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Karl Helbig

2023-10-06T17:06:01Z

Ravish: Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Bharatpedia article at :de:Karl Helbig (Forschungsreisender); see its history for attribution.

{{Short description|German explorer}}
[[File:HELBIG_1988.JPG|thumb|Karl Helbig in Hildesheim on July 18, 1988, after receiving the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
'''Karl Martin Alexander Helbig''' (March 18, 1903 – October 9, 1991) was a German explorer, [[geographer]] and [[Ethnology|ethnologist]]. His travels took him to [[Java]], [[Sumatra]], [[Borneo]] and [[Central America]], among other places.

Helbig's works are characterized by sharp powers of observation, instructive content, and clear, understandable language. In addition to his scientific works on geography and ethnography, he wrote popular travelogues, books for young people, and adventure novellas in which he presented his experiences to a wider public in a vivid and entertaining manner. The same applies to his lectures, which he gave at home and abroad in schools and scientific institutes. He spoke fluent English, Spanish and Malay.

Helbig was awarded the [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]] with Ribbon and the State Prize for Science of the State of [[Mexico]].

== Life ==
Helbig was born on March 18, 1903 in [[Hildesheim]]. Since the last quarter of the 19th century, professional surveying expeditions were active on behalf of the [[Dutch East Indies|Dutch East Indian]] colonial government, which in decades of work surveyed and mapped large areas of the [[Malay Archipelago]]. The achievements of Karl Helbig deserve all the more recognition. Even in the 1930s, he succeeded in erasing white spots with traditional field research. He succeeded not only on the island of [[Borneo]], whose interior was still unexplored over long distances, but also - following the research of [[Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn]] and [[Hermann von Rosenberg]] in the southern [[Batak]] - on the island of [[Sumatra]], which was already relatively well developed at that time.

His travels in Central America were no less important. Here, too, Helbig entered unexplored areas. In [[Chiapas]] and in [[Honduras|northeastern Honduras]], his research led to a fundamental revision of the existing map material.

Helbig's research, however, was not limited to land surveys, which he - as a scientist left to his own devices - could only conduct in broad outlines, but also included geological, botanical, climatographic, ethnological and economic geographic studies. In his endeavors to create all-encompassing comprehensive representations, he often saw himself as a successor to his role model Junghuhn, whose writings he admired.<ref>Siehe Helbigs Aufsatz ''Junghuhn. 1809–1864.'' In: Kurt Kayser (Hrsg.): ''Die berühmten Entdecker und Erforscher der Erde.'' Köln 1965, pp. 179–181 (zitiert im Artikel [[Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn]] im Kapitel „Werke“)</ref> The intensity with which he studied all available sources for this versatility is shown by his two thematically arranged and annotated bibliographies on [[Farther India|Hind]] and [[Malay Archipelago|Island India]] and Borneo.

=== Youth ===
Karl Helbig was born in [[Hildesheim]] on March 18, 1903, the son of the engineer Otto Helbig and his wife Ida, née Manß. In 1912 he transferred from the preschool to the Realgymnasium there and passed the school-leaving examination in 1921. In between, from 1919 to 1920, he served as a volunteer in the [[Border Guard East]].

A difficult time followed for Helbig. In the winter of 1921, he worked at depths of up to 900 meters at 42 °C as a [[Diggers|digger]] in a potash shaft near [[Diekholzen]]. His mother died at the end of 1921, and after his father suffered a severe heart attack in the spring of 1922, he was forced to support his sister Elisabeth, his father and himself alone. After working as a delivery man in a Thuringian brickyard, as a laborer on a farm near Peine, and as a helper on a stud farm near Celle, he began studying agriculture at the [[University of Göttingen]] in the fall of 1922. His attempt to finance his studies and the family upkeep as a stoker in a Göttingen hospital failed because of inflation, whereupon he had to abandon his studies in the summer of 1923.

His irresistible urge to see the wide world eventually led him to [[merchant navy]], where he served as a [[coal trimmer]] and [[Fireman (steam engine)|ship's stoker]] until 1951, and then as a greaser and [[Paymaster|assistant paymaster]]. His passages overseas were thus free of charge and with the [[Pays (wages)|pays]] he could at least partially finance his excursions, which were carried out with minimal effort.

His first trip was in 1923 on the steamer ''Drachenfels'' through the Red Sea to India, with stops in [[Karachi]], [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Colombo]] and [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]. In the port of Calcutta, he was handed a letter from his sister with the news of his father's death. Returning to Hamburg, the two siblings had become so destitute due to inflation that the urn containing their father's ashes had to be buried secretly at night in the family grave in [[Eisenach]].<ref>Rutz, Sibeth: ''Karl Helbig. Wissenschaftler und Schiffsheizer.'' Olms Vlg., Hildesheim 2004, p. 13.</ref>

Eight more sea voyages followed until his study visit to [[Java]]. More than 60 ports were visited in the Malay Archipelago, in Mexico and the West Indies, in the Mediterranean in Istanbul and on the [[Levant coast]].

=== Study and dissertation ===
In the fall of 1927, Helbig enrolled to study at the [[University of Hamburg]]. He studied geography with [[Siegfried Passarge]], [[oceanography]] with Schultz and Schott, [[economic geography]] with Lütgens, [[climatology]] with Kuhlbrodt, [[geology]] and [[paleontology]] with [[Georg Gürich]], [[Karl Gripp]] and [[Johann Wysogórski]], and [[Indonesian language]]s with [[Otto Dempwolff|Dempwolff]] and Aichele. He financed his studies by working late and night shifts as a dockworker.

In the summer semester of 1929, Helbig was on leave. With the agreement of his doctoral advisor Siegfried Passarge, he traveled to Java as a stoker on the steamer Menes. He spent nine months in [[Jakarta|Batavia]] and its surroundings. Financially supported by [[Emil Helfferich]], director of a German plantation syndicate, Helbig collected material for his dissertation, which focused on the development, the architectural structures, as well as the economic, colonial and cultural significance of Batavia, the capital of the [[Dutch East Indies]]. The result of this work, the dissertation ''Batavia. Eine tropische Stadtlandschaftskunde im Rahmen der Insel Java'', complete with pictures, maps and drawings, was graded with distinction by the Faculty of Mathematics/Natural Sciences of the University of Hamburg on June 28, 1930; it was the first ever scientific account of a tropical urban landscape.<ref>Rutz, Sibeth, pp. 15 f.</ref>

Since Batavia's sphere of influence was also important for its development, trips to Java and its neighboring island of [[Madura Island|Madura]] were also undertaken as part of these studies. Volcanoes and high plateaus were climbed and less frequented retreats were investigated. In 1929, his first work, ''Eine Diengwanderung'',<ref>''Deutsche Wacht.'' 15. Jg. 1935, pp. 16–17. Dieng ist der Name eines vulkanischen Hochplateaus in Mitteljava.</ref> was published, followed in 1935 by the essays ''Der Kendeng, eine Kalklandschaft auf Südostjava''<ref>''Geographische Wochenschrift.'' 3. Jg., Heft 37, pp. 881–887, Breslau 1935. Der Kendeng ist ein karger und wenig besiedelter Gebirgszug an der Südküste Javas.</ref> and ''Bau und Bild der Insel Java''.<ref>''Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin.'' Jg. 1935, pp. 102–125.</ref> His book ''Ferne Tropen-Insel Java'',<ref>Gundert, Stuttgart 1946</ref> a youth narrative about the life of a peasant boy in a Javanese village on the western slope of the [[Mount Merapi|Merapi]] volcano, is considered one of his most successful fiction publications. He recorded his travel experiences in his book ''Zu Mahamerus Füßen. Wanderungen auf Java<ref>Brockhaus, Leipzig 1954</ref>''.

