}</ref> As per the ''[[BBC]]'', more than 6,000 people were killed in the 20 years between 1990 and 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8529124.stm|work=[[BBC News]]|title=India's Maoists offer ceasefire|date=22 February 2010|access-date=20 May 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225180646/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8529124.stm|archive-date=25 February 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8507525.stm|work=[[BBC News]]|title=India's Maoists 'ready for talks'|date=10 February 2010|access-date=20 May 2010|first=Subir|last=Bhaumik|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701060459/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8507525.stm|archive-date=1 July 2010|df=dmy-all }}</ref> ''[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]'' estimated the total death toll as 10,000 between 1980 and 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/programmes/aljazeeracorrespondent/2011/10/20111019124251679523.html|title=India's Silent War|access-date=26 October 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109094055/http://english.aljazeera.net/programmes/aljazeeracorrespondent/2011/10/20111019124251679523.html|archive-date=9 November 2011}}</ref>

{{Table alignment}}
{|class="wikitable sortable defaultcenter" style="font-size: 90%"
|+Casualties by year<ref name="War"/><ref name="satp1">{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/maoist/data_sheets/fatalitiesnaxalmha.htm|title=Fatalities in Left-wing Extremism: 1999–2016|work=South Asia Terrorism Portal|access-date=26 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008023622/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/maoist/data_sheets/fatalitiesnaxalmha.htm|archive-date=8 October 2017}}</ref>
!rowspan="2"|Year
!rowspan="2"|Fatal incidents
!colspan="5"|Deaths
|-
!Civilians
!Security Forces
!Naxalites
!Not Specified
!Total
|-
|-
||2000{{ref label|β|β|β}} ||116||94||40||135||9
!278
|-
||2001||199||130||116||169||44
!459
|-
||2002||182||123||115||163||30
!431
|-
||2003||319||193||114||246||30
!583
|-
||2004||127||89||82||87||22
!280
|-
||2005||343||259||147||282||24
!712
|-
||2006||248||249||128||343||14
!734
|-
||2007||274||218||234||195||25
!672
|-
||2008||246||184||215||228||19
!646
|-
||2009||407||368||319||314||12
!1013
|-
||2010||481||630||267||265||18
!1180
|-
||2011||302||259||137||210||0
!606
|-
||2012||235||156||96||125||1
!378
|-
||2013||186||164||103||151||0
!418
|-
||2014||185||127||98||121||4
!350
|-
||2015||171||90||56||110||0
!256
|-
||2016||263||122||62||250||0
!434
|-
||2017||200||107||76||152||0
!335
|-
||2018||217||108||73||230||0
!411
|-
||2019||176||99||49||154||0
!302
|-
||2020||138||61||44||134||0
!239
|-
||2021||124||58||51||128||0
!237
|-
||2022||107||53||15||67||0
!135
|-
||2023||112||61||31||56||0
!148
|-
||2024||161||80||21||296||0
!397
|-
||2025||141||54||33||390||0
!477
|-
||2026||8||2||0||37||0
!39
|-
!Total!!5668+!!4138+!!2722+!!5038+!!252+
!12150+
|}
* {{note label|β|β|β}} From March

==In popular culture==
* ''[[Chakravyuh (2012 film)|Chakravyuh]]'' (2012) is a [[Hindi film]] based on the naxal insurgency in an imaginary village of NandiGhat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Om-Puri-plays-Maoist-Kobad-Ghandy/articleshow/15431838.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126065051/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-10/news-interviews/33136193_1_kobad-ghandy-om-puri-character|url-status=live|archive-date=26 January 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Om Puri plays Maoist Kobad Ghandy|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref>

* ''[[Newton (film)|Newton]]'' (2017) is a Hindi film based on a government servant who is sent to a Naxal affected area on election duty.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/newton-movie-review-a-charming-satire-on-the-dance-of-democracy/story-51KAdBEEbNmGFmdWzPjkzI.html |title=Newton movie review: A charming satire on the dance of democracy |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

* ''[[Kaattu Vithachavar]]'' (2018) is a [[Malayalam film]] about the Naxal movement during [[The Emergency (India)|the emergency]] period and the related [[Rajan case]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/kaattu-vithachavar/movieshow/61986144.cms|title=Kaattu Vithachavar Movie|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/kaattu-vithachavar/story.html#synopsis|title=Kaattu Vithachavar: Story, Preview, First Day Box Office Collection|work=FilmiBeat|access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref>

* ''[[Unda (film)|Unda]]'' (2019) is a Malayalam film based on a real incident that occurred during the [[2014 Lok Sabha election]], when a [[Kerala Police]] unit was sent to a Maoist-affected area of Chhattisgarh as part of election duty.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/unda-to-release-on-june-14-imagegallery-malayalam-tgko84jgdjafa.html |title=Unda to release on June 14 |date=10 June 2019 |work=[[Sify]] |access-date=8 July 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013094752/https://www.sify.com/movies/unda-to-release-on-june-14-imagegallery-malayalam-tgko84jgdjafa.html |archive-date=13 October 2019}}</ref>

* ''[[Bastar: The Naxal Story]]'' (2024) is a Hindi film based on the naxal insurgency in the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 October 2023 |title=Bastar A Naxal Story: Adah Sharma Reunites With The Kerala Story Makers, Kickstarts Shooting |work=[[Zee News]] |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/bastar-a-naxal-story-adah-sharma-reunites-with-the-kerala-story-makers-kickstarts-shooting-2677414.html |access-date=23 November 2023}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of communist parties in India|Communist parties in India]]
* [[Separatist movements of India]]
* [[Terrorism in India]]
* [[List of terrorist incidents in India|Terrorist incidents in India]]

{{Portal bar|India|Politics|Communism|Socialism|Organized Labour|Anarchism}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |title=Maoism in India: Reincarnation of Ultra-Left Wing Extremism in the Twenty-First Century |year=2009 |first1=Bidyut |last1=Chakrabarty |first2=Rajat Kumar |last2=Kujur |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-13523-647-2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Chakravarti |first1=Sudeep |title=Red Sun: Travels In Naxalite Country |date=2008 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-0-67008-133-2 }}
* {{cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Shivaji |year=2021 |title=Colonial Institutions and Civil War: Indirect Rule and Maoist Insurgency in India |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}}
* {{cite book|title=The Naxal Threat: Causes, State Response and Consequences|year=2011 |first=V. R. |last=Raghavan |publisher=Vij Books |isbn=978-9-38141-194-0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Arundhati |author-link=Arundhati Roy |title=Walking With The Comrades |date=2011 |publisher=Penguin Books India |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-0-67008-553-8}}
* {{cite book |last1=Shah |first1=Alpa |author-link=Alpa Shah |title=Nightmarch: Among India's Revolutionary Guerrillas |date=2019 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-22659-016-5}}
* {{cite journal |last=Verghese |first=A. |year=2016 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X14000687 |title=British Rule and Tribal Revolts in India: The curious case of Bastar |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=1619–1644}}

==External links==
* [https://www.civilserviceindia.com/current-affairs/articles/naxal-insurgency-in-india.html Naxal insurgency in India], CivilServiceIndia
* [http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/maoist/data_sheets/maoist_datasheet.html Data on Naxalite-Maoist Insurgency fatalities in India], Institute for Conflict Management (South Asia), SATP.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190721123041/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/dc23/889f24141acfab521d0716bd486625fe1a60.pdfhttps://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/dc23/889f24141acfab521d0716bd486625fe1a60.pdf The political economy of the Maoist conflict in India : an empirical analysis], Joseph Gomes (2012), University of Madrid, Spain.
* [http://ias.sagepub.com/content/15/2/141.short Hearts and mines: A district-level analysis of the Maoist conflict in India], Kristian Hoelscher et al., University of Oslo, Norway, {{doi|10.1177/2233865912447022}}.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141029184536/http://dial2013.dauphine.fr/fileadmin/mediatheque/dial2013/documents/Papers/301_France_VandenEynde.pdf Targets of Violence: Evidence from India’s Naxalite Conflict] Oliver Vanden Eynde (2013), Paris School of Economics.
* [https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/stratperspective/inss/Strategic-Perspectives-22.pdf India’s Naxalite Insurgency: History, Trajectory, and Implications for U.S.-India Security Cooperation on Domestic Counterinsurgency] by Thomas F. Lynch III – Institute for National Strategic Studies.

{{Naxalite-Maoist insurgency}}
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Ananya Panday

2026-03-26T14:37:25Z

RayfordFvx: cleanup

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1998)}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Ananya Panday
| image = Ananya Panday grace the premiere of Merry Christmas (cropped).png
| caption = Panday in 2024
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1998|10|30}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| education =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2019–present
| father = [[Chunky Panday]]
| mother = Bhavana Panday
| relatives = [[List of Hindi film families#Panday family|Panday family]]
}}

'''Ananya Panday''' ({{IPA|hns|əˈnənjaː ˈpaːɳɖeː|pron}}; born 30 October 1998) is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi films]]. Born to actor [[Chunky Panday]], she began her acting career in 2019 with roles in the romantic comedies ''[[Student of the Year 2]]'' and ''[[Pati Patni Aur Woh (2019 film)|Pati Patni Aur Woh]]''. These performances earned her the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut]]. In 2025, she was featured in ''[[Forbes Asia]]''<nowiki/>'s [[Forbes 30 Under 30|30 Under 30]] list.

Panday's two subsequent theatrical releases were poorly received, but she had a commercial success with a brief role in the comedy ''[[Dream Girl 2]]'' (2023). On streaming, her performances as a young woman navigating the perils of urban life and technology in the drama films ''[[Gehraiyaan]]'' (2022) and ''[[Kho Gaye Hum Kahan]]'' (2023), the thriller film ''[[CTRL (film)|CTRL]]'' (2024), and the comedy series ''[[Call Me Bae]]'' (2024) were well received. She earned further praise for her role as a lawyer in the courtroom drama ''[[Kesari Chapter 2]]'' (2025), which was also a box-office success.

== Early life and family ==
Panday was born on 30 October 1998<ref>{{Cite web |first=Vibha |last=Maru |title=Deepika Padukone wishes Baby Girl Ananya Panday a happy birthday. See post |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/deepika-padukone-wishes-baby-girl-ananya-panday-a-happy-birthday-see-post-1736528-2020-10-30 |date=30 October 2020 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en |publication-place=Mumbai |access-date=8 May 2021 |archive-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510143653/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/deepika-padukone-wishes-baby-girl-ananya-panday-a-happy-birthday-see-post-1736528-2020-10-30 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ananya Panday: This has been the most special year. I got to live my dream of becoming an actor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/ananya-panday-this-has-been-the-most-special-year-i-got-to-live-my-dream-of-becoming-an-actor-1614475-2019-10-31 |publisher=India Today |access-date=8 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105110931/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/ananya-panday-this-has-been-the-most-special-year-i-got-to-live-my-dream-of-becoming-an-actor-1614475-2019-10-31 |archive-date=5 November 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> to actor [[Chunky Panday]] and costume designer Bhavana Pandey (née Khosla) in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]. Her mother is [[Punjabis|Punjabi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khurana |first=Mallika |date=5 December 2024 |title=Chunky Panday Enjoys Being Known As Ananya Panday's Father And Bhavna Panday's Husband |url=https://curlytales.com/chunky-panday-enjoys-being-known-as-ananya-pandays-father-and-bhavna-pandays-husband/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124150116/https://curlytales.com/chunky-panday-enjoys-being-known-as-ananya-pandays-father-and-bhavna-pandays-husband/ |archive-date=24 January 2025 |website=Curly Tales |quote=Over this delicious meal, we found out that while Bhavna Panday is from a Punjabi family, Chunky Panday is Punjabi only on his mother’s side.}}</ref> She has a younger sister named Rysa.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ananya Panday Twinning With Mom Bhavana And Sister Rysa Is The Cutest Of All Throwbacks |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ananya-panday-twinning-with-mom-bhavana-and-sister-rysa-is-the-cutest-of-all-throwbacks-2488833 |access-date=21 May 2022 |work=NDTV |date=July 17, 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521114015/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ananya-panday-twinning-with-mom-bhavana-and-sister-rysa-is-the-cutest-of-all-throwbacks-2488833 |url-status=live }}</ref> Her grandfather [[Sharad Panday]], was an Indian [[Cardiothoracic surgery|heart surgeon]]. Her uncle Chikki Panday is a businessperson and her aunt Deanne Panday is a wellness coach, and their children, Alanna Pandey is a [[YouTuber]], and Ahaan Panday is an actor.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Bandra-residents-oppose-statue-in-playground/articleshow/1220018.cms | title=Junction was named after him | work=The Times of India | date=5 September 2005 | access-date=2017-09-25 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109015139/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Bandra-residents-oppose-statue-in-playground/articleshow/1220018.cms | archive-date=2017-11-09 }}</ref> She has described her childhood as "very privileged and cushioned", and has said that she aspired to be an actress from a young age.<ref name="theweek">{{cite news|title=Ananya Panday says she inherited the thick skin from her dad Chunky Panday|magazine=The Week|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/2024/06/29/indian-actress-ananya-panday-interview.html|access-date=26 September 2024|date=7 July 2024|archive-date=26 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926095718/https://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/2024/06/29/indian-actress-ananya-panday-interview.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Panday studied at [[Dhirubhai Ambani International School]] until 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Ananya Panday?' |newspaper=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ananya-panday-student-of-the-year-2-5132985/ |access-date=6 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430184920/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ananya-panday-student-of-the-year-2-5132985/ |archive-date=30 April 2019 |url-status=live |date=11 April 2018}}</ref> She participated in ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]''{{'}}s Le [[Bal des débutantes]] event in [[Paris]] in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/glamour-chunky-and-ananya-pandays-adorable-le-bal-pix/20180116.htm |title=Must-see! Chunky Panday's gorgeous daughter at Le Bal |website=Rediff |access-date=1 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430184916/https://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/glamour-chunky-and-ananya-pandays-adorable-le-bal-pix/20180116.htm |archive-date=30 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/chunky-pandays-daughter-ananya-in-jean-paul-gaultier-gown-at-le-bal-in-paris-4958294/ |title=Ananya Panday steals the show in a Jean Paul Gaultier gown at le Bal in Paris |date=28 November 2017 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en-IN |access-date=1 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430184920/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/chunky-pandays-daughter-ananya-in-jean-paul-gaultier-gown-at-le-bal-in-paris-4958294/ |archive-date=30 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> When asked if she missed out on higher education, Panday described film sets as her film school.<ref name="theweek"/>

== Career ==
=== Early work (2019–2022) ===
[[File:Ananya Panday snapped promoting her film Pati Patni Aur Woh on the sets of Dance Plus.jpg|thumb|upright|Panday promoting ''[[Pati Patni Aur Woh (2019 film)|Pati Patni Aur Woh]]'' in 2019|left]]

Panday made her acting debut in 2019 with the teen film ''[[Student of the Year 2]]'', co-starring [[Tiger Shroff]] and [[Tara Sutaria]], which was produced by [[Karan Johar]]'s studio [[Dharma Productions]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Pictures that prove Chunky Panday's daughter Ananya Panday is Bollywood ready |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/pictures-that-prove-chunky-pandays-daughter-ananya-panday-is-bollywood-ready/ananya-panday-snapped-looking-fresh-as-a-daisy-at-the-airport/photostory/63626199.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 February 2019 |access-date=6 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510134900/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/pictures-that-prove-chunky-pandays-daughter-ananya-panday-is-bollywood-ready/Ananya-Panday-snapped-looking-fresh-as-a-daisy-at-the-airport/photostory/63626199.cms |archive-date=10 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Writing for [[Scroll.in]], Nandini Ramnath felt that Panday showed potential in an unremarkable film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://scroll.in/reel/922946/student-of-the-year-2-movie-review-all-games-and-no-fun |title='Student of the Year 2' movie review: All games and no fun |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=10 May 2019 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |access-date=11 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510134357/https://scroll.in/reel/922946/student-of-the-year-2-movie-review-all-games-and-no-fun |archive-date=10 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film did not perform well at the box-office.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5039 |title=Student Of The Year 2 Drops In Week Two |date=24 May 2019 |website=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=26 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626222524/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5039 |archive-date=26 June 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Panday next starred in ''[[Pati Patni Aur Woh (2019 film)|Pati Patni Aur Woh]]'' (2019), a remake of the 1978 film of [[Pati Patni Aur Woh (1978 film)|the same name]], alongside [[Kartik Aaryan]] and [[Bhumi Pednekar]]. She played a secretary who indulges in an affair with a married man, which was portrayed by [[Ranjeeta Kaur]] in the original.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kartik Aaryan opposite Ananya Panday in 'Pati Patni Aur Woh' remake |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-exclusive-kartik-aaryan-opposite-ananya-panday-in-pati-patni-aur-woh-remake-2707480 |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=14 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208115000/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-exclusive-kartik-aaryan-opposite-ananya-panday-in-pati-patni-aur-woh-remake-2707480 |archive-date=8 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' mentioned that Panday is "bland and boring with no spice."<ref>{{cite news |title=Pati Patni Aur Woh Movie Review: Kartik Aaryan and Bhumi Pednekar's film is a patchwork for damage done by the original |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/pati-patni-aur-woh-movie-review-new-kartik-aaryan-film-is-a-patchwork-for-damage-done-by-the-original-1625682-2019-12-06 |work=India Today |access-date=6 December 2019 |archive-date=6 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206133536/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/bollywood/story/pati-patni-aur-woh-movie-review-new-kartik-aaryan-film-is-a-patchwork-for-damage-done-by-the-original-1625682-2019-12-06 |url-status=live }}</ref> With a worldwide gross of {{INRConvert|1.15|b}}, it emerged as a commercial success.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2019/ |title=Bollywood Top Grossers Worldwide: 2019 |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=20 December 2019 |archive-date=18 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118064625/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2019/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pati Patni Aur Woh is a Hit |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5709 |website=Box Office India |date=14 December 2019 |access-date=19 December 2019 |archive-date=13 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613042800/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5709 |url-status=live }}</ref> Panday won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut]] for her performance in both ''Student of the Year 2'' and ''Pati Patni Aur Woh''.<ref name="FF65">{{Cite web |date=6 November 2021 |title=Presenting the winners of the 65th Amazon Filmfare Awards 2020 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/presenting-the-winners-of-the-65th-amazon-filmfare-awards-2020_-39101.html |url-status=live |access-date=6 November 2021 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en |archive-date=16 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216133526/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/presenting-the-winners-of-the-65th-amazon-filmfare-awards-2020_-39101.html }}</ref>

In 2020, Panday appeared in the action film ''[[Khaali Peeli]]'', starring [[Ishaan Khatter]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2020 |title=Khaali Peeli movie review: Ishaan Khatter, Ananya Panday take you back to Bollywood's mindless masala years |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/khaali-peeli-movie-review-ishaan-khatter-ananya-panday-take-you-back-to-bollywood-s-mindless-masala-years/story-jUmYIYtt5bRu4hXpupehkK.html |access-date=8 May 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514071105/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/khaali-peeli-movie-review-ishaan-khatter-ananya-panday-take-you-back-to-bollywood-s-mindless-masala-years/story-jUmYIYtt5bRu4hXpupehkK.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="kp">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ishaan-khatter-and-ananya-panday-kick-start-the-shoot-for-khaali-peeli/articleshow/71080472.cms |title=Ishaan Khatter and Ananya Panday kick-start the shoot for 'Khaali Peeli' |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=11 September 2019 |access-date=11 September 2019 |archive-date=8 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108011919/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ishaan-khatter-and-ananya-panday-kick-start-the-shoot-for-khaali-peeli/articleshow/71080472.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was released digitally on [[Zee Plex]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ishaan Khatter, Ananya Panday's 'Khaali Peeli' to release on VOD service 'Zee Plex' in October|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/sep/07/ishaan-khatter-ananya-pandays-khaali-peeli-to-release-on-vod-service-zee-plex-in-october-2193575.html|access-date=2021-04-22|website=The New Indian Express|date=7 September 2020 |archive-date=25 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025181806/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/sep/07/ishaan-khatter-ananya-pandays-khaali-peeli-to-release-on-vod-service-zee-plex-in-october-2193575.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She next appeared alongside [[Deepika Padukone]], [[Siddhant Chaturvedi]] and [[Dhairya Karwa]] in the 2022 romantic drama ''[[Gehraiyaan]]'', which released on [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Deepika Padukone, Siddhant Chaturvedi and Ananya Panday starrer Gehraiyaan to now release on February 11, 2022|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/deepika-padukone-siddhant-chaturvedi-ananya-panday-starrer-gehraiyaan-now-release-february-11-2022/|date=5 January 2022|access-date=5 January 2022|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-date=5 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105051634/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/deepika-padukone-siddhant-chaturvedi-ananya-panday-starrer-gehraiyaan-now-release-february-11-2022/|url-status=live}}</ref> Her performance was well-received,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ananya Panday Gives a Speech of Gratitude as She Wins the ITA Award for Gehraiyaan, Watch Video|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ananya-panday-gives-a-speech-of-gratitude-as-she-wins-the-ita-award-for-gehraiyaan-watch-video-6602629.html|date=12 December 2022|work=News 18|access-date=14 March 2023|archive-date=14 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314114216/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ananya-panday-gives-a-speech-of-gratitude-as-she-wins-the-ita-award-for-gehraiyaan-watch-video-6602629.html|url-status=live}}</ref> with [[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] from ''[[Firstpost]]'' writing, "The surprise in this ensemble is Panday who brings a gravitas to Tia's confusion and innocence that makes you wonder why she chose to debut with the hollow gloss of ''Student of the Year 2''".<ref>{{cite web|title=Gehraiyaan movie review: Deepika Padukone is all kinds of breathtaking in a page-turner of a film|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/gehraiyaan-movie-review-deepika-padukone-is-all-kinds-of-breathtaking-10365851.html/amp|website=[[Firstpost]]|date=11 February 2022|access-date=5 April 2022|archive-date=5 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405155924/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/gehraiyaan-movie-review-deepika-padukone-is-all-kinds-of-breathtaking-10365851.html/amp|url-status=live}}</ref> Her final release of the year came with [[Vijay Deverakonda]] in [[Puri Jagannadh]]'s action film ''[[Liger (film)|Liger]]'', a bilingual production in Hindi and [[Telugu language|Telugu]].<ref name="vd">{{cite news |last=Raghuvanshi |first=Aakansha |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ananya-panday-is-happy-and-excited-to-join-vijay-deverakonda-in-his-bollywood-debut-2182970 |title=Ananya Panday Is "Happy And Excited" To Join Vijay Deverakonda In His Bollywood Debut |work=NDTV |date=20 February 2020 |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=27 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227214055/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ananya-panday-is-happy-and-excited-to-join-vijay-deverakonda-in-his-bollywood-debut-2182970 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Vijay Deverakonda and Ananya Panday's Liger sets new benchmark for pan-India films|url=https://menglish.sakshi.com/amp/news/tollywood/vijay-deverakondas-liger-sets-new-benchmark-pan-india-movies-149116|date=1 January 2022|language=en|access-date=9 April 2022|archive-date=1 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101193754/https://menglish.sakshi.com/amp/news/tollywood/vijay-deverakondas-liger-sets-new-benchmark-pan-india-movies-149116|url-status=live}}</ref> Panday's father revealed that she was initially hesitant to accept the film, as she felt she was too young for the role, but he convinced her to take on the project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-05 |title=Ananya Panday was 'uncomfortable' doing Liger, felt she was 'too young' for it, recalls Chunky Panday |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/chunky-panday-ananya-was-uncomfortable-doing-liger-felt-too-young-for-it-9818691/ |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The film was a critical and commercial failure,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Liger review: A meme-worthy mindless mediocrity that may be Bollywood's biggest failure this year |url=https://firstindia.co.in/news/bollywood/liger-review-a-meme-worthy-mindless-mediocrity-that-may-be-bollywoods-biggest-failure-this-year |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=First India |language=en |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908170311/https://firstindia.co.in/news/bollywood/liger-review-a-meme-worthy-mindless-mediocrity-that-may-be-bollywoods-biggest-failure-this-year |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-30 |title=Liger box office: Vijay Deverakonda's film is a pan-India flop, 90% shows cancelled even down south |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/liger-box-office-collection-day-5-vijay-deverakonda-film-is-a-pan-india-flop-8119954/ |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=6 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906164533/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/liger-box-office-collection-day-5-vijay-deverakonda-film-is-a-pan-india-flop-8119954/ |url-status=live }}</ref> with Panday's performance being panned.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ananya Panday Gets Brutally Trolled For Her Poor Performance In Vijay Deverakonda Starrer 'Liger' |url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/37537/ananya-panday-gets-brutally-trolled-for-her-poor-performance-in-vijay-deverakonda-starrer-liger?_js_v=a6&_gsa=1&=1&usqp=mq331AQKKAFQArABIIACAw%3D%3D#aoh=16627917889248&referrer=https%3A%2F%2F&_tf=From%20%251%24s&share=https%3A%2F%2Fin.mashable.com%2Fentertainment%2F37537%2Fananya-panday-gets-brutally-trolled-for-her-poor-performance-in-vijay-deverakonda-starrer-liger |access-date=August 27, 2022 |website=Mashable | date=27 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=10 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910065212/https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/37537/ananya-panday-gets-brutally-trolled-for-her-poor-performance-in-vijay-deverakonda-starrer-liger?_js_v=a6&_gsa=1&=1&usqp=mq331AQKKAFQArABIIACAw==#aoh=16627917889248&referrer=https%3A%2F%2F&_tf=From%20%251%24s&share=https%3A%2F%2Fin.mashable.com%2Fentertainment%2F37537%2Fananya-panday-gets-brutally-trolled-for-her-poor-performance-in-vijay-deverakonda-starrer-liger |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Critical recognition in streaming and career expansion (2023–present) ===
In the spiritual sequel ''[[Dream Girl 2]]'' (2023), Panday played the brief role of the love interest of [[Ayushmann Khurrana]]'s character. ''[[The Times of India]]''{{'}}s Dhaval Roy dismissed her role and accent.<ref>{{cite news|last=Roy|first=Dhaval|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/dream-girl-2/movie-review/103041872.cms|title=Dream Girl 2|work=The Times of India|date=25 August 2023|access-date=25 August 2023|archive-date=25 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825064342/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/dream-girl-2/movie-review/103041872.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]''{{'s}} [[Shubhra Gupta]] concurred that Panday didn't "have much to do" but observed that she is "getting better when there’s not too much pressure on her to deliver".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |date=2023-08-25 |title=Dream Girl 2 movie review: Ayushmann Khurrana dives into drag with abandon, but the film is a stretch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/dream-girl-2-movie-review-ayushmann-khurrana-dives-into-drag-with-abandon-but-the-film-is-a-stretch-8909039/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> It emerged as [[List of Hindi films of 2023|one of the year's highest-grossing Hindi films]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2023/|title=Bollywood Top Grossers Worldwide 2023|access-date=10 September 2023|website=Bollywood Hungama|archive-date=26 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126125943/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2023/|url-status=live}}</ref> She then starred in ''[[Kho Gaye Hum Kahan]]'', a coming-of-age drama about the negative effects of social media, alongside Chaturvedi and [[Adarsh Gourav]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=New film, Kho Gaye Hum Kahan: Ananya Panday, Siddhant Chaturvedi and Adarsh Gourav 'Disconnect To Reconnect'|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/new-film-alert-kho-gaye-hum-kahan-in-which-ananya-panday-siddhant-chaturvedi-adarsh-gourav-disconnect-to-reconnect-2542768|date=16 September 2021|work=NDTV|access-date=9 April 2022|archive-date=25 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325044236/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/new-film-alert-kho-gaye-hum-kahan-in-which-ananya-panday-siddhant-chaturvedi-adarsh-gourav-disconnect-to-reconnect-2542768/amp/1|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of [[NDTV]] wrote that she "does a fair enough job of a character stuck in a single-note loop", while Scroll.in's Udita Jhunjhunwala found her "highly convincing as the jilted obsessive stalker seeking social media validation".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |date=26 December 2023 |title=Kho Gaye Hum Kahan Review: Moderately Entertaining And Occasionally Perceptive |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kho-gaye-hum-kahan-review-moderately-entertaining-and-occasionally-perceptive-3-stars-4744652 |access-date=26 December 2023 |website=NDTV |archive-date=26 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226095523/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kho-gaye-hum-kahan-review-moderately-entertaining-and-occasionally-perceptive-3-stars-4744652 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jhunjhunwala |first=Udita |date=26 December 2023 |title='Kho Gaye Hum Kahan' review: A timely tale that speaks directly to Gen-Z |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1060737/kho-gaye-hum-kahan-review-a-timely-tale-that-speaks-directly-to-gen-z |access-date=26 December 2023 |website=Scroll.in |archive-date=26 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226083340/https://scroll.in/reel/1060737/kho-gaye-hum-kahan-review-a-timely-tale-that-speaks-directly-to-gen-z |url-status=live }}</ref> ''The Indian Express'' evaluated that her urban roles in ''Gehraiyaan'' and ''Kho Gaye Hum Kahan'' suited the actress better than the ones she performed in commercial cinema such as ''Dream Girl 2''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nahaar|first=Rohan|title=Kho Gaye Hum Kahan: Ananya Panday is the best thing about the Netflix movie, so why does Bollywood insist on miscasting her?|work=The Indian Express|access-date=7 January 2024|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/kho-gaye-hum-kahan-ananya-panday-good-actor-netflix-9083210/|date=28 December 2023|archive-date=27 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227030558/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/kho-gaye-hum-kahan-ananya-panday-good-actor-netflix-9083210/|url-status=live}}</ref> Panday was awarded a [[Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Award]] for Best Actor in a Web Original Film – Critics (Female) for her performance in ''Kho Gaye Hum Kahan''.<ref name="ffott24"/>
[[File:Ananya Panday snapped at the Filmfare OTT Awards 2024 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Panday in 2024]]
In September 2024, she portrayed an ostracised fashion [[influencer]] in the Amazon Prime Video comedy series ''[[Call Me Bae]]'', produced by Johar.<ref name="cmb">{{cite news |date=23 March 2023 |title=Call Me Bae: Ananya Panday to play fashion expert in new show, roasts Varun Dhawan for his boxers in teaser |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/call-me-bae-ananya-panday-to-play-fashion-expert-in-new-show-roasts-varun-dhawan-for-his-boxers-in-teaser-watch-101679550131099.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324055307/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/call-me-bae-ananya-panday-to-play-fashion-expert-in-new-show-roasts-varun-dhawan-for-his-boxers-in-teaser-watch-101679550131099.html |archive-date=24 March 2023 |access-date=24 March 2023 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Panday expressed how her foray into the comedic genre was challenging, and emphasised the difficulty in having to headline a project rather than play a reacting role to the lead star as she had done previously.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Merican |first=Sara |date=2024-09-05 |title=Ananya Panday Talks First Comedic Role In 'Call Me Bae' And Next Genre She Wants To Work On |url=https://deadline.com/2024/09/ananya-panday-call-me-bae-prime-video-india-1236078631/ |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |archive-date=6 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906014141/https://deadline.com/2024/09/ananya-panday-call-me-bae-prime-video-india-1236078631/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The series had a mixed reception from critics, but her performance was better received.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Manish |title=Nepotism debate won't stop, accepts Bollywood star Ananya Panday |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy0lrxejzjwo |access-date=5 October 2024 |date=17 September 2024 |website=BBC |archive-date=1 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001123845/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy0lrxejzjwo |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sukanya Verma]] of [[Rediff.com]] praised her comic timing in a role that mirrored the actress' own privilege.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |title=Call Me Bae Review: Ananya Is Quite A Riot! |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/call-me-bae-review/20240906.htm |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=Rediff.com |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907063018/https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/call-me-bae-review/20240906.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]''{{'s}} Shilajit Mitra analysed that her privileged characters in ''Gehraiyaan'', ''Kho Gaye Hum Kahan'' and ''Call Me Bae'' were all "in her proximate wheelhouse".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mitra |first=Shilajit|date=7 September 2024 |title='Call Me Bae' series review: Ananya Panday carries a no-carbs comedy|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/call-me-bae-series-review-ananya-panday-carries-a-no-carbs-comedy/article68613133.ece|access-date=7 September 2024|work=The Hindu}}</ref> For her performance, she won the Filmfare OTT Award for Best Actor in a Comedy Series – (Female).<ref name="ffott25"/> The following month, Panday starred in [[Vikramaditya Motwane]]'s [[screenlife]] thriller ''[[CTRL (film)|CTRL]]'' for Netflix, which is about an influencer targeted by a malicious [[AI]] app.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-04-27 |title=REVEALED: Ananya Panday's cyber thriller is titled Control |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/revealed-ananya-pandays-cyber-thriller-titled-control-vikramaditya-motwane-reveals-computer-generated-movie-flitting-screens/ |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-date=27 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427141232/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/revealed-ananya-pandays-cyber-thriller-titled-control-vikramaditya-motwane-reveals-computer-generated-movie-flitting-screens/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of Scroll.in believed that after ''Kho Gaye Hum Kahan'', she was once again "wholly convincing" as a [[Gen Z]] woman negatively affected by technology.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=4 October 2024 |title='CTRL' review: A gripping thriller about data privacy in the age of AI |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1073961/ctrl-review-a-gripping-thriller-about-data-privacy-in-the-age-of-ai |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=Scroll.in |archive-date=8 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008071413/https://scroll.in/reel/1073961/ctrl-review-a-gripping-thriller-about-data-privacy-in-the-age-of-ai |url-status=live }}</ref> For her performance, she received a Filmfare OTT Award nomination for Best Actor in a Web Original Film – (Female).<ref name="ffottnom"/>

Acknowledging her previous three releases as urban-set, social media-centred projects, Panday returned to commercial cinema in 2025 with the Dharma Productions films ''[[Kesari Chapter 2]]'' and ''[[Tu Meri Main Tera Main Tera Tu Meri]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Devansh |date=3 October 2024 |title=Ananya Panday on CTRL, Call Me Bae, Kho Gaye Hum Kahan: So happy scripts on social media, data leak are being written |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ananya-panday-interview-on-ctrl-call-me-bae-kho-gaye-hum-kahan-so-happy-scripts-on-social-media-data-leak-being-written-101727939381687-amp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008071306/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ananya-panday-interview-on-ctrl-call-me-bae-kho-gaye-hum-kahan-so-happy-scripts-on-social-media-data-leak-being-written-101727939381687-amp.html |archive-date=8 October 2024 |access-date=4 October 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>'' The former was a courtroom drama starring [[Akshay Kumar]] as [[C. Sankaran Nair]], with Panday portraying a fictional lawyer who assists him in his legal battle against the [[British Raj]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-22 |title=Akshay Kumar to mentor Ananya Panday in the untold story of C. Sankaran Nair |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/akshay-kumar-to-mentor-ananya-panday-in-the-untold-story-of-c-sankaran-nair/articleshow/106212446.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108181030/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/akshay-kumar-to-mentor-ananya-panday-in-the-untold-story-of-c-sankaran-nair/articleshow/106212446.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=8 January 2024 |access-date=2024-02-08 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Set against the backdrop of the 1919 [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]], she prepared for the role by undertaking over a year of Punjabi dialect training and shadowing practising female lawyers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-24 |title=Kesari Chapter 2 director on Ananya Panday's role: 'People were clapping at her entry scene' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/entertainment/kesari-chapter-2-director-on-ananya-pandays-role-people-were-clapping-at-her-entry-scene/articleshow/120580260.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> In a positive review of the film, a critic for ''Filmfare'' wrote that she "surprises with her restraint and grace" in an against-type role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kesari Chapter 2: Public review, Cast, Plot and more |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/kesari-chapter-2-public-review-cast-plot-and-more-73086.amp |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref> In the latter, Panday reunited with Aaryan in a romantic comedy, playing an author whose relationship with a US-based wedding planner leads to personal and professional conflict.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-19 |title=Ananya Panday and Kartik Aaryan's look from Tu Meri Main Tera Main Tera Tu Meri leaks online, but fans unimpressed |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ananya-panday-kartik-aaryan-look-in-tu-meri-main-tera-main-tera-tu-meri-leaks-online-10075822/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Zinia B of ''Firstpost'' was critical of her performance, writing that: "Panday appears completely clueless, struggling to bring conviction or nuance to a role that already gives her very little to work with".<ref>{{Cite news |last=B |first=Zinia |date=25 December 2025 |title=Tu Meri Main Tera Main Tera Tu Meri Review: Kartik Aaryan, Ananya Panday-starrer is more Croatia tourism ad than romantic drama |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tu-meri-main-tera-main-tera-tu-meri-review-kartik-aaryan-ananya-panday-starrer-is-more-croatia-tourism-ad-than-romantic-drama-13962772.html |access-date=25 December 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> While ''Kesari Chapter 2'' emerged as a moderate commercial success, ''Tu Meri Main Tera Main Tera Tu Meri'' was a [[box-office bomb]].<ref name="verdict">{{Cite web |date=7 January 2026|title=Bollywood Box Office 2025 Report Card: From ALL-TIME BLOCKBUSTERS to DISASTERS – Film by Film Verdict |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/bollywood-box-office-2025-report-card-time-blockbusters-disasters-film-film-verdict/ |access-date=11 January 2026|language=en}}</ref> She will next star opposite [[Lakshya (actor)|Lakshya]] in ''Chand Mera Dil'' and in the second season of ''Call Me Bae''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=13 April 2025 |title=Lakshya shares glimpse from vanity van from the sets of Chand Mera Dil|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/lakshya-shares-glimpse-vanity-van-sets-chand-mera-dil/ |access-date=25 May 2025 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-02 |title=Ananya Panday's 'Call Me Bae 2' nears completion; Lisa Mishra says, 'Season 2 feels even more exciting' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ananya-pandays-call-me-bae-2-nears-completion-lisa-mishra-says-season-2-feels-even-more-exciting/articleshow/128603203.cms |access-date=2026-03-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Media image ==
[[File:Ananya snapped at the birthday celebrations of Dharma Productions CEO Apoorva Mehta.png|left|thumb|Panday in 2022]]
Panday has frequently combated negative attention and online trolling, for being a beneficiary of [[nepotism]] within the Hindi film industry.<ref name="BBC"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=When Ananya Panday talked about nepotism: I can meet a Karan Johar because of my parents |work=Pinkvilla |access-date=15 July 2022 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/when-ananya-panday-talked-about-nepotism-fact-i-can-meet-karan-johar-because-my-parents-1136024%3famp |archive-date=29 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629153327/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/when-ananya-panday-talked-about-nepotism-fact-i-can-meet-karan-johar-because-my-parents-1136024?amp |url-status=live }}</ref> She said, "It isn't as easy as people say it is. If you have access and don't have the talent to back it up, people won't invest their money in you. Having said that, I do believe nepotism exists and it exists in all industries, not just Bollywood."<ref>{{Cite web |title=All the times Ananya Panday turned heads with her statements: From that nepotism comment to channeling Khloe Kardashian |work=Indian Express |date=30 October 2021 |access-date=6 May 2022 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/all-the-times-ananya-panday-turned-heads-with-her-statements-from-that-nepotism-line-to-channeling-khloe-kardashian-7591734/lite/ |archive-date=16 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616052112/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/all-the-times-ananya-panday-turned-heads-with-her-statements-from-that-nepotism-line-to-channeling-khloe-kardashian-7591734/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She received backlash for comments made during [[CNN-News18|CNN]]'s 2019 Newcomers Roundtable, where she spoke about her struggles as a [[Nepo baby|product of nepotism]], noting that her father had never been on Johar's talk show ''[[Koffee with Karan]]'' as a sign of his limited success. Her remarks prompted a now-viral response from actor Siddhant Chaturvedi, in which he highlighted the disparity between insiders and outsiders in the film industry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-08 |title=Siddhant Chaturvedi on Ananya Panday being trolled after his nepotism comment, Karan Johar calls him the 'outsider' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/siddhant-chaturvedi-on-ananya-panday-being-trolled-after-his-nepotism-comment-karan-johar-outsider-8137891/lite/ |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' reported that after the intense social media trolling she received for being a [[nepo baby]], "all the noise and early backlash faded once she proved herself with films like ''Gehraiyaan'' (2022) and ''CTRL'' (2024)".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shankar|first=Ananya|title=The Star Kid Starter Pack: How Nepo-Babies are Launched in Bollywood Today |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]] |date=4 March 2025|access-date=4 March 2025 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/interviews/how-star-kids-are-manufactured-packaged-and-promoted|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304091541/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/interviews/how-star-kids-are-manufactured-packaged-and-promoted|archive-date=4 March 2025|url-status=dead }}</ref> ''[[The Print]]'' noted that she has carved a niche for herself as Bollywood's [[Gen Z]] star by portraying characters that resonate deeply with her generation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/ananya-panday-bollywood-gen-z/2308722/|title=We judged Ananya Panday too quickly. She's Bollywood's Gen Z face|author=Triya Gulati|date=12 October 2024|website=ThePrint}}</ref>

In 2019, she launched an initiative named So Positive to create awareness about social media bullying, prevent negativity and build a positive community.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ananya-panday-launches-so-positive-an-initiative-against-cyberbullying-on-world-social-media-day-6907091.html |title=Ananya Panday launches 'So Positive', an initiative against cyberbullying, on World Social Media Day |work=Firstpost |date=30 June 2019 |access-date=15 January 2020 |archive-date=20 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820093015/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ananya-panday-launches-so-positive-an-initiative-against-cyberbullying-on-world-social-media-day-6907091.html |url-status=live }}</ref> At the [[Economic Times Awards]] in 2019, the project was named Initiative of the Year.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/csr/initiatives/ananya-pandays-initiative-so-positive-wins-initiative-of-the-year/articleshow/72951431.cms?from=mdr |title=Ananya Pandays initiative So Positive wins Initiative of the Year |work=The Economic Times |date=24 December 2019 |access-date=15 January 2020 |archive-date=13 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613041837/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/csr/initiatives/ananya-pandays-initiative-so-positive-wins-initiative-of-the-year/articleshow/72951431.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

Panday has featured in ''The Times of India''{{'s}} "50 Most Desirable Women" list. She ranked 37th in 2019,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the Times 50 Most Desirable Women 2019|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/meet-indias-most-desirable-divas/articleshow/77805527.cms |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=7 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807040245/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/meet-indias-most-desirable-divas/articleshow/77805527.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and 31st in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Times Most Desirable Woman of 2020: Rhea Chakraborty – Living through a trial by fire, gracefully – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-times-most-desirable-woman-of-2020-rhea-chakraborty-living-through-a-trial-by-fire-gracefully/articleshow/83312150.cms |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=8 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608013431/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-times-most-desirable-woman-of-2020-rhea-chakraborty-living-through-a-trial-by-fire-gracefully/articleshow/83312150.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2025, ''[[Forbes Asia]]'' featured her in their [[Forbes 30 Under 30|30 Under 30]] list.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 May 2025|title=Forbes Asia 30 Under 30 - Ananya Panday|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/ananya-panday/?list=30under30-asia-entertainment-sports|work=[[Forbes Asia]]|access-date=18 May 2025}}</ref> The same year, ''[[GQ (Indian edition)|GQ India]]'' listed her among the nation's most influential young people and ''[[The Business of Fashion]]'' featured her in their BoF 500 list of people shaping the global fashion industry.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 May 2025|author1=Sanjana Ray|author2=Saloni Dhruv|author3=Parth Charan|author4=Ojas Kolvankar|title=Meet GQ's Most Influential Young Indians of 2025|url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/meet-gqs-most-influential-young-indians-of-2025|work=[[GQ (Indian edition)|GQ India]]|access-date=31 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Ananya Panday – BoF 500 (2025) | website=The Business of Fashion | date=6 October 2025 | accessdate=6 October 2025 | url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/people/ananya-panday/ }}</ref> In 2026, ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' featured her in their Women in Entertainment Power List.<ref>{{cite web |title=Women in Entertainment: The Power List 2026 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/women-in-entertainment/all/women-in-entertainment-the-power-list-2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260317071917/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/women-in-entertainment/all/women-in-entertainment-the-power-list-2026 |archive-date=2026-03-17 |author=Team THR India |publisher=The Hollywood Reporter India |access-date=2026-03-17 |language=en-IN |url-status=live}}</ref> Panday is a celebrity endorser for several brands, such as [[Puma (brand)|Puma]], [[Lakmé Cosmetics|Lakmé]], [[Maybelline]], [[TRESemmé]], [[Garnier]], [[Skechers]], [[Vega (company)|Vega]], [[Esprit Holdings|Esprit]], [[Fastrack (fashion accessories)|Fastrack]], [[Gillette]] and [[Timex Group|Timex]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 October 2024|first=Ganguly|last=Adit|title=The remarkable evolution of Ananya Panday from star kid to superstar|url=https://www.harpersbazaar.in/culture/story/the-remarkable-evolution-of-ananya-panday-from-star-kid-to-superstar-1112451-2024-10-30|work=Harper's Bazaar India|access-date=17 April 2025|quote=Today, she is the face of more of leading brands such as Swarovski, Puma, Lakme, Maybelline, Garnier, TRESemmé, to name a few.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ananya Panday on her brand endorsements: I want it to be an extension of my personality|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/advertising/brands/article/ananya-panday-on-her-latest-brand-associations-with-drools-and-thought-process-behind-brand-endorsements/articleshow/89324364.cms|date=4 February 2022|work=Business Insider|access-date=9 April 2022|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409125859/https://www.businessinsider.in/advertising/brands/article/ananya-panday-on-her-latest-brand-associations-with-drools-and-thought-process-behind-brand-endorsements/amp_articleshow/89324364.cms|quote=Ananya Panday represents young brands such as Skechers, VEGA, Esprit, ONLY, Fastrack, Lakmé and Gillette Venus|url-status=live}}</ref> She is the brand ambassador for international brands like [[Swarovski]], [[Jimmy Choo (fashion house)|Jimmy Choo]] and [[American Eagle Outfitters|American Eagle]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 June 2024|title=Tinkerbell kinda evening for Ananya Panday; attends SWAROVSKI India exhibition in Milan as brand ambassador|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/tinkerbell-kinda-evening-ananya-panday-attends-swarovski-india-exhibition-milan-brand-ambassador/|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=17 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=3 October 2023|first=Shreeja|last=Bhattacharya|title=Ananya Panday Becomes The Youngest Indian Actor To Become The Brand Ambassador For Jimmy Choo|url=https://www.news18.com/lifestyle/ananya-panday-becomes-the-youngest-indian-actor-to-become-the-brand-ambassador-for-jimmy-choo-8601470.html|work=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=17 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ananya Panday debuts as Jimmy Choo's brand ambassador for Diwali campaign|url=https://www.vogue.in/content/ananya-panday-debuts-as-jimmy-choos-brand-ambassador-in-their-diwali-capsule-campaign|work=Vogue India|date=5 October 2023 |access-date=19 November 2023|archive-date=16 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016125859/https://www.vogue.in/content/ananya-panday-debuts-as-jimmy-choos-brand-ambassador-in-their-diwali-capsule-campaign|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ananya Panday becomes the global ambassador for American Eagle |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/bollywood/ananya-panday-becomes-the-global-ambassador-for-american-eagle-article-13713267.html |publisher=Moneycontrol |date=2025-12-05 |access-date=2025-12-06}}</ref> In 2025, she was named the first Indian global ambassador for the luxury brand [[Chanel]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 April 2025|first=Krishna Priya|last=Pallavi|title=Ananya Panday is the first Indian to be named Chanel's brand ambassador|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/fashion/ananya-panday-is-the-first-ever-indian-to-be-named-chanel-brand-ambassador-101744780313149.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=16 April 2025}}</ref> Panday's brand value was estimated by [[Kroll Inc.]] (formerly Duff & Phelps) to be US$35.2 million in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ranipeta |first=Shilpa |title=Virat Kohli retains crown as India's most valuable celebrity brand at $231 million: Kroll |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/virat-kohli-retains-crown-alia-bhatt-top-female-brand-value-in-krolls-celebrity-brand-valuation-report-2024-19688315.htm
|publisher=CNBC TV18 |date=25 September 2025 |accessdate=25 September 2025}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
=== Films ===
* ''All films are in Hindi unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|2019
| ''[[Student of the Year 2]]''
| Shreya Randhawa
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Student Of The Year 2 Cast List {{!}} Student Of The Year 2 Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |website= [[Bollywood Hungama]]|date= 10 May 2019|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/student-of-the-year-2/cast/ |url-status=live |access-date=16 November 2021 |language=en |archive-date=16 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116090122/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/student-of-the-year-2/cast/ }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Pati Patni Aur Woh (2019 film)|Pati Patni Aur Woh]]''
| Tapasya Singh
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |title=Pati Patni Aur Woh movie review: Kartik Aaryan film is a patchwork for damage done by the original |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/pati-patni-aur-woh-movie-review-new-kartik-aaryan-film-is-a-patchwork-for-damage-done-by-the-original-1625682-2019-12-06 |url-status=live |access-date=16 November 2021 |website=India Today |date= 6 December 2019|language=en |archive-date=6 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206152606/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/pati-patni-aur-woh-movie-review-new-kartik-aaryan-film-is-a-patchwork-for-damage-done-by-the-original-1625682-2019-12-06 }}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Khaali Peeli]]''
| Pooja Sharma
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khaali Peeli Movie: Ananya Panday, Ishaan Khatter's Film Is A Soggy Affair |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/khaali-peeli-movie-review-ananya-panday-ishaan-khatters-film-is-a-soggy-affair-1-5-stars-out-of-5-2304556 |url-status=live |access-date=16 November 2021 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=16 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116090122/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/khaali-peeli-movie-review-ananya-panday-ishaan-khatters-film-is-a-soggy-affair-1-5-stars-out-of-5-2304556 }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" |2022
| ''[[Gehraiyaan]]''
| Tia Khanna
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Deepika Padukone, Siddhant Chaturvedi and Ananya Panday starrer Gehraiyaan to now release on February 11, 2022 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/deepika-padukone-siddhant-chaturvedi-ananya-panday-starrer-gehraiyaan-now-release-february-11-2022/ |date=5 January 2022 |access-date=5 January 2022 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-date=5 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105051634/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/deepika-padukone-siddhant-chaturvedi-ananya-panday-starrer-gehraiyaan-now-release-february-11-2022/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Liger (film)|Liger]]''
| Tanya Pandey
| Hindi-[[Telugu language|Telugu]] bilingual film
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |date=18 January 2021 |title=Vijay Deverakonda-Ananya Panday's film titled 'Liger', Karan Johar shares 'punching' first look |work=DNA India |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-vijay-deverakonda-ananya-panday-film-titled-liger-karan-johar-shares-punching-first-look-2868796 |access-date=18 January 2021 |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118044842/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-vijay-deverakonda-ananya-panday-film-titled-liger-karan-johar-shares-punching-first-look-2868796 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2023
| scope="row" | ''[[Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani]]''
| Unnamed
| Special appearance in the song "Heart Throb"
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Fans spot Ananya Panday in Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani trailer, call her cameo a part of 'Dharma universe' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/fans-spot-ananya-panday-in-karan-johar-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-trailer-101688471311768.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=4 July 2023 |access-date=4 July 2023 |archive-date=4 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704123047/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/fans-spot-ananya-panday-in-karan-johar-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-trailer-101688471311768.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Dream Girl 2]]''
|Pari Srivastava
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="dg2">{{cite news|title=Ananya Panday enjoys the beauty of Vishram Ghat on a boat ride as she films for Dream Girl 2 in Mathura; WATCH|work=Pinkvilla|access-date=31 August 2022|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/ananya-panday-enjoys-beauty-vishram-ghat-boat-ride-she-films-dream-girl-2-mathura-watch-1185171|language=en|archive-date=31 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831055019/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/ananya-panday-enjoys-beauty-vishram-ghat-boat-ride-she-films-dream-girl-2-mathura-watch-1185171|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Kho Gaye Hum Kahan]]''
|Ahana Singh
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Ananya Panday, Siddhant Chaturvedi, Adarsh Gourav begin Kho Gaye Hum Kahan shoot, drop fun BTS pics from set|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/ananya-panday-siddhant-chaturvedi-adarsh-gourav-begin-kho-gaye-hum-kahan-shoot-drop-fun-bts-pics-set-1049365?amp|access-date=21 March 2022|work=Pinkvilla|language=en|archive-date=23 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323155440/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/ananya-panday-siddhant-chaturvedi-adarsh-gourav-begin-kho-gaye-hum-kahan-shoot-drop-fun-bts-pics-set-1049365?amp|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024
|scope="row" |''[[Bad Newz (film)|Bad Newz]]''
|Herself
|Special appearance
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chatterjee|first=Saibal|title=Bad Newz Review: Film Relies On Vicky Kaushal To Pull It Out Of The Fire|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bad-newz-review-film-relies-on-vicky-kaushal-to-pull-it-out-of-the-fire-2-stars-6138473|website=NDTV|date=19 July 2024|access-date=19 July 2024|archive-date=21 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721181806/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bad-newz-review-film-relies-on-vicky-kaushal-to-pull-it-out-of-the-fire-2-stars-6138473|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Khel Khel Mein (2024 film)|Khel Khel Mein]]''
| Rehana
| Voice appearance
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Here's why Ananya Panday, Arjun Kapoor, Bhumi Pednekar, Jimmy Shergill, Aparshakti Khurana, Sunny Singh have been thanked in Khel Khel Mein |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-heres-ananya-panday-arjun-kapoor-bhumi-pednekar-jimmy-shergill-aparshakti-khurana-sunny-singh-thanked-khel-khel-mein/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=15 August 2024 |access-date=15 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815053721/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/bollywood/exclusive-heres-ananya-panday-arjun-kapoor-bhumi-pednekar-jimmy-shergill-aparshakti-khurana-sunny-singh-thanked-khel-khel-mein/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[CTRL (film)|CTRL]]''
| Nella Awasthi
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ananya Panday shares heartfelt note after wrapping up Vikramaditya Motwane's cyber thriller|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/ananya-panday-shares-heartfelt-note-wrapping-vikramaditya-motwanes-cyber-thriller/|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=27 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023|archive-date=28 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228024645/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/ananya-panday-shares-heartfelt-note-wrapping-vikramaditya-motwanes-cyber-thriller/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=REVEALED: Ananya Panday's cyber thriller is titled Control; Vikramaditya Motwane reveals that "it is a 'computer-generated' movie, flitting between screens"|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/revealed-ananya-pandays-cyber-thriller-titled-control-vikramaditya-motwane-reveals-computer-generated-movie-flitting-screens/|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=27 April 2023 |access-date=27 April 2023|archive-date=27 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427141232/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/revealed-ananya-pandays-cyber-thriller-titled-control-vikramaditya-motwane-reveals-computer-generated-movie-flitting-screens/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2025
|''[[Kesari Chapter 2]]''
| Dilreet Gill
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-akshay-kumar-r-madhavan-ananya-pandays-next-gets-title-kesari-chapter-2/|title=EXCLUSIVE: Akshay Kumar-R Madhavan-Ananya Panday's next gets a title – Kesari Chapter 2|date=3 February 2025|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=3 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Tu Meri Main Tera Main Tera Tu Meri]]''
| Rumi Wardhan Singh
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Ananya Panday joins Kartik Aaryan in ‘Tu Meri Main Tera, Main Tera Tu Meri’">{{cite news |title=Ananya Panday joins Kartik Aaryan in 'Tu Meri Main Tera, Main Tera Tu Meri' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ananya-panday-kartik-aaryan-tu-meri-main-tera-main-tera-tu-meri-karan-johar/article69648930.ece |access-date=3 June 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=2 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603173508/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ananya-panday-kartik-aaryan-tu-meri-main-tera-main-tera-tu-meri-karan-johar/article69648930.ece |archive-date=3 June 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| 2026
| {{pending film|Chand Mera Dil}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Filming
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=":1"/>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|2020–present
| ''[[Fabulous Lives of Bollywood Wives]]''
| Herself
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Dance Ikon]]'' || Guest || As part of ''[[Liger (film)|Liger]]'' promotions
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://telanganatoday.com/ahas-dance-ikon-launch-episode-to-feature-vijay-devarakonda-and-ananya-pandey |title=aha's 'Dance Ikon' launch episode to feature Vijay Devarakonda and Ananya Pandey |work=Telangana Today |date=26 August 2022 |access-date=30 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
|2024
| ''[[Call Me Bae]]''
| Bella "Bae" Chowdhary
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ananya Panday wraps filming for her debut web series Call Me Bae: The most special ever |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/ananya-panday-wraps-filming-for-her-debut-web-series-call-me-bae-the-most-special-ever-62034.html |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027141815/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/ananya-panday-wraps-filming-for-her-debut-web-series-call-me-bae-the-most-special-ever-62034.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

=== Music video ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Performers
!Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2020
| "Kudi Nu Nachne De"
|[[Vishal Dadlani]], [[Sachin–Jigar]]
|Promotional song for the film ''[[Angrezi Medium]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/angrezi-medium-song-kudi-nu-nachne-de-alia-bhatt-katrina-kaif-and-anushka-sharma-will-set-your-mood--2189862 |title=Angrezi Medium Song Kudi Nu Nachne De: Alia Bhatt, Katrina Kaif And Anushka Sharma Will Set Your Mood For The Week |website=NDTV |date=4 March 2020 |access-date=5 March 2020 |archive-date=5 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305134048/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/angrezi-medium-song-kudi-nu-nachne-de-alia-bhatt-katrina-kaif-and-anushka-sharma-will-set-your-mood--2189862 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===Dubbing role===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Character !! Dub Language !! Original Language
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Inside Out 2]]'' || Riley || [[English language|English]] || [[Hindi]]
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |2019
| rowspan="2" | [[26th Screen Awards]]
|[[Screen Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
|style="text-align:center;"|''[[Student of the Year 2]]''
|{{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=26th Star Screen Awards {{!}} 2019 |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/star-screen-awards/7050 |url-status=live |access-date=16 November 2021 |website=Disney+ Hotstar |language=en |archive-date=16 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116083408/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/star-screen-awards/7050 }}</ref>
|-
|Fresh Face of the Year
|{{N/A}}
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=Ananya Panday chosen Fresh Face of the Year award at the Star Screen Awards 2019 |url=https://www.facebook.com/e24bollywood/photos/a.316254328446296/3289124441159255/?type=3&app=fbl |work=E24 |accessdate=9 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5" |2020
| rowspan="2" |[[65th Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
| ''Student of the Year 2''
| rowspan="2" {{won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="FF65"/>
|-
| ''[[Pati Patni Aur Woh (2019 film)|Pati Patni Aur Woh]]''
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Zee Cine Awards]]
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
|style="text-align:center;" |''Student of the Year 2''
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Cine Awards 2020 Winners: Complete list of winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/zee-cine-awards/2020/123 |access-date=16 November 2021 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |archive-date=16 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116125024/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/zee-cine-awards/2020/123 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female|Best Supporting Actress]]
|style="text-align:center;"| ''Pati Patni Aur Woh''
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[21st IIFA Awards]]
|[[IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Female|Star Debut of the Year – Female]]
|style="text-align:center;"|''Student of the Year 2''
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |title=IIFA Awards 2020 – Popular Award Winners |url=https://iifa.com/blog/blog-details/iifa-awards-2020---popular-award-winners |access-date=28 November 2021 |website=[[IIFA Awards]] |date=25 November 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126055921/https://iifa.com/blog/blog-details/iifa-awards-2020---popular-award-winners |archive-date=26 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |2021
| rowspan="2" |[[Lokmat Stylish Awards]]
|Best Stylish Glamorous Icon
|{{N/A}}
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lokmat.com/videos/maharashtra/ananya-pandey-wins-best-stylish-glamorous-icon-award-lokmat-most-stylish-awards-2021-a647/|title=Ananya Pandey wins the Best Stylish Glamorous Icon Award at Lokmat Most Stylish Awards 2021|website=Lokmat|date=6 December 2021 |access-date=6 December 2021|archive-date=30 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030204229/https://www.lokmat.com/videos/maharashtra/ananya-pandey-wins-best-stylish-glamorous-icon-award-lokmat-most-stylish-awards-2021-a647/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |2022
| Most Stylish Gen Z Star
|{{N/A}}
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/fashion/ananya-panday-rashmika-mandanna-and-shraddha-kapoor-steal-the-show-in-glamorous-avatars-at-lokmat-awards-all-pics-101664419129164-amp.html|title=Ananya Panday, Rashmika Mandanna and Shraddha Kapoor steal the show in glamorous avatars at Lokmat Awards: All pics|website=hindustantimes|date=29 September 2022 |access-date=September 29, 2022|archive-date=16 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016173104/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/fashion/ananya-panday-rashmika-mandanna-and-shraddha-kapoor-steal-the-show-in-glamorous-avatars-at-lokmat-awards-all-pics-101664419129164-amp.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards|22nd Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|Best Debutant Actress of the Year - OTT
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2|''[[Gehraiyaan]]''
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=ITA Awards 2022: Varun Dhawan wins 'Actor of the Decade'; The Kashmir Files bags Golden Laurel |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2022/dec/14/ita-awards-2022varun-dhawan-wins-actor-of-the-decadethe-kashmir-filesbags-golden-laurel-2527837.html |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=The New Indian Express |date=14 December 2022 |archive-date=14 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214041350/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2022/dec/14/ita-awards-2022varun-dhawan-wins-actor-of-the-decadethe-kashmir-filesbags-golden-laurel-2527837.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4" |2023
|[[Zee Cine Awards]]
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female|Best Supporting Actress]]
|{{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.masala.com/bollywood-news/winners-zee-cine-awards|title=Full list of winners: 2023 Zee Cine Awards winners are See below|website=Masala.com|access-date=21 March 2023|archive-date=21 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321073752/https://www.masala.com/bollywood-news/winners-zee-cine-awards|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Bollywood Hungama Style Icons]]
|Stylish Actor People's Choice (Female)
|{{n/a}}
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/bh-style-icons-2023-ananya-panday-wins-stylish-actor-peoples-choice-female-award-says-gratifying/|title=BH Style Icons 2023: Ananya Panday wins the 'Most Stylish Actor People's Choice (Female)' award; says, "It's gratifying"|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=29 March 2023 |access-date=29 March 2023|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408010650/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/features/bh-style-icons-2023-ananya-panday-wins-stylish-actor-peoples-choice-female-award-says-gratifying/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Pinkvilla Style Icons Awards]]
|Most Glamorous Icon
|{{n/a}}
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-2023-bhumi-pednekar-is-the-stylish-pathbreaker-ananya-bags-most-glamorous-icon-1215865%3famp|title=Pinkvilla Style Icons Edition 2 Winners list: Kiara Advani, Janhvi to Kartik Aaryan, a look at who won what!|website=Pinkvilla|access-date=8 April 2023|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408170556/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-2023-bhumi-pednekar-is-the-stylish-pathbreaker-ananya-bags-most-glamorous-icon-1215865?amp|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[Lokmat Stylish Awards]]
|Stylish Glam Icon
|{{n/a}}
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/entertainment/ananya-panday-wins-most-stylish-glam-icon-award-at-lokmat-most-stylish-awards-2023/ |title=Ananya Panday Wins 'Most Stylish Glam Icon' Award at Lokmat Most Stylish Awards 2023 - www.lokmattimes.com |date=13 September 2023 |website=Lokmat English |access-date=28 December 2023 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228101026/https://www.lokmattimes.com/entertainment/ananya-panday-wins-most-stylish-glam-icon-award-at-lokmat-most-stylish-awards-2023/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="9" |2024
|[[Zee Cine Awards]]
|Performer of the Year
| rowspan="3" |''[[Kho Gaye Hum Kahan]]''
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/zee-cine-awards-2024-full-winners-list-shah-rukh-khan-sunny-deol-rani-mukerji-kiara-advani-ananya-pandey-jawan-101710139333339-amp.html|title=Zee Cine Awards 2024 full winners list: Shah Rukh Khan's Jawan wins big; Sunny Deol, Rani Mukerji, Kiara Advani honoured|website=Hindustantimes|date=11 March 2024 |access-date=11 March 2024|archive-date=26 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326135112/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/zee-cine-awards-2024-full-winners-list-shah-rukh-khan-sunny-deol-rani-mukerji-kiara-advani-ananya-pandey-jawan-101710139333339-amp.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Pinkvilla Screen and Style Icons Awards]]
|Most Stylish Performer of the Year (Female)
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-19 |title=Pinkvilla Screen & Style Icons Awards: Complete list of winners |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-screen-and-style-icons-awards-complete-list-of-winners-ft-kiara-advani-akshay-kumar-karan-johar-and-more-1287517 |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en |archive-date=20 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320123412/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-screen-and-style-icons-awards-complete-list-of-winners-ft-kiara-advani-akshay-kumar-karan-johar-and-more-1287517 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[News18 Reel Awards]]
|Breakthrough Performance of the Year – Female
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |last=Anand |first=Akriti |title=News18 Showsha Reels Awards 2024: Ananya Panday Expresses Gratitude For Being Honoured, Shares Photos|website=News18|date=10 March 2024|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/news18-showsha-reels-awards-2024-ananya-panday-expresses-gratitude-for-being-honoured-shares-photos-8810074.html|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
|[[Bollywood Hungama Style Icons]]
|Most Stylish Leading Entertainer of the Year (Female)
|{{n/a}}
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Complete list of winners of Bollywood Hungama Style Icon Awards 2024|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/winners.php|work=Bollywood Hungama|language=en|access-date=3 May 2024|date=2 May 2024|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414204216/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/winners.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare OTT Awards]]
| Best Actor – Web Original Film (Female)
| rowspan="4" |''[[Kho Gaye Hum Kahan]]''
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-danube-properties-filmfare-ott-awards-2024-full-list-69862.html|title=Nominations for the Danube Properties Filmfare OTT Awards 2024: Full List|date=November 28, 2023|access-date=November 28, 2023|language=en-In}}</ref><ref name="ffott24">{{Cite news |title=Winners of the Danube Properties Filmfare OTT Awards 2024: Full List Out|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-danube-properties-filmfare-ott-awards-2024-full-list-out-69977.html |date=1 December 2024|access-date=2 December 2024 |work=Filmfare}}</ref>
|-
| Best Actor in a Film – Critics (Female)
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Bollywood Hungama OTT India Fest]]
| Best Actress – People's Choice
| {{nom}}
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Bollywood Hungama OTT India Fest 2024 – Winners|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=3 December 2025 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/ott-india-fest/winners_2024_10_003.php|access-date=28 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203081858/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/ott-india-fest/winners_2024_10_003.php|archive-date=3 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
| Best Actress – Popular Choice
| {{won}}
|-
| [[NDTV Indian of the Year]]
| Youth Icon of the Year
| {{n/a}}
| {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Hardika |title=NDTV Indian Of The Year: Ananya Panday On Winning Youth Icon Of The Year -"Honoured, Humbled And Grateful"|website=NDTV|date=9 December 2024|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ndtv-indian-of-the-year-ananya-panday-on-winning-youth-icon-of-the-year-honoured-humbled-and-grateful-7192592|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="13" |2025
|[[Pinkvilla Screen and Style Icons Awards]]
|Best Actress (OTT) – Popular Choice
|rowspan="2" |''[[CTRL (film)|CTRL]]''
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |last=Kaur |first=Loveleen |title=Pinkvilla Screen & Style Icons Awards 2025: Complete list of winners ft. Ananya Panday, Akshay Kumar, Karan Johar, Kajol, Shahid Kapoor and more |website=Pinkvilla |date=28 March 2025 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-screen-style-icons-awards-2025-complete-list-of-winners-ft-ananya-panday-akshay-kumar-karan-johar-kajol-shahid-kapoor-and-more-1379543 |access-date=25 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[IIFA Awards|IIFA Digital Awards]]
|Performance in a Leading Role – Female
|{{nom}}
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |last=Das |first=Santanu |title=IIFA Digital Awards 2025 full list of nominees: Jaideep Ahlawat and Ananya Panday score double nods|website=Hindustan Times|date=29 January 2025 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/iifa-digital-awards-2025-full-list-of-nominees-jaideep-ahlawat-and-ananya-panday-score-double-nods-101738147290275.html|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
|Performance in a Leading Role – Female (Series)
|rowspan="3" |''[[Call Me Bae]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[News18 Reel Awards]]
|Best Actor OTT (Female)
|{{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=News18 Showsha Reel Awards 2025: Samantha Ruth Prabhu, Ananya Panday Among Nominees for Best Actor OTT (Female)|website=News18|date=15 March 2025|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/news18-showsha-reel-awards-2025-samantha-ruth-prabhu-ananya-panday-among-nominees-for-best-actor-ott-female-9250761.html|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
|[[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]]
|Best Actor (Female) – Web Series
|{{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Film Festival of Melbourne Awards 2025: Superboys of Malegaon, Pataal Lok S2 lead the nominations; see full list |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-awards-2025-superboys-of-malegaon-pataal-lok-s2-lead-the-nominations-see-full-list-101752478646969.html |publisher=Hindustan Times |author=Santanu Das |date=2025-07-14 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref>
|-
|[[GQ (Indian edition)#Awards|''GQ'' Men of the Year Award]]
|Outstanding Achievement
|{{n/a}}
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet the winners of GQ Men of the Year 2025 |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/meet-the-winners-of-gq-men-of-the-year-2025 |website=GQ India |date=November 30, 2025 |access-date=November 30, 2025}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" |[[Bollywood Hungama OTT India Fest]]
|Youth Icon of the Year – (Female)
|{{n/a}}
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=Bollywood Hungama OTT India Fest 2025 Winners & Nominations |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/ott-india-fest/winners.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213063717/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/ott-india-fest/winners.php |archive-date=2025-12-13 |website=Bollywood Hungama |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |date=2025-12-04 |access-date=2025-12-13}}</ref>
|-
|Actor of the Year – (Female)
|''[[Kesari Chapter 2]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="3" |[[Times of India Film Awards]]
|Acting Excellence – Web Film (Female)
|''[[CTRL (film)|CTRL]]''
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=TOIFA OTT 2025 Nominations |url=https://toifa.in/nominations/ott2025.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251208101431/https://toifa.in/nominations/ott2025.html |archive-date=2025-12-08 |website=Times of India |access-date=2025-12-08}}</ref>
|-
|Acting Excellence – Comedy Series
|rowspan="3" |''[[Call Me Bae]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|Acting Excellence in Web Series – People’s Choice (Female)
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare OTT Awards]]
|Best Actor – Comedy Series (Female)
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="ffott25">{{cite web |title=Winners of The Filmfare OTT Awards 2025: Full List Out |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-filmfare-ott-awards-2025-full-list-out-80093.html |website=Filmfare.com |publisher=Filmfare |date=2025-12-15 |access-date=2025-12-16 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actor – Web Original Film (Female)
|''[[CTRL (film)|CTRL]]''
|{{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="ffottnom">{{Cite web |title=Nominations for Filmfare OTT Awards 2025: Full List Out |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-filmfare-ott-awards-2025-full-list-out-79789.html |website=Filmfare.com |date=2025-12-05 |access-date=2025-12-07}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4" |2026
|[[Zee Cine Awards]]
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female|Best Supporting Actress]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Kesari Chapter 2]]''
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Saiyaara: Aneet Padda wins big at Zee Cine Awards|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/saiyaara-aneet-padda-wins-big-at-zee-cine-awards/20260302.htm|date=2026-03-02|publisher=Rediff.com|access-date=2026-03-02|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" |[[News18 Reel Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |Best Actor – Female
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |first=Grace |last=Cyril |title=News18 Showsha Reel Awards 2026 Full Winners List: Popular Choice – Ahaan Panday, Aneet Padda And Others Win Big |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/news18-showsha-reel-awards-2026-full-winners-list-popular-choice-ahaan-panday-aneet-padda-and-others-win-big-ws-l-9946714.html |website=News18 |publisher=Network18 |date=8 March 2026 |access-date=8 March 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ananya Panday Beams With Pride After Winning For Kesari Chapter 2 At Showsha Reel Awards 2026 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/ananya-panday-celebrates-kesari-chapter-2-award-at-news18-showsha-reel-ws-l-9948454.html |website=News18 |publisher=Network18 |first=Akriti |last=Anand |date=2024 |access-date=8 March 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=News18 Showsha Reel Awards 2026 – Nominations |url=https://www.news18features.com/reel-awards-2026/category/ |website=News18 |publisher=Network18 |access-date=8 March 2026 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260227074906/https://www.news18features.com/reel-awards-2026/category/ |archive-date=27 February 2026}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Tu Meri Main Tera Main Tera Tu Meri]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Pinkvilla Screen and Style Icons Awards]]
|Best Supporting Actress
|''[[Kesari Chapter 2]]''
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |first=Loveleen |last=Kaur |title=Pinkvilla Screen & Style Icons Awards 2026: Complete list of winners ft. Kiara Advani, Ajay Devgn, Kriti Sanon, Kajol, Akshay Kumar and more |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/cinema/pinkvilla-screen-style-icons-awards-2026-complete-list-of-winners-ft-kiara-advani-ajay-devgn-kriti-sanon-vicky-kaushal-kajol-akshay-kumar-and-more-1401784 |website=Pinkvilla |date=2026-03-26 |access-date=2026-03-26 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{BH person}}

{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for Ananya Panday
|list=
{{FilmfareAwardBestFemaleDebut}}
{{IIFAAwardBestFemaleDebut}}
{{Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut}}
}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panday, Ananya}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian web series actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Chandil subdivision

2026-03-25T03:37:22Z

RayfordFvx: new a entry - done

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chandil subdivision
| other_name = 
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Subdivision
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.9681|N|86.0656|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Seraikela Kharsawan]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Seraikela]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1019.23
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 372663
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| registration_plate =
| website = {{URL|seraikela.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chandil subdivision''' is an [[Administrative divisions of India|administrative subdivision]] of the [[Seraikela Kharsawan district]] in the [[Kolhan division]] in the state of [[Jharkhand]], [[India]].

==Administrative set up==
[[File:Chandil (subdivision) in Saraikela Kharsawan (Jharkhand).svg]]
Seraikela Kharsawan district has two subdivisions – (1) [[Seraikela Sadar subdivision]] with [[Seraikela block|Seraikela]], [[Kharsawan block|Kharsawan]], [[Kuchai block|Kuchai]], [[Adityapur block|Adityapur]] and [[Gobindpur block|Gobindpur]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD blocks]], and (2) Chandil subdivision with [[Chandil block|Chandil]], [[Ichagarh block|Ichagarh]], [[Kukru block|Kukru]] and [[Nimdih block|Nimdih]] CD blocks.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2024_PART_A_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikella Kharsawan, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 7: Administrative set-up|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 4 December 2021}}</ref>

The subdivisions of Seraikela Kharsawan district have the following distinctions:<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2024_PART_B_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikela Khasawan, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Pages 26-27: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 4 December 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Subdivision ||Headquarters|| Area km2 || Population (2011) ||Rural population % (2011)||Urban population % (2011)
|-
|[[Seraikela Sadar subdivision|Seriakela Sadar]]||[[Seraikela]]||1,644.32||692,393||96.82||3.18
|-
|Chandil||[[Chandil]]||1,019.23||372,663||87.09||12.91
|-
|}

Note: Calculated on the basis of block-wise data available.

{{OSM Location map
| width=300| height=350| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|22|50|0|N|86|0|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Seraikela Kharsawan district in Kolhan Division''' M: municipality, R: rural/ urban centre, CT: census town, T: tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|02|53|N|85|56|11|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Ichagarh | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Ichagarh]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|43|18|N|85|48|22|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Kuchai| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Kuchai]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|58|1|N|85|58|10|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Chowka| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Chowka, Seraikela Kharsawan]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|38|32|N|86|4|14|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Gobindpur| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Gobindpur, Seraikela Kharsawan]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|37|38|N|86|0|27|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Rajnagar| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Rajnagar, Seraikela Kharsawan]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|7|5|N|85|58|32|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Kukru| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Kukru]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|59|46|N|86|8|44|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= Nimdih| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Nimdih]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|42|24|N|85|55|39|E}} | label-pos8=bottom|label8=Seraikela| numbered8=M| mark-title8= [[Saraikela]] (M) |label-color8=#800000
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|47|24|N|86|9|56|E}} | label-pos9=bottom|label9=Adityapur| numbered9=M| mark-title9= [[Adityapur]] (M) |label-color9=#800000
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|58|9|N|86|3|52|E}} | label-pos10=bottom|label10= Chandil | numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Chandil]] (CT) |shape-color10= #A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|49|22|N|86|5|55|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Chota Gamahria | numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Chota Gamahria]] (CT) |shape-clor11= #A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|51|0|N|86|3|0|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Kandra | numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Kandra]] (CT) |shape-color12= #A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|47|29|N|85|49|43|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Kharsawan | numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Kharsawan]] (CT) |shape-color13= #A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|50|16|N|86|11|26|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Kopali | numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Kopali]] (CT) |shape-color14= #A40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|47|40|N|85|56|43|E}} | label-pos15=bottom|label15= Sini | numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Sini, Jharkhand]] (CT) |shape-color15= #A40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|54|15|N|86|12|15|E}} | label-pos16= top|label16= Dalma |labela16= Wildlife|labelb16= Sanctuary | numbered16=T| mark-title16= [[Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T) |shape-color16= #74C365
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|58|28|N|86|1|13|E}} | label-pos17= top|label17= Chandil Dam| numbered17=T| mark-title17= [[Chandil Dam]] (T) |shape-color17= #74C365
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|8|0|N|85|50|0|E}} |label18= Subarnarekha |labela18= River |label-color18 = #77A1CB| label-angle18= 60| label-pos18=top| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18 =none
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|57|40|N|85|47|0|E}} |label19= Karkari |labela19= River |label-color19 = #77A1CB| label-angle19= 10| label-pos19=top| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|41|0|N|86|6|30|E}} |label20= Kharkhai |labela20= River |label-color20 = #77A1CB| label-angle20= -60| label-pos20=top| label-size20=10| mark-size20=0| mark-title20 =none
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|52|0|N|85|50|0|E}}| label21= Chandil Gamharia |labela21= Range | label-color21 = #C42222 | label-angle21=0| label-pos21=top| label-size21=10| mark-size21=0| mark-title21 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|12|0|N|85|58|0|E}}|arc-textA= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA= -10| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.4
|arc-coordB={{coord|22|26|0|N|86|3|0|E}}|arc-textB= ODISHA| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB= 0| arc-gapB=2.5| arc-radiusB=0.4}}

==Police stations==
Police stations in the Chandil subdivision are at:<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/seraikella-kharsawan | title = District Police Profile – Seraikella Kharsawan | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 4 December 2021 | archive-date = 26 November 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211126112256/https://jhpolice.gov.in/seraikella-kharsawan | url-status = dead }}</ref>

#[[Chandil#Civic administration|Chandil]]
#[[Chowka, Seraikela Kharsawan#Civic administration|Chowka]]
#[[Ichagarh#Civic administration|Ichagarh]]
#[[Nimdih#Civic administration|Nimdih]]
#Tiruldih

==Blocks==
Community development blocks in the Chandil subdivision are:<ref name=census2011/><ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2024_PART_A_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikella Kharsawan, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Seraikela Kharsawan district on the fifth page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 4 December 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! CD Block ||Headquarters|| Area km2 || Population (2011) ||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]] %||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|ST]] %||Literacy rate %||[[Census town|CT]]
|-
|[[Chandil block|Chandil]]||[[Chandil]]||375.68||157,949||4.91||30.23||66.74||[[Chandil]], [[Kopali]]
|-
|[[Ichagarh block|Ichagarh]]||[[Ichagarh]]||271.82||83,099||7.65||32.26||61.02|| -
|-
|[[Kukru block|Kukru]]||[[Kukru]]||136.81||52,976||6.31||15.98||62.54|| -
|-
|[[Nimdih block|Nimdih]]||[[Nimdih]]||234.92||78,639||5.15||37.41||64.22|| -
|-
|}

==Education==
In 2011, in Chandil subdivision out of a total 318 inhabited villages there were 44 villages with pre-primary schools, 298 villages with primary schools, 163 villages with middle schools, 24 villages with secondary schools, 11 villages with senior secondary schools, 20 villages with no educational facility.<ref name=directory>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2024_PART_A_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikella Kharsawan, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 558-559 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 4 December 2021}}</ref>
 .*Senior secondary schools are also known as Inter colleges in Jharkhand

===Educational institutions===
The following institution is located in Chandil subdivision:

* Singhbhum College was established at [[Chandil]] in 1973.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.careers360.com/colleges/singhbhum-college-chandil | title = Singhbhum College | publisher = Careers360 | access-date = 30 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.collegedekho.com/colleges/singhbhum-college-chandil | title = Singhbhum College, Saraikela Kharsawan | publisher = College Dekho | access-date = 30 November 2021}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2011, in Chandil subdivision there were 6 villages with [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]], 45 villages with primary health subcentres, 31 villages with maternity and child welfare centres, 12 villages with allopathic hospitals, 8 villages with dispensaries, 1 village with a veterinary hospital, 4 villages with family welfare centres, 56 villages with medicine shops.<ref name=directory/>
 .*Private medical practitioners, alternative medicine etc. not included

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kolhan Division}}
{{Kolhan Division topics}}

[[Category:Subdivisions of Jharkhand]]

Indian Penal Law

2026-03-24T00:20:13Z

RayfordFvx: Creating The Entry Needs Work

{{short description|Indian Tamil-language action thriller film}}
{{Distinguish|Indian Penal Code}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Indian Penal Law poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Karunanithi
| writer = Karunanithi
| producer = G. R. Madhan Krishnan
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*TTF Vasan
*[[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]]
*[[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]]
*Kushitha Kallapu
}}
| cinematography = S. Pitchumani
| editing = Prakash Mabbu
| music = Ashwin Vinayagamoorthy
| studio = Radha Film International
| released = {{Film date|2025|11|28|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Indian Penal Law''''', also marketed as '''''IPL''''', is a 2025 Indian Tamil-language [[action thriller]] film written and directed by Karunanithi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-10-21 |title=Kishore to headline IPL |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/21/kishore-to-headline-ipl |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The film is produced by G. R. Madha Krishnan under his Radha Film International banner starring [[YouTuber]] TTF Vasan and Kushitha Kallapu in the lead roles, marking their onscreen debut<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-18 |title=IPL promises an intense political crime thriller |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/ipl-promises-an-intense-political-crime-thriller-811653 |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref> alongside [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] and [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]] in important roles. The film was theatrically released on 28 November 2025.

== Plot ==

Gunasekaran (Kishore) lives with his wife, Vasanthi (Abhirami) and his younger sister. Formerly employed by a private company, he resigned after a minor setback, bought a car, and now works as a taxi driver. Anbu (TTF Vasan), a food delivery driver, is in love with Kanimozhi ( Kushita) who is Gunasekaran's younger sister.

One day, Gunasekaran is involved in an accident and injures his leg. He is then unable to drive. At the same time, Muthukaruppan (Bose Venkat), a police officer, beats a man to death in the cells. He holds Gunasekaran responsible and has him arrested , What Transpires Next Forms The Rest Of The Plot .

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* TTF Vasan as Anbu
* [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] as Gunasekaran
* [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]] as Vasanthi
* Kushitha Kallapu as Kanimozhi
* [[Singampuli]]
* [[Ajay Ghosh]]
* [[Hareesh Peradi]] as Praveen Menon
* [[Aadukalam Naren]] as Thirupathisamy
* [[John Vijay]] as Special Squad Officer
* [[Bose Venkat]] as Muthukaruppan
* [[Redin Kingsley]]
* [[Dileepan]]
* Janani
}}

== Music ==
The audio rights were acquired by [[Saregama]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-10-22 |title=Teaser for Kishore's Indian Penal Law to be out on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/22/teaser-for-kishores-indian-penal-law-to-be-out-on-this-date |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The first single "Appo Ippo" was released on 29 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-10-29 |title='Appo Ippo' from Kishore's IPL out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/29/appo-ippo-from-kishores-ipl-out |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The second single "Yaavalo" was released on 5 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-11-05 |title='Yaavalo' from Kishore's IPL out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Nov/05/yaavalo-from-kishores-ipl-out |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = Ashwin Vinayagamoorthy
| title1 = Appo Ippo
| lyrics1 = Gana Karikalan, Gana Ruthra
| extra1 = Ashwin Vinayagamoorthy
| title2 = Yaavalo
| lyrics2 = [[Ku. Karthik]]
| extra2 = Shivam Mahadevan, [[Chinmayi Sripada]]
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Indian Penal Law'' was theatrically released on 28 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-11 |title=Indian Penal Law gets a release date |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2025/Nov/11/tamilnews2025nov10indian-penal-law-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Dinamalar]]'' rated the film 2/5 stars and wrote that although the story is about punishment and torture for the innocents, the real tortured people are the ones watching the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/3690/IPL/|title=ஐபிஎல் - விமர்சனம் {2/5} : ஐபிஎல் - நிரபராதிகளுக்கு கொடுக்கும் தண்டனை, சித்ரவதைகளை பேசும் கதை. உண்மையில் சித்ரவதை படுவது படம் பார்ப்பவர்கள்தான் - IPL|website=cinema.dinamalar.com}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 stars and wrote that the screenplay of the first half is not understandable and the second half is slow.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/ipl-indian-penal-law-164969|title=ஐபிஎல் திரைவிமர்சனம் | IPL: Indian Penal Law Review in tamil|date=27 November 2025|website=www.maalaimalar.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|tt38772178}}
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about police brutality]]
[[Category:Films about police misconduct]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Robert Swinhoe

2026-03-17T23:52:27Z

RayfordFvx:

{{Short description|English diplomat and naturalist (1836–1877)}}
{{Redirect|Swinhoe|Robert's brother, also a naturalist, who lived 1838 to 1923|Charles Swinhoe}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2012}}
[[File:Swinhoe Robert 1836-1877.png|thumb|250px|right|Robert Swinhoe]]
'''Robert Swinhoe''' [[List of fellows of the Royal Society S, T, U, V|FRS]] (1 September 1836 – 28 October 1877) was an English diplomat and [[naturalist]] who served as a [[consul (representative)|consul]] in [[Taiwan under Qing rule|Qing-era]] [[Taiwan prefecture|Taiwan]] (then known to Westerners as Formosa). He catalogued many East Asian birds, and several, such as [[Swinhoe's pheasant]], are named after him.

==Biography==
Swinhoe was born in colonial-era [[Kolkata]] (then known as Calcutta), where his father, who came from a [[Northumberland]] family, was a lawyer.<ref name=odnb>{{cite ODNB|first=Clemency Thorne |last=Fisher|chapter=Swinhoe, Robert (1836–1877)|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|year=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/38460}}</ref> The date of his arrival in England is not clearly recorded, but it is known he attended the [[University of London]], and in 1854 joined the [[China]] consular corps.

He was stationed at the remote port of [[Amoy]], approximately 300 miles northeast of [[Hong Kong]], in 1855. While there, he mastered the Chinese language (both official [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] and the local [[Amoy dialect]]) and developed a detailed and authoritative understanding of the ornithology of eastern China. In March 1856, Swinhoe made an "adventurous" visit to the camphor districts of northwestern [[Taiwan prefecture|Taiwan]] on board a [[lorcha (boat)|lorcha]], a hybrid vessel utilizing a European hull and Chinese rigging. Whether this visit was official or personal is unknown, but he referred to it on several occasions in his later publications. While at Amoy he courted and married Christina Stronach (née Lockie), the daughter of a Scottish missionary, in 1857.

In June and July 1858, Swinhoe participated in the circumnavigation of Taiwan on board [[HMS Inflexible (1845)|HMS ''Inflexible'']] in search of British and American [[castaway]]s. He also served as translator in two subsequent British actions against China in 1858 and 1860, the latter resulting in his book ''The North China Campaign of 1860'' (London, 1861), his personal account of the [[Second Opium War]].

In 1860, Swinhoe was appointed the first European consular representative to Taiwan, although delays prevented him from taking up the post until 1861. On 2 July of that year, Swinhoe and his assistant, George C. P. Braune (1838–1864), arrived at the prefectural capital, the southern city of [[Tainan|Taiwan-fu]] (now Tainan). Shoaling of the harbour prompted him to re-establish the British consulate at the northern port of [[Tamsui]], where most foreign trade occurred. He published several accounts of his early experiences in Taiwan, as well as numerous works on the island's wildlife.

In August 1864, Swinhoe was ordered to return to Takow (present-day [[Kaohsiung]]) to establish the British Consulate for South Formosa. On 4 February 1865, he was officially appointed British Consul to Taiwan. He often operated from temporary premises such as ships (including HMS ''Ternate'') or rented houses near the lagoon from 1865 to 1866. He never lived in the consulate building that stands today (the [[Former British Consulate at Takao]]), which was completed in 1879 after his death.

In early 1866, he left Takow for Amoy (Xiamen). He later served as consul at [[Amoy]], [[Ningbo]], and [[Yantai]]. At various times during his career, he also served as a "roving consul" for the British plenipotentiary in China, [[Rutherford Alcock]]. His duties included expeditions to [[Hainan]] and a journey up the [[Yangtze River]] to [[Chongqing]] in [[Sichuan Province]] to assess steamship navigation. Throughout his postings, he continued to hold the Taiwanese consulship until his retirement in 1873.

During his time in China, Swinhoe collected numerous natural history specimens. As the region had only recently opened to Westerners, many of these were new to science. Although primarily an [[ornithologist]], he also collected [[fish]], [[mammal]]s and [[insect]]s. He returned to England in 1862 with his collection. Many of the birds were first described in [[John Gould]]'s ''Birds of Asia'' (1863).<ref name=hall/>

==Death==
Robert Swinhoe died on 28 October 1877 in London at the age of 41, possibly of [[syphilis]].<ref>Coates, P. D, ''The China consuls: British consular officers, 1843–1943'' (Oxford University Press, 1988), pp. 498, 500.</ref>

==Descendant==
In 2019, a fifth-generation [[Lineal descendant#Collateral descendant|collateral descendant]] of Robert Swinhoe, Christopher Swinhoe-Standen, visited the British Consulate at Takow in Kaohsiung to learn more about his ancestor. He toured the former consulate building, now a museum, accompanied by officials from the Kaohsiung Bureau of Tourism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Descendant of Britain’s first consul visits Taiwan |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2019/01/20/2003708272 |website=Taipei Times |date=2019-01-20}}</ref>

==Natural history==
[[File:Oscaria swinhoei - s4annalsmagazine12londuoft 0529.jpg|thumb|Illustration of the [[Yangtze giant softshell turtle]] (''Rafetus swinhoei'') sent by Robert Swinhoe to [[John Edward Gray]] at the [[British Museum]].]]
At a young age, he developed an interest in birds and assembled a small collection of British birds, nests and eggs. He corresponded with Henry Stevenson, and one of his first publications appeared in 1858, the same year in which [[Charles Darwin]] and [[Alfred Russel Wallace]] published their papers on natural selection. Swinhoe accepted Darwin's ideas, and in 1872 named a species (now a subspecies) after him (''[[Koklass pheasant|Pucrasia macrolopha darwini]]'').<ref name=hall/> He was a regular contributor to ''[[Ibis (journal)|The Ibis]]'' after 1860 and later to the ''[[Journal of Zoology|Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London]]''.

During his travels, he studied birds and mammals as well as local cultures. He collected both live animals and specimens and regularly sent them to the [[London Zoo]]. The first [[Pere David's deer]] in Europe came from him.<ref name=hall/>

His primary interest, however, was birds, and he corresponded extensively with [[Edward Blyth]]. Around 1871, he began to suffer from partial paralysis and moved to Yantai, which he called the "Scarborough of China". His health forced him to leave China in October 1875. From his home in Chelsea, he continued publishing, and his final paper in ''The Ibis'' described the new genus and species ''[[Liocichla steerii]]''.<ref name=hall/> He died at the age of 41, presumably of [[syphilis]].<ref>Coates, P. D, ''The China consuls: British consular officers, 1843–1943'' (Oxford University Press, 1988), pp. 498, 500.</ref>

[[Philip Sclater|P. L. Sclater]] described him as "one of the most industrious and successful exploring naturalists that have ever lived", and after his death, [[A. R. Wallace]] wrote that "due to Mr. Swinhoe's own exertions...there is probably no part of the world (if we except Europe, North America, and British India) of whose warm-blooded vertebrates we possess fuller or more accurate knowledge than we do of the coast districts of China and its islands."<ref name=hall>Hall, Philip B. (1987) Robert Swinhoe (1836–1877): A Victorian Naturalist in Treatyport China. ''The Geographical Journal'' 153:37–47</ref>

His collection of 3,700 specimens was purchased by [[Henry Seebohm]] and later bequeathed to the Liverpool Museum.

Four species of mammals and 15 species of birds were named after Swinhoe,<ref name="EDR">Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 258–259.</ref> including [[Swinhoe's storm-petrel]], which he first described in 1867. Four species of reptiles are also named in his honour: ''[[Gekko swinhonis]], [[Diploderma swinhonis]], [[Rhabdophis swinhonis]]'', and the [[Yangtze giant softshell turtle]] (''Rafetus swinhoei)''.<ref name="EDR"/>

One of his brothers, Colonel [[Charles Swinhoe]], was a founding member of the [[Bombay Natural History Society]] and an expert on Lepidoptera.<ref name=odnb />

==Published works==
*{{cite book|last1=Swinhoe|first1=R.|author-link=Robert Swinhoe|title=Notes on the Island of Formosa |publisher=F. Bell |place=London |date=1863 |oclc=31834495}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Swinhoe|first1=R.|title=Notes on the Island of Formosa|journal=Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London |date=1864|volume=34 |pages=6–18 |doi=10.2307/1798463|jstor=1798463}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Swinhoe|first1=R.|title=Additional Notes on Formosa |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London |date=1865 |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=122–128|doi=10.2307/1799660|jstor=1799660}}
*{{cite book|last1=Swinhoe|first1=R.|title=A revised catalogue of the birds of China and its islands |place=London |date=1871 |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.17734}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051231061255/http://home.gwi.net/~pineking/RS/MAINLIST.htm The Published Writings of Robert Swinhoe]
* {{cite web|last1=Stephenson|first1=Samuel|title=Biography of Swinhoe, Robert|url=http://cdm.reed.edu/u?/formosa,1731|website=Reed Digital Collections : Formosa|publisher=Reed Institute|access-date=27 November 2014}}
* [http://www.takaoclub.com/swinhoe/index.htm Biography - Takao Club]
* [http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-4449.html Darwin Swinhoe correspondence]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swinhoe, Robert}}
[[Category:English ornithologists]]
[[Category:English lepidopterists]]
[[Category:English expatriates in China]]
[[Category:1836 births]]
[[Category:1877 deaths]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Zoological Society of London]]
[[Category:Fellows of King's College London]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]
[[Category:19th-century British zoologists]]
[[Category:British fellows of the Royal Society]]

2026 Garo Hills Autonomous District Council election

2026-03-11T14:11:47Z

RayfordFvx: done.

{{Short description|2026 Local government election in Meghalaya, India}}

{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2026 Garo Hills Autonomous District Council election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = yes
| turnout =
| previous_election = 2021 Garo Hills Autonomous District Council election
| previous_year = 2021
| next_election = 2031
| next_year = 2031
| election_date = 10 April 2026
| seats_for_election =29 out of 30 seats in the [[Garo Hills Autonomous District Council]]
| majority_seats = 16
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Hand INC.svg|bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=16|oTop=0}}
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| last_election1 = 12
| seats_before1 = 0
| seat_change1 =
| seats_needed1 = {{increase}} 16
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 =
| swing1 =
| leader1 = [[Vincent Pala]]

| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Indian Election Symbol Book.svg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oTop=2|oLeft=10}}
| party2 = National People's Party (India)
| seats2 =
| last_election2 = 11
| seats_before2 = 11
| seats_needed2 = {{increase}} 5
| seat_change2 =
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 =
| swing2 =
| leader2 = [[Conrad Sangma]]

| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Lotus flower symbol.svg|bSize=120|cWidth=120|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| party3 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| seats3 =
| last_election3 = 2
| seats_before3 = 2
| seats_needed3 = {{increase}} 14
| seat_change3 =
| popular_vote3 =
| percentage3 =
| swing3 =
| leader3 = [[Sanbor Shullai]]

| image4 = <div style="width:100px;"> '''GNC'''</div>
| party4 = Garo National Council
| seats4 =
| last_election4 = 1
| seats_before4 = 1
| seats_needed4 = {{increase}} 15
| seat_change4 =
| popular_vote4 =
| percentage4 =
| swing4 =
| leader4 = Boston Marak

| image5 = {{CSS image crop|Image=All India Trinamool Congress logo (1).svg|bSize=120|cWidth=120|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| party5 = All India Trinamool Congress
| seats5 =
| last_election5 = 0
| seats_before5 = 12
| seats_needed5 = {{increase}} 4
| seat_change5 =
| popular_vote5 =
| percentage5 =
| swing5 =
| leader5 = [[Mukul Sangma]]

| image6 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Indian Election Symbol Clock.png|bSize=120|cWidth=120|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| party6 = Nationalist Congress Party
| seats6 =
| last_election6 = 0
| seats_before6 = 0
| seats_needed6 = {{increase}} 16
| seat_change6 =
| popular_vote6 =
| percentage6 =
| swing6 =

| title = Chief Executive Member
| posttitle = Chief Executive Member
| before_election = Albinush R Marak
| before_party = National People's Party (India)
| after_election =
| after_party =
}}

The '''Garo Hills ADC''' elections were scheduled to be held on 10 April 2026 to elect all 29 members of the [[Garo Hills Autonomous District Council]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Meghalaya govt sets date for Garo hills district council polls on April 10 |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/meghalaya-govt-sets-date-for-garo-hills-district-council-polls-on-april-10/3385071 |work=www.ptinews.com |publisher=Press Trust Of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Garo Hills Autonomous District Council Elections Scheduled for April 10, Notification on March 9 |url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/garo-hills-autonomous-district-council-elections-scheduled-for-april-10-notification-on-march-9/ |access-date=4 March 2026 |publisher=Akashvani News}}</ref> However, the elections were postponed indefinitely due to violence in West Garo Hills.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-11 |title=Meghalaya CM announces postponement of April 10 polls to Garo Hills council due to violence |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/meghalaya/meghalaya-cm-announces-postponement-of-april-10-polls-to-garo-hills-council-due-to-violence/article70730256.ece |access-date=2026-03-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Background==
The tenure of [[Garo Hills Autonomous District Council]] is scheduled to end on 18 April 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=Meghalaya Dy CM Prestone Tynsong Rules Out Delay in GHADC Elections |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/around-ne/meghalaya/meghalaya-dy-cm-prestone-tynsong-rules-out-delay-in-ghadc-elections/ |work=Northeast Live |date=27 January 2026}}</ref> The previous elections were held on 12 April 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=GHADC polls now on Apr 12The Shillong Times |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2021/03/05/ghadc-polls-now-on-apr-12/ |date=5 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahmed |first1=Imtiaz |title=Garo Hills Council polls deferred to April 12 in view of Assam assembly elections |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam-election-2021/story/garo-hills-council-polls-deferred-april-12-view-assam-assembly-elections-417158-2021-03-05 |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=India Today NE |date=5 March 2021 |language=hi}}</ref> After the election [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]] formed the government and Benedict Marak sworn in as the chief executive member.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saikia |first1=Rana Pratap |title=Benedic Marak wins CEM position in Meghalaya's Garo Council |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/meghalaya/story/benedic-r-marak-wins-cem-position-meghalayas-garo-council-415808-2021-04-22 |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=India Today NE |date=22 April 2021 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Meghalaya: NPP-led coalition stakes claim to form Garo Hills Autonomous District Council |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/meghalaya-npp-led-coalition-stakes-claim-to-form-garo-hills-autonomous-district-council/ |work=Northeast Live |date=17 April 2021}}</ref>

==Schedule==
{| class="wikitable sortable" font-size:95%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! scope="col" | Election Event
! scope="col" | Date
! scope="col" | Time
! scope="col" | Day
|----
| Last date for filing nomination || 16 March 2026 || Before 3:00 pm || Monday
|-
| Scrutiny of nomination || 16 March 2026 || After 3:00 pm || Monday
|-
| Last date of withdrawal of candidature || 17 March 2026 || || Tuesday
|-
| Date of polling || 10 April 2026 || || Friday
|-
| Date of counting || 14 April 2026 || || Tuesday
|}

==Parties & alliances==

{| class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:center;
|-
! colspan="2"|Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats contested
|-
| {{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
| [[File:NPP flag original.png|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Book.svg|50px]]
| [[Conrad Sangma]]
| 29
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[File:BJP Flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
| [[Sanbor Shullai]]
| 23
|-
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
| [[File:All India Trinamool Congress flag (2).svg|50px]]
| [[File:All India Trinamool Congress symbol 2021.svg|50px]]
| [[Mukul Sangma]]
| TBD
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Garo National Council}}
|
|
| Boston Marak
| TBD
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
| [[Vincent Pala]]
| 27
|-
|}

==Candidates==

{|class="wikitable"
!colspan="2"|Constituency
!colspan="1" style="background-color:{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}|NPP<ref>{{cite news |title=Meghalaya: NPP releases first list of 24 candidates for upcoming GHADC polls |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/meghalaya/story/meghalaya-npp-releases-first-list-of-24-candidates-for-upcoming-ghadc-polls-1347030-2026-02-16 |work=India Today NE |date=16 February 2026 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Meghalaya: NPP Releases First List of 24 Candidates For Upcoming GHADC Polls, Drops Sitting CEM from Siju |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/around-ne/meghalaya/meghalaya-npp-releases-first-list-of-24-candidates-for-upcoming-ghadc-polls-drops-sitting-cem-from-siju/ |work=Northeast Live |date=16 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Meghalaya: NPP Releases Second List of 5 Candidates For Upcoming GHADC Polls |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/around-ne/meghalaya/meghalaya-npp-releases-second-list-of-5-candidates-for-upcoming-ghadc-polls/ |work=Northeast Live |date=6 March 2026}}</ref>
!colspan="1" style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|INC<ref>{{cite news |title=Meghalaya: Congress Releases First List of Candidates For GHADC Polls, Fields Sadhiarani M Sangma From Dengnakpara |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/around-ne/meghalaya/meghalaya-congress-releases-first-list-of-candidates-for-ghadc-polls-fields-sadhiarani-m-sangma-from-dengnakpara/ |work=Northeast Live |date=23 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Congress releases first list of 24 candidates for GHADC polls |url=https://hubnetwork.in/congress-releases-first-list-of-24-candidates-for-ghadc-polls/ |work=Hub News |date=23 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Meghalaya MPCC releases first list of candidates for GHADC polls |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/breakingnews/meghalaya-mpcc-releases-first-list-of-candidates-for-ghadc-polls |work=The Sentinel |date=24 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
!colspan="1" style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|BJP<ref>{{cite news |title=GHADC election: BJP announces list of 19 candidates |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/around-ne/ghadc-election-bjp-announces-list-of-19-candidates/ |work=Northeast Live |date=3 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BJP unveils second list of candidates for Meghalaya's Garo Hills council polls |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/meghalaya/story/bjp-unveils-second-list-of-candidates-for-meghalayas-garo-hills-council-polls-1354487-2026-03-03 |work=India Today NE |date=3 March 2026 |language=hi}}</ref>
!colspan="1" style="background-color:{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}|TMC<ref>{{cite news |title=Meghalaya: TMC Releases First List of Candidates For GHADC Polls |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/around-ne/meghalaya/meghalaya-tmc-releases-first-list-of-candidates-for-ghadc-polls/ |work=Northeast Live |date=23 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=GHADC election: Congress, TMC announce first list of candidates {{!}} Highland Post |url=https://highlandpost.com/ghadc-election-congress-tmc-announce-first-list-of-candidates/ |date=23 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=TMC announces second list of 6 candidates for GHADC polls |url=https://hubnetwork.in/tmc-announces-second-list-of-6-candidates-for-ghadc-polls/ |work=Hub News |date=28 February 2026}}</ref>
!colspan="1" style="background-color:{{party color|Garo National Council}}|GNC<ref>{{cite news |title=Meghalaya: Garo National Council announces first seven candidates for GHADC polls |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/meghalaya/story/meghalaya-garo-national-council-announces-first-seven-candidates-for-ghadc-polls-1347806-2026-02-18 |work=India Today NE |date=18 February 2026 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=GNC releases first list of 7 candidates for GHADC polls - The Meghalayan Express |url=https://themeghalayanexpress.com/gnc-releases-first-list-of-7-candidates-for-ghadc-polls/ |date=17 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
!colspan="1" style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|NCP<ref>{{cite news |title=GHADC polls: NCP announces second list, final slate after March 6 - The Meghalayan Express |url=https://themeghalayanexpress.com/ghadc-polls-ncp-announces-second-list-final-slate-after-march-6/ |date=3 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Meghalaya: NCP Announces 2nd List of 10 Candidates for GHADC Polls |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/meghalaya-ncp-announces-2nd-list-of-10-candidates-for-ghadc-polls/ |work=Northeast Live |date=3 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
|1
|Siju
|Calis Momin
|Kartick Marak
|Mark Pantora M Sangma
|
|
|Senggam Sangma
|-
|2
|Wagesik
|Jewil Marak
|Budhar Marak
|
|Tening Sangma
|
|
|-
|3
|Silkigre
|Jangseng Marak
|Arjun Marak
|
|Changseng Marak
|Augustine Marak
|
|-
|4
|Rongrikimgre
|Walbinath Ch Marak
|Karak sangma
|
|Witerson Sangma
|Nikman Marak
|Arnarson Marak
|-
|5
|Gasuapara
|Sengchim Sangma
|Sengrik Marak
|Alphonse Sangma
|
|
|
|-
|6
|Barengapara
|Kailson Sangma
|Gredit Sangma
|Akki A Sangma
|Sarbha Marak
|
|
|-
|7
|Babelapara
|Rakesh Sangma
|
|George Sangma
|Richard Morong Sangma
|
|
|-
|8
|Amongpara
|Balsrang Arengh
|Luckshwell Sangma
|Wilnath T Sangma
|Sairil Marak
|Jakrak Sangma
|Lordmountvrythints Momin
|-
|9
|Tura
|Charmingstar Sangma
|Prewill Ch. Marak
|Bernard Marak
|Dimseng Marak
|
|
|-
|10
|Dengnakpara
|Kredithoson Marak
|Sadhiarani Sangma
|Repsin Sangma
|Hilthudhera Marak
|Deson Marak
|Baithiram Sangma
|-
|11
|Boldamgre
|Stevie M Marak
|Binvinchand Sangma
|Drojil Sangma
|Batchor Marak
|
|
|-
|12
|Nogorpara
|Linekar Sangma
|Chand Emirald Marak
|Salibirth Sangma
|Gamrik Sangma
|
|Gracefield Ch Marak
|-
|13
|Zikzak
|Sanjay Sangma
|Premish Sangma
|Bhupandra Hajong
|Premananda Koch
|
|
|-
|14
|Betasing
|Sanjay Koch
|Ajitav Koch
|Hiralal Koch
|Hemendra Hajong
|
|Bina Rosaline Sangma
|-
|15
|Rochonpara
|Arbinstone Marak
|Ripseng Marak
|Jeberth Sangma
|
|
|Daniel Sangma
|-
|16
|Asanang
|Anseng Sangma
|Nonickha Momin
|
|Rahendra Sangma
|Geobar Marak
|Kraistone Marak
|-
|17
|Balachanda
|Andresh Marak
|Tingku Marak
|Rikse Marak
|
|
|Dominic Sangma
|-
|18
|Batabari
|Maxwell Sangma
|Ruth Tamera Sangma
|Clement Marak
|
|
|Kingtone Bolwari Marak
|-
|19
|Shyamnagar
|Peterjob Sangma
|Lilian Marak
|John Keats sangma
|Ranicheanik Chenika Marak
|
|
|-
|20
|Raksamgre
|Sengko D. Sangma
|Sengrak Sangma
|Karmingstone Marak
|Lithson Marak
|
|
|-
|21
|Naguapara
|Dormonat Ch Sangma
|
|Rahinath Barchung
|
|
|
|-
|22
|Jengjal
|Grahambell Sangma
|Levastone Sangma
|Miritha Sangma
|Badith Sangma
|
|
|-
|23
|Rongrong
|Sunny Rogers Momin
|Dr. Tweel Marak
|Barning Marak
|
|Sengba Sangma
|
|-
|24
|Bolsong
|Pongseng Marak
|Brigady Marak
|Sengpan Marak
|Asish Marak
|
|
|-
|25
|Damas
|Dolly Sangma
|Timjim Momin
|Bikash Momin
|Pedinand Shira
|
|
|-
|26
|Kharkutta
|Mody Sangma
|George Sangma
|Sengsrang Marak
|
|
|
|-
|27
|Samandagre
|Nihim Shira
|Brilliant Sangma
|Chales T Sangma
|Baseng Marak
|
|
|-
|28
|Darugre
|Henen Sangma
|Walseng Sangma
|
|
|
|-
|29
|Williamnagar
|Sengbath Marak
|Denang Sangma
|
|Alphonush Marak
|Chibasai Lampard Marak
|
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Meghalaya elections}}

[[Category:Garo Hills Autonomous District Council election]]
[[Category:2026 elections in India]]

Odisha Grameen Bank

2026-03-11T13:53:45Z

RayfordFvx: Made initial page added tags

{{Short description|Regional Rural Bank in Odisha, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Odisha Grameen Bank
| logo = Ogb logo.png
| logo_size = 400
| caption =
| native_name = '''ଓଡ଼ିଶା ଗ୍ରାମୀଣ ବ୍ୟାଙ୍କ'''
| native_name_lang = or
| image =
| type = [[Regional Rural Bank]]
| traded_as =
| predecessor = *Odisha Gramya Bank
*Utkal Grameen Bank
| successor =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|2025|05|01}}
| founder =
| defunct = 
| hq_location = [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]]
| location_city =
| location_country = [[India]]
| area_served = [[Odisha]] State
| key_people = Shri Rishi Singh ([[Chairman]])
| industry = [[Financial]] [[Regional Rural Bank]]s
| products = [[RuPay|Rupay Debit card]], [[Retail banking|consumer banking]], [[Commercial bank|corporate banking]], [[Financial services|finance and insurance]], [[Home loan]]s, [[investment banking]], [[mortgage loan]]s, [[private banking]], Vehicle loan, [[wealth management]]
| production =
| services = {{Unbulleted list|[[Financial services]]|[[Banking]]}}
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum = 
| assets =
| equity =
| owner = [[Government of India]] (50%)
[[Government of Odisha]] (15%)
[[Indian Overseas Bank]] (35%)
| num_locations = 979 Branches
| num_employees = 3408
| parent = [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]]
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{ubl|{{URL|https://odishabank.bank.in/}}|{{URL|https://ebank.ogb.bank.in/RetailBanking/}}}}
| footnotes =
}}

The ''' Odisha Grameen Bank''' ('''OGB''')<ref>{{Cite web |title=Odisha Grameen Bank - OGB |url=https://odishabank.bank.in/about |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=odishabank.bank.in}}</ref> ({{langx|or|ଓଡ଼ିଶା ଗ୍ରାମୀଣ ବ୍ୟାଙ୍କ}}) is an Indian [[Regional Rural Bank]] (RRB) operating in [[Odisha]] state established on 1 May 2025.<ref>Govt of India Notification CG-DL-E-07042025-262329 dated 07 April 2025 issued by the Department of Financial Services</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/industry/banking/govt-announces-one-state-one-rrb-implementation-from-may-1-2025-125040800039_1.html | title=Govt announces 'One State, One RRB' implementation from May 1, 2025 }}</ref> The bank was formed by the amalgamation of Odisha Gramya Bank and Utkal Grameen Bank under The "One State, One RRB"<ref>{{cite web | author1=Livemint | title='One state-one RRB' to be effective from May 1 after govt approves consolidation of 15 regional rural banks | Mint | work=mint | date=8 April 2025 | url=https://www.livemint.com/economy/one-state-one-rrb-to-be-effective-from-may-1-after-govt-approves-consolidation-of-15-regional-rural-banks-11744118507326.html }}</ref> policy of government. It currently has 979 branches in rural areas of [[Odisha]].
It functions under Regional Rural Banks' Act 1976 and is sponsored by [[Indian Overseas Bank|IOB]].

It is under the [[ownership]] of [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]]. The Bank is headquartered at [[Bhubaneswar]] and currently it operates in all 30 Districts of [[Odisha]] having 979 branches. Odisha Grameen Bank is a scheduled commercial bank and included in the Second Schedule of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934
== History ==

=== Odisha Gramya Bank ===
'''Odisha Gramya Bank'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odishabank.in/AboutUs.aspx |title=OGB Website}}</ref> ('''OGB''') ({{langx|or|ଓଡ଼ିଶା ଗ୍ରାମ୍ୟ ବ୍ୟାଙ୍କ}}) was a [[Regional Rural Bank]] established on 7 January 2013 with the amalgamation of '''Neelachala Gramya Bank''' (Odia: ନୀଳାଚଳ ଗ୍ରାମ୍ୟ ବ୍ଯାଙ୍କ), '''Kalinga Gramya Bank''' (Odia: କଳିଙ୍ଗ ଗ୍ରାମ୍ୟ ବ୍ଯାଙ୍କ) and '''Baitarani Gramya Bank''' (Odia: ବୈତରଣୀ ଗ୍ରାମ୍ୟ ବ୍ଯାଙ୍କ) in terms of provisions of Regional Rural Banks Act 1976. The bank was sponsored by [[Indian Overseas Bank]] & was jointly owned by the [[Government of India]], [[Government of Odisha]] and [[Indian Overseas Bank|IOB]]. It was under the [[ownership]] of [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]]. The Bank was operating in 13 districts of Odisha State with its Head Office at [[Bhubaneswar]]. The bank had 549 branches and 9 regional offices at the time of amalgamation

=== Utkal Grameen Bank ===
'''Utkal Grameen Bank'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.utkalgrameenbank.co.in |title=UGB Website}}</ref> ('''UGB''') ({{langx|or|ଉତ୍କଳ ଗ୍ରାମୀଣ ବ୍ୟାଙ୍କ}}) was a [[Regional Rural Bank]] established on 1 November 2012 with the merger<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/ugb-formed-by-merging-two-rrbs-112112800060_1.html| title=UGB formed by merger of two RRBs}}Business Standard, 28 November 2012</ref> of '''Rushikulya Gramya Bank''' and '''Utkal Gramya Bank''' in terms of provisions of Regional Rural Banks Act 1976. The bank was sponsored by [[State Bank of India]] & is jointly Owned by the Government of India, [[Government of Odisha]].It was under the [[ownership]] of [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]]. The Bank is operating in 17 districts of Odisha State with its Head Office at [[Bolangir]]. Besides, the bank has seven Regional Offices in western and southern Odisha. It subsequently grew to a network of 442 branches, of which 360 are in remote rural areas.

== Logo ==
[[File:RRB LOGO new.png|thumb|295x295px|RRB logo used since August 1, 2025]]
The identity boasts symmetry, stability and craftsmanship.

Key elements include

*'''''Upward Arrow''''', symbolizing Progress and Growth
*'''''Hands''''', embodying Nurturing and Care
*'''''Flame''''', symbolizing enlightentment and warmth

The Regional Rural Bank logo selection process involved a public poll conducted by [[NABARD]] in June 2025 to choose a new, common logo for the amalgamated [[Regional Rural Bank]]s in India, the initiative aimed at creating a unified brand identity for rural banking after the amalgamation of several RRBs. the poll allowed participants to vote on six logo concepts and nine design variations. The initiative was called '''''OneRRBOneLogo''''' reflecting the vision of having a single identity for the RRBs.
== Etymology ==
Earlier names of [[Regional Rural Bank]]s were based on rivers, mountains or historical names. However, under One State One RRBs policy in order to consolidate RRBs, amalgamation of different RRBs under one state was carried out. The name Odisha Grameen Bank was chosen because Odisha is the modern name of Odisha State and also to avoid confusion with different names such as Utkal.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Banks}}
* [[List of banks in India]]
* [[Regional rural bank]]
* [[Banking in India]]
* [[Reserve Bank of India]]
* [[Indian Financial System Code]]
* [[List of largest banks]]
* [[Make in India]]
* [[Utkal Grameen Bank]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://odishabank.bank.in/ Official site]
* [https://ebank.ogb.bank.in/RetailBanking Internet Banking]

{{Banking in India}}

[[Category:Banks established in 2025]]
[[Category:Regional rural banks of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2025]]

Kamini Roy

2026-03-11T05:34:50Z

RayfordFvx: Creating The Stub Nd Citations

{{Short description|Bengali writer and feminist (1864–1933)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kamini Roy
| native_name = কামিনী রায়
| image = Kamini Roy.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1864|10|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = Basanda, [[Jhalokati]], [[Bengal Presidency]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1933|09|27|1864|10|12|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Hazaribagh]], Bihar and Orissa Province, British India
| occupation = Poet, scholar
| years_active =
| notable_works =
| spouse = Kedarnath Roy
| relatives = [[Ipsita Roy Chakraverti]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ipsita R. Chakraverti Biography |url=https://www.thewiccanbrigade.com/Biography.html#:~:text=My%20other%20great%20aunt%2C%20Jamini,I%20did%20my%20early%20education. |access-date=6 January 2025 |website=thewiccanbrigade.com}}</ref> (grand-niece)
| family = [[Jamini Sen]] (sister)
| alma_mater = [[Bethune College]] [[University of Calcutta]]
}}
'''Kamini Roy''' (12 October 1864 – 27 September 1933) was a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] poet, social worker and feminist in [[British India]]. She was the first woman honours graduate in British India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2017/07/07/kamini-roy-essay/ |title=Kamini Roy: Poet, Teacher And The First Woman Honours Graduate In British India |last=Sarna |first=Jasveen Kaur |date=7 July 2017 |website=Feminist India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924131145/https://feminisminindia.com/2017/07/07/kamini-roy-essay/ |archive-date=24 September 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=24 September 2018}}</ref><ref name = "Bose83">{{cite encyclopedia |editor1-last=Sengupta |editor1-first=Subodh Chandra |editor2-last=Basu |editor2-first=Anjali |year=1998 |orig-year=First published 1976 |script-title=bn:কামিনী রায় |trans-title=Kamini Roy |script-encyclopedia=bn:সংসদ বাঙালি চরিতাভিধান |encyclopedia=Saṃsada bāṅāli caritābhidhāna |trans-encyclopedia=Parliament Bengali Biographical Dictionary |language=bn |volume=1 |edition=4th |location=Kolkata |publisher=Sahitya Samsad |isbn=81-85626-65-0 |page=83}}</ref>

==Early life==
Born on 12 October 1864 in the village of Basunda, then in Bakerganj District of [[Bengal Presidency]] and now in [[Jhalokati District]] of [[Bangladesh]], Roy joined Bethune School in 1883. One of the first girls to attend school in British India, she earned a Bachelor of Arts degree with [[Sanskrit]] honours from [[Bethune College]] of the [[University of Calcutta]] in 1886 and started teaching there in the same year.<ref name = "Bose83"/> [[Kadambini Ganguly]], the country's second female honours graduate, attended the same institution in a class three years senior to Roy.

Nisith Chandra Sen, her brother, was a renowned barrister in the Calcutta High Court, and later the Mayor of [[Calcutta]] while her sister [[Jamini Sen]] was the house physician of the [[Nepalese monarchy|Nepalese royal family]] and the first female Fellow of the [[Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ray |first=Sharmita |date=2014 |title=Women Doctors' Masterful Manoeuverings: Colonial Bengal, Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24372948 |journal=Social Scientist |volume=42 |issue=3/4 |pages=59–76 |jstor=24372948 |issn=0970-0293}}</ref> In 1894,{{citation needed|date=August 2025}} she married Kedarnath Roy.<ref name = "Bose83"/>

==Writing and feminism==
{{Quote box|quote=Bethune School and College will take just pride in Kamini Roy (1864–1933), the first woman lyricist who began composing from 1880 and published her ''Alo Chhaya'' in 1889 which created a stir in the literary world as much by its rare sensibilities as by the profundity of woman's self-realisation. Kamini Roy worked with her pen for nearly fifty years and witnessed the emergence of a new generation of womanhood enriching the social, artistic and literary life of Bengal through their original creations.|source=— Kalidas Nag in ''Introduction to the Bethune School and College Centenary Volume'', 1949|align=right |width=20% |fontsize=85% |quoted=1}}
She picked up the cue for feminism from a fellow student of Bethune School, [[Abala Bose]]. Speaking to a girls' school in Calcutta, Roy said that, as [[Bharati Ray]] later paraphrased it, "the aim of women's education was to contribute to their all-round development and fulfillment of their potential".<ref name = "Ray">{{cite book |last=Ray |first=Bharati |author-link=Bharati Ray |chapter=Women in Calcutta: the Years of Change |year=1990 |editor-last=Chaudhuri |editor-first=Sukanta |editor-link=Sukanta Chaudhuri |title=Calcutta: The Living City |volume=II: The Present and Future |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=36–37 |isbn=978-0-19-563697-0}}</ref>

In a Bengali essay titled ''The Fruit of the Tree of Knowledge'' she wrote,

{{blockquote|text=The male desire to rule is the primary, if not the only, stumbling block to women's enlightenment ... They are extremely suspicious of women's emancipation. Why? The same old fear – 'Lest they become like us'.<ref>This has been included in an English book ''Talking of Power - Early Writings of Bengali Women from the Mid-Nineteenth Century to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century'' edited by Malini Bhattacharya and Abhijit Sen.</ref>
}}

In 1921, she was one of the leaders, along with [[Kumudini Basu|Kumudini Mitra (Basu)]] and Mrinalini Sen, of the Bangiya Nari Samaj, an organization formed to fight for woman's suffrage. The [[British Bengal Legislative Council|Bengal Legislative Council]] granted limited suffrage to women in 1925, allowing Bengali women to exercise their right for the first time in the [[1926 Indian general election]].<ref name = "Ray"/> She was a member of the Female Labour Investigation Commission (1922–23).<ref name = "Bose83"/>

==Honors and laurels==
Roy supported younger writers and poets, including [[Sufia Kamal]], who she visited in 1923. She was president of the Bengali Literary Conference in 1930 and vice-president of the Bangiya Sahitya Parishad in 1932–33.<ref name = "Bose83"/>

Calcutta University honoured her with the Jagattarini Gold Medal.<ref name = "Bose83"/>

On 12 October 2019, Google commemorated Roy with a [[Google Doodle]] on her 155th birth anniversary. The accompanying write up started with her quote, "Why should a woman be confined to home and denied her rightful place in society?"<ref name="Kamini Roy's Google Doodle">{{cite web |title=Kamini Roy's 155th Birthday |website=Google |date=12 October 2019 |url=https://doodles.google/doodle/kamini-roys-155th-birthday/ |access-date=12 October 2019}}</ref>

==Works==
Selected works include:
* ''Mahasweta'', ''Pundorik''
* ''Pouraniki''<ref name="Bose83" />
* ''Dwip O Dhup''<ref name="Bose83" />
* ''Jibon Pathey''<ref name="Bose83" />
* ''Nirmalya''<ref name="Bose83" />
* ''Malya O Nirmalya''<ref name="Bose83" />
* ''Ashok Sangeet''<ref name="Bose83" />
* ''Gunjan (Children's book)''
* ''Balika Sikkhar Adarsha (Essays)''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |last=Southard |first=Barbara |date=May 1993 |title=Colonial Politics and Women's Rights: Woman Suffrage Campaigns in Bengal, British India in the 1920s |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=397–439 |jstor=312775 |doi=10.1017/s0026749x00011549 |doi-access=free}}

==External links==
* {{cite book |last=Kahaly |first=Anirudha |year=2012 |chapter=Roy, Kamini |chapter-url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Roy,_Kamini |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}
* [https://www.poemist.com/kamini-roy/poems Kamini Roy poems in Bengali]

{{Bengal Renaissance}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Kamini}}
[[Category:1864 births]]
[[Category:1933 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Basanda]]
[[Category:Bethune College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from the Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Indian feminist writers]]
[[Category:Bengali women poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from the Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:19th-century Bengali poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Jhalokati District]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women poets]]
[[Category:19th-century women poets]]

Sanjibani

2026-03-07T06:47:40Z

RayfordFvx: started new info

{{short description|1952 film}}
{{No plot|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sanjibani
| image =
| director = Sukumar Dasgupta<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=1952 - Sanjibani.pdf |url=https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=https://banglacinema100.com/uploads/individualMovie/994/pdf/1952+-+Sanjibani.pdf?v=2 |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=docs.google.com}}</ref>
| writer = Pratima Devi
| starring = [[Uttam Kumar]] Reba Devi Dhiraj Das [[Gurudas Bandyopadhyay]] [[Jahar Ganguly]] [[Sandhyarani]]
| released = {{Film date|1952|02|08|df=yes|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web |title=সঞ্জীবনী |url=https://banglacinema100.com/movie-details/VlZGMVduRkpSVXN2Ymtwc1NrOWxRV3RpTVZoMmR6MDk= |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=banglacinema100.com}}</ref>}}
| runtime =
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| music = [[Anupam Ghatak]]
}}
'''''Sanjibani''''' is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Drama Film|drama film]] directed by Sukumar Dasgupta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b76635efe|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407140858/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b76635efe|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 April 2020|title=SANJIBANI (1952)|website=BFI|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/sanjibani-1952-bengali-movie|title=Sanjibani (1952)|last=FilmiClub|website=FilmiClub|access-date=2020-04-07|archive-date=7 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407141649/https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/sanjibani-1952-bengali-movie|url-status=dead}}</ref> This movie was released under the banner of M. P. Productions Pvt. Ltd. The film narrates the journey of a young aspiring writer.<ref name=":0" /> It stars [[Uttam Kumar]], Reba Devi, [[Jahar Ganguly]], [[Jiben Bose]] and [[Sandhyarani]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/sanjibani-35728/cast-crew|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407142028/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/sanjibani-35728/cast-crew|url-status=live|archive-date=7 April 2020|title=Sanjibani (1952) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2020-04-01}}</ref> Both Sandhyarani and Uttam Kumar won critical favour for their performance in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title='খবরের কাগজ হাতে নিয়ে আমি আনন্দে ভরপুর হয়ে যেতাম' |url=https://mzamin.com/article.php?mzamin=105890 |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=মানবজমিন}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Uttam Kumar]] as Ravi
* [[Reba Devi]]
* [[Sandhyarani]]
* [[Dhiraj Das]]
* [[Gurudas Bandyopadhyay]]
* [[Jahar Ganguly]]
* [[Jiben Bose]]
* [[Kanu Banerjee]]
* [[Padma Devi]]
* [[Probha Debi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0045120}}

[[Category:1952 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:1952 drama films]]
[[Category:1952 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

{{1950s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Kedarnath (film)

2026-03-04T19:41:01Z

RayfordFvx: update layout based on references and fixed typos

{{short description|2018 film directed by Abhishek Kapoor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kedarnath
| image = Kedarnath film Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Abhishek Kapoor]]
| writer = [[Kanika Dhillon]] Abhishek Kapoor
| producer = [[Ronnie Screwvala]] [[Pragya Kapoor]] Abhishek Kapoor
| starring = [[Sushant Singh Rajput]] [[Sara Ali Khan]]
| cinematography = Tushar Kanti Ray
| editing = [[Chandan Arora]]
| music = '''Score:''' [[Hitesh Sonik]] '''Songs:''' [[Amit Trivedi]]
| studio = [[RSVP Movies]] Guy in the Sky Pictures
| distributor = RSVP Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|12|07|}}
| runtime = 116 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/kedarnath-2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206234933/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/kedarnath-2018 |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 December 2018 |title=Kedarnath|website=www.bbfc.co.uk|language=en|access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}68 [[crore]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=5558|title=Kedarnath - Movie - Box Office India|website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=600 million figure includes print and advertising, which is never included in a film's production budget calculation. See [[Template:Infobox film]] instructions.|date=April 2019}} (Note: contains print and advertising costs)
| gross = {{estimation}}{{INR|102.77 crore}}<ref name="col">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kedarnath/box-office/|title=KEDARNATH BOX OFFICE |website=Bollywood Hungama|date=7 December 2018 |access-date=15 March 2023}}</ref>
}}
'''''Kedarnath ''''' is a 2018 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[disaster film]] written and directed by [[Abhishek Kapoor]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.desimartini.com/news/bollywood/sara-ali-khans-debut-film-kedarnath-with-sushant-singh-rajput-to-hit-floors-next-month-article57322.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301224851/https://www.desimartini.com/news/bollywood/sara-ali-khans-debut-film-kedarnath-with-sushant-singh-rajput-to-hit-floors-next-month-article57322.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 March 2018 |title=Sara Ali Khan's Debut Film 'Kedarnath' With Sushant Singh RajputTo Hit Floors Next Month |date=17 July 2017 |work=Desimartini|access-date=4 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Featuring [[Sushant Singh Rajput]] and newcomer [[Sara Ali Khan]] in lead roles, it tells an inter-faith love story between a wealthy [[Hindu]] [[Brahmin]] girl whose family owns a lodge and shops near the historic [[Kedarnath Temple]] in the [[Uttarakhand]] mountains and a Muslim boy who is a 'pithoo' (porter) working in the same vicinity. As their relationship grows closer, the pair face many obstacles, including familial disapproval and contrasting backgrounds; when the sudden rains of the [[2013 North India floods|2013 Uttarakhand floods]] devastate the region, the couple are forced to survive against the elements and face the ultimate test of their love.<ref name= IndiaToday-Review>{{cite web |title=Kedarnath Movie Review: Watch the film for Sushant Singh Rajput and Sara Ali Khan's performance |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/kedarnath-movie-review-watch-the-film-for-sara-ali-khan-and-great-visual-relief-1404008-2018-12-07 |website=India Today |access-date=8 December 2018}}</ref>

The film is produced by [[Ronnie Screwvala]] of RSVP Movies in his comeback feature film venture, and by [[Pragya Kapoor]] under Guy in the Sky Pictures, with [[Kanika Dhillon]] as a co-writer. The film's production began in June 2017,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://moviealles.com/movies/kedarnath-movie-wiki-news-trailer-songs-cast-crew-release-date/ |title=The Shooting of Kedarnath Begins – Movie Alles |date=20 August 2018 |work=Movie Alles |access-date=14 October 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015003102/https://moviealles.com/movies/kedarnath-movie-wiki-news-trailer-songs-cast-crew-release-date/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sara-ali-khan-to-debut-opposite-sushant-singh-rajput-in-an-abhishek-kapoor-film/articleshow/58951959.cms |title=Sara Ali Khan to debut opposite Sushant Singh Rajput in an Abhishek Kapoor film |work=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=4 July 2018}}</ref> and [[principal photography]] commenced on 5 September 2017.<ref name=DNA>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-first-look-of-kedarnath-sara-ali-khan-and-sushant-singh-rajput-begin-shooting-for-abhishek-kapoor-film-2543118 |title=First look of Kedarnath: Sara Ali Khan and Sushant Singh Rajput begin shooting for Abhishek Kapoor film |date=5 September 2017 |work=dna|access-date=4 July 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref> The film released on 7 December 2018<ref name = IndiaToday-Review/> to mixed reviews with praise for Rajput's and Khan's performances, cinematography, music and storyline but criticism for its VFX, screenplay and overall execution.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/402942-sara-ali-khans-debut-film-kedarnath |title=Sara Ali Khan's debut film 'Kedarnath' opens to mixed reviews |website=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en|access-date=7 December 2018}}</ref> The film was a moderate commercial success.

==Plot==

Based in the valley around the [[Kedarnath Temple]] in 2013, Mansoor Khan is a local [[Muslim]] [[Porter (carrier)|porter]]. Mandakini "Mukku" Mishra is the younger daughter of Hindu priest Brijraj who runs a hotel for pilgrims by the temple on behalf of the temple committee. She is engaged to the nephew of the head priest, Kullu. He was meant to marry her older sister, Brinda "Bindu". They both were engaged during childhood but he dumped her and chose her sister Mukku who turned out to be prettier, and Brijraj agreed. Out of rebellion, Mukku flirts with the local boys and convinces them to come to her house and propose in order to embarrass Brijraj and Kullu. Mansoor and Mukku both notice each other and then Mukku makes the first move and hires him as her regular porter as she goes from her family home to a neighbouring village to help at her uncle's shop. She talks continuously and flirts outrageously and finally gets enough of a reaction to know he feels the same way. They are trapped in the rain together, share stories of their childhood, and then share a kiss. Brinda, incensed by jealousy, tells Mansoor that Mukku is just flirting with him as she has flirted with all the other boys. Mukku is unable to defend herself when he confronts her, but starts following him around everywhere, finally sitting in the rain outside his house. Brinda tries to cover for her, but she is found out and both Brijraj and Kullu come for her, planning to throw out all the Muslims, which, not-so-coincidentally, will also open up space for the new luxury hotel they are planning.

Mukku is taken home by her family who move up her wedding. Nevertheless, she keeps insisting that Mansoor will come for her. Mansoor comes, but is spotted and beaten brutally by Kullu and his men. However, his friend pleads to save him and carries an unconscious Mansoor back to his home. While the porter community prepares to leave the valley, Mansoor decides not to leave without Mukku.

Mukku is married to Kullu and she slits her wrist attempting suicide, but is saved by her family; Kullu taunts Mansoor with the news. Mansoor runs to Mukku and promises he will come back for her that night when she is recovered, so they can leave the valley together. Kullu plans to take his band of priests and kill Mansoor and drive out all the Muslims. All of a sudden it rains and the [[2013 North India floods|floods]] begin. Mansoor sends his mother Ameena with the other porters into the mountains and runs towards Mukku. She and her family are trying to gather the guests of their hotel on the top floor, whilst Kullu and his mother arrive driven in by the storm and Mukku refuses to go to him. Suddenly the floor caves in as Brinda and the sisters' mother Lata are swept away along with many others. Mukku, Brijraj and a few others make their way to the temple, where Mansoor finds them just as the water sweeps down. He grabs her hand in the flood, and Brijraj holds on to her and all three are saved. After the water goes down, they make their way to a house that is still standing and wave at an [[Indian Army]] helicopter that is coming to save them. Mansoor sends up the woman and child who are with them first, then Brijraj and finally Mukku. As he and the father of the child finally prepare to climb in, there is space for only one person in the chopper. Mansoor sacrifices himself and sends the father of the child instead. Mukku screams as she helplessly watches Mansoor die as the ground below him crumbles into the raging river. Three years later, in the winter, as the presiding idol of the Kedarnath Temple returns from the [[Ukhimath|Ukhimath Temple]], Mukku is seen still living with Brijraj and running the lodge, listening to Mansoor's favourite song on the radio which she dedicated to him and she smiles.

== Cast ==
* [[Sushant Singh Rajput]] as Mansoor Khan, Mukku's love interest and Ameena's son<ref>{{cite web |title=Kedarnath Trailer: Sara Ali Khan And Sushant Singh Rajput Fall In Love As Tragedy Strikes |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kedarnath-trailer-sara-ali-khan-and-sushant-singh-rajput-fall-in-love-as-tragedy-strikes-1946084 |website=NDTV |access-date=12 November 2018}}</ref>
** Aarav Malhotra as Young Mansoor Khan
* [[Sara Ali Khan]] as Mandakini "Mukku" Mishra, Mansoor's love interest and Kullu's wife and Brinda's younger sister<ref>{{cite web |title=Kedarnath trailer: Sara Ali Khan looks promising in this unique tale of love |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kedarnath-trailer-sara-ali-khan-sushant-singh-rajput-5442592/ |website=Indian Express |date=12 November 2018 |access-date=12 November 2018}}</ref><ref name= IndiaToday-Review/>
* [[Nitish Bharadwaj]] as Brijraj Mishra, Mukku and Brinda's father
* Nishant Dahiya as Kamal "Kullu" Tripathi, Mukku's fiance and later husband and the main antagonist
* [[Alka Amin]] as Ameena Khan, Mansoor's mother
* [[Sonali Sachdev]] as Lata Mishra, Mukku and Brinda's mother
* [[Pooja Gor]] as Brinda "Bindu" Mishra, Mukku's elder sister
* [[Mir Sarwar]] as Bashir
* [[Sunita Rajwar]] as Daddo
* [[Arun Bali]] as Chief Priest of [[Kedarnath Temple]]
* Faiz Khan as Hemchand
* Sharad Vyas as Himalaya Tyagi
* Priyadarshan as Tarang
* Hitesh Bhardwaj as Helicopter Co-Pilot
* Lalu Makhija as Uncle at party
* Shahab Ali as Rashid Khan, Mansoor's father (shown in a flashback)
* Sheikh Maidul as Mansoor's friend (Porter)

==Production==
The film's principal photography began on 5 September 2017.<ref name=DNA /> The first motion poster of the film released on 19 August 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BX94-IihB0z/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BX94-IihB0z |archive-date=2021-12-24 |url-access=limited|title=Abhishek kapoor on Instagram: "Every film is the beginning of a new journey, new learnings and new relationships and this one is gonna be a celebration like none other..…" |website=Instagram |language=en|access-date=14 October 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The first look of Sara Ali Khan came out on 8 October 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BZ-gCyLAcBI/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BZ-gCyLAcBI |archive-date=2021-12-24 |url-access=limited|title=KriArj Entertainment on Instagram: "Here's #SaraAliKhan's look from #Kedarnath 😀 @iprernaarora @gattukapoor @pragyadav @guyintheskypictures @tseries.official…" |website=Instagram |language=en|access-date=14 October 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Rajput completed filming his portion on 16 June 2018.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rana |first1=Kamal |title=Sara Ali Khan Upcoming Movie Kedarnath Shoot is Complete! |url=http://allindiaroundup.com/movies/sara-ali-khan-upcoming-movie-kedarnath-shoot-is-complete/ |website=allindiaroundup.com |access-date=18 June 2018 |date=17 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Pooja |title=Sushant Singh Rajput wraps up 'Kedarnath', celebrates with Sara Ali Khan and team |url=https://www.bollywoodbubble.com/bollywood-news/sushant-singh-rajput-wraps-up-kedarnathcelebrates-with-sara-ali-khan-and-team/ |website=bollywoodbubble.com |publisher=Bollywood Bubble |access-date=18 June 2018 |date=16 June 2018}}</ref>

[[File:Sara Ali Khan promoting Kedarnath.jpg|thumb|Sara Ali Khan Pataudi promoting ''Kedarnath'' in 2018]]

In February 2018, a dispute between director [[Abhishek Kapoor]] and the producers [[KriArj Entertainment]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/kedarnath-kriarj-entertainment-executive-alleges-abhishek-kapoor-made-unreasonable-demands-during-shoot-4348713.html |title=Kedarnath: KriArj Entertainment executive alleges Abhishek Kapoor made unreasonable demands during shoot |publisher=FirstPost |date=13 February 2018}}</ref> led to a lawsuit that threatened the completion of production.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kedarnath-makers-kriarj-entertainment-take-their-tussle-with-director-abhishek-kapoor-to-court-4352859.html |title=Kedarnath makers KriArj Entertainment take their tussle with director Abhishek Kapoor to court |publisher=FirstPost |date=15 February 2018}}</ref> The producers later clarified their intent to continue production.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/kedarnath-co-producer-arjun-n-kapoor-confirms-sara-ali-khan-sushant-singh-rajputs-film-not-stalled-4359615.html |title=Kedarnath: Co-producer Arjun N Kapoor confirms Sara Ali Khan, Sushant Singh Rajput's film not stalled |publisher=FirstPost |date=20 February 2018}}</ref> An ensuing court case led KriArj to drop out of the film's production entirely when Ronnie Screwvala's RSVP Movies opted to take over.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://scroll.in/reel/902831/some-stories-choose-you-and-kedarnath-was-one-of-them-abhishek-kapoor-on-the-films-journey |title='Some stories choose you and Kedarnath was one of them': Abhishek Kapoor on the film's journey |last=Raman |first=Sruthi Ganapathy |website=Scroll.in |date=25 November 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref> The legal battle brought about some confusion for the shooting schedule of lead actress Sara Ali Khan,daughter of actors [[Amrita Singh]] and [[Saif Ali Khan]], as she was simultaneously shooting for her second film ''[[Simmba]]'' with [[Ranveer Singh]]. Due to having free days as per the Kedarnath producers' court case, Khan allotted those days to film with the ''Simmba'' crew; this decision was unacceptable to ''Kedarnath'''s director Kapoor who took Khan to court. The two eventually settled out of court as Khan agreed to split her time between both films.<ref name=":0" /> The case also had an effect on the release of the film as the producers ended up losing several lucrative prospective release slots near the end of the year. It seemed the film would be releasing in 2019 and that [[Rohit Shetty]]-directed ''Simmba'' would be Sara Ali Khan's debut film. However, when the producers of Ajay Devgn-starrer ''[[Total Dhamaal]]'' relinquished their 7 December release date in favour of late February 2019, RSVP Movies was quick to secure it for Kedarnath.<ref name="timesnownews.com">{{Cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/kedarnath-dialogue-promo-unabashed-sara-ali-khan-asks-for-sushant-singh-rajput-s-attention/325692 |title=Kedarnath dialogue promo: Unabashed Sara Ali Khan asks for Sushant Singh Rajput's attention {{!}} Bollywood News|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=4 December 2018 |language=en-GB|access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref>

In November 2018, priests of Kedarnath demanded a ban on the film as they believed it promotes [[love jihad]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/kedarnath-priests-in-the-shrine-town-threaten-to-hold-protests-if-sushant-singh-rajput-starrer-is-not-banned/story-Qdqy8nHC5ACt2siHUUEnbJ.html|title=Kedarnath: Priests in the shrine town threaten to hold protests if Sushant Singh Rajput starrer is not banned|date=4 November 2018|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> A [[BJP]] leader, Ajendra Ajay of [[Dehradun]]'s BJP media relations team, also took issue and urged a ban; he wrote to the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC) asserting that the film makes fun of Hindu sentiments despite being set against the backdrop of the Uttarakhand floods.<ref name = "NDTV Offensive">{{cite news |title=Nothing Offensive in Film Kedarnath, Say Makers Amid BJP's Demand For Ban |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nothing-offensive-in-film-kedarnath-say-makers-amid-bjps-demand-for-ban-1946105 |website=NDTV |access-date=13 November 2018}}</ref> Speaking at the trailer launch of the film, producer Ronnie Screwvala addressed concerns by stating that he believed there was "nothing offensive in the film," and that he would be "happy to talk" about objections once the Censor Board themselves have seen the film. Director Abhishek Kapoor concurred, urging people to watch the film itself and not judge based on the teaser.<ref name="NDTV Offensive"/>

In December 2018, two lawyers from [[Andheri]] filed a complaint to the Mumbai police and the Films Division of Mumbai, requesting the film not to be released. They claimed that it promotes '[[love jihad]]', and stated that the film's producers "cooked up an imaginary love story," and warned that should the film release, it would "give birth to grave chaos and anarchy in the whole country and certainly cause huge destruction everywhere."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/lawyers-approach-police-against-release-of-kedarnath-5474541/ |title=Lawyers approach police against release of Kedarnath |date=2 December 2018 |work=The Indian Express|access-date=2 December 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref> On 6 December, the day before the film's release, the [[Bombay High Court]] dismissed the lawyers' plea that the film hurt religious sentiments and "lowered the dignity of the eponymous deity," and allowed the film to be released as planned.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kedarnath-to-be-released-bombay-high-court-orders-dismisses-plea-1958743 |title='Kedarnath' To Be Released, Bombay High Court Orders; Dismisses Plea |website=NDTV.com|access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref> In an interview with the [[Mumbai Mirror]], Sara Ali Khan denied that the film promoted 'love jihad,' stating that the film was "really not that kind of a film, rather it's about how Kedarnath is as much Mansoor's world as it's Mukku's. I don't understand this kind of divisiveness...just as everyone doesn't have to like every movie, we can coexist with different world views."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sara-ali-khan-on-allegations-of-love-jihad-in-debut-film-kedarnath-is-as-much-mansoors-world-as-it-is-mukkus-5640181.html |title=Sara Ali Khan on allegations of love jihad in debut film: Kedarnath is as much Mansoor's world as it is Mukku's |work=Firstpost|access-date=2 December 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 5 December 2018, a PIL ([[Public interest litigation in India|Public interest litigation]]) filed by Prakash Rajput, head of the IHS religious society, was met with disapproval from the [[High Court of Gujarat]]. Rajput asserted that the film hurt Hindu sentiments by portraying Muslim-Hindu love, and that it had a kissing scene, which was not appropriate for family audiences. The court questioned him thoroughly before eventually dismissing his complaints as "a publicity stunt" and fining him Rs. 5,000.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/gujarat-high-court-dismisses-pil-seeking-ban-on-kedarnath/articleshow/66957714.cms |title=Gujarat High Court dismisses PIL seeking ban on 'Kedarnath' – Times of India |website=The Times of India|access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref>

== Marketing and release ==
The film was scheduled for release in June 2018,<ref name="IT June">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/gossip/story/sushant-singh-rajput-kedarnath-director-abhishek-kapoor-fight-1060667-2017-10-09 |title=Sushant Singh Rajput trashes rumours of fight with Kedarnath director Abhishek Kapoor |website=India Today |access-date=4 July 2018}}</ref> but was postponed to 7 December 2018.<ref name="IE Dec 2018">{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kedarnath-movie-love-story-sara-ali-khan-sushant-singh-rajput-5424608/ |title=Kedarnath is not an everyday love story, says producer Pragya Kapoor |date=30 October 2018 |access-date=30 October 2018}}</ref>
An official poster of film was released on 29 October 2018;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/kedarnath-poster-sushant-singh-rajput-and-sara-ali-khan-rework-shah-rukh-khan-kajol-s-ddlj-pose/story-osCLw9UUDMzo4qaH5hlI8J.html |title=Kedarnath poster: Sushant Singh Rajput and Sara Ali Khan rework Shah Rukh Khan, Kajol's DDLJ pose |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=30 October 2018 |access-date=30 October 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> the following day, 30 October, a teaser was released.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/bollywood/kedarnath-teaser-sara-ali-khan-and-sushant-singh-rajputs-pilgrimage-love-story-looks-promising-watch-video-461655.html |title=Kedarnath Teaser: Sara Ali Khan and Sushant Singh Rajput's Pilgrimage Love Story Looks Promising – Watch Video |publisher=LatestLY |date=30 October 2018|access-date=30 October 2018}}</ref>
The official trailer and theatrical release poster were released on 12 November 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=03-KVRmd3xo |title=Kedarnath – Official Trailer – Sushant Singh Rajput – Sara Ali Khan – Abhishek Kapoor |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> On 5 November 2018, the first song and music video from the film was released, titled "Namo Namo," a devotional song composed by Amitabh Bhattacharya and sung by Amit Trivedi, portrayed on Sushant Singh Rajput's character Mansoor, introducing him as a "jolly yet hardworking pithoo" (porter), who cares for his customers on their pilgrimage around the Kedarnath area.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kedarnath song Namo Namo: Sushant Singh Rajput wins hearts as a jolly hardworking guy. Watch video |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/kedarnath-song-namo-namo-sushant-singh-rajput-wins-hearts-as-a-jolly-hardworking-guy-watch-video/story-caPGNv4tPCjVHf7tgRNVGM.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=16 November 2018}}</ref>

On 12 November 2018, lead actors Rajput and Khan started promotions of the film by appearing on the [[Reality TV]] competition show [[Indian Idol| Indian Idol 10]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kedarnath promotions start! Sara Ali Khan and Sushant Singh Rajput grace Indian Idol 10 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/photos/entertainment-kedarnath-promotions-start-sara-ali-khan-and-sushant-singh-rajput-grace-indian-idol-10-481934/3 |website=India TV News |access-date=13 November 2018}}</ref> On 15 November 2018, the film's second song was released on YouTube: "Sweetheart." Written by Amitabh Bhattacharya, composed by Amit Trivedi, and sung by Dev Negi, the song is a "foot-tapping number" picturized on the lead pair as they dance enthusiastically to a stirring [[dhol]] beat. A mehendi/sangeet ceremony is in the backdrop of the song and hints at the developing relationship between the two.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kedarnath song Sweetheart: Sara Ali Khan, Sushant Singh Rajput's chemistry sparkles in wedding number |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/kedarnath-song-sweetheart-sara-ali-khan-sushant-singh-rajput-s-chemistry-sparkles-in-wedding-number/story-aBpAwnZeJQOj2XvHeR433H.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=15 November 2018 |access-date=16 November 2018}}</ref> On 20 November 2018, a third song was released, "Qaafirana," depicting the lead couple's budding romance on their journey through the Kedarnath hills. It was composed by Amit Trivedi, and sung by [[Arijit Singh]] and [[Nikhita Gandhi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kedarnath Song Qaafirana: Sushant Sing Rajput, Sara Ali Khan's Romance Blooms in the Picturesque Hills |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kedarnath-song-qaafirana-sushant-singh-rajput-sara-ali-khans-romance-blooms-in-the-picturesque-hills-1950481 |website=NDTV | access-date = 20 November 2018}}</ref>

On 24 November, a short dialogue promo of the film was released, titled "Panditji Senti Hogaye." It depicts Mukku as a "free-spirited woman" who doesn't want to be confined to household chores and running her parents' hotel. She is in conflict with her dad, whom she calls "Panditji," and dreams of going off on her own.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-kedarnath-dialogue-promo-sara-ali-khan-as-mukku-doesn-t-look-like-a-debutante-in-this-video-486167 |title=Kedarnath Dialogue Promo: Sara Ali Khan as Mukku doesn't look like a debutante in this video! |date=24 November 2018 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en|access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref>

On 27 November 2018, lead actors Rajput and Khan promoted the film on the Reality TV singing competition show [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Hindi|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sara Ali Khan was gifted a Taimur doll during Kedarnath promotions and her reaction is priceless – see photos |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/sara-ali-khan-was-gifted-a-taimur-doll-during-kedarnath-promotions-and-her-reaction-is-priceless-see-photos-bollywood-news/321567 |website=Times Now News |date=27 November 2018 |access-date=28 November 2018}}</ref> On 28 November 2018, the film's fourth song, "Jaan 'Nisaar," was released. A love ballad sung in both male and female versions by [[Arijit Singh]] and [[Asees Kaur]] respectively, written by Amitabh Bhattacharya and composed by Amit Trivedi, the song depicts the caste-based conflict and heartbreak the couple eventually go through in their relationship.south Africa.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kedarnath song 'Jaan Nisaar' depicts Sara Ali Khan, Sushant Singh Rajput's romance, riddled with caste conflicts |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kedarnath-song-jaan-nisaar-depicts-sara-ali-khan-sushant-singh-rajputs-romance-riddled-with-caste-conflicts-5632311.html |website=First Post |access-date=28 November 2018}}</ref>

On 2 December, a second short dialogue video was uploaded, "Aadat daal lo", which depicts Mukku's wit against Mansoor's flirtatious insults, and eventually her romantic inclination towards him.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/kedarnath-dialogue-promo-sara-ali-khan-s-mukku-comes-closer-to-sushant-singh-rajput-s-mansoor/324629 |title=Kedarnath dialogue promo: Sara Ali Khan's Mukku comes closer to Sushant Singh Rajput's Mansoor {{!}} Bollywood News|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=2 December 2018 |language=en-GB|access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref> On 4 December, another short dialogue was released, titled "Koshish Ki Hai Kabhi" which reveals the ensuing romantic banter between Mukku and Mansoor as they journey through the mountains.<ref name="timesnownews.com"/> On 5 December, two days before the film's release, the producers held a special screening for [[Bollywood]] personalities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/janhvi-kapoor-ishaan-khatter-kartik-aaryan-and-more-arrive-at-sara-ali-khans-kedarnath-screening-see-pics/326627 |title=Janhvi Kapoor, Ishaan Khatter, Kartik Aaryan and more arrive at Sara Ali Khan's Kedarnath screening – see pics {{!}} Bollywood News|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=5 December 2018 |language=en-GB|access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kedarnath
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Amit Trivedi]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 27 November 2018<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.saavn.com/album/kedarnath/0VZPWDP3Hhs_ |title=Kedarnath – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |date=18 February 2019 |publisher=[[Saavn]]}}</ref>
| recorded = 2018
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 22:36
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer = [[Amit Trivedi]]
| prev_title = [[Helicopter Eela]]
| prev_year = 2018
| next_title = [[India's Most Wanted (film)|India's Most Wanted]]
| next_year = 2019
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|VUR2Dxf47_4|Audio Jukebox}}
}}
}}

The songs of the film are composed by [[Amit Trivedi]] while lyrics are written by [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]].

{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 22:36
| title1 = Namo Namo
| extra1 = [[Amit Trivedi]]
| length1 = 5:22
| title2 = Sweetheart
| extra2 = [[Dev Negi]]
| length2 = 3:32
| title3 = Qaafirana
| extra3 = [[Arijit Singh]], [[Nikhita Gandhi]]
| length3 = 5:42
| title4 = Jaan 'Nisaar
| note4 = Version 1
| extra4 = [[Arijit Singh]]
| length4 = 3:58
| title5 = Jaan 'Nisaar
| note5 = Version 2
| extra5 = [[Asees Kaur]]
| length5 = 4:02
}}

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
''Kedarnath'' released to mixed reviews from critics.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/despite-kareenas-request-saif-ali-khan-hasnt-watched-daughter-saras-debut-film-kedarnath-for-this-reason/327435 |title=Despite Kareena Kapoor Khan's request, Saif Ali Khan hasn't watched daughter Sara Ali Khan's debut film Kedarnath for this reason {{!}} Bollywood News|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=7 December 2018 |language=en-GB|access-date=7 December 2018}}</ref> While most of them highly praised Sara Ali Khan's debut performance, and acclaimed the visuals, they summarized the plot as "predictable" and "worn out."<ref name=":1" />

Rachit Gupta of the Times of India gave the film 3 out of 5 stars,<ref>{{Citation|title=Kedarnath Review {3/5}: Strong visuals and a stellar performance by Sara Ali Khan|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/kedarnath/movie-review/66971514.cms|access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref> called it "an all-too-familiar love story" yet praised the debut performance of Sara Ali Khan, calling her a "live wire," and commending her on-screen charisma and confidence, saying that she reminds audiences of "a young and boisterous Amrita Singh (her mother) in films like Betaab and Chameli Ki Shaadi." Sushant Singh Rajput gives a commendable support to Khan, but doesn't do much heavy lifting. While the film suffered from a slow pace, its climax and CGI buildup strongly helped the narrative. He noted no truly memorable songs save for "Namo Namo," but stated that the setting of the film helped keep the film fresh, along with Khan.

Ruchika Kher of Times Now News gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/reviews/movies/article/kedarnath-movie-review-sara-ali-khan-sushant-singh-rajput-s-film-is-a-perfect-blend-of-tragedy-and-love/327103 |title=Kedarnath movie review: Sara Ali Khan, Sushant Singh Rajput's film is a perfect blend of tragedy and love {{!}} Entertainment News|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en-GB|access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref> saying that the film has all the ingredients of a hit film: "a fresh face (a star kid at that), an inter-faith love story, the backdrop of a real-life tragedy, and good performances." She commended the chemistry between the two leads, saying that much of their romantic interplay can "bring a smile to your face." Like other reviewers, she highly praised Sara Ali Khan, calling her "brilliant" and "a breath of fresh air," noting that she gave a stellar performance in the climax. She also praised Rajput's nuanced performance, "effortlessly mixing restraint and aggression as required." She admired Kapoor's direction and the film's songs as well, yet was critical of certain tonal inconsistencies in scenes where Rajput's character is attacked, and when Khan's family finds out about the romance. Overall, she called it a respectable debut film for Sara Ali Khan.

Meena Ayer of DNA India gave the film 3 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/movie-reviews/report-kedarnath-review-sara-ali-khan-shines-in-this-gloomy-love-story-2692858 |title='Kedarnath' Review: Sara Ali Khan shines in this gloomy love story |date=6 December 2018 |website=dna |language=en|access-date=7 December 2018}}</ref> She highly praised Khan, calling her an "a superstar on the rise...extraordinarily-talented star kid," finding it "hard to believe that this is her first film because she is so spectacular," noting that director Abhishek Kapoor "does full justice to her." Rajput was a "talented actor" who "is game to complement her without displaying any ego." She criticized the predictability of the love story, saying that "the conflict is there, but it is not enough to evoke more than a certain degree of emotion." In the second half of the film's disaster scenes, she praised Abhishek Kapoor for being "a sensitive director" who "stayed true to the story," yet noted that the disaster scenes seem a bit "disturbing" and take up so much time that "a pall of gloom descends on the audience." Yet she ultimately called it a worthy watch for Sara Ali Khan.

Shubra Gupta of [[The Indian Express]] gave the film 2 out of 5 stars,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kedarnath-movie-review-sushant-singh-rajput-sara-ali-khan-5482081/ |title=Kedarnath movie review: It's a weepie minus the tears |date=6 December 2018 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-IN|access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref> calling the film a "weepie without the tears." Like Rachit Gupta, she also noted the similarity of debutante Sara Ali Khan to her mother, showing a "perky confidence." Sushant Singh Rajput was on average form, and while supporting actors Nishant Dahiya, Pooja Gor, and Alka Amin made an impact, [[Nitish Bharadwaj]] "as the angry ‘door-ho-jaao-meri-nazaron-se-baap’ is old, old hat." She was more critical of the structure of the film, saying that the "writing is sketchy, and the tone confused, never quite knowing whether to go quiet and life-like or to swell with wailing violins."

Kunal Guha of the [[Mumbai Mirror]] have the film 2.5 out of 5 stars,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-review/kedarnath-movie-review-sara-ali-khan-shines-sushant-singh-rajput-struggles-in-this-abhishek-kapoor-film/articleshow/66973038.cms|title=Kedarnath movie review: Sara Ali Khan shines, Sushant Singh Rajput struggles in this Abhishek Kapoor film|last=Guha|first=Kunal|date=December 6, 2018|website=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=6 December 2018|archive-date=6 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206190917/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-review/kedarnath-movie-review-sara-ali-khan-shines-sushant-singh-rajput-struggles-in-this-abhishek-kapoor-film/articleshow/66973038.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref> praising the cinematography's well-defined landscaping, Sara Ali Khan's performance, and the song "Namo Namo." He criticized the direction of Kapoor, Rajput's performance (calling it "struggling"), and the "ghisa-pita formula." He said that Khan "shines" and that "she often conveys it through her eyes alone – giving us a taste of the diverse faces she can throw on." He was critical of the film's flow and tonality as a whole, saying it "seems like watching an '80s Hindi movie for an hour-and-a-half and then an '80s shark movie for another 10 minutes."

Manjusha Radhakrishnan of [[Gulf News]] gave the film 2.5 out of 5 stars, saying that the film is "perfectly stormy and is good for a one-time watch." She noted that the brisk pace makes up for the lack of emotional investment in the lead character, and called Rajput "as earnest as they come in attempting to play Mansoor." She praised Sara Ali Khan, calling her "a natural," and that while she has rawness in a few emotional scenes, she "has a commanding screen presence." She called the film as one that evidently "belongs to Khan as all forces are at work to display her range as an actor." She said that the chemistry between the two leads worked well in the first half, but unraveled into melodrama in the second. She criticized the "archaic" antagonists, the fiancé figure (Tarun Gahlot) and the father (Nitish Bharadwaj); she also noted how the second-half wedding feels undeserved. Yet she praised the visual effects of the natural disaster, saying that they "rattle you" and "makes you believe that a natural disaster is the biggest leveller in life."