=== Research in Sumatra ===
On September 4, 1930, Helbig sailed from Hamburg to Sumatra as a laundryman on the steamer ''S. S. Menes''. It was not until October 19 that [[Port of Belawan|Belawan]], the port of [[Medan]] on the [[Strait of Malacca]], was reached.

For almost a year, extensive areas southeast and south of [[Lake Toba]] and the island of [[Nias]] off the west coast were explored. Accompanied by only one native porter, Helbig covered more than 2,000 kilometers on foot on partly still unknown paths. The research area extended on the one hand to the [[Batak]] south and southeast of Lake Toba, lying at a healthy altitude, and on the other hand to the sultanates of Asahan, Kualu, Bila, Kota Pinang and Pane in the then province of "East Coast of Sumatra", lying in the hot and unhealthy lowlands. These landscapes had never been described coherently before Helbig's research, and the extensive Simanalaksa Mountains, often referred to as the "Bila-Ketten", as well as large parts of the Habinsaran and Dolok landscapes were still largely unknown geographically and geologically. Helbig chose a mission house in Parsoburan in Habinsaran as his base. His longest march, which he undertook from here, lasted over three months. Ethnologically significant was his three-week visit in the summer of 1931 to the Orang Lubu, a remnant of the indigenous people of North Sumatra, who, with only 2190 individuals left, inhabited the eastern slopes of the Mandailing steppe valley in Central Sumatra. His main goal here was to record the language of this dying people for posterity.<ref>Vgl. ''Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen.'' 78. Band 1932, p. 85.</ref>

Only after his return from Sumatra, on January 14, 1932, was he presented with his doctorate certificate in Hamburg.<ref>Rutz, Sibeth, p. 16.</ref> A few months later, on May 14, he became engaged in his hometown of Hildesheim to Liselotte Siebrecht, daughter of Heinrich and Doris Siebrecht. It did not come to a marriage.
[[File:Helbig_in_Nordsumatra.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|Helbig's travel routes in North Sumatra and on the island of Nias. Simplified according to Figure 4 in his study ''Beiträge zur Landeskunde von Sumatra. Beobachtungen zwischen Asahan und Barumun, Tobasee und Malakastraße.'']]
The results of his travels in Sumatra were considerable. Twenty papers were published in journals, daily newspapers, and other organs. Most scientifically valuable is the study ''Beiträge zur Landeskunde von Sumatra. Beobachtungen zwischen Asahan und Barumun, Tobasee und Malakastraße''.<ref>Rutz, Sibeth, pp. 72 f.</ref> Also valuable are the eight articles, almost forgotten, that Helbig published in 1931 under the modest collective title ''Weniger bekannte Teilgebiete der Bataklande auf Sumatra'' in the journal ''[[Deutsche Wacht]]'' in Batavia: Habinsaran, Am Oberlauf des Koealoe, Die Bila-Ketten, Das Tal des Pahae, Das Hochtal von Sipirok, Das Bergland des Dolok, Die Gras-Steppen der Padang Lawas, Das Pane- und Bila-Gebiet. In addition to these geographic-geological descriptions, there are ethnological essays about the [[Batak|Toba-Batak]], which deal with all aspects of their daily life, from the view of nature and religion to settlement and house construction and their moral conditions. A geographically and ethnologically substantial travelogue appeared in 1934 under the title ''Tuan Gila - ein verrückter Herr wandert am Äquator''. This title was given to Helbig by the Batak people: This can only be a "crazy gentleman" who wanders across the steppes in the company of only one helper in a blazing sun!

In the highlands of northern Sumatra, Helbig came across a tea plantation run by the German family Heinrich Gundert. Inspired by a deep friendship with the five-year-old son of this family, which lasted until the end of his life, he wrote his book for young people ''Til kommt nach Sumatra. Das Leben eines deutschen Jungen in den Tropen''.<ref>Im Verlag von David Gundert, dem Vater des Pflanzers, und dem jüngeren Bruder Friedrich Gundert 1939 in Stuttgart erschienen.</ref>

=== Crossing the island of Borneo ===
After ship voyages to the Caribbean, the European [[North Cape (Norway)|North Cape]], [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]] and once more to Central America, Helbig embarked on his largest and most arduous voyage in November 1936. As the world's only ship's stoker with a doctorate,<ref>Rutz, Sibeth, p. 113.</ref> he traveled to [[Jakarta]] on the cargo ship ''Hanau''. After initial studies in West Java and on the tin islands of [[Bangka Island|Bangka]] and [[Belitung]], he arrived in [[Pontianak]] on the west coast of [[Borneo]] in April 1937. From here he embarked on one of the most courageous [[Exploration|expeditions]] of the pre-war period: while other explorers used waterways almost without exception, Helbig was the first to cross the island of Borneo on a 3,000-kilometer zigzag path through impassable jungle, mostly on foot. He accomplished this feat with only one white companion, German navigator Erich Schreiter, and with three, or at most four, native porters, mostly female, who were changed from village to village. Rarely has an exploration voyage of this magnitude been accomplished with so little material expenditure.

The expedition initially led along the west coast in the direction of [[Sarawak]]. In the mountains in the northwest of the then "Wester-Afdeeling" (Western Division), the [[Dayak people|Dayak]] tribes of Songkong, Ketungan and [[Iban people|Iban]] were visited. From there the trek went to Sanggau, Sekadau and Sintang on the [[Kapuas River|Kapuas]] River and again north towards Sarawak. After circling the lake area of the upper Kapuas, [[Putussibau]] was reached at the headwaters of this river; then the Madi Plateau was traversed in a southerly direction. Accompanied by only three porters, the Schwaner Mountains were overcome, an undertaking that involved great hardship because of the need to carry a boat. Beyond this watershed, in the "Zuider- en Ooster-Afdeeling" (South and East Divisions), Helbig and Schreiter went down the [[Kahayan River|Kahayan]] River, visited the [[Ngaju language|Ngaju]] and Ot-Danum Dayak, and participated in a nocturnal death ritual at Tumbang-Mahuroi.<ref>Neben weiteren Darstellungen dieses Erlebnisses, das sich tief in Helbigs Erinnerungen eingeprägt hat, siehe seinen Aufsatz ''Zaubersitzung am Kahajan – Ein schaurig-nahrhaftes Erlebnis auf Borneo.'' In: ''Durch die weite Welt.'' Band 46, Franckh/Kosmos-Verlag, Stuttgart 1972, S. 173–181.</ref> Continuing in an easterly direction, they crossed the headwaters of the "little" [[Kupua|Kapua]]<ref>So benannt als Unterschied zum „großen“ Kapuas im Westen Borneos.</ref> and Barito rivers and reached the upper [[Mahakam River|Mahakam]] at Tering and Longiram. Following this river downstream, they entered the vast lake district on its lower course and navigated Lake Jempang in a boat. The final point of the west–east crossing, which was completed with numerous detours and side trips, was the city of [[Samarinda]] above the Mahakam delta.

From here followed a traverse of the southeastern part of Borneo, along a petroleum pipeline through the coal and oil region between Samarinda and [[Balikpapan]], through the grassy steppe country of Pasir inhabited by Mohammedan Kutai and Pasirese, and across the Meratus Mountains into the densely populated stream area of the lower Barito. In November 1937, eight months after setting out from Pontianak, the expedition ended at [[Banjarmasin]] in southern Borneo.<ref>Vgl. ''Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen.'' 84. Jahrgang 1938, S. 193.</ref>
[[File:Borneo-H.jpg|center|thumb|610x610px|Helbig's zigzag march through Borneo. Simplified after the folding map in his work ''Eine Durchquerung der Insel Borneo (Kalimantan). Nach den Tagebüchern aus dem Jahre 1937.'']]
Helbig was interviewed about this journey at the age of 86 in his apartment in Hamburg-Altona by film producer Sonja Balbach. The crossing of Borneo was 52 years ago. As a result of this interview, on January 15, 1990, the television station Südwest 3 broadcast the film ''Borneo. Auf den Spuren von Karl Helbig'' was broadcast.

Apart from numerous lectures and publications in domestic and foreign youth and professional magazines, daily newspapers and journals and the popular travelogue ''Urwaldwildnis Borneo'', the scientific results of this expedition were not presented to German readers until 45 years later. In 1982, the two-volume work ''Eine Durchquerung der Insel Borneo (Kalimantan). Nach den Tagebüchern aus dem Jahre 1937'' was published by Dietrich Reimer in Berlin. With its almost 800 pages in ''[[octavo]]'', richly illustrated with drawings, maps and photographic images and provided with valuable scientific appendices, it is still an important book for those interested in Borneo. "The two volumes possess the rank of a standard work indispensable for Kalimantan research. They once again prove the author to be one of the best Indonesian connoisseurs in the German-speaking world during the pre-war period" (Werner Röll).<ref>Vgl. Verlagsprospekt (Pressestimmen)</ref>

Helbig has explained the reasons for the delay in the publication of this work in the first volume:<blockquote>"[...] By the middle of 1938, I was back in Germany. The Second World War, which broke out soon after, set many other tasks. The destruction of important source material in Hamburg and elsewhere made further elaboration of the results difficult. The unsettled situation in the Dutch colonial territory and in the entire Far East delayed many an insight and many a decision to validly form the material, and even more so any attempt to carry out a supplementary control trip. Later research undertakings and study trips in other areas, mainly in Mexico and Central America, furthermore in the Soviet Union, Scandinavia and several Mediterranean countries, together with various elaborations of the results, prevented the continuation of the scientific evaluation of my Borneo diaries. [...] The advancing age and the worry to have to leave the diaries unused after all, whereby they - especially since they are written in a shorthand no longer in use today - would have to be regarded as completely lost, drove me again and again to the continuation of the undertaken task". – Helbig, 1982<ref>Karl Helbig: ''Eine Durchquerung der Insel Borneo (Kalimantan). Nach den Tagebüchern aus dem Jahre 1937.'' Berlin 1982, p. 15.</ref></blockquote>Helbig remained in the Dutch East Indies until the beginning of February 1938. He traveled through Java one more time, then to the island of [[Bali]] and its neighboring island of [[Nusa Penida]]. ''Bali. Erfüllungen und Enttäuschungen'',<ref>In: ''Durch alle Welt.'' Jg. 1939 (9 Fortsetzungen)</ref> ''Bali: Eine tropische Insel landschaftlicher Gegensätze'',<ref>In: ''Zeitschrift für Erdkunde.'' Jg. 7, 1939, pp. 357–379.</ref> ''Nusa Penida, die Insel der „Banditen“''<ref>In: ''Deutsche Wacht.'' Jg. 25, pp. 38–40 u. 54–56, Batavia 1939.</ref> and ''Nusa Penida. Eine tropische Karstinsel''<ref>In: ''Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft in Hamburg.'' Jg. 1941, S. 391–409.</ref> are his most important essays on the latter islands.

Helbig arrived back in Hamburg in mid-1938 after an absence of one and a half years. It was his last trip to Southeast Asia.

=== Habilitation ===
In 1940 Helbig's habilitation thesis was accepted by the Philosophical Faculty of the [[University of Marburg]]. It was entitled: ''Die Insel Bangka. Beispiel des Landschafts- und Bedeutungswandels auf Grund einer geographischen Zufallsform''.<ref>''Deutsche Geographische Blätter.'' Bd. 43, Bremen 1940, pp. 138–221.</ref> He collected the material for this work on Bangka before starting his Borneo expedition. Added to this was the habilitation lecture given in Marburg on December 2, 1940, ''Menschen im Urwald. Bericht über eine Reise zu den Dayak auf Borneo''. Helbig, however, refused to join the [[Nazi Party|NSDAP]], which he despised, and so universities remained closed to him as a university lecturer.<ref>Siebert (2), p. 162.</ref>

=== War and post-war period ===
During World War II, Helbig worked as a civilian in the military support with the geographical training of officers and soldiers in Norway, Romania, the Netherlands, France, Belgium, Russia and other European countries. In the winter of 1944, he witnessed the retreat of the German army and the misery of the German refugees.

In 1949 he met the geographer and historian [[Dietmar Henze]], with whom he remained in stimulating contact until his death. Helbig introduced Henze to researchers such as the meteorologist [[Johannes Georgi]] and the polar and earth scientist [[Alfred Wegener]], and on his and [[Walter Behrmann|Walter Behrmann's]] recommendation Henze was admitted to the Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin in 1951.