== Box office ==
''Kedarnath'' earned {{INR}}6.85 [[crore]] on first day of opening from its India shows. In first weekend of opening, domestic earning was {{INR}}27 crore. The first week domestic earning of the film was {{INR}}40.85 crore. The film grossed {{INR}}88.79 crore in domestic market and {{INR}}11.36 crore in overseas market, taking worldwide gross to {{INR}}102.77 crore.<ref name="col"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|7027278}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama title|kedarnath}}

{{Portal bar|India|Film|Bollywood}}

[[Category:T-Series (company) films]]
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2018 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Amit Trivedi]]
[[Category:Indian interfaith romance films]]
[[Category:Films set in hotels]]
[[Category:Films set in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Indian disaster films]]
[[Category:2010s disaster films]]
[[Category:Films about environmental issues]]
[[Category:Films about floods]]
[[Category:Films about climate change]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2010s survival films]]
[[Category:Films set in 2013]]
[[Category:Films directed by Abhishek Kapoor]]
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[[Category:Disaster films based on actual events]]

BMP-2

2026-03-04T09:51:00Z

RayfordFvx: quick update

{{Short description|Soviet infantry fighting vehicle}}
{{About|the Soviet infantry fighting vehicle}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox weapon
| is_vehicle = yes
| name = BMP-2
| image = Army2016demo-007.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = BMP-2
| type = [[Infantry fighting vehicle]]
| origin = [[Soviet Union]]
| manufacturer = [[Kurganmashzavod]], [[Ordnance Factory Medak]], ZTS Detva
| service = 1980–present
| number = 20,000+ (USSR), 26,000–35,000 (licence-built variants included)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.military-today.com/apc/bmp2.htm|title=BMP-2 Infantry fighting vehicle|access-date=27 January 2023|archive-date=14 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814100353if_/http://www.military-today.com/apc/bmp2.htm|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://tanks-encyclopedia.com/coldwar/ussr/BMP-2.php | title=Soviet BMP-2 IFV (1980) }}</ref>
| production_date = 1979–present
| wars = See [[#Combat history|combat history]]
| length = {{convert|6.735|m|ftin}}
| width = {{convert|3.15|m|ftin}}
| height = {{convert|2.45|m|ftin}}
| weight = {{convert|14.3|t|ST LT|abbr=out|lk=on}}
| suspension = torsion bar
| speed = {{convert|65|km/h|abbr=on}} (road) {{convert|45|km/h|abbr=on}} (off-road) {{convert|7|km/h|abbr=on}} (water)
| vehicle_range = {{convert|600|km|abbr=on}}
| primary_armament =
*30 mm [[2A42]] [[autocannon]]
*[[9M113 Konkurs]] [[Anti-tank guided missile|ATGM]],
| secondary_armament =
*7.62 mm [[PKT machine gun]]
| armour = {{convert|33|mm}} (max)<ref>[http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/bmp-2.htm info about BMP-2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070329012749/http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/bmp-2.htm |date=29 March 2007 }}. Fas.org. Retrieved 20 September 2011.</ref>
| engine = diesel UTD-20/3
| crew = 3 (+7 passengers)
| engine_power = 300 hp (225 kW)
| pw_ratio = 21 hp/tonne
}}

The '''BMP-2''' (''Boyevaya Mashina Pekhoty'', {{Langx|ru|Боевая Машина Пехоты}}, literally "combat machine/vehicle [of the] infantry")<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050511182011/http://milparade.com/Soderzhaniye.pdf Soderzhaniye]. Web.archive.org (11 May 2005). Retrieved 20 September 2011.</ref> is an amphibious [[infantry fighting vehicle]] introduced in the 1980s in the [[Soviet Union]], following on from the [[BMP-1]] of the 1960s.<ref name="urlBMP-2 | Weaponsystems.net">{{cite web |url=http://weaponsystems.net/weaponsystem/CC04%20-%20BMP-2.html |title=BMP-2 | Weaponsystems.net |website=Weaponsystems.net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003043630/http://weaponsystems.net/weaponsystem/CC04%20-%20BMP-2.html |archive-date=3 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Development history ==
{{Main|BMP development}}
{{more citations needed|section|date=January 2016}}
[[File:Soviet BMP-1 IFV.JPEG|thumb|left|The [[BMP-1]], the predecessor to the BMP-2]]

Although the [[BMP-1]] was a revolutionary design, its main armament, the [[2A28 Grom]] and the 9S428 ATGM launcher capable of firing [[9M14 Malyutka]] (NATO: AT-3A Sagger A) and 9M14M Malyutka-M (NATO: AT-3B Sagger B) ATGMs, quickly became obsolete. Therefore, the Soviet Union decided to produce an updated and improved version of the BMP-1. The main emphasis was put on improving the main armament. In 1972, work got under-way to develop an improved version of the BMP-1.

During its combat debut in the [[Yom Kippur War|1973 Arab-Israeli War]], Egyptian and Syrian BMPs proved vulnerable to .50 calibre machine-gun fire in the sides and rear, and to 105 mm [[M40 recoilless rifle]]s. The 2A28 Grom proved inaccurate beyond 500 metres, and the 9M14 Malyutka missile could not be guided effectively from the confines of the turret.

Several Soviet technical teams were sent to Syria in the wake of the war to gather information. These lessons, combined with observations of western AFV developments, resulted in a replacement project for the original BMP in 1974. The result was the BMP-1P upgrade, which was intended as a stopgap to address the most serious problems with the existing design.

Smoke grenade launchers were added to the rear of the turret and the [[MCLOS|manually guided]] 9M14 Malyutka missile system was replaced with the [[SACLOS|semi-automatically]] guided [[9K111 Fagot]] / [[9M113 Konkurs]] system. The BMP-1P was in production by the late 1970s. Existing BMP-1s were gradually upgraded to the BMP-1P standard during the 1980s.

== Design ==
{{More citations needed|section|date=January 2023}}
[[File:BMP21981graphic1.gif|thumb|right|BMP-2 graphic]]

The BMP-2 is broadly way similar to the BMP-1. The most significant changes are:
* The commander now sits with the gunner in an enlarged, two-man turret.
* Armament changed to the 2A42 30 mm autocannon and the 9P135M ATGM launcher capable of firing SACLOS guided [[9K111 Fagot|9M111 "Fagot"]] (AT-4 Spigot), [[9M113 Konkurs|9M113 "Konkurs"]] (AT-5 Spandrel) and 9M113M "Konkurs-M" (AT-5B Spandrel B) anti-tank missiles.
* Only seven troops can be carried instead of eight.
* Two rear infantry roof hatches instead of four.
* Slightly improved armour.

=== Layout ===
[[File:Курсанти Військової академії (м.Одеса) виконали практичне водіння бойових машин на плаву на морській ділянці узбережжя (27788951685).jpg|thumb|BMP-2 of the [[Armed Forces of Ukraine]] demonstrates its amphibious capabilities.]]
In the centre of the vehicle is the welded steel turret, which seats the commander and gunner, both of whom have hatches. The commander sits to the right and has three day-vision periscopes, a 1PZ-3 day-sight designed for anti-aircraft use with 1.2× and 4× magnification, an OU-3GA2 infra-red searchlight, a TNP-165A designator and a TKN-3B binocular sight with 4.75× day magnification and 4× night-sight magnification.

The gunner sits to the commander's left and has a smaller rectangular hatch with a rearward-facing day periscope. There are three other day periscopes facing forward and left. The gunner has a BPK-1-42 binocular sight with a moon/starlight vision range of 650 metres, or 350 metres using the infra-red searchlight, and a TNPT-1 designator. An FG-126 infra-red searchlight is mounted coaxially to the 30 mm cannon.

The driver sits in the front left of the vehicle, with the engine in a separate compartment to his right. The driver has his own entry hatch above him, with three day-vision periscopes. The centre TNPO-170A periscope can be replaced with either a TNPO-350B extended periscope for amphibious operation or a TVNE-1PA [[night vision]] scope. An infantryman sits immediately behind the driver, and has a [[firing port]] and vision block. TNPO-170A periscopes are used throughout the vehicle and are electrically heated.

In the BMP-1 and BMP-2, ammunition is stored near or even inside the compartment{{Clarify|date=April 2025|reason=Which compartment? Drivers, engine, troop? }}, which can lead to a catastrophic failure in case of a hull breach.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}<ref>video: [https://www.n-tv.de/mediathek/videos/politik/Ukraine-jagt-Stachelschwein-Panzer-in-die-Luft-article25794624.html ''Ukrainian drone hits BMP-2''] (26 May 2025)</ref>

[[File:The BMP's of the Indian Army roll out from an Indian Navy ship and travel through the sea for an amphibious assault during Exercise Tropex-09, at Madhavpur beach, Gujarat on February 09, 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Indian Army]] BMP-2's conducting simulated amphibious landings]]

=== Mobility ===
The BMP-1 and BMP-2 share the same chassis and have almost identical road performance. The BMP-2 is heavier, but also has a more powerful engine to compensate.

The BMP-2 is amphibious with little preparation, using hydrodynamic fairings to convert track momentum into water jets. Peacetime regulations require that any BMPs entering water must have a working radio set, since its bearings are not airtight and it can be carried away by currents in case of loss of engine power (the vehicle lacks an anchor).

=== Weapons ===
The main armament is a turret with a stabilized 30 mm [[30 mm automatic cannon 2A42|2A42 autocannon]] with dual ammunition feeds, which provide a choice of 3UBR6 AP-T and 3UOR6 HE-T / 3UOF8 HE-I ammunition and 9M113 Konkurs ATGM. The gun has a selectable rate of fire, either slow at 200 to 300 rounds per minute or fast at 550 rounds per minute. This gives a continuous fire time of 100–150 seconds (or only 55 seconds, depending on the rate of fire chosen) before running out of ammunition. The original stabilization provides reasonable accuracy up to a speed of about 35 kilometres per hour.

The AP-T ammunition can penetrate 15 millimetres of armour at sixty degrees at 1,500 metres. A new APDS-T tungsten round can penetrate 25 millimetres at the same distance. A typical ammunition load is 160 rounds of AP ammunition and 340 rounds of HE ammunition. The ammunition sits in two trays located on the turret rear floor. The gun can be fired from either the commander's or the gunner's station.

The commander's 1PZ-3 sight is specifically designed for anti-aircraft operation. Combined with the high maximum elevation of 74 degrees, it allows the 30 mm cannon to be used effectively against helicopters and slow flying aircraft. The turret traverse and elevation are powered and it can traverse 360 degrees in 10.28 seconds and elevate through 74 degrees in 12.33 seconds.

Reloading the BMP-2's 30 mm cannon can be somewhat problematic and can take up to two hours, even if the ammunition is prepared. The cannon is normally only used on the slow rate of fire, otherwise, fumes from the weapon would build up in the turret faster than the extractor fan can remove them.{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}}

The effective range of the 30 mm cannon is up to 1,500 metres against armour, 4,000 metres against ground targets, and 2,500 metres against air targets.

A coaxial [[PK machine gun|7.62 mm PKT machine gun]] is mounted to the left of the 30 mm cannon. 2,000 rounds of ammunition are carried for it. On the roof of the turret is an ATGM launcher. On Russian vehicles this fires 9M113 Konkurs missiles. On export models it normally fires 9K111 Fagot missiles. A ground-mount for the missile is carried, allowing it to be used away from the vehicle. The missiles are a substantial improvement on the 9M14 Malyutka missiles used on the BMP-1, in both range and accuracy.

Behind the turret is the troop compartment that holds six troops. A seventh sits just behind the driver. The troops sit back to back, along the center of the vehicle. Down each side of the compartment are three firing ports with periscopes. Access to the compartment is by the two rear doors, which hold fuel tanks. Both doors have integral periscopes. The left door has a firing port.

In addition to the main weapons, it can carry a [[MANPAD|man-portable surface-to-air missile launcher]] and two missiles, and an [[RPG-7|RPG launcher]] and five rounds. The vehicle is fitted with a PAZ [[Overpressure (CBRN protection)|overpressure NBC system]] and fire suppression system, and carries a GPK-59 [[gyrocompass]].

=== Countermeasures ===
The original BMP-1 had a vulnerability in its [[Anti-tank mine|mine]] protection scheme, which only became obvious during the war in Afghanistan. The one-man-turret fighting vehicle seated its driver and commander in tandem layout, in the front-left side of the hull alongside the diesel engine. When a BMP-1 hit a [[Tilt-rod fuze|tilt-rod]] anti-tank [[land mine]] its steeply sloped lower front glacis armour plate allowed the mine's arming rod to tilt with little resistance until the maximum deflection was reached, at which time the mine was already well under the chassis.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

When it subsequently detonated, the blast usually killed both the driver and the vehicle commander. This shortcoming was addressed in the BMP-2 design, where the tank commander shares the well-armoured two-man turret with the gunner. The driver's station has been enlarged and he is provided with an armored driver's seat, in addition to extra belly armor in the lower front.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

The IFV lacks the ability to install add-on protection packages like [[slat armor]] cages or [[explosive reactive armor]] (ERA).<ref>[http://armyrecognition.com/weapons_defence_industry_military_technology_uk/russias_ministry_of_defense_to_overhaul_bmp-2_infanty_fighting_vehicles_52508162.html Russia`s Ministry of Defense to overhaul BMP-2 {{sic|Infa|nty|nolink=y}} Fighting Vehicles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828095326/http://www.armyrecognition.com/weapons_defence_industry_military_technology_uk/russias_ministry_of_defense_to_overhaul_bmp-2_infanty_fighting_vehicles_52508162.html |date=28 August 2016 }} – Armyrecognition.com, 25 August 2016</ref> The BMP-2's armor is very similar to the original BMP-1, resistant to 23 mm armor-piercing rounds on its frontal arc from 500 meters (and immune to 12.7 mm armor-piercing from the same angle) and to 7.62x39 mm armor-piercing rounds to its sides. Its armor is slightly thinner than the BMP-1's but the higher-quality steel used in its construction grants it the same effective protection.<ref>https://[citation needed]</ref>

The basic hull armor on the BMP-2 can be easily penetrated by any shaped-charge missile, from the 66 mm [[M72 LAW|LAW]] on up. One important modification carried out as the result of operational experience in Afghanistan was the fitting of a second layer of stand-off armor, usually a high resistant ballistic rubber-like material, to act as [[spaced armour]] around the top of the hull sides and around the turret.

According to Russian sources, the vehicles repaired as of November 2023 are equipped with attachments to install additional protection kits.<ref>{{cite web | title=ЦАМТО / / В российскую армию передана партия отремонтированных БМП-2 | website=ЦАМТО / Центр анализа мировой торговли оружием | date=2023-11-22 | url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2023/1122/094576534/detail.shtml | language=ru | ref={{sfnref | ЦАМТО / Центр анализа мировой торговли оружием | 2023}} | access-date=2023-11-23}}</ref>

== Service history ==
[[File:Yudh Abhyas-09 BMP.JPG|thumb|The [[Indian Army]]'s upgraded BMP-2 ''Sarath'' during military exercise in [[Rajasthan]], India]]
In the Soviet Army, BMPs were typically issued to the motor rifle battalions of tank regiments. In a typical motor-rifle division, one motor-rifle regiment had BMPs, the other two had wheeled [[BTR-60|BTRs]].

Proliferation varied greatly among the rest of the Warsaw Pact nations. For example, at least some East German motor-rifle divisions were recorded to have all three motor-rifle regiments with BMPs, ranging down to the Romanian and Bulgarian Armies, some of whose divisions had no BMPs at all.<ref>[http://www.orbat.com/site/history/historical/nato/warsawpact.html Warsaw Pact] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230623/http://www.orbat.com/site/history/historical/nato/warsawpact.html |date=3 March 2016 }}. Orbat.com. Retrieved 20 September 2011.</ref>

Poland planned to replace its [[BMP-1#Poland|BWP-1]] with [[BMP-2#Poland|BWP-2]] (BMP-2 and BMP-2D); but, because of financial problems, only ordered 62 vehicles in 1988, which were delivered in 1989. Since obtaining a sufficient number of BWP-2 vehicles after the political changes of 1989 became impossible, Poland was forced to abandon this plan. The 62 BWP-2 that Poland bought were sold to Angola in 1995. However, after shipping 42 of the IFVs and receiving a partial payment of 6.3 million USD, Angola withdrew from the deal, refusing to take the remaining 20 vehicles. These 20 additional vehicles were later sold to Togo and left Poland in 1997.<ref name="Pancerni.net 1">[http://www.pancerni.abajt.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=71&Itemid=83 BMP-2 Pancerni.net 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818081435/http://www.pancerni.abajt.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=71&Itemid=83 |date=18 August 2007 }}. Pancerni.abajt.pl. Retrieved 20 September 2011.</ref><ref name="SIPRI" />

=== Combat history ===
[[File:Damaged Iraqi BMP-2.jpg|thumb|right|A damaged abandoned Iraqi BMP-2K armoured command vehicle sits along a roadside in Northern Iraq, during the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]].]]
[[File:South Ossetia war 58 army.jpg|thumb|right|A Russian BMP-2 of the 58th Army of the North Caucasus Military District in South Ossetia during the [[Russo-Georgian War]]]]
[[File:Combined Arms Training.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian soldiers conducting [[combined arms]] tactics training with a BMP-2 [[Infantry fighting vehicle|IFV]]]]
* 1975–2002: [[Angolan Civil War]] (Angola, [[UNITA]])
* 1979–1989: [[Soviet–Afghan War]] (Soviet Union, [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]])
* 1980–1988: [[Iran–Iraq War]] (Iraq)
* 1988–1993: [[Georgian civil war of 1991–1993|Georgian Civil War]] (Georgia)
** 1991–1992: [[1991–1992 South Ossetia War|War in South Ossetia]]
** 1992–1993: [[War in Abkhazia (1992–93)|War in Abkhazia]]
* 1988–1994: [[First Nagorno-Karabakh War]] (Armenia, Azerbaijan)
* 1989: [[Georgian-Ossetian conflict]]
** 2008 – [[2008 South Ossetia War|War in South Ossetia]]
* 1990–1991: [[Gulf War]] (Iraq, Kuwait)
* 1991–present [[Somali Civil War]]
* 1992–1997: [[Tajikistani Civil War]] (Russia, Tajikistan)
* 1994: [[Yemeni Civil War (1994)]] (North Yemen)
* 1994–1996: [[First Chechen War]] (Russia)
* 1998: [[Six-Day War of Abkhazia]]
* 1998: [[Second Congo War]] (Angola)
* 1999: [[Second Chechen War]] (Russia)
* 2001: [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] (Afghanistan, Czech Republic)
* 2003: [[Iraq War]]
** [[2003 invasion of Iraq]] (Iraq)
* [[2003–2004 Indonesian offensive in Aceh]] (Indonesia)
* 2004: [[Iran–PJAK conflict]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KoWksWg6A1Q&list=UUCiG9DPLDzyK61G2LlRUwuQ|title=IRAN ARMY: IRGC fighting PKK and PJAK Terrorists|date=9 August 2014|access-date=5 March 2019|publisher=[[YouTube]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405160451/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KoWksWg6A1Q&list=UUCiG9DPLDzyK61G2LlRUwuQ|archive-date=5 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> (Iran)
* 2008: [[Russo-Georgian War]] (Russia, Georgia)
* 2011–present: [[Syrian civil war]] (Syria, rebel forces)
* 2014–present: [[Russo-Ukrainian War]] (Ukraine, Russia)
** 2014–2022: [[War in Donbas]]
** 2022–present: [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]]
* 2015: [[Yemeni civil war (2014–present)|Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)]] (Houthis, Pro-Hadi forces)
* 2016: [[2016 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes]] (Armenia, Azerbaijan)
* 2020: [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes]] (India)<ref name="China-India clashes">{{cite web |title=Indian Army deploys BMP-2 Sarath IFV fighting vehicles to counter Chinese threat in Galwan Valley {{!}} Defense News July 2020 Global Security army industry {{!}} Defense Security global news industry army 2020 {{!}} Archive News year |url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/defense_news_july_2020_global_security_army_industry/indian_army_deploys_bmp-2_sarath_ifv_fighting_vehicles_to_counter_chinese_threat_in_galwan_valley.html |website=armyrecognition.com |date=8 July 2020 |access-date=10 September 2023}}</ref>
* 2020: [[Second Nagorno-Karabakh War]] (Armenia, Azerbaijan)
* 2021: [[2021 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes]] (Kyrgyzstan)
* 2022: [[2022 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes]] (Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan)
* 2025: [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict|2025 India-Pakistan Conflict]] (India)

== Variants ==
[[File:BMP-2D IFV.jpg|thumb|right|BMP-2D on display near the Great Patriotic War Museum, Kyiv, 4 September 2005]]

=== Soviet Union and Russian Federation ===
[[File:BMP-2M.jpg|thumb|right|BMP-2M "Berezhok"]]
* '''BMP-2 obr. 1980''' – Initial production model.<ref name="urlBMP-2 IFV tracked armored Infantry Fighting Vehicle video | Russia Russian army light armoured vehicle UK | Russia Russian army military equipment vehicles UK">{{cite web |url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/russia_russian_army_light_armoured_vehicle_uk/bmp-2_ifv_tracked_armoured_infantry_fighting_vehicle_data_sheet_specifications_pictures_video.html |title=BMP-2 IFV tracked armored Infantry Fighting Vehicle video | Russia Russian army light armoured vehicle UK | Russia Russian army military equipment vehicles UK |website=Armyrecognition.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105015420/https://www.armyrecognition.com/russia_russian_army_light_armoured_vehicle_uk/bmp-2_ifv_tracked_armoured_infantry_fighting_vehicle_data_sheet_specifications_pictures_video.html |archive-date=5 November 2018 |url-status=live |author1=Administrator }}</ref>
** '''BMP-2 obr. 1984''' – Improved version with "kovriki" armour on turret front.
*** '''BMP-2 obr. 1986''' – Late-production model with new BPK-2-42 sight instead of the BPK-1-42.
** '''BMP-2D''' (D stands for ''dorabotanaya'' – modified) – Fitted with additional spaced type steel [[appliqué armour]] on the hull sides, under the driver's and commander's stations, and 6 mm thick appliqué armour on the turret. Owing to the added weight, the vehicle is no longer amphibious. It also has provision for mounting a mine clearing system under the nose of the vehicle. In service since 1982, it saw service during [[Soviet–Afghan War]]. During that conflict, western observers saw the vehicle for the first time and gave it a designation '''BMP-2E'''.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}}
** '''BMP-2K''' (K stands for ''komandirskaya'' – command) – Command variant fitted with two whip antennas mounted on the rear of the hull, one behind the turret and one on the right-hand side of the rear of the vehicle, one IFF antenna (pin stick) on the left-hand side of the rear of the vehicle and a support for a telescopic mast in the front of the IFF antenna. The firing port equipped with the periscope was removed from either side of the vehicle. The antennae on the turret was removed. The radio equipment consists ether of the R-123M and R-130M radio sets, or the more modern R-173, R-126 and R-10. The crew consists of six men.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}}
** '''BMP-2M''' – This is the general designator for upgraded (''modernizirovannyj'') versions.
*** The upgrade package from 2008<ref>[http://www.janes.com/products/janes/defence-security-report.aspx?id=1065927428 Defence Security Report]. Janes.com (8 December 2008). Retrieved 20 September 2011. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916123637/http://www.janes.com/products/janes/defence-security-report.aspx?id=1065927428 |date=16 September 2012 }}</ref> consists of the UTD-23 400 hp (294 kW) turbocharged engine, BPK-3-42 gunner`s sight and TKN-AI commander`s sight, additional passive armour, an [[AGS-17|AG-17 "Plamya"]] grenade launcher and a KBM-2 air conditioning unit. Furthermore, the upgraded vehicle will have an improved suspension with road wheels of higher load carrying capacity, enhanced-hardness torsion bars, power-consuming shock absorbers and tracks with rubber pad shoes.<ref>[http://www.kurganmash.ru/en/machines/bmp2u/fire_power/ Fire power] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110803103731/http://www.kurganmash.ru/en/machines/bmp2u/fire_power/ |date=3 August 2011 }}. Kurganmash.ru. Retrieved 20 September 2011.</ref>
*** '''BMP-2M "Berezhok"'''<ref>{{in lang|ru}} [http://armstass.su/?page=article&aid=28887&cid=103 Армс-Тасс] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002122952/http://armstass.su/?page=article&aid=28887&cid=103 |date=2 October 2011 }}. Armstass.su. Retrieved 20 September 2011.</ref> – Modernized version from [[KBP Instrument Design Bureau|KBP]]. This version has B05Ya01 Berezhok turret equipped with 2A42 30mm autocannon, PKMT 7.62mm coaxial machine gun, [[AGS-30]] grenade launcher, 2+2 launchers for ATGM [[9M133M Kornet-M|9M133M "Kornet-M"]] and new day/night sights SOZh-TM (as found on BMP-3). Hull is fitted with armored side skirts and slat (cage) armor. There is an improved UTD-23 diesel engine (400 hp) coupled with automatic transmission. Suspension is also improved. This upgrade was selected by Algeria,<ref>Military Parade 2006-6-page 61</ref> and Russia will upgrade several hundred of its vehicles.<ref>[https://www.armyrecognition.com/october_2017_global_defense_security_news_industry/russian_bmp-2_and_bmd-2_upgraded_with_new_berezhok_weapon_station.html Russian BMP-2 and BMD-2 upgraded with new Berezhok weapon station] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004084833/https://www.armyrecognition.com/october_2017_global_defense_security_news_industry/russian_bmp-2_and_bmd-2_upgraded_with_new_berezhok_weapon_station.html |date=4 October 2017 }} – Armyrecognition.com, 3 October 2017</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.armyrecognition.com/june_2018_global_defense_security_army_news_industry/russian_army_in_siberia_received_first_bmp-2m_ifv_armed_with_berezhok_combat_module.html |title=Russian army in Siberia received first BMP-2M IFV armed with Berezhok combat module |date=21 June 2018 |website=Army Recognition |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621221146/http://www.armyrecognition.com/june_2018_global_defense_security_army_news_industry/russian_army_in_siberia_received_first_bmp-2m_ifv_armed_with_berezhok_combat_module.html |archive-date=21 June 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/army-2018_news_russia_online_show_daily/army_2018_uralvagonzavod_uvz_will_repair_230_bmp-2_ifvs_before_2020_under_a_contract_with_the_russian_defense_ministry.html |title=Army 2018: UralVagonZavod UVZ will repair 230 BMP-2 IFVs before 2020 under a contract with the Russian Defense Ministry | Army-2018 News Russia Online Show Daily | defense security exhibition 2018 pictures gallery |access-date=28 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829073554/https://www.armyrecognition.com/army-2018_news_russia_online_show_daily/army_2018_uralvagonzavod_uvz_will_repair_230_bmp-2_ifvs_before_2020_under_a_contract_with_the_russian_defense_ministry.html |archive-date=29 August 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/mainnews/2022/0817/084269022/detail.shtml | title=ЦАМТО / Главное / На форуме «Армия-2022» подписаны 7 и вручены 29 госконтрактов с 26 предприятиями ОПК }}</ref>
** '''BMO-1''' (''boyevaya mashina ognemyotchikov'') – Transport vehicle for a flamethrower squad armed with 30 [[RPO-A Shmel|RPO-A "Shmel"]] 93 mm thermobaric rocket launchers. It is equipped with storage racks and a dummy turret. The crew consists of seven soldiers. It entered service in 2001.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}}

=== Former Czechoslovakia ===
* '''BVP-2''' (''bojové vozidlo pěchoty'') – Czechoslovak-produced version of BMP-2.
* '''BVP-2V''' or '''VR 1p''' (''vozidlo velitele roty'') – Company commander's vehicle with tent, telescopic mast and radiosets RF 1325 (x 2), IPRS 32, RF 1301 and NS 2480D.<ref>[http://forum.valka.cz/viewtopic.php?p=105568 CZE – BVP-2V (velitelské stanoviště)]. forum.valka.cz. Retrieved 20 September 2011.</ref> [http://www.brdm2.estranky.cz/fotoalbum/pasova-obrnena-vozidla-a-jejich-varianty/Velitelske-stanoviste-BVP-2V Photos]
* '''VPV''' (VPV stands for ''vyprošťovací pásové vozidlo'') – BVP-2 conversion into an ARV developed at the ZTS Martin Research and Development Institute and production commenced at the ZTS Martin plant (which is now in Slovakia) in 1984. It is equipped with a powered crane with 5 tonnes capacity, heavy winch, wider troop compartment etc. Hatches on top of the turret and the troop compartment were removed. The vehicle is divided into four compartments: engine, commander's, driver's and repair/cargo. The crew consists of a commander/crane operator, driver/welder/slinger and a logistician/mechanic. The vehicle is armed with a pintle-mounted 7.62 mm PKT light machine gun. A small number of those vehicles was also based on BVP-1.<ref>[http://www.brdm2.estranky.cz/fotoalbum/pasova-obrnena-vozidla-a-jejich-varianty/Vyprostovaci-pasove-vozidlo---VPV Photos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308044139/http://www.brdm2.estranky.cz/fotoalbum/pasova-obrnena-vozidla-a-jejich-varianty/Vyprostovaci-pasove-vozidlo---VPV |date=8 March 2008 }}</ref>

=== India ===
[[File:Indian Army BMP-2.jpg|right|thumb|An Indian BMP-2 "Sarath" on display]]

* '''BMP-2 "Sarath"''' ("[[Ratha|Chariot]] of Victory"), also known as '''BMP-II''' – Indian licence-produced variant of the BMP-2,<ref name=ofb>[http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/armoured/4.htm Ordnance Factory Board] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110621161821/http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/armoured/4.htm |date=21 June 2011 }}. Ofbindia.gov.in. Retrieved 20 September 2011.</ref> built by [[Ordnance Factory Medak]] since 1987.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Update: Indian Army to get 156 additional BMP-2 ICVs |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/aba17155-3c80-4297-98c5-3f93128cb0e0 |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=Janes.com |language=en}}</ref> The turret is equipped with an [[Anti-tank guided missile|ATGM]] launcher while each vehicle can carry 4 missiles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-03 |title=Indian Army and Anti-Tank Guided Missile |url=https://www.strategicfront.org/forums/threads/indian-army-and-anti-tank-guided-missile.102/ |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=Strategic Front Forum – Indian Defence and Strategic Forum |language=en-US}}</ref>Some units have also [[Kanchan armour]] and [[Slat armor|slat armour]] modifications.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/india/indian-army-battle-axe-division-conducts-integrated-firing-drills-in-rajasthan-s-desert/ar-AA1WvjHZ?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=69946a5ffd0e47779ae50ecc6bdde9be&ei=107 |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>
** The first vehicle, assembled from components supplied by KBP, was ready in 1987. By 1999, about 90% of the complete vehicle and its associated systems were being produced in India. It was estimated that, by 2007, 1,250 vehicles had been built. As of February 2020, around 2,500 Saraths were made.<ref name="armyrecognition.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/february_2020_global_defense_security_army_news_industry/india_manufactured_around_2500_bmp-2_ifv_under_russian_license.html|title=India manufactured around 2,500 BMP-2 IFVs under Russian license|website=armyrecognition.com|date=7 February 2020 }}</ref>
**On June 2, 2020, India's Ministry of Defence announced placement of an order of 156 BMP-2 Sarath vehicles (Infantry Combat Vehicles) for the [[Indian Army]]'s infantry units.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://psuwatch.com/ofb-supply-156-upgraded-bmp-infantry-combat-vehicles/|title=OFB gets supply order of 156 BMP Infantry Combat Vehicles worth Rs 1,094 Cr |date=2 June 2020 |website=PSUWATCH |access-date=17 January 2023|last=Defence Watch Bureau}}</ref> The {{INRConvert|1093|c|year=2020}} order will be executed by state owned [[Ordnance Factory Board]], and BMP-2/2K Sarath will be produced by [[Ordnance Factory Medak]]. The delivery is expected to be complete by 2023.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-14 |title=MoD inks contract with AVNL to upgrade Infantry Combat Vehicle BMP2 to BMP2M |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-mod-inks-contract-with-avnl-to-upgrade-infantry-combat-vehicle-bmp2-to-bmp2m-3425280/ |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>
**On 5 August 2025, the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) accorded the Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) for the procurement of new thermal imager-based driver night-sights for the Indian Army's BMP-II fleet.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-06 |title=MoD clears big arms deals, including BrahMos, armed drones, worth Rs 67,000cr |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mod-clears-big-arms-deals-including-brahmos-armed-drones-worth-rs-67000cr/articleshow/123127687.cms |access-date=2025-08-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=DAC clears proposals worth Rs 67,000 crore to enhance operational capability of the Armed Forces |date=2025-08-05 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2152742 |access-date=2025-08-06}}</ref>

India has also developed the following versions of the "Sarath":
*'''BMP-2 [[Light tank|Light Tank]]''' – DRDO developed light tank on BMP-2 Chassis [[DRDO light tank]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Singh |first1=Ajay |title=The Search for A Light Tank |url=https://forceindia.net/guest-column/search-light-tank/ |access-date=29 September 2023 |magazine=FORCE}}</ref>
*'''BMP-2K "Sarath" Carrier Command Post Tracked''' – Command vehicle, similar to the Soviet/Russian version.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Technologies and Products {{!}} Defence Research and Development Organisation – DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/technology-cluster-links/labs-products-detail/1265/175|access-date=2021-10-14|website=drdo.gov.in}}</ref>
*'''BMP-2M''' – Upgraded BMP-2 shown in [[Defence Exhibition Organisation#DefExpo|DEFEXPO 2022]] with a [[loitering munition]] system (LMS), anti-tank guided missiles and an armament upgrade with an integrated [[fire-control system]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Defexpo 2022: India unveils upgraded BMPs |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/defexpo-2022-india-unveils-upgraded-bmps |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=Janes.com |language=en}}</ref> The upgrades include with TISAS (Thermal Imaging Stand Alone Sights), better fire control, two [[Thermobaric weapon|thermobaric]] missiles and two tandem warhead [[9M113 Konkurs|Konkurs]] missiles. It also has an integrated TI sight, a [[Laser rangefinder|Laser Range Finder]] (LRF), and has an [[Automatic grenade launcher|Automatic Grenade Launcher]] (AGL) mounted on the turret which is also stabilised in the horizontal plane. Indian Army will upgrade the older variants to BMP-2M variant at an initial rate of 100 units per year. Later the rate will be increased to 125 per year.<ref name="Indian Army: Armoured Fighting Vehicles">{{cite web |date=20 February 2002 |title=Land Forces Site – BMP-2 |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Equipment/Armour/346-BMP-2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007005545/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Equipment/Armour/346-BMP-2.html |archive-date=7 October 2012 |access-date=2012-04-21 |publisher=Bharat Rakshak}}</ref> On 14 March 2024, [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] signed an initial contract with [[Armoured Vehicles Nigam|Armoured Vehicle Nigam Limited]] to upgrade 693 units to BMP-2M configuration.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MoD inks contract with AVNL for 693 Armament Upgrades of Infantry Combat Vehicle BMP2 to BMP2M |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2014345 |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
*'''[[DRDO Armoured Ambulance|Armoured Ambulance]]''' – This version retains the turret but without the gun or smoke grenade launchers. The troop compartment has been modified to carry four stretchers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Technologies and Products {{!}} Defence Research and Development Organisation – DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/technology-cluster-links/labs-products-detail/1261/175|access-date=2021-10-14|website=drdo.gov.in}}</ref>
*'''Armoured Vehicle Tracked Light Repair''' – Armoured recovery vehicle, fitted with a light hydraulic crane.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Light Repair [www.bharat-rakshak.com]|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/Galleries/Mod/ICVEHICLES/BMP1/0364.jpg.html|access-date=2021-10-14|website=bharat-rakshak.com|archive-date=28 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028165931/https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/Galleries/Mod/ICVEHICLES/BMP1/0364.jpg.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*'''Armoured Amphibious Dozer''' (AAD) – Turret-less combat engineer vehicle, fitted with a folding dozer blade at the rear, mine ploughs, a main winch with a capacity of 8,000 kg and a rocket-propelled earth anchor for self-recovery.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Armoured Amphibious Dozer {{!}} Defence Research and Development Organisation – DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/armoured-amphibious-dozer|access-date=2021-10-14|website=drdo.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Armoured Amphibious Dozer. DRDO|url=https://tanknutdave.com/the-indian-armoured-amphibious-dozer/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140507045205/http://tanknutdave.com/the-indian-armoured-amphibious-dozer/|archive-date=7 May 2014|access-date=14 October 2021}}</ref>
*'''[[Armoured Engineer Reconnaissance Vehicle]]''' (AERV) – This version has no gun and is fitted with specialised equipment, including an echo-sounder, a water current metre, a laser range finder and GPS. On the left rear of the hull, a marking system with 40 rods is fitted.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Armoured Engineer Reconnaissance Vehicle (AERV) {{!}} Defence Research and Development Organisation – DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/armoured-engineer-reconnaissance-vehicle-aerv |access-date=2021-10-14 |website=drdo.gov.in}}</ref>
* '''[[Weapon of mass destruction|NBC]] [[Reconnaissance vehicle|Reconnaissance Vehicle]]''' (NBCRV) – For detection of nuclear, biological and chemical contamination. The NBCRV was developed by [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]] and VRDE and has been ordered by the Indian army.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle Mk-I {{!}} Defence Research and Development Organisation – DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/nbc-reconnaissance-vehicle-mk-i |access-date=2021-10-14 |website=drdo.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NBC-Recce Vehicle (NBC-RV) MK-I {{!}} Defence Research and Development Organisation – DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/nbc-recce-vehicle-nbc-rv-mk-i |access-date=2021-10-14 |website=drdo.gov.in}}</ref>
* '''Carrier Mortar Tracked Vehicle''' – This turret-less version has an 81 mm mortar mounted in the modified troop compartment. The mortar is fired through an opening in the hull roof that has two hinged doors. It has a max. range of 5,000 m and a normal rate of fire of 6–8 rds/min. There is also a longe-range version of the mortar.<ref>[http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wme/4.htm Ordnance Factory Board] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071130001104/http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wme/4.htm|date=30 November 2007}}. Ofbindia.gov.in. Retrieved 20 September 2011.</ref> The vehicle carries 108 mortar rounds and is also fitted with a 7.62 mm machine gun with 2,350 rounds. Crew: 2+4. The first prototype was completed in 1997.<ref>[http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/armoured/5.htm Ordnance Factory Board] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071130000912/http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/armoured/5.htm|date=30 November 2007}}. Ofbindia.gov.in. Retrieved 20 September 2011.</ref>
* '''[[Nag (missile)#NAMICA|NAMICA]]''' (''Nag Missile Carrier'') – part of the [[Nag (missile)|Nag ATGM]]. The Nag missile is launched from a retractable armoured launcher that contains six launch tubes and the guidance package. "Nag" is a fire-and-forget top-attack [[ATGM]] with a tandem-HEAT warhead and a range of at least 4 km.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-20 |title=NAG Missile Carrier NAMICA-2 To Dramatically Boost Indian Army's Firepower Against China |url=https://eurasiantimes.com/nag-missile-carrier-namica-2-to-dramatically-boost-indian-armys-firepower-against-china/ |access-date=2021-10-14 |website=Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''[[Akash (missile)|Akash]]''' – Air-defence missile system that is based on a modified "Sarath" chassis with 7 road wheels. On top of the hull there's a launcher for three SAMs with a range of 27 km and semi-active homing guidance.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Anil |date=2021-02-07 |title=Akash Air Defence Missile– India's Formidable Weapon System |url=https://airpowerasia.com/2021/02/07/akash-air-defence-missile-indias-formidable-weapon-system/ |access-date=2021-10-14 |website=Air Power Asia |language=en}}</ref>
*'''Trishul Combat Vehicle''' – A variant with four [[Trishul (missile)|Trishul]] SAM launchers and a [[Flycatcher (radar)|Flycatcher]] radar system.{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=113}} The vehicle entered trials in 2001, but never entered service.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=Neha |title=DRDO's Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme {{!}} IPCS |url=http://www.ipcs.org/focusthemsel.php?articleNo=2480 |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies}}</ref>
* '''[[Rajendra Radar|Rajendra]]''' – This is a multifunctional 3-D phased radar ('''MUFAR'''), associated with the "Akash" system. It is also based on the stretched chassis.<ref name=":0" />
* '''BMP-2 UGV "[[Muntra]]"''' – is a family of unmanned reconnaissance vehicles developed by [[DRDO]], The Muntra family has several versions such as "S" version is fitted with equipment used to detect nuclear, biological and chemical contamination while the "M" version is designed to detect mines and "N" for operations in Nuclear and chemical contaminated areas.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-07-29 |title=DRDO develops India's first unmanned tank, Muntra; rolls it out of Chennai lab |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/drdo-develops-indias-first-unmanned-tank-muntra-rolls-it-out-of-chennai-lab-3870693.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811070723/http://www.firstpost.com/india/drdo-develops-indias-first-unmanned-tank-muntra-rolls-it-out-of-chennai-lab-3870693.html |archive-date=11 August 2017 |access-date=2017-08-11 |work=Firstpost.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Combat Vehicles Research & Development Estt (CVRDE) Chennai – CVRDE Chennai – DRDO DRDO |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/labs1/CVRDE/English/indexnew.jsp?pg=products.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811055308/https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/labs1/CVRDE/English/indexnew.jsp?pg=products.jsp |archive-date=11 August 2017 |access-date=2017-08-11 |website=Drdo.gov.in}}</ref>
* '''[[OFB 105 mm SPG|105 mm Self-Propelled Gun]]''' – This is OFB's mechanized version of the Indian [[Indian Field Gun|Indian Light Field Gun]] (EQPT 105/37 LFG E2) with 42 rounds stowed. The gun is mounted in a lightly armoured turret.<ref>[https://www.flickr.com/photos/47686239@N03/4370232436/ OFB 105 mm SPG Specs | Flickr – Photo Sharing!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203174622/https://www.flickr.com/photos/47686239@N03/4370232436/|date=3 February 2016}}. Flickr (19 February 2010). Retrieved 20 September 2011.</ref><ref>[https://www.flickr.com/photos/47686239@N03/4369483629/ OFB 105 mm Tracked SPG on BMP II | Flickr – Photo Sharing!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203174622/https://www.flickr.com/photos/47686239@N03/4369483629/|date=3 February 2016}}. Flickr. Retrieved 20 September 2011.</ref> The 105 mm SPG was shown for the first time in public in February 2010 during DEFEXPO-2010 in New Delhi and was planned to replace the [[FV433 Abbot SPG]] in the Indian army,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Choudhari |first1=Palash |last2=Karthikeyan |first2=Varun |last3=Madhavan |first3=Anoop |title=Military Balance India Vs China Part-3 Indian artillery systems |url=http://fullafterburner.weebly.com/next-gen-weapons/military-balance-india-vs-china-part-3-indian-artillery-systems |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=Full Afterburner |language=en}}</ref> but it wasn't accepted into service.

=== Israel ===
* '''BMP-2''' upgrade designed by Nimda fitting it with new power unit and automatic transmission which improves both mobility and reliability.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nimda.co.il/projects2.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302085251/http://www.nimda.co.il/projects2.html|url-status=dead|title=Nimda Group Ltd. – commercial and military systems in energy, transportation and automotive applications|archive-date=2 March 2009}}</ref>

=== Poland ===
* '''BWP-2''' – The Polish designation for the BMP-2 and BMP-2D, which stands for "Bojowy Wóz Piechoty".{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}}

=== Finland ===
[[File:Lippujuhlan päivän 2017 paraati 080 BMP-2M Ps 153-74.JPG|right|thumb|Finnish BMP-2MD]]
* '''BMP-2MD''' – Finnish modernisation of the BMP-2, which includes thermal camouflage, thermal sights, anti-aircraft sight and new day/night optics for the gunner and commander, heated cabin and seats, new external storage boxes functioning also as spaced armour and new radio and communications systems.<ref>{{cite web|title=Suomi modernisoi noin 100 rynnäkköpanssarivaunua – tarkoitus sinnitellä ainakin 2030-luvulle asti|url=http://www.hs.fi/kotimaa/art-2000002796705.html|publisher=[[Helsingin Sanomat]]|date=30 January 2015|access-date=20 July 2017|language=fi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916010941/http://www.hs.fi/kotimaa/art-2000002796705.html|archive-date=16 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rynnäkköpanssarivaunu BMP-2 MD|url=http://maavoimat.fi/bmp2|publisher=[[Finnish Defence Forces]]|access-date=20 July 2017|language=fi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627064058/http://maavoimat.fi/bmp2|archive-date=27 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Operators ==
=== Current operators ===


* {{ALG}} – 225 along with 2,250 9M111 Fagot ATGMs were ordered in 1989 from the Soviet Union and delivered between 1990 and 1991. 54 BVP-2s and BVP-2Ks were ordered in 1994 from Slovakia and delivered between 1995 and 1996. 64 were ordered in 1998 from Ukraine and delivered between 1998 and 1999 (the vehicles were previously in Soviet and later Ukrainian service).<ref name="SIPRI" /> Estimated to have 220 BMP-2 and 760 BMP-2M in service as of 2023{{sfn|The Military Balance 2023|page=315}}
* {{ANG}} – 65, along with 650 9M111 Fagot ATGMs, were ordered in 1987 from the Soviet Union and delivered in 1987. 7 were ordered in 1993 from Hungary and delivered in 1993 (the vehicles were previously in Hungarian service and were sold via Czech Republic). 42 BMP-2s were ordered in 1994 from Poland and delivered between 1994 and 1995 (the vehicles were previously in Polish service). 65 were ordered in 1997 from Russia and delivered in 1998 (the vehicles were possibly previously in Soviet and later Russian service). 62 were ordered in 1999 from Belarus and delivered in 1999 (the vehicles were previously in Soviet and later Belarusian service). 31 were ordered in 1999 from Ukraine and delivered in 1999 (the vehicles were previously in Soviet and later Ukrainian service).<ref name="SIPRI" /> 250 BMP-1 and BMP-2 in service as of 2023{{sfn|The Military Balance 2023|page=433}}
* {{ARM}} – 15 as of 2023{{sfn|The Military Balance 2023|page=171}}
[[File:BVP-2 military parade Prague.jpg|thumb|right|Czech BVP-2 on a Military parade in Prague, 28 October 2008.]] [[File:Two Fninish BMP-2s.JPG|thumb|right|Two Finnish BMP-2s, 25 October 2004]]
* {{AZE}} – 101 in service with the army and 168 BMP-1 and BMP-2 in service with the [[State Border Service of Azerbaijan|State Border Service]] as of 2023{{sfn|The Military Balance 2023|pages=172−174}}
* {{BLR}} – 906 as of 2023{{sfn|The Military Balance 2023|page=175}}
* {{CZE}} – 120 in service as of 2025.<ref name="IISS2022_p2613" /> 200 inherited from former Czechoslovakia.<ref name="Pancerni.net 1" />
* {{FIN}} – 110 BMP-2MD in service as of 2025.<ref name="IISS2022_p2613">[[International Institute for Strategic Studies]]: The Military Balance 2025</ref> 20 were ordered in 1988 from the Soviet Union and delivered between 1988 and 1989. Further 84 were ordered in 1991 from the Soviet Union and delivered in 1992 by Russia.<ref name="SIPRI"/>
* {{GEO}} – 40 were ordered in 2004 from Ukraine and were delivered between 2004 and 2005 (the vehicles were previously in Soviet and later Ukrainian service).<ref name="SIPRI" /> 89 in service as of 2023{{sfn|The Military Balance 2023|page=177}}
* {{IND}}<ref name="Pancerni.net 1" /> – 700 BMP-2 "Sarath" ordered in 1984 from the Soviet Union and delivered between 1987 and 1991 (most produced in India). 400 BMP-2 "Sarath" ordered in 1985 and produced in India between 1992 and 1995 at [[Ordnance Factory Medak]] of [[Ordnance Factories Board]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/armoured/4.htm |title=Ordnance Factory Board |website=Ofbindia.gov.in |access-date=2013-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110621161821/http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/armoured/4.htm |archive-date=21 June 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> under Russian licence. 123 BMP-2K ordered in 2006 from Russia and delivered between 2007 and 2008.<ref name="SIPRI" /> 2,400 BMP-2 Sarath, plus an unknown number of BMP-2K and [[armoured engineering vehicle]]s in service as of 2023{{sfn|The Military Balance 2023|pages=247−248}}
* {{flag|Kurdistan Region}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=IRGC Equipped BMP-2 with Unmanned Turret |date=13 February 2022 |website=TurDef |url=https://turdef.com/article/irgc-equipped-bmp-2-with-unmanned-turret}}</ref>
* {{IRN}} – 1,500 ordered in 1991 from Russia and 413 were delivered between 1993 and 2001 of which 82 were delivered directly by Russia and 331 were assembled in Iran.<ref name="SIPRI" /> 400 in service as of 2023{{sfn|The Military Balance 2023|page=324}}
* {{INA}} – 9 ordered in 1998 from Ukraine and delivered in 1998 (the vehicles were possibly previously in Soviet and later Ukrainian service and were sold via Slovakia). 2 more ordered the same year (sold via Slovakia. 11 BVP-2s ordered in 1999 from Slovakia and delivered in 2000 (the vehicles were probably previously in Czechoslovak and later Slovakian service).<ref name="SIPRI" /> 22 ex-Czech BVP-2s are currently in service in the [[Indonesian Marine Corps|Marine Corps]] as of 2023{{sfn|The Military Balance 2023|pages=253−256}}
* {{CIV}} – 2 ordered in 2002 from Angola and delivered in 2002 (the vehicles were previously in Angolan service). 1 ordered in 2003 from Ukraine and delivered in 2003 (the vehicle probably was previously in Ukrainian service).<ref name="SIPRI" /> 10 BMP-1 and BMP-2 in 2023, possibly non-operational{{sfn|The Military Balance 2023|page=445}}
* {{KAZ}} – 280 in service as of 2023{{sfn|The Military Balance 2023|pages=178−179}}
[[File:Kuwaiti soldiers and a Kuwaiti BMP-2.JPEG|thumb|Kuwaiti soldiers sit beside a Kuwaiti BMP-2 infantry fighting vehicle during Operation Desert Storm.]]
* {{KUW}} – 245 along with 2,450 9M111 Fagot ATGMs were ordered in 1988 from the Soviet Union and delivered between 1989 and 1990.<ref name="Pancerni.net 1" /> Some captured or destroyed by the Iraqi forces. 46 along with 460 9M111 Fagot ATGMs were ordered in 1994 from Russia and delivered between 1994 and 1995.<ref name="SIPRI" /> 76 in service as of 2023{{sfn|The Military Balance 2023|page=336}}
* {{KGZ}} – 90 as of 2023{{sfn|The Military Balance 2023|pages=180−181}}
* {{LBY}} – Unknown number in service with the [[Government of National Unity (Libya)|Government of National Unity]]{{sfn|The Military Balance 2023|pages=87−88}}
* {{MDV}} – 2 in service as of 2023{{sfn|The Military Balance 2023|page=273}}
* {{MKD}} – 11 were ordered in 2001 from Ukraine and delivered in 2001 (the vehicles were previously in Soviet and later Ukrainian service).<ref name="SIPRI" /><ref>[http://www.vojska.net/eng/armed-forces/macedonia/equipment/armor/ Macedonian Armor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330195231/http://www.vojska.net/eng/armed-forces/macedonia/equipment/armor/ |date=30 March 2009 }}. Vojska.net. Retrieved 20 September 2011.</ref> 10 BMP-2 and 1 BMP-2K in service as of 2023{{sfn|The Military Balance 2023|pages=112−113}}
* [[Popular Mobilization Forces]] − Unknown number in service{{sfn|The Military Balance 2023|page=330}}
* {{RUS}} – 550 BMP-2 and BMP-2M in service with the army, 100 in service with the Naval Infantry, 50 in service with the Airborne Forces, some in service with the National Guard. Another 2,000 BMP-1 and BMP-2 (including variants) in storage.{{sfn|The Military Balance 2026|pages=190−204}} 2,350 BMP-2 and BMP-2M in service with the army, 300 in service with the Naval Infantry, and an unknown number in service with the 1st Army Corps, 2nd Army Corps, and National Guard as of 2023{{sfn|The Military Balance 2023|pages=183−197}} As of June 30, 2025, Russia has been visually confirmed to have lost at least 2,389 BMP-2s of various variants (1,894 destroyed, 48 damaged, 190 abandoned, and 257 captured)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Janovsky |first1=Jakub |last2=Black |first2=Alexander |author3=Naalsio |author4=Aloha |author5=Dan |author6=Kemal |date=24 February 2022 |title=Attack On Europe: Documenting Russian Equipment Losses During The Russian Invasion Of Ukraine |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2022/02/attack-on-europe-documenting-equipment.html |journal=Oryx |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |access-date=6 February 2025}}</ref>
* {{SVK}} – 90 in service as of 2025.<ref name="IISS2022_p2613" />
* {{SRI}} – 4 were ordered in 1994 from Ukraine and delivered in 1994 (the vehicles were previously in Soviet and later Ukrainian service). 36 were ordered in 2001 from Russia and delivered in 2001.<ref name="SIPRI" /> 49 in service as of 2023{{sfn|The Military Balance 2023|page=289}}
* {{SUD}} – 6 were ordered in 1995 from Ukraine and delivered in 1996 (the vehicles were probably previously in Soviet and later Ukrainian service). 9 were ordered in 2003 from Belarus and delivered in 2003 (the vehicles were previously in Soviet and later Belarusian service).<ref name="SIPRI" /> Unknown number in service as of 2023<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mitzer |first1=Stijn |last2=Oliemans |first2=Joost |title=From Conflict To Conflict: Sudan's Fighting Vehicles |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2023/04/from-conflict-to-conflict-sudans.html |website=Oryx |access-date=29 September 2023}}</ref>
* {{SYR}} – 400 were ordered in 1987 from the Soviet Union and were delivered between 1987 and 1988.<ref name="SIPRI" /> Unknown number in service as of 2023{{sfn|The Military Balance 2023|pages=354−355}}
* {{TJK}} – 15 as of 2023{{sfn|The Military Balance 2023|page=198}}
* {{TOG}} – 20 ordered in 1996 from Poland and delivered in 1997.<ref name="SIPRI" /> 20 in service as of 2023{{sfn|The Military Balance 2023|page=484}}
* {{Flagicon|Transnistria}} [[Transnistria]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mitzer |first1=Stijn |last2=Oliemans |first2=Joost | title=The Struggle For Relevance: Transnistria's Fighting Vehicles |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2022/11/the-struggle-for-relevance.html |website=Oryx |access-date=28 September 2023}}</ref>
* {{TKM}} – 430 BMP-2 and 4 BMP-2D as of 2023{{sfn|The Military Balance 2023|page=199}}
* {{UGA}} – 31 were ordered in 2003 from Ukraine and were delivered between 2004 and 2005 (the vehicles were previously in Soviet and later Ukrainian service).<ref name="SIPRI" /> 37 as of 2023{{sfn|The Military Balance 2023|page=485}}

[[File:BMP-2 parade ukraine.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian BMP-2s on parade, 24 August 2008]]
* {{UKR}} – 890 in service with the army and 1 in service with the National Guard prior to the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]]{{sfn|The Military Balance 2022|pages=211−214}}
* {{UZB}} – 270 in service as of 2023{{sfn|The Military Balance 2023|page=205}}
* {{VIE}} – Around 20 along with 500 9M111 Fagot ATGMs were ordered in 1982 from the Soviet Union and were delivered between 1982 and 1984.<ref name="SIPRI" /> 300 BMP-1 and BMP-2 in service as of 2023{{sfn|The Military Balance 2023|pages=298−299}}
* {{YEM}} – 100 were ordered in 2002 from Ukraine and were delivered between 2003 and 2004 (the vehicles were probably previously in Soviet and later Ukrainian service). Between 180 and 188 BMP-2Ds were ordered in 2004 from Russia and were delivered between 2004 and 2005.<ref name="SIPRI" /> Unknown number in service as of 2023{{sfn|The Military Balance 2023|pages=362}}
** {{flag|Houthis}} − Unknown number in service as of 2023{{sfn|The Military Balance 2023|pages=362}}

=== Former operators ===
[[File:BMP-2 NVA.JPG|thumb|right|Ex-East German BMP-2]]
* {{AFG}} – 150 along with 1,500 9M111 Fagot ATGMs were ordered in 1987 from the Soviet Union and delivered between 1987 and 1991 (some of the vehicles were possibly previously in Soviet service).<ref name="Pancerni.net 1" /><ref name="SIPRI">[http://armstrade.sipri.org/arms_trade/trade_register.php SIPRI Arms Transfers Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805014045/http://armstrade.sipri.org/arms_trade/trade_register.php |date=5 August 2009 }}. Armstrade.sipri.org. Retrieved 20 September 2011.</ref> 550 BMP-1s and BMP-2s in service in 1992.<ref>[http://www.istorya.ru/referat/7477/1.php История России. Всемирная, мировая история – Афганистан в конце XX в] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090514030444/http://www.istorya.ru/referat/7477/1.php |date=14 May 2009 }}. Istorya.ru. Retrieved 20 September 2011.</ref> Between 60 and 80 BMP-1s and BMP-2s were delivered from Russia after 2002.<ref>[http://www.defense-ua.com/rus/news/?id=5072&prn=yes Defence Express News – Россия И Афганистан Выполняют Договоренности, Заключенные Между Военными Ведомствами Двух Стран В Кабуле В 2002 Г] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607174701/http://www.defense-ua.com/rus/news/?id=5072&prn=yes |date=7 June 2011 }}. Defense-ua.com (29 January 2003). Retrieved 20 September 2011.</ref>
* {{flag|Artsakh}} − In February 2023, it was estimated to have 100 BMP-2s.{{sfn|The Military Balance 2023|page=174}} Seized by Azerbaijan after the [[2023 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Armenian separatists start surrendering weapons in Karabakh |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/armenian-separatists-start-surrendering-weapons-in-karabakh/ |access-date=28 September 2023 |work=Militarnyi}}</ref>
* {{CZS}} – 279 ordered in 1978 and produced between 1983 and 1989.<ref name="SIPRI" /> Passed on to the successor states.
* {{DDR}} – 24 were ordered in 1985 from the Soviet Union and were delivered between 1986 and 1987 (the vehicles were possibly produced in Czechoslovakia).<ref name="SIPRI" /> Passed on to the unified German state.
* {{GER}} – 24, taken from [[Nationale Volksarmee|East Germany's army]], all sold to other countries or given to the museums.
* {{flag|Iraq|1963}} – 200 were ordered in 1986 from the Soviet Union and were delivered between 1987 and 1989<ref name="Pancerni.net 1" />(some of the vehicles were possibly produced in Czechoslovakia).<ref name="SIPRI" /> 1,000 BMP-1 and BMP-2 in service in 1989,{{sfn|International Institute for Strategic Studies|1989|page=101}} and 900 BMP-1 and BMP-2 in 2001.<ref>{{cite book |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2001–2002 |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-850979-0 |page=134 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WIIHAAAACAAJ |language=en |author1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies }}</ref> Possibly captured some from Kuwait in the [[Gulf War|First Persian Gulf War]]. All destroyed in the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]] and later scrapped.
* {{JOR}} – 37 BMP-2 ordered from the Soviet Union in 1986 and delivered in 1987.<ref name="SIPRI" /> None remain in service in 2023{{sfn|The Military Balance 2023|pages=334}}
* {{MYA}} – Unknown number of BMP-2 received from Ukraine and Russia.{{sfn|The Military Balance 2023|page=199}}
* {{POL}} – 62 BMP-2s and BMP-2Ds (all of which were designed as BWP-2) ordered in 1988 and delivered in 1989. All 62 vehicles were sold to Angola in 1994. Only 42 were shipped. The remaining 20 were sold to Togo.<ref name="Pancerni.net 1" /><ref name="SIPRI" />
* {{SLE}} – 4 were ordered and delivered from Russia in 1992 (the vehicles were second-hand).<ref name="SIPRI" /> None remain in service in 2023{{sfn|The Military Balance 2023|pages=474−475}}
* {{USSR}} – 26,000 BMP-1s and BMP-2s in service in 1989.{{sfn|International Institute for Strategic Studies|1989|page=34}} Passed on to successor states.

== See also ==
* [[BMD-1]] – related family of Soviet airborne fighting vehicles
* [[Combat Vehicle 90]]
* [[BMP-1]] – predecessor vehicle
* [[BMP-3]] – successor vehicle
* [[M113 armored personnel carrier#Modifications|M113/BMP-2]] – US armored personnel carrier visually modified as a BMP-2 for training exercises

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* {{cite book|title=Jane's Armour and Artillery 2005–2006}}
* {{cite book|title=Soviet/Russian Armor and Artillery Design Practices:1945 to Present|author1=Andrew W. Hull |author2=David R. Markov |author3=Steven J. Zaloga }}
* [[Peter G. Tsouras|Tsouras, P.G.]] ''Changing Orders: The evolution of the World's Armies, 1945 to the Present'' Facts On File, Inc, 1994. {{ISBN|0-8160-3122-3}}
* FM 100-60
* Ustyantsev, Sergej Viktorovich; Kolmakov Dmitrij Gennadevich ''Boyeviye mashiny Uralvagonzavoda. Tank T-72''
* A.V. Karpenko (1996) ''Obozreniye Bronetankovoj Tekhniki (1905–1995 gg.)'' Nevskij Bastion
* {{cite book |first=Bryan |last=Perrett |year=1987 |title=Soviet Armour Since 1945 |publisher=Blandford Press |location=London |isbn=0-7137-1735-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/sovietarmoursinc0000perr }}
*{{cite report |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 1989–1990 |date=1 January 1989 |publisher=Brassey's |isbn=978-0-08-037569-4 |language=English |author1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies }}
*{{cite report |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2022 |date=14 February 2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-62003-0 |ref={{harvid|The Military Balance 2022}} |language=en |author1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies }}
*{{cite report |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2023 |date=February 2023 |publisher=Routledge, Chapman & Hall, Incorporated |isbn=978-1-032-50895-5 |ref={{harvid|The Military Balance 2023}} |language=en |author1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies }}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Cullen |editor1-first=Tony |editor2-last=Foss |editor2-first=Christopher F. |editor2-link=Christopher F. Foss |title=Jane's land-based air defence: 1992-93 |date=1992 |publisher=Jane's Information Group |isbn=978-0-7106-0979-3 |url=https://ftp.idu.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/ebook/tdg/ADNVANCED%20MILITARY%20PLATFORM%20DESIGN/Janes%20Land-Based%20Air%20Defence%201992-93%20by%20Tony%20Cullen,%20Christopher%20F.%20Foss%20(z-lib.org).pdf |access-date=29 September 2023 |language=en}}

== Further reading ==
* Grau, Lester W. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090709131323/http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/Red-Star/issues/JAN97/JAN97.HTML Russian-Manufactured Armored Vehicle Vulnerability in Urban Combat: The Chechnya Experience], Red Thrust Star, January 1997

== External links ==
{{Commons category|BMP-2}}
{{Commons|BMP family IFV}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070402020152/http://www.thetankmaster.com/ENGLISH/AFV/bmp-2_01.asp SOVIET BMP-2 Infantry Fighting Vehicle – Walk around photos]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091120104325/http://www.indian-military.org/army/armour/mechanized-infantry/246-bmp-2-sarath.html BMP-2 at indian-military.org]
* [http://vitalykuzmin.net/?q=node/311 BMP-2M Berezhok and other upgrades on V. Kuzmin's photo blog] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308081247/https://www.vitalykuzmin.net/?q=node%2F311 |date=8 March 2021 }}
* [http://www.primeportal.net/apc/yuri_pasholok/bmp-2m_w_kornet/ BMP-2M Berezhok walk-around on Prime Portal]

{{PostWWIISovietAFVS}}
{{Portal bar|Soviet Union}}

[[Category:Tracked infantry fighting vehicles]]
[[Category:Cold War armoured fighting vehicles of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Tracked reconnaissance vehicles]]
[[Category:Amphibious infantry fighting vehicles]]
[[Category:Infantry fighting vehicles of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Infantry fighting vehicles of the Cold War]]
[[Category:Infantry fighting vehicles of India]]
[[Category:Kurganmashzavod products]]
[[Category:Military vehicles introduced in the 1980s]]

Takkar (2008 film)

2026-03-04T03:48:53Z

RayfordFvx: general enhanced layout for accuracy

{{Infobox film
| name = Takkar
| image = Takkar.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Swapan Saha]]
| writer = [[N.K. Salil]] [[Hari (director)|Hari]] (story)
| starring = [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] [[Rachana Banerjee]] [[Arindam Roy]] [[Barsha Priyadarshini]]
| producer = Subhash Chandra Goel
| studio = [[Zee Motion Pictures]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Takkar |url=https://indiancine.ma/AWEE/info}}</ref>
| distributor =
| cinematography = Dev Rajan
| editing = Suresh Urs
| released = {{Film date|2008|07|18|df=y}}
| country = India
| budget =
| gross =
| runtime =
| language = Bengali
| music = [[Ashok Bhadra]]
}}

'''''Takkar''''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: টক্কর) is a 2008 [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] [[Action film|action drama film]] directed by [[Swapan Saha]]. It stars [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] and [[Rachana Banerjee]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Takkar Movie Trailer, Star Cast, Release Date, Box Office, Movie Review {{!}} Takkar Movie budget and Collection {{!}} Takkar |url=https://www.indianfilmhistory.com/movie/takkar-2008 |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=www.indianfilmhistory.com |language=en}}</ref> Music of the film is composed by [[Ashok Bhadra]] and produced by Subhash Chandra Goel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rishi-is-in-no-mood-for-takkar/articleshow/3310866.cms|title=Rishi is in no mood for Takkar|last=Choudary|first=Amrita Roy|work=The Times of India|date=1 August 2008}}</ref> The film is a remake of [[Tamil film]] ''[[Thaamirabharani]]'' (2007).

==Plot==
Rich suburban girl Chaitali Choudhury marries nephew oriented man Ajoy against the wishes of her elder brother and aunt. But within a couple of months Chaitali and Ajoy go loggerheads over the issue of Ajoy's beloved nephew Arun. Ajoy slaps Chaitali in front of her brother Joydeb's friend Shekhar. Chaitali leaves home even after repeated requests from Ajoy's mother and his widow sister Dipa to stay back. Ajoy transforms to a business tycoon from a poor man after this incident. On the other hand, Chatali is influenced against Ajoy by Joydeb, pisi (her aunt) and Shekhar. 15 years go by. Though the estranged couple still love each other, they can never unite again due to social constraints. Meanwhile, Arun grows up to become a spoilt brat. The uncle-nephew combo remains steady amidst all these mishaps Arun falls in love with Tithi who is accidentally bad man Joydeb's only daughter. There is another positive character in Ranjan who tries to bring peace within the rival families. But Shekhar has another plans. He influenced Joydeb to send a pack of killers to execute Ajoy. Ajoy fights bravely but injured. When Arun hears this news he rushes to kill Joydeb and Shekhar in a fit of rage. But accidentally he chops off poor Ranjan's left hand with a chopper. Things complicate after this incident but when Ranjan withdraws the case over Arun, he takes oath to become a good man and unite his uncle and aunt. Tithi helps Arun wholeheartedly in this mission. Ultimately after numerous violent incidents Joydeb decides to marry off Chaitali by force. At the last moment Ajoy arrives at that spot. Arun too arrives to save his uncle and aunt. Shekhar tries to molest Chaitali while she kills the debauch in self-defence. Arun takes blame and voluntary goes to jail for 4 years. After getting released Ajoy and Arun come to Joydeb's house to take Tithi with them. There every single truth gets revealed. Joydeb and pisi (Arpita Baker) transform into good human beings and the misunderstanding ends finally. Ajoy and Chaitali re-unite after a long gap.

==Cast==
* [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] as Ajoy
* [[Arindam Roy]] as Arun
* [[Barsha Priyadarshini]] as Tithi
* [[Rachana Banerjee]] as Chaitali Chowdhury
* [[Bhaswar Chatterjee]] as Ranjan
* Arpita Becker as Pishi
* Sudip Mukherjee as Joydeb Chowdhury
* Diganta Bagchi as Shekhar, Joydeb's business partner
* Kalyani Mondal as Ajoy's mother
* Subhadra Mukherjee as Dipa, Ajoy's sister<ref>{{Cite web |title=Takkar (2008) pełna obsada |url=https://www.filmweb.pl/film/Takkar-2008-521204/cast/actors |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=Filmweb |language=pl}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1418749}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}

{{Swapan Saha}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Takkar (2008 Film)}}
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2008 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Swapan Saha]]

{{2000s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Mera Geet

2026-03-03T23:13:27Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name =Mera Geet
| image =

| caption =
| director =
| producer =
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring =
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1946}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Mera Geet''''' is a [[Bollywood]] [[film]]. It was released in [[Bollywood films of 1946|1946]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/|publisher=Gomolo.com|accessdate=25 April 2013|title=Bollywood Hindi Movie, Latest Movies Release, Review & News, Actor Actress Photo Pics & Videos Gallery|archive-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302223934/http://www.gomolo.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|accessdate=25 April 2013|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=9780851706696}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id =0427521 |title =Mera Geet }}

[[Category:1946 films]]
[[Category:1946 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1946 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

{{1940s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Gayathri (1973 film)

2026-03-03T21:05:02Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gayathri
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[P. N. Menon (director)|P. N. Menon]]
| producer =
| writer = [[Malayattoor Ramakrishnan]]
| screenplay = Malayattoor Ramakrishnan
| starring = [[Jayabharathi]] [[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]] [[MG Soman]] [[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]]
| music = [[G. Devarajan]]
| cinematography = [[Ashok Kumar (cinematographer)|Ashok Kumar]]
| editing = Ravi
| studio = Sreeram Pictures
| distributor = Thirumeni Pictures
| released = {{Film date|1973|03|14|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Gayathri''''' is a 1973 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by [[P. N. Menon (director)|P. N. Menon]]. The film stars [[Jayabharathi]], [[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]], [[MG Soman]] and [[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[G. Devarajan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=462|title=Gaayathri|access-date=2014-10-15|publisher=MalayalaChalachithram}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/gayathri-malayalam-movie/ |title=Gayathri |access-date=2014-10-15 |publisher=spicyonion.com }}{{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> M. G. Soman made his debut in the film.

==Cast==
*[[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]]
*[[M. G. Soman]]
*[[Jayabharathi]]
*[[Adoor Bhasi]]
*[[Sankaradi]]
*[[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]]
*[[Bahadoor]]
*[[Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair]]
*[[Roja Ramani]]
*[[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]]

== Soundtrack ==

{{Track listing

| extra_column = Artist(s)

| headline = Track listing <ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?945 |title=ഗായത്രി (1973) |access-date=15 October 2014 |publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref>
| all_lyrics = [[Vayalar Ramavarma]]
| all_music = [[G. Devarajan]]

| title1 = Padmatheerthame Unaroo
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Choir]]

| title2 = Sreevallabha Sreevalsaankitha
| extra2 = [[P. Madhuri]]

| title3 = Thankathalikayil Pongalumaay Vanna
| extra3 = K. J. Yesudas

| title4 = Thirakal Thirakal
| extra4 = K. J. Yesudas, Choir

| title5 = Thrithaapoovukal
| extra5 = P. Madhuri

}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0240530|Gayathri}}

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Malayalam}}

[[Category:1973 films]]
[[Category:1973 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1973 Indian films]]
[[Category:Best Malayalam Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. N. Menon (director)]]

{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Krish, Trish and Baltiboy

2026-02-28T12:29:13Z

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{{short description|Indian animation series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| alt_name = KTB
| genre = [[Folklore of India|Indian Folklore]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Krish, Trish and Baltiboy | website=Pickle Media - Pickle Media Entertainment India | date=2022-10-20 | url=https://pickle.co.in/animations/krish-trish-and-baltiboy/#:~:text=Format:8%20x%2060%20mins,%2C%20Turkish%2C%20Polish%20and%20Korean. | access-date=2025-03-01}}</ref>
| creator = Munjal Shroff Tilak Raj Shetty
| writer =
| screenplay = Deven Sansare Deepak Vavra Virendra Rathore
| story = Deven Sansare
| director = Munjal Shroff Tilak Raj Shetty<ref>{{cite web | title=Krish, Trish and Baltiboy | website=Pickle Media - Pickle Media Entertainment India | date=2022-10-20 | url=https://pickle.co.in/animations/krish-trish-and-baltiboy/#:~:text=Format:8%20x%2060%20mins,%2C%20Turkish%2C%20Polish%20and%20Korean. | access-date=2025-03-01}}</ref>
| creative_director = Shashank Pawar Virendra Rathore
| open_theme = "Krish and Trish and Baltiboy"
| end_theme = "Krish and Trish and Baltiboy" (Karaoke)
| voices = ''[[#Dubbing artists|see below]]''
| music = Nandini Srikar Shree Dayal Shaleen Sharma
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 8 (Season 1) 48 (Season 2)
| executive_producer = Shashank Pawar Zulfikar Qureshi
| producer = Munjal Shroff Tilak Raj Shetty
| animator = Aniket Pitale Dhaval Soni Swagat Shetty Irshad Ansari
| editor = Rajiv Panchal Ashok Pujari
| runtime = 60–90 minutes (Season 1) 11 minutes (Season 2)
| company = Graphiti Multimedia
| network = [[Pogo TV]] & [[Cartoon Network (India)|Cartoon Network]] (Season 1)
| first_aired = {{Start date|2009||}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2017||}}
| network2 = [[DD National]] and [[All India Radio]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Watch "Bharat Hain Hum" Every Sunday at 11:00 AM only on DD National | website=YouTube | date=2024-03-06 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c-lfSNbLDZM | access-date=2025-03-01}}</ref> (Season 2) [[Netflix]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Watch Krish, Trish & Baltiboy Bharat Hain Hum | website=Netflix | date=2018-11-26 | url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81713009 | access-date=2025-03-01}}</ref> & [[Amazon Prime Video]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Watch Krish Trish and Baltiboy | website=Prime Video: Krish Trish and Baltiboy | date=2023-10-14 | url=https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Krish-Trish-and-Baltiboy---Bharat-Hain-Hum/0LVFD2ZZXW972PYHXEXEAH36XY | access-date=2025-03-01}}</ref> (digitally; for Season 2 only)
| first_aired2 = {{Start date|2023|10|15}}
| last_aired2 = {{End date|2025|03|16}}
| related = ''{{ubl|[[#Krish, Trish & Baltiboy: Bharat Hain Hum|Krish, Trish & Baltiboy: Bharat Hain Hum]]|}}''
}}

'''Krish, Trish, and Baltiboy''' is an [[List of Indian animated television series|Indian animated series]] produced by Graphiti Multimedia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krish, Trish And Baltiboy |url=https://www.graphitimultimedia.com/krish-trish-and-baltiboy |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=www.graphitimultimedia.com |language=en}}</ref> Created and Directed by Munjal Shroff and Tilak Raj Shetty of Graphiti Studios, the series aims to introduce audiences to various [[Indian art|regional art forms]], [[Folklore of India|folk tales]], and [[Music of India|musical traditions]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-30 |title=Krish, Trish and Baltiboy - Pickle Media |url=https://pickle.co.in/animations/krish-trish-and-baltiboy-2/ |access-date=2025-02-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> It was first aired in 2009 on [[Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)|Cartoon Network]] and later at [[Pogo (TV channel)|Pogo]] in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krish, Trish And Baltiboy |url=https://www.graphitimultimedia.com/krish-trish-and-baltiboy |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=www.graphitimultimedia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=MyIndMakers |title=Krish, Trish and Baltiboy A Retrospective Look at the Underrated Indic Classic |url=https://myind.net/Home/viewArticle/krish-trish-and-baltiboy-a-retrospective-look-at-the-underrated-indic-classic |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=Krish, Trish and Baltiboy A Retrospective Look at the Underrated Indic Classic}}</ref> There are total 8 episodes in the first season of the series. In 2023, the animation was renewed for second season ''[[#Krish, Trish & Baltiboy: Bharat Hain Hum|Krish, Trish & Baltiboy: Bharat Hain Hum]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KTB Bharat Hai Hum |url=https://www.graphitimultimedia.com/ktb-bharat-hai-hum |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=www.graphitimultimedia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Premise ==
The animation series explores the India's diverse cultural heritage through the narratives of three animal characters: Krish the monkey, Trish the cat, and Baltiboy the donkey. The series stands out for its unique approach to storytelling, blending traditional narratives with vibrant animation styles. Each episode showcases a different folk art form, such as [[Mughal painting|Mughal miniatures]], [[Madhubani art|Madhubani]], [[Warli painting|Warli]], [[Pattachitra]], and many other Indian arts had been adapted seamlessly into the animation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Northwest Film Forum :: Calendar :: Krish, Trish And Baltiboy |url=https://nwfilmforum.org/live/page/calendar/2532.html |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=nwfilmforum.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-09 |title=Children's Film Festival Seattle 2013 Day 5: Krish, Trish and Baltiboy {{!}} Asia Society |url=https://asiasociety.org/texas/events/children%E2%80%99s-film-festival-seattle-2013-day-5-krish-trish-and-baltiboy |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=asiasociety.org |language=en}}</ref>

The eight episodes of the animation series feature a total of 24 Indian folk tales with each presents three distinct stories. It showcased through the traditional Indian folk art styles and music, drew inspiration from various Indian regions like [[Rajasthan]], [[Bengal]], [[Bihar]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], and [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krish, Trish and Baltiboy |url=http://intellectasrl.com/indian-films/krish-trish-baltiboy/ |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=Intellecta Srl |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Krish Trish And Baltiboy - Full Case Study |url=https://blogs.animationvibes.com/krish-trish-and-baltiboy-full-case-study/ |journal=|date=15 July 2021 }}</ref>

== Dubbing artists ==

=== Season 1 ===

==== Main ====
*[[Damandeep Singh Baggan|Damandeep Singh Baggha]]/ Tarun Ratnani as '''Krish''': He is a monkey who is always messing with Baltiboy and he makes everyone laugh with his humor.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-07-15 |title=Krish Trish And Baltiboy - Full Case Study - Animation Vibes |url=https://blogs.animationvibes.com/krish-trish-and-baltiboy-full-case-study/ |access-date=2025-03-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>
*Smita Malhotra as '''Trish''': She is a cat who is well behaved, disciplined and the most intelligent character.<ref name=":0" />
*[[Baba Sehgal]]/ Deepak Chachra as '''Baltiboy''': He is a donkey who is very slow but he’s not completely dumb. He is just a simple character.<ref name=":0" />

==== Recurring ====
{| class="wikitable"
! Dubbing artist
! Character name
|-
| colspan="2" |'''''{{centre|Krish, Trish and Baltiboy 1}}'''''
|-
| colspan="2" |'''''{{centre|[[Rajasthan|Rajasthani]] Story}}'''''
|-
|Amitosh Nagpal
|Hunter
|-
|Rahul Shaukliya
|King & Father Deer
|-
| Prachi
|Queen
|-
|Renu
|Mother Deer
|-
|Anukampa
|Head Maid
|-
|Anushree
|Baby Deer
|-
| colspan="2" |'''''{{centre|[[Kerala]] Story}}'''''
|-
|Dino
|Landlord & Poorman
|-
|Ghanshyam
|Accountant Raman
|-
| colspan="2" |'''''{{centre|[[Punjab]] Story}}'''''
|-
|Deepak Chachra
|Tiger & Farmer
|-
|Kavita Paes
|Farmer's Wife
|-
|Amitosh Nagpal
|Monkey & Fox
|-
| colspan="2" |'''''{{centre|Krish, Trish and Baltiboy 2}}'''''
|-
| colspan="2" |'''''{{centre|[[Karnataka]] Story}}'''''
|-
|Surendra Kumar
|Monkey
|-
|Vijay Maurya
|Mr. Crocodile
|-
|Ahalya Ballal
|Mrs. Crocodile
|-
|Humeeta Kaur Baggan
|Fish
|-
| colspan="2" |'''''{{centre|[[Bihar]] Story}}'''''
|-
|Vijay Maurya
|Akal
|-
|Amitosh Nagpal
|Kum
|-
|Humeeta Kaur Baggan
|Cat
|-
| colspan="2" |'''''{{centre|[[Bengal|Bengali]] Story}}'''''
|-
|Ashish Roy
|Barber, Monkey 1, Monkey 2
|-
|[[Sai Deodhar]]
|Suvarnalata: Barber's Wife
|-
|Saumya Daan
|Brahmarakshas 1
|-
|Deepak Chachra
|Brahmarakshas 2
|-
| colspan="2" |'''''{{centre|Krish, Trish and Baltiboy: Comics of India}}'''''
|-
| colspan="2" |'''''{{centre|[[Rajasthan|Rajasthani]] Story}}'''''
|-
|Vaibhav Thakkar
|Aditya
|-
|Amitosh Nagpal
|Minister and Beggar
|-
|Himanshu
|King
|-
|Deepak Chachra
|Shopkeeper
|-
|Trideep
|Minister Son
|-
|Humeeta Kaur Baggan
|Queen 01
|-
|Kavita Paes
|Queen 02
|-
| colspan="2" |'''''{{centre|[[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]] Story}}'''''
|-
|Srikant Rao
|SRK: Bramharakshas and Labour 03
|-
|Amitosh Nagpal
|Landlord and Labour 04
|-
|Sai Singh
|Landlord's Wife
|-
|Deepak Chachra
|Labour 01
|-
|Tejbal Singh
|Labour 02
|-
| colspan="2" |'''''{{centre|[[Gopal Bhar]] ([[Bengal|Bengali]] Story)}}'''''
|-
|Amitosh Nagpal
|[[Gopal Bhar]] and Servant 02
|-
|Saumya Daan
|Maharaj
|-
|Ashish Roy
|Minister
|-
|Srikant Rao
|Evil Minister, Cook and Gardener
|-
|Deepak Chachra
|Servant 01
|-
| colspan="2" |'''''{{centre|Krish, Trish and Baltiboy: Battle of Wits}}'''''
|-
|Deepak Chachra
|Super Mouse
|-
| colspan="2" |'''''{{centre|[[Rajasthan|Rajasthani]] Story}}'''''
|-
|Srikant Rao
|Bhairon and Daulatram
|-
|Sai Anand
|Bipasha: Daulatram's Wife
|-
| colspan="2" |'''''{{centre|[[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]] Story}}'''''
|-
|Saumya Daan
|Wolf
|-
|Srikant Rao
|Snake and Lion
|-
|Vaibhav Thakkar
|Lion's Cub
|-
|Sai Anand
|Lioness and Rabbit
|-
|Deepak Chachra
|Crocodile and Elephant
|-
| colspan="2" |'''''{{centre|[[Bihar|Bihari]] Story}}'''''
|-
|Srikant Rao
|Father and Younger Brother
|-
|Ashish Roy
|Elder Brother
|-
|Deepak Chachra
|Villager
|-
| colspan="2" |'''''{{centre|Krish, Trish and Baltiboy: Greatest Tricks}}'''''
|-
| colspan="2" |'''''{{centre|[[Odisha|Orissi]] Story}}'''''
|-
|Ajit Mishra
|Husband of Buddhimati
|-
|Sanjukta Raut
|Buddhimati
|-
|Manoj Mishra
|Raman
|-
|Ashish Dutta
|Guest
|-
|Aditya Shetty
|Kid 01
|-
|Krishna Shetty
|Kid 02
|-
| colspan="2" |'''''{{centre|[[Rajasthan|Rajasthani]] Story}}'''''
|-
|Srikant Rao
|Bheeru, Goldsmith and Lion
|-
|Samay Thakkar
|Minister
|-
|Deepak Chachra
|King
|-
|Mausam
|Princess, Snake and Dasi (Maid)
|-
|Vishal Sanghvi
|Soldier
|-
| colspan="2" |'''''{{centre|[[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]] Story}}'''''
|-
|Samay Thakkar
|Bholu
|-
|Srikant Rao
|Neighbour and Beggar
|-
|Mausam
|Rama and Dancer
|-
|Deepak Chachra
|Rakshas
|-
|Vishal Sanghvi
|Fruit Shop Owner
|-
|Tejbal Singh
|Laundry Man
|-
| colspan="2" |'''''{{centre|Krish, Trish and Baltiboy: Best Friends Forever}}'''''
|-
|Deepak Chachra
|Super Mouse
|-
| colspan="2" |'''''{{centre|[[Tibet|Tibeti]] Story}}'''''
|-
|Devyani Dagaonkar
|Ghuguti and Queen
|-
|Ketan
|Prince Amar
|-
|Vishal Sanghavi
|King Devrat
|-
|Deepak Chachra
|Side Kick
|-
|Srikant Rao
|Sadhu and Minister
|-
|Krishna Shetty
|Tweety
|-
| colspan="2" |'''''{{centre|[[Bihar|Bihari]] Story}}'''''
|-
|Rohit
|Chimpu
|-
|Srikant Rao
|Jumbo
|-
|Sai Singh
|Eagle
|-
|Devyani Dagaonkar
|Cat, Rhino and Hippo
|-
|Deepak Chachra
|Hunter
|-
| colspan="2" |'''''{{centre|[[Rajasthan|Rajasthani]] Story}}'''''
|-
|Vaibhav Thakkar
|Ranvijay
|-
|Deepak Chachra
|Mantri
|-
|Vishal
|Whipman
|-
|Mayur Vyas
|Pawan
|-
|Sai Singh
|Bumblee Bee
|-
|Srikant Rao
|Ant
|-
|Bhumika Jain
|Rajkumari Padma
|}

=== Season 2 (KTB: Bharat Hai Hum) ===

==== Main ====
*Tarun Ratnani as '''Krish''': He is a monkey who is always messing with Baltiboy and he makes everyone laugh with his humor.<ref name=":0" />
*Smita Malhotra as '''Trish''': She is a cat who is well behaved, disciplined and the most intelligent character.<ref name=":0" />
*Deepak Chachra as '''Baltiboy''': He is a donkey who is very slow but he’s not completely dumb. He is just a simple character.<ref name=":0" />

== Episodes ==
=== Season 1 ===
{{Episode table |background=#73D8FF |overall= |title= |director= |airdate= |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Krish, Trish and Baltiboy 1
|DirectedBy = Munjal Shroff Tilak Raj Shetty
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2010|05|28|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = KTB 1 features three interconnected stories that explore themes of greed, wisdom, and contentment across different Indian states. The first story is set in Rajasthan and centers around a greedy queen and her cunning maid who manipulate the king into desiring deer meat. The king sends a hunter to capture deer, but upon witnessing a deer family's extraordinary mutual love and selflessness, he has a profound realization and punishes both the queen and her maid. The second story takes place in Kerala, where a wealthy landlord, despite having immense riches, remains perpetually unhappy until he observes the genuine contentment of impoverished people. Following his servant Raman's advice, he places a bag containing 99 coins near a poor man's hut, causing the poor man to lose his simple joy while obsessively searching for the missing 100th coin. The third story moves to Punjab's fields, where a middle-aged tiger arrives to hunt and eat the farmer. Through remarkable patience and intelligence, the farmer's wife cleverly outwits both the tiger and its fox friend, saving herself and her husband from becoming prey.
|LineColor = 73D8FF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Krish, Trish and Baltiboy 2
|DirectedBy = Munjal Shroff Tilak Raj Shetty
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|03|23|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = KTB 2 begins with the classic monkey and crocodile tale where a clever monkey outwits a crocodile through wit when the crocodile's wife develops an appetite for monkey meat. The second story is set in Bihar, where two monkeys searching for food arrive at a village and start fighting over their share, allowing a cunning cat to steal their food entirely. The story demonstrates how third parties benefit from others' conflicts. The third story takes place in Bengal, featuring a barber and his wife who encounter a Brahmarakshas (demon spirit). Through patience and intelligence, the barber first makes the demon his servant, then cleverly uses him to fulfill his needs, teaching that patience and wisdom lead to success.
|LineColor = 73D8FF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Krish, Trish and Baltiboy: Battle of Wits
|DirectedBy = Munjal Shroff Tilak Raj Shetty
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2013|01|01|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = KTB Battle of Wits presents three stories of intelligence and justice. The first story from Rajasthan features skilled artisan Bhairav who creates a special chest whose unlocking mechanism only he knows. Greedy landowner Duliram obtains it without payment and later refuses to pay the full amount. Bhairav uses his intelligence to teach the miser a lesson. The second story from Andhra and Telangana shows how a fox and snake conspire to prevent a lion cub from ascending to the throne, but the young prince demonstrates both bravery and wisdom in overcoming the plot and proving himself worthy as the future ruler. The third story from Bihar portrays two brothers engaged in a prolonged land dispute following their father's death, showing how they eventually resolve their differences through understanding and compromise.
|LineColor = 73D8FF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Krish, Trish and Baltiboy: Greatest Tricks
|DirectedBy = Munjal Shroff Tilak Raj Shetty
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2013|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = KTB: Greatest Tricks begins with stories from Odisha, featuring Buddhimati whose clever husband and his greedy friend daily force Buddhimati to cook elaborate meals, with the friends consuming everything while leaving Buddhimati with nothing to eat. Eventually, Buddhimati creates a new trap that teaches both her friends and the entire village a lesson, freeing herself from this forced hospitality. The second story is set in Rajasthan, where two state ministers conspire to steal the princess's jewelry and royal treasury. After falling into a pit due to a lion's sudden appearance, they are later saved by a man named Viru, who is aided by both the lion and a snake. The ministers promise to help Viru in the future, but later frame him for stealing the treasure. Viru is ultimately cleared of all charges and also punishes the ministers for their treachery. The third story from Andhra Pradesh features Bhoolu and his neighbor.
|LineColor = 73D8FF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Krish, Trish and Baltiboy: Best Friends Forever
|DirectedBy = Munjal Shroff Tilak Raj Shetty
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|01|01|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = opens with a story from Tibet about King Devavrata, who owns a parrot named Guguti that is extremely proud of its appearance and singing voice. A sage curses the parrot, but instead of diminishing its pride, the curse causes the parrot to help the prince and realize its mistake. The second story is set in Bihar, focusing on themes of justice and cleverness. The third story takes place in Rajasthan, where Rannvijay wishes to marry Princess Padma but must complete difficult conditions. With the help of a horse named Pavan and the assistance of bees and ants, Rannvijay successfully fulfills all conditions and wins the princess's hand in marriage.
|LineColor = 73D8FF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Krish, Trish and Baltiboy: Comics of India
|DirectedBy = Munjal Shroff Tilak Raj Shetty
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|09|08|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = KTB Comics of India showcases three stories based on India's rich comic traditions. The first story from Rajasthan features Aditya, who establishes an "wisdom shop" and resolves a dispute between two queens, eventually becoming the royal advisor. The second story portrays a greedy, miserly landlord who exploits his laborers' wages for luxury. When the laborers find a Brahmarakshas who completes their work instantly, the landlord tries to enslave the demon. Terrified, he seeks his wife's help, who saves him from the Brahmarakshas in exchange for returning the workers' unpaid wages. The third story is based on Bengali Pattachitra art, featuring Gopal Bhar solving impossible tasks assigned by a deceitful minister who plots against the kingdom's chief minister. Through clever problem-solving, Gopal Bhar not only saves the chief minister but also exposes and punishes the treacherous minister.
|LineColor = 73D8FF
}}
}}

== Broadcast and reception ==
The films have been broadcast on various platforms, including Cartoon Network India, and have been made available on home video formats. The series has been lauded for its innovative approach to storytelling, effectively blending traditional Indian art forms with contemporary animation to educate and entertain. Critics and audiences have praised its role in preserving and promoting India's rich cultural heritage, making it accessible to younger generations. The educational value of the series has been highlighted, with particular emphasis on its ability to introduce children to diverse regional art forms, music, and folklore.