In the same year, 1951, after he had again traveled to North America as a stoker on a freighter, Helbig was offered professorships - in both German states - by the universities of Hamburg, Leipzig, Jena, Rostock, and Greifswald.<ref>Rutz, Sibeth, p. 21.</ref> Nevertheless, he continued to freelance. This forced him to be as frugal as possible.<ref>Siehe den Aufsatz ''Tuan Gila – Wissenschaftler und Weltenbummler'' von Rüdiger Siebert. In: Rutz, Sibeth, pp. 38–53.</ref>

=== Research in Central America ===
At the suggestion of [[Franz Termer]], director of the Hamburg Museum für Völkerkunde, Helbig turned to scientific studies in [[Central America]]. In 1953/54, with stopovers in [[Mexico]], [[Guatemala]], and [[San Salvador]], his first geographic study trip, supported by the [[German Research Foundation]], took him to the northeastern provinces of the Republic of Honduras, then little known to geographic science, which he traversed for seven months, mostly on foot, on some major rivers, and in the coastal lagoons by boat. He published part of his scientific results in his works ''Die Landschaften von Nordost-Honduras auf Grund einer geographischen Studienreise im Jahre 1953''<ref>''Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen.'' Ergänzungsheft 268, Gotha 1959.</ref> and ''Antiguales (Altertümer) der Paya-Region und die Paya-Indianer von Nordost-Honduras''.<ref>''Beiträge zur mittelamerikanischen Völkerkunde Nr. 3.'' Hamburgisches Museum für Völkerkunde, 1956</ref> Fundamental corrections of the map material available until then about this area brought Helbig's several times folded colored map ''Entwurf einer topographischen Übersicht von Nordost-Honduras mit der Mosquitia'':<ref>Maßstab 1 : 500.000. Tafel 15 zum Aufsatz ''Eine Übersichtskarte von Nordost-Honduras.'' In: ''Petermanns Mitteilungen.'' 101. Jg. 1957, pp. 104–108 (mit Berichtigungen p. 177).</ref> The height and arrangement of the mountains, the course of the rivers, the shape of the lagoons, the location of the settlements as well as traffic connections and place names were corrected. A hitherto nameless mountain complex was christened "Montaňas del Patuca" by Helbig.<ref>''Petermanns Mitteilungen.'' 101. Jg. 1957, p. 108; die Benennung erfolgte nach dem Fluss ''Rio Patuca,'' der diesen Gebirgszug durchbricht.</ref> Of his popular scientific publications about these journeys, the best known are the books ''Von Mexiko bis zur Mosquitia and Indioland am Karibischen Meer''.
[[File:Helbigs_Reisen_in_Honduras.PNG|center|thumb|600x600px|Helbig's travel routes in northeastern Honduras. - Simplified representation according to the map ''Entwurf einer topographischen Übersicht von Nordost-Honduras mit der Mosquitia''. In: Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen, 101. Jahrgang, Gotha 1957, Heft 2, Tafel 15.]]
His next trip took him to central and southern Mexico in 1957/58. The focus of his research was the state of [[Chiapas]]. Following [[Leo Waibel]]'s work in the [[Sierra Madre de Chiapas]], the areas of the great depression of the upper Rio Grijalva and the Mesa Central, which adjoin this mountain range to the north, were studied, as well as the more recent changes in the coffee-growing areas of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas due to war, agrarian reform, new development and migration.<ref>''Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen.'' 108. Jg. 1964, p. 172.</ref> Of scholarly value are his monographs ''Die Landschaft Soconusco im Staate Chiapas, Süd-Mexico, und ihre Kaffeezone''<ref>''Deutsche Geographische Blätter.'' Band 49, Bremen 1961.</ref> and ''Das Stromgebiet des Rio Grijalva; eine Landschaftsstudie aus Chiapas, Süd-Mexiko''.<ref>''Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft zu Hamburg.'' Band 54, 1961.</ref> Among other essays in journals and newspapers, these travels also resulted in the first edition of his successful book ''So sah ich Mexiko'' mit dem Untertitel ''Forschungsfahrt von Tampico bis Chiapas.''
[[File:Helbig-in-Chiapas.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|Chiapas. Landscape division according to Karl Helbig. Simplified after Fig. 1 in Helbig's essay ''Das Stromgebiet des oberen Rio Grijalva'' ..., Hamburg 1961. - The reservoirs in the depression of the Rio Grijalva did not exist at that time.]]
Again supported by the German Research Foundation, Helbig traveled from Mexico through Guatemala, San Salvador, British Honduras, [[Nicaragua]], and [[Costa Rica]] to eastern [[Panama]] in 1962 to 1963. The purpose of these trips was to make a geographical and economic survey of all of Central America, to observe the changes in the landscape due to the influences of expanding agriculture, and to explore possibilities for the future planned development of this area.<ref>''Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen.'' 108. Jg. 1964, p. 172.</ref> To this end, Helbig made a supplementary trip to northern Mexico as far as Monterrey to conclude his studies. The scientific results were published in the works ''Zentralamerika. Natürliche Grundlagen, ihre gegenwärtige und künftig mögliche Auswertung''<ref>''Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen.'' 108. Jahrgang 1964, pp. 160–181 und 241–260, mit 40 s/w-Abbildungen auf 8 Tafeln.</ref> and ''Die Wirtschaft Zentralamerikas. Kartographisch dargestellt und erläutert''<ref>Hamburg, Institut für Iberoamerika-Kunde, 1966. Mit einer mehrfach gefalteten farbigen Karte.</ref> were published. The book ''So sah ich Mexiko'' was revised and republished in 1967 with the subtitle ''Von Monterrey bis Tapachula''.
[[File:CentralAmerica-Mexico-Caribbean.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|Overview map of Central America]]
In 1971, Helbig was commissioned by the Mexican government to conduct geographic research in the state of Chiapas. Extensive field research had to be carried out. As in all previous excursions as a scientist on his own, he worked for five years on this large project. He summarized his findings in the three-volume regional monograph ''Chiapas. Geografia de un Estado Mexicano'', whose printing and publication he personally supervised in Mexico City. In honor of this great folio work, which was published only in Spanish, he was awarded the "Chiapas State Prize, Science Department."

=== Last years of life ===
[[File:Karl_Helbig_zu_Gast_bei_Ruediger_Siebert.jpg|thumb|Karl Helbig as a guest of [[Rüdiger Siebert]] in May 1989]]
On December 21, 1973, his housekeeper Emma Mahler, née Fillsack (* 1884), whom he described in a dedication in his two-volume work on Borneo as his "... caregiver and selfless companion accompanying me for almost five decades," died. For her burial, he bought two gravesites at the Altona cemetery opposite his last apartment: one for Mrs. Mahler and next to it one for himself.

His last work is entitled ''Seefahrt vor den Feuern. Erinnerungen eines Schiffsheizers''. This book, which describes in novel style the voyage of a steamship to Central America in the 1920s, not only reports on the technology and handling of the boiler systems and propulsion engines in steamships, but also on the hard work of [[coal trimmer]]s and [[Fireman (steam engine)|ship heaters]] in the heat and dust, which until then had hardly ever been appreciated.<ref>Rutz, Sibeth, pp. 119 f.</ref> The book was published in German. The presentation of this book took place in the port of Travemünde on board the steam icebreaker ''[[SS Stettin (1933)|Stettin]]'', an occasion on which the 84-year-old Helbig himself once again became active "in front of the fires": "With youthful verve," as his publisher Hans Georg Prager described him, he demonstrated to the guests all the activities required for expert "fire tending," from monitoring the steam pressure and water levels in the boilers to shoveling in the coal, crushing the slag and hauling the ashes. In July 1988, on a voyage of the ''Stettin'' from Kiel to Travemünde, he showed his skills as a ship's stoker at sea for the last time at the age of 85.<ref>''Der Spiegel'', Februar 1989, S. 169 und 172. Helbig ist als Einziger in diesem Artikel namentlich genannt. Ein weiterer Artikel mit der Überschrift ''Tagebuch. Zehn und eine Geschichte'' erschien im Feuilleton der ''Frankfurter Allgemeinen Zeitung'' (1. Februar 1989, Nr. 27, Seite 26. Verfasser: Uwe Schmitt).</ref>

In the fall of 1987, TV journalist [[Eberhard Fechner]] interviewed eleven seafarers who had still experienced the days of sailing and steam ships. In addition to four captains, two ship's engineers, a ship's cook, a sailmaker, a chief steward and a ship's carpenter, Helbig was there as a trimmer and stoker. On February 1, 1989, Fechner's report was broadcast in two parts by ARD and WDR under the title ''La Paloma''. As a result, the magazine ''Der Spiegel'' published the article ''Fernsehen. Halber Weg zur Karibik'', in which "the stern-looking man with the angular features" was described as "Fechner's secret hero."<ref>In der Absicht, Karl Helbig am 18. März 1988 zu seinem 85. Geburtstag mit einem Empfang zu gratulieren, wurde er vom damaligen Hildesheimer Oberstadtdirektor [[Wilhelm Buerstedde]] für die Verleihung des Verdienstkreuzes am Bande des Verdienstordens der Bundesrepublik Deutschland vorgeschlagen. In seinem Schreiben vom 11. Januar 1988 an die Bezirksregierung Hannover schilderte Buerstedde den Lebenslauf Helbigs und würdigte sein Lebenswerk. Als Anlage war diesem Schreiben ein Verzeichnis von Helbigs wissenschaftlichen Publikationen beigefügt. Aufgrund dieser Ausführungen, die vom Niedersächsischen Ministerpräsidenten an das Bundespräsidialamt weitergeleitet worden sind, erfolgte am 20. Mai 1988 die Verleihung dieser Auszeichnung durch den Bundespräsidenten.</ref>

In the last years of his rich research life, Helbig was restlessly busy organizing his ethnographic and literary estate. The ethnographica he collected ended up in the [[Museum am Rothenbaum|Museum für Völkerkunde Hamburg]] and the [[Linden Museum|Museum für Völkerkunde Stuttgart]], as well as in the ethnographic collection of the [[Roemer- und Pelizaeus-Museum Hildesheim|Roemer- und Pelizaeus-Museum]] in Hildesheim. The latter museum also holds his literary works, his photo collection, and his library.

In appreciation of his merits in the cultural-geographical field, Helbig was awarded the Federal Cross of Merit on Ribbon on July 18, 1988, during a ceremony in the town hall of his hometown Hildesheim.<ref>In der Absicht, Karl Helbig am 18. März 1988 zu seinem 85. Geburtstag mit einem Empfang zu gratulieren, wurde er vom damaligen Hildesheimer Oberstadtdirektor [[Wilhelm Buerstedde]] für die Verleihung des Verdienstkreuzes am Bande des Verdienstordens der Bundesrepublik Deutschland vorgeschlagen. In seinem Schreiben vom 11. Januar 1988 an die Bezirksregierung Hannover schilderte Buerstedde den Lebenslauf Helbigs und würdigte sein Lebenswerk. Als Anlage war diesem Schreiben ein Verzeichnis von Helbigs wissenschaftlichen Publikationen beigefügt. Aufgrund dieser Ausführungen, die vom Niedersächsischen Ministerpräsidenten an das Bundespräsidialamt weitergeleitet worden sind, erfolgte am 20. Mai 1988 die Verleihung dieser Auszeichnung durch den Bundespräsidenten.</ref> After the conclusion of the ceremonial speeches, Helbig himself spoke up. The following day, the ''Hildesheimer Allgemeine Zeitung'' devoted almost a full page to his stories.<ref>Rutz, Sibeth, pp. 51 f.</ref>

On October 9, 1991, Helbig succumbed to a heart attack in his apartment in [[Altona, Hamburg|Hamburg-Altona]]. He died in the arms of Helmut Gundert, the man he had met as the five-year-old son of plantation owner Heinrich Gundert in Sumatra in 1931 and whom he preserved for posterity as "Til" in articles and books.<ref>Rutz, Sibeth, p. 57.</ref>

In his last will and testament, Helbig had stipulated that the public would not be informed of his passing until three weeks later. The funeral service on October 22 at [[Friedhof Bernadottestraße]] Cemetery therefore took place quietly: Only 14 people signed the condolence list. The ''[[Hildesheimer Allgemeine Zeitung]]'' also respected Helbig's last will and published the obituary only on October 30, 1991.<ref>Rutz, Sibeth, p. 26.</ref>

<gallery widths="280" heights="200" perrow="2">
Grab_Karl_Helbig.jpg|The grave of Karl Helbig at the [[Friedhof Bernadottestraße]] cemetery in Hamburg
Plaque_Helbig.jpg|Commemorative plaque for Karl Helbig
</gallery>

From March 20 to 22, 2003, on the occasion of his 100th birthday, his native city of Hildesheim honored him with a scientific colloquium.<ref>''"Anlässlich des 100. Geburtstages von Karl Helbig …"'' – Kurzbericht im Rundschreiben Nr. 4, Leipzig, 7. April 2003; Hrsg.: ''Arbeitskreis Geschichte der Geographie'' in der [[Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geographie|Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geographie (DGfG)]].</ref> At his last residence in Hamburg-Altona, Bleickenallee 22, a brass memorial plaque commemorates Karl Helbig.

== Expeditions, research and study trips ==

=== In the Dutch Indies (today Indonesia) ===
* 1929: [[Batavian Republic|Batavia]], [[Java]]
* 1931: [[Sumatra]]
* 1937: [[Java]], [[Bangka Belitung Islands|Bangka]], [[Belitung]], [[Bali]], [[Borneo]] ([[Kalimantan]])

=== In Central America ===
* 1953-1954: [[Mexico]], [[Guatemala]], [[El Salvador]], [[Honduras]]
* 1957-1958: Mexico ([[Chiapas]])
* 1962-1963: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, [[British Honduras]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Costa Rica]], [[Panama]]
* 1971-1975: Mexico (Chiapas)