''Krish, Trish & Baltiboy 2'' received a nomination at [[Cairo International Film Festival|21st Cairo International Film Festival]] for the category under ''Best Children's Animation Film'' in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=AnimationXpress |date=2012-03-22 |title=Krish, Trish and Balti Boy 2 nominated at 21st Cairo International Film Festival for Children - |url=https://www.animationxpress.com/event/online-events/awards/krish-trish-and-balti-boy-2-nominated-at-21st-cairo-international-film-festival-for-children/ |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=www.animationxpress.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== ''Krish, Trish & Baltiboy: Bharat Hain Hum'' ==
On 15 August 2023, Graphiti Multimedia announced the second season of the series as ''Krish, Trish & Baltiboy: Bharat Hain Hum.'' It was jointly produced by Central Bureau of Communication, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] and Graphiti Studios. In this series, the trio of Krish, Trish & Baltiboy relates the stirring history of [[Indian independence movement|The Freedom Struggle of India]] through real-life tales of courage and sacrifice of [[List of Indian independence activists|Indian Freedom Fighters]] of 1500s to 1947.<ref>{{Citation |title=Krish, Trish & Baltiboy Bharat Hain Hum |date=2023-08-15 |type=ऐनिमेशन |url=https://www.imdb.com/hi/title/tt29612962/ |access-date=2025-02-28 |others=Smita Malhotra, Tarun Ratnani, Deepak Chachra |publisher=Graphiti Multimedia}}</ref>

On 11 October 2023, Union Minister [[Anurag Thakur|Anurag Singh Thakur]] launched the trailer of ''KTB- Bharat Hain Hum''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Anurag Thakur launches trailer of animated series Krish, Trish and Baltiboy – Bharat Hain Hum |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1966550#:~:text=Union%20Minister%20Shri%20Anurag%20Thakur,and%20Broadcasting%20and%20Graphiti%20Studios. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208223321/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1966550#:~:text=Union%20Minister%20Shri%20Anurag%20Thakur,and%20Broadcasting%20and%20Graphiti%20Studios. |archive-date=8 December 2024 |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=pib.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref>

In November 2024, during the [[International Film Festival of India]] (IFFI) in [[Goa]], the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] unveiled the second season of the animated series as ''Krish, Trish, and Baltiboy 2: Bharat Hain Hum''. The event was graced by superstar [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], who emphasized the importance of educating the younger generation about India's unsung heroes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CineBlitz |first=Team |date=2024-11-22 |title=Nagarjuna launches Season 2 of the Celebrated Animated Series Krish, Trish, and Baltiboy: Bharat Hain Hum, at IFFI Goa |url=https://cineblitz.in/news-gossip/nagarjuna-launches-season-2-of-the-celebrated-animated-series-krish-trish-and-baltiboy-bharat-hain-hum-at-iffi-goa/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=CineBlitz |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-22 |title=Superstar Nagarjuna launches Season 2 of the Celebrated Animated Series Krish, Trish, and Baltiboy: Bharat Hain Hum, at IFFI Goa - India Communication Forum |url=https://www.indiacommunicationforum.com/superstar-nagarjuna-launches-season-2-of-the-celebrated-animated-series-krish-trish-and-baltiboy-bharat-hain-hum-at-iffi-goa/ |access-date=2025-02-28 |language=en}}</ref>

All episodes were aired at [[DD National]] and [[All India Radio]]. Later it were digitally streamed at [[Netflix]], [[Amazon Prime Video]] and [[Prasar Bharati]]'s OTT platform, Waves available in 12 Indian languages and seven international languages, reaching audiences in over 150 countries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=bureau |first=afaqs! news |title=Animated series on freedom fighters to stream on Doordarshan, Prime Video, Netflix and WAVES |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/ott-streaming/animated-series-on-freedom-fighters-to-stream-on-doordarshan-prime-video-netflix-and-waves-7599512 |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=www.afaqs.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-14 |title=Animation characters Krish, Trish and Batliboy to recount tales of unsung heroes of India's freedom struggle |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/animation-characters-krish-trish-and-batliboy-to-recount-tales-of-unsung-heroes-of-indias-freedom-struggle/articleshow/104405243.cms |access-date=2025-03-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In 2024, [[Narendra Modi]], [[Prime Minister of India]], praised ''Krish, Trish & Baltiboy: Bharat Hain Hum'' in his [[Mann Ki Baat]] programme. He said that:
{{Blockquote
|text=Friends, now in ‘Mann Ki Baat’ i.e. MKB, we will talk about KTB. Many of the elderly may not know about KTB. But just ask children, KTB is a superhit among them. KTB means Krish, Trish and Baltiboy. You might know that the favourite animation series of children is called KTB – Bharat Hain Hum and now its second season is also out. These three animation characters tell us about those heroes and bravehearts; men and women associated with the Indian freedom struggle who are not discussed much. Recently, its season-2 was launched in a very special way at the International Film Festival of India, Goa.
The best thing is that this series is broadcast not only in many Indian languages but also in foreign languages. It can be watched on Doordarshan as well as other OTT platforms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM's address in the 117th Episode of 'Mann Ki Baat' |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pms-address-in-the-117th-episode-of-mann-ki-baat/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113075501/https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pms-address-in-the-117th-episode-of-mann-ki-baat/ |archive-date=13 January 2025 |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=www.pmindia.gov.in |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
|author=[[Narendra Modi]]
|title=
|source=''117th [[Mann Ki Baat]]'' (29 December 2024)
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website|https://www.graphitimultimedia.com/krish-trish-and-baltiboy}}
*{{Netflix title|81713009|Krish, Trish & Baltiboy Bharat Hain Hum}}
*[https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Krish-Trish-and-Baltiboy---Bharat-Hain-Hum/0LVFD2ZZXW972PYHXEXEAH36XY ''Krish Trish and Baltiboy - Bharat Hain Hum''] on [[Amazon Prime Video]]
*{{IMDb title|tt29612962|Krish, Trish & Baltiboy Bharat Hain Hum}}

[[Category:2009 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2000s animated comedy television series]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian children's animated comedy television series]]
[[Category:Indian children's animated fantasy television series]]
[[Category:Pogo (TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:2010s Indian television series]]
[[Category:Television shows adapted into comics]]
[[Category:Television shows adapted into films]]
[[Category:Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian television series]]
[[Category:Indian animated television series]]
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[[Category:Indian children's television series]]

Kiron Sinha

2026-02-28T04:45:45Z

RayfordFvx: Creating The Article Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian artist (1916–2009)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
'''Kiron Sinha''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: কিরন সিনহা; 4 March 1916 – 5 December 2009) was an Indian painter and sculptor. He was associated with the [[Santiniketan: The Making of a Contextual Modernism|Santiniketan School]].<ref name=":19">{{Cite book |last=Gurtu |first=Sachirani |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.441419/mode/2up |title=कला के प्रणेता |publisher=India Publishing House |year=1969 |location=Bombay |pages=183–185 |trans-title=Pioneers of Art |access-date=20 March 2025 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

{{Infobox person
| name = Kiron Sinha
| native_name = কিরন সিনহা
| native_name_lang = Bn
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1916|03|04}}
| birth_place = Khalapara, Netrokona, Bengal Presidency, British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2009|12|05|1916|03|04}}
| death_place = Santiniketan, West Bengal, India
| citizenship = Indian
| education = Diploma in Fine Arts, Kala Bhavana, Santiniketan, 1938
| occupation = Artist
| known_for = Painting, sculpture, murals, sketching
| spouse = Gertrude Sinha Hirsch (married 1939)
| children = 1
| parents =
}}

== Early life ==
Kiron Sinha (Bengali: কিরন সিনহা) was born on 4 March 1916 in Khalapara, [[Netrokona District]], Bengal (now in [[Bangladesh]]). He was the fourth of five children of Umesh Chandra Sinha Chaudhury, a school teacher, and Niraja Devi, a folk artist.<ref>Sinha, Gertrude (1987). "Letter to the Editor: Kiran Sinha's Art". ''The Telegraph''. Kolkata. 19 July 1987.</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SiSLWDakUmkC |title=Artists Directory |date=1961 |publisher=Lalit Kala Akademi |location=New Delhi |publication-date=1961 |access-date=19 March 2025}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite magazine |last=Blewett |first=Verna |date=2018 |title=The artist with a difference: Finding Kiron Sinha |url=https://www.bulbulart.com/wp-content/uploads/the-statesman-festival-18.pdf |magazine=The Statesman |location=Kolkata |volume=Festival Issue |pages=6–14 |access-date=19 March 2025 |via=BulbulArt}}</ref>

The family followed Orthodox [[Hindus|Hindu]] traditions. Sinha displayed artistic ability at an early age, encouraged by both his parents. He later regarded his mother as his first art teacher.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Chattopadhyay |first=Purnanda |date=8 December 1981 |title=প্রধানমন্ত্রী যে-উপেক্ষিত শিল্পীর বাড়ি যাবেন |trans-title=The unacclaimed artist's house that the Prime Minister will visit |work=Ananda Bazar Patrika |language=bn |publication-place=Santiniketan}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last1=Hirsch |first1=Lily |last2=Blewett |first2=Verna |date=2023 |title=Iconic Masterpieces of Indian Modern Art, Edition 2 |publisher=Delhi Art Gallery |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Kishore |edition=1st |location=New Delhi |pages=751–763 |chapter=Kiron Sinha: Encountering a Friend |chapter-url=https://dagworld.com/iconic-2.html |access-date=19 March 2025}}</ref>

When he was about twelve years old, his mother died of [[cholera]]. This loss had a significant impact on his life, and in later years he dedicated many of his artworks to her memory. The theme of motherhood subsequently became prominent in his work, with dedications both to his mother and to his wife in her role as a mother.<ref name=":3" />

Sinha completed his matriculation from Baradi High School and College in June 1933.<ref name=":3" />

== Student at Kala Bhavana, Santiniketan ==
One month after matriculation, with the encouragement and support of his father, Sinha was admitted to [[Kala Bhavana]], the art department of [[Visva-Bharati University|Visva Bharati]] at [[Shantiniketan|Santiniketan]], to refine his artistic skills and acquire new techniques. During his time there, he studied under artists such as [[Nandalal Bose]], [[Ramkinkar Baij]], [[Surendranath Kar]], and [[Benode Behari Mukherjee]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Sabyasachi |date=7 June 1987 |title=The Agony and the Ecstasy |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.11822/page/n591/mode/2up?q=%22Kiran+Sinha%22 |access-date=19 March 2025 |work=The Telegraph |location=Kolkata |pages=18–19}}</ref>

In 1933, along with Ramkinkar and other students, Sinha contributed sculptural work to the university buildings ''Shyamali'' and ''Kalabari''.<ref name=":2" /> He thrived in the environment and later recalled that his work had been commended by [[Rabindranath Tagore]] during a 1934 visit to the institution to review students' art.<ref name=":1" />

In 1937, Sinha was awarded a Sino-Indian Cultural Scholarship by [[Tan Yun-Shan]] and Nandalal Bose to study Chinese classical painting in [[Nanjing]], China.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite magazine |last=Chattopadhyay |first=Purnanda |date=August 1991 |title=অবহেলিত নাকি স্ব-নির্বাসিত শিল্পী? |trans-title=Neglected, or self-exiled artists? |magazine=DESH Magazine |language=bn |location=Kolkata |pages=98}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite book |last=Vachaspati |first=Gairola |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.441801/page/n3/mode/2up?q=%22%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%22 |title=भारतीय-चित्रकला |trans-title=Indian Painting |date=1963 |publisher=Mitra Prakashan |editor-last=Das |editor-first=Krishna |edition=1st |location=Allahabad |pages=254, 264, 283 |language=hi |access-date=20 March 2025 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> He enrolled at [[Sun Yat-sen University]] as a scholar, travelling with Rabindranath Tagore's signed recommendation, blessings, and a travel allowance.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> However, within six months of his arrival, the outbreak of the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] forced him to return to India by September that year.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

By April 1938, Sinha had completed his studies and was awarded the Visva-Bharati Diploma.<ref>''Visva-Bharati Annual Report & Audited Accounts 1937–1938''. Published April 1938. p. 6.</ref>

== South India, Rajasthan, Lahore, Santiniketan ==
Upon his return to India in early 1938, Sinha was employed as an art teacher<ref>''Visva-Bharati Annual Report & Audited Accounts 1937–1938''. Published April 1938. p. 14.</ref> by [[K. Sankara Menon]] at [[Rukmini Devi Arundale|Rukmini Devi]]'s institution, the [[Kalakshetra Foundation]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6">Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India (1960). Gertrude Sinha (w/o Kiron Sinha), Austrian National. New Delhi: National Archives of India, 6/99/60 I. C. [available from the National Archives of India].</ref><ref name=":21">{{Cite news |date=14 August 1963 |title=Viennese Artist Becomes an Indian |work=The Advertiser |location=Adelaide, Australia |pages=28}}</ref> In 1939, he was appointed art master at Vidyodaya Schools, where he designed costumes for school performances and created the school crest that continues to be in use.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=The School Crest |url=https://vidyodayaschools.in/logo.php |access-date=18 March 2025 |website=Vidyodaya Schools, T. Nagar, Chennai}}</ref>

During his time at Kalakshetra, Sinha met the Vienna-born artist and art teacher [[Gertrude Sinha Hirsch|Gertrude Hirsch]] (15 June 1911 – 5 September 2011), who was then teaching at the Annie Besant Memorial School.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> They were married in June 1939, despite objections from Sinha's father, but with the blessing of [[Rabindranath Tagore]].<ref name=":3" />

In 1941, Sinha left teaching to work as a full-time independent artist.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /> His paintings from this period included ''South Indian Restaurant'', ''Collecting Mushrooms'', ''Gallery Tamil Women'', ''Catching Sea Crabs'', and ''Third Class Passengers''.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":20">{{Cite book |last=Joshi |first=Mahesh |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.445992/page/n9/mode/2up |title=उस युगीन भारतीय कला |trans-title=Indian Art Through the Ages |date=1995 |publisher=Rajasthani Prathagar |edition=1st |location=Jodhpur |pages=288 |language=hi |access-date=20 March 2025 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> From February to April 1942, he collaborated with Gertrude Hirsch to produce a pair of murals for the Students' Common Room at [[Women's Christian College, Chennai|Women's Christian College]], Chennai.<ref name=":7">{{Cite magazine |last=Parkar |first=Hamida |title=The art of loving in tragedy |url=https://www.indianlink.com.au/art-loving-tragedy/ |magazine=Indian Link |date=14 November 2018 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=24–25 |access-date=19 March 2025}}</ref><ref>Sinha, K.; Sinha, G.; Dattaji, M. S.; George, E. (1942). "The Rhythm of Life". ''The Sunflower''. Madras: Women's Christian College. Vol. 42, pp. 9–13.</ref> These murals remain in place.<ref name=":3" />

While Sinha continued to work as an independent artist, Gertrude held various jobs across India to support the family and his artistic pursuits.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> At each location, Sinha accompanied her, documenting aspects of the environment and everyday life through his art.<ref name=":3" /> Sinha described Gertrude not only as his wife and financial supporter but also as his most important artistic influence, referring to her as "my inspiration, my muse, my most important teacher and the love of my life".<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />

In early 1943, the couple travelled and worked in [[Rajasthan]], where Sinha painted ''Jodhpur Women'' and ''Udaipur Women''.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> By January 1944, they were living in [[Lahore]], where Gertrude had taken up a post as Lecturer of Art at the [[University of the Punjab]]'s Fine Arts Department.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.97273/page/n669/mode/2up?q=%22gertrude+sinha+hirsch%22 |title=The Calendar of the University of the Panjab, Volume 1 |date=1945 |publisher=The Civil and Military Gazette |location=Lahore |pages=632 |access-date=19 March 2025 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> During this period, Sinha painted ''Old Mali''<ref name=":20" /> and ''Monsoon Canal''.<ref name=":3" />

The couple's only child, Kamona (nicknamed Bulbul), was born in June 1945 in [[Mussoorie]]. Following her birth, the family decided to settle permanently and purchased land in Santiniketan in 1947.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /> For the first two years of Kamona's life, the family moved between Lahore and Santiniketan, as Gertrude continued in her post while Sinha oversaw the design and construction of their home in Santiniketan.

In 1946, Sinha was elected an ordinary member of [[Visva-Bharati University|Visva-Bharati]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=July 1946 |title=Visva-Bharati News |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.95160/page/n47/mode/2up?q=%22kiron+sinha%22 |journal=Visva-Bharati News |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=44 |access-date=19 March 2025 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

== Shillong, 1948–1950 ==
From 1948 to 1950, the couple lived in [[Shillong]], Assam (now in [[Meghalaya]]), where Gertrude held a government-funded post as Industrial Art Expert under Thomas Hayley, Secretary and Director of Rural Development to the Government of Assam.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" /> During this period, they became close friends with the local artist [[Asu Dev]] and his wife, Bela.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deb |first=Anutosh |title=Bulbul Art: Celebrating the art and lives of Kiron Sinha (1916–2009) and Gertrude Sinha Hirsch (1911–2011) |url=https://artofasudev.org/aaftaa/bulbul-art/ |access-date=18 March 2025 |website=Art of Asu Dev |date=19 March 2023}}</ref> The artists collaborated on various projects, including the design and production of woodblocks.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Deb |first=Anutosh |title=Asu Dev: Homage to the Artist |publisher=Anutosh Deb |year=1983 |location=Guwahati}}</ref>

After Sinha and Gertrude settled in Santiniketan, they continued to design and carve woodblocks for many years. Gertrude used these blocks to create printed textiles such as wall hangings, household items, and garments, which became highly sought after.<ref name=":21" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=King |first1=Edith |last2=King |first2=Earl |date=15 October 1956 |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=Mary Alice |title=Handweaving in India Today |url=https://ia902308.us.archive.org/31/items/sim_handweaver-craftsman_fall-1956_7_4/sim_handweaver-craftsman_fall-1956_7_4.pdf |journal=Handweaver & Craftsman |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=10–13, 53–54 |access-date=19 March 2025 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=1950 |title=News from the Capital |work=Eve's Weekly |location=Bombay |pages=unknown}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last=Fabri |first=Charles |date=22 October 1951 |title=Kiron and Gertrud Sinha: Paintings and Textiles (Institute of Foreign Languages, Davico's) |work=The Statesman |location=New Delhi |pages=unknown}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite news |date=22 October 1951 |title=Exhibition of Textile Prints and Paintings |work=Hindustan Times |location=New Delhi |pages=unknown}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite news |date=22 October 1951 |title=Mr Kiron Sinha's Paintings Exhibition at I.F.L. Centre |work=Times of India |location=New Delhi |pages=unknown}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Francis |first=Ivor |date=15 July 1952 |title=Show exciting, stimulating |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/130815701? |access-date=19 March 2025 |work=The News |location=Adelaide, Australia |pages=9 |via=Trove}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite news |date=18 December 1952 |title=From our Art Critic |work=The Statesman |location=New Delhi |pages=unknown}}</ref>

== Santiniketan: 1950s and 1960s ==
By the mid-1950s, the family returned to Santiniketan, where they remained for the rest of their lives.

During the 1950s and 1960s, Sinha produced a substantial body of work and held exhibitions in Delhi, Calcutta, Lucknow, and Australia.<ref name=":3" /> At one of these exhibitions in the early 1950s, Gertrude met [[Indira Gandhi]], with whom she developed a friendship.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |last=Chattopadhyay |first=Purnanda |date=20 November 1984 |title=এটাই হবে আমার হাতের শেষ মূর্তি। |trans-title=This will be the last statue by my hands |work=Ananda Bazar Patrika |location=Santiniketan |pages=unknown |language=bn}}</ref> Gandhi became an admirer of Sinha's paintings and Gertrude's hand-printed textiles, acquiring several works. These were displayed in public offices and also presented to foreign visitors and dignitaries.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":7" /> She inaugurated Sinha's exhibition at Freemasons' Hall in 1952.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |date=18 December 1952 |title=Kiron Sinha's Paintings: Exhibition Opened |work=Hindusthan Standard |location=New Delhi |pages=unknown}}</ref>

Influenced by the monumental works of his teacher and mentor [[Ramkinkar Baij]], Sinha further developed the use of cement for sculpture, occasionally incorporating coloured oxides.<ref name=":3" /> His first work in this medium, ''Santal Couple with Dog'', completed in 1952 in his Santiniketan garden, stood 2.3 metres tall. Over his lifetime, Sinha produced more than 50 large-scale sculptures.<ref name=":3" />

In the late 1950s, Sinha met the young student [[A. Ramachandran]], whom he mentored and encouraged in the use of oils.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |url=https://issuu.com/artianaindia/docs/a.ramachandran-yayati-_ecatalogue |title=Yayati: Limited Edition Serigraphs by A. Ramachandran |date=2014 |publisher=The Serigraph Studio |location=New Delhi |pages=56 |access-date=19 March 2025 |via=Issuu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Archana |first=Rani |date=2012 |title=Joyous Celebration of Nature in A. Ramachandran's Painting |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338014927 |journal=IMIS International Press |pages=14–17 |access-date=19 March 2025 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> They often engaged in discussions on art and contemporary movements, and Ramachandran sometimes accompanied Sinha on visits to villages in [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]]. There Sinha painted and sketched landscapes and depictions of the [[Santal people]] in daily life and work.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last1=Blewett |first1=Verna |last2=Hirsch |first2=Lily |last3=Gangopadhyay |first3=Somnath |date=2015 |title=Work in art, art in work: [un]changing representations of work in the art of Kiron Sinha |url=https://www.bulbulart.com/wp-content/uploads/Blewett-2015-Work-in-art.pdf |journal=Proceedings of the 19th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association |location=Melbourne |access-date=19 March 2025 |via=BulbulArt}}</ref>

In 1957, the painter Shantanu Ukil visited Santiniketan and met Sinha. He was influenced by Sinha's [[Neo-Impressionism|neo-Impressionistic]] style, bold colour palette, and depictions of the Santal people.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ukil |first=Satyasri |date=2012 |title=Shantanu Ukil: Profile of the Painter |url=http://unikcolors.blogspot.com/2012/11/shantanu-ukil.html |access-date=19 March 2025 |website=Unikcolors}}</ref>

== Naggar: 1960s ==
In 1962, Sinha was introduced to [[Mohinder Singh Randhawa|M. S. Randhawa]], who admired his work, particularly his depictions of local people. Randhawa suggested that Sinha spend time in the [[Kullu district|Kulu]] and [[Kangra district|Kangra]] valleys to document the landscape and inhabitants.

In the mid-1960s, Sinha built a house in [[Naggar, Himachal Pradesh|Naggar]], where the family stayed on several occasions until the late 1960s. During this period, they developed a friendship with the Russian painter [[Svetoslav Roerich]] and his wife, [[Devika Rani]]. Sinha's years in the Kulu Valley were especially productive, and works from this time were acquired by Randhawa for the [[Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh]], while others entered the collection of the [[Birla Academy of Art and Culture]], Kolkata.<ref name=":3" />

== Work at Silpa Sadana ==
In September 1968, Sinha was appointed by [[Visva-Bharati University|Visva-Bharati]] as a designer and teacher at [[Silpa Sadana]], [[Sriniketan]], where he contributed to the development of craft-based art.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite journal |date=September 1968 |title=Visvabharati News |journal=Visvabharati News |volume=XXXVII |issue=3 |pages=81}}</ref> His work there focused primarily on the design of ceramics and textiles.<ref name=":1" /> He collaborated closely with a Japanese ceramicist colleague, who produced thrown vessels based on Sinha's designs, which he later decorated.<ref name=":1" />

== Patron ==
Leo Hirsch, Gertrude's only sibling, emigrated to [[Adelaide]], [[Australia]], in 1939. He and Gertrude corresponded regularly, and Leo supported Sinha for several decades by providing painting materials and attempting to promote his work in Australia.<ref name=":7" />

== Loss of Kamona ==
In 1972, Sinha and Gertrude's only daughter, Kamona (nicknamed Bulbul), died in an accident. In the following years, Sinha produced a series of paintings reflecting his grief and his vision of Bulbul in the spirit world. These included ''Bulbul Playing the Mouth Organ in a Tree'', ''Bulbul Passing to the Spirit World'', ''Spirit of Kamona'', and ''Grieving Father''.<ref name=":3" />

This loss marked a turning point in his artistic journey. Sinha's subsequent work entered a new phase, exploring [[Lila (Hinduism)|Lila]], the divine play of [[Krishna]], often depicting [[Radha]] and the [[gopi]]s.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

== Later years and death ==
[[File:BAC-10366 Kiron with Monsoon Melody SINK-2004 1988-01-16 DSCN2381.jpg|thumb|440x440px|Kiron Sinha, aged 72, in his Santiniketan studio with his painting "Monsoon Melody". Photo by Robert Hirsch, copyright from the Archive of the BulbulArt Collection. Article ID: BAC-10366]]
Following the tragic loss of their only daughter, Sinha's eyesight began to deteriorate from the mid-1970s.<ref name=":4" /> During this period, the couple had little income and lived in relative poverty. Sinha painted on ''chattis'' (woven date palm mats) as they were more affordable than canvas.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> By the late 1980s, he could only perceive light and shade, and by the late 1990s, he was completely blind.<ref name=":3" />

In the early 1980s, he gave up painting and turned to sculpture and cement friezes as a response to his blindness, describing that he could "see" with his hands.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> Many of these late sculptures were larger than life, featuring Bulbul's face, and were dedicated either to her memory or to Gertrude as her mother.<ref name=":3" />

Their poverty and Sinha's blindness contributed to the couple becoming increasingly reclusive.<ref name=":3" /> This was further compounded by a violent burglary on 17 September 1980, in which Gertrude was seriously injured and some paintings were damaged,<ref name=":3" /> and another on 25 August 2005, during which at least 18 paintings were stolen.

In their final years, Sinha and Gertrude lived privately within their compound, relying on local people for food and care.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> Sinha continued to sculpt small hand-sized pieces from cement and oxides almost until his death.<ref name=":3" />

He died in Santiniketan on 5 December 2009.<ref name=":3" />

== Legacy and impact ==
Sinha produced a substantial body of ''[[En plein air|plein-air]]'' work in rural [[West Bengal]] and other regions of India where the couple lived. These paintings depict the everyday life of village communities in the context of their homes, workplaces, and farms, serving as a visual record of daily life in India during the first half of the 20th century.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":14" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Pawan |date=2009 |title=रविवनाओं के बिंगा सृजन अट्रारा |trans-title=Creation is incomplete without feelings |journal=Arts Quarterly |language=Hindi |location=Lucknow |publisher=Lalit Kala Academy |pages=27–30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bhowmik |first=Sharit |date=2009 |title=Understanding labour dynamics in India |journal=South African Review of Sociology |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=47–61 |doi=10.1080/21528586.2009.10425099}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite news |date=19 September 1963 |title=Viennese in a Sari |work=The Herald |location=Melbourne, Australia |pages=34}}</ref>

His lifelong interest in folk art is evident, with many of his works across decades exploring these themes.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":1" />

Sinha's works are held in the collections of the Birla Academy of Art and Culture, [[Delhi Art Gallery]],<ref name=":3" /> [[Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh]], and [[Prime Ministers' Museum and Library Society|The Prime Ministers' Museum and Library Society]].<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Jagdish Saran |url=https://ia601806.us.archive.org/1/items/dli.ernet.536502/536502-Jawaharlal%20Nehru%20%281955%29.pdf |title=Jawaharlal Nehru: A Descriptive Bibliography |publisher=S. Chand & Co |year=1955 |location=Delhi, Lucknow, Jullundur |pages=301–304 |access-date=19 March 2025 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> His works are also held at [[Visva-Bharati University]] and in private and government collections in Australia, India, the United Kingdom, Spain, the United States, Switzerland, Sweden, Russia, Indonesia, and Germany.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome: Celebrating the art and lives of Kiron Sinha (1916–2009) and Gertrude Sinha Hirsch (1911–2011) |url=https://www.bulbulart.com/ |access-date=18 March 2025 |website=BulbulArt}}</ref> Several of these works were presented by the Government of India to other countries.<ref name=":19" />

One sculpture remains on public display in Santiniketan, West Bengal, although Sinha's signature is no longer visible.<ref name=":3" /> The three houses he designed and built in Santiniketan and Naggar also remain standing.<ref name=":3" />

== List of exhibitions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Date
!Place
!Exhibition Title
!Comments
|-
|January 1944
|Mumbai
|''Bombay Art Society Annual Exhibition<ref>D. G. V. (1944). 'Bombay Art Society: Contemporary Events Figure in Exhibits'. ''The Bombay Chronicle''. 26 January 1944, p.3. Bombay, India</ref>''
|
|-
|17-30 August 1948
|Government Museum, Madras
|''The first monthly Art Exhibition of the South Indian Society of Painters''<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1948 |editor-last=Gandhy |editor-first=K. M. |title=AIAFA News |journal=All India Association of Fine Arts |publisher=AIAFA |publication-place=Bombay |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1948 |title=Exhibition in Madras |journal=Silpi Magazine |volume=3 |pages=114–116}}</ref>
|Group Exhibition
|-
|December 1950
|New Delhi
|''Exhibition of hand printed textiles with designs from folk and tribal art''
|Opened by [[Indira Gandhi]]<ref name=":8" />
|-
|21–27 October 1951
|Institute of Foreign Languages, Davidco's, New Delhi<ref name=":10" />
|''Kiron and Gertrude Sinha: Paintings and Textiles''
|Opened by Toyberg Frandzen, the Danish Minister to India<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":15" />
|-
|15–26 July 1952
|Society of Arts Gallery Institute Building, Adelaide Australia<ref name=":16">{{Cite news |last=Tidemann |first=Harold |date=12 July 1952 |title=Music... Art... Theatre: Helping to Foster Culture in Australia |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/47412114 |access-date=19 March 2025 |work=The Advertiser |location=Adelaide, Australia |pages=7 | via=Trove}}</ref>
|''Contemporary Art Society Adelaide Annual Exhibition''<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 July 1952 |title=Indian Art for Adelaide |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/47403253 |access-date=19 March 2025 |work=The Advertiser |location=Adelaide, Australia |pages=14 | via=Trove}}</ref>
|Opened by A. N. Jeffares<ref name=":16" />

Group Exhibition. A number of Kiron's works shown.
|-
|1–17 July 1952
|Sydney
|''Contemporary Art Society Fourteenth Annual Interstate Exhibition''<ref>{{Cite book |title=Contemporary Art Society Of Australia 14th Interstate Exhibition Catalogue |publisher=Contemporary Art Society of Australia |year=1952 |location=Sydney, Australia |pages=10}}</ref>
|Two of Sinha's works were shown.
|-
|17–21 December 1952
|Freemason's Hall, New Delhi
|''Kiron and Gertrude Sinha: Paintings and Textiles''<ref name=":12" />
|Inaugurated by [[Indira Gandhi]]<ref name=":17" />
|-
|22–27 October 1953
|No 1 Chowinghee Tce, Kolkata
|''Kiron and Gertrude Sinha: Paintings and Textiles''<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 October 1953 |title=Paintings and Prints by the Sinhas |work=The Statesman |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref>
|
|-
|3–9 December 1953
|[[All India Fine Arts and Crafts Society]], New Delhi
|''Paintings by Kiron Sinha''
|Inaugurated by E W. Meyer, German Ambassador<ref>{{Cite news |date=1953 |title=Fine work by Kiron Sinha: Paintings on View |work=Times of India |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref>
|-
|16 June – 17 October 1954
|India Pavilion, Central Pavilion (Room 39), Giardini, Venice
|''[[Venice Biennale]]''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Naylor |first=Stephen |title=The Venice Biennale and the Asia-Pacific in the Global Art World |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780367499808 |location=New York}}</ref>
|
|-
|March 1955
|Jaipur House, New Delhi
|''[[Lalit Kala Akademi]], First National Exhibition of Art''
|Inaugurated by [[Rajendra Prasad]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=First National Exhibition of Art Catalogue |date=1955 |publisher=Lalit Kala Akadami, National Academy of Art |location=Jaipur House, New Delhi, India}}</ref>
|-
|17-15 December 1955
|[[All India Fine Arts and Crafts Society]], New Delhi
|
|An exhibition of paintings and textiles alongside [[A. A. Raiba]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 1955 |title=Two Painting Exhibitions: Works of Raiba & Kiron Sinha |work=Hindustan Times |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=December 1955 |title=Hand-Printed Textiles Exhibition: Sinhas' Joint Venture |work=Times of India |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Puri |first=Rakshat |date=17 December 1955 |title=Art Exhibitions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JBbmAAAAMAAJ&dq=kiron+sinha+artist&pg=RA49-PA18 |journal=Thought |volume=7 |issue=51 |pages=18–19 |access-date=2 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
|1956
|New Delhi
|
|Exhibition opened by Lorraine Rowan Shevlin (wife of Sherman Cooper, the US Ambassador to India).<ref name=":11" />
|-
|January 1956
|Jaipur House, New Delhi
|''Lalit Kala Akademi National Exhibition of Art''
|Opened by Dr [[Rajendra Prasad]], President of the Indian Union<ref>{{Cite book |last= |title=National Exhibition of Art Catalogue |date=1956 |publisher=Lalit Kala Akadami, National Academy of Art |publication-place=New Delhi, India}}</ref>
|-
|16–18 November 1956
|Bulbul Art Gallery, Santiniketan
|
|Opened by Visva Bharati, [[Satyendra Nath Bose]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 1956 |title=শিল্পী কিরণ সিনহার প্রদর্শনী |trans-title=Artist Kiron Sinha's Exhibition |work=Jana Sevaka |location=Santiniketan, India |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|8-16 November 1958
|All India Fine Arts and Craft Society, New Delhi
|''Saga on the Santals: Exhibition of Kiron Sinha's paintings and textiles by Gertrude Sinha''
|Opened by [[Humayun Kabir (Bengal politician)|Humayun Kabir]], Union Minister for Scientific Research and Culture<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 November 1958 |title=Kiron Sinha: paintings, and Gertrude Sinha: textiles (AIFACS) |work=The Statesman |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vijayatunga |first=Jinadasa |date=1959 |title=Kiron Sinha |journal=Roopa Lekha |location=New Delhi, India |volume=29 |issue=1–2 |pages=97–100}}</ref>
|-
|14 May – 16 July 1959
|[[Museum Folkwang]], Essen, Germany
|''Moderne indische Kunst''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ausstellungen von 1953 bis 1985 |trans-title=Exhibitions from 1953 to 1985 |url=https://www.villahuegel.de/en/ausstellungen-des-villa-huegel-e-v-1953-bis-1985/ |access-date=18 March 2025 |website=Villa Hügel |language=German}}</ref>
|
|-
|4–10 February 1961
|[[Academy of Fine Arts, Kolkata]]
|''Saga on the Santhals''<ref>{{Cite journal |date=January–February 1961 |title=Folk-Lore News |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_folk-lore_1961-02_2_1/page/n59/mode/2up |journal=Folk-Lore |publisher=Folk-Lore |publication-place=Calcutta, India |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=58 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>
|
|-
|23 September – 6 October 1963
|Argus Gallery, Melbourne, Australia<ref name=":22" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 October 1963 |title=An Indian Sees Red |work=The Telegraph |location=Sydney, Australia |pages=unknown}}</ref>
|''Saga on the Santals''
|Opened by JS Bloomfield, Minister for Education, in the presence of the Maharajah of Mysore, [[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Bernard |date=24 September 1963 |title=Indian Royalty Visits Art Show |work=The Age |location=Melbourne, Australia |pages=5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=November 1963 |title=People of Interest |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-3124309142/view?sectionId=nla.obj-3137582801&partId=nla.obj-3124371307 |magazine=Hemisphere Magazine |volume=7 |issue=11 |pages=38 |access-date=19 March 2025 |via=Trove}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Butler |first=Rex |date=2013 |title=Ten Rooms: The Real Spaces of Asian-Australian Artistic Interaction |url=https://www.academia.edu/89777615 |journal=Broadsheet |volume=42 |issue=3 |access-date=19 March 2023 |via=Academia.edu}}</ref>
|-
|15–25 October 1963
|Dominion Art Galleries, Sydney, Australia
|''Saga on the Santals''<ref>{{Cite news |author=W.T. |date=16 October 1963 |title=Art and Drama Reviews |work=Sydney Morning Herald |location=Sydney, Australia |pages=14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gleeson |first=James |date=20 October 1963 |title=The World of Art |work=The Sun Herald |location=Sydney, Australia |pages=121}}</ref>
|Opened by Sri G. L. Puri, Indian Trade Commissioner
|-
|1–7 October 1964
|All India Fine Arts and Crafts Society, New Delhi<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 October 1964 |title=Art: From Argentina to Kulu |work=The Statesman |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref>
|An exhibition of Kulu Paintings
|Inaugurated by [[Mohinder Singh Randhawa|M. S. Randhawa]]<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1964 |editor-last=Randhawa |editor-first=M. S. |editor2-last=Chaitanya |editor2-first=Krishna |editor3-last=Nath |editor3-first=Prem |title= |journal=Roopa-Lekha |location=New Delhi |publisher=All India Fine Arts and Crafts Society |volume=35 |issue=1&2 |pages=95}}</ref>
|-
|1965
|Lucknow
|
|Opened by Chief Minister [[Sucheta Kripalani|Sucheta Kriplani]]<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=12 January 2023 |title=हमारे पूर्वजों की पेंटिंग्स की खोज हमें आर्ट्स कॉलेज तक ले आई |trans-title=The search for the paintings of our ancestors brought us to the Arts College |work=Loksatta |location=Lucknow, India |pages=2 |language=Hindi}}</ref>
|-
|11-15 December 1966
|[[Kala Bhavana]], Santiniketan
|''Solo Exhibition''<ref>{{Cite journal |date=January 1967 |title=News and Notes |journal=Visvabharati News |volume=XXXV |issue=7 |pages=141}}</ref>
|
|-
|16-22 January 1967
|[[Academy of Fine Arts, Kolkata]]
|''The Call of the Himalayas''<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1967 |title=Exhibitions at the Academy of Fine Arts |journal=Art and the Artist |location=Calcutta |publisher=The Academy of Fine Arts Calcutta |volume=VIII |pages=4-6}}</ref>
|
|-
|7-12 November 1968
|[[Alliance française|Alliance Francaise]], Kolkata<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1969 |title=Exhibitions |journal=Visva-Bharati News |volume=37 |issue=7 |pages=186}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|1973
|[[Goethe-Institut|Max Mueller Bhavan]], Kolkata
|
|
|-
|26 September – 1 October 1989
|Birla Academy of Art and Culture, Kolkata
|''Artists who Care for Children''
|One painting of Sinha's was exhibited in this group exhibition
|-
|11–13 October 1996
|Devlalikar Kala Veethika, Indore
|''Hintaal: Retrospective of Kiron Sinha''<ref>Invitation for "Hintaal: An Exhibition of Kiron Sinha's Paintings", Davlalikar Kala Veethika, Indore, India. 1996</ref>
|
|-
|19 July - 16 August 2017
|Druck + Galerie, Munich, Germany
|''Kiron Sinha - Holzschnitte [Woodcuts]''
|
|-
|11 February – 26 March 2023
|[[Delhi Art Gallery]], Janpath, New Delhi
|''Iconic Masterpieces of Indian Modern Art Edition 2''<ref name=":3" />
|
|-
|7 November - 2 December 2025
|Gallery Flaneur, Adelaide, Australia
|''The Art of Connection''
|
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* https://www.bulbulart.com

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Kiron}}
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali artists]]
[[Category:Bengali male artists]]
[[Category:Blind artists]]
[[Category:Indian blind people]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:Indian male sculptors]]
[[Category:Painters from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People associated with Santiniketan]]
[[Category:People from Netrokona District]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sculptors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Visva-Bharati University alumni]]

ISRO

2026-02-21T19:08:08Z

RayfordFvx:

{{Short description|Indian national space and aeronautics agency}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox space agency
| name = Indian Space Research Organisation
| native_name = Bhāratīya Antarikṣa Anusandhāna Saṅgaṭhana
| acronym = ISRO
| logo = Indian Space Research Organisation Logo.svg
| image = ISRO Headquarters Bengaluru.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = ISRO Headquarters at [[Bengaluru]]
| headquarters = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|type:landmark_region:IN-KA|format=dms|display=inline title}}
| jurisdiction = [[Department of Space]]
| owner = [[Government of India]]
| motto = Space technology in the service of humankind
| established = {{Start date and age|df=y|1969|8|15}}
| preceding1 = [[Indian National Committee for Space Research|INCOSPAR]] (1962–1969)
| employees = 19,247 (as of 1 March 2022)<ref name="annualreport2022-2023">{{cite report|title=Annual Report 2022-2023: 3.2 Human Resources |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/HumanResource.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128014945/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/HumanResource.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2024 |work=[[Department of Space]] |page=139 }}</ref>
| spaceports = {{Unbulleted indent list
| [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]
| [[SSLV Launch Complex]]
| [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]]
}}
| leader_title = [[Chairperson of ISRO|Chairman]]
| leader_name = [[V. Narayanan (engineer)|V. Narayanan]]
| agency_type = Government space agency
| budget = {{increase}}{{INRConvert|13705.63|c|lk=on}} (2026–27)<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 Feb 2025 |title=316 No.95/Department of Space|url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/sbe95.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwi40-3xqNKMAxXTzjgGHRmPEL0QFnoECCYQAQ&usg=AOvVaw2mUtbCLTpcgUOgqJZYjbGM |access-date=1 Feb 2025 |website=IndiaBudget.gov.in |pages=5 |format=PDF |publication-place=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://www.isro.gov.in/|isro.gov.in}}
}}

The '''Indian Space Research Organisation''' ('''ISRO''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|s|r|oʊ}}){{efn|[[ISO 15919]]: {{transliteration|hi|ISO|Bhāratīya Antarikṣa Anusandhāna Saṅgaṭhana}}}} is the national [[List of government space agencies|space agency]] of India, headquartered in [[Bengaluru]], Karnataka. It serves as the principal research and development arm of the [[Department of Space]] (DoS), overseen by the [[Prime Minister of India]], with the [[Chairperson of ISRO|Chairman of ISRO]] also serving as the chief executive of the DoS. It is primarily responsible for space-based operations, [[space exploration]], international space cooperation and the development of related technologies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Space Research Organisation |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/profile.html |access-date=22 August 2023 |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105193909/https://www.isro.gov.in/profile.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The agency maintains a constellation of [[Earth observation satellite|imaging]], [[Communications satellite|communications]] and [[remote sensing]] satellites. It operates the [[GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation|GAGAN]] and [[Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System|IRNSS]] [[satellite navigation]] systems. It has sent [[Chandrayaan programme|three missions]] to the [[Moon]] and [[Mars Orbiter Mission|one mission]] to [[Mars]].

Formerly, ISRO was known as the [[Indian National Committee for Space Research]] (INCOSPAR), which was set up in 1962 by then-Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] on the recommendation of scientist [[Vikram Sarabhai]]. It was renamed as ISRO in 1969 and was subsumed into the [[Department of Atomic Energy]] (DAE).<ref>{{cite web |date=29 August 2019 |title=Atomic Energy Commission: Department of Atomic Energy | work=[[Government of India]] |url=http://dae.nic.in/?q=node/394 |access-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829222918/http://dae.nic.in/?q=node/394 |archive-date=29 August 2019}}</ref> The establishment of ISRO institutionalised space research activities in India.{{sfn|Bhargava|Chakrabarti|2003|pp=39}}{{sfn|Sadeh|2013|pp=303-}} In 1972, the Government set up a space commission and the DoS bringing ISRO under its purview. It has since then been managed by the DoS, which also governs various other institutions in the domain of astronomy and [[space technology]].<ref name="DOSHQ">{{cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/department-of-space-and-isro-hq |title=Department of Space and ISRO HQ – ISRO |access-date=28 March 2019 |work=Indian Space Research Organisation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328053630/https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/department-of-space-and-isro-hq |archive-date=28 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

ISRO built India's first satellite, [[Aryabhata (satellite)|Aryabhata]], which was launched by the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] space agency [[Interkosmos]] in 1975.<ref name="Aryabhatta">{{cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/aryabhata-1 |title=Aryabhata – ISRO |work=Indian Space Research Organisation |access-date=15 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815200808/https://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/aryabhata-1 |archive-date=15 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1980, it launched the satellite [[Rohini (satellite)|RS-1]] on board the indigenously built launch vehicle [[Satellite Launch Vehicle|SLV-3]], making India the [[Timeline of first orbital launches by country|seventh country]] to undertake orbital launches. It has subsequently developed various [[small-lift launch vehicle|small-lift]] and [[medium-lift launch vehicle]]s, enabling the agency to launch various satellites and [[Deep space exploration|deep space]] missions. It is one of the six government space agencies in the world that possess full launch capabilities with the ability to deploy [[Cryogenic rocket engine|cryogenic engines]], launch [[List of Solar System probes|extraterrestrial missions]] and [[Satellite|artificial satellites]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Pulakkat |first=Hari |date=9 January 2014 |title=How ISRO developed the indigenous cryogenic engine |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/how-isro-developed-the-indigenous-cryogenic-engine/articleshow/28575364.cms |access-date=2023-08-22 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105193907/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/how-isro-developed-the-indigenous-cryogenic-engine/articleshow/28575364.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Harvey|Smid|Pirard|2011|pp=144–}}{{efn|[[CNSA]] (China), [[European Space Agency|ESA]] (most of Europe), ISRO, (India), [[JAXA]] (Japan), [[NASA]] (United States) and [[Roscosmos]] (Russia) are the six space agencies with full launch capabilities.}} It is also the only one of the four governmental space agencies to have demonstrated unmanned [[soft landing]] capabilities.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mashal |first=Mujib |date=24 August 2023 |title=India's Moon Landing Offers Blueprint For Other Countries Dreaming Big |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/24/world/asia/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-space.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002162641/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/24/world/asia/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-space.html |archive-date=2 October 2023 |access-date=27 August 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>{{efn|The Soviet Union ([[Interkosmos]]), The United States (NASA), China (CNSA) and India (ISRO) are the four nations to have successfully achieved unmanned [[soft landing]].}}

ISRO's programmes have played a significant role in socio-economic development. It has supported both civilian and military domains in various aspects such as [[Emergency management|disaster management]], [[Telehealth|telemedicine]], navigation and reconnaissance. [[ISRO spin-off technologies|ISRO's spin-off technologies]] have also aided in new innovations in engineering and other allied domains.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 June 2019 |title=ISRO forms new commercial arm to exploit technology, launch satellites |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/isro-forms-new-psu-to-commercially-exploit-technology-launch-satellites/article28195144.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203012636/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/isro-forms-new-psu-to-commercially-exploit-technology-launch-satellites/article28195144.ece |archive-date=3 December 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] [[Business Line]]}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Agency logo ===
ISRO has an official logo since 2002. It consists of an orange arrow shooting upwards attached with two blue coloured satellite panels with the name of ISRO written in two sets of text, orange-coloured [[Devanagari]] on the left and blue-coloured English in the [[Prakrit]] typeface on the right.<ref name="SpaceIndia_Q2_2002">{{cite web |title=ISRO gets new identity |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/47-SI-Apr-Jun-2002/files/assets/basic-html/page-15.html |publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation |access-date=19 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820005819/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/47-SI-Apr-Jun-2002/files/assets/basic-html/page-15.html |archive-date=20 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="logo">{{cite news |title=A 'vibrant' new logo for ISRO |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/A-vibrant-new-logo-for-Isro/articleshow/19567123.cms |access-date=19 August 2018 |agency=Times of India |date=19 August 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909102134/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/A-vibrant-new-logo-for-Isro/articleshow/19567123.cms |archive-date=9 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Formative years ===
Modern space research in India can be traced to the 1920s, when scientist [[Sisir Kumar Mitra|S. K. Mitra]] conducted a series of experiments sounding the [[ionosphere]] through ground-based radio in [[Kolkata]].{{sfn|Daniel|1992|pp=486}} Later, Indian scientists like [[C. V. Raman]] and [[Meghnad Saha]] contributed to scientific principles applicable in space sciences.{{sfn|Daniel|1992|pp=486}} After 1945, important developments were made in coordinated space research in India{{sfn|Daniel|1992|pp=486}} by two scientists: Vikram Sarabhai, founder of the [[Physical Research Laboratory]] at [[Ahmedabad]], and [[Homi J. Bhabha|Homi Bhabha]], who established the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] in 1945.{{sfn|Daniel|1992|pp=486}} Initial experiments in space sciences included the study of [[Cosmic ray|cosmic radiation]], high-altitude and airborne testing, deep underground experimentation at the [[Particle experiments at Kolar Gold Fields|Kolar mines]]—one of the deepest mining sites in the world—and studies of the [[Atmosphere of Earth|upper atmosphere]].{{sfn|Daniel|1992|pp=487}} These studies were done at research laboratories, universities, and independent locations.{{sfn|Daniel|1992|pp=487}}{{sfn|Daniel|1992|pp=488}}

In 1950, the DAE was founded with Bhabha as its [[Secretary to the Government of India|secretary]].{{sfn|Daniel|1992|pp=488}} It provided funding for space research throughout India.{{sfn|Daniel|1992|pp=489}} During this time, tests continued on aspects of [[meteorology]] and the [[Earth's magnetic field]], a topic that had been studied in India since the establishment of the [[Colaba Observatory]] in 1823. In 1954, the [[Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences]] (ARIES) was established in the foothills of the Himalayas.{{sfn|Daniel|1992|pp=488}} The Rangpur Observatory was set up in 1957 at [[Osmania University]], [[Hyderabad]]. Space research was further encouraged by the government of India.{{sfn|Daniel|1992|pp=489}} In 1957, the Soviet Union launched [[Sputnik 1]] and opened up possibilities for the rest of the world to conduct a space launch.{{sfn|Daniel|1992|pp=489}}

INCOSPAR was set up in 1962 by the Government of India on the suggestion of Dr. Vikram Sarabhai.{{sfn|Sadeh|2013|pp=303-}} Initially there was no dedicated ministry for the space programme and all activities of INCOSPAR relating to space technology continued to function within the DAE.<ref name="DAE">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dae.nic.in/?q=node%2F394 |title=Government of India Atomic Energy Commission | Department of Atomic Energy |access-date=21 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829222918/http://dae.nic.in/?q=node%2F394 |archive-date=29 August 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{sfn|Bhargava|Chakrabarti|2003|pp=39}} [[Indian Ordnance Factories Service|IOFS]] officers were drawn from the [[Directorate of Ordnance (Coordination & Services)|Indian Ordnance Factories]] to harness their knowledge of propellants and advanced light materials used to build rockets.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2021/9/19/-Success-is-yours-failure-is-mine-makes-one-a-great-leader-Mujumdar.html |title='Success is yours, failure is mine' makes one a great leader: Mujumdar |access-date=6 December 2022 |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206214943/https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2021/9/19/-Success-is-yours-failure-is-mine-makes-one-a-great-leader-Mujumdar.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[H. G. S. Murthy]], an IOFS officer, was appointed the first director of the Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-i-m-proud-that-i-recommended-him-for-isro-ev-chitnis-2109096 |title=I'm proud that I recommended him for ISRO: EV Chitnis |first=Ashwini |last=Pawar |date=29 July 2015 |website=DNA India |access-date=13 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709211836/https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-i-m-proud-that-i-recommended-him-for-isro-ev-chitnis-2109096 |url-status=live}}</ref> where [[sounding rocket]]s were fired, marking the start of upper atmospheric research in India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro |title=About ISRO – ISRO |access-date=28 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328065955/https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro |archive-date=28 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> An indigenous series of sounding rockets named [[Rohini (rocket family)|Rohini]] was subsequently developed and started undergoing launches from 1967 onwards.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chari |first=Sridhar K |title=Sky is not the limit |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060722/saturday/main1.htm |access-date=14 March 2021 |newspaper=The Tribune |date=22 July 2006 |archive-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919142847/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060722/saturday/main1.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Waman Dattatreya Patwardhan]], another IOFS officer, developed the propellant for the rockets.

=== 1970s and 1980s ===
Under the government of [[Indira Gandhi]], INCOSPAR was superseded by ISRO. Later in 1972, a space commission and Department of Space (DoS) were set up to oversee space technology development in India specifically. ISRO was brought under DoS, institutionalising space research in India and forging the Indian space programme into its existing form.{{sfn|Bhargava|Chakrabarti|2003|pp=39}}<ref name="DOSHQ" /> India joined the Soviet Interkosmos programme for space cooperation<ref name="Sheehan">{{cite book |last=Sheehan |first=Michael |title=The international politics of space |year=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-39917-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-Z0kfqPHy8C |location=London |pages=59–61 |access-date=14 March 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413211452/https://books.google.com/books?id=V-Z0kfqPHy8C |url-status=live}}</ref> and got its first satellite Aryabhata in orbit through a Soviet rocket.<ref name="Aryabhatta" />

Efforts to develop an orbital launch vehicle began after mastering sounding rocket technology. The concept was to develop a launcher capable of providing sufficient velocity for a mass of {{cvt|35|kg}} to enter [[low Earth orbit]]. It took 7 years for ISRO to develop [[Satellite Launch Vehicle]] capable of putting {{cvt|40|kg}} into a {{convert|400|km|mi|adj=on}} orbit. An SLV Launch Pad, [[ground station]]s, tracking networks, radars and other communications were set up for a launch campaign. The SLV's first launch in 1979 carried a [[Rohini (satellite)|Rohini technology payload]] but could not inject the satellite into its desired orbit. It was followed by a successful launch in 1980 carrying a Rohini Series-I satellite, making India the seventh country to reach Earth's orbit after the USSR, the US, France, the [[Prospero (spacecraft)|UK]], China and Japan. RS-1 was the third Indian satellite to reach orbit as [[Bhaskara (satellites)|Bhaskara]] had been launched from the USSR in 1979. Efforts to develop a [[medium-lift launch vehicle]] capable of putting {{convert|600|kg|lb|adj=on}} class spacecrafts into {{convert|1000|km|mi|adj=on}} [[Sun-synchronous orbit]] had already begun in 1978.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IbbMj56ht8sC&pg=PA215 |title=Indian ambitions in space go sky-high |date=22 January 1981 |publisher=New Scientist |page=215 |access-date=14 March 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413211511/https://books.google.com/books?id=IbbMj56ht8sC&pg=PA215 |url-status=live}}</ref> They would later lead to the development of the [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (PSLV).<ref name="SLVFlipbook">{{cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/58-SI-Jul-Sep-05/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf |title=First Successful Launch of SLV-3 – Silver Jubilee |publisher=ISRO |page=17 |date=July–September 2005 |access-date=15 March 2021 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112000426/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/58-SI-Jul-Sep-05/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The SLV-3 later had two more launches before discontinuation in 1983.<ref name="slv">{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/slv |title=SLV |publisher=isro.gov.in |access-date=15 March 2021 |archive-date=29 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529133357/http://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/slv |url-status=live}}</ref> ISRO's [[Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre]] (LPSC) was set up in 1985 and started working on a more powerful engine, [[Vikas (rocket engine)|Vikas]], based upon the French [[Viking (rocket engine)|Viking]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sutton |first1=George Paul |title=History of Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines |date=2006 |publisher=AIAA |isbn=978-1-56347-649-5 |page=799 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s1C9Oo2I4VYC&pg=PA799 |language=en |access-date=14 March 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413211426/https://books.google.com/books?id=s1C9Oo2I4VYC&pg=PA799 |url-status=live}}</ref> Two years later, facilities to test liquid-fuelled rocket engines were established and development and testing of various rocket engines [[Thrusters (spacecraft)|thrusters]] began.<ref name="lpsctimeline">{{Cite web |title=Timeline of LPSC |url=https://www.lpsc.gov.in/timeline.html |work=Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre |access-date=15 March 2021 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309084932/https://www.lpsc.gov.in/timeline.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

At the same time, another solid-fuelled rocket, the [[Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (ASLV), whose design was based upon SLV-3 was being developed, with technologies to launch satellites into [[geostationary orbit]] (GTO). The ASLV had limited success and multiple launch failures; it was soon discontinued.<ref name=ITASLV>{{cite news |last=Menon |first=Amarnath |title=Setback in the sky |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/science-and-technology/story/19870415-failure-of-aslv-mission-comes-a-major-blow-to-india-ambitious-space-programme-798754-1987-04-14 |access-date=18 January 2014 |newspaper=India Today |date=15 April 1987 |archive-date=20 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140120143457/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/failure-of-aslv-mission-comes-a-major-blow-to-india-ambitious-space-programme/1/336942.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Alongside these developments, communication satellite technologies for the [[Indian National Satellite System]]<ref name="isro-comsats">{{Cite web |title=Communication Satellites |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/spacecraft/communication-satellites |work=Indian Space Research Organisation |access-date=16 March 2021 |archive-date=26 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226184331/https://www.isro.gov.in/spacecraft/communication-satellites |url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Indian Remote Sensing Programme]] for earth observation satellites<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Navalgund |first1=R. R. |last2=Kasturirangan |first2=K. |date=1 December 1983 |title=The Indian remote sensing satellite: a programme overview |journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences Section C: Engineering Sciences |language=en |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=313–336 |doi=10.1007/BF02881137 |issn=0973-7677 |bibcode=1983InES....6..313N |s2cid=140649818}}</ref> were developed and launches from overseas were initiated. The number of satellites eventually grew and the systems were established as among the largest satellite constellations in the world, with multi-band communication, radar imaging, optical imaging and meteorological satellites.<ref name="IRSSaga">{{Cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/saga-of-indian-remote-sensing-satellite-system |title=The Saga of Indian Remote Sensing Satellite System – ISRO |website=www.isro.gov.in |access-date=16 March 2021 |archive-date=27 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627192046/https://www.isro.gov.in/saga-of-indian-remote-sensing-satellite-system |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 1990s ===
The arrival of the PSLV in 1990s was a major boost for the Indian space programme. With the exception of its first flight in 1994 and two partial failures later, the PSLV had a streak of more than 50 successful flights. The PSLV enabled India to launch all of its low Earth orbit satellites, small payloads to GTO and hundreds of [[List of foreign satellites launched by India|foreign satellites]].<ref name="gsp-pslv-1">{{cite web |title=PSLV (1) |url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/pslv_1.htm |publisher=Gunter's Space Page |access-date=16 March 2021 |archive-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205170455/https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/pslv_1.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Along with the PSLV flights, development of a new rocket, a [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (GSLV) was going on. India tried to obtain upper-stage cryogenic engines from Russia's [[Glavkosmos]] but was blocked by the US from doing so. As a result, [[KVD-1]] engines were imported from Russia under a new agreement which had limited success<ref name=flGSLVQuest>{{cite news |last=Subramanian |first=T S |title=The GSLV Quest |url=http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl1806/18060820.htm |access-date=16 March 2021 |newspaper=Frontline |date=17–31 March 2001 |archive-date=1 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401030910/http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl1806%2F18060820.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> and a project to develop indigenous cryogenic technology was launched in 1994, taking two decades to reach fulfillment.<ref name=GSLVGopalRaj>{{cite news |last=Raj |first=N Gopal |title=The long road to cryogenic technology |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-long-road-to-cryogenic-technology/article397441.ece |access-date=12 December 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=21 April 2011 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=21 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621064359/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-long-road-to-cryogenic-technology/article397441.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> A new agreement was signed with Russia for seven KVD-1 cryogenic stages and a ground mock-up stage with no technology transfer, instead of five cryogenic stages along with the technology and design in the earlier agreement.<ref>{{cite news |last=Subramanian |first=T S |title=The cryogenic quest |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1809/18090140.htm |access-date=13 December 2013 |newspaper=Frontline |date=28 April – 11 May 2001 |archive-date=13 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213054718/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1809/18090140.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> These engines were used for the initial flights and were named GSLV Mk.1.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why ISRO's New Engine and Mk III Rocket Are Reasons to Forget 1990 Cryogenic Scandal |url=https://thewire.in/138915/cryogenic-ce-20-isro-gslv-mk-iii/ |website=The Wire |access-date=10 February 2018 |archive-date=11 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211192523/https://thewire.in/138915/cryogenic-ce-20-isro-gslv-mk-iii/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ISRO was under US government sanctions between 6 May 1992 to 6 May 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2021 |title=Master Sanctions Chart – State Department |url=https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/MASTER-Sanctions-chart-April-2021.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504170258/https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/MASTER-Sanctions-chart-April-2021.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2021 |access-date=4 May 2021}}</ref> After the United States refused to help India with [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS) technology during the [[Kargil War]], ISRO was prompted to develop its own satellite navigation system [[Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System|IRNSS]] (now NaVIC i.e. Navigation with Indian Constellation) which it is now expanding further.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/How-Kargil-spurred-India-to-design-own-GPS/articleshow/33254691.cms |title=How Kargil spurred India to design own GPS |last=Srivastava |first=Ishan |date=5 April 2014 |access-date=9 December 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=15 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215183718/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/How-Kargil-spurred-India-to-design-own-GPS/articleshow/33254691.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2000s and 2010s ===
In 2003, Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] urged scientists to develop technologies to land humans on the Moon<ref>{{cite news |title=India 'on course' for the Moon |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2917271.stm |work=BBC News |date=4 April 2003 |access-date=16 March 2021 |archive-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121160746/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2917271.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> and programmes for lunar, planetary and crewed missions were started. ISRO launched [[Chandrayaan-1]] aboard PSLV in 2008, purportedly the first probe to verify the presence of water on the Moon.<ref name="THMoon">{{cite news |title=MIP detected water on Moon way back in June: ISRO Chairman |date=25 September 2009 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/mip-detected-water-on-moon-way-back-in-june-isro-chairman/article24854.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=12 March 2021 |archive-date=25 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125193516/http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/mip-detected-water-on-moon-way-back-in-june-isro-chairman/article24854.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

ISRO launched the [[Mars Orbiter Mission]] (or Mangalyaan) aboard PSLV in 2013, which later became the first Asian spacecraft to enter Martian orbit, making India the first country to succeed at this on its first attempt.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/sep/24/india-mars-satellite-successfully-enters-orbit |title=India's Mars satellite successfully enters orbit, bringing country into space elite |work=The Guardian |first=Jason |last=Burke |date=24 September 2014 |access-date=16 March 2021 |quote=India has become the first nation to send a satellite into orbit around Mars on its first attempt, and the first Asian nation to do so. |archive-date=4 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204185909/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/sep/24/india-mars-satellite-successfully-enters-orbit |url-status=live}}</ref>

Subsequently, the cryogenic upper stage for GSLV rocket became operational, making India the sixth country to have full launch capabilities.<ref name="Cryo14">{{Cite news |last=Narasimhan |first=T. E. |date=7 January 2014 |title=ISRO on cloud nine as India joins 'cryo club' |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/isro-on-cloud-nine-as-india-joins-cryo-club-114010700023_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111074324/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/isro-on-cloud-nine-as-india-joins-cryo-club-114010700023_1.html |archive-date=11 November 2022 |access-date=12 March 2021 |location=Chennai |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] }}</ref> A new heavier-lift launcher [[LVM3]] was introduced in 2014 for heavier satellites and future human space missions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GSLV Mk III |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/gslv-mk-iii |publisher=ISRO |access-date=16 March 2021 |archive-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920234908/https://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/gslv-mk-iii |url-status=live}}</ref>

In September 2019, [[Project NETRA]] was publicly announced to help counter problems associated with space debris and near-earth objects.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Weather forecast and conditions for Dallas Arts District, Dallas, Texas, United States |url=https://weather.com/en-IN/weather/today/l/Cochran+Heights+Dallas+Texas+United+States?canonicalCityId=3fa18fe87647fc67cc4f0adfaa9719d0 |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=The Weather Channel |language=en-IN}}</ref>

=== 2020s ===
[[File:Chandrayaan-3 – Image of Vikram lander on lunar surface taken by Pragyan rover navcam at 1104 IST, 30 August 2023 from 15 meters away (without text).webp|thumb|[[Chandrayaan-3]] Lander on the [[Moon]] surface imaged by [[Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)|Pragyan]] rover from 15 meters away]]

On 23 August 2023, India achieved its first soft landing on an extraterrestrial body and became the first nation to successfully land a spacecraft near the [[lunar south pole]] and fourth nation to successfully land a spacecraft on the Moon with ISRO's [[Chandrayaan-3]], the third Moon mission.<ref name="guardian-20230823">{{Cite news |last=Dhillon |first=Amrit |date=2023-08-23 |title=India lands spacecraft near south pole of moon in world first |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/aug/23/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-mission |access-date=2023-08-23 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105194944/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/aug/23/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-mission |url-status=live }}</ref> Indian moon mission, Chandrayaan-3 (lit. "''Mooncraft''"), saw the successful soft landing of its ''Vikram'' lander at 6.04 pm IST (12:34 pm GMT) near the little-explored southern pole of the Moon in a world's first for any space programme.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3 Live Updates: 'Dawn of new India,' says PM Modi as ISRO lands spacecraft on the Moon |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/india/chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-live-updates-isro-vikram-lander-8903547/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105194950/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-live-updates-isro-vikram-lander-8903547/ |archive-date=5 November 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=indianexpress.com |publisher=Indian Express |url-status=live }}</ref>

India then successfully launched its first solar probe, the [[Aditya-L1]], aboard PSLV on 2 September 2023.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-02811-2 |author=T. V. Padma |date=September 4, 2023 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |title=India's first Sun mission will investigate the origins of space weather |volume=621 |issue=7978 |pages=240–241 |doi=10.1038/d41586-023-02811-2 |pmid=37667110 |bibcode=2023Natur.621..240P |s2cid=261526289 |access-date=September 5, 2023 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005030143/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-02811-2 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.space.com/india-launches-aditya-l1-first-solar-probe |first=Mike |last=Wall |website=[[Space.com]] |date=September 2, 2023 |title=India launches Aditya-L1 solar observatory, its 1st-ever sun probe |access-date=September 5, 2023 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020230548/https://www.space.com/india-launches-aditya-l1-first-solar-probe |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 30 December 2024, ISRO successfully launched the [[SpaDeX]] mission, pioneering [[Space rendezvous|spacecraft rendezvous]], [[Docking and berthing of spacecraft|docking]], and undocking using two small satellites.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-31 |title=Isro successfully launches SpaDeX mission for novel docking of 2 satellites in space |url=https://www.domain-b.com/technology/technology-general/isro-successfully-launches-spadex-mission-for-novel-docking-of-2-satellites-in-space |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=www.domain-b.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=C.S |first=Hemanth |date=2024-12-30 |title=PSLV-C60 launch: ISRO launches SpaDeX mission for space docking |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/pslvc60-lifts-off-with-spadex-spacecraft-from-sriharikota/article69044491.ece |access-date=2024-12-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 16 January 2025, the [[ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network]]'s Mission Operations Complex verified that the docking process was successful. India became the 4th country — after USA, Russia and China — to achieve successful space docking.<ref>{{Cite news |last=C.S |first=Hemanth |date=2025-01-16 |title=ISRO successfully executes SpaDeX docking experiment; India joins elite club of nations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-successfully-executes-spadex-docking-experiment-india-joins-elite-club-of-nations/article69103462.ece |access-date=2025-01-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Sibu |date=2025-01-16 |title=Isro docks SpaDeX satellites in space, sets stage for Chandrayaan-4, Gaganyaan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/isro-spadex-satellites-docking-successful-creates-history-spacecraft-2665500-2025-01-16 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bagla |first=Pallava |date=2025-01-16 |title=ISRO's SpaDeX Mission Successful, 2 Indian Satellites Dock In Space |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/isros-spadex-mission-successful-2-indian-satellites-dock-in-space-7484822 |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> ISRO also successfully managed to control two satellites as a single entity after docking.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-16 |title=ISRO successfully docks SpaDeX satellites in space, creates history |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/isro-successfully-docks-spadex-two-satellites-in-space-101737003035346.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116101958/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/isro-successfully-docks-spadex-two-satellites-in-space-101737003035346.html |archive-date=16 January 2025 |access-date=2025-01-17 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

In May 2025, ISRO completed the final abort test for the [[Gaganyaan]] human spaceflight mission, scheduled for launch in early 2027.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/science/indias-gaganyaan-mission-enters-final-phase-with-crewed-launch-scheduled-for-the-first-quarter-of-2027/articleshow/120961521.cms|title= India's Gaganyaan mission enters final phase with crewed launch scheduled for the first quarter of 2027 |date=7 May 2025|website=Times of India}}</ref> In August 2025, ISRO successfully completed the first integrated air drop test for the Gaganyaan human spaceflight programme, hailed by [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]] [[Rajnath Singh]] as a step toward self-reliant India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-24 |title=Top news of the day: August 24, 2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/top-news-of-the-day-august-24-2025/article69971802.ece |access-date=2025-08-24 |work=The Hindu |publisher=The Hindu Bureau |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 2 November 2025, ISRO successfully launched its heaviest [[communication satellite]] [[GSAT-7R|CMS-03]] aboard the LVM3-M5 rocket from Sriharikota, marking a milestone in India's space capabilities with all eight LVM3 missions achieving 100% success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-02 |title=ISRO Rocket Launch Today Live Updates: India's heaviest communication satellite CMS-03 successfully placed in intended orbit, mission successfully accomplished |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/isro-rocket-launch-today-live-updates-heaviest-communication-satellite-cms-03-liftoff-sriharikota-lvm3-10341199/ |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

On 24 December 2025, ISRO launched [[AST SpaceMobile]]'s BlueBird Block-2 aboard the LVM3-M6 rocket. This was the heaviest foreign satellite ever launched from the Indian soil, weighing {{cvt|6100|kg}}.<ref>{{Cite news |last=C.S |first=Hemanth |date=2025-12-24 |title=BlueBird Block-2 mission: ISRO successfully launches LVM3-M6 rocket |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-bluebird-block-2-mission-rocket-launch-december-24-2025/article70432346.ece |access-date=2025-12-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Goals and objectives ==
[[File:Vikram Sarabhai.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Vikram Sarabhai]], first chairperson of [[Indian National Committee for Space Research|INCOSPAR]], ISRO's predecessor organisation]]
As the national space agency of India, ISRO's purpose is the pursuit of all space-based applications such as research, reconnaissance, and communications. It undertakes the design and development of space rockets and satellites, and undertakes explores upper atmosphere and deep space exploration missions. ISRO has also incubated technologies in India's private space sector, boosting its growth.<ref name="isro_aboutus">{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/vision-and-mission-statements |title=ISRO – Vision and Mission Statements |publisher=ISRO |access-date=27 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904080053/http://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/vision-and-mission-statements |archive-date=4 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Rajagopalan|Prasad|2017|pp=1-2}}

On the topic of the importance of a space programme to India as a developing nation, Vikram Sarabhai as INCOSPAR chairman said in 1969:{{sfn|Burleson|2005|page=136}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/dr-vikram-ambalal-sarabhai-1963-1971 |title=Dr. Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai (1963–1971) – ISRO |access-date=21 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422014937/https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/dr-vikram-ambalal-sarabhai-1963-1971 |archive-date=22 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Sarabhai_compilation">{{Cite web |title=List of Important Speeches And Papers By Dr. Vikram A. Sarabhai. |url=https://www.prl.res.in/~library/sarabhai_v_speeches.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627181445/https://www.prl.res.in/~library/sarabhai_v_speeches.pdf |archive-date=27 June 2019 |access-date=27 June 2019 |website=PRL.res.in |page=113 }}</ref>

{{blockquote|text=To us, there is no ambiguity of purpose. We do not have the fantasy of competing with the economically advanced nations in the exploration of the Moon or the planets or manned space-flight. But we are convinced that if we are to play a meaningful role nationally, and in the community of nations, we must be second to none in the application of advanced technologies to the real problems of man and society, which we find in our country. And we should note that the application of sophisticated technologies and methods of analysis to our problems is not to be confused with embarking on grandiose schemes, whose primary impact is for show rather than for progress measured in hard economic and social terms.}}