== Ships on which Karl Helbig had signed on (selection) ==
* 1923: S. S. ''Drachenfels'', as trimmer to India
* 1923: S. S. ''Altona'', as trimmer to the Netherlands Indies
* 1925: S. S. ''Ursula Siemers'', as trimmer and stoker to the Mediterranean Sea
* 1925: S. S. ''Schleswig Holstein'', as stoker to Mexico
* 1926: S. S. ''Pontos'', as stoker to the Mediterranean Sea
* 1928: S. S. ''Galicia'', as stoker to the Caribbean (this voyage provided the material for Helbig's last work Seefahrt vor den Feuern)
* 1929: S. S. ''Menes'', as a scrubber to Batavia (studies for his dissertation)
* 1929: S. S. ''Ramses'', as a scrubber back from Batavia
* 1930: S. S. ''Menes'', to Belawan-Deli (studies on Sumatra)
* 1931: S. S. ''Freiburg'', returned from Batavia as a scrubber and steward
* 1934: S. S. ''Oceana'', as stoker to Scandinavia
* 1935: S. S. ''Antioch'', as stoker to West Indies and back
* 1936: S. S. ''Hanau'', as stoker to Batavia and back in 1938 (Borneo crossing).
* 1951: S. S. ''Clara Blumenfeld'', as stoker 1951 to the US, 1952 and 1953 to the North Sea and Baltic Sea
* 1953: M. S. ''Westfalen'', as greaser to Mexico (studies in Honduras)
* 1954: M. S. ''Cläre Hugo Stinnes'', returned from Mexico as a greaser
* 1957: M. S. ''Vulkan'', as assistant paymaster to Cuba and Mexico (studies in Central and Southern Mexico)
* 1958: M. S. ''Augsburg'', returned from Mexico as assistant paymaster
* 1962: M. S. ''Saarland'', as deck clerk to Guatemala (studies in Central America)
* 1963: M. S. ''Leipzig'', returned from Mexico as assistant purser
* 1971: M. S. ''Siegstein'', as purser's assistant to Mexico (studies in Chiapas)
* 1972: T. S. ''Essen'', returned from Mexico as assistant paymaster
* 1975: M. S. ''Frankfurt'', as paymaster assistant to Mexico (studies in Chiapas)
* 1976: M. S. ''Frankfurt'', returned from Mexico as purser's assistant (last voyage as a member of a ship's crew).<ref>Rutz, Sibeth, p. 32.</ref>

== Works ==

=== Books and major essays on Dutch India (Indonesia) ===
[[File:HELBIG-BATAVIA.JPG|thumb|Dissertation front cover]]

* ''Batavia. Eine tropische Stadtlandschaftskunde im Rahmen der Insel Java.'' C. H. Wäsers Druckerei, Bad Segeberg. Ohne Jahresangabe (das Vorwort ist datiert „Hamburg, im Sommer 1930“. Die Prüfung und Wertung dieser Arbeit erfolgte im Juni 1930. In Petermanns Mitteilungen, 78. Jahrgang 1932, Geographischer Literaturbericht p. 314, Literaturbesprechung Nr. 533 wird 1931 als Erscheinungsjahr genannt). – Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde, angenommen von der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Hamburg.
* ''Bei den Orang-Loeboe in Zentral-Sumatra.'' In: Baessler-Archiv, Verlag von Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen), Bd. XVI, pp. 164–187. Berlin 1933.<ref>Die niederländische Schreibweise „oe“ entspricht dem deutschen „u“: „Loeboe“ entspricht somit „Lubu“</ref>
* ''Die Lubu-Sprache auf Sumatra.'' In: Zeitschrift für Eingeborenensprachen, Verlag von Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen), Band XXIV, Heft 1 (1933), pp. 15–58, Band XXIV, Heft 2 (1934), pp. 100–121. Berlin 1933/34.
* ''Bei den Orang Loeboe in Zentral-Sumatra.'' In: Deutsche Wacht, Batavia, Jg. 1934, Nr. 8, pp. 32–33, Nr. 9, pp. 29–31, Nr. 10, pp. 30–33, Nr. 11, pp. 30–31, Nr. 14, pp. 30–32.
* ''Tropischer Urwald und Mensch.'' Langensalza, Verlag von Julius Beltz, Berlin-Leipzig, ohne Jahresangabe (Zwei Auflagen, 1934). – Raum und Volk. Erdkundliche Arbeitshefte. Hrsgg. von Mathias Volkenborn u. [[:de:Severin Rüttgers|Severin Rüttgers]]. Gruppe II. Räume der Sammler und Jäger. Heft 1 [Über Helbigs Reise zu den Orang Lubu].
* ''Tuan Gila. Ein „verrückter Herr“ wandert am Äquator.'' Leipzig, Brockhaus 1934. – [[:de:Reisen und Abenteuer|Reisen und Abenteuer]], Band 54 (Zweite, im Text und Bildmaterial geringfügig erweiterte Auflage: Leipzig, Brockhaus 1945).
* ''Die Welt der Malaien.'' Langensalza, Verlag von Julius Beltz, Berlin-Leipzig, ohne Jahresangabe (1934). – Raum und Volk. Erdkundliche Arbeitshefte. Hrgg. von Mathias Volkenborn u. Severin Rüttgers. Gruppe V. Räume der Braunen und Gelben. Heft 5.
* ''Til kommt nach Sumatra. Das Leben eines deutschen Jungen in den Tropen.'' Gundert, Stuttgart 1935 (zahlreiche Auflagen bis 1957)
* ''Einige Bemerkungen über die sittlichen Zustände und die Erotik der Toba-Batak auf Sumatra.'' In: Baessler-Archiv, Verlag von Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen), Band XVIII, S. 22–37. Berlin 1935.
* ''Das südliche Batakland auf Sumatra.'' In: Ostasiatische Rundschau, Hamburg 19, Jg. 1938, pp. 278–281, 302–305, 329–332, 491–493, 515–517, 540–542.
* ''Die Insel Bangka. Beispiel des Landschafts- und Bedeutungswandels auf Grund einer geographischen „Zufallsform“.'' In: Deutsche Geographische Blätter. Herausgegeben von der Geographischen Gesellschaft in Bremen durch Dr. [[:de:Herbert Abel|Herbert Abel]] unter Mitwirkung von C. Honigsheim. – Schriften der Bremer Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft, Reihe C, Band 43, Heft 3–4, Bremen 1940 (Kommissionsverlag Franz Leuwer). – Habilitationsschrift, angenommen von der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Marburg (auch als Sonderdruck veröffentlicht).
* ''Bangka-Zinn.'' In: Geographischer Anzeiger, 43. Jahrgang 1942, Heft 1/2, pp. 26–29. Hierzu die Tafeln 1 bis 3 mit 6 s/w-Photoabbildungen. Justus Perthes, Gotha 1942.
* ''Beiträge zur Landeskunde von Sumatra. Beobachtungen zwischen Asahan und Barumun, Tobasee und Malaka-Straße.'' Ferdinand Hirt & Sohn, Leipzig 1940. – Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Museums für Länderkunde. Neue Folge 8.
* ''Urwaldwildnis Borneo. 3000 Kilometer Zick-Zack-Marsch durch Asiens größte Insel.'' Gustav Wenzel & Sohn, Braunschweig 1940 (2. Auflage 1941, 3. Auflage 1942; auch erschienen bei Brockhaus, Leipzig 1957).
* ''Hinter- und Insel-Indien (1926–1939/40).'' In: [[:de:Ludwig Mecking|Ludwig Mecking]] (Hrsg.): Geographisches Jahrbuch. Begründet 1866 durch E. Behm, fortgesetzt durch H. Wagner. 57. Jahrgang 1942. Justus Perthes, Gotha 1943. Erster Halbband pp. 138–360, Zweiter Halbband pp. 547–791. Personennamen-Register im 1. Halbband pp. 344–360 (dieser Teil enthält auch Personennamen eines vorangestellten Beitrags), im 2. Halbband pp. 770–791. Zum Personennamen-Register für den Abschnitt C (2. Halbband, Insel-Indien) wurden drei Seiten Berichtigungen nachgeliefert. – Bibliographie der von 1926 bis 1939/40 erschienenen Veröffentlichungen für das Gebiet Hinter- und Insel-Indien von der indisch-burmesisch-chinesischen Grenze bis zu den östlichsten Inseln des Malaiischen Archipels, einschließlich der Andamanen- und Nikobaren-Gruppe, Cocos- und Christmas Islands und der Philippinen. 3.576 Titel sind mit genauen bibliografischen Angaben gelistet. Die Sortierung dieser Titel ist ein seltenes Beispiel einer mustergültigen Fleißarbeit: Nach einer Übersicht über das Gesamtgebiet sind sie regional nach Ländern, innerhalb dieser nach Sachgebieten und in diesen Sachgebieten nach Themengruppen mit einleitenden Erläuterungen geordnet. Wissenschaftlich verwertbare Titel sind mit kurzen kritischen Inhaltsangaben und – sofern vorhanden – mit Hinweisen auf Rezensionen mit Quellenangaben versehen.
* ''Indonesien [Bibliographie].'' In: Naturforschung und Medizin in Deutschland 1939–1946. Für Deutschland bestimmte Ausgabe der ''Fiat Review of German Science''. Band 45 Geographie Teil II, Hrsgg. von Hermann v. Wissmann, Geograph. Institut der Univ. Tübingen. pp. 53–61. Dieterich’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung Inh. W. Klemm, Wiesbaden (ohne Jahresangabe). – Ergänzung der vorgenannten Arbeit. In thematischer Ordnung sind 85 Titel mit einleitenden Kommentaren gelistet.
* ''Einige Bemerkungen zum Weltbild der Ngadjoe-Dajak.'' In: Baessler-Archiv, Verlag von Dietrich Reimer, Bd. XXIV,pp. 60–79. Berlin 1941.
* ''Ferne Tropen-Insel Java. Ein Buch vom Schicksal fremder Menschen und Tiere.'' Gundert, Stuttgart 1946 (2. Auflage 1952).
* ''Ferne Tropen-Insel Java. Ein Buch vom Schicksal fremder Menschen und Tiere.'' Eine Auswahl. Schaffstein, Köln 1950 (2. Auflage 1965). Gekürzte Ausgabe des zuvor genannten Buches: Von Marianne Spitzler mit freundlicher Genehmigung des Verfassers und des Verlages D. Gundert aus Karl Helbig ''Ferne Tropen-Insel Java'' ausgewählt und vom Niedersächsischen Kultusministerium mit Erlass Nr. III/3056/50 vom 27. Juni 1950 für den Schulgebrauch genehmigt. – Einhundertsechzehntes der „Grünen Bändchen“.
* ''Indonesiens Tropenwelt.'' Kosmos/Gesellschaft der Naturfreunde. Franckh’sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart 1947.
* ''Die südostasiatische Inselwelt (Inselindien).'' Franckh’sche Verlagshandlung (In Lizenz des Siebenberg-Verlages, Wien). – Kleine Länderkunden. Unser Wissen von der Erde. Hrsgg. v. Dr. habil. W. Evers, Privatdozent der Geographie an der Technischen Hochschule Hannover, Reihe IV, Heft 7. Stuttgart 1949
* ''Indonesien. Eine auslandskundliche Übersicht der Malaiischen Inselwelt.'' Franz Mittelbach, Stuttgart 1949.
* ''Am Rande des Pazifik. Studien zur Landes- und Kulturkunde Südostasiens.'' Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1949.
* ''Paradies in Licht und Schatten. Erlebtes und Erlauschtes in Inselindien.'' Vieweg, Braunschweig 1949.
* ''Inselindien. Heimat der Malaien.'' Eilers & Schünemann Verlagsgesellschaft mbH., Bremen 1953. – ES-Heft Nr. 92.
* ''Zu Mahamerus Füssen. Wanderungen auf Java.'' Brockhaus, Leipzig 1954.
* ''Die Insel Borneo in Forschung und Schrifttum.'' Im Selbstverlag der Geographischen Gesellschaft Hamburg. In: Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft in Hamburg. Im Auftrage des Vorstandes herausgegeben von Prof. Dr. Franz Termer. Band 52, pp. 105–395. Hierzu die Tafeln 16–24 mit 19 s/w-Photoabbildungen. Hamburg 1955. – Thematisch geordnete und kommentierte Bibliographie, 2410 Werke enthaltend, mit ausführlicher Darstellung der Entdeckungsgeschichte.
* ''Eine Durchquerung der Insel Borneo (Kalimantan). Nach den Tagebüchern aus dem Jahre 1937.'' 2 Bände. Dietrich Reimer Verlag, Berlin 1982. [[:de:Spezial:ISBN Suche/3496001534|ISBN 3-496-00153-4]] (brosch.) und [[:de:Spezial:ISBN Suche/3496001542|ISBN 3-496-00154-2]] (Leinen). – Mit unverändertem Inhalt, jedoch in kleinerem Format, als Sonderband in: Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft in Hamburg, 1982 (2 Bände, Teil 1 und 2).

=== Books and major essays on Central America ===
* ''Die Landschaften von Nordost-Honduras. Auf Grund einer geographischen Studienreise im Jahre 1953.'' Hermann Haack, Gotha 1959. – Ergänzungsheft 268 zu Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen.
* ''Antiguales (Altertümer) der Paya-Region und die Paya-Indianer von Nordost-Honduras (Auf Grund einer geografischen Erkundungsreise im Jahre 1953).'' Museum für Völkerkunde und Vorgeschichte, Hamburg 1956. – Beiträge zur mittelamerikanischen Völkerkunde, Band 3.
* ''Von Mexiko bis zur Mosquitia. Kleine Entdeckungsreise in Mittelamerika.'' Brockhaus, Leipzig 1958.
* ''Indioland am Karibischen Meer. Zentralamerikanische Reise.'' Brockhaus, Leipzig 1961.
* ''Die Landschaft Soconusco im Staate Chiapas, Süd-Mexico, und ihre Kaffeezone.'' Friedrich Trüjen, Bremen 1961. In: Deutsche geographische Blätter, Band 49, Heft 1/2.
* ''Das Stromgebiet des oberen Rio Grijalva. Eine Landschaftsstudie aus Chiapas, Süd-Mexiko.'' In: Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft zu Hamburg, Band 54, pp. 7–274, Hamburg 1961
* ''Zentralamerika. Natürliche Grundlagen, ihre gegenwärtige und künftig mögliche Auswertung.'' In: Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen, 108. Jahrgang, pp. 160–181 und 241–260, mit 40 s/w-Abbildungen auf 8 Tafeln. VEB Hermann Haack, Gotha 1964
* ''So sah ich Mexiko – Forschungsfahrt von Tampico bis Chiapas.'' Brockhaus, Leipzig 1962.
* ''Die Wirtschaft Zentralamerikas. Kartographisch dargestellt und erläutert.'' Institut für Iberoamerika-Kunde, Hamburg 1966.
* ''Unter Kreolen, Indios und Ladinos: Von Belize bis Panama – Reiseeindrücke aus den sieben Ländern Zentralamerikas.'' Brockhaus, Leipzig 1966.
* ''So sah ich Mexiko – Von Monterrey bis Tapachula.'' Brockhaus, Leipzig 1967 (Neuauflage der Ausgabe von 1962).
* ''Chiapas: Geografia de un Estado Mexicano'' (2 Textbände und 1 Kartenband). Instituto de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez (Chiapas), 1976.