The former [[president of India]] and chairman of [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]], [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], said:<ref name=apj_autobiography>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c3qmIZtWUjAC&pg=PA43 |title=Wings of Fire: An Autobiography |last1=Kalam |first1=Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul |last2=Tiwari |first2=Arun |date=1999 |publisher=Universities Press |isbn=9788173711466 |language=en |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-date=17 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417091638/https://books.google.com/books?id=c3qmIZtWUjAC |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{blockquote|text=Very many individuals with myopic vision questioned the relevance of space activities in a newly independent nation which was finding it difficult to feed its population. But neither Prime Minister Nehru nor Prof. Sarabhai had any ambiguity of purpose. Their vision was very clear: if Indians were to play a meaningful role in the community of nations, they must be second to none in the application of advanced technologies to their real-life problems. They had no intention of using it merely as a means of displaying our might.}}

India's economic progress has made its space programme more visible and active as the country aims for greater [[Self-sustainability|self-reliance]] in space technology.<ref name=newsweek1 /> In 2008, India launched as many as 11{{Nbsp}}satellites, including nine from other countries, and went on to become the first nation to launch 10{{Nbsp}}satellites on one{{Nbsp}}rocket.<ref name=newsweek1>{{Cite web |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/160037 |title=Hennock etc. (2008), "The Real Space Race Is in Asia", ''Newsweek''. |website=[[Newsweek]] |access-date=25 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222044922/http://www.newsweek.com/id/160037 |archive-date=22 December 2008 |url-status=live |date=20 September 2008}}</ref> ISRO has put into operation two major satellite systems: the Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) for communication services, and the Indian Remote Sensing Programme (IRS) satellites for management of natural resources.<ref name="isro-comsats" /><ref name="IRSSaga" />

== Organisation structure and facilities ==
[[File:Department of Space (India) - organization chart.png|upright=1.3|thumb|The organisational structure of the Indian [[Department of Space]]]]
{{See also|ISRO facilities}}
ISRO is managed by the DoS, which itself falls under the authority of the Space Commission and manages the following agencies and institutes:<ref>{{cite web |title=Organisation Structure |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/organisation-structure |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612065305/https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/organisation-structure |archive-date=12 June 2022 |access-date=12 June 2022 |publisher= |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/03-aug-2019/foundation-stone-of-space-situational-awareness-control-centre-chairman-isro |title=Foundation stone of Space Situational Awareness Control Centre by Chairman, ISRO – ISRO |website=www.isro.gov.in |access-date=3 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830223917/http://isro.gov.in/update/03-aug-2019/foundation-stone-of-space-situational-awareness-control-centre-chairman-isro |archive-date=30 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="isro-20190130">{{Cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/30-jan-2019/inauguration-of-human-space-flight-centre-hsfc |title=Inauguration of Human Space Flight Centre (HSFC) – ISRO |website=www.isro.gov.in |access-date=3 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329015418/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/30-jan-2019/inauguration-of-human-space-flight-centre-hsfc |archive-date=29 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Antrix Corporation]] – The marketing arm of ISRO, Bengaluru
* [[Physical Research Laboratory]] (PRL), Ahmedabad
* [[National Atmospheric Research Laboratory]] (NARL), Gadanki, [[Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[NewSpace India Limited]] – Commercial wing, Bengaluru
* [[North-Eastern Space Applications Centre]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://necouncil.nic.in/index3.asp?sslid=72&subsublinkid=153 |title=NEC – North Eastern Council |publisher=Necouncil.nic.in |access-date=8 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225165210/http://necouncil.nic.in/index3.asp?sslid=72&subsublinkid=153 |archive-date=25 February 2012}}</ref> (NE-SAC), Umiam
* [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]] (IIST), Thiruvananthapuram – India's space university

=== Research facilities ===
{| class=wikitable
|-
! style="width:18%;"| Facility !! style="width:15%;"| Location !! style="width:67%;"| Description
|-
| [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] || [[Thiruvananthapuram]] || The largest ISRO base is also the main technical centre and the venue for development of the [[Satellite Launch Vehicle|SLV-3]], [[ASLV]], and [[PSLV]] series.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} The base supports TERLS and the [[Rohini (rocket family)|Rohini Sounding Rocket]] programme.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} It is also developing the [[GSLV]] series.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}}
|-
| [[Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre]] || [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Bengaluru]] || The LPSC handles design, development, testing and implementation of liquid propulsion control packages, liquid stages and liquid engines for launch vehicles and satellites.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} The testing of these systems is largely conducted at [[ISRO Propulsion Complex|IPRC]] at [[Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu|Mahendragiri]].{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} The LPSC, Bengaluru also produces precision transducers.{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=414}}
|-
| [[Physical Research Laboratory]] || [[Ahmedabad]] || Solar planetary physics, infrared astronomy, geo-cosmo physics, plasma physics, [[astrophysics]], [[archaeology]], and [[hydrology]] are some of the branches of study at this institute.;{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} it also operates the observatory at [[Udaipur]].{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}}
|-
| [[National Atmospheric Research Laboratory]]|| [[Tirupati]] || The NARL carries out fundamental and applied research in atmospheric and space sciences.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.narl.gov.in/ |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=[[National Atmospheric Research Laboratory]] |archive-date=14 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714161347/https://www.narl.gov.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Space Applications Centre]] || [[Ahmedabad]] || The SAC deals with the various aspects of the practical use of space technology.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} Among the fields of research at the SAC are [[geodesy]], [[telecommunication|satellite based telecommunications]], [[surveying]], [[remote sensing]], [[meteorology]], environment monitoring etc.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} The SAC also operates the Delhi Earth Station, which is located in Delhi and is used for demonstration of various SATCOM experiments in addition to normal SATCOM operations.{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=415}}
|-
| [[North-Eastern Space Applications Centre]] || [[Shillong]] || Providing developmental support to North East by undertaking specific application projects using remote sensing, GIS, satellite communication and conducting space science research.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About NESAC |url=https://nesac.gov.in/about/about-nesac/ |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=[[North-Eastern Space Applications Centre]] |archive-date=22 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722115617/https://nesac.gov.in/about/about-nesac/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

=== Test facilities ===
{| class=wikitable
|-
! style="width:18%;"| Facility !! style="width:15%;"| Location !! style="width:67%;"| Description
|-
| [[ISRO Propulsion Complex]] || [[Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu|Mahendragiri]] || Formerly called LPSC-Mahendragiri, was declared a separate centre. It handles testing and assembly of liquid propulsion control packages, liquid engines, and stages for launch vehicles and satellites.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}}
|}

=== Construction and launch facilities ===
{{Location map+
| India
| float=right
| width=350
| alt=Map of India and its subdivisions with the locations of its spaceport facilities
| caption=Location of India's spaceports
| places=


{{Location map~ |India |lat=13.7178 |long=80.2 |label_size=90 |label=[[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Satish Dhawan]] |position=right}}


{{Location map~ |India |lat=8.4 |long=78.05 |label_size=90 |label=[[SSLV Launch Complex|SSLV]] |position=right}}


{{Location map~ |India |lat=8.516667 |long=76.866667 |label_size=90 |label=[[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station|Thumba]] |position=left}}
}}

{| class=wikitable
|-
! style="width:18%;"| Facility !! style="width:15%;"| Location !! style="width:67%;"| Description
|-
| [[U. R. Rao Satellite Centre]]|| [[Bengaluru]] || The venue of eight successful spacecraft projects is also one of the main satellite technology bases of ISRO. The facility serves as a venue for implementing indigenous spacecraft in India.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} The satellites ''Aaryabhata'', ''Bhaskara'', ''APPLE'', and ''IRS-1A'' were built at this site, and the IRS and INSAT satellite series are presently under development here. This centre was formerly known as ISRO Satellite Centre.{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=414}}
|-
| [[Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems]]|| [[Bengaluru]] || The Unit of ISRO responsible for the development of altitude sensors for all satellites. The high precision optics for all cameras and payloads in all ISRO satellites are developed at this laboratory, located at Peenya Industrial Estate, Bengaluru.
|-
| [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] || [[Sriharikota]] || With multiple sub-sites the Sriharikota island facility acts as a launching site for India's satellites.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} The Sriharikota facility is also the main launch base for India's sounding rockets.{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=414}} The centre is also home to India's largest Solid Propellant Space Booster Plant (SPROB) and houses the Static Test and Evaluation Complex (STEX).{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=414}} The Second Vehicle Assembly Building (SVAB) at Sriharikota is being realised as an additional integration facility, with suitable interfacing to a second launch pad.<ref>{{cite news |title=Second Vehicle Assembly Building being realised at ISRO |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/second-vehicle-assembly-building-being-realised-at-isro/articleshow/50531617.cms |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=20 January 2016 |date=11 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114044154/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/second-vehicle-assembly-building-being-realised-at-isro/articleshow/50531617.cms |archive-date=14 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Madumathi |first1=D.S. |title=Sriharikota space port scores 50 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/sriharikota-space-port-scores-50/article8070373.ece |access-date=20 January 2016 |work=The Hindu |date=6 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109041156/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/sriharikota-space-port-scores-50/article8070373.ece |archive-date=9 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[SSLV Launch Complex]]||[[Kulasekarapattinam]]|| Currently under construction. This launch facility will cater smaller rockets such as the [[Small Satellite Launch Vehicle|SSLV]] and private sector's launch vehicles.
|-
| [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]] ||[[Thiruvananthapuram]]|| TERLS is used to launch sounding rockets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sounding Rockets |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/sounding-rockets |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=ISRO |archive-date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211145536/https://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/sounding-rockets |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

=== Tracking and control facilities ===
{| class=wikitable
|-
! style="width:18%;"| Facility !! style="width:15%;"| Location !! style="width:67%;"| Description
|-
| [[Indian Deep Space Network]] (IDSN) || [[Bengaluru]] || This network receives, processes, archives and distributes the spacecraft health data and payload data in real-time. It can track and monitor satellites up to very large distances, even beyond the [[Moon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Space Science Data Centre (ISSDC) – Gateway to India's Space Science Data |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/indian-space-science-data-centre-issdc-gateway-to-indias-space-science-data |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=ISRO |archive-date=1 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901140723/https://www.isro.gov.in/indian-space-science-data-centre-issdc-gateway-to-indias-space-science-data |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[National Remote Sensing Centre]] || [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]] || The NRSC applies remote sensing to manage natural resources and study aerial surveying.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} With centres at [[Balanagar, Ranga Reddy|Balanagar]] and [[Mahbubnagar district|Shadnagar]] it also has training facilities at [[Dehradun]] acting as the [[Indian Institute of Remote Sensing]].{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}}
|-
| [[ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network]] ||[[Bengaluru]] (headquarters) and a number of ground stations throughout India and the world.{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=415}} || [[Software development]], ground operations, Tracking Telemetry and Command (TTC), and support is provided by this institution.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} ISTRAC has Tracking stations throughout the country and all over the world in [[Port Louis]] (Mauritius), Bearslake (Russia), [[Biak]] (Indonesia) and [[Brunei]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/isro-telemetry-tracking-and-command-network-istrac |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=ISRO |archive-date=28 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328053757/https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/isro-telemetry-tracking-and-command-network-istrac |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Master Control Facility]] || [[Bhopal]]; [[Hassan, India|Hassan]] || Geostationary satellite orbit raising, payload testing, and in-orbit operations are performed at this facility.{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=416}} The MCF has Earth stations and the Satellite Control Centre (SCC) for controlling satellites.{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=416}} A second MCF-like facility named 'MCF-B' is being constructed at Bhopal.{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=416}}
|-
|Space Situational Awareness Control Centre
|[[Peenya]], [[Bengaluru]]
|A network of telescopes and radars are being set up under the Directorate of Space Situational Awareness and Management to monitor space debris and to safeguard space-based assets. The new facility will end ISRO's dependence on [[NORAD]]. The sophisticated multi-object tracking radar installed in Nellore, a radar in [[Northeast India]] and telescopes in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Mount Abu]] and North India will be part of this network.<ref name="timesind-20190805">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/new-isro-system-to-shield-its-assets-from-space-debris/articleshow/70528348.cms |title=New Isro system to shield its assets from space debris |last=Singh |first=Surendra |date=5 August 2019 |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=6 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826090921/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/new-isro-system-to-shield-its-assets-from-space-debris/articleshow/70528348.cms |archive-date=26 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-keen-on-protecting-space-assets-new-centre-soon/articleshow/70520904.cms |title=Isro keen on protecting space assets; new centre soon |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=4 August 2019 |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=6 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825154922/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-keen-on-protecting-space-assets-new-centre-soon/articleshow/70520904.cms |archive-date=25 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

=== Human resource development ===
{| class=wikitable
|-
! style="width:18%;"| Facility !! style="width:15%;"| Location !! style="width:67%;"| Description
|-
| [[Indian Institute of Remote Sensing]] (IIRS) || [[Dehradun]] || The Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS) is a premier training and educational institute set up for developing trained professionals (P.G. and PhD level) in the field of remote sensing, geoinformatics and GPS technology for natural resources, environmental and disaster management. IIRS is also executing many R&D projects on remote sensing and GIS for societal applications. IIRS also runs various outreach programmes (Live & Interactive and e-learning) to build trained skilled human resources in the field of remote sensing and geospatial technologies.<ref name="IIRSInfo">{{cite web |url=https://www.iirs.gov.in/institute-profile |title=Institute Profile |website=[[Indian Institute of Remote Sensing]] |access-date=22 July 2022 |archive-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712154554/https://www.iirs.gov.in/institute-profile/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]] (IIST) ||[[Thiruvananthapuram]] || The institute offers undergraduate and graduate courses in Aerospace Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering (Avionics), and Engineering Physics. The students of the first three{{Nbsp}}batches of IIST were inducted into different ISRO centres.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institute IIST |url=https://www.iist.ac.in/aboutus/institute |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=[[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]] |date=4 November 2014 |archive-date=22 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722115615/https://www.iist.ac.in/aboutus/institute |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Development and Educational Communication Unit]] (DECU)||[[Ahmedabad]] || The centre works for education, research, and training, mainly in conjunction with the [[INSAT]] programme.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} The main activities carried out at DECU include GRAMSAT and [[GSAT-3|EDUSAT]] projects.{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=414}} The Training and Development Communication Channel (TDCC) also falls under the operational control of the DECU.{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=415}}
|-
|Space Technology Incubation Centres (S-TICs) at:
* [[Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar]]
* [[Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology]]
* [[National Institute of Technology, Agartala]]
* [[National Institute of Technology, Rourkela]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Space tech centre: ISRO team in NIT-Rourkela |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2021/mar/10/space-tech-centre-isro-team-in-nit-rourkela-2274636.html |access-date=12 March 2021 |agency=ENS |publisher=New Indian Express |date=10 March 2021 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310062726/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2021/mar/10/space-tech-centre-isro-team-in-nit-rourkela-2274636.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology Nagpur]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2021 |title=Dr. K. Sivan, Chairman, ISRO / Secretary, DOS inaugurates 3 Space Technology Incubation Centres and releases युक्ति-संचिता YUKTI- Sanchita 2021 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/18-mar-2021/dr-k-sivan-chairman-isro-secretary-dos-inaugurates-3-space-technology-incubation |access-date=20 March 2021 |website=ISRO |archive-date=19 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319152059/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/18-mar-2021/dr-k-sivan-chairman-isro-secretary-dos-inaugurates-3-space-technology-incubation |url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[Jalandhar]], [[Bhopal]], [[Agartala]], [[Rourkela]], [[Nagpur]]
|The S-TICs opened at premier technical universities in India to promote startups to build applications and products in tandem with the industry and would be used for future space missions. The S-TIC will bring the industry, academia and ISRO under one umbrella to contribute towards research and development (R&D) initiatives relevant to the Indian Space Programme.<ref name=":1a" />
|-
|Space Innovation Centre at:
* [[Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology]]
|[[Burla, India|Burla]], [[Sambalpur]]
|In line with its ongoing effort to promote R&D in space technology through industry as well as academia, ISRO in collaboration with Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology (VSSUT), Burla, Sambalpur, Odisha, has set up Veer Surendra Sai Space Innovation Centre (VSSSIC) within its campus at Sambalpur. The objective of its Space Innovation Research Lab is to promote and encourage the students in research and development in the area of space science and technology at VSSUT and other institutes within this region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Space Innovation Centre – ISRO |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/capacity-building/space-innovation-centre |access-date=7 July 2021 |website=www.isro.gov.in |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184445/https://www.isro.gov.in/capacity-building/space-innovation-centre |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2020 |title=VSSUT first to set up Space Innovation-cum-Incubation Centre with ISRO |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/vssut-first-to-set-up-space-innovation-cum-incubation-centre-with-isro/story-baqiVPndKjIN1I6Z5ud9lJ.html |access-date=7 July 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185416/https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/vssut-first-to-set-up-space-innovation-cum-incubation-centre-with-isro/story-baqiVPndKjIN1I6Z5ud9lJ.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Regional Academy Centre for Space (RAC-S) at:
* [[Banaras Hindu University]]
* [[Gauhati University]]
* [[Kurukshetra University]]
* [[Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur|Malaviya National Institute of Technology]]
* [[National Institute of Technology, Karnataka]]
* [[National Institute of Technology, Patna|National Institute of Technology Patna]]
* [[IIT (BHU) Varanasi]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2020 |title=ISRO to set up its regional centre at IIT-BHU |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/isro-to-set-up-its-regional-centre-at-iit-bhu/story-UUNEDrrsqHU9JvPddg8IoN.html |access-date=27 December 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227092259/https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/isro-to-set-up-its-regional-centre-at-iit-bhu/story-UUNEDrrsqHU9JvPddg8IoN.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

|[[Varanasi]], [[Guwahati]], [[Kurukshetra]], [[Jaipur]], [[Mangaluru]], [[Patna]]
|All these centres are set up in tier-2 cities to create awareness, strengthen academic collaboration and act as incubators for space technology, space science and space applications. The activities of RAC-S will maximise the use of research potential, infrastructure, expertise, experience and facilitate capacity building.
|}

=== Antrix Corporation Limited (Commercial Wing) ===
{{Main|Antrix Corporation}}

Set up as the marketing arm of ISRO, [[Antrix Corporation|Antrix]]'s job is to promote products, services and technology developed by ISRO.<ref name="AntrixISRO">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Antrix-responsible-for-marketing-ISRO-tech/articleshow/7457366.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130426170804/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-09/india/28547101_1_isro-eads-astrium-antrix-corporation |url-status=live |archive-date=26 April 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Antrix responsible for marketing ISRO tech |date=9 February 2011 |access-date=24 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="AntrixNewChief">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/isros-commercial-arm-antrix-gets-new-chief/article2214210.ece |title=ISRO's commercial arm Antrix gets new chief |date=9 June 2011 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=24 February 2013 |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530200912/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== NewSpace India Limited (Commercial Wing) ===
{{Main|NewSpace India Limited}}

Set up for marketing spin-off technologies, tech transfers through industry interface and scale up industry participation in the space programmes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/science-and-environment/isros-newspace-india-limited-takes-off-in-bengaluru-736355.html |title=ISRO's NewSpace India Limited takes off in Bengaluru |date=27 May 2019 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |access-date=10 January 2020 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801233311/https://www.deccanherald.com/science-and-environment/isros-newspace-india-limited-takes-off-in-bengaluru-736355.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Space Technology Incubation Centre ===
ISRO has opened Space Technology Incubation Centres (S-TIC) at premier technical universities in India which will incubate startups to build applications and products in tandem with the industry and for use in future space missions. The S-TIC will bring the industry, academia and ISRO under one umbrella to contribute towards research and development (R&D) initiatives relevant to the Indian Space Programme. S-TICs are at the [[National Institute of Technology Agartala|National Institute of Technology, Agartala]] serving for east region, [[Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar|National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar]] for the north region, and the [[National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli]] for the south region of India.<ref name=":1a">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/isro-opens-space-tech-incubation-centre-at-nit-t/articleshow/69569218.cms |title=Isro opens space tech incubation centre at NIT-T |date=30 May 2019 |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=1 June 2019 |archive-date=28 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928200817/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/isro-opens-space-tech-incubation-centre-at-nit-t/articleshow/69569218.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Advanced Space Research Group ===
Similar to NASA's [[California Institute of Technology]]-operated [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]], ISRO and the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST) implemented a joint working framework in 2021, wherein ISRO will approve all short-, medium- and long-term space research projects of common interest between the two. In return, an Advanced Space Research Group (ASRG) formed at IIST under the guidance of the EOC will have full access to ISRO facilities. This was done with the aim of "transforming" the IIST into a premier space research and engineering institute with the capability of leading future space exploration missions for ISRO.<ref>{{cite web |title=Advanced Space Research Group (ASRG) |date=21 December 2020 |url=https://www.iist.ac.in/innovation/asrg-vision |access-date=6 March 2022 |archive-date=21 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621092504/https://iist.ac.in/innovation/asrg-vision |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ISRO embarking on replicating NASA partnership model in India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/isro-embarking-on-replicating-nasa-partnership-model-in-india/article34169199.ece |access-date=31 March 2021 |agency=PTI |work=The Hindu |date=26 March 2021 |archive-date=26 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326204501/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/isro-embarking-on-replicating-nasa-partnership-model-in-india/article34169199.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Directorate of Space Situational Awareness and Management ===
To reduce dependency on [[NORAD|North American Aerospace Defense Command]] (NORAD) for space situational awareness and protect the civilian and military assets, ISRO is setting up telescopes and radars in four locations to cover each direction. [[Leh]], [[Mount Abu]] and [[Ponmudi]] were selected to station the telescopes and radars that will cover North, West and South of Indian territory. The last one will be in [[Northeast India]] to cover the entire eastern region. [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] at Sriharikota already supports Multi-Object Tracking Radar (MOTR).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pathri |first=Rajasekhar |date=16 May 2015 |title=Isro's tracking radar to start work |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150516/nation-current-affairs/article/isro%E2%80%99s-tracking-radar-start-work |url-status=live |access-date=30 September 2021 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930071532/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150516/nation-current-affairs/article/isro%E2%80%99s-tracking-radar-start-work}}</ref> All the telescopes and radars will come under Directorate of Space Situational Awareness and Management (DSSAM) in Bengaluru. It will collect tracking data on inactive satellites and will also perform research on active debris removal, space debris modelling and mitigation.<ref>{{cite news |title=ISRO chairman lays foundation stone for Space Situational Awareness Control Centre in Bengaluru |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/isro-chairman-lays-foundation-stone-for-space-situational-awareness-control-centre-in-bengaluru20190803215041/ |access-date=11 April 2022 |agency=IANS |publisher=ANI |date=3 August 2019 |archive-date=3 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803191709/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/isro-chairman-lays-foundation-stone-for-space-situational-awareness-control-centre-in-bengaluru20190803215041/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

For early warning, ISRO began a ₹400 crore (4 billion; US$53 million) project called Network for Space Object Tracking and Analysis (NETRA). It will help the country track [[atmospheric entry]], [[intercontinental ballistic missile]] (ICBM), [[anti-satellite weapon]] and other space-based attacks. All the radars and telescopes will be connected through NETRA. The system will support [[Remote work|remote]] and scheduled operations. NETRA will follow the [[Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee]] (IASDCC) and [[United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs]] (UNOSA) guidelines. The objective of NETRA is to track objects at a distance of {{convert|36000|km|mi}} in GTO.<ref name="timesind-20190805" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=D.S |first=Madhumathi |date=24 September 2019 |title=ISRO initiates 'Project NETRA' to safeguard Indian space assets from debris and other harm |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-initiates-project-netra-to-safeguard-indian-space-assets-from-debris-and-other-harm/article29497795.ece |access-date=26 September 2021 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=26 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926083059/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-initiates-project-netra-to-safeguard-indian-space-assets-from-debris-and-other-harm/article29497795.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

India signed a [[memorandum of understanding]] on the Space Situational Awareness Data Sharing Pact with the US in April 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=India, United States to sign space MoU during 2+2 meeting in Washington |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/india-united-states-to-sign-space-mou-during-2-2-meeting-in-washington-122041100164_1.html |access-date=11 April 2022 |agency=IANS |publisher=Business Standard |date=11 April 2022 |archive-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411042152/https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/india-united-states-to-sign-space-mou-during-2-2-meeting-in-washington-122041100164_1.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=Readout of U.S. - India 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue |url=https://www.war.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2996350/readout-of-us-india-22-ministerial-dialogue/ |access-date=14 April 2022 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of Defense]] |language=en-US |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413222404/https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2996350/readout-of-us-india-22-ministerial-dialogue/ |url-status=live}}</ref> It will enable DoS to collaborate with the [[Combined Space Operations Center|Combined Space Operation Center]] (CSpOC) to protect the space-based assets of both nations from natural and man-made threats.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy Chaudhury |first1=Dipanjan |title=India, US to conclude MoU to safeguard satellites from natural, man-made threats |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/india-us-to-conclude-mou-to-safeguard-satellites-from-natural-man-made-threats/articleshow/86632984.cms |access-date=11 April 2022 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=30 September 2021 |archive-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411141943/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/india-us-to-conclude-mou-to-safeguard-satellites-from-natural-man-made-threats/articleshow/86632984.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> On 11 July 2022, ISRO System for Safe and Sustainable Space Operations Management (IS4OM) at Space Situational Awareness Control Centre, in Peenya was inaugurated by [[Jitendra Singh Rana|Jitendra Singh]]. It will help provide information on on-orbit collision, fragmentation, atmospheric re-entry risk, space-based strategic information, hazardous asteroids, and space weather forecast. IS4OM will safeguard all the operational space assets, identify and monitor other operational spacecraft with close approaches which have overpasses over [[Indian subcontinent]] and those which conduct intentional manoeuvres with suspicious motives or seek re-entry within [[South Asia]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-11 |title=ISRO launches new system for space observation and debris management |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/isro-launches-new-system-for-space-observation-and-debris-management/article65628392.ece |access-date=2022-07-13 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713170336/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/isro-launches-new-system-for-space-observation-and-debris-management/article65628392.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== ISRO System for Safe and Sustainable Space Operations Management ====
On 7 March 2023, ISRO System for Safe and Sustainable Space Operations Management (IS4OM) conducted successful controlled re-entry of decommissioned satellite [[Megha-Tropiques]] after firing four on-board 11 Newton thrusters for 20 minutes each. A series of 20 manoeuvres were performed since August 2022 by spending 120 kg fuel. The final telemetry data confirmed disintegration over Pacific Ocean. It was part of a compliance effort following international guidelines on space debris mitigation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=2023-03-07 |title=Isro successfully completes controlled re-entry of decommissioned satellite Megha-Tropiques |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/isro-successfully-completes-controlled-re-entry-of-decommissioned-satellite-megha-tropiques/articleshow/98482698.cms |access-date=2023-03-08 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308073436/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/isro-successfully-completes-controlled-re-entry-of-decommissioned-satellite-megha-tropiques/articleshow/98482698.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Speaking at the 42nd annual meeting of the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC) in Bengaluru, [[S. Somanath]] stated that the long-term goal is for all Indian space actors—both governmental and non-governmental—to accomplish debris-free space missions by 2030.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-17 |title=India aims to achieve debris-free space missions by 2030: Isro chief |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-aims-to-achieve-debris-free-space-missions-by-2030-isro-chief/articleshow/109356772.cms |access-date=2024-04-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Other facilities ===

* Balasore Rocket Launching Station (BRLS) – [[Balasore]]
* [[Bhaskaracharya Institute For Space Applications and Geo-Informatics]] (BISAG), Gandhinagar
* [[Human Space Flight Centre]] (HSFC), Bengaluru
* [[Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System]] (IRNSS)
* [[Indian Space Science Data Centre]] (ISSDC)
* [[Integrated Space Cell]]
* [[Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics]] (IUCAA)
* [[ISRO Inertial Systems Unit]] (IISU) – Thiruvananthapuram
* [[Master Control Facility]]
* [[Indian Deep Space Network|National Deep Space Observation Centre]] (NDSPO)
* [[National Remote Sensing Centre|Regional Remote Sensing Service Centres]] (RRSSC)

== General satellite programmes ==
{{See also|List of Indian satellites}}[[File:Insat-1B.jpg|thumb|[[Indian National Satellite System|INSAT-1B]] in clean room]]
Since the launch of Aryabhata in 1975,<ref name="Aryabhatta" /> a number of satellite series and constellations have been deployed by Indian and foreign launchers. At present, ISRO operates one of the largest constellations of active communication and earth imaging satellites for military and civilian uses.<ref name="IRSSaga" />

=== The IRS series ===
{{Main|Indian Remote Sensing Programme}}

The [[Indian Remote Sensing Programme]] (IRSP) are India's earth observation satellites. They are the largest collection of remote sensing satellites for civilian use in operation today, providing remote sensing services.<ref name="IRSSaga" /> All the satellites are placed in polar [[Sun-synchronous orbit]] (except [[GEO Imaging Satellite|GISATs]]) and provide data in a variety of spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions to enable several programs to be undertaken relevant to national development. The initial versions are composed of the 1 ([[IRS-1A|A]], [[IRS-1B|B]], [[IRS-1C|C]], [[IRS-1D|D]]) nomenclature while the later versions were divided into sub-classes named based on their functioning and uses including [[Oceansat]], [[Cartosat]], [[HySIS]], [[EMISAT]] and ResourceSat etc. Their names were unified under the prefix "EOS" regardless of functioning in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=ISRO adopts new satellite naming style, RISAT-2BR2 now EOS-01 |url=https://telanganatoday.com/isro-adopts-new-satellite-naming-style-risat-2br2-now-eos-01 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=telanganatoday.com |date=28 October 2020 |archive-date=2 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102032056/https://telanganatoday.com/isro-adopts-new-satellite-naming-style-risat-2br2-now-eos-01 |url-status=live}}</ref> They support a wide range of applications including optical, radar and electronic [[reconnaissance]] for Indian agencies, city planning, oceanography and environmental studies.<ref name="IRSSaga" />
[[File:Render of Cartosat-3 satellite in deployed configuration.png|thumb|Render of [[Cartosat-3]] satellite in deployed configuration.]]

=== The INSAT series ===
{{Main|Indian National Satellite System}}

[[File:STS008-44-611.jpg|thumb|left|INSAT-1B satellite: The broadcasting sector in India is highly dependent on INSAT system.]]
The [[Indian National Satellite System]] (INSAT) is the country's telecommunication system. It is a series of multipurpose [[Geosynchronous satellite|geostationary satellites]] built and launched by ISRO to satisfy the telecommunications, broadcasting, meteorology and search-and-rescue needs. Since the introduction of the first one in 1983, INSAT has become the largest domestic communication system in the [[Asia-Pacific]] Region. It is a joint venture of DOS, the [[Department of Telecommunications]], [[India Meteorological Department]], [[All India Radio]] and [[Doordarshan]]. The overall coordination and management of INSAT system rests with the Secretary-level INSAT Coordination Committee.<ref name="isro-comsats" /> The nomenclature of the series was changed to "[[GSAT]]" from "INSAT", then further changed to "CMS" from 2020 onwards.<ref name="THCMS">{{Cite news |date=17 December 2020 |title=ISRO launches India's 42nd communication satellite CMS-01 on-board PSLV-C50 |url=https://m.businesstoday.in/story/isro--to-launch-indias-42nd--communication-satellite-cms01-onboard-pslv-c50/1/425216.html |newspaper=Business Today |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203459/https://m.businesstoday.in/story/isro--to-launch-indias-42nd--communication-satellite-cms01-onboard-pslv-c50/1/425216.html |url-status=live}}</ref> These satellites have been used by the [[Indian Armed Forces]] as well.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/navy-to-buy-rs-1589-crore-satellite-from-isro/articleshow/70283927.cms |title=Indian Navy: Navy to buy Rs 1589 crore satellite from ISRO |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=19 March 2021 |last1=Pubby |first1=Manu |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108003515/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/navy-to-buy-rs-1589-crore-satellite-from-isro/articleshow/70283927.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GSAT-7A |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/gslv-f11-gsat-7a-mission |work=ISRO |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=22 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322211332/https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/gslv-f11-gsat-7a-mission |url-status=live}}</ref> [[South Asia Satellite|GSAT-9]] or "SAARC Satellite" provides communication services for India's smaller neighbors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GSAT-9 |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/gsat-9 |work=ISRO |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415014043/https://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/gsat-9 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Gagan Satellite Navigation System ===
{{Main|GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation}}

The Ministry of Civil Aviation has decided to implement an indigenous Satellite-Based Regional GPS Augmentation System also known as [[GNSS augmentation|Space-Based Augmentation System]] as part of the Satellite-Based Communications, Navigation, Surveillance and Air Traffic Management plan for civil aviation. The Indian SBAS system has been given the acronym GAGAN – GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation. A national plan for satellite navigation including implementation of a Technology Demonstration System (TDS) over Indian airspace as a [[proof of concept]] has been prepared jointly by [[Airports Authority of India]] and ISRO. The TDS was completed during 2007 with the installation of eight Indian Reference Stations at different airports linked to the Master Control Centre located near Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/mindfly/ensuring-safety-and-reliabity-through-indigenous-satellite-navigation-system-gagan/ |title=Ensuring safety and reliabity through indigenous satellite navigation system GAGAN |date=12 January 2019 |website=Times of India Blog |language=en-US |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=4 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504121357/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/mindfly/ensuring-safety-and-reliabity-through-indigenous-satellite-navigation-system-gagan/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC) ===
{{Main|Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System}}

IRNSS with an operational name NavIC is an independent regional navigation satellite system developed by India. It is designed to provide accurate position information service to users in India as well as the region extending up to {{cvt|1500|km}} from its borders, which is its primary service area. IRNSS provides two types of services, namely, Standard Positioning Service (SPS) and Restricted Service (RS), providing a position accuracy of better than {{cvt|20|m}} in the primary service area.<ref>{{cite web |title=Navigation Satellite |url=http://isro.org/satellites/navigationsatellites.aspx |publisher=ISRO |access-date=26 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023005513/http://www.isro.org/satellites/navigationsatellites.aspx |archive-date=23 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:IRNSS Series 1.jpg|thumb|Rendering of an IRNSS Series 1 satellite]]

=== Other satellites ===
{{Dynamic list|date=March 2021}}
[[Kalpana-1]] (MetSat-1) was ISRO's first dedicated meteorological satellite.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eoportal.org/directory/pres_Kalpana1MetSat1MeteorologicalSatellite1.html |title=eoPortal directory: Kalpana-1/MetSat-1 (Meteorological Satellite-1) |publisher=Eoportal.org |access-date=11 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120908092933/http://www.eoportal.org/directory/pres_Kalpana1MetSat1MeteorologicalSatellite1.html |archive-date=8 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaonline.in/Profile/Science/research/Space-Technology.aspx |title=Space Technology in India | Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) |publisher=Indiaonline.in |access-date=11 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162412/http://www.indiaonline.in/Profile/Science/research/Space-Technology.aspx |archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> Indo-French satellite [[SARAL]] on 25 February 2013. SARAL (or "Satellite with ARgos and AltiKa") is a cooperative altimetry technology mission, used for monitoring the oceans' surface and sea levels. AltiKa measures ocean surface topography with an accuracy of {{cvt|8|mm}}, compared to {{cvt|2.5|cm}} on average using altimeters, and with a spatial resolution of {{cvt|2|km}}.<ref name=iex25f13>{{cite news |title=India successfully launches Indo-French, 6 foreign satellites |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/india-successfully-launches-indofrench-6-foreign-satellites/1079446/0 |access-date=25 February 2013 |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=25 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301034013/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/india-successfully-launches-indofrench-6-foreign-satellites/1079446/0 |archive-date=1 March 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nasa-gsfc-sara">{{cite web |url=http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/sara_general.html |title=Satellite SARAL |publisher=Ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov |access-date=24 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705114650/http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/sara_general.html |archive-date=5 July 2012}}</ref>

== Launch vehicles ==
During the 1960s and 1970s, India initiated its own [[launch vehicle]]s owing to geopolitical and economic considerations. In the 1960s–1970s, the country developed a sounding rocket, and by the 1980s, research had yielded the Satellite Launch Vehicle-3 (SLV-3) and the more advanced Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV), complete with operational supporting infrastructure.{{sfn|Gupta|Suresh|Sivan|2007|p=1697}}

=== Satellite Launch Vehicle ===
{{Main|Satellite Launch Vehicle}}

[[File:Stamp of India - 1981 - Colnect 505879 - Launch of Rohini Satellite.jpeg|thumb|Stamp depicting SLV-3 D1 carrying [[Rohini (satellite)|RS-D1]] satellite to orbit]]
::Status: Retired
The Satellite Launch Vehicle (known as SLV-3) was the first space rocket to be developed by India. The initial launch in 1979 was a failure followed by a successful launch in 1980 making India the sixth country in world with orbital launch capability. The development of bigger rockets began afterwards.<ref name="SLVFlipbook" />

=== Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle ===
{{Main|Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle}}

[[File:ASLV.svg|50px|thumb|Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle]]
::Status: Retired
The Augmented or Advanced Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) was another small launch vehicle released in 1980s to develop technologies required to place satellites into [[geostationary orbit]]. ISRO did not have adequate funds to develop ASLV and PSLV at once. Since ASLV suffered repeated failures, it was dropped in favour of a new project.<ref name="bharat-rakshak.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/SPACE/space-launchers-aslv.html |title=Augumented Satellite Launch Vehicle |access-date=19 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829151541/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/SPACE/space-launchers-aslv.html |archive-date=29 August 2009}}</ref><ref name=ITASLV />

=== Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle ===
{{Main|Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle}}

[[File:PSLV-C11 launch2.jpg|thumb|PSLV-C11 lifts off carrying [[Chandrayaan-1]], first Indian mission to the moon.]]
::Status: Active
The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle or PSLV is the first [[medium-lift launch vehicle]] from India which enabled India to launch all its remote-sensing satellites into Sun-synchronous orbit. PSLV had a failure in its maiden launch in 1993. Besides two other partial failures, PSLV has become the primary workhorse for ISRO with more than 50 launches placing hundreds of Indian and foreign satellites into orbit.<ref name="gsp-pslv-1" />

Decade-wise summary of PSLV launches:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Decade
! Successful
! Partial success
! Failure
! Total
|-
|1990s
| 3
| 1
| 1
| 5
|-
| 2000s
| 11
| 0
| 0
| 11
|-
| 2010s
| 33
| 0
| 1
| 34
|-
| 2020s
| 10
| 0
| 2
| 12
|-
| Total
| 57
| 1
| 4
| 62
|}

=== Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle ===
{{Main|Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle}}

[[File:GSLV-F08 Liftoff 5.jpg|thumb|GSLV-F08 launches [[GSAT-6A]] into [[geostationary transfer orbit]] (2018).]]
::Status: Active
The Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle is a medium-lift launch vehicle which was envisaged in 1990s to transfer significant payloads to geostationary orbit. ISRO initially had a great problem realising GSLV as the development of [[CE-7.5]] in India took a decade. The US had blocked India from obtaining cryogenic technology from Russia, leading India to develop its own cryogenic engines.<ref name=flGSLVQuest />

Decade-wise summary of GSLV Launches:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Decade
! Successful
! Partial success
! Failure
! Total
|-
| 2000s
| 2
| 2
| 1
| 5
|-
| 2010s
| 6
| 0
| 2
| 8
|-
| 2020s
| 4
| 0
| 1
| 5
|-
| Total
| 12
| 2
| 4
| 18
|}

=== Launch Vehicle Mark-3 ===
{{Main|LVM3}}

[[File:LVM3 M4, Chandrayaan-3 - Launch vehicle lifting off from the Second Launch Pad (SLP) of SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota (edit).jpg|thumb|LVM3 M4 lifting off from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre#Second Launch Pad|SDSC SLP]], carrying [[Chandrayaan-3]] (2023)]]
::Status: Active
The Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM3), previously known as the GSLV Mk III, is a medium-lift launch vehicle and the heaviest rocket in operational service with ISRO. Equipped with a more powerful cryogenic engine and boosters than GSLV, it has significantly higher payload capacity and allows India to launch all its communication satellites.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 November 2018 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-masters-rocket-science-with-isro-sucessfully-launching-gsat-29-satellite/story-m72QQBzx7fxEYLyyoMRgPI.html |title='India masters rocket science': Here's why the new ISRO launch is special |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=15 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115195243/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-masters-rocket-science-with-isro-sucessfully-launching-gsat-29-satellite/story-m72QQBzx7fxEYLyyoMRgPI.html |url-status=live}}</ref> LVM3 is expected to carry [[Gaganyaan|India's first crewed mission to space]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Gaganyaan: Isro's unmanned space mission for December 2020 likely to be delayed |url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/current-affairs/gaganyaan-isro-s-unmanned-space-mission-for-dec-2020-likely-to-be-delayed-120081600635_1.html |newspaper=Business Standard |date=16 August 2020 |access-date=19 March 2021 |via=Press Trust of India |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203718/https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/current-affairs/gaganyaan-isro-s-unmanned-space-mission-for-dec-2020-likely-to-be-delayed-120081600635_1.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and will be the testbed for [[SE-2000]] engine which will power India's [[heavy-lift launch vehicle|heavy-lift rockets]] in the future.<ref name="Episode 90">{{Cite web |title=Episode 90 – An update on ISRO's activities with S Somanath and R Umamaheshwaran |url=https://astrotalkuk.org/episode-90-an-update-on-isros-activities-with-s-somanath-and-r-umamaheshwaran/ |date=24 October 2019 |access-date=19 March 2021 |publisher=AstrotalkUK |archive-date=29 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029030030/https://astrotalkuk.org/episode-90-an-update-on-isros-activities-with-s-somanath-and-r-umamaheshwaran/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Decade-wise summary of LVM3 launches:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Decade
! Successful
! Partial success
! Failure
! Total
|-
| 2010s
| 4
| 0
| 0
| 4
|-
| 2020s
| 5
| 0
| 0
| 5
|-
| Total
| 9
| 0
| 0
| 9
|}

=== Small Satellite Launch Vehicle ===
{{Main|Small Satellite Launch Vehicle}}

[[File:Mrm7669 Launch of SSLV-D1 from Satish Dhawan FLP.jpg|thumb|SSLV D1 lifting off from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre#First Launch Pad|SDSC FLP]]]]
::Status: Active
The Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) is a [[small-lift launch vehicle]] developed by the ISRO with payload capacity to deliver {{cvt|500|kg}} to low Earth orbit ({{cvt|500|km}}) or {{cvt|300|kg}} to Sun-synchronous orbit ({{cvt|500|km}})<ref name=SSLV_UMv2>{{cite web |url=http://nsilindia.co.in/sites/default/files/u1/SSLV%20Technical%20Brochure%20V12.pdf |title=SSLV technical brochure V12 |date=20 December 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220153651/http://nsilindia.co.in/sites/default/files/u1/SSLV%20Technical%20Brochure%20V12.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2019 |access-date=20 December 2019}}</ref> for launching small satellites, with the capability to support multiple orbital drop-offs.<ref>Gunter's space page: [https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/sslv.htm SSLV] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817092258/https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/sslv.htm |date=17 August 2018 }}</ref><ref name=":1b">{{cite web |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/sslv.htm |title=SSLV |website=space.skyrocket.de |access-date=2018-12-09 |archive-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817092258/https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/sslv.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="DoS_20190118">{{cite web |url=http://pibphoto.nic.in/documents/rlink/2019/jan/p201911802.pdf |title=Department of Space presentation on 18 January 2019 |date=18 January 2019 |access-date=30 January 2019 |archive-date=30 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053353/http://pibphoto.nic.in/documents/rlink/2019/jan/p201911802.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Decade-wise summary of SSLV launches:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Decade
! Successful
! Partial success
! Failure
! Total
|-
| 2020s
| 2
| 0
| 1
| 3
|}

=== Sounding rockets ===
==== Rohini sounding rockets ====
{{Main|Rohini (rocket family)}}

[[File:Rohini rockets family shapes-03.jpg|thumb|Rohini rocket family]]
::Status: Active
Rohini is a series of sounding rockets developed by ISRO for [[meteorological]] and atmospheric study.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RH |url=http://www.astronautix.com/r/rh.html |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> These sounding rockets are capable of carrying [[Payload (air and space craft)|payloads]] of {{convert|2|to|200|kg}} between altitudes of {{convert|100|to|500|km}}.<ref>{{cite news|last=Subramanium|first=T S|title=Reaching out to the stars|url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2101/stories/20040116004011600.htm|access-date=10 March 2012|newspaper=Frontline|date=16 January 2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219205953/http://flonnet.com/fl2101/stories/20040116004011600.htm|archive-date=19 February 2010}}</ref> The ISRO currently uses RH-200, RH-300,Mk-II, RH-560 Mk-II and RH-560 Mk-III rockets, which are launched from the [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]] (TERLS) in [[Thumba]] and the SDSC in [[Sriharikota]].

==== Advanced Technology Vehicle ====
{{Main|Advanced Technology Vehicle}}

[[File:ISRO Advanced Technology Vehicle shape-01 (rotated).jpg|thumb|Advanced Technology Vehicle]]
::Status: Active
The Advanced Technology Vehicle is a modified Indian sounding rocket developed by ISRO.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISRO's Scramjet Engine Technology Demonstrator Successfully Flight Tested |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/ScramjetEngineTechnology.html |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref> It is based on the Rohini-560 sounding rocket. The ATV programme was created to test the development of a native dual-mode air-breathing [[scramjet]] engine. {{As of|2016}}, ISRO has flown two test missions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scramjet Engine - TD |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/ScramjetEngine.html |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>

== Human spaceflight programme ==
{{Main|Indian Human Spaceflight Programme|Gaganyaan|List of Indian astronauts}}

The first proposal to send humans into space was discussed by ISRO in 2006, leading to work on the required infrastructure and spacecraft.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scientists Discuss Indian Manned Space Mission - ISRO |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-nov-2006/scientists-discuss-indian-manned-space-mission |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203522/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-nov-2006/scientists-discuss-indian-manned-space-mission |archive-date=2021-04-13 |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=www.isro.gov.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hindu News Update Service |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/008200708091621.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102171937/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/008200708091621.htm |archive-date=2007-11-02 |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=www.hindu.com}}</ref> The trials for crewed space missions began in 2007 with the {{convert|600|kg|lb|adj=on}} [[Space Capsule Recovery Experiment]] (SRE), launched using the PSLV rocket, and safely returned to earth 12 days later.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2007 |title=Space Capsule Recovery Experiment(SRE) |url=http://www.aprsaf.org/data/aprsaf14_data/day1/SEU10_SRE%20slides%20for%20web.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224103000/http://www.aprsaf.org/data/aprsaf14_data/day1/SEU10_SRE%20slides%20for%20web.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2013 |access-date=20 March 2021 }}</ref>

In 2009, ISRO proposed a budget of {{INRConvert|124|b|lk=on|year=2009}} for its human spaceflight programme. An unmanned demonstration flight was expected after seven years from the final approval and a crewed mission was to be launched after seven years of funding.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/plan-panel-okays-isro-manned-space-flight/426945/ |title=Plan panel okays ISRO manned space flight |work=The Indian Express |date=23 February 2009 |access-date=11 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607014311/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/plan-panel-okays-isro-manned-space-flight/426945 |archive-date=7 June 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> A crewed mission initially was not a priority and left on the backburner for several years.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/satellites-are-our-priority-now-not-human-space-flight/299103 |title=Satellites Are Our Priority Now, Not Human Space Flight |work=Outlook |date=15 July 2017 |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029191931/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/satellites-are-our-priority-now-not-human-space-flight/299103 |url-status=live}}</ref> A [[Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment|space capsule recovery experiment]] in 2014<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/india-successfully-test-fires-gslv-markiii-its-heaviest-rocket/article6703691.ece |title=GSLV Mark III takes to the skies in test flight |newspaper=The Hindu |date=18 December 2014 |access-date=7 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602005710/http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/india-successfully-test-fires-gslv-markiii-its-heaviest-rocket/article6703691.ece |archive-date=2 June 2017 |url-status=live |last1=Kandavel |first1=Sangeetha}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/india-to-launch-unmanned-crew-module-in-december/articleshow/44987199.cms |title=India to launch unmanned crew module in December |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=30 October 2014 |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102044330/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/india-to-launch-unmanned-crew-module-in-december/articleshow/44987199.cms |archive-date=2 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> and a pad abort test in 2018<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/isros-first-pad-abort-test-successful/article24336860.ece |title=ISRO's first 'pad abort' test, critical for future human space mission, successful |newspaper=The Hindu |date=5 July 2018 |access-date=15 August 2018 |via=www.thehindu.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705205114/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/isros-first-pad-abort-test-successful/article24336860.ece |archive-date=5 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> were followed by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s announcement in his 2018 [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] address that India will send astronauts into space by 2022 on the new Gaganyaan spacecraft.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gaganyaan-mission-to-take-indian-astronaut-to-space-by-2022-pm-modi/article24695817.ece |title=Gaganyaan mission to take Indian astronaut to space by 2022: PM Modi |newspaper=The Hindu |date=15 August 2018 |access-date=15 August 2018 |via=www.thehindu.com |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427090426/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gaganyaan-mission-to-take-indian-astronaut-to-space-by-2022-pm-modi/article24695817.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> To date, ISRO has developed most of the technologies needed, such as the crew module and crew escape system, space food, and life support systems. The project would cost less than {{INR}}100 billion (US$1.3 billion) and would include sending two or three Indians to space, at an altitude of {{cvt|300|-|400|km}}, for at least seven days, using a GSLV Mk-III launch vehicle.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-plans-to-put-man-in-space-for-7-days-says-indian-space-research-organisation-chairman-k-sivan-1900888 |title=Indian Astronaut Will Be in Space For 7 Days, Confirms ISRO Chairman |access-date=15 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815151504/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-plans-to-put-man-in-space-for-7-days-says-indian-space-research-organisation-chairman-k-sivan-1900888 |archive-date=15 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jfk-1961-modi-2018-pm-announces-indian-space-2022-isro-ready-86635?amp |title=JFK in 1961, Modi in 2018: PM announces 'Indian in space by 2022,' but is ISRO ready? |date=15 August 2018 |access-date=15 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815201219/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jfk-1961-modi-2018-pm-announces-indian-space-2022-isro-ready-86635?amp |archive-date=15 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Astronaut training and other facilities ===
[[File:Gaganyaan crew at Russia.jpg|thumb|[[Gaganyaan]] crew in Russia]]
The newly established [[Human Space Flight Centre]] (HSFC) will coordinate the IHSF campaign.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-announces-human-space-flight-centre/article25967944.ece |title=ISRO starts Human Space Flight centre |last=Ds |first=Madhumathi |date=11 January 2019 |work=The Hindu |access-date=11 January 2019 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531074335/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-announces-human-space-flight-centre/article25967944.ece |archive-date=31 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="isro-20190130" /> ISRO will set up an astronaut training centre in Bengaluru to prepare personnel for flights in the crewed vehicle. It will use simulation facilities to train the selected astronauts in rescue and recovery operations and survival in [[microgravity]], and will undertake studies of the radiation environment of space. ISRO had to build [[High-G training|centrifuges]] to prepare astronauts for the acceleration phase of the launch. Existing launch facilities at SDSC will have to be upgraded for the Indian human spaceflight campaign.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/nov/15/indias-human-space-programme-gets-a-fillip-1898396.html |title=India's human space programme gets a fillip |website=The New Indian Express |date=15 November 2018 |access-date=11 January 2019 |quote=Initially, the plan was the construct a new launch pad for the human space flight, but Sivan told the Express that due to paucity of time one of the two existing launch pads is being modified to meet the requirement. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112095045/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/nov/15/indias-human-space-programme-gets-a-fillip-1898396.html |archive-date=12 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> HSFC and Glavkosmos signed an agreement on 1 July 2019 for the selection, support, medical examination and space training of Indian astronauts.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/its-official-india-picks-russia-to-pick-train-astronauts/articleshow/70031169.cms |title=Gaganyaan: India chooses Russia to pick & train astronauts |date=1 July 2019 |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=1 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723221603/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/its-official-india-picks-russia-to-pick-train-astronauts/articleshow/70031169.cms |archive-date=23 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> An ISRO Technical Liaison Unit (ITLU) was to be set up in [[Moscow]] to facilitate the development of some key technologies and establishment of special facilities which are essential to support life in space.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-will-set-up-unit-in-moscow-to-develop-technology-needed-for-gaganyaan-mission/articleshow/70471565.cms |title=Isro will set up unit in Moscow to develop technology needed for Gaganyaan mission |last=Singh |first=Surendra |date=31 July 2019 |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=1 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820164300/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-will-set-up-unit-in-moscow-to-develop-technology-needed-for-gaganyaan-mission/articleshow/70471565.cms |archive-date=20 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Four [[Indian Air Force]] personnel finished training at [[Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center]] in March 2021.<ref name="Trainingok">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=19 March 2021 |title=Gaganyaan: Astronauts clear all tests, Russia training to end this month |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/astronauts-clear-all-tests-russia-training-to-end-this-month/articleshow/81575438.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=20 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320132145/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/astronauts-clear-all-tests-russia-training-to-end-this-month/articleshow/81575438.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Axiom Mission 4 ===
[[File:Shubhanshu Shukla at ISS.png|thumb|[[Shubhanshu Shukla|Shukla]] conducting experiments aboard the [[ISS]] during [[Axiom Mission 4]]]]

{{Main|Axiom Mission 4}}

[[Axiom Mission 4]] (Ax‑4), launched in June 2025, included [[Shubhanshu Shukla]] as mission pilot, marking the first time an [[List of Indian astronauts|Indian astronaut]] traveled to the [[International Space Station]] (ISS). The mission was organized by the company [[Axiom Space]] and launched by [[SpaceX]] from [[Launch Complex 39A]] at [[NASA]]'s [[Kennedy Space Center]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2025-06-04 |title=NASA, ISRO Research Aboard Fourth Private Astronaut Mission to Station |url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/station/iss-research/nasa-isro-research-aboard-fourth-private-astronaut-mission-to-station/ |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=NASA}}</ref> Shukla flew alongside Axiom commander [[Peggy Whitson]] and mission specialists [[Sławosz Uznański-Wiśniewski]] of the [[European Space Agency]] and [[Tibor Kapu]] of Hungary. Fellow ISRO astronaut [[Prasanth Nair]] served as Shukla's backup and participated in training at NASA's [[Johnson Space Center]] in Houston.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 June 2025 |title=Shubhanshu Shukla: India celebrates sending its first astronaut into space after 41 years |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cz09lx2gjm4o |access-date=25 June 2025 |website=BBC}}</ref><ref name="Pandey 2025">{{Cite news |date=26 June 2025 |title=Shubhanshu Shukla: Astronaut to become first Indian to set foot on ISS |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crenw0nyqnqo |access-date=26 June 2025 |website=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Fortin |first1=Jacey |last2=K.B |first2=Pragati |date=25 June 2025 |title=Four Astronauts Lift Off on Axiom Mission to the I.S.S. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/06/25/science/spacex-launch-axiom-mission-4-watch.html |access-date=26 June 2025 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Dunn |first1=Marcia |date=25 June 2025 |title=Astronauts from India, Poland and Hungary blast off on a privately funded trip to the space station |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2025/06/25/spacex-axiom-india-hungary-poland-astronauts/315609c4-518f-11f0-baaa-ba1025f321a8_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref>

Shukla spent approximately two weeks aboard the ISS conducting around 60 experiments. At least seven of these were developed by ISRO or Indian academic institutions, covering areas such as cognitive effects of screen exposure, microbial adaptation, muscle atrophy, and crop resilience in microgravity.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{cite news |author=The Wire Analysis |date=8 June 2025 |title=Know-Your-Spacemen: Is Shubhanshu Shukla's Axiom-4 Different from Rakesh Sharma's in 1984? |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/space/know-your-spacemen-is-shubhanshu-shuklas-axiom-4-different-from-rakesh-sharmas-in-1984?mid_related_new |access-date=26 June 2025 |website=The Wire}}</ref> According to ISRO Chairman V. Narayanan, Shukla's in-flight activities and research will also advance India's Gaganyaan human spaceflight programme.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 July 2025 |title=Shukla In space: Benefits far outweigh cost, says Isro chief |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shukla-in-space-benefits-far-outweigh-cost-says-isro-chief/articleshow/122190896.cms }}</ref>

Media reports estimate that the Government of India spent approximately {{INRConvert|548|c|lk=on|year=2025}} on the mission seat. The cost drew scrutiny, particularly in the context of India's parallel efforts to develop its own indigenous human spaceflight capability. ISRO and Axiom Space officials defended the expenditure, citing the mission's value in astronaut training, operational readiness, and scientific return.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 March 2025 |title=India has spent Rs 413 crore on sending astronaut to ISS; Rs 135 crore more to go this year |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-has-spent-rs-413-crore-on-sending-astronaut-to-iss-rs-135-crore-more-to-go-this-year/articleshow/119670434.cms |via=The Economic Times – The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 June 2025 |title=Shubhanshu Shukla: The Isro pilot taking India back to space after 41 years |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce80glkl7nno |website=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 June 2025 |title=Indian astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla's space mission has a whopping price tag |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/indian-astronaut-shubhanshu-shuklas-space-mission-has-a-whopping-price-tag-2738206-2025-06-09 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 July 2025 |title=Shukla In space: Benefits far outweigh cost, says Isro chief |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shukla-in-space-benefits-far-outweigh-cost-says-isro-chief/articleshow/122190896.cms }}</ref>

=== Crewed spacecraft ===
{{Main|Gaganyaan}}

[[File:Gaganyaan TV-D1 successfully secured on deck 03.jpg|thumb|Gaganyaan TV-D1 successfully secured on deck]]
ISRO is working towards an [[orbital spaceflight|orbital]] crewed spacecraft that can operate for seven days in [[low Earth orbit]]. The spacecraft, called Gaganyaan, will be the basis of the [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]] (IHSP). The spacecraft is being developed to carry up to three people, and a planned upgraded version will be equipped with a rendezvous and docking capability. In its first crewed mission, ISRO's largely autonomous spacecraft would have a mass of approximately {{Convert|3|t|lb}} and be placed in low Earth orbit at an altitude of around {{Convert|400|km}}. It would be capable of supporting a crew of two for up to seven days.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dutt |first=Anonna |date=2023-04-09 |title=Gaganyaan: From astronauts' training to tech upgrade, ISRO making leaps to meet 2025 target for manned mission |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gaganyaan-from-astronauts-training-to-tech-upgrade-isro-making-leaps-to-meet-2025-target-for-manned-mission-8546259/ |access-date=2023-08-08 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en-IN |archive-date=6 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706003805/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gaganyaan-from-astronauts-training-to-tech-upgrade-isro-making-leaps-to-meet-2025-target-for-manned-mission-8546259/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Space station{{anchor|Space Station}} ===
{{Main|Bharatiya Antariksh Station}}

India plans to develop a modular [[space station]] as a follow-up to the ''Gaganyaan'' human spaceflight programme. The proposed [[Bharatiya Antariksh Station]] would have a mass of approximately {{convert|20|t|lb}} and be placed in low Earth orbit at an altitude of around {{convert|400|km}}. It is intended to initially support a crew of up to three astronauts for missions lasting 15 to 20 days.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 June 2019 |title=India planning to have own space station: ISRO chief |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/india-planning-to-have-own-space-station-isro-chief/articleshow/69771669.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702043332/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/india-planning-to-have-own-space-station-isro-chief/articleshow/69771669.cms |archive-date=2 July 2019 |access-date=21 July 2019 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2019 |title=India's own space station to come up in 5–7 years: Isro chief |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-to-have-its-own-space-station-isro/articleshow/69775360.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804044046/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-to-have-its-own-space-station-isro/articleshow/69775360.cms |archive-date=4 August 2019 |access-date=22 July 2019 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu">{{cite web |date=2019-06-13 |title=India to have its own space station: ISRO |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/india-to-have-a-separate-space-station-isro/article27898707.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810173302/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/india-to-have-a-separate-space-station-isro/article27898707.ece |archive-date=10 August 2019 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> The ISRO aims to launch the station five to seven years after the completion of ''Gaganyaan''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 October 2019 |title=India's space station likely to have space for three |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-space-station-likely-to-have-space-for-three/articleshow/71828669.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031235228/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-space-station-likely-to-have-space-for-three/articleshow/71828669.cms |archive-date=31 October 2019 |access-date=1 November 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=13 June 2019 |title=India to have its own space station: ISRO |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/india-to-have-a-separate-space-station-isro/article27898707.ece |access-date=1 November 2019 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The station is planned to be expanded in phases over several years and is envisioned as a platform for international collaboration in research related to interplanetary exploration, microgravity science, space biology, and space medicine.<ref name=":1" />

== Planetary sciences and astronomy ==
ISRO and [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] have operated a balloon launch base at Hyderabad since 1967.<ref name="ISRO balloon" /> Its proximity to the geo-magnetic equator,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stratocat.com.ar/bases/31e.htm |title=Stratospheric balloon launch bases and sites |publisher=StratoCat |access-date=4 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170531/http://stratocat.com.ar/bases/31e.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> where both primary and secondary [[cosmic ray]] fluxes are low, makes it an ideal location to study [[Astrophysical X-ray source|diffuse cosmic X-ray background]].<ref name="ISRO balloon">{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.org/space_science/images/BalloonXrayStudies.htm |title=Balloon X-ray astronomy experiments from India |access-date=17 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020528045243/http://www.isro.org/space_science/images/BalloonXrayStudies.htm |archive-date=28 May 2002}}</ref>

ISRO played a role in the discovery of three species of bacteria in the upper stratosphere at an altitude between {{cvt|20|-|40|km}}. The bacteria, highly resistant to [[Ultraviolet|ultra-violet radiation]], are not found elsewhere on Earth, leading to speculation on whether they are extraterrestrial in origin.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Harris |first1=Melanie J. |last2=Wickramasinghe |first2=N.C. |last3=Lloyd |first3=David |display-authors=etal |year=2002 |issue=Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology IV |doi=10.1117/12.454758 |journal=Proc. SPIE |volume=4495 |title=Detection of living cells in stratospheric samples |page=192 |series=Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology IV |url=http://repository.iucaa.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/11007/1631/1/295aB_2002.pdf |access-date=21 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922023031/http://repository.iucaa.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/11007/1631/1/295aB_2002.pdf |archive-date=22 September 2017 |url-status=live |bibcode=2002SPIE.4495..192H |s2cid=129736236}}</ref> They are considered [[extremophile]]s, and named as ''Bacillus isronensis'' in recognition of ISRO's contribution in the balloon experiments, which led to its discovery, ''Bacillus aryabhata'' after India's celebrated ancient astronomer [[Aryabhata]] and ''[[Janibacter hoylei]]'' after the distinguished astrophysicist [[Fred Hoyle]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shivaji |first1=S. |last2=Chaturvedi |first2=P. |last3=Begum |first3=Z. |display-authors=etal |year=2009 |title=''Janibacter hoylei'' sp.nov., ''Bacillus isronensis'' sp.nov. and ''Bacillus aryabhattai'' sp.nov. isolated from cryotubes used for collecting air from the upper atmosphere |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |volume=59 |issue=12 |pages=2977–2986 |doi=10.1099/ijs.0.002527-0 |pmid=19643890 |bibcode=2009IJSEM..59.2977S |doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Astrosat ===
{{Main|AstroSat}}

[[File:Astrosat-1 in deployed configuration.png|thumb|Astrosat-1 in deployed configuration]]
Launched in 2015, Astrosat is India's first dedicated multi-wavelength [[Space telescope|space observatory]]. Its observation study includes [[Active galactic nucleus|active galactic nuclei]], hot [[White dwarf]]s, pulsations of [[pulsar]]s, binary star systems, and [[supermassive black hole]]s located at the centre of the [[galaxy]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/28-sep-2018/three-years-of-astrosat |title=Three years of AstroSat – ISRO |website=www.isro.gov.in |language=en |access-date=28 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830213436/http://isro.gov.in/update/28-sep-2018/three-years-of-astrosat |archive-date=30 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== XPoSat ===
{{Main|XPoSat}}

[[File:PSLV-C58,_XPoSat_-_Render_of_XPoSat_satellite_in_deployed_configuration.png|thumb|XPoSat]]
The '''X-ray Polarimeter Satellite''' ('''XPoSat''') is a satellite for studying black holes and [[Polarization (waves)|polarisation]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Dutt |first=Anonna |date=17 September 2021 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indias-first-solar-mission-likely-to-launch-next-year-isro-101631860455183.html |title='India's first solar mission likely to launch next year': ISRO |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |access-date=18 September 2021 |archive-date=17 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917230256/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indias-first-solar-mission-likely-to-launch-next-year-isro-101631860455183.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name='Annadurai 2019'>{{cite web |url=http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/2017/copuos2017tech30E.pdf |title=Future Exploration Missions of ISRO |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921095058/http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/2017/copuos2017tech30E.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2018 |publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) |work=Dr. M. Annadurai, director, ISAC, ISRO. UNCOPUOS 60th Session, Vienna, 2019 |access-date=10 December 2021}}</ref> The spacecraft carries the Polarimeter Instrument in X-rays (POLIX) payload which will study the degree and angle of polarisation of bright astronomical [[X-ray]] sources in the energy range 5–30 keV.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/chandrayaan-2-launched-here-are-future-isro-missions-to-space-5842337/ |title=Chandrayaan 2 launched: Here are future ISRO missions to space |date=22 July 2019 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-IN |access-date=23 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726085439/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/chandrayaan-2-launched-here-are-future-isro-missions-to-space-5842337/ |archive-date=26 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> It launched on 1 January 2024 on a [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle#PSLV-DL|PSLV-DL]] rocket,<ref name="indiatv-20231226">{{Cite news |last=Nigam |first=Saumya |date=26 December 2023 |title=ISRO to launch PSLV-C58 with XPoSAT on January 1 to study black holes, neutron stars |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/science/isro-to-launch-pslv-c58-with-xposat-on-january-1-to-study-black-holes-neutron-stars-details-2023-12-26-909050 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228060344/https://www.indiatvnews.com/science/isro-to-launch-pslv-c58-with-xposat-on-january-1-to-study-black-holes-neutron-stars-details-2023-12-26-909050 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |access-date=27 December 2023 |work=[[India TV]] }}</ref> and it has an expected operational lifespan of at least five years.<ref name='Annadurai 2019'/><ref name="dos-qa-20230405">{{Cite web |date=5 April 2023 |title=Loksabha Q&A |url=https://pqals.nic.in/annex/1711/AU5386.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406052049/https://pqals.nic.in/annex/1711/AU5386.pdf |archive-date=6 April 2023 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] }}</ref>

== Extraterrestrial exploration ==
=== Lunar exploration ===
{{Main|Chandrayaan programme}}

Chandryaan ({{lit|Mooncraft}}) are India's series of lunar exploration spacecraft. The initial mission included an orbiter and controlled impact probe while later missions include landers, rovers and sampling missions.<ref name="Episode 90" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=A mix of young and middle-aged people will train for Gaganyaan |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/current/2020/01/24/a-mix-of-young-and-middle-aged-people-will-train-for-gaganyaan.html |website=The Week |language=en |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128073908/https://www.theweek.in/theweek/current/2020/01/24/a-mix-of-young-and-middle-aged-people-will-train-for-gaganyaan.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Chandrayaan-1 ====
{{Main|Chandrayaan-1}}

[[File:CY1 2007 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Rendering of Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft]]
Chandrayaan-1 was India's first mission to the Moon. The robotic lunar exploration mission included a lunar orbiter and an impactor called the [[Moon Impact Probe]]. ISRO launched it using a modified version of the PSLV on 22 October 2008 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre. It entered lunar orbit on 8 November 2008, carrying high-resolution remote sensing equipment for visible, near infrared, and soft and hard X-ray frequencies. During its 312-day operational period (two years were planned), it surveyed the lunar surface to produce a complete map of its chemical characteristics and three-dimensional topography. The polar regions were of special interest, as they had possible [[lunar ice|ice]] deposits. Chandrayaan-1 carried 11 instruments: five Indian and six from foreign institutes and space agencies (including [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration|NASA]], [[European Space Agency|ESA]], the [[Bulgarian Academy of Sciences]], [[Brown University]] and other European and North American institutions and companies), which were carried for free. The mission team was awarded the [[American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics]] SPACE 2009 award,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.domain-b.com/aero/aero_general/20090901_chandrayaan1.html |title=domain-b.com : American astronautics society award for Chandrayaan-1 team |date=September 2009 |access-date=12 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923215805/http://www.domain-b.com/aero/aero_general/20090901_chandrayaan1.html |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> the [[International Lunar Exploration Working Group]]'s International Co-operation award in 2008,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20081201/nation.htm#14 |title=Chandrayaan-1 wins global award |date=30 November 2008 |agency=Tribune News Service |access-date=2 February 2015 |author=Choudhury, Shubhadeep |location=Bangalore |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808030908/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20081201/nation.htm#14 |archive-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[National Space Society]]'s 2009 [[Space Pioneer Awards|Space Pioneer Award]] in the science and engineering category.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nss.org/awards/2009.html |title=NSS awards for 2009 |publisher=National Space Society |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202011649/http://www.nss.org/awards/2009.html |archive-date=2 February 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/features/2010/lcross_award.html |title=NASA's Lunar Impact Mission Honored by National Space Society |publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration |date=17 June 2010 |access-date=2 February 2013 |author=Hoover, Rachel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109115404/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/features/2010/lcross_award.html |archive-date=9 January 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Chandrayaan-2 ====
{{Main|Chandrayaan-2}}

[[File:Chandrayaan-2 lander and orbiter integrated module.jpg|thumb|''Vikram'' lander mounted on top of the orbiter of Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft|alt=]]
Chandrayaan-2, the second mission to the Moon, included an orbiter, a lander and a rover. It was launched on a GSLV Mk III on 22 July 2019, consisting of a lunar orbiter, the Vikram lander, and the Pragyan lunar rover, all developed in India.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49032603 |title=India launches second Moon mission |date=22 July 2019 |work=British Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=23 July 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822092132/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49032603 |archive-date=22 August 2019 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="gslv3">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-put-off-india-israel-in-lunar-race-for-4th-position/articleshow/65275012.cms |title=Chandrayaan-2 launch put off: India, Israel in lunar race for 4th position |last=Singh |first=Surendra |date=5 August 2018 |work=The Times of India |access-date=15 August 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819060901/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-put-off-india-israel-in-lunar-race-for-4th-position/articleshow/65275012.cms |archive-date=19 August 2018 |agency=Times News Network}}</ref> It was the first mission meant to explore the little-explored [[lunar south pole]] region.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-moon-mission-isro-live-less-than-two-hours-to-go-for-indias-second-date-with-the-moon-2240201.html |title=India Successfully Launches Chandrayaan-2, Aims to Become First to Probe Lunar South Pole |website=News18 |date=23 July 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723131504/https://www.news18.com/news/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-moon-mission-isro-live-less-than-two-hours-to-go-for-indias-second-date-with-the-moon-2240201.html |archive-date=23 July 2019 |access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref> The objective of the Chandrayaan-2 mission was to land a robotic rover to conduct various studies on the lunar surface.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN2 |title=NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729172632/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN2 |archive-date=29 July 2019 |access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref>

The ''Vikram'' lander, carrying the ''Pragyan'' rover, was scheduled to land on the near side of the Moon, in the south polar region at a latitude of about 70° S at approximately 1:50 am(IST) on 7 September 2019. However, the lander deviated from its intended trajectory starting from an altitude of {{cvt|2.1|km}}, and [[telemetry]] was lost seconds before touchdown was expected.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-home |title=Chandrayaan2 Home – ISRO |website=www.isro.gov.in |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729041910/https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-home |archive-date=29 July 2019 |access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref> A review board concluded that the crash-landing was caused by a [[software]] glitch.<ref name="Failure report">[https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2019/11/16/how-did-chandrayaan-2-fail-isro-answer.html How did Chandrayaan 2 fail? ISRO finally has the answer.] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219143203/https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2019/11/16/how-did-chandrayaan-2-fail-isro-answer.html |date=19 February 2021 }} Mahesh Guptan, ''The Week''. 16 November 2019.</ref> The lunar orbiter was efficiently positioned in an optimal lunar orbit, extending its expected service time from one year to seven.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-latest-updates |title=Chandrayaan2 Latest updates – ISRO |website=www.isro.gov.in |access-date=2 December 2019 |archive-date=4 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904002946/https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-latest-updates |url-status=live}}</ref> It was planned that there will be another attempt to soft-land on the Moon in 2023, without an orbiter.<ref name="tie-20220104">{{cite web |last=Dutt |first=Anonna |date=4 January 2022 |title=ISRO targets Gaganyaan launch before Independence day, Chandrayaan 3 by mid-2023 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/isro-targets-gaganyaan-launch-before-august-15-7704957/ |access-date=7 January 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-date=7 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107190732/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/isro-targets-gaganyaan-launch-before-august-15-7704957/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Chandrayaan-3 ====
{{Main|Chandrayaan-3}}

[[File:Chandrayaan-3 – Integrated Module.webp|thumb|Integrated Module of Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft|300x300px]]
Chandryaan-3 is India's second attempt to soft-land on the Moon after the partial failure of Chandrayaan-2. The mission only included a lander-rover set and communicated with the orbiter from the previous mission.

On 23 August 2023, ISRO became the first space agency to successfully land a spacecraft near the lunar south pole. ISRO is the fourth space agency ever to land on the Moon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-23 |title='India, I reached my destination': ISRO confirms Chandrayaan 3's soft-landing on moon |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/current-affairs/chandrayaan-3-soft-landing-on-moon-isro-india-11245841.html |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829155506/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/current-affairs/chandrayaan-3-soft-landing-on-moon-isro-india-11245841.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Recognizing this achievement, Prime Minister Narendra Modi proclaimed August 23 as [[National Space Day (India)|National Space Day]] in India.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 August 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3: India To Celebrate August 23 As 'National Space Day' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/chandrayaan-3-india-to-celebrate-august-23-as-national-space-day/videoshow/103080187.cms |accessdate=26 August 2023 |newspaper=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Soumya Pillai |date=26 August 2023 |title=PM Modi announces August 23 as 'National Space Day', lauds Isro scientists |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-declares-august-23-as-national-space-day-chandrayaan-3-lands-successfully-on-moon-s-south-pole-101693025185154.html |accessdate=26 August 2023 |newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=26 August 2023 |title=PM Modi declares August 23 as National Space Day, says India now in front row of nations |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/narendra-modi-bengaluru-isro-moon-landing-8910185/ |access-date=27 August 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Mars exploration ===
{{Main|Indian Mars exploration missions}}

[[File:Tharsis and Valles Marineris - Mars Orbiter Mission (30055660701).png|thumb|[[Tharsis]] and [[Valles Marineris]] as captured by [[Mars Orbiter Mission]].]]
==== Mars Orbiter Mission ''(MOM)'' or ''(Mangalyaan-1)'' ====
{{Main|Mars Orbiter Mission}}

[[File:Mars Orbiter Mission Over Mars (15237158879).jpg|thumb|Artist's rendering of the [[Mars Orbiter Mission]] spacecraft, with [[Mars]] in the background]]
The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), informally known as ''Mangalyaan'' (eng: "MarsCraft") was launched into Earth [[orbit]] on 5 November 2013 by ISRO and has entered Mars orbit on 24 September 2014.<ref name="prelaunch Oct 2013">{{cite news |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/technology/science/india-becomes-first-country-to-enter-mars-orbit-on-their-first-attempt/story-fnjwlbuf-1227068835676?nk=20dfb6bbe7f9267fcf8572967c544066 |title=India becomes first country to enter Mars' orbit on their first attempt |date=24 September 2014 |work=Herald Sun |access-date=24 September 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140924031128/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/technology/science/india-becomes-first-country-to-enter-mars-orbit-on-their-first-attempt/story-fnjwlbuf-1227068835676?nk=20dfb6bbe7f9267fcf8572967c544066 |url-status=live}}</ref> India thus became the first country to have a space probe enter Mars orbit on its first attempt. It was completed at a record low cost of $74 million.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.btvin.com/videos/watch/8916/india%E2%80%99s-maiden-mars-mission-makes-history |title=India's Maiden Mars Mission Makes History |access-date=24 September 2014 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925093532/http://www.btvin.com/videos/watch/8916/india%E2%80%99s-maiden-mars-mission-makes-history |archive-date=25 September 2014 |publisher=Bloomberg TV India}}</ref>

MOM was placed into Mars orbit on 24 September 2014. The spacecraft had a launch mass of {{cvt|1337|kg|abbr=on}}, with {{cvt|15|kg|abbr=on}} of five scientific instruments as payload.<ref name="MOMIsro">{{cite web |title=Mars Orbiter Spacecraft Successfully Inserted into Mars Orbit |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/24-sep-2014/mars-orbiter-spacecraft-successfully-inserted-mars-orbit |website=ISRO |access-date=22 July 2022 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006135353/http://www.isro.org/pressrelease/contents/PrintConfirmation.aspx?ReleasedDate=September%2024,%202014&Date=Sep24_2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="MOMSpacecraft">{{cite web |title=Mars Orbiter Mission Spacecraft |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/mars-orbiter-mission-spacecraft |website=ISRO |access-date=22 July 2022 |archive-date=5 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205233935/https://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/mars-orbiter-mission-spacecraft |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The National Space Society awarded the Mars Orbiter Mission team the 2015 Space Pioneer Award in the science and engineering category.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.nss.org/?p=4622 |title=Indian Space Research Organisation Mars Orbiter Programme Team Wins National Space Society's Space Pioneer Award for Science and Engineering |author=Brandt-Erichsen, David |date=12 January 2015 |publisher=National Space Society |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202002327/http://blog.nss.org/?p=4622 |archive-date=2 February 2015 |access-date=2 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/isro-mars-orbiter-mission-team-wins-space-pioneer-award-726885 |title=ISRO Mars Orbiter Mission team Wins Space Pioneer Award |date=14 January 2015 |access-date=2 February 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202011731/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/isro-mars-orbiter-mission-team-wins-space-pioneer-award-726885 |archive-date=2 February 2015 |publisher=NDTV |location=Washington, United States}}</ref>

=== Mars and Moon analogue research station ===
{{Main|Ladakh Human Analogue Mission}}

Researchers from the [[Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences]] (BSIP) and [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc) have determined that [[Ladakh]] is the best site for India's first Mars and Moon analogue research station, for planning and conducting Mars and Moon mission-related exercises. The study project is being conducted by BSIP's Binita Phartiyal, IISc's Aloke Kumar who pioneered the idea of building space-bricks from biologically solidified lunar and martian [[regolith]], and Gaganyaan astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla. The projected research station would be used for geological and [[Astrobiology|astrobiological]] research, human studies, crew training, advancing Technology Readiness Levels (TRL), testing space technologies, and engineering integration.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=2024-08-01 |title=Scientists, Gaganyaan astronaut bat for Ladakh as Moon & Mars analogue research site |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/scientists-gaganyaan-astronaut-bat-for-ladakh-as-moon-mars-analogue-research-site/articleshow/112177195.cms |access-date=2024-08-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In Ladakh, Aaka Space Studio and ISRO will be leading a 21-day Mars and Moon analog mission. An important step forward in India's efforts to develop human spaceflight and analog research in support of the Gaganyaan program and future missions like Bharatiya Antariksh Station. It will replicate the harsh conditions of extraterrestrial environments. The expedition will test human health and endurance in isolation, acquire biometric data, simulate extraterrestrial landscape, investigate circadian lighting, and test life support technologies. The startup has experimented with technology, human endurance, and habitat design in [[Rann of Kutch]] in 2023, simulating lunar conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dey |first=Victor |date=2021-10-20 |title=How This Indo-Canada Startup Is Foraying Into "Space Architecture", Prototype To Be Tested In Leh, India |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/tech-ai-blend/how-this-indo-canada-startup-is-foraying-into-space-architecture-prototype-to-be-tested-in-leh-india/ |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=AIM |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Gujarat firm set to replicate conditions on Mars and Moon in Ladakh for India's mega space mission |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/science/ladakh-mars-moon-analog-mission-1.9969783 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

=== Solar probes ===
==== Aditya-L1 ====
{{Main|Aditya-L1}}

On 2 September 2023, ISRO launched the {{cvt|400|kg|lb|adj=on}} [[Aditya-L1]] mission to study the [[Stellar corona|solar corona]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2019 |title=India's first solar mission in 2020: Isro chairman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/indias-first-solar-mission-in-2020-isro-chairman/articleshow/69169011.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705100844/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/indias-first-solar-mission-in-2020-isro-chairman/articleshow/69169011.cms |archive-date=5 July 2019 |access-date=8 August 2019 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=13 February 2018 |title=After Mars, India aims for Sun now |page=12 |work=Mail Today |agency=Mail Today |url=http://epaper.mailtoday.in/c/26281749 |url-status=live |access-date=5 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044940/http://epaper.mailtoday.in/c/26281749 |archive-date=6 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=9 June 2011 |title=After the Moon, ISRO eyes the sun |url=http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/after-the-moon-isro-eyes-the-sun/201990 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927224137/http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/after-the-moon-isro-eyes-the-sun/201990 |archive-date=27 September 2015 |access-date=12 June 2015}}</ref> It is the first Indian space-based solar [[coronagraph]] to study the corona in visible and near-[[infrared]] bands. The main objective of the mission is to study [[coronal mass ejection]]s (CMEs), their properties (the structure and evolution of their magnetic fields for example), and consequently constrain parameters that affect [[space weather]].<ref name="AdityaISRO">{{cite web |title=Aditya – L1 First Indian mission to study the Sun |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/aditya-l1-first-indian-mission-to-study-sun |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210161048/https://www.isro.gov.in/aditya-l1-first-indian-mission-to-study-sun |archive-date=10 December 2019 |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=ISRO}}</ref> On 6 January 2024, Aditya-L1 spacecraft, India's first solar mission, has successfully entered its final orbit around the first Sun-Earth [[Lagrange point]] (L1), approximately 1.5 million kilometers from Earth.<ref name="isro-20240106">{{Cite press release |date=6 January 2024 |title=Halo-Orbit Insertion of Aditya-L1 Successfully Accomplished |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/halo-orbit-insertion-adtya-l1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118014614/https://www.isro.gov.in/halo-orbit-insertion-adtya-l1.html |archive-date=18 January 2024 |access-date=6 January 2024 |website=www.isro.gov.in |publisher=ISRO }}</ref>

== Upcoming launches ==
Long-term plans may include crewed landings on the Moon and other planets as well.<ref name="HTSep202">{{Cite news |last=Dutt |first=Anonna |date=18 September 2020 |title=Gaganyaan mission: Astronauts to undergo Isro module next year |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gaganyaan-mission-astronauts-to-undergo-isro-module-next-year/story-t4FPl0e2b7sLMgqyJ6QoyH.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530200914/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gaganyaan-mission-astronauts-to-undergo-isro-module-next-year/story-t4FPl0e2b7sLMgqyJ6QoyH.html |archive-date=30 May 2022 |access-date=20 March 2021 |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

=== Extraterrestrial probes ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Destination
! Craft name
! Launch vehicle
! Year
|-
| [[Moon]]
| [[Chandrayaan-4]]
| 2 × [[LVM3]]
| 2027
|-
| Moon
| [[Lunar Polar Exploration Mission|LUPEX]]
| [[H3 (rocket)|H3]]
| 2028-29
|-
| [[Venus]]
| [[Venus Orbiter Mission]]
| LVM3
| 29 March 2028<ref name=":3">{{cite news |date=18 September 2024 |title=After Moon and Mars, India sights science goals on Venus |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2055982 |access-date=18 September 2024 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |agency=Union Cabinet, Government of India}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mars]]
| [[Mars Lander Mission]]
| LVM3
| NET 2030
|}

==== Lunar exploration ====
;Chandrayaan-4
{{Main|Chandrayaan-4}}

Chandrayaan-4 is a planned lunar sample return mission of ISRO and the fourth iteration in its [[Chandrayaan programme]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-18 |title=Isro 'internally' working on Chandrayaan-4, mission to be more 'complex' this time |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/story/isro-internally-working-on-chandrayaan-4-mission-to-be-more-complex-this-time-417954-2024-02-18 |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-27 |title=Chandrayaan-4 parts to be sent in 2 launches, assembled in space: ISRO chief |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/chandrayaan-4-parts-to-be-sent-in-2-launches-assembled-in-space-isro-chief-9417421/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> As of January 2025, the conceptualisation phase has been completed, and the design phase is nearing completion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-23 |title=New ISRO chief interview: 'We will have 3 uncrewed missions (before humans can go to space), of which first may be this year' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/isro-chief-interview-dr-v-narayanan-space-missions-9794888/lite/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The mission is expected to launch around 2028.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Andrew |date=2024-05-14 |title=India plans Chandrayaan-4 moon sample return, will involve private sector |url=https://spacenews.com/india-plans-chandrayaan-4-moon-sample-return-will-involve-private-sector/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}</ref> It is planned to return up to 3 kg (6.6 lb) of lunar regolith from near Shiv Shakti point, the landing site of Chandrayaan-3.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Chandrayaan-4 to bring back 2-3 kg moon samples - The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/science/chandrayaan-4-to-bring-back-2-3-kg-moon-samples/articleshow/113868562.cms |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=m.economictimes.com|date=2 October 2024 }}</ref>

;Lunar Polar Exploration Mission
{{Main|Lunar Polar Exploration Mission}}

The Lunar Polar Exploration mission (LUPEX) is a planned robotic lunar mission concept by ISRO and [[JAXA|Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency]] (JAXA). The mission would send an [[Uncrewed spacecraft|uncrewed]] [[lunar lander]] and [[Lunar rover|rover]] to explore the [[Lunar south pole|south pole region]] of the Moon no earlier than 2028.<ref name="JPN_201907302">{{cite web |last=Shimbun |first=The Yomiuri |date=30 July 2019 |title=Japan, India to team up in race to discover water on moon |url=https://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0005907013 |access-date=10 March 2021 |newspaper=The Japan News}}</ref><ref name="sn-20241023">{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Andrew |date=23 October 2024 |title=India to target moon's south pole with sample return mission |url=https://spacenews.com/india-to-target-moons-south-pole-with-sample-return-mission/ |access-date=23 October 2024 |work=[[SpaceNews]]}}</ref><ref name="JPN_20190730">{{cite web |date=30 July 2019 |title=Japan, India to team up in race to discover water on moon |url=https://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0005907013 |access-date=10 March 2021 |newspaper=The Japan News}}</ref> JAXA is likely to provide the [[H3 (rocket)|H3 launch vehicle]] and the rover, while ISRO would be responsible for the lander.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="JPGU2019">{{Cite web |last1=Hoshino |first1=Takeshi |last2=Ohtake |first2=Makiko |last3=Karouji |first3=Yuzuru |last4=Shiraishi |first4=Hiroaki |date=May 2019 |title=Current status of a Japanese lunar polar exploration mission |url=https://confit.atlas.jp/guide/event-img/jpgu2019/PPS08-15/public/pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725143619/https://confit.atlas.jp/guide/event-img/jpgu2019/PPS08-15/public/pdf?type=in&lang=ja |archive-date=25 July 2019 |access-date=10 March 2021 }}</ref>

;Crewed Lunar Landing
ISRO aims to put an Indian astronaut on the lunar surface by 2040.<ref name="spacecom-20231018">{{Cite news |last=Kuthunur |first=Sharmila |date=18 October 2023 |title=India wants to land astronauts on the moon in 2040 |url=https://www.space.com/india-land-astronauts-moon-2040 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223092227/https://www.space.com/india-land-astronauts-moon-2040 |archive-date=23 February 2024 |access-date=15 December 2023 |work=[[Space.com]] }}</ref>

==== Mars exploration ====
{{Main|Mars Lander Mission}}

The next Mars mission, Mars Lander Mission or Mangalyaan 2, has been proposed for launch in 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-06 |title=ISRO To Launch Mangalyaan-2 Mission In 2030 |url=https://news.abplive.com/science/isro-to-launch-mangalyaan-2-in-2030-1810090 |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-06 |title=ISRO confirms Mangalyaan-2 Mission: India to attempt first Mars landing in 2030 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/science/isro-confirms-mangalyaan-2-mission-india-to-attempt-first-mars-landing-in-2030-2025-11-06-1016099 |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref> The new mission plan includes a [[Mars rover|rover]], [[Mars aircraft|helicopter]], [[Sky crane (landing system)|sky crane]] and a supersonic parachute.<ref name=space2024>{{Cite web|url=https://www.space.com/india-mangalyaan-2-mars-mission-rover-helicopter-sky-crane|title=India's ambitious 2nd Mars mission to include a rover, helicopter, sky crane and a supersonic parachute|first=Sharmila |last=Kuthunur |date=17 May 2024|website=Space.com}}</ref>

==== Venus exploration ====
{{Main|Venus Orbiter Mission}}

ISRO is considering an orbiter mission to [[Venus]] called Venus Orbiter Mission, that could launch as early as 2028 to study [[Atmosphere of Venus|the planet's atmosphere]].<ref name="Venorb">{{Cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/isro-invites-scientists-from-across-country-for-venus-mission-4627259/ |title=ISRO gears up for Venus mission, invites proposals from scientists |date=25 April 2017 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |location=[[New Delhi]] |access-date=23 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618192208/http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/isro-invites-scientists-from-across-country-for-venus-mission-4627259/ |archive-date=18 June 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Some funds for preliminary studies were allocated in the 2017–18 Indian budget under Space Sciences;<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/India-planning-Venus-mission/articleshow/11920410.cms |title=India planning Venus mission |author=Srinivas Laxman |date=17 February 2012 |access-date=24 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218204750/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-17/hyderabad/31070866_1_venus-mission-chandrayaan-1-isro |archive-date=18 February 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asianage.com/india/after-mars-isro-aims-venus-probe-2-3-years-335 |title=After Mars, Isro aims for Venus probe in 2–3 years |work=The Asian Age |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530141559/http://www.asianage.com/india/after-mars-isro-aims-venus-probe-2-3-years-335 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=12 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="indiabudget.gov.in">{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiabudget.gov.in/ub2017-18/eb/sbe91.pdf |title=Department of Space |website=[[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]] |access-date=18 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215111518/http://indiabudget.gov.in/ub2017-18/eb/sbe91.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> solicitations for potential instruments were requested in 2017<ref name="A of O">{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/announcement-of-opportunity-ao-space-based-experiments-to-study-venus |title=Announcement of Opportunity (AO) for Space Based Experiments to Study Venus |date=19 April 2017 |website=ISRO.gov.in |access-date=13 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913183153/http://www.isro.gov.in/announcement-of-opportunity-ao-space-based-experiments-to-study-venus |archive-date=13 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> and 2018. A mission to Venus is scheduled for 2025 that will include a payload instrument called Venus Infrared Atmospheric Gases Linker (VIRAL) which has been co-developed with the [[Laboratoire atmosphères, milieux, observations spatiales]] (LATMOS) under [[French National Centre for Scientific Research]] (CNRS) and [[Roscosmos]].<ref>{{cite news |title=ISRO to launch its Venus mission in 2025, France to take part |url=https://www.livemint.com/science/news/isro-to-launch-its-venus-mission-in-2025-france-to-take-part-11601476329074.html |access-date=1 October 2020 |agency=PTI |publisher=Livemint |date=30 September 2020 |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031090613/https://www.livemint.com/science/news/isro-to-launch-its-venus-mission-in-2025-france-to-take-part-11601476329074.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Venus Orbiter Mission (VOM), which is intended to orbit a spacecraft in the orbit of planet Venus for a better understanding of the Venusian surface and subsurface, atmospheric processes, and influence of Sun on Venusian atmosphere, was approved by the [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Cabinet]] on 18 September 2024, under the direction of [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]]. Understanding the fundamental processes that have transformed Venus—which is thought to have once been habitable and very comparable to Earth—will be crucial to comprehending the development of Earth and Venus, the sister planets.<ref name=":3" /> A total of {{INRConvert|1236|c|lk=on|year=2024}} has been sanctioned for the Venus Orbiter Mission, of which {{INRConvert|824|c|lk=on|year=2024}} would go toward the spacecraft.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Surendra |date=2024-09-18 |title=Cabinet approves Chandrayaan-4 mission, first module of Bharatiya Antariksh Station, Venus mission, next-gen launcher |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cabinet-approves-chandrayaan-4-mission-first-module-of-bharatiya-antariksh-station-venus-mission-next-gen-launcher/articleshow/113461522.cms |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sunilkumar |first=Singh Rahul |date=18 September 2024 |title=Big boost to ISRO: Chandrayaan-4, Venus mission, Indian space station and next-gen launch vehicle get Cabinet nod |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/big-boost-to-isro-chandrayaan-4-venus-mission-indian-space-station-and-next-gen-launch-vehicle-get-cabinet-nod-101726652333095.html |access-date=19 September 2024 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==== Asteroids and outer solar system ====
Conceptual studies are underway for spacecraft destined for the asteroids and [[Jupiter]], as well, in the long term. The ideal launch window to send a spacecraft to Jupiter occurs every 33 months. If the mission to Jupiter is launched, a flyby of Venus would be required.<ref>{{cite web |title=After Mars, ISRO looks to conquer Venus & Jupiter |url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/After-Mars-ISRO-looks-to-conquer-Venus-Jupiter/articleshow/56342122.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108002328/http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/After-Mars-ISRO-looks-to-conquer-Venus-Jupiter/articleshow/56342122.cms |archive-date=8 January 2017 |access-date=7 January 2017 |newspaper=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> Development of [[Radioisotope thermoelectric generator|RTEG]] power might allow the agency to further undertake deeper space missions to the other outer planets.<ref name="RTEG">{{Cite news |last=Laxman |first=Srinivas |title=ISRO plans new propulsion for deep space missions |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-plans-new-propulsion-for-deep-space-missions/articleshow/80801653.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=10 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210194257/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-plans-new-propulsion-for-deep-space-missions/articleshow/80801653.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Space telescopes and observatories ===
==== AstroSat-2 ====
{{Main|AstroSat-2}}

AstroSat-2 is the successor to the [[AstroSat]] mission.<ref name=TOI1>{{cite news |title=ISRO plans to launch India's 2nd space observatory |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//home/science/isro-plans-to-launch-indias-2nd-space-observatory/articleshow/62975636.cms? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201224032/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//home/science/isro-plans-to-launch-indias-2nd-space-observatory/articleshow/62975636.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 February 2019 |author=Surendra Singh |date=19 February 2018 |newspaper=Times of India |access-date=20 March 2021}}</ref>

==== Exoworlds ====
Exoworlds is a joint proposal by ISRO, [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology|IIST]] and the [[University of Cambridge]] for a space telescope dedicated for atmospheric studies of [[exoplanet]]s, planned for 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mangaluru/exoworlds-to-take-off-in-2025-kasturirangan-782783.html |title=Exoworlds to take off in 2025: Kasturirangan |date=5 December 2019 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |access-date=6 December 2019 |archive-date=6 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206074439/https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mangaluru/exoworlds-to-take-off-in-2025-kasturirangan-782783.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iist.ac.in/sites/default/files/library/7thconvocationspeech2019.pdf |title=Seventh convocation address IIST |date=5 July 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206054815/https://www.iist.ac.in/sites/default/files/library/7thconvocationspeech2019.pdf |archive-date=6 December 2019 |access-date=6 December 2019}}</ref> ExoWorlds is proposed as a dedicated mission for exoplanet [[spectroscopy]] in the [[Near ultraviolet|NUV]]-[[Visible spectrum|VISIBLE]]-[[Infrared|IR]] ranges. It would be placed in a stable orbit around the [[Lagrange point|Earth-Sun L2 point]].<ref name=":2">{{cite report |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Highlights/MSV2035_Astronomy_Astrophysics.pdf |title=Mega Science Vision 2025 Astronomy & Astrophysics |publisher=ISRO |date=9 May 2024|access-date=May 31, 2025}}</ref>{{rp|88}}<ref name=":4">{{Cite report|title=India's Space Exploration Roadmap |url=https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/2024/Technical_Presentations/26Day/6_item_15_Updated_India_Space_Exploration_Roadmap_21_June_2024-edited_1.pdf|author=Victor Joseph T|access-date=March 8, 2025}}</ref>

==== Indian Spectroscopic and Imaging Space Telescope (INSIST) ====
The ''Indian Spectroscopic and Imaging Space Telescope (INSIST)'' will produce high-resolution deep [[Ultraviolet|UV]]-[[Visible spectrum|optical]] images, and will also have capabilities to carry out low to medium resolution spectroscopy. The INSIST proposal was recommended by ISRO for pre-project phase with seed funding in March 2019. Collaboration with the [[Canadian Space Agency]] is also being proposed.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|88}}<ref name=":4" />

==== DAKSHA ====
''DAKSHA'' is a proposed all-sky, high-energy transients mission, with the primary objectives of studying the [[gravitational wave]]s and [[gamma-ray burst]]s in a spectral range from 1 [[Electronvolt|keV]] to about 1 MeV. To achieve these goals, Daksha will use twin Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites with Three Identical Instruments each. [[Seed money|Seed funding]] has been issued to ISRO Laboratories to create a laboratory model of its Instruments.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /> It is led by teams from [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] and [[IIT Bombay]] will consist of a pair of satellites in LEO. Teams from [[Raman Research Institute]], [[Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics]] and PRL are developing Instruments for it. ISRO has stated that the mission meets all the technical requirements but has yet to approve funding for it.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-22 |title=IIT Bombay-led 'Daksha' mission aims to build satellites; most powerful telescopes, deep space race |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/iit-bombay-led-daksha-mission-aims-to-build-satellites-most-powerful-telescopes-deep-space-race/articleshow/124036946.cms |access-date=2025-09-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==== Proposed space weather probe ====
ISRO has envisioned a mission to the stable [[Lagrange point|L5 Lagrange point]]. It is under conceptual stage and parallels [[European Space Agency|ESA's]] [[ESA Vigil|Vigil]] mission.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|90-91}}

==== Proposed LEO Solar Observatory ====
ISRO has proposed to launch a complement to the Aditya-L1 probe to be placed in Low-Earth Orbit.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|91}}

=== Forthcoming satellites ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Satellite name
! Launch vehicle
! Year!! Purpose
! Notes
|-
| [[Gaganyaan-1|G1]]/OM1
| [[LVM3#Human-rating certification|HLVM3]]
| TBA|| [[Reentry capsule|Reentry mission]]
| First uncrewed mission of Gaganyaan to demonstrate end-to-end mission, including aerodynamics characterization of human rated launch vehicle, mission operations of Orbital Module, Re-entry and recovery of Crew Module.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/techandscience/we-plan-to-launch-7-missions-by-march-2026-isro-chief/ar-AA1PFCqu?apiversion=v2&domshim=1&noservercache=1&noservertelemetry=1&batchservertelemetry=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1 |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>
|-
| EOS-05
| [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle|GSLV]]
| TBA|| Earth observation
| Launch of Earth Observation Satellite for strategic user.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/techandscience/we-plan-to-launch-7-missions-by-march-2026-isro-chief/ar-AA1PFCqu?apiversion=v2&domshim=1&noservercache=1&noservertelemetry=1&batchservertelemetry=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1 |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[TDS-01]]
| PSLV
| TBA|| Technology demonstration
| Launch of Technology Demonstration Satellite (TDS-01) to demonstrate new technologies including high Thrust Electric Propulsion System, Indigenous TWT (Travelling Wave Tube) Amplifier, Quantum Key Distribution.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/techandscience/we-plan-to-launch-7-missions-by-march-2026-isro-chief/ar-AA1PFCqu?apiversion=v2&domshim=1&noservercache=1&noservertelemetry=1&batchservertelemetry=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1 |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[EOS-10]]
| PSLV
| TBA|| Earth observation
| First PSLV vehicle realized by NSIL through Industry consortium that will launch Earth Observation Satellite for Oceanographic studies along with Indo-Mauritius joint satellite (IMJS) and Leap-2 Satellite from Indian NGE as co-passengers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/techandscience/we-plan-to-launch-7-missions-by-march-2026-isro-chief/ar-AA1PFCqu?apiversion=v2&domshim=1&noservercache=1&noservertelemetry=1&batchservertelemetry=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1 |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[NewSpace India Limited|NSIL]]
| [[Small Satellite Launch Vehicle|SSLV]]
| TBA|| TBA
| Dedicated commercial mission by NSIL.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/techandscience/we-plan-to-launch-7-missions-by-march-2026-isro-chief/ar-AA1PFCqu?apiversion=v2&domshim=1&noservercache=1&noservertelemetry=1&batchservertelemetry=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1 |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>
|}

==== Geospatial intelligence satellites ====
A family of 50 [[artificial intelligence]] based satellites will be launched by ISRO between 2024 and 2028 to collect [[geospatial intelligence]] (GEOINT) in different orbits to track military movements and photograph areas of interest. For the sake of national security, the satellites will monitor the neighboring areas and the international border. It will use thermal, optical, [[Synthetic-aperture radar|synthetic aperture radar]] (SAR), among other technologies, for GEOINT application. Each satellite using artificial intelligence will have the ability to communicate and collaborate with the remaining satellites in space at different orbits to monitor the environment for intelligence gathering operations.<ref name="timesofindia-20231228">{{Cite news |date=28 December 2023 |title=Isro to launch 50 satellites in 5 years to boost India's intelligence-gathering capabilities; Aditya-L1 set to reach Lagrange Point on January 6: Isro chief S Somnath |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/aditya-l1-set-to-reach-lagrange-point-on-january-6-isro-chief-s-somnath/articleshow/106356577.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108154310/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/aditya-l1-set-to-reach-lagrange-point-on-january-6-isro-chief-s-somnath/articleshow/106356577.cms |archive-date=8 January 2024 |access-date=30 December 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 }}</ref><ref name="timesofindia-20231230">{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Surendra |date=30 December 2023 |title=Isro plans 50 AI-based surveillance satellites |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-plans-50-ai-based-surveillance-satellites/articleshow/106390103.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108143328/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-plans-50-ai-based-surveillance-satellites/articleshow/106390103.cms |archive-date=8 January 2024 |access-date=31 December 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 }}</ref>

==== Bodyguard satellites ====
The Indian government's [[Satellite-Protection Project]], being developed by ISRO, is to safeguard India's space assets and orbiting satellites from potential dangers in space, particularly from rivals such as China. The initiative was started after a near-collision in the middle of 2024.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Mihir |date=22 September 2025 |title=India Plans 'Bodyguard' Satellites After Orbital Near Miss |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-09-22/india-plans-bodyguard-satellites-after-risky-orbital-near-miss |access-date=23 September 2025 |work=Bloomberg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mukunth |first=Vasudevan |date=2025-09-22 |title=How is India planning to protect its satellites in space? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/how-is-india-planning-to-protect-its-satellites-in-space/article70080083.ece |access-date=2025-09-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-22 |title=India's Space 'Satellite Bodyguards': ISRO To Lead Indigenous Defence Project {{!}} Analysis |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/indias-space-satellite-bodyguards-isro-to-lead-indigenous-defence-project-analysis-2963295.html |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

== Future projects ==
ISRO is developing and operationalising more powerful and less pollutive rocket engines so it can eventually develop much heavier rockets. It has also planned to deploy a space station above earth where astronauts can stay for 15–20 days. The time frame is 5–7 years after Gaganyaan mission,<ref name="The Hindu"/> to develop electric and nuclear propulsion for satellites and spacecraft to reduce their weight and extend their service lives.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/after-mars-venus-on-isros-planetary-travel-list/articleshow/69381185.cms After Mars, Venus on Isro's planetary travel list.] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827144405/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/after-mars-venus-on-isros-planetary-travel-list/articleshow/69381185.cms|date=27 August 2019}} U. Tejonmayam, ''Times of India''. 18 May 2019.</ref>

=== Engines and launch vehicles ===
==== Semi-cryogenic engine ====
{{Main|SE-2000}}

SE-2000 is a rocket-grade [[RP-1]] kerosene (dubbed "ISROsene") and [[liquid oxygen]] (LOX)-based semi-cryogenic rocket engine inspired by [[RD-120]]. The engine will be less polluting and far more powerful than the existing [[Vikas (rocket engine)|Vikas engine]]. When combined with the LVM3, it will boost its payload capacity; it will be clustered in future to power India's heavy rockets.<ref name="WIONMar212">{{Cite news |last=MP |first=Sidhharth |date=14 March 2021 |title=ISRO: Chandrayaan-3 launch by mid-2022, Mangalyaan-2 in definition stage |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/isro-chandrayaan-3-launch-by-mid-2022-mangalyaan-2-in-definition-stage-370417 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317223434/https://www.wionews.com/india-news/isro-chandrayaan-3-launch-by-mid-2022-mangalyaan-2-in-definition-stage-370417 |archive-date=17 March 2021 |access-date=21 March 2021 |newspaper=[[WION (TV channel)|WION]] |location=Chennai}}</ref>

On 28 March 2025, ISRO announced significant progress in the design and development of a semi-cryogenic engine with a high thrust of 2,000 kN that will power the semi-cryogenic booster stage of the LVM3.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISRO achieves breakthrough in semi-cryogenic engine development for LVM3 |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/science/aeronautics/isro-achieves-breakthrough-in-semicryogenic-engine-development-for-lvm3/ar-AA1BTjUZ?ocid=msedgntp&pc=HCTS&cvid=2521e9dac93f4b15afa8dcc19a25245c&ei=87 |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>

==== Methalox engine ====
Reusable [[methane]] and LOX-based engines are under development. Methane is less pollutive, leaves no residue and hence the engine needs very little [[remanufacturing|refurbishment]].<ref name="WIONMar21" /> The [[Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre|LPSC]] began cold flow tests of engine prototypes in 2020.<ref name="lpsctimeline" />

==== Modular heavy rockets ====
{{Main|Next Generation Launch Vehicle}}

[[File:NGLV Family.svg|thumb|NGLV, NGLV-H and NGLV-SH]]
ISRO's current launch vehicles lack the capacity for launching very heavy satellites to the [[geostationary orbit]] beyond 4 ton class, a problem that is planned to be fixed with the introduction of the [[Next Generation Launch Vehicle|NGLV]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=In A 1st, India To Launch Its Big Communications Satellite On SpaceX Rocket |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/in-a-first-india-to-launch-its-satellite-on-spacexs-falcon-9-rocket-4792333 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author= |date=2024-01-03 |title=ISRO's commercial arm to launch GSAT-20 satellite on SpaceX's Falcon-9 in 2024 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isros-commercial-arm-to-launch-gsat-20-satellite-on-spacexs-falcon-9-in-2024/article67700823.ece |access-date=2024-01-03 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
ISRO is studying [[Heavy-lift launch vehicle|heavy]] (HLV) and [[super heavy-lift launch vehicle]] (SHLV). Modular launchers are being designed, with interchangeable parts, to reduce production time. A {{convert|10|t|ST LT|adj=on}} capacity HLV and an SHLV capable of delivering {{convert|50|-|100|t|ST LT}} into orbit have been mentioned in statements and presentations from ISRO officials.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 May 2015 |title=ISRO developing heavy lift launch vehicles |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/isro-developing-heavy-lift-launch-vehicles/article7262881.ece |newspaper=The Hindi |location=Thiruvanantpuram |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=7 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407202204/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/isro-developing-heavy-lift-launch-vehicles/article7262881.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="somanath-20200803">{{Cite speech |last=Somanath |first=S. |date=3 August 2020 |title=Indian Innovations in Space Technology: Achievements and Aspirations |url=https://imgur.com/a/ffL2XRp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913095544/http://imgur.com/a/ffL2XRp |archive-date=13 September 2020 |access-date=21 March 2021 |publisher=[[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] |via=imgur |location=Regional Science Centre and Planetarium, Calicut }}</ref>

The agency intends to develop a launcher in the 2020s which can carry nearly {{cvt|16|t|ST LT}} to [[geostationary transfer orbit]], nearly four times the capacity of the existing LVM3.<ref name="WIONMar21">{{Cite news |last=MP |first=Sidhharth |date=14 March 2021 |title=ISRO: Chandrayaan-3 launch by mid-2022, Mangalyaan-2 in definition stage |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/isro-chandrayaan-3-launch-by-mid-2022-mangalyaan-2-in-definition-stage-370417 |newspaper=[[WION (TV channel)|WION]] |location=Chennai |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=17 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317223434/https://www.wionews.com/india-news/isro-chandrayaan-3-launch-by-mid-2022-mangalyaan-2-in-definition-stage-370417 |url-status=live}}</ref> A rocket family of five medium to heavy-lift class modular rockets described as "Next Generation Launch Vehicle or NGLV"<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-08 |title=ISRO readies plan for next generation launch vehicle |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-readies-plan-for-next-generation-launch-vehicle/article66946403.ece |access-date=2023-07-17 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=17 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717081813/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-readies-plan-for-next-generation-launch-vehicle/article66946403.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> (initially planned as ''Unified Modular Launch Vehicle'' or ''Unified Launch Vehicle'') are being planned which will share parts and will replace ISRO's existing PSLV and GSLV rockets completely. The rocket family will be powered by LOX-Methane engine and will have a capacity of lifting from {{cvt|4.9|t|ST LT}} to {{cvt|16|t|ST LT}} to geostationary transfer orbit.<ref name="WIONSep21">{{Cite news |author=Siddarth MP |date=14 September 2021 |title=ISRO's new series of heavy-lift rockets to carry between 5-16 tonnes to GTO |url=https://www.wionews.com/science/isros-new-series-of-heavy-lift-rockets-to-carry-between-5-16-tonnes-to-gto-413107? |newspaper=WION |access-date=15 September 2021 |archive-date=15 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915024552/https://www.wionews.com/science/isros-new-series-of-heavy-lift-rockets-to-carry-between-5-16-tonnes-to-gto-413107 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Reusable launch vehicles ====
{{Main|RLV Technology Demonstration Programme}}

[[File:Launch of RLV-TD HEX01 from First Launch Pad of Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota (SDSC SHAR) 02.jpg|thumb|RLV-TD HEX01 from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre#First Launch Pad|Satish Dhawan Space Centre FLP]] (SDSC SHAR) on 23 May 2016]]
There have been two reusable launcher projects ongoing at ISRO. One is the ADMIRE test vehicle, conceived as a [[VTVL]] system and another is RLV-TD programme, being run to develop an autonomous spacecraft which will be [[Takeoff and landing|launched vertically but land like a plane]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 January 2019 |title=ISRO Is Working on Two Competing Reusable Launcher Designs |url=https://science.thewire.in/spaceflight/isro-is-working-on-two-competing-reusable-launch-vehicle-designs/ |work=Science Wire |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203350/https://science.thewire.in/spaceflight/isro-is-working-on-two-competing-reusable-launch-vehicle-designs/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

To realise a fully re-usable [[two-stage-to-orbit]] (TSTO) launch vehicle, a series of technology demonstration missions have been conceived. For this purpose, the winged Reusable Launch Vehicle Technology Demonstrator ([[RLV Technology Demonstration Programme|RLV-TD]]) has been configured. The RLV-TD acts as a flying [[testbed]] to evaluate various technologies such as hypersonic flight, autonomous landing, powered cruise flight, and hypersonic flight using air-breathing propulsion. First in the series of demonstration trials was the Hypersonic Flight Experiment (HEX).

ISRO launched the prototype's test flight, RLV-TD, from the Sriharikota spaceport in February 2016. It weighs around {{cvt|1.5|t|ST LT}} and flew up to a height of {{cvt|70|km}}.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajwi |first1=Tiki |title=Futuristic Unmanned Space Shuttle Getting Final Touches |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2015/may/20/futuristic-unmanned-space-shuttle-getting-final-touches-763087.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=20 May 2015 |access-date=13 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214071440/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2015/may/20/Futuristic-Unmanned-Space-Shuttle-Getting-Final-Touches-763087.html |archive-date=14 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> HEX was completed five months later. A scaled-up version of it could serve as fly-back booster stage for the winged TSTO concept.<ref>{{cite news |title=Design process has been validated |url=https://www.frontline.in/science-and-technology/design-process-has-been-validated/article8704727.ece |access-date=7 September 2018 |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530200916/https://frontline.thehindu.com/ |url-status=live}}</ref> HEX will be followed by a landing experiment (LEX) and return flight experiment (REX).<ref>{{cite web |title=ISRO Plans To Test ground Landing Of 'Desi' Space Shuttle By Year end |url=https://kalingatv.com/nation/isro-plans-to-test-ground-landing-of-its-space-shuttle-like-reusable-launch-vehicle/ |website=Kalinga TV |date=7 October 2020 |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203915/https://kalingatv.com/nation/isro-plans-to-test-ground-landing-of-its-space-shuttle-like-reusable-launch-vehicle/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Spacecraft propulsion and power ===
==== Electric thrusters ====
{{Main|Spacecraft electric propulsion}}

India has been working on replacing conventional [[Spacecraft propulsion#Chemical propulsion|chemical propulsion system]] with [[Hall-effect thruster|Hall-effect]] and [[Pulsed plasma thruster|plasma]] thrusters which would make spacecraft lighter.<ref name="WIONMar21" /> [[GSAT-4]] was the first Indian spacecraft to carry electric thrusters, but it failed to reach orbit.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/article399411.ece |title=Why didn't the cryogenic engine ignite? |last=Subramanian |first=T. S. |date=17 April 2010 |work=The Hindu |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=13 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113123805/http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/article399411.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> [[GSAT-9]] launched later in 2017, had [[xenon]]-based [[Spacecraft propulsion#Electric propulsion|electric propulsion system]] for in-orbit functions of the spacecraft. [[GSAT-20]] is expected to be the first fully electric satellite from India.<ref name="newsexpress">{{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/ISRO-to-Test-Electric-Propulsion-on-Satellites/2015/11/30/article3153565.ece |title=ISRO to Test Electric Propulsion on Satellites |work=The New Indian Express |first=Tiki |last=Rajwi |date=30 November 2015 |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=7 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507084803/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/ISRO-to-Test-Electric-Propulsion-on-Satellites/2015/11/30/article3153565.ece |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/gsat-9-heralds-cost-saving-electric-propulsion/article18347912.ece |title=GSAT-9 heralds cost-saving electric propulsion |work=The Hindu |last=D. S. |first=Madhumathi |date=1 May 2017 |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415023332/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/gsat-9-heralds-cost-saving-electric-propulsion/article18347912.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 28 March 2025, ISRO reported that its 300 [[Newton (unit)|mN]] xenon-based Stationary Plasma Thruster had successfully completed a 1,000-hour life test under 5.4 [[Watt|kW]] full power in a vacuum chamber. The electric propulsion system, which is intended to replace the chemical propulsion system in future satellites for [[orbit raising]] and [[orbital station-keeping]], is designed to incorporate SPT. It will enable [[satellite bus]]es to carry more transponders because of their reduced weight. Compared to the chemical propulsion system, the specific impulse of SPT is at least six times greater. The EPS will be utilized for orbit raising to the geostationary orbit and is intended to be introduced and validated in the next Technology Demonstration Satellite (TDS-01) mission.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2025 |title=ISRO successfully completes 1000hrs Life Test of Stationary Plasma Thruster for Spacecraft Electric Propulsion System |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/ISRO_successfully_conducts_1000hrs_life_test_of_SPT.html |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=ISRO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-29 |title=ISRO successfully completes 1000-hr life test of Stationary Plasma Thruster for satellites |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/business-tech/isro-successfully-completes-1000-hr-life-test-of-stationary-plasma-thruster-for-satellites/article69389132.ece |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

==== Alpha source thermoelectric propulsion technology ====
{{Main|Radioisotope thermoelectric generator}}

Radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG), also called alpha source thermoelectric technology by ISRO, is a type of [[atomic battery]] which uses nuclear [[decay heat]] from radioactive material to power the spacecraft.<ref name=NPE3>[https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/mragheb/www/NPRE%20402%20ME%20405%20Nuclear%20Power%20Engineering/Radioisotopes%20Power%20Production.pdf NPE chapter 3 Radioisotope Power Generation] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218194925/https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/mragheb/www/NPRE%20402%20ME%20405%20Nuclear%20Power%20Engineering/Radioisotopes%20Power%20Production.pdf |date=18 December 2012 }}</ref> In January 2021, the [[U. R. Rao Satellite Centre]] issued an Expression of Interest (EoI) for design and development of a 100-watt RTG. RTGs ensure much longer spacecraft life and have less mass than solar panels on satellites. Development of RTGs will allow ISRO to undertake long-duration deep space missions to the outer planets.<ref name="RTEG" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bansal |first=Nitansha |title=ISRO plans for nuclear energy use in space |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/isro-plans-for-nuclear-energy-use-in-space/ |url-status=live |access-date=19 May 2021 |website=Observer Research Foundation |language=en-US |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518140859/https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/isro-plans-for-nuclear-energy-use-in-space/}}</ref>

==== Radioisotope heater unit ====
{{Main|Radioisotope heater unit}}

ISRO included two radioisotope heater units developed by the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) in the propulsion module of [[Chandrayaan-3]] on a trial basis which worked flawlessly.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Laxman |first=Srinivas |date=29 December 2023 |title=Nuclear sector set to power Indian space missions: Isro chief |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/nuclear-sector-set-to-power-indian-space-missions-isro-chief/articleshow/106359396.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108154309/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/nuclear-sector-set-to-power-indian-space-missions-isro-chief/articleshow/106359396.cms |archive-date=8 January 2024 |access-date=29 December 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 }}</ref> ISRO is collaborating with Department of Atomic Energy for the RHU & RTG development for the future Chandrayaan deep-space exploration missions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Achievements of Department of Space - 2025|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Achievements_Department_of_Space_2025.html|website=www.isro.gov.in|access-date=2026-01-31}}</ref>

==== Nuclear propulsion ====
{{Main|Nuclear propulsion}}

ISRO has plans for collaboration with Department of Atomic Energy to power future space missions using nuclear propulsion technology.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Achievements of Department of Space - 2025|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Achievements_Department_of_Space_2025.html|website=www.isro.gov.in|access-date=2026-01-31}}</ref>

=== Quantum technology ===
Quantum entanglement-based real-time [[quantum key distribution]] over a 300-meter atmospheric channel, combined with quantum-secure text and image transmission and quantum-assisted two-way video chatting, were jointly demonstrated on 27 January 2022, by the [[Space Applications Centre|Space Applications Center]] and [[Physical Research Laboratory]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Space demonstrates entanglement based quantum communication over 300m free space along with real time cryptographic applications |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/DeptofSpace.html |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-23 |title=End of cybercrime? How ISRO and DRDO are building India's unhackable quantum network |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/science/end-of-cybercrime-how-isro-and-drdo-are-building-indias-unhackable-quantum-network/articleshow/122025465.cms |access-date=2025-06-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Purohit |first=Manish |date=2025-06-22 |title=The end of hacking? How Isro and DRDO are building an unhackable quantum future |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/the-end-of-hacking-how-isro-and-drdo-are-building-an-unhackable-quantum-future-2743715-2025-06-22 |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==== Satellite-based quantum communication ====
At the [[India Mobile Congress|Indian Mobile Congress]] 2023, ISRO presented its satellite-based quantum communication on quantum key distribution technology. According to ISRO, it is creating technologies to thwart [[quantum computers]], which have the ability to readily breach the current generation of encrypted secure communication. A significant milestone for unconditionally secured satellite data communication was reached in September 2023 when ISRO demonstrated free-space quantum communication across a 300-meter distance, including live video conferencing using quantum-key encrypted signals.<ref name="news18-20231030">{{Cite news |last=Upadhyay |first=Bharat |date=30 October 2023 |title=ISRO Is Working On This BIG Project To Secure India's Future Of Computing |url=https://www.news18.com/tech/isro-is-working-on-this-big-project-to-secure-indias-future-of-computing-8639388.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227135341/https://www.news18.com/tech/isro-is-working-on-this-big-project-to-secure-indias-future-of-computing-8639388.html |archive-date=27 December 2023 |access-date=27 December 2023 |work=[[News18 India|News18]] }}</ref>

=== Upcoming launch facility ===
;SSLV Launch Complex
{{Main|SSLV Launch Complex}}

SSLV Launch Complex is an under-construction [[spaceport]] in [[Kulasekarapattinam]], a coastal village in [[Thoothukudi district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. After completion, it would serve as the second launch facility of ISRO. This spaceport will mainly be used for launching SSLV and private companies' launch vehicles.<ref name="hindu-20231010">{{Cite news |date=10 October 2023 |title=Second spaceport of ISRO to be set up at Kulasekarapattinam in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/second-spaceport-of-isro-to-be-set-up-at-kulasekarapattinam-in-tamil-nadu/article67403573.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106045828/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/second-spaceport-of-isro-to-be-set-up-at-kulasekarapattinam-in-tamil-nadu/article67403573.ece |archive-date=6 January 2024 |access-date=6 January 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> It is estimated that this facility will cater 20 to 25 launches every year. ISRO plans to commission the launch pad by December 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Foundation Stone Laid for Launch Pad at SSLV Launch Complex (SLC), Kulasekarapattinam |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Foundation_Stone_Laid_for_Launch_Pad_at_SSLV_Launch_Complex.html |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/india/kulasekarapattinam-launch-complex-expected-to-be-ready-by-dec-26-isro-chief/ar-AA1Ll044?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=0a8c7c2abd0b48f2a2531302aed1fc53&ei=41 |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>

== Applications ==
=== Telecommunication ===
India uses its satellite communication network – one of the largest in the world – for applications such as land management, water resources management, natural disaster forecasting, radio networking, weather forecasting, meteorological imaging and computer communication.{{sfn|Bhaskarnarayana|Bhatia|Bandyopadhyay|Jain|2007|pp=1738–1746}} Business, administrative services, and schemes such as the [[National Informatics Centre]] (NIC) are direct beneficiaries of applied satellite technology.{{sfn|Bhaskarnarayana|Bhatia|Bandyopadhyay|Jain|2007|p=1738}}

=== Military ===
{{See also|Integrated Space Cell|Defence Space Agency}}
The [[Integrated Space Cell]], under the [[Integrated Defence Staff]] headquarters of the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]],<ref name=iss>{{cite web |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/JF18Df01.html |title=India goes to war in space |date=18 June 2008 |access-date=2 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811041736/http://atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/JF18Df01.html |archive-date=11 August 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> has been set up to utilise more effectively the country's space-based assets for military purposes and to look into threats to these assets.<ref>{{cite web |title=India in aerospace defence plan |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6307875.stm |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=28 January 2007 |access-date=24 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929001552/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6307875.stm |archive-date=29 September 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India Begins Work on Space Weapons Command |url=http://www.spacewar.com/reports/India_Begins_Work_On_Space_Weapons_Command.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/2013.10.05-155632/http://web.archive.org/web/20070709071654/http://www.spacewar.com/reports/India_Begins_Work_On_Space_Weapons_Command.html|url-status=dead |archive-date=5 October 2013 |publisher=SpaceDaily |date=12 April 2006 |access-date=24 April 2009}}</ref> This command will leverage space technology including [[satellites]]. Unlike an aerospace command, where the Air Force controls most of its activities, the Integrated Space Cell envisages cooperation and coordination between the three services as well as civilian agencies dealing with space.<ref name=iss />

With 14 satellites, including [[GSAT-7A]] for exclusive military use and the rest as dual-use satellites, India has the fourth largest number of satellites active in the sky which includes satellites for the exclusive use of its [[Indian Air Force|air force]] (IAF) and [[Indian Navy|navy]].<ref name=howmany>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/why-isros-gsat-7a-launch-is-important-for-iaf/articleshow/67153347.cms Why Isro's Gsat-7A launch is important for the Indian Air Force] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219050914/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/why-isros-gsat-7a-launch-is-important-for-iaf/articleshow/67153347.cms |date=19 December 2018 }}, Times of India, 19 December 2018.</ref> GSAT-7A, an advanced military communications satellite built exclusively for the Air Force,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20130910/DEFREG03/309100007/India-s-Tech-Roadmap-Points-Small-Sats-Space-Weapons |title=India's Tech Roadmap Points to Small Sats, Space Weapons |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150121220451/http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20130910/DEFREG03/309100007/India-s-Tech-Roadmap-Points-Small-Sats-Space-Weapons |archive-date=21 January 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> is similar to the Navy's [[GSAT-7]], and GSAT-7A will enhance the IAF's [[network-centric warfare]] capabilities by interlinking different ground radar stations, ground airbases and [[airborne early warning and control]] (AWACS) aircraft such as the [[Beriev A-50]] [[EL/W-2090|Phalcon]] and [[DRDO AEW&CS]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=skymil1 />

GSAT-7A will also be used by the [[Indian Army|Army]]'s Aviation Corps for its helicopters and [[unmanned aerial vehicle]] (UAV) operations.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=skymil1>{{Cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/iaf-to-induct-214-fifth-generation-fighter-jets/189940-3.html |title=IAF to induct 214 fifth generation fighter jets |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703035131/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/iaf-to-induct-214-fifth-generation-fighter-jets/189940-3.html |archive-date=3 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2013, ISRO launched GSAT-7 for the exclusive use of the Navy to monitor the [[Indian Ocean]] Region (IOR) with the satellite's {{convert|2000|nmi|adj=on}} 'footprint' and real-time input capabilities to Indian warships, submarines and maritime aircraft.<ref name=howmany /> To boost the network-centric operations of the IAF, ISRO launched [[GSAT-7A]] in December 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-successfully-launches-gsat-7a/article25781226.ece |title=GSAT-7A, ISRO's 'angry bird', takes to the skies |last=Rohit |first=T. k |date=19 December 2018 |work=The Hindu |access-date=24 July 2019 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=1 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601153940/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-successfully-launches-gsat-7a/article25781226.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=howmany /> The [[RISAT]] series of [[Radar imaging|radar-imaging]] [[earth observation satellite]]s is also meant for Military use.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-launches-radar-imaging-observation-satellite-risat-2b/article27211076.ece |title=ISRO launches radar imaging observation satellite RISAT-2B |date=22 May 2019 |work=The Hindu |access-date=24 July 2019 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522193100/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-launches-radar-imaging-observation-satellite-risat-2b/article27211076.ece |archive-date=22 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> ISRO launched [[EMISAT]] on 1 April 2019. EMISAT is a {{convert|436|kg|lb|adj=on}} electronic intelligence ([[ELINT]]) satellite. It will improve the situational awareness of the [[Indian Armed Forces]] by providing information and the location of hostile radars.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/pslv-isro-emisat-launch-from-sriharikota-on-april-1/article26699077.ece |title=India gets surveillance satellite |last=D.s |first=Madhumathi |date=1 April 2019 |work=The Hindu |access-date=24 July 2019 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605075446/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/pslv-isro-emisat-launch-from-sriharikota-on-april-1/article26699077.ece |archive-date=5 June 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

India's satellites and satellite launch vehicles have had military spin-offs. While India's {{convert|93|-|124|mi|km|lk=out|adj=on|order=flip}} range [[Prithvi missile]] is not derived from the Indian space programme, the intermediate range [[Agni missile]] is derived from the Indian space programme's SLV-3. In its early years, under Sarabhai and Dhawan, ISRO opposed military applications for its dual-use projects such as the SLV-3. Eventually, the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO)-based missile programme borrowed staff and technology from ISRO. Missile scientist [[A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]] (later elected [[president of India|president]]), who had headed the SLV-3 project at ISRO, took over as missile programme at DRDO. About a dozen scientists accompanied him, helping to design the Agni missile using the SLV-3's solid fuel first stage and a liquid-fuel (Prithvi-missile-derived) second stage. The IRS and INSAT satellites were primarily intended, and used, for civilian-economic applications, but they also offered military spin-offs. In 1996 the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] temporarily blocked the use of [[IRS-1C]] by India's [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|environmental]] and [[Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|agricultural ministries]] in order to monitor ballistic missiles near India's borders. In 1997, the Air Force's "Airpower Doctrine" aspired to use space assets for surveillance and battle management.<ref name=mistry94>Mistry, 94–95</ref>

=== Academic ===
Institutions like the [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] and the [[Indian Institutes of Technology]] use satellites for educational applications.<ref name=Bhaskaranarayana1744>Bhaskaranarayana, 1744</ref> Between 1975 and 1976, India conducted its largest sociological programme using space technology, reaching 2,400{{Nbsp}}villages through video programming in local languages aimed at educational development via [[ATS-6]] technology developed by NASA.{{sfn|Bhaskarnarayana|Bhatia|Bandyopadhyay|Jain|2007|p=1737}} This experiment—named [[Satellite Instructional Television Experiment]] (SITE)—conducted large-scale video broadcasts resulting in significant improvement in rural education.{{sfn|Bhaskarnarayana|Bhatia|Bandyopadhyay|Jain|2007|p=1737}}

=== Telemedicine ===
ISRO has applied its technology for [[telemedicine]], directly connecting patients in rural areas to medical professionals in urban locations via satellite.<ref name=Bhaskaranarayana1744 /> Since high-quality healthcare is not universally available in some of the remote areas of India, patients in those areas are diagnosed and analysed by doctors in urban centers in real time via [[video conferencing]].<ref name=Bhaskaranarayana1744 /> The patient is then advised on medicine and treatment,<ref name=Bhaskaranarayana1744 /> and treated by the staff at one of the 'super-specialty hospitals' per instructions from those doctors.<ref name=Bhaskaranarayana1744 /> Mobile telemedicine vans are also deployed to visit locations in far-flung areas and provide diagnosis and support to patients.<ref name=Bhaskaranarayana1744 />

=== Biodiversity Information System ===
ISRO has also helped implement India's Biodiversity Information System, completed in October 2002.<ref name=sen490 /> Nirupa Sen details the programme: "Based on intensive field sampling and mapping using satellite remote sensing and geospatial modeling tools, maps have been made of vegetation cover on a 1: 250,000 scale. This has been put together in a web-enabled database that links gene-level information of plant species with spatial information in a BIOSPEC database of the ecological hot spot regions, namely [[Northeast India|northeastern India]], [[Western Ghats]], [[Himalayas|Western Himalayas]] and [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. This has been made possible with collaboration between the Department of Biotechnology and ISRO."<ref name=sen490>Sen, 490</ref>

=== Cartography ===
The Indian IRS-P5 ([[CARTOSAT-1]]) was equipped with high-resolution panchromatic equipment to enable it for cartographic purposes.{{sfn|Burleson|2005|page=136}} IRS-P5 (CARTOSAT-1) was followed by a more advanced model named IRS-P6 developed also for agricultural applications.{{sfn|Burleson|2005|page=136}} The [[CARTOSAT-2]] project, equipped with single panchromatic camera that supported scene-specific on-spot images, succeeded the CARTOSAT-1 project.{{sfn|Burleson|2005|page=143}}

=== Spin-offs ===
{{Main|ISRO spinoff technologies}}

ISRO's research has been diverted into spin-offs to develop various technologies for other sectors. Examples include [[Prosthesis|bionic limbs]] for people without limbs, [[silica aerogel]] to keep Indian soldiers serving in extremely cold areas warm, distress alert transmitters for accidents, [[Doppler weather radar]] and various sensors and machines for inspection work in engineering industries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Space Spin Offs From ISRO |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/isro-technology-transfer/space-spin-offs-isro |website=ISRO |access-date=22 March 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203903/https://www.isro.gov.in/isro-technology-transfer/space-spin-offs-isro |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/2019/copuos2019tech39E.pdf |title=Spin-off benefits of the Indian Space Programme |last=Sreerekha |first=U |date=20 June 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920224822/http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/2019/copuos2019tech39E.pdf |archive-date=20 September 2019 |access-date=22 March 2021}}</ref>

== International cooperations ==
ISRO has signed various formal cooperative arrangements in the form of either Agreements or Memoranda of Understanding (MoU) or Framework Agreements with Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Maldives, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Myanmar, the Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Peru, Portugal, Russia, [[São Tomé and Príncipe]], Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Spain, South Africa, South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Netherlands, Tunisia, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, the United States, Uzbekistan, Venezuela and Vietnam. Formal cooperative instruments have been signed with international multilateral bodies including [[European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts]] (ECMWF), [[European Commission]], [[European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites]] (EUMETSAT), [[European Space Agency]] (ESA) and [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] (SAARC).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/international-cooperation |title=ISRO – International co-operation |publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation |access-date=27 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212234842/http://www.isro.gov.in/international-cooperation |archive-date=12 February 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Notable collaborative projects ===
* '''Chandrayaan-1''' also carried scientific payloads to the Moon from [[NASA]], the [[European Space Agency]], [[Space Research and Technology Institute|Bulgarian Space Agency]], and other institutions/companies in North America and Europe.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bhardwaj |first1=Anil |last2=Barabash |first2=Stas |last3=Futaana |first3=Yoshifumi |last4=Kazama |first4=Yoichi |last5=Asamura |first5=Kazushi |last6=McCann |first6=David |last7=Sridharan |first7=R. |last8=Holmstrom |first8=Mats |last9=Wurz |first9=Peter |last10=Lundin |first10=Rickard |title=Low energy neutral atom imaging on the Moon with the SARA instrument aboard Chandrayaan-1 mission |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/jessci/dec2005/ilc-21.pdf |journal=Journal of Earth System Science |date=December 2005 |volume=114 |issue=6 |pages=749–760 |doi=10.1007/BF02715960 |bibcode=2005JESS..114..749B |s2cid=55554166 |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423110307/https://www.ias.ac.in/jessci/dec2005/ilc-21.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
*For the Gaganyaan mission, ISRO signed a Technical Implementing Plan (TIP) with ESA to provide ground station support.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2024 |title=Europe to provide ground tracking support for Isro's Gaganyaan Mission |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/gaganyaan-mission/story/europe-to-provide-ground-tracking-support-for-isros-gaganyaan-mission-2645847-2024-12-06 |access-date=6 December 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

;'''Indo-French satellite missions'''
ISRO has two collaborative satellite missions with France's [[CNES]], namely the now retired [[Megha-Tropiques]] to study [[water cycle]] in the tropical atmosphere{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|p=447}} and the presently active [[SARAL]] for [[Acid–base titration|altimetry]].<ref name="nasa-gsfc-sara" /> A third mission consisting of an Earth observation satellite with a [[Infrared|thermal infrared]] imager, [[TRISHNA]] (Thermal infraRed Imaging Satellite for High resolution Natural resource Assessment) is being planned by the two countries.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 March 2021 |title=India, France working on third joint space mission: ISRO Chairman |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/india-france-working-on-third-joint-space-mission-isro-chairman/article34115470.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=22 March 2021 |archive-date=21 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321150341/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/india-france-working-on-third-joint-space-mission-isro-chairman/article34115470.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
;LUPEX
The Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (LUPEX) is a joint Indo-Japanese mission to study the polar surface of the Moon where India is tasked with providing soft landing technologies.<ref name="Episode 82">{{cite web |url=https://astrotalkuk.org/episode-82-jaxa-and-international-collaboration-with-professor-fujimoto-masaki/ |title=Episode 82: JAXA and International Collaboration with Professor Fujimoto Masaki |publisher=Astro Talk UK |date=4 January 2019 |access-date=10 March 2021 |archive-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116033628/https://astrotalkuk.org/episode-82-jaxa-and-international-collaboration-with-professor-fujimoto-masaki/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

;NISAR
[[NISAR (satellite)|NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar]] (NISAR) is a joint Indo-US radar project carrying an [[L band]] and an [[S band]] radar. It is the world's first radar imaging satellite to use dual frequencies.<ref>{{cite web |title=U.S., India to Collaborate on Mars Exploration, Earth-Observing Mission |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/september/us-india-to-collaborate-on-mars-exploration-earth-observing-mission/ |website=NASA official website |date=30 September 2014 |publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration |access-date=1 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140930211905/http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/september/us-india-to-collaborate-on-mars-exploration-earth-observing-mission/ |archive-date=30 September 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Some other notable collaborations include:
* ISRO operates LUT/MCC under the international COSPAS/SARSAT Programme for Search and Rescue.<ref name="LUT1">{{cite web |title=Satellite Aided Search and Rescue |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/applications/satellite-aided-search-and-rescue |website=ISRO |access-date=22 July 2022 |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806183209/https://www.isro.gov.in/applications/satellite-aided-search-and-rescue |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* India has established a Centre for Space Science and Technology Education in Asia and the Pacific (CSSTE-AP) that is sponsored by the United Nations.<ref name="CSSTEAP1">{{cite web |title=Center for Space Science and Technology Education in Asia and the Pacific (CSSTEAP) |url=https://www.un-spider.org/center-space-science-and-technology-education-asia-and-pacific-cssteap |website=[[UN-SPIDER]] |access-date=22 July 2022 |archive-date=22 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722171916/https://www.un-spider.org/center-space-science-and-technology-education-asia-and-pacific-cssteap |url-status=live }}</ref>
* India is a member of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, [[International Cospas-Sarsat Programme|Cospas-Sarsat]], [[International Astronautical Federation]], [[Committee on Space Research]] (COSPAR), [[Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee]] (IADC), [[International Space University]], and the Committee on Earth Observation Satellite (CEOS).{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|p=447}}
* Contributing to planned [[BRICS]] virtual constellation for [[remote sensing]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/2019/copuos2019tech44E.pdf |title=Update on ISRO's International Cooperation |last=Kunhikrishnan |first=P. |date=20 June 2019 |page=10 |access-date=30 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630161422/http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/2019/copuos2019tech44E.pdf |archive-date=30 June 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ria-20190628">{{Cite news |date=28 June 2019 |title=V orbital'nuyu gruppirovku stran BRIKS voidut pyat' kosmicheskikh apparatov |script-title=ru:В орбитальную группировку стран БРИКС войдут пять космических аппаратов |trans-title=Five spacecraft will join the orbital grouping of BRICS countries |url=https://ria.ru/20190628/1555995527.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707194515/https://ria.ru/20190628/1555995527.html |archive-date=7 July 2019 |access-date=30 June 2019 |work=[[РИА Новости]] |location=Moscow |language=ru }}</ref>

== Statistics ==
Last updated: 24 December 2025
* Total number of foreign satellites launched by ISRO: 434 (34 countries)<ref name="isro-listforeignsats">{{Cite web |date=23 October 2022 |title=List of International Customer Satellites Launched by ISRO |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/ForeignSatellites/381_foreign_satellites.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024134415/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/ForeignSatellites/381_foreign_satellites.pdf |archive-date=24 October 2022 |access-date=24 October 2022 |publisher=ISRO }}</ref>
* Spacecraft missions: 133<ref>{{Cite web |title=Missions accomplished |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Mission.html |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=www.isro.gov.in |archive-date=14 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014133052/https://www.isro.gov.in/Mission.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Launch missions: 104
* Student satellites: 18 <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/spacecraft/list-of-university-academic-institute-satellites |title=List of University / Academic Institute Satellites – ISRO |website=www.isro.gov.in |access-date=4 December 2019 |archive-date=19 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819011224/https://www.isro.gov.in/spacecraft/list-of-university-academic-institute-satellites |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Re-entry missions: 9

=== Budget for the Department of Space ===
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Calendar year
! rowspan="2" |GDP (2011–12 base year) in crores(₹)<ref name="EcoSurStats_2021-22">{{Cite web |title=Economic Survey 2021–22 Statistical Appendix |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/economicsurvey/doc/Statistical-Appendix-in-English.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511132241/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/economicsurvey/doc/Statistical-Appendix-in-English.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2022 |access-date=29 May 2022 |publisher=[[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] |page=17 |quote=Table 1.6: Components of Gross Domestic Product at Current Prices }}</ref>
! rowspan="2" |Total expenditure in crores (₹)
! colspan="4" |Budget of Department of Space<ref name="DoS_DDG">{{Cite web |title=Archive of Demands for Grants |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/archive_of_demands_grants.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072734/https://www.isro.gov.in/archive_of_demands_grants.html |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=29 May 2022 |publisher=ISRO }}</ref>
! rowspan="2" |Notes and references
|-
! style="border-color:inherit;" | Nominal [[Indian rupee|INR]] (crore)
! % of GDP
!% of total expenditure
!2020 constant INR (crore)
|-
| 1972–73
|55245
|
| 18.2325000
| {{Percentage|18.2325000|55245|2}}
|
|{{Inflation|IN|18.2325000|1972|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| Revised estimate as actuals are not available <ref name="DDGDOS_1973-74">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1973–74 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1973_74.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072754/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1973_74.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=06 }}</ref><ref name="DDGDOS_1974-75">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1974–75 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1974_75.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072900/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1974_75.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] }}</ref>
|-
| 1973–74
|67241
|
| 19.0922000
| {{Percentage|19.0922000|67241|2}}
|
|{{Inflation|IN|19.0922000|1973|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| Revised estimate as actuals are not available <ref name="DDGDOS_1974-75" />{{rp|page=13}}<ref name="DDGDOS_1975-76">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1975–76 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1975_76.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072909/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1975_76.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] }}</ref>
|-
| 1974–75
|79378
|
| 30.7287000
| {{Percentage|30.7287000|79378|2}}
|
|{{Inflation|IN|30.7287000|1974|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1976-77">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1976–77 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1976_77.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311150735/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1976_77.pdf |archive-date=11 March 2023 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=27 }}</ref>
|-
| 1975–76
|85212
|
| 36.8379000
| {{Percentage|36.8379000|85212|2}}
|
|{{Inflation|IN|36.8379000|1975|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1977-78">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1977–78 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1977_78.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072807/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1977_78.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=32 }}</ref>
|-
| 1976–77
|91812
|
| 41.1400000
| {{Percentage|41.1400000|91812|2}}
|
|{{Inflation|IN|41.1400000|1976|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| Revised estimate as actuals are not available <ref name="DDGDOS_1977-78" />
|-
| 1977–78
|104024
|
| 37.3670000
| {{Percentage|37.3670000|104024|2}}
|
|{{Inflation|IN|37.3670000|1977|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1979-80">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1979–80 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1979_80.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072837/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1979_80.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=33 }}</ref>
|-
| 1978–79
|112671
|
| 51.4518000
| {{Percentage|51.4518000|112671|2}}
|
|{{Inflation|IN|51.4518000|1978|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1980-81">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1980–81 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1980_81.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072811/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1980_81.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=36 }}</ref>
|-
| 1979–80
|123562
|
| 57.0062000
| {{Percentage|57.0062000|123562|2}}
|
|{{Inflation|IN|57.0062000|1979|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1981-82">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1981–82 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1981_82.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072831/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1981_82.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=36 }}</ref>
|-
| 1980–81
|147063
|
| 82.1087000
| {{Percentage|82.1087000|147063|2}}
|
|{{Inflation|IN|82.1087000|1980|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1982-83">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1982–83 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1982_83.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072833/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1982_83.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] }}</ref>{{rp|page=39}}
|-
| 1981–82
|172776
|
| 109.132100
| {{Percentage|109.132100|172776|2}}
|
|{{Inflation|IN|109.132100|1981|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| Revised estimate as actuals are not available<ref name="DDGDOS_1982-83" />{{rp|page=38}}<ref name="DDGDOS_1983-84">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1983–84 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1983_84.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226073036/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1983_84.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] }}</ref>
|-
| 1982–83
|193255
|
| 94.8898000
| {{Percentage|94.8898000|193255|2}}
|
|{{Inflation|IN|94.8898000|1982|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1984-85">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1984–85 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1984_85.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318192646/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1984_85.pdf |archive-date=18 March 2023 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=48 }}</ref>
|-
| 1983–84
|225074
|
| 163.365600
| {{Percentage|163.365600|225074|2}}
|
|{{Inflation|IN|163.365600|1983|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1985-86">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1985–86 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1985_86.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072829/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1985_86.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=53 }}</ref>
|-
| 1984–85
|252188
|
| 181.601000
| {{Percentage|181.601000|252188|2}}
|
|{{Inflation|IN|181.601000|1984|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1986-87">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1986–87 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1986_87.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072836/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1986_87.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=49 }}</ref>
|-
| 1985–86
|284534
|
| 229.102300
| {{Percentage|229.102300|284534|2}}
|
|{{Inflation|IN|229.102300|1985|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1987-88">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1987–88 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1987_88.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072824/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1987_88.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=45 }}</ref>
|-
| 1986–87
|318366
|
| 309.990900
| {{Percentage|309.990900|318366|2}}
|
|{{Inflation|IN|309.990900|1986|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1988-89">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1988–89 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1988_89.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226073042/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1988_89.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=48 }}</ref>
|-
| 1987–88
|361865
|
| 347.084600
| {{Percentage|347.084600|361865|2}}
|
|{{Inflation|IN|347.084600|1987|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1989-90">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1989–90 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1989_90.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226073104/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1989_90.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=50 }}</ref>
|-
| 1988–89
|429363
|
| 422.367000
| {{Percentage|422.367000|429363|2}}
|
|{{Inflation|IN|422.367000|1988|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1990-91">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1990–91 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1990_91.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329075451/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1990_91.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2023 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=48 }}</ref>
|-
| 1989–90
|493278
|
| 398.559500
| {{Percentage|398.559500|493278|2}}
|
|{{Inflation|IN|398.559500|1989|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1991-92">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1991–92 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1991_92.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226073040/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1991_92.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=50 }}</ref>
|-
| 1990–91
|576109
|105298
| 386.221800
| {{Percentage|386.221800|576109|2}}
|{{Percentage|386.221800|105298 |2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|386.221800|1990|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1992-93">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1992–93 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1992_93.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226073103/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1992_93.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=52 }}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_1990-1998">{{Cite web |title=1999–2000 Expenditure Budget Vol. I: Trends in Expenditure |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget_archive/ub1999-2000/eb/trend.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520165656/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget_archive/ub1999-2000/eb/trend.pdf |archive-date=20 May 2022 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] }}</ref>
|-
| 1991–92
|662260
|111414
| 460.101000
| {{Percentage|460.101000|662260|2}}
|{{Percentage|460.101000|111414 |2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|460.101000|1991|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1993-94">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1993–94 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1993_94.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072855/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1993_94.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=54 }}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_1990-1998" />
|-
| 1992–93
|761196
|122618
| 490.920400
| {{Percentage|490.920400|761196|2}}
|{{Percentage|490.920400|122618 |2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|490.920400|1992|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1994-95">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1994–95 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1994_95.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072813/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1994_95.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=51 }}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_1990-1998" />
|-
| 1993–94
|875992
|141853
| 695.335000
| {{Percentage|695.335000|875992|2}}
|{{Percentage|695.335000|141853 |2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|695.335000|1993|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1995-96">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1995–96 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1995_96.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072849/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1995_96.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=65 }}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_1990-1998" />
|-
| 1994–95
|1027570
|160739
| 759.079300
| {{Percentage|759.079300|1027570|2}}
|{{Percentage|759.079300|160739 |2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|759.079300|1994|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1996-97">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1996–97 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1996_97.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072843/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1996_97.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=38 }}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_1990-1998" /><ref name="TrendsEx_1994-2002">{{Cite web |title=2003–2004 Expenditure Budget Vol. I: Trends in Expenditure |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget_archive/ub2003-04/eb/trend.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520170435/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget_archive/ub2003-04/eb/trend.pdf |archive-date=20 May 2022 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] }}</ref>
|-
| 1995–96
|1205583
|178275
| 755.778596
| {{Percentage|755.778596|1205583|2}}
|{{Percentage|755.778596|178275 |2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|755.778596|1995|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1997-98">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1997–98 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1997_98.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072841/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1997_98.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=38 }}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_1990-1998" /><ref name="TrendsEx_1994-2002" />
|-
| 1996–97
|1394816
|201007
| 1062.44660
| {{Percentage|1062.44660|1394816|2}}
|{{Percentage|1062.44660|201007 |2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|1062.44660|1996|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1998-99">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1998–99 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1998_99.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072808/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1998_99.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=38 }}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_1990-1998" /><ref name="TrendsEx_1994-2002" />
|-
| 1997–98
|1545294
|232053
| 1050.50250
| {{Percentage|1050.50250|1545294|2}}
|{{Percentage|1050.50250|232053 |2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|1050.50250|1997|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1999-2000">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1999–2000 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1999_2000.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072821/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1999_2000.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=40 }}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_1994-2002" />
|-
| 1998–99
|1772297
|279340
| 1401.70260
| {{Percentage|1401.70260|1772297|2}}
|{{Percentage|1401.70260|279340 |2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|1401.70260|1998|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2000-2001">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2000–2001 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2000_2001.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072837/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2000_2001.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=41 }}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_1994-2002" /><ref name="TrendsEx_1998-2006">{{Cite web |title=Expenditure Budget Vol. I, 2007–2008: Trends in Expenditure |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget_archive/ub2007-08/eb/trend.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530200920/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget_archive/ub2007-08/eb/trend.pdf |archive-date=30 May 2022 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] }}</ref>
|-
| 1999–00
|1988262
|298053
| 1677.38580
| {{Percentage|1677.38580|1988262|2}}
|{{Percentage|1677.38580|298053 |2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|1677.38580|1999|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2001-02">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2001–2002 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2001_2002.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072903/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2001_2002.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=41 }}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_1994-2002" /><ref name="TrendsEx_1998-2006" />
|-
| 2000–01
|2139886
|325592
| 1905.39970
| {{Percentage|1905.39970|2139886|2}}
|{{Percentage|1905.39970|325592 |2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|1905.39970|2000|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2002-2003">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2002–2003 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2002_2003.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328063237/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2002_2003.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2023 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=47 }}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_1994-2002" /><ref name="TrendsEx_1998-2006" />
|-
| 2001–02
|2315243
|362310
| 1900.97370
| {{Percentage|1900.97370|2315243|2}}
|{{Percentage|1900.97370|362310 |2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|1900.97370|2001|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2003-2004">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2003–2004 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2003_2004.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072809/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2003_2004.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=41 }}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_1998-2006" /><ref name="TrendsEx_2001-2009">{{Cite web |title=Expenditure Budget Vol. I, 2010–2011: Trends in Expenditure |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget_archive/ub2010-11/eb/trend.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520170234/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget_archive/ub2010-11/eb/trend.pdf |archive-date=20 May 2022 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] }}</ref>
|-
| 2002–03
|2492614
|413248
| 2162.22480
| {{Percentage|2162.22480|2492614|2}}
|{{Percentage|2162.22480|413248 |2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|2162.22480|2002|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2004-2005">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2004–2005 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2004_2005.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311134754/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2004_2005.pdf |archive-date=11 March 2023 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=42 }}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_1998-2006" /><ref name="TrendsEx_2001-2009" />
|-
| 2003–04
|2792530
|471203
| 2268.80470
| {{Percentage|2268.80470|2792530|2}}
|{{Percentage|2268.80470|471203 |2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|2268.80470|2003|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2005-2006">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2005–2006 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2005_2006.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072843/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2005_2006.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=48 }}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_1998-2006" /><ref name="TrendsEx_2001-2009" />
|-
| 2004–05
|3186332
|498252
| 2534.34860
| {{Percentage|2534.34860|3186332|2}}
|{{Percentage|2534.34860|498252 |2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|2534.34860|2004|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2006-2007">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2006–2007 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2006_2007.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311141857/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2006_2007.pdf |archive-date=11 March 2023 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=48 }}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_1998-2006" /><ref name="TrendsEx_2001-2009" />
|-
| 2005–06
|3632125
|505738
| 2667.60440
| {{Percentage|2667.60440|3632125|2}}
|{{Percentage|2667.60440|505738 |2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|2667.60440|2005|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2007-2008">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2007–2008 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2007_2008.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072913/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2007_2008.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=53 }}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_1998-2006" /><ref name="TrendsEx_2001-2009" />
|-
| 2006–07
|4254629
|583387
| 2988.66550
| {{Percentage|2988.66550|4254629|2}}
|{{Percentage|2988.66550|583387 |2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|2988.66550|2006|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2008-2009">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2008–2009 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2008_2009.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072759/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2008_2009.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=50 }}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_2001-2009" /><ref name="TrendsEx_2006-2014">{{Cite web |title=Expenditure Budget Vol. I, 2015–2016: Trends in Expenditure |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2015-2016/ub2015-16/eb/trend.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520165527/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2015-2016/ub2015-16/eb/trend.pdf |archive-date=20 May 2022 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] }}</ref>
|-
| 2007–08
|4898662
|712671
| 3278.00440
| {{Percentage|3278.00440|4898662|2}}
|{{Percentage|3278.00440|712671 |2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|3278.00440|2007|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2009-2010">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2009–2010 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2009_2010.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072823/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2009_2010.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=52 }}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_2001-2009" /><ref name="TrendsEx_2006-2014" />
|-
| 2008–09
|5514152
|883956
| 3493.57150
| {{Percentage|3493.57150|5514152|2}}
|{{Percentage|3493.57150|883956 |2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|3493.57150|2008|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2010-2011">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2010–2011 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2010_2011.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072805/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2010_2011.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=46 }}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_2001-2009" /><ref name="TrendsEx_2006-2014" />
|-
| 2009–10
|6366407
|1024487
| 4162.95990
| {{Percentage|4162.95990|6366407|2}}
|{{Percentage|4162.95990|1024487|2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|4162.95990|2009|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2011-2012">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2011–2012 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2011_2012.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072802/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2011_2012.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=46 }}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_2006-2014" />
|-
| 2010–11
|7634472
|1197328
| 4482.23150
| {{Percentage|4482.23150|7634472|2}}
|{{Percentage|4482.23150|1197328|2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|4482.23150|2010|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2012-2013">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2012–2013 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2012_2013.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072817/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2012_2013.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=43 }}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_2006-2014" />
|-
| 2011–12
|8736329
|1304365
| 3790.78880
| {{Percentage|3790.78880|8736329|2}}
|{{Percentage|3790.78880|1304365|2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|3790.78880|2011|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2013-2014">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2013–2014 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2013_2014.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072906/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2013_2014.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=49 }}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_2006-2014" />
|-
| 2012–13
|9944013
|1410372
| 4856.28390
| {{Percentage|4856.28390|9944013|2}}
|{{Percentage|4856.28390|1410372|2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|4856.28390|2012|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2014-2015">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2014–2015 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2014_2015.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072815/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2014_2015.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=53 }}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_2006-2014" />
|-
| 2013–14
|11233522
|1559447
| 5168.95140
| {{Percentage|5168.95140|11233522|2}}
|{{Percentage|5168.95140|1559447|2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|5168.95140|2013|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2015-2016">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2015–2016 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2015_2016.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072916/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2015_2016.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=58 }}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_2006-2014" />
|-
| 2014–15
|12467960
|1663673
| 5821.36630
| {{Percentage|5821.36630|12467960|2}}
|{{Percentage|5821.36630|1663673|2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|5821.36630|2014|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2016-2017">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2016–2017 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2016_2017.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072903/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2016_2017.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=74 }}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_2014-2015">{{Cite web |title=Budget at a Glance 2016–2017 |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2016-2017/ub2016-17/bag/bag11.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520182832/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2016-2017/ub2016-17/bag/bag11.pdf |archive-date=20 May 2022 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] |page=3 }}</ref>
|-
| 2015–16
|13771874
|1790783
| 6920.00520
| {{Percentage|6920.00520|13771874|2}}
|{{Percentage|6920.00520|1790783|2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|6920.00520|2015|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2017-2018">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2017–2018 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2017_2018.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072827/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2017_2018.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=83 }}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_2015-2016">{{Cite web |title=Budget at a Glance 2017–2018 |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2017-2018/ub2017-18/bag/bag1.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309024549/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2017-2018/ub2017-18/bag/bag1.pdf |archive-date=9 March 2022 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] |page=3 }}</ref>
|-
| 2016–17
|15391669
|1975194
| 8039.99680
| {{Percentage|8039.99680|15391669|2}}
|{{Percentage|8039.99680|1975194|2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|8039.99680|2016|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2018_-2019">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2018–2019 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2018_2019.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072920/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2018_2019.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=76 }}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_2016-2017">{{Cite web |title=Budget at a Glance 2018–2019 |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2018-2019/ub2018-19/bag/bag1.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520182421/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2018-2019/ub2018-19/bag/bag1.pdf |archive-date=20 May 2022 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] |page=3 }}</ref>
|-
| 2017–18
|17090042
|2141975
| 9130.56640
| {{Percentage|9130.56640|17090042|2}}
|{{Percentage|9130.56640|2141973|2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|9130.56640|2017|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2019-2020">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2019–2020 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2019_2020.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072819/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2019_2020.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=91 }}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_2017-2018">{{Cite web |title=Budget at a Glance 2019–2020 |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2019-20/doc/Budget_at_Glance/bag1.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520182237/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2019-20/doc/Budget_at_Glance/bag1.pdf |archive-date=20 May 2022 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] |page=3 }}</ref>
|-
| 2018–19
|18899668
|2315113
| 11192.6566
| {{Percentage|11192.6566|18899668|2}}
|{{Percentage|11192.6566|2315113|2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|11192.6566|2018|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2020-2021">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2020–2021 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2020_2021.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311145014/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2020_2021.pdf |archive-date=11 March 2023 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=93 }}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_2018-2019">{{Cite web |title=Budget at a Glance 2020–2021 |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2020-21/doc/Budget_at_Glance/bag1.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520181151/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2020-21/doc/Budget_at_Glance/bag1.pdf |archive-date=20 May 2022 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] |page=3 }}</ref>
|-
| 2019–20
|20074856
|2686330
| 13033.2917
| {{Percentage|13033.2917|20074856|2}}
|{{Percentage|13033.2917|2686330|2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|13033.2917|2019|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2021-22">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2021–22 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/DDG_2021_2022.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226081032/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/DDG_2021_2022.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=94 }}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_2019-2020">{{Cite web |title=Budget at a Glance 2021–2022 |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2021-22/doc/Budget_at_Glance/budget_at_a_glance.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401072554/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2021-22/doc/Budget_at_Glance/budget_at_a_glance.pdf |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] |page=3 }}</ref>
|-
| 2020–21
|19800914
|3509836
| 9490.05390
| {{Percentage|9490.05390|19800914|2}}
|{{Percentage|9490.05390|3509836|2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|9490.05390|2020|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2022-23">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2022–23 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2022_23.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226073052/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2022_23.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |page=97 }}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_2020-2021">{{Cite web |title=Budget at a Glance 2022–2023 |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/Budget_at_Glance/budget_at_a_glance.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331124734/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/Budget_at_Glance/budget_at_a_glance.pdf |archive-date=31 March 2022 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] |page=5 }}</ref>
|-
|2021–22
|23664637
|3793801
|12473.84
|{{Percentage|12473.84|23664637|2}}
|{{Percentage|12473.84|3793801|2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|12473.84|2020|2020|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
|<ref name="ib-gdpcp">{{Cite web |date=1 February 2023 |title=Components of Gross Domestic Product at Current Prices |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/economicsurvey/doc/stat/tab16.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222173837/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/economicsurvey/doc/stat/tab16.pdf |archive-date=22 February 2023 |publisher=[[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] |page=3 }}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_2020-2021" /><ref name="ib-ebudget2324">{{Cite web |date=1 February 2023 |title=Expeniture Budget 2023–2024 |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/allsbe.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201114025/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/allsbe.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2023 |publisher=[[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] |page=334 }}</ref>
|}

== Corporate affairs ==

=== S-band spectrum scam ===

In India, [[electromagnetic spectrum]], a scarce resource for wireless communication, is auctioned by the Government of India to telecom companies for use. As an example of its value, in 2010, 20 [[Hertz|MHz]] of [[3G]] spectrum was [[Indian Telecom Spectrum Auction|auctioned]] for {{INRConvert|677|b}}. This part of the spectrum is allocated for terrestrial communication (cell phones). However, in January 2005, Antrix Corporation (commercial arm of ISRO) signed an agreement with Devas Multimedia (a private company formed by former ISRO employees and venture capitalists from the US) for lease of [[S band]] transponders (amounting to 70 MHz of spectrum) on two ISRO satellites (GSAT 6 and GSAT 6A) for a price of {{INRConvert|14|b}}, to be paid over a period of 12 years. The spectrum used in these satellites (2500 MHz and above) is allocated by the [[International Telecommunication Union]] specifically for satellite-based communication in India. Hypothetically, if the spectrum allocation is changed for utilisation for terrestrial transmission and if this 70 MHz of spectrum were sold at the 2010 auction price of the 3G spectrum, its value would have been over {{INRConvert|2000|b}}. This was a hypothetical situation. However, the [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India|Comptroller and Auditor-General]] considered this hypothetical situation and estimated the difference between the prices as a loss to the Indian Government.<ref name="Thakur, Pradeep">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Another-spectrum-scam-hits-govt-this-time-from-ISRO/articleshow/7445139.cms |title=Another spectrum scam hits govt, this time from ISRO |last=Thakur |first=Pradeep |date=8 February 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=23 January 2018 |location=New Delhi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727213455/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Another-spectrum-scam-hits-govt-this-time-from-ISRO/articleshow/7445139.cms |archive-date=27 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Behind the S-band spectrum scandal">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/behind-the-sband-spectrum-scandal/article1200374.ece |title=Behind the S-band spectrum scandal |work=The Hindu |date=28 September 2011 |access-date=6 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219053426/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/behind-the-sband-spectrum-scandal/article1200374.ece |archive-date=19 February 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

There were lapses on implementing official procedures. Antrix/ISRO had allocated the capacity of the above two satellites exclusively to Devas Multimedia, while the rules said it should always be non-exclusive. The [[Union Council of Ministers|Cabinet]] was misinformed in November 2005 that several service providers were interested in using satellite capacity, while the Devas deal was already signed. Also, the Space Commission was not informed when approving the second satellite (its cost was diluted so that Cabinet approval was not needed). ISRO committed to spending {{INRConvert|7.66|b}} of public money on building, launching, and operating two satellites that were leased out for Devas.<ref name="ETDevdas">{{cite news |title=Devas Multimedia-Antrix deal: A timeline of ongoing tussle |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/telecom-news/devas-multimedia-steps-up-the-offensive-against-india-a-timeline-of-ongoing-tussle/articleshow/88974462.cms |access-date=22 July 2022 |agency=[[The Economic Times]] |date=20 January 2022 |archive-date=22 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722172031/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/telecom-news/devas-multimedia-steps-up-the-offensive-against-india-a-timeline-of-ongoing-tussle/articleshow/88974462.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
In late 2009, some ISRO insiders exposed information about the Devas-Antrix deal,<ref name="Behind the S-band spectrum scandal" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://newsroom24x7.com/2015/03/20/2862/antrix-devas-news-lalit-shastri/#main |title=antrix-devas-news-lalit-shastri |work=Newsroom24x7 |access-date=24 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519214523/http://newsroom24x7.com/2015/03/20/2862/antrix-devas-news-lalit-shastri/#main |archive-date=19 May 2015 |url-status=live |date=20 March 2015}}</ref> and the ensuing investigations led to the deal's annulment. [[G. Madhavan Nair]] (ISRO Chairperson when the agreement was signed) was barred from holding any post under the Department of Space. Some former scientists were found guilty of "acts of commission" or "acts of omission". Devas and Deutsche Telekom demanded US$2 billion and US$1 billion, respectively, in damages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Antrix-Devas-and-the-second-generation-scam/2013/08/22/article1745659.ece |title=Antrix Devas and the second generation scam |work=The New Indian Express |date=22 August 2013 |access-date=6 February 2015 |author=Jethmalani, Ram |location=New Delhi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206055725/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Antrix-Devas-and-the-second-generation-scam/2013/08/22/article1745659.ece |archive-date=6 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Department of Revenue]] and [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs]] began an inquiry into Devas shareholding.<ref name="ETDevdas" />

The [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] registered a case against the accused in the Antrix-Devas deal under Section 120-B, besides Section 420 of IPC and Section 13(2) read with 13(1)(d) of PC Act, 1988 in March 2015 against the then executive director of Antrix Corporation, two officials of a USA-based company, a Bengaluru-based private multimedia company, and other unknown officials of the Antrix Corporation or the Department of Space.<ref>{{cite news |title=CBI registers case in the huge Antrix-Devas scam |url=http://newsroom24x7.com/2015/03/18/cbi-registers-case-in-the-huge-antrix-devas-scam/ |access-date=16 May 2015 |publisher=Newsroom24x7.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518104746/http://newsroom24x7.com/2015/03/18/cbi-registers-case-in-the-huge-antrix-devas-scam/ |archive-date=18 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://newsroom24x7.com/2015/03/20/antrix-devas-agreement-national-security-and-cbi/ |title=Antrix-Devas Agreement, national security, and CBI |work=Newsroom24x7 |access-date=24 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503054604/https://newsroom24x7.com/2015/03/20/antrix-devas-agreement-national-security-and-cbi/ |archive-date=3 May 2016 |url-status=live |date=20 March 2015}}</ref>

Devas Multimedia started [[arbitration]] proceedings against Antrix in June 2011. In September 2015, the [[International Court of Arbitration]] of the [[International Chamber of Commerce]] ruled in favour of Devas, and directed Antrix to pay US$672 million (Rs 44.35 billion) in damages to Devas.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isros-antrix-to-pay-rs-4432-crore-damages-to-devas-for-unlawfully-cancelling-contract/articleshow/49158235.cms |title=ISRO's Antrix to pay Rs 44.32 billion damages to Devas for unlawfully cancelling contract |date=30 September 2015 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=15 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105072143/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isros-antrix-to-pay-rs-4432-crore-damages-to-devas-for-unlawfully-cancelling-contract/articleshow/49158235.cms |archive-date=5 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Antrix opposed the Devas plea for tribunal award in the [[Delhi High Court]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/antrix-opposes-devas-plea-over-tribunal-award-in-hc/ |title=Antrix opposes Devas plea over tribunal award in HC |last=Mathur |first=Aneesha |date=10 October 2015 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=23 January 2018 |location=[[New Delhi]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222153015/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/antrix-opposes-devas-plea-over-tribunal-award-in-hc/ |archive-date=22 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Heads of ISRO ==
{{Main|Chairperson of ISRO}}

List of Chairpersons (since 1963) of ISRO.

#[[Vikram Sarabhai]] (1963–1971)
#[[M. G. K. Menon]] (1972)
#[[Satish Dhawan]] (1973–1984)
#[[Udupi Ramachandra Rao|U. R. Rao]] (1984–1994)
#[[Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan|K. Kasturirangan]] (1994–2003)
#[[G. Madhavan Nair]] (2003–2009)
#[[Koppillil Radhakrishnan|K. Radhakrishnan]] (2009–2014)
#[[Shailesh Nayak]] (2015)
#[[A. S. Kiran Kumar]] (2015–2018)
#[[K. Sivan]] (2018–2022)
#[[S. Somanath]] (2022–2025)
#[[V. Narayanan (engineer)|V. Narayanan]] (2025–present)

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|India|Outer space|Rocketry|Spaceflight}}
* [[Space industry of India]]
** [[Antrix Corporation]]
** [[NewSpace India Limited]]
** [[Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre|IN–SPACe]]
** [[Indian Space Association]]
** [[Defence Space Agency]]
** [[Space Based Surveillance project (India)|Space Based Survelliance project]]
** [[Deep Ocean mission]]
** [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]]
** [[List of Indian satellites]]
** [[List of ISRO missions]]
** [[Science and technology in India]]
** [[National Space Science Symposium]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|40em}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Bhaskarnarayana |first1=A. |last2=Bhatia |first2=B.S. |last3=Bandyopadhyay |first3=K. |last4=Jain |first4=P.K. |year=2007 |title=Applications of space communication |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24102068 |journal=[[Current Science]] |volume=93 |issue=12 |pages=1737–1746 |location=Bangalore |publisher=[[Indian Academy of Sciences]] |jstor=24102068 |access-date=17 March 2021 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415013343/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24102068 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Burleson |first=D. |year=2005 |chapter=India |title=Space Programmes Outside the United States: All Exploration and Research Efforts, Country by Country |pages=136–146 |location=Jefferson, NC |publisher=McFarland |isbn=0-7864-1852-4}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Daniel |first=R.R. |year=1992 |title=Space Science in India |journal=Indian Journal of History of Science |volume=27 |issue=4 |location=New Delhi |pages=485–499 |publisher=[[Indian National Science Academy]]}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=S.C. |last2=Suresh |first2=B.N. |last3=Sivan |first3=K. |year=2007 |title=Evolution of Indian launch vehicle technologies |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_093_12_1697_1714_0.pdf |pages=1697–1714 |journal=[[Current Science]] |volume=93 |issue=12 |location=Bangalore |publisher=[[Indian Academy of Sciences]] |access-date=17 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806235710/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_093_12_1697_1714_0.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2020 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ojha |first=N.N. |chapter=India in Space |title=Science & Technology |publisher=Chronicle Books |pages=110–143 |location=New Delhi}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Mistry |first1=Dinshaw |last2=Wolpert |first2=Stanley |year=2006 |chapter=Space Programme |title=Encyclopedia of India |volume=4 |pages=93–95 |isbn=0-684-31353-7 |publisher=[[Gale (publisher)|Thomson Gale]]}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Narasimha |first=Roddam |year=2002 |title=Satish Dhawan |journal=[[Current Science]] |volume=82 |issue=2 |pages=222–225 |publisher=[[Indian Academy of Sciences]] |url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_082_02_0222_0225_0.pdf |location=Bangalore}}{{dead link|date=June 2022|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Sen |first=Nirupa |year=2003 |title=Indian success stories in use of Space tools for social development |url= |journal=[[Current Science]] |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=489–90 |location=Bangalore |publisher=[[Indian Academy of Sciences]]}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Suri |first1=R.K. |last2=Rajaram |first2=Kalpana |chapter=Space Research |title=Science and Technology in India |pages=411–448 |isbn=81-7930-294-6 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Spectrum}}
* {{citation |last=Aliberti |first=Marco |year=2018 |title=India in Space: Between Utility and Geopolitics |publisher=Springer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYtHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 |bibcode=2018isbu.book.....A |isbn=978-3-319-71652-7 |access-date=14 April 2019 |archive-date=8 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508160347/https://books.google.com/books?id=NYtHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 |url-status=live}}
* {{citation |last=D. Launius |first=Roger |year=2018 |title=The Smithsonian History of Space Exploration: From the Ancient World to the Extraterrestrial Future |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4j9wDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA196 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |isbn=978-1-58834-637-7 |access-date=14 April 2019 |archive-date=8 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508160323/https://books.google.com/books?id=4j9wDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA196 |url-status=live}}
* {{citation |last1=Narayanan |first1=Nambi |last2=Ram |first2=Arun |title=Ready To Fire: How India and I Survived the ISRO Spy Case |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ks1SDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT59 |date=2018 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-86826-27-5 |access-date=14 April 2019 |archive-date=8 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508160324/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ks1SDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT59 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Harvey |first1=Brian |last2=Smid |first2=Henk H. F. |last3=Pirard |first3=Theo |title=Emerging Space Powers: The New Space Programmes of Asia, the Middle East and South-America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XD1ZaYbiWwMC&pg=PA144 |year=2011 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4419-0874-2 |pages=144– |access-date=14 April 2019 |archive-date=12 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012092733/https://books.google.com/books?id=XD1ZaYbiWwMC |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bhargava |first1=Pushpa M. |last2=Chakrabarti |first2=Chandana |title=The Saga of Indian Science Since Independence: In a Nutshell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g7crHmSeI5kC&pg=PA39 |year=2003 |publisher=Universities Press |isbn=978-81-7371-435-1 |pages=39– |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513184438/https://books.google.com/books?id=g7crHmSeI5kC&pg=PA39 |archive-date=13 May 2016 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Sadeh |first=Eligar |year=2013 |title=Space Strategy in the 21st Century: Theory and Policy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u4nXqDvgGrIC&pg=PA303 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-22623-6 |access-date=19 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161252/https://books.google.com/books?id=u4nXqDvgGrIC&pg=PA303 |archive-date=6 March 2016 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rajagopalan |last2=Prasad |first1=Rajeshwari Pillai |first2=Narayan |title=Space India 2.0: Commerce, Policy, Security and Governance Perspectives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iwtNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72 |year=2017 |publisher=[[Observer Research Foundation]] |isbn=978-81-86818-28-2 |access-date=16 March 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413211431/https://books.google.com/books?id=iwtNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72 |url-status=live}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
* ''The Economics of India's Space Programme'', by U. Sankar, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2007, {{ISBN|978-0-19-568345-5}}
* ''The Indian Space Programme'', by Gurbir Singh, Astrotalkuk Publications, {{ISBN|978-0956933737}}
* ''Reach For the Stars: The Evolution of India's Rocket Programme'', by Gopal Raj, {{ISBN|978-0670899500}}
* ''From Fishing Hamlet to Red Planet: India's Space Journey'', by ISRO, {{ISBN|978-9351776895}}
* ''Brief History of Rocketry in ISRO'', by P. V. Manoranjan Rao and P. Radhakrishnan, {{ISBN|978-8173717642}}
* ''India's Rise as a Space Power'', by U. R. Rao, {{ISBN|978-9382993483}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wikiversity}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.dos.gov.in |title=Official website of the Department of Space of the Government of India |publisher=dos.gov.in}}

{{Clear}}
{{Indian Department of Space}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{ISRO facilities}}
{{Indian launch systems}}
{{India topics}}
{{Public sector space agencies}}
{{Gandhi Peace Prize laureates}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:ISRO| ]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1969]]
[[Category:Rocket engine manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Government agencies of India]]
[[Category:Space programme of India| ]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Space agencies]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Gandhi Peace Prize]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Bengaluru]]

Shailesh Sotta

2026-02-07T23:56:58Z

RayfordFvx: started a entry

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''Shaileshbhai Mehta''', popular as Shailesh Sotta, (born 1960)<ref name="myneta">{{Cite web |title=Shaileshbhai Kanaiyalal Mehta (Shailesh Sotta)(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- DABHOI(VADODARA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=6061 |access-date=24 January 2025 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. He is a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from Dabhoi Assembly constituency in [[Vadodara district]]. He won the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2022 |title=Dabhoi Election Result 2022 LIVE: Shaileshbhai of BJP defeats INC's Naranbhai by over 20000 votes - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/gujarat-election-result-2022-dabhoi-legislative-assembly-election-winner-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-15358691.htm |access-date=24 January 2025 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2022 |title=Gujarat Assembly Election Results 2022: Full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-elections-2022-winning-candidates-constituency-8312674/ |access-date=24 January 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Mehta is from [[Vadodara]], Gujarat. He is the son of Kanailal Mehta. He completed his diploma in mechanical engineering in 1981 at [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]], Vadodara. He is a businessman and realtor. He also runs a petrol bunk and his wife is also into family business.<ref name="myneta"/>

== Career ==
Mehta won from [[Dabhoi Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. He polled 88,846 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Balkrishnabhai Patel of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 20,476 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS06140.htm?ac=140 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205175736/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS06140.htm?ac=140 |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=24 January 2025 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Election Result 2022: Constituency Wise Winning Candidates List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/gujarat-election-results-2022-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-list |access-date=24 January 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] defeating [[Siddharth Patel]] of the Indian National Congress by a margin of 2,839 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dabhoi Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Shaileshbhai Kanaiyalal Mehta (Shailesh Sotta) Of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/dabhoi-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6561769.html |access-date=24 January 2025 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=8 December 2022 |title=Dabhoi Election 2022 Final Results Live: Bjp Candidate Shaileshbhai Kanaiyalal Mehta (shailesh Sotta) Wins From Dabhoi , Details Inside |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/dabhoi-election-result-2022-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-tally-bjp-congress-aap-gujarat-assembly-election-result-news-1568292 |access-date=24 January 2025 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sotta, Shailesh}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Vadodara district]]

Himmat Singh (Sikhism)

2026-02-07T05:31:39Z

RayfordFvx: cleanup

{{Short description|Sikh martyr (1661–1705)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Sikhism]]
| name = Himmat Singh
| honorific prefix = Bhai / Pyare
| honorific suffix = Ji
| image = [[File:Himmat Singh (Panj Pyare).png|75px]]
| caption = Himmat Singh, one of the inaugural/original Panj Pyare, depicted in an old Sikh fresco from inside an abandoned Sikh samadhi located in Kot Fateh Khan, Attock, Punjab, Pakistan
| known_for = Member of the original, inaugural Panj Pyare; was the third to answer the call by the Guru for a head
| birth_date = 1661
| birth_place = Jagannath Puri, Odisha, India
| birth_name = Himmat Rai
| father = Gulzari
| mother = Dhanno
| death_date = 7 December 1704 or 1705 (aged 43 or 44)
| death_place = Chamkaur, Punjab, India
| death_cause = [[Killed in action]]
| native_name = ਹਿੰਮਤ ਸਿੰਘ
| native_name_lang = pa
| institute = Khalsa
| office1 = Panj Pyare
| term_start1 = 1699
| term_end1 = 1704 or 1705
| occupation = Water Carrier
}}
{{Panj Pyare}}
'''Bhai Himmat Singh''' (1661–1705), born as '''Himmat Rai''', was one of the inaugural group of [[Panj Pyare]], or the first group of the ''Five Beloved'' in [[Sikhism]].

== Biography ==
=== Early life ===
He was born in 1661 in [[Jagannath Puri]] in modern-day [[Odisha]], [[India]] into the caste of water-suppliers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Mohinder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HaOlg1sDYP4C&q=bhai+himmat+singh+orissa&pg=PA451 |title=Punjab 1999 |publisher=Anamika Publishers & Distributors |year=2000 |isbn=9788186565766}}</ref><ref>Singh, Patwant (1989). The Golden Temple, South Asia Books. {{ISBN|962-7375-01-2}}.</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Pruthi |first=Raj |title=Sikhism and Indian Civilization |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |year=2004 |isbn=81-7141-879-1 |series=Culture and civilization series |location=New Delhi |pages=187 |chapter=Sikh Saints |oclc=434576317 |quote=Bhai Himmat Singh (1661 to 1704) The fifth Beloved One, Bhai Himmat Singh was born to a water carrier in 1661. He died fighting in the battle of Chamkaur in 1704.}}</ref> His family belonged to the ''[[Jhinwar|Jhivar]]'' (also [[Dogra Jheer|''Jheer'']] or ''Jheeaur'') caste.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Fenech |first=Louis E. |title=The Cherished Five in Sikh History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-19-753287-4 |location=New York |pages=1, 46, 48, 61–63, 125 |chapter= |oclc=1157751641 |quote=}}</ref> His father was named Gulzari whilst his mother was named Dhanno.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singha |first=H. S. |title=The encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 entries) |date=2000 |publisher=Hemkunt Publishers |isbn=81-7010-301-0 |location=New Delhi |pages=100 |oclc=243621542 |quote=HIMMAT SINGH, BHAI : Bhai Himmat Singh whose original name was Himmat Rai was one of the first Panj Piare who had offered their heads to Guru Gobind Singh on the Baisakhi day of 1699 AD at Anandpur and were thus the first to be initiated into the Khalsa brotherhood. Very little is known about his biographical details. According to one version, he was the son of gulzar. He was born in 1661 AD. After his initiation into the Khaisa he remained in the devoted service of Guru Gobind Singh and died fighting in the battle at Chamkaur in December 1705 AD.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Sikh Courier International |publisher=Sikh Cultural Society of Great Britain |year=1998 |volume=38-42 |pages=18}}</ref>

=== Later life ===
He reached [[Anandpur Sahib|Anandpur]] at the age of 17 to serve the tenth Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh.<ref name=":02">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Harbans |url= |title=The Encyclopedia Of Sikhism - Volume II E-L |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala |year=1995 |page=271 |language=English |quote=HIMMAT SINGH, BHAI (1661-1705), one of the Panj Piare, or the Five Beloved, celebrated in Sikh history, was born in 1661 at Jagannath in a low-caste family of water-suppliers. He came to Anandpur at the young age of 17, and attached himself to the service of Guru Gobind Singh. Bhai Himmat, as he was called before his initiation, was one of the five Sikhs who one by one offered to lay down their heads in response to the Guru's successive calls made at an assembly of the Sikhs especially summoned on the occasion of Baisakhi of 1756 Bk corresponding to 30 March 1699. He along with the other four received the vows of the Khalsa at Guru Gobind Singh's hands and was renamed Himmat Singh. Himmat Singh proved a brave warrior and while at Anandpur, he took part in battles with the surrounding hill chiefs and imperial commanders. He died in the battle of Chamkaur on 7 December 1705.}}</ref> He was the third to answer the call by the Guru during the ceremony to formalize the Khalsa order in 1699 atop a hill in Anandpur (where [[Takht Kesgarh Sahib]] now stands).<ref name=":02" />

He received the vows of the Khalsa at Guru Gobind Singh's hands and was renamed Himmat Singh. At Anandpur, he took part in battles with the surrounding hill chiefs and imperial commanders.<ref name=":02" /> He died in the [[Battle of Chamkaur]] on 7 December 1704 or 1705.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Pruthi |first=Raj |title=Sikhism and Indian Civilization |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |year=2004 |isbn=81-7141-879-1 |series=Culture and civilization series |location=New Delhi |pages=187 |chapter=Sikh Saints |oclc=434576317 |quote=Bhai Himmat Singh (1661 to 1704) The fifth Beloved One, Bhai Himmat Singh was born to a water carrier in 1661. He died fighting in the battle of Chamkaur in 1704.}}</ref><ref name=":02" /> Himmat Singh was viewed as being an ''[[avatar]]'' of an obscure ''[[Bhagat]]'' named ''Phandak'' (hunter).<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Fenech |first=Louis E. |title=The Cherished Five in Sikh History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-19-753287-4 |location=New York |pages=1, 46, 48, 61–63, 125 |chapter= |oclc=1157751641 |quote=}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Bhai Himmat Singh Memorial Children Park was constructed by Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji Religious & Charitable Trust in the memory of him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gurdwara Aarti Sahib |url=https://www.aartisahib.com/ |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=www.aartisahib.com}}</ref> It is located in front of Gurdwara Aarti Sahib, [[Puri]], [[Odisha]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*Chhibbar, Kesar Singh, Bansavallnamd Dasdn Pdlshdhidn Kd. Chandigarh, 1972
*Knir Singh, Cur/nlds Pdtshdfu 10. Chandigarh, 1968
*Santokh Singh, Bhai, Sn Gur Pratap Suraj Granth. Amritsai, 1927–33

{{Sikhism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Bhai Himmat}}
[[Category:Sikh warriors killed in action]]
[[Category:1661 births]]
[[Category:1705 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Odisha]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Sikh martyrs]]
[[Category:Sikh saints]]

{{sikh-bio-stub}}

Feludar Goyendagiri

2026-02-05T18:17:51Z

RayfordFvx: new new data

{{Short description|TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Feludar_Goyendagiri_poster.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| creator = [[Srijit Mukherji]]
| developer =
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Feluda]]''|[[Satyajit Ray]]}}
| writer = [[Satyajit Ray]]
| screenplay = [[Srijit Mukherji]]
| director = [[Srijit Mukherji]]
| creative_director =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Tota Roy Choudhury]]
* Kalpan Mitra
* [[Anirban Chakrabarty]]
}}
| judges =
| voices =
| narrator =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer = [[Joy Sarkar]]
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 19
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| editor =
| cinematography = Ramyadip Saha
| camera =
| runtime = 25-35 minutes
| company = [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF Entertainment]]
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2022|6|17}}
| related = {{Plainlist|
* Feluda Pherot
}}
}}

'''''Feludar Goyendagiri''''' is an Indian [[streaming television]] series, directed by [[Srijit Mukherji]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Feludar Goyendagiri(ফেলুদার গোয়েন্দাগিরি) {{!}}Trailer {{!}}Srijit, Tota, Anirban, Kalpan {{!}}17 Jun {{!}}hoichoi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q7Pz3be94_M |language=en |access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref> It is based on the stories of the Bengali sleuth [[Feluda]], written by [[Satyajit Ray]]. Originally known as Feluda Pherot and streaming on [[Addatimes]], the show began streaming on Hoichoi from 17 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Roushni |title=Hoichoi announces Srijit Mukherji's upcoming web-series Feludar Goyendagiri |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/may/5/34297/hoichoi-announces-srijit-mukherji-s-upcoming-web-series-feludar-goyendagiri |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505095437/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/may/5/34297/hoichoi-announces-srijit-mukherji-s-upcoming-web-series-feludar-goyendagiri |url-status=live |archive-date=5 May 2022 |access-date=2 June 2022 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Tota Roy Chowdhury]] as Prodosh Chandra Mitra or [[Feluda]]
* Kalpan Mitra as Topesh Ranjan Mitra or [[Topshe]]
* [[Anirban Chakrabarty]] as [[Lalmohan Ganguly]] or Jatayu

=== Chhinnamastar Abhishap (Addatimes) ===
* [[Dhritiman Chatterjee]] as Mahesh Chowdhury
* Arindam Ganguly as Arunendra Chowdhury
* [[Samadarshi Dutta]] as Pritindra Chowdhury
* Poulomi Das as Neelima Debi
* Krishnendu Deowanoji as Shankarlal
* [[Rishi Kaushik]] as Biren Karandikar
* Adrija Dutta as Bibi

=== Jawto Kando Kathmandute (Addatimes) ===
* [[Kharaj Mukherjee]] as Maganlal Meghraj
* [[Bharat Kaul]] as Anantalal Batra

=== Darjeeling Jawmjawmat (Hoichoi) ===
* [[Barun Chanda]] as Birupakkho Majumdar
* Suprobhat Das as Samiran Majumdar
* Loknath Dey as Inspector Jotish Saha
* [[Saheb Bhattacharya]] as Rajen Raina or V. Balaporiya
* [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]] as Pulak Ghoshal
* [[Subrat Dutta]] as Mahadev Verma
* Munmun Roy as Suchandra
* [[Indrasish Roy]] as Young Birupakkho Majumdar (Guest Appearance)
* Mainak Banerjee as Rajat Bose or Ramen Brahmo
* Phalguni Chatterjee as Harinarayan Mukherjee
* Subhankar Ghatak as Loknath Beyara

== Feluda Pherot ==

=== Mukherji's playwright days ===
In April 2008, during his playwright times, Mukherji formed his own troupe, Pandora's Act, whose first production, ''Feluda Pherot!'' at Rangashankara in July 2008 was a runaway success. It was the first ever non-canonical dramatisation of Satyajit Ray's sleuth [[Feluda]]. [[Barun Chanda]], Ray's leading man in ''Seemabodhho'', and [[Parambrata Chatterjee]], the screen [[Topshe]] and film youth icon, starred in this production.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2011 |title= Time Out Bengaluru – city guide and fortnightly listing magazine |url=http://www.timeoutbengaluru.net/theatre/theatre_details.asp?code=171&source=1 |access-date=2 June 2022 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006123422/http://www.timeoutbengaluru.net/theatre/theatre_details.asp?code=171&source=1 |archive-date=6 October 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Chanda was later cast in a supporting role in the 1st season of ''Feludar Goyendagiri.''

=== Addatimes series ===
In 2020, during the trailer launch event of the web series ''Feluda Pherot'', Rajiv Mehra, the founder of Addatimes, said that, after bringing [[Parambrata Chatterjee]]'s modern-day adaptation of Feluda from Bioscope to Addatimes, he was skeptical about people's acceptance of the new avatar. While discussing the project of doing a new Feluda series, Srijit Mukherji showed his interest in directing it.<ref>{{Citation |title=Feluda Pherot {{!}} Trailer Launch {{!}} Addatimes {{!}} Streaming Soon |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mMcFeIHlJEM |language=en |access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Last day shoot of 'Feluda Pherot' makes Srijit emotional – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/last-day-shoot-of-feluda-pherot-makes-srijit-emotional/articleshow/73899312.cms |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

The first season, based on the story ''Chinnamastar Abhishap'', was released on Christmas 2020.<ref>{{Citation |title=ছিন্নমস্তার অভিশাপ {{!}} Trailer {{!}} Feluda Pherot {{!}} Addatimes {{!}} Streaming Now |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pQiuqtvVsL4 |language=en |access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2020 |title=Director Srijit Mukherji's web series Feluda Pherot, based on Satyajit Ray's fictional sleuth, to release on Christmas |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/director-srijit-mukherjis-web-series-feluda-pherot-based-on-satyajit-rays-fictional-sleuth-to-release-on-christmas-9043301.html |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> The trailer of the second season, ''Jawto Kando Kathmandute'', was released simultaneously with the first season trailer and was also announced to arrive on Christmas 2020 but was later postponed to Christmas 2021 and then, was postponed indefinitely.<ref>{{Citation |title=Jawto Kando Kathmandute {{!}} Trailer {{!}} Srijit Mukherji {{!}} Addatimes |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lwnyQKzS0DY |language=en |access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref>

=== Moved to Hoichoi ===
In the Hoichoi season 5 catalogue, the platform hinted at bringing the series to their platform.<ref>{{Citation |title=hoichoi Season 5 {{!}} Announcing Upcoming Content {{!}} hoichoi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=temuL2QTOZY |language=en |access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref> The formal announcement was made on 15 April 2022, in their new content catalogue. A special promo was released on 1 May 2022, celebrating Ray's birth anniversary.

== Marketing and release ==
The series was announced as part of Hoichoi's new content catalogue on 15 April 2022, on the occasion of Bengali New Year.<ref>{{Citation |title=বাঙালির নিজের গল্প {{!}} Upcoming Content Lineup {{!}} Poila Baisakh Special {{!}} hoichoi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cb4_B9qLAc8 |language=en |access-date=2 June 2022 |archive-date=2 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602080948/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cb4_B9qLAc8 |url-status=live }}</ref> A promo was launched on 1 May 2022, coinciding with [[Satyajit Ray]]'s birthday.<ref>{{Citation |title=Feludar Goyendagiri (ফেলুদার গোয়েন্দাগিরি) {{!}} Srijit {{!}} Tota, Anirban, Kalpan {{!}} Joy S {{!}} June {{!}} hoichoi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=__lqcCgPnh4 |language=en |access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Glammed Out: Feludar Goyendagiri's pre-launch bash is a star-studded affair |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/galleries/entertainment-galleries/2022/may/12/glammed-out-feludar-goyendagiris-pre-launch-bash-is-a-star-studded-affair-1524.html |access-date=2 June 2022 |website=indulgexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2022 |title=কবে আসছে 'ফেলুদার গোয়েন্দাগিরি'? সত্যজিতের জন্মবার্ষিকীতে ফাঁস করলেন সৃজিত-টোটা |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/srijit-mukherji-s-feludar-goyendagiri-to-stream-on-hoichoi-from-june-di-reactor-shares-the-good-news-on-satyajit-ray-s-101-birth-anniversary-31651497106959.html |access-date=2 June 2022 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

The official trailer was launched on 1 June 2022.<ref>{{Citation |title=Feludar Goyendagiri(ফেলুদার গোয়েন্দাগিরি) {{!}}Trailer {{!}}Srijit, Tota, Anirban, Kalpan {{!}}17 Jun {{!}}hoichoi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q7Pz3be94_M |language=en |access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Feludar Goyendagiri Trailer: ট্রেলারেই জমল রহস্য, জুনের মাঝামাঝি হইচইতে ফেলুদার বেশে টোটা |url=https://www.editorji.com/bengali/entertainment-news/srijit-mukherji-s-feludar-foyendagiri-trailer-launched-1654152891588 |access-date=2 June 2022 |website=Editorji |language=bn}}</ref> The series is set to stream from 17 June onwards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2022 |title=Unmissable Trailer Of Srijit Mukherji's 'Feludar Goyendagiri' Dropped Today! |url=https://www.glamsham.com/ott/web-news/srijit-mukherji-feludar-goyendagiri-trailer-dropped-today |access-date=2 June 2022 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Season 1 ==

=== Production ===
The shooting of the first season began in [[Darjeeling]] in March 2022 and was finished within 16 days. The series is based on Darjeeling Jawmjawmat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Director Srijit Mukherji starts shooting for upcoming web series based on Feluda – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/director-srijit-mukherji-starts-shooting-for-upcoming-web-series-based-on-feluda/articleshow/90284641.cms |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603034207/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/director-srijit-mukherji-starts-shooting-for-upcoming-web-series-based-on-feluda/articleshow/90284641.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Feluda: Has Srijit Mukherji kickstarted work on web series, starring Tota Roy Choudhury? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/feluda-has-srijit-mukherji-kickstarted-work-on-web-series-starring-tota-roy-choudhury/ce4c53c963499 |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

=== Episodes ===
{{Episode table |background=#883545 |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |country=India |writerT= Screenplay by |episodes={{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = Dhundhumar Darjeeling
| DirectedBy = Srijit Mukherji
| WrittenBy = Srijit Mukherji
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|6|17}}
| ShortSummary = Pulak Ghoshal, a film director from Hindi film industry, had previously directed a film based on one of Lalmohan's stories on Prokhor Rudra. After the success of the film, Ghoshal fulfills his promise of adapting another Prokhor Rudra story on screen. However, instead of shooting in Karakoram where the story was set, the team starts shooting in Darjeeling. On Ghoshal's invitation, Feluda, Topshe and Lalmohan reach Darjeeling. The trio meet Birupakkho Majumdar, the man whose house would feature the indoor shots of the film, during a stroll in the Darjeeling Mall. Briupakkho has a keen interest in collecting the paper cutting of crimes, which also has Feluda interested.
| LineColor = 883545
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = Birupakkho Brittanto
| DirectedBy = Srijit Mukherji
| WrittenBy = Srijit Mukherji
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|6|17}}
| ShortSummary = Birupakhkho Majumdar reveals some uncanny facts about his life, while showing the paper cutting collection to the trio. On the other side, Pulak Ghoshal makes Lalmohan an unusual but tempting offer to make a guest appearance in the film, due to lack of extras.
| LineColor = 883545
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = Shooting-ey Shihoron
| DirectedBy = Srijit Mukherji
| WrittenBy = Srijit Mukherji
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|6|17}}
| ShortSummary = During the shooting, Lalmohan overhears Birupakhkho berating someone. During the shooting, Birupakkho is murdered and the precious Krishna statue in his room is also found missing.
| LineColor = 883545
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| Title = Taalmaatal Tawdonto
| DirectedBy = Srijit Mukherji
| WrittenBy = Srijit Mukherji
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|6|17}}
| ShortSummary = Feluda detects some crucial clues at the crime scene and also gets to know about Birupakhkho's dark past. While strolling around the zoo, an unknown man pushes Feluda off a cliff.
| LineColor = 883545
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| Title = Himalaye Hotyakando
| DirectedBy = Srijit Mukherji
| WrittenBy = Srijit Mukherji
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|6|17}}
| ShortSummary = While having a medical treatment, Feluda gets to know about the strained relationships in Majumdar family from Birupakhkho's former doctor. While Feluda interrogates the suspects, Topshe and Lalmohan discover something startling in the jungle.
| LineColor = 883545
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| Title = Jawmjawmat Jawbonika
| DirectedBy = Srijit Mukherji
| WrittenBy = Srijit Mukherji
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|6|17}}
| ShortSummary = Feluda is all set to close the case but runs towards Siliguri when he gets to know about Birupakhkho's son's departure to Kolkata. He catches him and brings him back to the villa. Feluda rounds up all those with both motive and opportunity for murder and unmasks everyone one by one. Rajat Bose, Majumdar's secretary, was none other than Romen Brahmo, the son of a man who was accidentally killed by Majumdar in the past and later covered up the news. The treacherous Bengal Bank worker, V. Balaporia, was none other than the actor Rajen, who killed Majumdar so as to stop his dark past from getting unveiled. The Krishna statue was stolen by Samiran, who did so as to recover his losses from the stock market. At the end, Ghoshal announces Rajen's elimination from the film and also that he would be directing four new films next year. Feluda jokingly calls him "ABCD- Asia's Busiest Cinema Director".
| LineColor = 883545
}}}}

== Music ==
The music and background score is composed by [[Joy Sarkar]].{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

The title song for Feluda Pherot, which is a recreation of Satyajit Ray's legendary theme for Feluda, is sung by [[Rupam Islam]], [[Rupankar Bagchi]] and [[Anupam Roy]].{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

The title song for Feludar Goyendagiri, which is also a recreation of Satyajit Ray's legendary theme for Feluda, is sung by Sidhu, Shilajit and Anindya Chattopadhyay.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

{{track listing
| headline = ''Feluda Pherot''
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length =
| all_lyrics = [[Srijato]]
| title1 = Feluda Pherot Title Track
| extra1 = [[Rupam Islam]], [[Rupankar Bagchi]], [[Anupam Roy]]
| length1 = 02:39
}}

{{track listing
| headline = ''Feludar Goyendagiri''
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length =
| all_lyrics = [[Srijato]]
| title1 = Feludar Goyendagiri Title Track
| extra1 = Sidhu, [[Silajit Majumder]], [[Anindya Chattopadhyay]]
| length1 = 02:39
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

[[Category:Feluda (series)]]
[[Category:Hoichoi original programming]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:Bengali-language web series]]
[[Category:Web series directed by Srijit Mukherji]]

Junior MasterChef (Indian TV series)

2026-02-04T21:03:41Z

RayfordFvx: Creating New Stub First Draft

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = JuniorMasterchefIndia show page logo.png
| caption = Official logo of the series
| genre = [[Cooking]]
| channel = [[Star Plus]]
| runtime =
| starring = [[Vikas Khanna]] [[Kunal Kapur]] Surjan Singh Jolly
| country = India
| location = [[Mumbai]]
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 22
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2013|8|17}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2013|11|2}}
}}

'''''Junior MasterChef - Swaad Ke Ustaad''''' is the Indian [[Hindi]]-language version of ''[[Junior MasterChef]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/junior-masterchef-india-a-recipe-to-make-children-cry-on-tv-1046263.html|title=Junior Masterchef India: A recipe to make children cry on TV|website=First Post|date=20 August 2013 }}</ref> It aired on 17 August 2013 and ended on 2 November 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Junior-MasterChef-India-Sarthak-Bhardwaj-Junior-MasterChef-Swad-ke-Ustaad/articleshow/24998772.cms|title=Jr. MasterChef gets set to select its first winner|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

The judges for the show were [[Vikas Khanna]], [[Kunal Kapur]] and [[Chef Jolly]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Bharti-SinghJunior-MasterChef-Swaad-Ke-UstaadVikas-KhannaStar-Plus/articleshow/23525624.cms|title=Kids to cook for Bharti Singh |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/US-Federal-reserve-Bharti-Singh-Vikas-Khanna-Junior-Masterchef-Swaad-Ke-Ustaad-laugher-riot/articleshow/23503449.cms|title=Bharti gives Vikas Khanna a bite! |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-07}}</ref>

Sarthak Bhardwaj of [[Dehradun]] was the winner of this show.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Star-Plus-MasterChef-Junior-Sarthak-Bhardwaj-Vikas-Khanna/articleshow/24339853.cms|title=Sarthak is the first Junior MasterChef |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-junior-masterchef-contestant-sarthak-bhardwaj-feels-blessed-1891845|title='Junior MasterChef' contestant Sarthak Bhardwaj feels blessed|date=2013-09-21|website=Daily News and Analysis|language=en|access-date=2019-12-07}}</ref>

==Format==
Ten contestants ages 9–12 were chosen to participate.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2013/junior-masterchefs-little-scientists-culinary-talent-116543.html |title=Junior Masterchef: Little Scientists And Their Culinary Talents - Oneindia Entertainment |access-date=30 October 2013 |archive-date=1 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101170349/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/television/news/2013/junior-masterchefs-little-scientists-culinary-talent-116543.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The auditions process began as [[MasterChef India – Hindi|''MasterChef India – Hindi 3'']] concluded.

The Top 10 contestants were also taken to Adlabs Imagica theme park to celebrate.

== Contestants ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan=2|Name
! Age
! Hometown
! Status
! Place
|-
|bgcolor=#add8e6|
| {{Nowrap|Sarthak Bhardwaj}}
| 12
| [[Dehradun]]
|style="background:#ADFF2F;" |Winner
| 1st
|-
|bgcolor=#ffc0cb|
| Sakshi Tripathi
| 9
| [[Lucknow]]
|style="background:gold;" |Runner-Up
|2nd
|-
|bgcolor=#add8e6|
| {{Nowrap|Emanuel Chauhan}}
| 9
| Mumbai
|style="background:#f4c7b8; text-align:center;"|{{nowrap|Eliminated}}
| 3rd
|-
|bgcolor=#add8e6|
| Devendra Singh
| 12
| [[Jaipur]]
|style="background:#f4c7b8; text-align:center;"|{{nowrap|Eliminated}}
| 4th
|-
|bgcolor=#ffc0cb|
| {{Nowrap|Harshika Doshi}}
| 9
| [[Kolkata]]
|style="background:#f4c7b8; text-align:center;"|{{nowrap|Eliminated}}
| 5th
|-
|bgcolor=#ffc0cb|
| Pammi Singh
| 11
| [[Kolkata]]
|style="background:#f4c7b8; text-align:center;"|{{nowrap|Eliminated}}
| 6th
|-
|bgcolor=#add8e6|
| Roshan Shaw
| 12
| [[Dhanbad]]
|style="background:#f4c7b8; text-align:center;"|{{nowrap|Eliminated}}
| 7th
|-
|bgcolor=#ffc0cb|
| Sanya Raheja
| 10
| [[New Delhi]]
|style="background:#f4c7b8; text-align:center;"|{{nowrap|Eliminated}}
| 8th
|-
|bgcolor=#ffc0cb|
| Khyati Hari
| 11
| [[Mussoorie]]
|style="background:#f4c7b8; text-align:center;"|{{nowrap|Eliminated}}
| 9th
|-
|bgcolor=#add8e6|
| Soham Raje
| 11
| [[Mumbai]]
|style="background:#f4c7b8; text-align:center;"|{{nowrap|Eliminated}}
| 10th
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://starplus.startv.in/show/junior-masterchef-swaad-ke-ustaad}}

{{Star Plus Shows}}
{{MasterChef}}

[[Category:Indian game shows]]
[[Category:2013 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:MasterChef India]]
[[Category:Reality television spinoffs]]
[[Category:Indian television spinoffs]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on British television series]]
[[Category:Indian cooking television series]]
[[Category:Television series about children]]
[[Category:Junior MasterChef|Hindi]]

2017 Pune Municipal Corporation election

2026-01-21T13:34:23Z

RayfordFvx:

{{short description|Local elections in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2017 Pune Municipal Corporation election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| previous_election = [[2012 Pune Municipal Corporation election]]
| previous_year = [[2012 Pune Municipal Corporation election|2012]]
| election_date = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|02|21}}
| next_election = 2022 Pune Municipal Corporation election
| next_year = [[2026 Pune Municipal Corporation Election|2026]]
| seats_for_election = All 162 seats in Pune Municipal Corporation
| majority_seats = 82
| opinion_polls =
| turnout = 
| image1 = [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|120x120px]]
| leader1 =
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leader_since1 =
| leaders_seat1 =
| last_election1 = 26
| seats1 = 97
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 71
| image2 = [[File:Hand INC.svg|120x120px]]
| leader2 =
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| leader_since2 =
| leaders_seat2 =
| last_election2 = 28
| seats2 = 09
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 19
| image3 = [[File:Nationalist Congress Party Election Symbol.png|120x120px]]
| leader3 =
| party3 = Nationalist Congress Party
| leader_since3 =
| leaders_seat3 =
| last_election3 = 51
| seats3 = 39
| seat_change3 = {{decrease}} 12
| image4 = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Bow And Arrow.svg|120x120px]]
| leader4 =
| party4 = Shiv Sena
| leader_since4 =
| leaders_seat4 =
| last_election4 = 15
| seats4 = 10
| seat_change4 = {{decrease}} 5
| image5 = [[File:Mns-symbol-railway-engine.png|120x120px]]
| leader5 =
| party5 = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena
| leader_since5 =
| leaders_seat5 =
| last_election5 = 29
| seats5 = 02
| seat_change5 = {{decrease}} 27
| image6 = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Kite.svg|120x120px]]
| leader6 =
| party6 = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
| leader_since6 =
| leaders_seat6 =
| last_election6 = 00
| seats6 = 01
| seat_change6 = {{increase}} 01
| image7 =
| leader7 =
| party7 = Independent
| leader_since7 =
| leaders_seat7 =
| last_election7 = 01
| seats7 = 04
| seat_change7 = {{increase}} 3
| map_image =
| map_size =
| ongoing =
}}

The election to the 2017 [[Pune Municipal Corporation]] was held from 27 January to 23 February 2017. This election saw a voter turnout of 55.52% election.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-24|title=
Wardwise Polling Percentage Pune Municipal Corporation election 2017.
|url=https://www.pmc.gov.in/sites/default/files/Wardwise_Polling_Percentage.pdf |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703153653/https://pmc.gov.in/sites/default/files/Wardwise_Polling_Percentage.pdf |archive-date=2017-07-03|access-date=2022-02-10|website= pmc.gov.in }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-22|title=PMC Elections 2017 Live Updates: Pune recorded a voter turnout of 55.5 per cent, only 4.58 per cent more than 2012 civic polls
|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/pmc-elections-2017-live-updates-from-water-to-garbage-problems-bjp-shiv-sena-congress-mns-promise-big-solutions-to-public/559600/ |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209072008/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/pmc-elections-2017-live-updates-from-water-to-garbage-problems-bjp-shiv-sena-congress-mns-promise-big-solutions-to-public/559600/ |archive-date=2022-02-09|access-date=2022-02-09|website= [[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] }}</ref> On 15 March 2017, [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'s [[Mukta Tilak]] and [[Republican Party of India (Athawale)|RPI(A)]]' s Navnath Kamble were respectively elected as the mayor and deputy mayor<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-15|title=
BJP Corporator Mukta Tilak elected Pune mayor
|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bjp-corporator-mukta-tilak-elected-pune-mayor-117031500487_1.html |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210074422/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bjp-corporator-mukta-tilak-elected-pune-mayor-117031500487_1.html |archive-date=2022-02-10|access-date=2022-02-10|website= [[Business Standard]] }}</ref>

== Background ==

As many as 1,090 candidates<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-05|title=
List of Contesting Candidates Pune Municipal Corporation election 2017.
|url=https://www.pmc.gov.in/sites/default/files/List_of_Contesting_Candidates.pdf |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703111646/https://pmc.gov.in/sites/default/files/List_of_Contesting_Candidates.pdf |archive-date=2017-07-03|access-date=2022-02-10|website= pmc.gov.in }}</ref> were in the fray for the 162 seats of 2017 PMC election which has with a total electorate of about 26.34 lakh.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-04|title=
Landslide win, lacklustre vote share
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/landslide-win-lacklustre-vote-share/article17404051.ece |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210061426/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/landslide-win-lacklustre-vote-share/article17404051.ece |archive-date=2022-02-10|access-date=2022-02-10|website= [[The Hindu]] }}</ref>

== Schedule ==

Pune Municipal Corporation 2017 Election Program was 27 January to 23 February 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-01-24|title=Pune pre-poll tie-ups: Party leaders go into a huddle
|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-civic-polls-2017-pre-poll-tie-ups-party-leaders-go-into-a-huddle-4488358/ |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128012759/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-civic-polls-2017-pre-poll-tie-ups-party-leaders-go-into-a-huddle-4488358/ |archive-date=2017-01-28|access-date=2022-02-09|website= [[The Indian Express]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-04|title=PMC polls: High-voltage drama on last day of filing nominations
|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pmc-polls-high-voltage-drama-on-last-day-of-filing-nominations/ |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204032906/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pmc-polls-high-voltage-drama-on-last-day-of-filing-nominations/ |archive-date=2017-02-04|access-date=2022-02-09|website= [[The Indian Express]] }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Poll Event
! Schedule
|-
| Notification date
| align="center" | 27 January 2017
|-
| Last date for filing out nominations
| align="center" | 3 February 2017
|-
| Scrutiny of nominations
| align="center" | 6 February 2017
|-
| Last date for withdrawal of Candidature
| align="center" | 7 February 2017
|-
| Date of Poll
| align="center" | 21 February 2017
|-
| '''Counting of Votes'''
| align="center" | '''23 February 2017 '''
|}

==Election results==

The results of the election were counted and declared on 23 February 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-03|title=
BJP grabbed 60 per cent seats in PMC, but voteshare was only 37 per cent
|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/patna/bjp-grabbed-60-per-cent-seats-in-pmc-but-voteshare-was-only-37-per-cent-4551666/ |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210072508/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/patna/bjp-grabbed-60-per-cent-seats-in-pmc-but-voteshare-was-only-37-per-cent-4551666/ |archive-date=2022-02-10|access-date=2022-02-10|website= [[The Indian Express]] }}</ref>

{|class="sortable wikitable"
|+| [[Pune Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:2017 Pune Municipal Corporation.svg]]
|-
! colspan="2" |Party!! colspan="1" |Seats won !! colspan="1" | '''Seats +/−'''
!Votes!! colspan="1" |Vote %
|-
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]] || 39 || {{decrease}} 12
|1,273,524|| 21.94%
|-
| {{party color cell|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}
| [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] || 02 || {{decrease}} 27
|373,645|| 6.44%
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress]] || 09 || {{decrease}} 19
|500,980|| 8.63%
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || 97 || {{increase}} 71
|2,128,452|| 36.67%
|-
| {{party color cell|Shiv Sena}}
| [[Shiv Sena]] || 10 || {{Decrease}} 05
|823,744|| 14.19%
|-
| {{party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] || 01 || {{increase}} 00
|73,274|| 1.26%
|-
|bgcolor="grey"|
| Independents || 04 || {{increase}} 03
|459,435|| 7.91%
|-
|bgcolor="white"|
|None of the Above
||0
|'''±'''0
|171,581
|2.96%
|-
| colspan="2" |'''Total'''|| '''162''' ||'''±0'''
|5,804,635|| '''100%'''
|-
| colspan="5" |'''Turnout'''
|'''55.56%'''
|-
| colspan="6" |Source: [https://www.pmc.gov.in/en/election Pune Civic Electoral Department] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Satish |date=2017 |title=Election Result 2017 |url=https://www.pmc.gov.in/sites/default/files/Election_2017_Candidate_Voting_Count.pdf |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=[[Pune Municipal Corporation]]}}</ref>
|}

=== Results by Ward Wise ===
The election results for all 162 seats were declared on 23 February 2017<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-23|title=
Pune Municipal Corporation election 2017 Winning Candidates List
|url=https://www.pmc.gov.in/sites/default/files/winning_candidates.pdf |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418232729/https://www.pmc.gov.in/sites/default/files/winning_candidates.pdf |archive-date=2018-04-18|access-date=2022-02-11|website= pmc.gov.in }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-04|title=
PMC Election Result 2017: हे आहेत पुण्यातील विजयी उमेदवार
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/pune/pmc-election-result-2017-winning-candidates-ward-list-1417656/ |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210062023/https://www.loksatta.com/pune/pmc-election-result-2017-winning-candidates-ward-list-1417656/ |archive-date=2022-02-10|access-date=2022-02-10|website= [[Loksatta]] }} </ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Pune Municipal Corporation 2017 Result Ward Wise|url=https://www.mycorporator.in/mh/pune/pune-municipal-corporation}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Ward Number
! Ward Name
! Seat
! Name
!
! Party
|-
| align="center" Rowspan="4"| 01 || align="center" Rowspan="4"| Kalas - Dhanori || A || Kiran Nilesh Jathar
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| B || Maruti Sangade
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| C || Rekha Chandrakant Tingare
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}|| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| D || Anil Vasantrao Tingare
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| align="center" Rowspan="4"| 02 || align="center" Rowspan="4"| Nagpur Chawl - Phule Nagar || A || Siddharth Yashvant Dhende
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| B || Farjhana Mehbub Shekh
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| C || Sheetal Ajay Sawant
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| D || Sunil Vijay Tingare
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}|| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| align="center" Rowspan="4"| 03 || align="center" Rowspan="4"| Viman Nagar - Somnath Nagar || A || Rahul Kondiram Bhandare
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| B || Shweta Khose - Galande
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| C || Mukta Arjun Jagtap
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| D || Bapuraav Gangaram Karne Guruji
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| align="center" Rowspan="4"| 04 || align="center" Rowspan="4"| Kharadi - Chandan Nagar || A || Bhaiyyaasaahe Tukaam Jadhav
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}|| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| B || Suman Balasaheb Pathar
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}|| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| C || Sanjila Bapusaheb Pathare
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}|| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| D || Mahendra Pandharinath Pathare
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}|| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| align="center" Rowspan="4"| 05 || align="center" Rowspan="4"| Vadagaon Sheri - Kalyani Nagar || A || Sunita Maruti Galande
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| B || Shital Dnyaneshwar Shinde
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| C || Yogsh Tukaram Mulik
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| D || Sandip Namdev Jarhad
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| align="center" Rowspan="4"| 06 || align="center" Rowspan="4"| Yerawada || A || Avinash Raj Salve
| {{party color cell|Shiv Sena}}|| [[Shiv Sena]]
|-
| B || Shweta Anil Chavan
| {{party color cell|Shiv Sena}}|| [[Shiv Sena]]
|-
| C || Ashvini Daniyal Landge
| {{party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}} || [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|-
| D || Sanjay Shashikant Bhosale
| {{party color cell|Shiv Sena}}|| [[Shiv Sena]]
|-
| align="center" Rowspan="4"| 07 || align="center" Rowspan="4"| Pune University - Wakadewadi || A || Sonali Santosh Landge
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| B || Rajeshree Dnyaaneshwar Kale
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| C || Rajeshree Dnyaaneshwar Kale
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| D || Reshma Anil Bhosale
| || Independent
|-
| align="center" Rowspan="4"| 08 || align="center" Rowspan="4"| Aundh - Bopodi || A || Sunita Parshuram Wadekar
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| B || Archana Madhukar Musale
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| C || Vijay Baburao Shewale
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| D || Prakash (Bandu) Dnyanoba Dhore
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| align="center" Rowspan="4"| 09 || align="center" Rowspan="4"| Baner - Balewadi - Pashan || A || Swapnali Pralhad Saykar
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| B || Jyoti Ganesh Kalamkar
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| C || Amol Ratan Balwadkar
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| D || Baburao Dattoba Chandore
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}|| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| align="center" Rowspan="4"| 10 || align="center" Rowspan="4"| Bavdhan - Kothrud Depo || A || Kiran Dagde Patil
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| B || Shraddha Ashok Prabhune - Pathak
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| C || Alpana Ganesh Varpe
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| D || Dilip WedePatil
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| align="center" Rowspan="4"| 11 || align="center" Rowspan="4"| Rambaug Colony - Shiv Tirtha Nagar || A || Dipak Mankar
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}|| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| B || Chaya Ajay Marane
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| C || Vaishali Rajendra Marathe
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}|| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| D || Ramchandra (Chanduseth) Atmaram Kadam
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}|| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| align="center" Rowspan="4"| 12 || align="center" Rowspan="4"| Mayur Colony - Dahanukar Colony || A || Harshali Dinesh Mathawad
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| B || Vasanti Navnath Jadhav
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| C || [[Murlidhar Mohol]]
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| D || Pruthveeraj Shashikant Sutar
| {{party color cell|Shiv Sena}}|| [[Shiv Sena]]
|-
| align="center" Rowspan="4"| 13 || align="center" Rowspan="4"| Erandwana - Happy Colony || A || Dipak Pote
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| B || Madhuri Shriram Sahastrabuddhe
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| C || Manjushree Sandeep Khardekar
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| D || Jayant Govind Bhave
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| align="center" Rowspan="4"| 14 || align="center" Rowspan="4"| Deccan Gymkhana - Model Colony || A || Swati Ashok Lokhande
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| B || Nilima Dattatray Khade
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| C || Jotsna Gajanan Ekbote
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| D || Siddharth Padmakar (Anil) Shirole
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| align="center" Rowspan="4"| 15 || align="center" Rowspan="4"| Shanivar Peth - Sadashiv Peth || A || [[Hemant Rasane]]
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| B || Gayatri Ratnadeep Khadake- Suryavanshi
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| C || Mukta Shailesh Tilak
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| D || Rajesh Tukaram Yenpure
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| align="center" Rowspan="4"| 16 || align="center" Rowspan="4"| Kasba Peth - Somwar Peth || A || Pallavi Chandrashekha Jawale
| {{party color cell|Shiv Sena}}|| [[Shiv Sena]]
|-
| B || Rajendra Hemraj Dhangekar
| || Independent
|-
| C || Sujata Sadanand Shettee
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}|| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| D || Yogesh Dattatray Samel
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| align="center" Rowspan="4"| 17 || align="center" Rowspan="4"| Rasta Peth - Raviwar Peth || A || Laxmi Udaykant Andekar
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}|| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| B || Sulochana Tejendra Kondhare
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| C || Vanraj Suryakant Andekar
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}|| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| D || Vishal Gorakh Dhanavade
| {{party color cell|Shiv Sena}}|| [[Shiv Sena]]
|-
| align="center" Rowspan="4"| 18 || align="center" Rowspan="4"| Khadakmal Aali - Mahatma Phule Peth || A || Vijayalaxmi Motilal Harihar
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| B || Arti Sachin Kondhare
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| C || Ajay Pandurang Khedekar
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| D || Samrat Abhay Thorat
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| align="center" Rowspan="4"| 19 || align="center" Rowspan="4"| Lohiya Nagar - Kasewadi || A || Avinash Ramesh Bagwe
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}|| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| B || Manisha Sandeep Ladkat
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| C || Archana Tushar Patil
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| D || Rafik Abdul Rahim Shekh
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}|| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| align="center" Rowspan="4"| 20 || align="center" Rowspan="4"| Tadiwala Road - Sasoon Hospital || A || Pradip Machindra Gayakwad
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}|| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| B || Chandbi Haji Nadaf
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}|| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| C || Latabai Dayaram Rajguru
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}|| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| D || Arvind Shinde
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}|| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| align="center" Rowspan="4"| 21 || align="center" Rowspan="4"| Koregaon Park - Ghorpadi || A || Navnath Viththal Kamble
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| B || Lata Vishnu Dhayakar
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| C || Mangala Prakash Mantri
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| D || Umesh Dnyeshwar Gayakwad
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| align="center" Rowspan="4"| 22 || align="center" Rowspan="4"| Magarpatta City || A || Chetan Viththal Tupe
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}|| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| B || Hemlata Nilesh Magar
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}|| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| C || Chanchala Sandip Kondre
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}||[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| D || Sunil Jaywant Gayakwad
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}|| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| align="center" Rowspan="4"| 23 || align="center" Rowspan="4"| Hadapsar Gaothan - Satavwadi || A || Yogesh Dattatray Sasane
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}|| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| B || Vrushali Sunil Bankar
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}|| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| C || Ujwala Subhash Jangale
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| D || Maruti Shivaji Tupe
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| align="center" Rowspan="3"| 24 || align="center" Rowspan="3"| Ramtekadi Sayyad Nagar || A || Ashok Dhaku Kamble
| || Independents
|-
| B || Ruksana Shamsuddin Inamdar
| || Independents
|-
| C || Anand Anna Alkunte (NCP)
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}|| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| align="center" Rowspan="4"| 25 || align="center" Rowspan="4"| Wanwadi || A || Dhanraj Baburao Ghogare
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| B || Kalindi Muralidhar Punde
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| C || Ratnaprabha Sudam Jagtap
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}|| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| D || [[Prashant Jagtap|Prashant Sudam Jagtap]]
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}|| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| align="center" Rowspan="4"| 26 || align="center" Rowspan="4"|Mohammadwadi - Kausar Baug || A || Prachi Ashish alhaat
| {{party color cell|Shiv Sena}}|| [[Shiv Sena]]
|-
| B || Pramod Vasant Bhangire
| {{party color cell|Shiv Sena}}|| [[Shiv Sena]]
|-
| C || Nanda Narayan Lonkar
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}|| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| D || Sanjay (Tatya) Gulab Ghule
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| align="center" Rowspan="4"| 27 || align="center" Rowspan="4"| Kondhwa Khurda - Meetha Nagar || A || Haji Gafur Pathan
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}|| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| B || Parvin Haji Firoj
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}|| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| C || Hamida Anis Sundke
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}|| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| D || Sainath Sambhaji Babar
| {{party color cell|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}|| [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]]
|-
| align="center" Rowspan="4"| 28 || align="center" Rowspan="4"| Salisbury Park - Maharshi Nagar || A || Kavita Bharat Vairage
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| B || Shrinath Vasant Bhimale
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| C || Rajashree Avinash Shilimkar
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| D || Pravin Manikchand Chorbele
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| align="center" Rowspan="4"| 29 || align="center" Rowspan="4"| Navi Peth - Parvati || A || Saraswati Kishor Shendge
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| B || Mahesh Namdev Lakat
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| C || Smita Padmakar Vaste
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| D || Dhiraj Ramchandra Ghate
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| align="center" Rowspan="4"| 30 || align="center" Rowspan="4"| Janata Vasahat - Dattawadi || A || Anand Ramesh Rithe
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| B || Priya Shivaji Gadade
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}|| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| C || Anita Santosh Kadam
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| D || Shankar Ganpat Pawar
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| align="center" Rowspan="4"| 31 || align="center" Rowspan="4"| Karve Nagar || A || Sushil Shivram Mengade
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| B || Laxmi Devram Dhudhane
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}|| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| C || Vrushali Dattatray Chaudhari
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| D || Rajabhau Kisan Barate
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| align="center" Rowspan="4"| 32 || align="center" Rowspan="4"| Warje - Malwadi || A || Dilip Prabhakar Barate
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}|| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| B || Sayali Ramesh Vanjale
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}|| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| C || Dipali Pradip Dhumal
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}|| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| D || Sachin Shivaji Dodake
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}|| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| align="center" Rowspan="4"| 33 || align="center" Rowspan="4"| Vadgaon Dhayari - Suncity || A || Haridas Krushna Charwad
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| B || Hema (Rajashri) Dilip Nawale
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| C || Nita Anant Dangat
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| D || Raju Murlidhar Laygude
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| align="center" Rowspan="4"| 34 || align="center" Rowspan="4"| Vadgaon Budruk - Hingane Khurd || A || [[Prasanna Jagtap|Prasanna Ghanashyam Jagtap]]
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| B || Jyoti Kishor Gosavi
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| C || Manjusha Dipak Nagpure
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| D || Shrikant Shashikant Jagtap
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| align="center" Rowspan="4"| 35 || align="center" Rowspan="4"| Sahakar Nagar - Padmavati || A || Saidisha Rahul Mane
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| B || Ulhaas Vasantrao Bagul
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}|| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| C || Ashwini Nitin Kadam
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}|| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| D || Mahesh Narsing Wabale
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| align="center" Rowspan="4"| 36 || align="center" Rowspan="4"| Marketyard - Lower Indira Nagar || A || Anusuya Abhiman Chavan
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| B || Rajendra Yashwant Shilimkar
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| C || Masnasi Manoj Deshpande
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| D || Sunil Dnyandev Kamble
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| align="center" Rowspan="3"| 37 || align="center" Rowspan="3"| Upper Super Indira Nagar || A || Varsha Bhima Sathe
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| B || Rupali Dinesh Dhadawe
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| C || Bala (Pramod) Oswal
| {{party color cell|Shiv Sena}}|| [[Shiv Sena]]
|-
| align="center" Rowspan="4"| 38 || align="center" Rowspan="4"| Gandhi Gardan - Balaji Nagar || A || Dattatray Babanrao Dhankwade
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}|| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| B || Rani Rayba Bhosale
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| C || Manisha Rajabhau Kadam
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| D || Prakash Viththalrao Kadam
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}|| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| align="center" Rowspan="4"| 39 || align="center" Rowspan="4"| Dhankavadi - Ambegaon Pathar || A || Bala (Kishor) Uttam Dhankawade
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}|| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| B || Ashwini Sagr Bahgwat
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}|| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| C || Varsha Vilas Tapkir
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| D || Vishal Vilas Tambe
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}|| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| align="center" Rowspan="4"| 40 || align="center" Rowspan="4"| Ambegaon Dattanagar - Katraj Gaonthan || A || Yuwaraj Sambhaji Beldare
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}|| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| B || Amruta Ajit Babar
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}|| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| C || Smita Sudhir Kondhare
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}|| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| D || Vasant Krushna More
| {{party color cell|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}|| [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]]
|-
| align="center" Rowspan="4"| 41 || align="center" Rowspan="4"| Kondhwa Budruk – Yewalewadi || A || Virsen Bapu Jagtap
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| B || Sangita Rajendra Thosar
| {{party color cell|Shiv Sena}}|| [[Shiv Sena]]
|-
| C || Vrushali Sunil Kamthe
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| D || Ranjan Pundalik Tilekar
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Maharashtra municipal corporation elections}}

[[Category:2017 elections in India|Pune]]
[[Category:Pune Municipal Corporation]]
[[Category:Municipal corporation elections in Maharashtra|Pune]]

Child Wife

2026-01-12T02:41:48Z

RayfordFvx: new new entry - done

{{Short description|1936 painting by Amrita Sher-Gil}}
{{Infobox artwork
| title = Child Wife
| other_language_1 =
| other_title_1 =
| other_language_2 =
| other_title_2 =
| wikidata =
| image = Child Wife 1936.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| artist = [[Amrita Sher-Gil]]
| year = 1936
| completion_date = 
| catalogue =
| medium = [[Oil on canvas]]
| movement =
| subject =
| height_metric = 76
| width_metric = 53
| length_metric =
| diameter_metric =
| height_imperial = 
| width_imperial =
| length_imperial =
| diameter_imperial =
| dimensions =
| dimensions_ref =
| metric_unit = cm 
| imperial_unit = in 
| weight =
| designation =
| condition =
| museum = Saraya private collection
| city =
| coordinates = 
| owner =
| accession =
| preceded_by = 
| followed_by = 
| module =
| website = 
}}
'''''Child Wife''''', also known as '''''Child Bride''''' (1936), is an [[oil on canvas]] painting by Hungarian-Indian artist [[Amrita Sher-Gil]] (1913 – 1941). It measures 53 × 76 cm, and belongs to the Saraya private collection.

==Composition==
''Child Wife'' is an [[oil on canvas]] painting depicting a young Indian girl sitting alone dressed in her bridal outfit.<ref name=Sundaram2010.254>Sundaram, p. 254</ref><ref name=Sundaram2010.805>Sundaram, p. 805</ref> It measures 53 × 76 cm, and belongs to the Saraya private collection.<ref name=Sundaram2010.805/>

==Background==
[[Amrita Sher-Gil]] (1913 – 1941), was a Hungarian-Indian artist. At the age of 12 years, in India, she witnessed a girl of age 13 years being married to a 50 year old man.<ref name=Bhushan2020>{{cite book |last1=Bhushan |first1=Nalini |editor1-last=Alston |editor1-first=Charlotte |editor2-last=Carpenter |editor2-first=Amber |editor3-last=Wiseman |editor3-first=Rachael |title=Portraits of Integrity: 26 Case Studies from History, Literature and Philosophy |date=2020 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |location=London |isbn=978-1-350-04038-0 |pages=195–196 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZ0yEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT195|language=en |chapter=19. Amrita Sher-Gil: identity and integrity as a mixed race woman artist in colonial India}}</ref> She completed ''Child Wife'' in 1936, the year after painting ''Mother India''.<ref name=Khullar2015>{{cite book |last1=Khullar |first1=Sonal |title=Worldly Affiliations: Artistic Practice, National Identity, and Modernism in India, 1930 1990 |date=2015 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-28367-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5o0kDQAAQBAJ&pg=PH73|language=en|chapter=2. An art of the soil: Amrita Sher-Gil (1913-1941)|page=73 }}</ref> From her home in Simla, in a letter to her friend Denise Prouteaux dated July 1937, Sher-Gil told her that the painting is "too influenced by [[Paul Gauguin|Gauguin]]. I am now getting away from his influence".<ref name=Sundaram2010.391>Sundaram, p. 391</ref>

==Interpretation==
Art historian Sonal Khullar interprets the ''Child Wife'' and ''Mother India'' as neither depicting rosy images of women, but they have a connection with [[Indian nationalism|Indian nationalist]] aspirations for [[Social reformers of India|reform in India]].<ref name=Khullar2015/> She says that Sher-Gil's paintings of 1935 to 1936 "refuse to represent India as voluptuous, colorful, sunny and superficial"... "their dark, detached, and distant subjects critique nationalism's idealization of the masses".<ref name=Khullar2015/>

==See also==
*[[List of paintings by Amrita Sher-Gil]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book |last=Dalmia|first=Yashodhara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj3mlgEACAAJ |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Life |date=2013 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=Gurugram |isbn=978-0-14-342026-2 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sundaram |first1=Vivan |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Self-Portrait in Letters and Writings |date=2010 |publisher=Tulika Books |location=New Delhi |volume=1|pages=1–417|isbn=978-81-89487-59-1}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sundaram |first1=Vivan |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Self-Portrait in Letters and Writings |date=2010 |publisher=Tulika Books |location=New Delhi |volume=2|pages=418–821|isbn=978-81-89487-59-1}}

{{Amrita Sher-Gil}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Child Wife}}
[[Category:Paintings by Amrita Sher-Gil]]
[[Category:1936 paintings]]
[[Category:Oil paintings on canvas]]
[[Category:Portraits of women]]
[[Category:20th-century portraits]]
[[Category:Paintings of children]]

{{1930s-painting-stub}}

Sahaij Sekhon

2026-01-05T22:17:22Z

RayfordFvx: started a article

{{short description|Indian basketball player}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox basketball biography
| name = Sahaij Sekhon
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| number =
| position = [[Point guard]]
| height_m = 1.95
| weight_lb =
| league =
| team =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2001|9|1|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| nationality = Indian
| high_school = Vivek High School, SD School
| college = [[GGDSD College]]
| draft_year =
| career_start =
| career_end =
| years1 = 2021–2022 | team1 = [[Chandigarh]]
| years2 = 2022–2025| team2 = [[Indian Railways]]
| years3 = 2025–Present | team3 = [[Omni Erdenet Miners]]
| highlights = * 1× [[National Basketball Championship]] [[Most Valuable Player|MVP]] (2020)
| medaltemplates =
}}

'''Sahaij Pratap Singh Sekhon''' (born 1 September 2001), is an Indian professional [[basketball]] player.

==Early life==
As a kid, Sahaij Sekhon started out playing [[cricket]], wanting to be a batsman. In second grade, he shifted to [[soccer]]. It was while playing soccer that his first coach [[Rakesh Kumar (basketball)|Rakesh Kumar]] scouted him along with Asadh Singh, another national-level player. Kumar recalled that Sekhon played with quickness and guile like none other he had seen before. Despite his relatively short stature back then, coach Rakesh recommended that he take up basketball because he felt that it would suit Sahaij Sekhon's skill set better.<ref name="Narasimman">[https://thebridge.in/basketball/the-diamond-among-the-other-gems-24896 Meet Sahaij Sekhon- The diamond among the other gems of Indian Basketball] Ananth Narasimman (thebridge.in), 3 September 2021. Accessed 11 November 2021.</ref> Sekhon effectively destroyed all other teams in the school's inter-house tournament, often not letting the other team score a single point.

==Playing career==
At [[Vivek High School]] in [[Chandigarh]], Sahaij Sekhon played with the U-19 team in 2017 while being one of the youngest and shortest players. Coach Rakesh stayed with Sekhon as his mentor. During 11th grade, Sahaij Sekhon transferred to [[SD School]]. Around the same time, he had a massive growth spurt, where he grew 8 inches within a short period of time to reach 6 feet 4 inches.<ref name="Narasimman"/>

Sahaij Sekhon played for his home city Chandigarh in both U-16 and U-17 competitions. In 2020, he won the [[Most Valuable Player]] award in the [[National Basketball Championship|Senior Nationals]].<ref name="Amar Ujala">[https://www.amarujala.com/chandigarh/sahaj-got-place-in-the-indian-senior-basketball-team-chandigarh-news-pkl39527400 सहज ने भारतीय सीनियर बास्केटबॉल टीम में बनाई जगह] [[Amar Ujala]], 26 November 2020. Accessed 12 November 2021.{{in lang|hi}}</ref>

Sekhon has also played for [[GGDSD College]] where he has studied for his [[Bachelor's degree]].<ref name="Amar Ujala"/>

===National team===
Because of Sekhon's dominant High School performances, coach Rakesh recommended to his family that they take him to coach [[Amarjeet Singh]] who had worked with [[India men's national basketball team|India's senior national team]] in the past. Amarjeet Singh noticed that Sekhon's skillsets were leaning more towards a defensive-minded [[Point guard]].<ref name="Narasimman"/>

During India's Senior [[National Basketball Championship]], Sekhon was playing with his [[Chandigarh]] team against [[Uttar Pradesh]]. India's national team coach [[Veselin Matić]] approached Sekhon's team manager and subsequently invited Sekhon to the National team training camp in January 2020.<ref name="Narasimman"/>

At the [[2021 FIBA Asia Cup qualification]] do-or-die game against [[Palestine men's national basketball team|Palestine]], Sekhon acted as a game-changer as through his defense he locked down Palestine' top scorer [[Kyndall Dykes]].<ref name="Narasimman"/>

==Player profile==
Sekhon is known especially for his quickness and defensive abilities.<ref name="Narasimman"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://basketball.asia-basket.com/player/Sahaij-Sekhon/India/Indian-National-Team/592396 Sahaij Sekhon] at Asia-basket.com
*[https://www.fiba.basketball/asiacup/2021/qualifiers/player/Sahaij-Pratap-Singh-Sekhon FIBA profile] at [[2021 FIBA Asia Cup qualification]]
*[https://globalsportsarchive.com/people/basketball/sahaij-sekhon/435129/ Sahaij Sekhon] at GlobalSportsArchive.com

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sekhon, Sahaij}}
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Basketball players from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Indian men's basketball players]]
[[Category:Point guards]]
[[Category:Basketball players at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games basketball players for India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

La Martinière College, Lucknow

2025-12-28T04:24:29Z

RayfordFvx:

{{refimprove|date=July 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox school
| image = La Martiniere College, Lucknow - by Ahmad Faiz Mustafa.jpg
| name = '''La Martinière College''', Lucknow
| motto = ''labore et constantia'' ("By Labour and Constancy")
| established = {{start date and age|1845}} (boys) 1869 (girls)
| type = [[Trustee]]
| founder = [[Claude Martin|Major General Claude Martin]]
| principal = Gary Dominic Everet (boys) Aashrita Dass (girls)
| city = [[Lucknow]], [[India]]
| enrollment = c. 4000 boys + c. 2,200 girls
| houses = 4
| colours = Blue {{color box|blue}} and Gold {{color box|gold}}
| staff = Varies
| publication = ''Constantia'' (annually)
''The Martiniere Post'' (monthly)
| free_label = Former pupils
| free_text = [[List of notable Martinians|Old Martinians]]
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]] city, varying area
| website = [http://www.lamartinierelucknow.org www.lamartinierelucknow.org] [http://www.lamartinieregirlscollegelko.com www.lamartinieregirlscollegelko.com]|
}}

[[File:La Martiniere, lucknow 39.jpg|thumb|La Martiniere, Lucknow]]

'''La Martinière College''' is an elite educational institution located in [[Lucknow]], the capital of the [[India]]n state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The college consists of two schools on different campuses for boys and girls. La Martinière College (for boys) was founded in 1845 and La Martinière Girls' College was established in 1869. La Martiniere Boys' College is the only school in the world to have been awarded royal [[battle honours]]<ref name=ghost>[http://www.margaretdeefholts.com/Lucknow.html Deefholts, Margaret. 'History's ghosts in Old Lucknow'] accessed June 2007</ref> for its role in the defence of Lucknow and the Lucknow residency during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].

The two Lucknow colleges are part of the La Martinière family of schools, founded by the French adventurer Major General [[Claude Martin]]. There are two La Martinière Colleges in [[Kolkata]] and three in [[Lyon]]. La Martinière provides a [[liberal education]] and the medium of instruction is the [[English language]]. The schools cater for pupils from the age of 5 to 17 or 18, and are open to children of all religious denominations, the boys' school has a Chapel, a [[Hindus|Hindu]] Temple and a Mosque on its campus and has remained a non-denominational school since its inception, unlike the two [[La Martiniere Calcutta|La Martiniere]] Schools in Calcutta which are Christian schools, controlled by the Anglican [[Church of North India]]. Both the schools have day scholars and residence scholars (boarders).

''[[The Economist]]'' has described its Constantia building as "perhaps the best-preserved colonial building in Lucknow".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21709035-battling-save-old-buildings-city-embarrassment-them-brick-brick|title=Brick by brick|date=22 October 2016|newspaper=The Economist|issn=0013-0613|access-date=28 November 2016}}</ref>

==Major-General Claude Martin==
[[File:claudemartin-engraving.jpg|thumb|Claude Martin]]
[[File:Laat at La Martiniere, lucknow .jpg|thumb|Laat at La Martinière, Lucknow]]
La Martinière Boys' College was founded by an endowment from the wealthy eighteenth-century Frenchman, Major-General [[Claude Martin]] (1735–1800), who was an officer in the French and later the British [[East India Company]]. Constantia, the palatial building which now houses the Boys' College, was built in 1785 as Martin's country residence, but was not completed until 1802,<ref>[http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019ADDOR0004035U00000000 'La Martinière (??), the house of Colonel Martin, at Lucknow'. From the British Library's Asia, Pacific and Africa Collections on the Collect Britain website.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927151532/http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019ADDOR0004035U00000000 |date=27 September 2011 }} accessed July 2007</ref> two years after Martin's death on 13 September 1800. Historians believe that the house takes its name from the school motto ''Labore et Constantia'' (Work and Constancy) which represents Martin's personal philosophy. There is a more romantic, though unproven, notion that the building was named after Constance, a young French girl who was supposedly Martin's first love.<ref name=mrl>[http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1700_1799/claudemartin/claudemartin.html An article by the Lucknow historian Ms. Rosie Llewellyn-Jones in ''Taj'' magazine] accessed June 2007</ref>

Martin never married and he had no heirs. In his will, dated 1 January 1800, he left the bulk of his estate to provide for the establishment of three schools to be named La Martinière in his memory. The schools were to be located in [[Lucknow]], [[Calcutta]] and at [[Lyon]], his birthplace in France. The residue of his estate after bequests had been made to be used for the maintenance of these schools. He directed that the school in Lucknow should be established at Constantia and that the house should be kept as a "school or College for teaching young men the English language and Christian religion if they found themselves inclined".<ref name=lmlv>[http://www.lamartinierelucknow.org/glory1_1.htm A synopsis of the history of La Martinière College, Lucknow] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928050918/http://www.lamartinierelucknow.org/glory1_1.htm |date=28 September 2007 }} accessed June 2007</ref> Martin instructed in his will that his 'body be salted, put in spirits or embalmed', and placed in a lead coffin in a vault beneath the house.<ref name=Kim>Extract from "Quest for Kim – In search of Kipling's Great Game" by [[Peter Hopkirk]]. London: John Murray, 1996. {{ISBN|0-7195-5560-4}}. [http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/read/INDIA/1999-04/0924859689 Transcribed by Tony Mooar in a posting on the India-L Rootsweb Mailing List on 23 April 1999] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080126211124/http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/read/INDIA/1999-04/0924859689 |date=26 January 2008 }} accessed June 2007</ref>

It is popularly believed that Martin was motivated not just by vanity but by a desire to protect his property after his death and to prevent his friend, the nawab, from acquiring it. By having himself, a Christian, buried beneath Constantia, he knew that the building would be permanently desecrated in the Muslim nawab's eyes.<ref name = Kim/> Chandan Mitra, in his book ''Constant Glory'', thinks otherwise. He writes "Constantia's plans show that the basement mausoleum was part of the original scheme for the building and not included as an afterthought to guard against requisition."<ref name=mc>Mitra, Chandan. ''Constant glory: La Martinière jai mata di saga 1836–1986''. Calcutta: Oxford University jai mata di Press, 1987.</ref>

Martin was duly interred in a specially prepared vault in the basement of the house. Thus, Constantia became both a school and a mausoleum. It is the largest European funerary monument in India, and the historian [[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]] has described it as "The East India Company's answer to the [[Taj Mahal]]".<ref name=Tornos>[http://www.tornosindia.com/lamartinier_themutinty.html Prachi jai mata di Pratap, "La Martinière and the Mutiny", on Tornos India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608165725/http://www.tornosindia.com/lamartinier_themutinty.html |date=8 June 2007 }} accessed July 2007</ref>

==Early years==
After Martin's death there were protracted disputes in the [[Calcutta High Court]] and consequently his will was not proved until 1840. In the interim the Constantia building was used as a guest house for visiting Europeans. The school finally opened on 1 October 1845 with some seventy boys on roll. The first Principal was John Newmarch.<ref name="lmlv"/>

Unlike the Calcutta La Martinière, the Lucknow school was technically established outside British territory so right from its inception its interaction with local society was frequent. There was also a native branch of the school in the [[Maqbara]] Umjid Ali Shah at Hazratgunj in the centre of Lucknow. There were plans to move the native school to a different location, although it is not known whether this actually took place.<ref name=mc/>

The first major challenge for the La Martinière School was the events of 1857 when it had to leave its premises and assisted in the defence of the [[The Residency, Lucknow|Lucknow Residency]].

===La Martinière during the 1857 uprising===
{{Main|Indian Rebellion of 1857}}
[[File:Premutinyconstantia.jpg|thumb|Constantia before the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]

In the [[Siege of Lucknow|events of 1857]], eight staff members, sixty seven boys and one ensign (old boy) participated.<ref name=mc/>

==After 1857==
[[File:La Martinière, Lucknow in 1862.jpg|thumb|La Martinière in 1862 ([[Shepherd & Robertson]])]]
La Martinière Lucknow, like its counterpart in Calcutta, expanded rapidly after the rebellion of 1857 There were 148 students on its rolls in 1859, but the number had increased to 277 by 1862. Boarders came from all over the province from districts like [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]], [[Mirzapur]], [[Gorakhpur]], [[Allahabad]], [[Kanpur]] and [[Etawah]].

The records show that in 1865 over 120 boys qualified for admission to the higher department of the Civil Engineering College at [[Roorkee]].

In 1869, the La Martinière Girls' School was founded and in 1871 it moved to its present location in the compound of Khurshid Manzil. Initially the Girls' School was under the management of the Boys' School. The La Martinière College Principal was in overall charge of both the Boys' and Girls' Schools, with the Girls' school headed by a Lady Superintendent.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

In 1945, the college celebrated its Centenary.

In wake of threat of invasion by the Japanese during the Second World War, the Calcutta Schools were re-located to Lucknow.

After Indian Independence, the curriculum was changed in 1947, with [[Urdu]] being dropped as a compulsory subject and replaced by [[Hindi]]. Many Anglo-Indians both students and Masters left for Britain and Australia. This trend was to continue till almost the mid-seventies.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

In 1951, Meredith Doutre was appointed as the first Indian principal of the college. He was succeeded by Col HRH Daniels in the 1960s and then by Mr. DEW Shaw in the mid-1970s. The bulk of the students were drawn from the upper middle and middle classes.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

In 1960, [[Floods in Lucknow|there was flooding of the grounds]] by the [[Gomti River]] resulting in the evacuation of staff and boys to higher ground. In 1962 and 1971 again major floods occurred which threatened the building. The Government constructed a protective bund in 1973–74 which separated the school lake from the main vista thus substantially reducing the earlier picturesque setting.

In 1976, the school was affiliated to the Indian Council for Secondary Education system of education. This entailed the exam for the Certificate of Secondary Education (class X) and the School Leaving Certificate (class XII).

In 1995, the school celebrated its sesquicentennial anniversary. To commemorate the occasion, a history of the college, ''Bright Renown'', was released, an exhibition on the history of the school was organized, and for several days the Constantia was lit up in the night. The President of India released a postage stamp to recognize the contribution of La Martinière Lucknow.

In 1997 one of the teachers was murdered in the early hours of the morning on 7 March. Thirty-year-old Anglo-Indian Frederick Gomes, the college's assistant warden and physical training instructor, was murdered in his bungalow on the perimeter of the school grounds.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elton |first=deSouza |date=1997-03-27 |editor-last=Mahmood |editor-first=Ayaan |title=Principal's Report for 1996-97 |url=https://www.lamartinierelucknow.org/wp-content/uploads/REPORT-1996-1997.pdf |journal=Constantia Magazine |language=English |page=1}}</ref> Two people were seen firing shots through a broken window at the back of the building, but the culprits were not identified and the murder remains unsolved. However, the murder created a sensation in India at the time, especially when it was found that the school's students had access to guns.<ref name=eoe>[http://www.travelintelligence.net/wsd/articles/art_834.html East of Eton] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927195943/http://www.travelintelligence.net/wsd/articles/art_834.html |date=27 September 2007 }} William Dalrymple TravelIntelligence.net accessed June 2007</ref> Newspaper columnist [[Saeed Naqvi]], [[Ashank Mehrotra]] former pupils at the school commented: "The killing is a metaphor of our times. For such a level of violence to reach the sacred precincts of La Martinière is symbolic of the way that Lucknow, like so much of India, has completely ceased to be what it once was."<ref name=eoe/>

==History of the Girls' School==
Unlike the schools in Calcutta and Lyons there had been no provision to found a girls' school in Lucknow. However funds were found from a ''female education fund'' and a school was started at [[Moti Mahal (Lucknow)|Moti Mahal]]. The Lucknow Girls' School, as it was then known, was run by Mrs. Saunders Abbott. Following a land grant from the government the school was moved to its present location at Khursheed Manzil in 1871 and incorporated and established as a branch of La Martinière College.<ref>[http://www.lamartinieregirlscollegelko.com/history.htm History of the Girls' College] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713041251/http://www.lamartinieregirlscollegelko.com/history.htm |date=13 July 2007 }} accessed June 2007</ref>

== Principals ==

=== Boys' School ===
{{prose|section|date=December 2024}}
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Principals - La Martiniere College |url=https://www.lamartinierelucknow.org/about/our-principals |access-date=2023-10-19}}</ref>
* John Newmarch was the first Principal of La Martinière, Lucknow, in 1845.
* Leonidas Clint (1845–1855), was the Principal of La Martinière, Lucknow, from about 1845 to 1855. He was a graduate of [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]. After leaving Martinière Clint returned to the UK to take up holy orders. He was ordained as a deacon in 1859 and as a priest in 1861 (St David's). He was curate of [[Lamphey]], [[Pembrokeshire]] (1859–1861), [[Hereford]] (1861–1863), [[Presteigne]], [[Powys]] (1863–1865), and [[Brockhampton-by-Ross|Brockhampton]], [[Herefordshire]] (1865–1874). He was the vicar of [[Lingen]], [[Herefordshire]] from 1874 to 1893. He was the editor of Dryden's ''Flower and Leaf'' and the author of ''Conic Sections''. He died in [[Dewsbury]], [[Yorkshire]], aged 85.<ref>Venn, J. A., comp., ''[[Alumni Cantabrigienses]]''. London: Cambridge University Press, 1922–1954.</ref>
* George Schilling (November 1855 - December 1855) Previously assistant master at [[La Martiniere Calcutta]].<ref>Rees, L. E. "Mr. Rees and Mr. Martin Gubbins" (letter to the Editor). ''The Times'', 24 July 1858.</ref> He was the Principal during the siege of Lucknow in 1857.
*James W.H. Stobart (1855 - 1859)
*Thomas Gaskell Sykes (1859 - 1879)
* Lieutenant Thomas Percival Wood (1879 – 1909), was educated at [[Dulwich College]], [[London]], and [[Peterhouse, Cambridge]]. He was English 'Proviseur' at the Lycée Ampere in [[Lyon]]s from 1906 to 1907. He was appointed Principal of La Martinière Lucknow in 1910. Wood was an officer of the Lucknow Volunteer Rifles, and offered his services in August 1914. He was promoted to the position of lieutenant in the Indian Army reserve in February 1915. After spending four months with the [[7th Duke of Edinburgh's Own Gurkha Rifles|1/7th Gurkha Rifles]] in [[Quetta]], he was drafted to the Expeditionary Force in France, where he joined the [[3 Gorkha Rifles|3rd Queen Alexandra's Own Gurkha Rifles]] in September 1915. He was killed at the [[Battle of Loos]] while gallantly leading his men in action.<ref>Fallen officers: ''The Times'' list of casualties', The Times, 23 May 1916</ref> His name is commemorated on the Neuve-Chapelle memorial in France.<ref>[http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/1448873 Commonwealth War Graves' Commission] accessed June 2006</ref>
* CLS Garnett was the Principal from 1915 to 1920.
*Lt. Colonel Ralph S. Weir (1920-1926)
* Lt. Colonel William Edgar Andrews, Principal of the Boys' College from 1926 to 1951. Andrews moved to India in 1914 to take up a post as senior history and geography master at [[La Martiniere Calcutta|La Martinière Calcutta]]. In 1921 he was appointed Headmaster of the [[Boys' High School and College, Allahabad|Boys' High School and College]] in [[Allahabad]]. He was appointed Principal of La Martinière Lucknow in 1926.
* Meredith Doutre (1951-1964), the first Indian Principal.<ref>[http://lamartinierelucknow.org/prinreport/prrep996.htm Heads Report 1995/6] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928050937/http://lamartinierelucknow.org/prinreport/prrep996.htm|date=28 September 2007}} Accessed July 2007</ref>
* Colonel Hector R H "Danny" Daniels. (1964-1973)
*Frank J deSouza (1974), in post for only a month (Jan-Feb). He built his retirement home in the college, which is now used as the college guest house.
* Desmond Shaw was a former pupil of La Martinière Boys from 1974 to 1986.
* Terence Phillips (1986-1990) was also a former pupil and was briefly Principal of the school.
* Elton Stein deSouza (1990-2011) was a former pupil who headed the school for around 20 years. He started raising funds for restoration of Constantia through College Souvenirs, Bollywood Film shootings.
* Carlyle Andre' McFarland (Macky) (2011-2024).{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}
*Gary Dominic Everett (2024-present) was appointed Principal-Designate on 01 February 2024 and took over as the full-fledged Principal on 01 April 2024.

=== Girls' School ===
In the early years the Girls' School was led by a Lady Superintendent who reported to the Principal of the Boys' School.<ref>The names of the principals and superintendents of the Girls' School have been extracted from the centenary issue of La Martinière Girls Magazine, published in 1969.</ref>

==== Lady Superintendents ====
* 1869–1870 Miss Dixon
* 1870–1871 Mrs Marshall
* 1871–1872 Miss Wilson
* 1872–1878 Miss Auld
* 1879–1882 Miss Pennington
* 1883–1884 Miss Brenan Hayes
* 1885 Miss Mathews
* 1886–1889 Miss Granger
* 1890–1894 Miss Greenwood
* 1894–1897 Miss Young
* 1898–1901 Edith Annette Gow
* 1902–1906 Miss Stephenson Jellie

==== Principals ====
* 1907–1908 Miss Lavinia Teasdale was the first Principal and Honorary Secretary of the Girls' School.
* 1909–1915 Miss Ida Williams
* 1916–1923 Miss D. B. Oolving
* 1924–1937 Miss M. Chick
* 1937–1948 Margaret Grayhurst
* 1948–1950 Ellen Howe
* 1948–1950 Annette Gresseux
* 1951–1977{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} Mary Annette Gresseux was the first Indian Principal. She was responsible for the expansion of the school and the building of the infrastructure.
* 1978–1997 Florence Keelor{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}
* 1997 – 12 February 2016 Farida Abraham{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}
* 2017–present Aashrita Dass

==In popular culture==
[[File:La Martiniere Lucknow 1995 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|A 1995 stamp dedicated to the 150th anniversary of La Martiniere Lucknow]]

===Film===
The Boys' College has been the setting for films, including:

*''[[Kim (1950 film)|Kim]]'', a 1950 MGM adventure film starring [[Errol Flynn]], [[Dean Stockwell]] (as Kim), [[Paul Lukas]] and [[Robert Douglas (actor)|Robert Douglas]].
*''[[Shakespeare Wallah]]'', the 1965 [[Merchant Ivory Productions]] film loosely based on the real-life adventures of [[Felicity Kendal]]'s family.
*''[[Shatranj Ke Khiladi (film)|Shatranj Ke Khiladi]]'' (''The Chess Players''), the 1977 film by [[Satyajit Ray]].<ref name="mrl" />
*''Stones of the Raj: The French Connection'', a 1997 documentary for [[Channel 4]] television by [[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080128193236/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/577307 British Film Institute film and TV database] accessed June 2007</ref>
*''[[Gadar: Ek Prem Katha]]'', a 2001 Bollywood movie starring [[Sunny Deol]], [[Amisha Patel]], and [[Amrish Puri]].
*''[[Indra (2002 film)|Indra]]'', a 2002 Tollywood movie starring [[Chiranjeevi]] and [[Sonali Bendre]].
*''[[Anwar (2007 film)|Anwar]]'', a 2007 Bollywood movie starring [[Nauheed Cyrusi]].
*''[[Always Kabhi Kabhi]]'', a 2011 Bollywood movie starring [[Ali Fazal]] (a former pupil) [[Giselle Monteiro]], [[Zoa Morani]], [[Satyajit Dubey]], a directorial debut for [[Roshan Abbas]] and was produced under [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]]'s production house Red Chillies Entertainment. A film by [[Roshan Abbas]], also a Martinian.
*''[[Jaanisaar]]'', a 2015 film by former pupil [[Muzaffar Ali]]. When Raja Amir, an Indian prince raised in London, returns to India, he falls for Noor, a revolutionary courtesan. However, while her loyalties lie with India, his lie with the British Raj.
*[[Prassthanam]], a 2019 Indian Political action film. Another film where ex-Martinian [[Ali Fazal]] played an important role.
*''[[Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl|Gunjan Saxena]]'', A 2020 film that stars [[Janhvi Kapoor]] as [[Indian Air Force]] pilot [[Gunjan Saxena]], one of the first Indian female air-force pilots in combat, alongside [[Pankaj Tripathi]] and [[Angad Bedi]] in supporting roles.
* ''[[Madam Chief Minister]]'' is a 2020 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[political drama]] film directed by [[Subhash Kapoor]]. The film stars [[Richa Chadda]] in the lead role. The film's official announcement was made by Chadda on 12 February 2020.

===Literature and fiction===
[[Rudyard Kipling]]'s 1901 novel [[Kim (novel)|Kim]] tells of the adventures of Kimball O'Hara, the orphaned son of a British soldier. Kim is given the chance to go to St Xavier's School in Lucknow, the most prestigious school in [[British India]]. St Xavier's is a fictional creation but Kipling authorities believe that the school is modelled on real-life picturesque La Martinière College, Lucknow.<ref>[http://histclo.com/schun/country/other/india/is/iis-mart.html Individual Indian schools: La Martinière College by William Fergusson] accessed June 2007</ref><ref>[[Peter Hopkirk]], ''Quest for Kim: In search of Kipling's Great Game'', Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997, p. 133 ''et seq.''</ref>

The Indian writer [[Allan Sealy]], a former pupil of the school, set his first novel ''Trotter-Nama'' in the old house, which he renamed as ''Sans Souci'' (carefree). The school has also featured in short stories.<ref name=mrl/>

==Postage stamps==
The two La Martinière schools in Lucknow are one of the few educational institution in India, and possibly in the world, depicted on postage stamps.

On 1 October 1995, on the 150th anniversary of the school's opening, Dr. [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]], the then President of India, released a two-rupee postage stamp in the school's honour.<ref name="lmlv"/><ref>[http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Alpha/L/LA%20MARTINIERE%20COLLEGE,%20LUCKNOW?PHPSESSID=c7b7d0630cc7d3283f68f20efccd9a9c Image of the La Martinière stamp from the Indian Post]</ref>

In 2007 when the girls' school celebrated its 138th anniversary, it was given a similar honour and a first-day cover was issued by Department of Posts with a picture of Khursheed Manzil on it.<ref>[http://www.lamartinieregirlscollegelko.com/chronology.htm A first day cover of the girls' school] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928065126/http://www.lamartinieregirlscollegelko.com/chronology.htm |date=28 September 2007 }} accessed June 2007</ref>

==Curriculum==
[[File:Apj lmc.jpg|thumb|left|[[Abdul Kalam]], the 11th President of India, is seen talking with the top students of La Martinière Lucknow.<ref>Picture from Bharatpedia accessed June 2007</ref>]]

The academic curriculum includes Mathematics, both English Language and Literature, History and Civics, Geography, Principles of Accounts, Commercial Studies, Science, Art, Craft and Woodwork, Choral Singing, Hindi, Sanskrit and the French language (both up to Class VIII), Computer Studies and Physical Education (three times a week until Class 10).

Class 10 students are prepared for the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] and for the [[Indian School Certificate]] Examination when they are in Class 12.

The four streams at 10+2 stage are Humanities, Commerce, Life Sciences and Physical Sciences.

==Sports facilities==
[[File:Hodson grave in la martiniere Lucknow.jpg|thumb|[[William Stephen Raikes Hodson|Brevet Major William Hodson]]'s memorial and grave]]
The college has extensive facilities for sports. There are two sports fields, known as the Polo Ground and the Fairy Dale Ground. The polo ground, as its name suggests, was originally used for [[polo]] games. Today it plays host to [[association football|football]] and [[sport of athletics|athletics]]. It is also the venue for the [[Physical education|physical training]] displays on Annual [[Sports Day]]. Cricket and [[field hockey|hockey]]<ref name=hockey>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=250052 Hockey is still played (Carrots & Sticks) Kolkata Newsline 9 August 2007]{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} accessed 10 August 2007.</ref> are played at the Fairy Dale Ground. There is a large gym for gymnastics, a skating rink, an indoor shooting range, a Rugby field and an indoor swimming pool. The college also has a [[volleyball]] court, a [[basketball]] court, a [[swimming pool]] and lawn [[tennis]] courts. In all there are 10 Football fields, 8 Hockey fields, 2 Basketball courts, 2 Swimming Pools, A Paddock, 2 Cricket Arenas,

The college has five combative sports: [[judo]], [[taekwondo]], [[Muay Thai]], [[karate]] and [[boxing]]. The school has [[stables]] for [[horse-riding]], and an [[archery range]].

The college has an Aviation Club where aviation sport is taught. The boys assemble aero model kits both control line and Remote Controlled. The Aeromodelling club is equipped with a simulator, a briefing room, test benches and a host of other equipment. The boys are prepared to appear for the Student Pilot Licence for Fixed Wing Aircraft. Power flying on [[Cessna 152|Cessna 152B]] is scheduled to commence shortly.

==Coat of arms==
The La Martinière coat of arms was designed by the founder Claude Martin.<ref name=coatofarms>[http://members.tripod.com/~La_Martiniere/history.htm La Martiniere history at Tripod] accessed 10 August 2007</ref> The coat of arms and the motto ''Labore et Constantia'' are now shared by all the schools founded by Martin. The La Martinere College flag consists of the coat of arms on a blue and gold background. The flag is flown above the buildings, and used for formal events and celebrations, such as the annual Founder's Day.

==Notable Martinians==
{{Main|List of notable Martinians}}

==Further reading==
* [[Chandan Mitra]]. ''Constant glory: La Martinière saga 1836–1986''. Calcutta: Oxford University Press, 1987, 95pp. {{ISBN|0-19-562044-5}}.
* [[Edward Hilton|Edward H Hilton]]. ''The Martiniere boys in the Bailey Guard''. Lucknow : American Methodist Mission Press, 1877, 18pp.
*''Rules and Regulations of La Martiniere, founded in Calcutta under the will of Major General Claude Martin with an extract of the will of the testator, the decree of the supreme court with regard to the same and other documents. Published by order of the Governors.'' Calcutta: La Martiniere College, 1835, 103pp.
* Rosie Llewellyn-Jones. ''A very ingenious man: Claude Martin in early colonial India''. Delhi: [[Oxford University Press]], 1993, 241pp. {{ISBN|0-19-565099-9}}.
* Bright Renown

==See also==
{{wikisource|Vive La Martiniere}}
*[[La Martiniere Calcutta]]
*[[La Martiniere College]]
*[[La Martiniere Lyon]]
*[[Claude Martin]]
*[[:Category:La Martinière College, Lucknow alumni]]
*[[Martin Purwa]]
*[[s:The will of Claude Martin|The will of Claude Martin]]
*[[s:Vive La Martiniere|Vive La Martiniere]], the school song by [[F. J. Rowe|Frederick James Rowe]]
*[[Claude Martin Wade]], a Colonel named after Claude Martin
*[[Zamindar]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commons category|La Martiniere Lucknow}}
* {{official|http://www.lamartinierelucknow.org/}}

{{coord|26|50|22.42|N|80|57|47.59|E|scale:10000_region:IN|display=title}}

{{Education in Lucknow}}
{{Lucknow}}

[[Category:Education in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Schools in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1845]]
[[Category:La Martinière College]]
[[Category:Private schools in Lucknow]]
[[Category:1845 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Lucknow]]

Temples of Hyderabad

2025-11-28T06:48:41Z

RayfordFvx:

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}

The following are the temples located in and around [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India ]].

== Sita Rambagh temple ==
The temple, with Sri [[Sita]] [[Rama|Rama Chandraswamy]] as main deity, was constructed in 1933.

== Birla Mandir ==

{{main|Birla Mandir, Hyderabad}}

Birla Mandir is a Hindu temple, built on a 280 feet (85 m) high hillock called Naubath Pahad on a 13 acres (53,000 m2) plot. It was constructed in 1976.

== Hare Krishna Golden Temple ==

{{main|Hare Krishna Golden Temple}}

Hare Krishna Golden Temple, located in Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, is regarded by local tradition as a sacred site where the deity is believed to have self-manifested (swayambhu) over 7,000 years ago, making it one of the oldest temples in Hyderabad. The presiding deity, Swayambhu Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy, is enshrined along with a rare Shaligram Shila in the Garbhalayam. This sacred Saligrama Shila was discovered in the Gandaki River near the Muktinath Temple in Nepal. The temple continues to attract devotees who revere its ancient origins and spiritual significance.

== Jagannath Temple ==
{{main|Jagannath Temple, Hyderabad}}

The '''Jagannath Temple''' in Hyderabad is a temple dedicated to the [[Hindu]] god [[Jagannath]]. It is situated at [[Banjara hills]] Road no.12.<ref>{{cite news|title=Over 6,000 devotees attend Jagannath Rath Yatra|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/article548055.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624003827/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/article548055.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 June 2012|access-date=29 July 2014|publisher=New Indian Express|date=22 June 2012}}</ref>

===Features===
There are shrines dedicated to [[Lakshmi]], with [[Shiva]], [[Ganesh]], [[Hanuman]] and [[Navagraha]]s. The sanctum sanctorum houses [[Jagannath]] along with his siblings, [[Balabhadra]] and [[Subhadra]].

== Shyam Temple ==
[[File:Shyam Temple, Hyderabad.jpg|thumb|right|Shyam Temple]]
Located in [[Kacheguda]], the main deity at this temple is [[Barbarika]].

== Sri Uma Rama Lingeshwara Swamy Temple, KPHB 6th Phase, Hyderabad ==

Located in KPHB 6th Phase, this temple is of Shiva, kanaka durga.

== Chilkur Balaji Temple ==
[[File:Venkatesa.JPG|200px|right]]
{{Main|Chilkur Balaji Temple}}

Located at Chilkur in Moinabad mandal, this temple is around 23 km from [[Mehdipatnam]] locality. This temple of Lord Venkateshwara is popularly called "Visa Balaji".

== Chennakeshava Swamy Temple ==
[[File:Chenna kesava temple keshavagiri hyderabad.JPG|150px|thumbnail|right|Main deity at Chennakeshava Swamy temple at Keshavagiri]]

This temple is located on a hillock in Keshavagiri neighbourhood of Chandrayangutta area.

== Karmanghat Hanuman Temple ==
[[File:Karmanghat Hanuman Temple.jpg|thumb|right|Karmanghat Hanuman Temple]]
{{main|Karmanghat Hanuman Temple}}

The temple was built by the [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya]] king [[Prataprudra II]] in 1143.

== Kesari hanuman Temple ==

It is located at Jiyaguda, on the banks of [[Musi River (India)|River Musi]].

== Parsi Fire Temple ==
[[File:Parsi-Fire-Temple-Secunderabad-India-2014.jpg|thumb|right|Parsi Fire Temple]]
It is a [[Parsis|Parsi]] [[Fire temple]] located at M.G. Road in [[Secunderabad]].

== Peddamma Temple ==

{{main|Peddamma Temple}}
This temple is located on Road no.55 of [[Jubilee Hills]].

== Ranganatha Swami Temple ==
{{main|Ranganathaswamy Temple, Jiyaguda}}

This temple, around 400 years old, is located in Jijyaguda.

== Sri Subrahmanya Swamy Devalayam, Skandagiri ==

Located in Padma Rao Nagar neighbourhood of the city, this temple is also called "Skandagiri Temple", and is about 2 km from [[Secunderabad Railway Station]].

==Akkanna Madanna Temple==

{{main|Akkanna Madanna Temple}}

This temple is located in [[Shalibanda]].

== Ujjaini Mahankali Temple ==

[[Ujjaini Mahakali Temple|Sri Ujjaini Mahakali Temple]] is a Hindu temple located in Secunderabad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-07-21/hyderabad/27939920_1_devotees-ujjaini-mahankali-temple-rangam |title=Devotees throng Mahankali temple to offer 'bonam' - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024131618/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-07-21/hyderabad/27939920_1_devotees-ujjaini-mahankali-temple-rangam |archive-date=24 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Sanghi Temple ==

{{main|Sanghi Temple}}
This temple is located near [[Ramoji Film City]]. It is dedicated to Lord Venkateswara, and is on a promontory overlooking Sanghi Nagar.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090629213517/http://sriujjainimahakalimatha.org/Abt_temple.html Temple Official Web Site</ref>

== Ashtalakshmi Temple, Hyderabad ==

{{main|Ashtalakshmi Temple, Hyderabad}}

This temple in [[Vasavi Colony]] is dedicated to the Hindu goddess [[Lakshmi]] as [[Ashtalakshmi]]. It was built in 1996.

==Katta Maisamma temple==

{{main|Katta Maisamma temple}}
This temple is located in Begumpet, beside [[Hyderabad Public School]].

==Balkampet Yellamma temple==
{{main|Balkampet Yellamma temple}}
This temple is located in [[Balkampet]] and is dedicated to [[Yellamma]], a traditional manifestation of the Hindu goddess Parvati or Shakti.

== Sri Ranganatha Temple ==
It is situated in Gandhichervu, Hayathnagar, Hyderabad.

== Lakshmi Ganapathi Temple ==
This Lakshmi Ganapathi Temple in Ameerpet, is situated opposite Big Bazaar Lane.

==Math \ Ashram==

=== Sri Sadguru Samarth Narayan Ashram ===
This ashram is located in Jiyaguda near [[Purana Pul]].
[[File:Sri Sadguru Samartha Narayan Aashram.jpg|thumb]]

=== Ahobilam Math ===

This Math is located in D.D.Colony, near Shivam Road.

=== International Society for Krishna Consciousness ===

There are three [[ISKCON]] temples in the city - Hare Krishna Land, at Nampally Station Road, Abids; that Secunderabad, near Secunderabad Railway Station; and at Banjara Hills near Shri Jagannatha Temple.

=== Sringeri Shankara Math ===
The Sringeri Shankar Math established in Nallakunta is the oldest of the branch maths in Hyderabad.

=== Satya Sai Temple ===
This temple is located on Shivam road, near [[Osmania university]].

=== Rama Krishna Math ===
Located at Domalaguda, Lower Tank Bund road.

==Other Temples==

Hyderabad Kalibari was established in 1974.

== Shiva Hanuman Temple at Baghlingampally ==
[[File:Hyderabad, tempio induista shiv mandir, vicino charminar.jpg|thumb|right|Charkaman Shiva Temple]]
Shiva Hanuman Temple is in Baghlingampally of Hyderabad.

== Akashpuri Hanuman Temple at Dhoolpet ==

Akashpuri Hanuman Temple, in Dhoolpet area, was built over a period of nine years and is one of the largest idols at 50 feet high. The temple sits on the 150-foot hill at Akashpuri in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://telanganatourisminfo.com/51-feet-akashpuri-hanuman-temple-dhoolpet/ |title=51 Feet Hanuman Temple at Dhoolpet|publisher=TelanganaTourism}}</ref>

== Marakatha Sri Lakshmi Ganapathi Devalayam at Kanajiguda ==

Marakatha Sri Lakshmi Ganapathi Devalayam is at Sai Nagar Colony, Kanajiguda, Secunderabad.<ref>http://www.srigurushakti.com/ Sri GuruShakti Official Website</ref>

==Sai Baba Temple, Dilsukhnagar==
{{main|Sai Baba Temple, Dilsukhnagar}}
Sai Baba Temple is a Hindu temple of Sai Baba located in Dilsukhnagar, Hyderabad, India.<ref>https://www.saisansthan.in Sai Baba Temple Dilshuknagar Official Web Site</ref>

== Daiva Sannidhanam, Film Nagar ==
This temple is located at Road 38, Jubilee Hills, near Film chamber, Film Nagar, Hyderabad.

== Jagannath Temple Bollaram ==
[[File:Jagannath Temple Bollaram main image for wiki.jpg|alt=|200x200px|right|frameless]]

The '''Shree Jagannath Temple''' of [[IDA Bollaram]] is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Jagannath]], a form of [[Vishnu]] near exit-4 of outer ring road (ORR) in the city of Hyderabad.

==Saraswati Temple, Wargal==
[[Saraswati Temple, Wargal]] is located in [[Warangal]], at a distance of 53 Kms from Hyderabad's [[Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hyderabad topics}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Hyderabad, India| ]]

Chakda

2025-11-21T22:42:47Z

RayfordFvx: new post - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{refimprove|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chakda
| other_name = चकदा
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Haryana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|29.77|N|76.71|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Karnal district|Karnal]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Nissing]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]]
| governing_body = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| unit_pref =
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| population_total = 741
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 =
| utc_offset1 =
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 132024
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 01745
| registration_plate = HR 05
| footnotes =
| website = {{URL|https://m.facebook.com/chakdakarnal}}
| native_name = ਚਕਦਾ
}}
'''Chakda''' is a village and a [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]] at [[Nissing]] tehsil in [[Karnal district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Haryana]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2025 |title=Chakda Population - Karnal, Haryana |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/59266-chakda-haryana.html |website=census2011.co.in |publisher=Census Organization of India |access-date=April 9, 2025}}</ref> Chakda is located about 10 km from [[Nissing]] and about 27 km from [[Karnal district]] via both state highway 8 and 9.

==History==

This village was once known by King Chakwa Ben. This village belonged to the Muslim population before the partition.

==Temples==
* Gurudwara sahib

[[File:Gurudwara sahib chakda.jpg|thumb]]

* Pir Baba Ji place
* Nagar khera
* Basanti mata mandir

==Education==
* Government primary school
* Saraswati public school

==Geography==
Chakda is located at {{Coord|29.77|N|76.71|E|}} .This village is located about 10 km from Nissing, 27 km from karnal, 31 km from kaithal, 32 km from kurushetra, 25 km from pehowa and 26 km from Assandh

==Physiography==
The village lies in [[Nardak]], [[Khadir and Bangar]] area. It has two ponds and one big river flowing from north to south .

==Demographics==
The populace speak the [[Punjabi language]] and are mostly [[Sikh]]s. They are predominantly agriculturists.

==Administration==
The village administration comes under [[Nissing]] sub-division of [[Karnal district]]. It is one among the 44 ''Pancahayat'' of Nissing at [[Chirao]] block of [[Karnal]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Karnal district topics}}

[[Category:Villages in Karnal district]]

{{haryana-geo-stub}}

H. S. Rawail

2025-11-10T08:54:25Z

RayfordFvx: brief updated citations as per guidelines additionally and updated info

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker (1921–2004)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = H. S. Rawail
| birth_name = Harnam Singh Rawail
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1921|8|21}}
| birth_place = [[Faisalabad|Lyallpur]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2004|9|17|1921|8|21}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Film director
| yearsactive= 1940–1982
| children = [[Rahul Rawail]]
| relatives = [[Rajat Rawail]] (grandson)
}}

'''Harnam Singh Rawail''' (21 August 1921 – 17 September 2004), often credited as '''H. S. Rawail''', was an Indian filmmaker. He debuted as a director with the 1940 [[Bollywood]] film ''[[Dorangia Daku]]'' and is best known for romantic films like ''[[Mere Mehboob]]'' (1963), ''[[Sunghursh]]'' (1968), ''[[Mehboob Ki Mehndi]]'' (1971) and ''[[Laila Majnu (1976 film)|Laila Majnu]]'' (1976). His son [[Rahul Rawail]] and grandson [[Rajat Rawail]] (through daughter Roshni Rawail) are also film directors; the former paid tribute to his father's film ''Sunghursh'' by titling one of his films as ''[[Jeevan Ek Sanghursh]]'' (1990).

== Personal life and career ==

Rawail was born in [[Faisalabad|Lyallpur]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]] and moved to Mumbai to aspire to be a filmmaker. Later, he moved to [[Kolkata]] where he wrote several film scripts and debuted as a director with ''[[Dorangia Daku]]'' (1940). His three consecutive films; ''[[Shukriya (1944 film)|Shukriya]]'' (1944), ''[[Zid (1945 film)|Zid]]'' (1945) and ''[[Jhoothi Kasmein]]'' (1948); were commercial failures. His next film ''[[Patanga (1949 film)|Patanga]]'' (1949) was successful and was the seventh highest grossing [[Bollywood films of 1949|Bollywood film of 1949]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Box Office 1949|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=154&catName=MTk0OQ==|publisher=Box Office India|accessdate=5 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016234445/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=154&catName=MTk0OQ==|archive-date=16 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film is still remembered for the song "Mere Piya Gaye Rangoon" performed by [[Shamshad Begum]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.niticentral.com/2013/04/24/legendary-singer-shamshad-begum-dies-at-94-69796.html|title=Shamshad Begum, voice behind Mere Piya Gaye Rangoon, passes away|publisher=niticentral|date=24 April 2013|access-date=5 October 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725055508/http://www.niticentral.com/2013/04/24/legendary-singer-shamshad-begum-dies-at-94-69796.html|archive-date=25 July 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Later, Rawail's nine consecutive films from 1949 till 1956 did not perform well on the box office. In March 1956, Rawail started with two new projects, ''Chaalbaaz'' with [[Meena Kumari]] and ''Baazigar'' with [[Vyjayanthimala]]. Both the films were dropped eventually. However, in 1958 director [[Nanabhai Bhatt]] revived both projects starring [[Nirupa Roy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.loksatta.com/daily/20090628/lr03.htm|title=स्मरणरंजन|trans-title=Memories|publisher=The Indian Express|work=Loksatta|date=28 June 2009|accessdate=5 October 2013|language=Marathi}}</ref> Rawail took a three-year sabbatical and returned in 1959 with a comedy film ''Shararat'', starring [[Raaj Kumar]], [[Kishore Kumar]] and Meena Kumari. The film was a commercial failure along with his next two films, ''[[Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja (1961 film)|Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja]]'' (1961),<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=167&catName=MTk2MQ== | title=Box Office 1961 | publisher=Box Office India | accessdate=7 October 2013}}</ref> starring [[Dev Anand]] and [[Waheeda Rehman]] and ''Kanch Ki Gudiya'' (1963) starring [[Manoj Kumar]]. However, Manoj Kumar did gain recognition from tae film after hving starred in various unsuccessful films before.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&pg=PT609 | title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema | publisher=Popular Prakashan | author=[[Gulzar]], [[Govind Nihalani]], Saibal Chatterjee | year=2003 | page=585 | isbn=8179910660 }}</ref>

Rawail's major success came with 1963 musical film ''[[Mere Mehboob]]'' starring [[Rajendra Kumar]] and [[Sadhana Shivdasani]]. Kumar had earlier worked as an assistant director to Rawail.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/jul/09dinesh.htm|title=Bollywood's Jubilee Star|work=[[Rediff.com]]|accessdate=5 October 2013}}</ref> The film was praised for Rawail's direction and is remembered for the title song composed by music director [[Naushad]] and performed by singers [[Mohammed Rafi]] and [[Lata Mangeshkar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/film/jfh9p/mere-mehboob|title=Mere Mehboob|publisher=[[Radio Times]]|accessdate=5 October 2013}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> His next film ''[[Sunghursh]]'' (1968) was based on a novel written by the Bengali author [[Mahashweta Devi]]. The film was set in the 19th century and showcased the lives of bandits. It was praised for the "exceptional performances" by its actors [[Dilip Kumar]], Vyjayanthimala, [[Balraj Sahni]], [[Sanjeev Kumar]] and [[Jayant (actor)|Jayant]].<ref name=sify>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/h-s-rawail-death-of-a-faded-giant-news-bollywood-kkfvH8fifge.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527233452/http://www.sify.com/movies/h-s-rawail-death-of-a-faded-giant-news-bollywood-kkfvH8fifge.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 May 2014|title=H.S. Rawail: Death of a faded giant|author=Subhash K. Jha|website=[[Sify]]|date=24 September 2004|accessdate=5 October 2013|author-link=Subhash K. Jha}}</ref> The actor-director [[Rakesh Roshan]] worked as an assistant director on the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/i-have-never-worked-with-latecomers/1067404/|title=I have never worked with latecomers|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=4 February 2013|accessdate=5 October 2013}}</ref>

His next film ''[[Mehboob Ki Mehndi]]'' (1971), featuring [[Rajesh Khanna]] and [[Leena Chandavarkar]], performed well at the box office. The film was counted among the 17 consecutive hits of Khanna and was recognised for its music composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]. Later his 1976 film ''[[Laila Majnu (1976 film)|Laila Majnu]]'', starring [[Rishi Kapoor]] and [[Ranjeeta Kaur]] in lead roles, became a success. Rawail's last film as director ''Deedar-E-Yaar'' (1982) was a commercial failure after which he took a break from the film industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/h-s-rawail-biography/449/503635|title=biography of H. S. Rawail|publisher=gomolo.com|date=11 August 2008|accessdate=5 October 2013|archive-date=3 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103222614/http://www.gomolo.com/h-s-rawail-biography/449/503635|url-status=dead}}</ref>

His son [[Rahul Rawail]] is also a film director and is best known for the films ''[[Love Story (1981 film)|Love Story]]'' (1981), ''[[Betaab]]'' (1983), ''[[Arjun (1985 film)|Arjun]]'' (1985) and ''[[Anjaam]]'' (1994). He paid tribute to his father's "best work" ''Sunghursh'' (1968) by titling one of his film as ''[[Jeevan Ek Sanghursh]]'' (1990).<ref name=sify/> Rawail's grandson Bharat Rawail is an up-and-coming director, who recently assisted [[Yash Chopra]] for his last film, ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]'' (2012).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/SRK-Anushka-Adi-to-attend-Rahul-Rawails-sons-wedding/articleshow/21485139.cms|title=SRK, Anushka, Adi to attend Rahul Rawail's son's wedding|work=[[Times of India]] |date=31 July 2013|accessdate=27 September 2013}}</ref> Rawail died on 17 September 2004 at the age of 83 in Mumbai.<ref name=sify/>

=== Filmography ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Director !! Other
|-
| 1940 || ''[[Dorangia Daku]]'' || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1944 || ''[[Shukriya (1944 film)|Shukriya]]'' || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1945 || ''[[Zid (1945 film)|Zid]]'' || {{Yes}} || Cinematographer
|-
| 1948 || ''[[Jhoothi Kasmein]]'' || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1949 || ''[[Patanga (1949 film)|Patanga]]'' || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1949 || ''[[Do Baatein]]'' || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1951 || ''[[Sagai (1951 film)|Sagai]]'' || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1951 || ''[[Jawani Ki Aag]]'' || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1952 || ''[[Saqi (film)|Saqi]]'' || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1953 || ''[[Shagufta (film)|Shagufta]]'' || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1953 || ''[[Lehren (film)|Lehren]]'' || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1954 || ''[[Mastana (1954 film)|Mastana]]'' || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1955 || ''[[Teerandaz (1955 film)|Teerandaz]]'' || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Pocket Maar (1956 film)|Pocket Maar]]'' || {{Yes}} || Writer
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Shararat (1959 film)|Shararat]]'' || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja (1961 film)|Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja]]'' || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1961 || ''Kanch Ki Gudiya'' || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Mere Mehboob]]'' || {{Yes}} || Producer Screenplay Writer
|-
| 1968 || ''[[Sunghursh]]'' || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1971 || ''[[Mehboob Ki Mehndi]]'' || {{Yes}} || Producer
|-
| 1976 || ''[[Laila Majnu (1976 film)|Laila Majnu]]'' || {{Yes}} || Screenplay Writer
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Deedar-E-Yaar]]'' || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Dacait]]'' || || Presenter
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Bekhudi]]'' || || Presenter
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Anjaam]]'' || || Presenter
|}

== Awards ==

; [[National Film Awards]]

* 1963 – [[11th National Film Awards]] – [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Certificate of Merit for the Second Best Feature Film]] – ''[[Mere Mehboob]]'' as both producer and director.<ref name="11thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm11thNFAAward.aspx|title=11th National Film Awards|publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]|accessdate=4 October 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170502124428/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm11thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=2 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

; [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]

* 1968 – 32nd Annual BFJA Awards – [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Indian Films Award|Fourth Best Indian Film]] – ''[[Sunghursh]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=1969: 32nd Annual BFJA Awards: Awards For The Year 1968 |url=http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/196932.htm |publisher=bfjaawards.com |access-date=4 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506034230/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/196932.htm |archive-date=6 May 2008 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0712540}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rawail, H. S.}}

[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:People from Faisalabad]]
[[Category:People from Bandra]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Jabalpur West Assembly constituency

2025-11-02T17:16:33Z

RayfordFvx: expanded intro and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jabalpur Paschim
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 100
| map_image = 100-Jabalpur West.svg
| mla = [[Rakesh Singh (politician)|Rakesh Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Tarun Bhanot]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Jabalpur district|Jabalpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jabalpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jabalpur]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Rakesh Singh.jpg
}}

'''Jabalpur West Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|title=Vidhansabha Seats|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx|website=electionsininda.com|publisher=Election In India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

It is part of [[Jabalpur district]].

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" | Jagmohan Das
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[Kunji Lal Dubey]]
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Sawaimal
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Kunji Lal Dubey]]
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Chandra Kumar Bhanot
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Jayashree Banerjee]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| rowspan="3" | Harendrajeet Singh
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tarun Bhanot]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Rakesh Singh (politician)|Rakesh Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jabalpur West<ref name="election2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-polls-2023/story/madhya-pradesh-election-bjp-second-candidate-list-shivraj-singh-chouhan-2440421-2023-09-25|title=3 Union ministers feature in BJP's second list for Madhya Pradesh polls|work=India Today|accessdate=25 September 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rakesh Singh (politician)|Rakesh Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:96268}}
|percentage = 57.82
|change = +16.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Tarun Bhanot]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:66134}}
|percentage = 39.72
|change = -13.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1445}}
|percentage = 0.87
|change = -0.83
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:30134}}
|percentage = 18.1
|change = +6.03
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:166503}}
|percentage = 72.47
|change = +5.98
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jabalpur West<ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Tarun Bhanot]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:82359}}
|percentage = 53.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Harendrajeet Singh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:63676}}
|percentage = 41.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dinesh Kushwaha
|votes = {{formatnum:1527}}
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2632}}
|percentage = 1.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:18683}}
|percentage = 12.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:154792}}
|percentage = 66.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jabalpur Paschim<ref name="election2013"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Tarun Bhanot]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 62668
|percentage = 45.29
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Harendrajeet Singh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 61,745
|percentage = 44.63
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Thadeshwar Mahawar
|party = Shiv Sena
|votes = 6048
|percentage = 4.37
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rajesh Patel
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,646
|percentage = 1.19
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 3,693
|percentage = 2.67
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 923
|percentage = 0.66
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,38,358
|percentage = 65.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Jabalpur]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|23.16|79.88|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Jabalpur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Jabalpur]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Arjun Singh (West Bengal politician)

2025-10-22T04:27:21Z

RayfordFvx:

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1962)}}
{{Cleanup|reason=poor writing, unsourced statements--perhaps a matter of properly moving citations|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Arjun Singh
| image = MP Arjun singh.png
| caption =
| signature = MP Arjun Singh Signature.jpg
| office1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the]] [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 14 May 2001
| term_end1 = 23 May 2019
| constituency1 = [[Bhatpara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhatpara]]
| predecessor1 = Bidyut Ganguly
| successor1 = [[Pawan Singh (politician)|Pawan Kumar Singh]]
| office3 = [[Chairman]] of [[Bhatpara|Bhatpara Municipality]]
| primeminister3 =
| term_start3 = 2010
| term_end3 = 2019
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| primeminister =
| term_start = 23 May 2019
| term_end = 4 June 2024
| constituency = [[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpore]]
| predecessor = [[Dinesh Trivedi]]
| successor = [[Partha Bhowmick]]
| office4 = [[Councillor]] of [[Bhatpara|Bhatpara Municipality]]
| primeminister2 =
| term_start4 = 1995
| term_end4 = 2019
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|4|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|social worker|businessman}}
| children = [[Pawan Singh (politician)|Pawan Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2019–2022, 2024–present)
| otherparty = [[Trinamool Congress]] (1998–2019, 2022–2024) [[Indian National Congress]] (until 1997)
| profession =
| residence = [[Jagatdal]], [[Kolkata]]
| sibling =
| website =
}}
'''Arjun Singh''' (born 2 April 1962) is an Indian politician and a [[member of parliament]] in the [[17th Lok Sabha]] from [[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpore Lok Sabha constituency]] in [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS2515.htm?ac=15|title=General Election 2019 – Election Commission of India|website=results.eci.gov.in|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622133120/http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS2515.htm?ac=15|archive-date=22 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/tmc-s-dinesh-trivedi-loses-to-arjun-singh-of-bjp-in-bengal-s-119052400134_1.html|title=TMC's Dinesh Trivedi loses to Arjun Singh of BJP in Bengal's|agency=Press Trust of India|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=24 May 2019|via=Business Standard|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524202111/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/tmc-s-dinesh-trivedi-loses-to-arjun-singh-of-bjp-in-bengal-s-119052400134_1.html|archive-date=24 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/in-major-setback-to-mamata-bjps-arjun-singh-wrests-barrackpore-lok-sabha-from-dinesh-trivedi-2157271.html|title=In Major Setback to Mamata, BJP's Arjun Singh Wrests Barrackpore Lok Sabha From Dinesh Trivedi|work=News18|date=23 May 2019|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523164956/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/in-major-setback-to-mamata-bjps-arjun-singh-wrests-barrackpore-lok-sabha-from-dinesh-trivedi-2157271.html|archive-date=23 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> He contested the [[2019 Indian general election]] as a [[BJP]] candidate and won against [[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]] candidate [[Dinesh Trivedi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Barrackpur Lok Sabha election results 2019 West Bengal: BJP's Arjun Singh wins against 'mentor' TMC's Dinesh Trivedi|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-barrackpur-lok-sabha-election-results-2019-west-bengal-bjp-s-arjun-singh-wins-against-mentor-tmc-s-dinesh-trivedi-2751502|access-date=30 January 2022|work=DNA India|date=24 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Abantika |date=4 March 2024 |title=Among BJP’s West Bengal winners, a tribal leader, businessman, software expert |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/among-bjps-bengal-winners-a-tribal-leader-businessman-software-expert-5747490/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703105116/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/among-bjps-bengal-winners-a-tribal-leader-businessman-software-expert-5747490/ |archive-date=3 July 2025 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=3 July 2025}}</ref>

Previously, Singh had also won Bhatpara assembly seat consecutive four times since 2001 as a [[Trinamool Congress]] candidate. He has also been appointed one of the twelve vice-presidents of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party, West Bengal|West Bengal Unit of BJP]] on 1 June 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/major-reshuffle-in-bengal-bjp-unit-arjun-singh-made-party-vp-chandra-bose-sidelined-2648287.html|title=Major Reshuffle in Bengal BJP Unit, Arjun Singh Made Party VP, Chandra Bose Sidelined|date=1 June 2020|work=News18|access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/west-bengal/kolkata-major-reshuffle-in-bengal-bjp-unit-20338790.html |title=Arjun Singh becomes vice-president in Bengal BJP Chandra Bose grandson of Netaji has no post |date=1 June 2020 |work=Jagran.com |access-date=2 June 2020|language=hi}}</ref>

On 22 May 2022, he rejoined [[Trinamool Congress]].<ref name="IEMay2022"/> Singh again joined BJP, quitting TMC on 15 March 2024 before Lok Sabha election.<ref name="NIEMarch2024"/>

== Personal life ==
Singh was born on 2 April 1962 in [[North 24 Parganas]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]].<ref name="Profile">{{cite web |title=Members : Lok Sabha |url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=5038 |website=164.100.47.194 |access-date=26 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531084527/https://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=5038 |archive-date=31 May 2022}}</ref> His father, Satyanarayan Singh, was an active politician from [[Indian National Congress|INC]] and three term MLA from [[Bhatpara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhatpara]].<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web | url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf | title =General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work =Constituency-wise Data | publisher =Election Commission | access-date =13 August 2014 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160305090722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf | archive-date =5 March 2016 | url-status =live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=GENERAL ELECTION, 1972 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL|url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201535/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=30 January 2022|website=Wayback Machine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=West Bengal Assembly Election Results in 1987|url=https://www.elections.in/west-bengal/assembly-constituencies/1987-election-results.html|access-date=30 January 2022|website=www.elections.in}}</ref>

Arjun completed his schooling from Chashma-I-Rahamat High School.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arjun Singh(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BARRACKPUR(WEST BENGAL) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/loksabha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=11550|access-date=30 January 2022|website=myneta.info}}</ref> He joined Rishi Bankim Chandra Colleges at [[Naihati]] for graduation. He stopped his studies due to active involvement in politics. He also worked as Mazdoor Worker for a year in Jute Mills during his early days.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022|reason=Higher education not mentioned on govt portals}}

== Political career ==
Arjun Singh started his political journey by winning Bhatpara Municipality Election as councillor from [[Indian National Congress]] in 1995.

He later joined Trinamool Congress and contested state assembly election in 2001 as a Trinamool Congress candidate. He defeated his nearest candidate Ramprasad Kundu of CPI(M) and moved for the first time to state assembly. He has served Bhatpara Assembly since 2001.

Arjun Singh was also a candidate of [[Trinamool Congress]] from [[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)]] in the 2004 General Elections<ref name="myneta3">{{cite web|url=http://myneta.info/loksabha2004/candidate.php?candidate_id=5124|title=Arjun Singh (All India Trinamool Congress(AITC)): Constituency – Barrackpore (WEST BENGAL) – Affidavit Information of Candidate|website=myneta.info|access-date=1 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031173808/http://myneta.info/loksabha2004/candidate.php?candidate_id=5124|archive-date=31 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> but he lost to [[Tarit Baran Topdar]] of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].

He won his Bhatpara assembly seat consecutive four times since 2001 as [[Trinamool Congress]] candidate.<ref name="elections">{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/west-bengal/assembly-constituencies/2001-election-results.html|website=elections.in|title=West Bengal Assembly Election Results in 2001|access-date=30 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031005207/http://www.elections.in/west-bengal/assembly-constituencies/2001-election-results.html|archive-date=31 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="myneta">{{cite web|url=http://www.myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=1215|title=Arjun Singh (Bhartiya Janata Party (AITC)):Constituency- BHATPARA(NORTH 24 PARGANAS) – Affidavit Information of Candidate|website=myneta.info|access-date=30 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031005249/http://www.myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=1215|archive-date=31 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="elections2">{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/west-bengal/assembly-constituencies/2006-election-results.html|website=elections.in|title=West Bengal Assembly Election Results in 2006|access-date=30 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031005204/http://www.elections.in/west-bengal/assembly-constituencies/2006-election-results.html|archive-date=31 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="myneta2">{{cite web|url=http://myneta.info/westbengal2011/candidate.php?candidate_id=662|title=Arjun Singh (Bhartiya Janata Party):Constituency- BHATPARA(NORTH 24 PARGANAS) – Affidavit Information of Candidate|website=myneta.info|access-date=30 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031005325/http://myneta.info/westbengal2011/candidate.php?candidate_id=662|archive-date=31 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Singh was the president of "Hindi wing" of Trinamool Congress.<ref name="india.com">{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/with-eye-on-2019-elections-mamata-banerjee-opens-hindi-wing-in-tmc-2139417.html|title=With eye on 2019 elections, Mamata Banerjee opens Hindi wing in TMC|date=8 September 2018|website=Zee News|access-date=4 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204231433/https://zeenews.india.com/india/with-eye-on-2019-elections-mamata-banerjee-opens-hindi-wing-in-tmc-2139417.html|archive-date=4 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> He was also the "State Incharge" of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] of Trinamool Congress, and also the chairman of [[Bhatpara]] municipality.<ref name="wbdma">{{cite web|url=https://www.wbdma.gov.in/HTM/MUNI_municipality.htm|website=wbdma.gov.in|title=Official Web Site of Department of Municipal Affairs, Govt. of West Bengal|access-date=30 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928223458/http://wbdma.gov.in/HTM/MUNI_municipality.htm|archive-date=28 September 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In March 2019, Singh joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and contested the 2019 Lok Sabha election from Barrackpore Parliamentary seat as a BJP candidate and won.<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Arjun Singh MLA: TMC leader and four-time MLA Arjun Singh joins BJP {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tmc-leader-and-four-time-mla-arjun-singh-joins-bjp/articleshow/68408329.cms |access-date=27 February 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=14 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204164228/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tmc-leader-and-four-time-mla-arjun-singh-joins-bjp/articleshow/68408329.cms |archive-date=4 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Loiwal |first1=Manogya |title=Bengal: TMC MLA Arjun Singh to join BJP, why it is a setback for TMC |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/bengal-tmc-mla-arjun-singh-join-bjp-why-setback-tmc-1477704-2019-03-14 |access-date=27 February 2020 |work=India Today |date=14 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508163024/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/bengal-tmc-mla-arjun-singh-join-bjp-why-setback-tmc-1477704-2019-03-14 |archive-date=8 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=TMC leader and four-time MLA Arjun Singh joins BJP |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tmc-sitting-mla-arjun-singh-joins-bjp/story-DW6HcRtmWWzxIf1AAHrt9M.html |access-date=27 February 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=14 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227194310/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tmc-sitting-mla-arjun-singh-joins-bjp/story-DW6HcRtmWWzxIf1AAHrt9M.html |archive-date=27 February 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nath |first1=Sujit |title=TMC Strongman Arjun Singh Joins BJP After Mamata Denies LS Ticket, Says Politics Means 'Samjhauta' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/tmc-strongman-arjun-singh-joins-bjp-after-mamata-denies-lok-sabha-ticket-says-politics-mean-samjhauta-2066487.html |access-date=27 February 2020 |work=News18 |date=14 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401101549/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/tmc-strongman-arjun-singh-joins-bjp-after-mamata-denies-lok-sabha-ticket-says-politics-mean-samjhauta-2066487.html |archive-date=1 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=TMC sitting MLA Arjun Singh joins BJP |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/tmc-sitting-mla-arjun-singh-joins-bjp20190314132052/ |access-date=27 February 2020 |work=www.aninews.in |date=14 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401070044/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/tmc-sitting-mla-arjun-singh-joins-bjp20190314132052/ |archive-date=1 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" />

In May 2022, he raised the issue of closure of jute-mills in Barrackpore and after it he met [[Piyush Goyal]], Textile Minister of India to solve the issue. According to him, the outcome of the meeting was not satisfactory as he expected.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} Following this he rejoined [[Trinamool Congress]] on 22 May.<ref name="IEMay2022">{{cite news |title=BJP MP Arjun Singh returns to Trinamool Congress; huge loss, says saffron party |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/arjun-singh-joins-trinamool-congress-7930470/ |access-date=22 May 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=22 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mondal |first1=Rittick |last2=Kundu |first2=Indrajit |title=Arjun Singh's ghar wapsi: BJP MP returns to Trinamool after 3 years |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/west-bengal-mp-arjun-singh-quits-bjp-joins-trinamool-congress-1952614-2022-05-22 |access-date=22 May 2022 |work=India Today |date=22 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

On 15 March 2024, Singh again joined BJP as Trinamool Congress did not give him a ticket to Lok Sabha election.<ref name="NIEMarch2024">{{cite news |last1=Mondal |first1=Pranab |date=14 March 2024 |title=Denied LS seat, West Bengal MP Arjun Singh set to return to BJP |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Mar/14/denied-ls-seat-west-bengal-mp-arjun-singh-set-to-return-to-bjp |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref>

==Challenges==
Singh won his Lok Sabha seat despite significant challenges.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/article/bjp-candidate-from-barrackpore-attacked-by-tmc-goons-violence-mars-phase-5-of-voting-in-west-bengal/413360|title=BJP Barrackpore candidate Arjun Singh attacked by 'TMC goons' as violence mars phase 5 of voting in WB|date=6 May 2019|work=Times Now|access-date=26 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526111553/https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/article/bjp-candidate-from-barrackpore-attacked-by-tmc-goons-violence-mars-phase-5-of-voting-in-west-bengal/413360|archive-date=26 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/i-was-attacked-by-tmc-goons-bjp-candidate-arjun-singh-in-west-bengals-barrackpore20190506094840/|title=I was attacked by TMC goons: BJP candidate Arjun Singh in West Bengal's Barrackpore|date=6 May 2019|work=ANI|access-date=26 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526111209/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/i-was-attacked-by-tmc-goons-bjp-candidate-arjun-singh-in-west-bengals-barrackpore20190506094840/|archive-date=26 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lok-sabha-elections/lok-sabha-election-2019-bjp-s-arjun-singh-alleges-attack-by-trinamool-goondas-in-bengal-s-barrackpore/story-uTHKX4JsDSMJLvhkgoI0GL.html|title=Lok Sabha election 2019: BJP's Arjun Singh alleges attack by Trinamool 'goondas' in Bengal's Barrackpore|website=hindustantimes.com|date=6 May 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703222721/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lok-sabha-elections/lok-sabha-election-2019-bjp-s-arjun-singh-alleges-attack-by-trinamool-goondas-in-bengal-s-barrackpore/story-uTHKX4JsDSMJLvhkgoI0GL.html|archive-date=3 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Arjun Singh: BJP candidate Arjun Singh allegedly attacked by TMC workers in Barrackpore |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-candidate-arjun-singh-allegedly-attacked-by-tmc-workers-in-barrackpore/videoshow/69194885.cms |access-date=16 March 2021 |work=Economic Times |date=6 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/west-bengal/kolkata-arjun-singh-says-mamata-banerjee-is-a-vindictive-woman-19251088.html|title=भाजपा सांसद अर्जुन सिंह ने ममता बनर्जी को बताया प्रतिशोधी महिला|work=Dainik Jagran|access-date=26 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526105356/https://www.jagran.com/west-bengal/kolkata-arjun-singh-says-mamata-banerjee-is-a-vindictive-woman-19251088.html|archive-date=26 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> He claimed that many cases were made on him by ruling party [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]] within the two months after joining [[BJP]] to allegedly harass him. Barrackpore Police tried to arrest him before Counting Day of the [[2019 Indian general election]]. Singh appealed to the [[Supreme Court of India]] for relief and the court agreed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/supreme-court-bengal-violence-bjp-arjun-singh-1531783-2019-05-22|title=Supreme Court says violence common in Bengal, protects BJP's Arjun Singh from arrest|website=India Today|date=22 May 2019 |access-date=26 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523080644/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/supreme-court-bengal-violence-bjp-arjun-singh-1531783-2019-05-22|archive-date=23 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/sc-agrees-to-hear-bjp-candidates-plea-seeking-protection-from-arrest/article27204444.ece|title=Supreme Court agrees to hear BJP candidate Arjun Singh's plea seeking protection from arrest|newspaper=The Hindu|date=22 May 2019|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> His house was also attacked with bombs and his car was also damaged by a TMC worker who threw stones, bombs and bricks. His son also had to face attacks in his car.

Even after the elections, the violence against Singh continued, his residence was attacked with seven rounds of fire and two bombs were hurled near his office and residence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/bombs-hurled-shots-fired-outside-residence-of-barrackpore-mp-in-north-24-parganas20190725111632/|title=Bombs hurled, shots fired outside residence of Barrackpore MP in North 24 Parganas|website=www.aninews.in|access-date=26 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726090543/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/bombs-hurled-shots-fired-outside-residence-of-barrackpore-mp-in-north-24-parganas20190725111632/|archive-date=26 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/crime/story/bjp-mp-arjun-singh-bengal-bomb-house-tmc-bjp-mamata-banerjee-1-1104598.html|title=बंगाल में BJP सांसद अर्जुन सिंह के घर फेंके गए बम, भतीजे ने TMC पर लगाया आरोप|date=25 July 2019|website=aajtak.intoday.in|access-date=26 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725085323/https://aajtak.intoday.in/crime/story/bjp-mp-arjun-singh-bengal-bomb-house-tmc-bjp-mamata-banerjee-1-1104598.html|archive-date=25 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/shots-fired-near-bjp-lawmaker-arjun-singhs-house-in-bengals-bhatpara-2075459|title=Shots Fired Near BJP Lawmaker Arjun Singh's House in Bengal's Bhatpara|website=NDTV.com|access-date=26 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726091204/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/shots-fired-near-bjp-lawmaker-arjun-singhs-house-in-bengals-bhatpara-2075459|archive-date=26 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 1 September 2019, Singh sustained a head injury during a clash between BJP and TMC supporters over control of party-office at [[Shyamnagar, West Bengal|Shyamnagar]], which is under [[Jagatdal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jagatdal assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bengal-bjp-mp-arjun-singh-sustains-head-injury-during-clash/story-CYKajJmcbbsLWSnqfin2ML.html|title=Bengal BJP MP Arjun Singh sustains head injury during clash with TMC workers|date=1 September 2019|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=7 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909015745/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bengal-bjp-mp-arjun-singh-sustains-head-injury-during-clash/story-CYKajJmcbbsLWSnqfin2ML.html|archive-date=9 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> He said that his car was vandalised by TMC cadres.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/west-bengal-bjp-mp-arjun-singh-accuses-tmc-for-vandalising-his-vehicle-party-office20190901163643/|title=West Bengal: BJP MP Arjun Singh accuses TMC for vandalising his vehicle, party office|website=www.aninews.in|access-date=7 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901235521/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/west-bengal-bjp-mp-arjun-singh-accuses-tmc-for-vandalising-his-vehicle-party-office20190901163643/|archive-date=1 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/tmc-has-been-murdering-democracy-time-and-again-in-wb-jp-nadda20190901230406/|title=TMC has been murdering democracy time and again in WB: JP Nadda|website=www.aninews.in|access-date=7 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902000748/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/tmc-has-been-murdering-democracy-time-and-again-in-wb-jp-nadda20190901230406/|archive-date=2 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
On 5 July 2020 once again he claimed that his car was vandalised by TMC Cadres at [[Halisahar]], he was present in house of a BJP worker for virtual meeting preparation for [[J. P. Nadda|JP Nadda]]. However, local TMC leader Subodh Adhikari denied the claim and said it was the BJP MP who instigated the attack.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/west-bengal-bjp-mp-arjun-singhs-car-attacked-in-north-24-parganas-2293866.html|title=West Bengal BJP MP Arjun Singh's car attacked in North 24 Parganas|date=5 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bengal-bjp-mp-arjun-singh-alleges-attack-by-trinamool-supporters-party-denies-claim-2257649|title=Bengal BJP MP Arjun Singh Alleges Attack By Trinamool Supporters, Party Denies Claim|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

The Supreme Court on Friday protected BJP leaders Arjun Singh, [[Kailash Vijayvargiya]], [[Pawan Singh]], [[Mukul Roy]] and Saurav Singh from any coercive steps to be taken by the West Bengal Police in FIRs registered against them which are pending investigation.<ref>{{cite news |title='No coercive steps against BJP leaders': SC notice to Bengal govt, police |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/no-coercive-steps-against-bjp-leaders-sc-notice-to-bengal-govt-police/story-2HGOLAtDvHBfUtSk0fCAyK.html |access-date=28 December 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=18 December 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=SC protection for BJP leaders facing criminal cases in Bengal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sc-protection-for-bjp-leaders-facing-criminal-cases-in-bengal-7110636/ |access-date=28 December 2020 |work=The Indian Express |date=19 December 2020 }}</ref>

==Controversy==
Bengal court issues arrest warrant against Arjun Singh. He was accused of firing shots at a couple of TMC workers in North 24 [[Districts of west bengal|Parganas district of West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maitra |first1=Jyotismita |date=3 April 2025 |title=West Bengal Court Serves Arrest Warrant Against Ex-BJP MP Arjun Singh |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/west-bengal-court-serves-arrest-warrant-against-ex-bjp-mp-arjun-singh |work=Bru Times News |access-date=3 April 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=5038 Arjun Singh – Lok Sabha Members Bioprofile]
*{{url|arjunsinghmp.com|Arjun Singh – Website}}

{{17th Lok Sabha members from all states}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Arjun}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Barrackpore subdivision]]
[[Category:Politicians from North 24 Parganas district]]

Gangadhar Stone Inscription of Viśvavarman

2025-10-07T21:58:27Z

RayfordFvx: new new post - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox artefact
| name = Gangadhar Stone Inscription of Viśvavarman
| image = [[File:Gangdhar inscription of Visvavarman.jpg|250px]]
| image_caption = Gangadhar Stone Inscription of Viśvavarman.
| material = Stone
| size =
| writing =
| created = 423-24 CE
| discovered =
| location =
| id =
| registration =
| map =
{{Location map+
|India
|float = center
|width = 250
|caption =
|nodiv = 1
|mini = 1
|relief=yes
|places =
{{location map~ |India |lat=23.94|N |long=75.62|E |label=Gangadhar|position=right |label_size=80}}
}}
}}
The '''Gangadhar Stone Inscription of Viśvavarman''' is an epigraphic record documenting that documents of a temple at Gangadhar town in the fifth century during the reign of the [[Aulikaras|Aulikara]] king Viśvavarman.

==Location==
Gangadhar is located in [[Jhalawar district]], [[Kota division]], [[Rajasthan]], India. The town occupies an old fortified and moated site on the banks of the [[Kali Sindh River]].

==Publication==
The text of the Gangadhar inscription was edited and published by [[John Faithfull Fleet]] in 1888.<ref>J. F. Fleet, ''Inscriptions of the Gupta Kings and their Successors'', Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, vol. III. (Calcutta, 1888), pp. 76-78.</ref> It was subsequently edited by [[Dineshchandra Sircar|D. C. Sircar]].<ref>D. C. Sircar, ''Select inscriptions bearing on Indian history and civilization,'' 2 vols. (reprint ed. Delhi, 1983) 1: 405 (lines 35-36).</ref>

==Description and Contents==
The inscription, written in [[Sanskrit]], records the building of a temple of Viṣṇu and an accompanying shrine for the mother goddesses or [[Matrikas|Mātṛkas]] by a king's minister named Mayūrākṣaka. The goddess shrine is specifically described as a "terrifying abode of the divine Mothers" (''mātṛṇāṃ veśmātyugraṃ''). The inscription is dated anno 480, on the bright thirteenth day of the month Kārttika. The year corresponds to 423-24 CE.

==Historical significance==
The Gangadhar inscription is important for the history of Indian religion because, in the description of the Mother goddess shrine, it provides the first documented use of the term [[dakini|ḍakinī]], a class of goddesses in Tantric traditions<ref>David N. Lorenzen, ''Who Invented Hinduism: Essays on Religion in History'' (Delhi, 2006), p. 72.</ref> It is not known exactly what texts and ritual traditions were used in Gangadhar in the early 5th century, but they were almost certainly [[Shaivism|Shaiva]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gray |first=David B. |date=2016-04-05 |title=Tantra and the Tantric Traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism |url=https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-59 |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.59|isbn=978-0-19-934037-8 }}</ref>

The description of the goddesses has also prompted debate because it appears, at first glance, to give the oldest description of a Tantric temple. The discussion of the word ''[[tantra]]'' in the record has been summarised by [[David Lorenzen]].<ref>David N. Lorenzen, ''Who Invented Hinduism: Essays on Religion in History'' (Delhi, 2006), p. 71-72.</ref> These interpretations were revisited by Bruce M. Sullivan who noted: "To me, it makes a lot more sense to take it in the usual meaning for ''tāntra'', namely, stringed instrument. Thus, we get the climatic effects mentioned in the inscription being caused by music (accompanied by booming clouds), not by “magic rites” (Fleet) nor by tantric texts (Lorenzen)."<ref>Bruce M. Sullivan, "Tantroid Phenomena in Early Indic Literature: An Essay in Honor of Jim Sanford." ''Pacific World'' 8 (2006): p. 12. The article may be downloaded here: https://nau.academia.edu/BruceSullivan.</ref> Responding indirectly to Sullivan's call for the inscription to be studied closely, Michael Willis noted that the word given is ''tāntra'' rather than ''tantra''.<ref>[[Michael D. Willis]], ''[[The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual]]'' (Cambridge, 2009), chapter 3, note 61.</ref> Following André Padoux,<ref>André Padoux, ‘What do we mean by Tantrism?’, in ''Roots of Tantra,'' edited by K. A. Harper and Robert L. Brown (Albany, 2002), p. 17.</ref> Willis remarked that "... the word ''tāntra'' in the inscription has little to do with occidental Tantrism but rather with a stringed musical instrument, i.e. an object on which the strings are ‘stretched’ (√tan) across a curved frame." He thus re-edited and re-translated the relevant verse as follows:

mātṛṇāñ ca [*pracu]ditaghanātyartthanihrādinīnām |

tāntrodbhūtaprabalapavanodvarttitāmbhonidhīnām |

[- - - - - - ]gatam idaṃ ḍākinīsaṃ prakīrṇṇam |

veśmātyuggraṃ nṛpatisacivo kārayat puṇyahetoḥ ||

A place filled with ḍākinī-s and characterised by ...

An abode of the Mothers whose thunderous cries impel the rain clouds,

and whose treasure – the waters – bursts forth

with the mighty wind produced by their lyre.

==Translation==
{{move to Wikisource}}
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the arm of (the god) Vishnu; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the serpentine movements of the trunk of (Airâvata) the elephant of (Indra) the lord of the gods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . !
(Line 2.)— Born in a lineage of rulers of the earth who were possessed of renowned prowess and fame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . beautiful . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . there was the illustrious king [[Naravarman]], the famous one;— who pleased the gods with sacrifices, the saints with observances of a noble nature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (his) servants with honourable treatment that was unequalled in the world, and the whole earth with excellent achievements;— [who] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the appliances of elephants and horses . . . . . . . . . . . . . in [battle-fields] which were full of the rays of (his) sword; (and whose) enemies, losing the power of motion through fear, are destroyed (by simply) seeing his face in the van of war.
(L. 5.)— [His son] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . magnanimous; equal to [[Brihaspati]] in intellect; possessed of a countenance like the full-moon; the standard of comparison, as it were, for (even) Râma and Bhagîratha; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . on the earth, (was) Visvavarman;— who surpassed (the mountain) Mêru in firmness, Vainya in hereditary virtue, the moon in development of lustre, (the god) Vishnu in strength, and the most unendurable fire of universal destruction in brilliance, and (Indra) the lord of the gods in prowess;—who, when he grasps (his) weapon, cannot be gazed upon even for a moment by (his) enemies, whose eyes are blinded by fear, just like a sun, which, turning back upon (its) course, has an unendurable form and a brilliant and terrible lustre that is heightened by rising in a cloudless sky;— to whom obeisance is performed by the waterlilies which are the faces of the lovely women of (his) enemies, frightened beforehand by (hearing of) the prowess of (his) strength, (and now) destitute of ornaments, moist on the cheeks with the water of the tears that cling there, (and) deprived of beauty by having their wearing of adornments stopped;— whose forces, moreover, have reverence done to them by [the oceans], the palmyra-trees on the shores of which are beautified by the lustre of the production of jewels (from the waters); the rows of the foam on which are broken through by the terrified sharks and marine monsters; (and) all of whose hands, which are their waves, are shaken about by a fierce wind;—at the time of the journeying forth of whose army, the earth has (its) thickets emptied of the beasts and birds which flee away from fear of the lances that uproot the trees and make the mountains tremble, and, having (its) highways made uneven by protuberances, sinks down as it were (under the tread of his troops);— whose reputation has respect paid to it in a reverential manner in the sky by the Vidyâdharas, bound in the fetters of the arms of (their) mistresses, who are blinded by the radiance, directed towards (them), of the rays of the jewels in (his) diadem, (and) the upper parts of whose cheeks are shaded by the lifting up of (their) joined hands in the act of respectful salutation;— and who, even when
he was still in early youth, nourished (his) pure intellect by following the sacred writings, and now effects the protection of the world like Bharata, pointing out, as it were, the path of the true religion among kings. While he, the king, the bravest among kings, is governing the earth, just as (Indra) the lord of the gods, of unmeasured majesty, (governs) the heavens, there is never any one [among mankind] who delights in wickedness, [or] is beset by misfortune, or is destitute of happiness.
(L. 19.)— And when four hundred fully complete auspicious years, together with the eightieth (year), had here gone by; on the bright thirteenth day of the month Kârttika which brings happiness to the thoughts of all mankind;— in the seasons which abounds with waters that are of a reddish-brown colour with the pollen that is discharged from the blue waterlilies; when the skirts of the groves are radiant with the flowers of the bandhûka and bâna-trees; when there is the time of the awakening from sleep of (the god) Madhusûdana; (and) when the stars are as pure as a bed of waterlilies in full bloom;—
(L. 22.)—He who has adorned (this) city on the banks of the Gargarâ with irrigation wells, tanks, and temples and halls of the gods, drinking-wells, and pleasure-gardens of various kinds, and causeways, and long pools, just as if (he were adorning his own) beloved wife with different sorts of ornaments; he who is, as it were, the third eye of the king; who is of noble behaviour; who is devoted to gods, Brâhmans, spiritual preceptors, relations, and holy men; and who, (by nature) not free from partiality (for thus particular virtue), has (always) applied (his) thoughts to courteous behaviour, destitute of litigation, which is applauded by the sacred writings;— he who, having reflected that the life of every man lasts not for ever and is full of feebleness, and that prosperity is as unstable as a swing, is displaying, by means of (his) lawfully acquired riches, the most extreme devotion towards (the god Vishnu) who bears the discus and the club;— he who has two handsome arms that are muscular and long and round and pendulous; who is [marked] with the wounds of swords; whose eyes stretch to the tips of (his) ears; who is possessed of a clear skin like that of a young woman of tender age; who destroys (his) enemies when they display energy through pride; who is powerful . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .; who through devotion behaves like a relation towards (his) enemies; who is experienced in (the combined pursuit, without mutual conflict, of) religion and wealth and pleasure;—
(L. 28.)— He, the illustrious Mayûrâkshaka,— who is sprung from a family possessed of wisdom and prowess; whose heroism is renowned in every region; who holds himself under control; (and) who has accomplished, in his son Vishnubhata and also Haribhata, the duty of (continuing his) lineage,— caused to be built by his sons, the favourites of great good fortune, this shrine of the divine (god) Vishnu, which blocks up the path of sin—, seeing the aspect of which, resembling the lofty peak of (the mountain) Kailâsa, the Vidyâdharas, accompanied by their mistresses, come and gaze into it with happy faces that are like waterlilies, as if it were the very lustrous surface of a mirror;— (and) seeing which (aspect), at the moment when the surface (of the roof) has been polished by the palms of the hands of the lovely women of the gods, the sun, who in the sky is praised in chorus by the saints possessed of superhuman power of mind resulting from religious merit, reins in his chariot-horses with (their) tossing manes, which think
(from the reflection) that they are returning towards (themselves), and, joining (his hands) together (so that they resemble) an expanding bud in respectful salutation, runs away in fear with bent-down head.
(L. 35.)— Also, for the sake of religious merit, the counsellor of the king caused to be built this very terrible abode, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (and) filled full of female ghouls, of the divine Mothers, who utter loud and tremendous shouts in joy, (and) who stir up the (very) oceans with the mighty wind rising from the magic rites of their religion.
(L. 37.)— And the illustrious Mayûrâkshaka, the receptacle of virtuous qualities, caused to be made this well, which is protected by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . in the lower regions, resembling serpents; which possesses much water, cool, and sweet, and pure; (and) which rivals the ocean.
(L. 39.)— As long as the oceans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . are full of jewels; as long as the earth, with (its) mountains, abounds with many thickets and trees and woods; and as long as the moon lights up the sky that is inlaid with the host of the planets;— so long let the fame of the illustrious Mayûrâkshaka remain abundant! Let there be success!

==See also==
*[[Indian inscriptions]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/research_projects/all_current_projects/state_formation_in_early_india/inscriptions_and_sites.aspx British Museum Research Project : ''Politics, Ritual and Religion'' : Epigraphic Findspots]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gangadhar Stone Inscription of Visvavarman}}
[[Category:Sanskrit inscriptions in India]]
[[Category:Gupta and post-Gupta inscriptions]]
[[Category:Jhalawar district]]
[[Category:History of Malwa]]
[[Category:Aulikara dynasty]]

Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003-04

2025-09-16T15:32:58Z

RayfordFvx: Made initial biography initial version

#REDIRECT [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04]]
{{R from modification}}

2021–22 Madhya Pradesh Premier League

2025-09-11T01:37:07Z

RayfordFvx: done.

{{short description|2nd season of R-League A Division}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{infobox football league season
| competition = [[Madhya Pradesh Premier League]]
| season = 2021
| dates = 3 – 25 October
| winners = Eagles FC (1st title)
| relegated =
| matches =
| total goals =
| league topscorer =
| best goalkeeper =
| biggest home win =
| biggest away win =
| highest scoring =
| longest wins =
| longest unbeaten =
| longest winless =
| longest losses =
| highest attendance =
| lowest attendance =
| average attendance =
| prevseason = [[2020–21 Madhya Pradesh Premier League|2020–21]]
| nextseason = 2022
}}

The '''2021–22 Madhya Pradesh Premier League''' was the 2nd season of the [[Madhya Pradesh Premier League]], the first professional league in the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It is organised by the [[Madhya Pradesh Football Association]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh Premier League|url=https://theawayend.co/madhya-pradesh-premier-league/|access-date=2021-10-25|website=The Away End|language=en-GB}}</ref>

The 2nd season kicked off on the 3 October 2021, with 12 teams competing for the title and qualification for the [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Facebook|url=https://www.facebook.com/rajasthanfa.in/photos/a.307080853037488/1174312566314308/?type=3&source=48|access-date=2021-07-18|website=www.facebook.com}}</ref> The 12 teams were divided into two groups. teams played once against each other in a round-robin format.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fixtures, Results and Table of India Madhya Pradesh Premier League Football League|url=https://www.scorebing.com/league/3259|access-date=2021-10-25|website=ScoreBing|language=english}}</ref> 2 teams from each group qualified for the Super Four round where they played once against each other. Top 2 teams of the Super Four round Sehore Boys and Eagles FC played in the final.

Eagles FC won the final and crowned champions of the league.

==Teams==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Club
!City/Town
!Head Coach
!Shirt Sponsor
|-
|Barwani FC
|Barwani
|
|
|-
|Bharti FC
|Jabalpur
|
|
|-
|Chamunda FC
|Dewas
|
|
|-
|Eagles FC
|Neemuch
|
|
|-
|Khel Evam Yuva Kalyan FC
|Chindwada
|
|
|-
|Lions Club
|Jabalpur
|
|
|-
|[[Madan Maharaj FC]]
|Bhopal
|
|
|-
|Ratlam City FC
|Ratlam
|
|
|-
|Sehore Boys FC
|Sehore
|
|
|-
|SWS Shivaji FC
|Betul
|
|
|-
|Social Warrior FC
|Betul
|
|
|-
|The Diamond Rock FA
|Balaghat
|
|
|-
|}

==Group stage==
===Group A===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! width="175" |Team
! width="20" |Pld
! width="20" |W
! width="20" |D
! width="20" |L
! width="20" |GF
! width="20" |GA
! width="20" |GD
! width="20" |Pts
!
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| align="left" |Ratlam City FC
|5
|4
|0
|1
|9
|5
| +4
|12
| rowspan="2" |
Qualified for Super Four
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| align="left" |Sehore Boys FC
|5
|3
|1
|1
|19
|3
| +16
|10
|-
|-
| align="left" |Chamunda FC
|5
|3
|1
|1
|19
|5
| +14
|10
|
|-
| align="left" |Lions Club
|5
|2
|0
|3
|10
|4
| +6
|4
|
|-
| align="left" |SWS Shivaji FC
|5
|2
|0
|3
|7
|19
| -12
|4
|
|-
| align="left" |Khel Evem Yuva Kalyan
|5
|0
|0
|5
|2
|30
| -28
|0
|
|-
|}

=== Group B===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! width="175" |Team
! width="20" |Pld
! width="20" |W
! width="20" |D
! width="20" |L
! width="20" |GF
! width="20" |GA
! width="20" |GD
! width="20" |Pts
!
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| align="left" |The Diamond Rock FA
|5
|5
|0
|0
|18
|2
| +16
|15
| rowspan="2" | Qualified for Super Four
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| align="left" |Eagles FC
|5
|4
|0
|1
|19
|3
| +16
|12
|-
|-
| align="left" |[[Madan Maharaj FC]]
|5
|3
|0
|2
|8
|8
| 0
|9
|
|-
| align="left" |Bharti FC
|5
|2
|0
|3
|9
|13
| -4
|6
|
|-
| align="left" |Barwani FC
|5
|1
|0
|4
|5
|14
| -9
|3
|
|-
| align="left" |Social Warrior FC
|5
|0
|0
|5
|0
|19
| -19
|0
|
|-
|}

==Super Four==
<onlyinclude>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! width="175" |Team
! width="20" |Pld
! width="20" |W
! width="20" |D
! width="20" |L
! width="20" |GF
! width="20" |GA
! width="20" |GD
! width="20" |Pts
!
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| align="left" |Sehore Boys FC
|3
|3
|0
|0
|8
|2
| +6
|9
| rowspan="2" | Qualified for Final
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| align="left" |Eagles FC
|3
|1
|0
|2
|2
|2
| 0
|3
|-
|-
| align="left" |The Diamond Rock FA
|3
|1
|0
|2
|3
|4
| -1
|3
|
|-
| align="left" |Ratlam City FC
|3
|1
|0
|2
|1
|6
| -5
|3
|
|-
|}

=== Final ===
{{football box collapsible
| date = 2 November 2021
| time =
| team1 = Sehore Boys FC
| score = 0–1
| report =
| team2 = Eagles FC
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| location =
| stadium =
| attendance =
| referee =
| penaltyscore =
| penalties1 =
| penalties2 =
| potm =
}}</onlyinclude>

==References==
<references />

{{2021–22 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2021-22 Madhya Pradesh Premier League}}
[[Category:Football in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:2021–22 in Indian football leagues]]