=== Books and major essays on other topics ===
* ''Kurt Imme fährt nach Indien. Die Geschichte von der ersten Seereise eines Hamburger Schiffsjungen.'' Gundert, Stuttgart 1933 (zahlreiche Auflagen bis 1955).
* ''Levantepott im Mittelmeer. Kurt Immes abenteuerliche Seefahrt mit Mustafa, Krischan und den Dalmatinern. Für deutsche Jungen erzählt.'' Gundert, Stuttgart 1934.
* ''Nordkap in Sicht. Eine unerwartete Nordlandreise.'' Gundert, Stuttgart 1935.
* ''Vorderindien'' (zusammen mit R. E. Kaltofen). In: Fritz Kluthe (Hrsg.): Handbuch der Geographischen Wissenschaft. Band Vorder- und Südasien, pp. 212–326. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Athenaion, Potsdam 1937.
* ''Von den Ländern und Meeren der Welt.'' D. Gundert, Stuttgart 1947. – Wir fangen an. Ein Ruf an die Jugend und ein Wort auf den Weg. Eine Schriftenreihe begründet von Friedrich Gundert † herausgegeben von Kurt Müller. Heft 4.
* ''Trampfahrt in die Levante: Erlebnisse und Abenteuer mit allerlei Schiffsvolk auf blauen Wassern für die Jugend erzählt.'' Gundert, Stuttgart 1950. – Gunderts Blaue Jugendbücher (Neufassung des 1934 erschienenen Buches „Levantepott im Mittelmeer“).
* Seefahrt vor den Feuern. Erinnerungen eines Schiffsheizers. H. G. Prager Vlg., Hamburg 1987 (2. durchgesehene Auflage 1988).

Some books were translated into Czech, Slovak, Swedish and Russian, works on Central America into Spanish. For decades, Mrs. Gertrud Tischner, wife of the South Seas explorer Herbert Tischner, contributed as a book illustrator.

=== Smaller writings ===
About 600 essays, treatises, teaching templates, and book reviews were published in youth and professional journals, as well as in domestic and foreign daily newspapers.<ref>Rutz, Sibeth, p. 62.</ref> One of the most important organs for Helbig's early articles was the magazine ''[[Deutsche Wacht]]'' published in Batavia. Outstanding are the numerous illustrated articles published from 1948 to 1974 in the yearbook series "Durch die weite Welt", Stuttgart, Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* Werner Röll: ''Karl Helbig. Leben und Werk''. In: Bernhard Dahm (Hrsg.): ''Asien. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Politik, Wirtschaft und Kultur''. Im Auftrage der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Asienkunde e. V., Hamburg. Nr. 26, Januar 1988, pp. 59–63.
* [[:de:Rüdiger Siebert|Rüdiger Siebert]]: ''Geograph und Seemann, Wissenschaftler und Welterkunder: Karl Helbig (1903–1991)''. In: [[:de:Ingrid Wessel|Ingrid Wessel]] (Hrsg.): ''Indonesien am Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts. Analysen zu 50 Jahren unabhängiger Entwicklung – Deutsche in Indonesien''. 2. Auflage. Abera, Hamburg 1999, [[:de:Spezial:ISBN Suche/393437607X|ISBN 3-934376-07-X]].
* [[:de:Rüdiger Siebert|Rüdiger Siebert]]: ''Promovierter Dampfschiff-Heizer erforscht Borneo. Karl Helbig, Geograph und Seemann''. In: ''Deutsche Spuren in Indonesien. Zehn Lebensläufe in bewegten Zeiten''. Horlemann, Bad Honnef 2002, pp. 154–173.
* Werner Rutz, Achim Sibeth (Hrsg.): ''Karl Helbig – Wissenschaftler und Schiffsheizer. Sein Lebenswerk aus heutiger Sicht. Rückblick zum 100. Geburtstag''. Olms, Hildesheim u. a. 2004, [[:de:Spezial:ISBN Suche/3487127210|ISBN 3-487-12721-0]]. (Inhaltsverzeichnis als [http://www.gbv.de/dms/goettingen/39303142X.pdf Digitalisat], PDF-Datei).

== External links ==

* {{DNB-Portal|128547553}}
* Michael von Beckerath: ''Erinnerungen an Karl Helbig.'' In: EisbärPost. Informationen für Mitglieder und Freunde des Vereins Dampf-Eisbrecher STETTIN e.V. [http://www.dampf-eisbrecher-stettin.de/downloads/EBP14kl.pdf online] (PDF; see page 3; 4,8 MB)
* [[:de:Rüdiger Siebert|Rüdiger Siebert]]: ''Tuan Gila – Wissenschaftler und Weltenbummler. Ein „verrückter Herr“ wandert am Äquator'' [http://www.adtractive.de/dig_new/leseproben-tuan-gila-wissenschaftler-und-weltenbummler-ein-verrueckter-herr-wandert-am-aequator/ Leseprobe], veröffentlicht von der Deutsch-Indonesischen Gesellschaft e.V., Köln (2011).
* [[:de:Rüdiger Siebert|Rüdiger Siebert]]: ''Herausforderung Indonesien. Macht, Kritik, Befreiung – Niederländische Kolonialgeschichte im Spiegel deutscher Lebensläufe'' [Gustav Wilhelm Baron von Imhoff - Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn - Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen - Max Dauthendey - Emil Helfferich - Hans Overbeck - Karl Helbig - Walter Spies].

[[Category:German geographers]]
[[Category:German ethnologists]]
[[Category:Central America]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:1903 births]]

Miss Universe 2021

2023-10-01T23:49:17Z

Ravish: Miss Universe 2020

{{short description|70th edition of the Miss Universe competition}}
{{for|the 69th edition of the pageant held in May 2021|Miss Universe 2020}}

{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox beauty pageant
| image = Sandhu graces Vineet Jain’s Miss Universe 2021 success bash.jpg
| caption = [[Harnaaz Sandhu]], Miss Universe 2021
| venue = Universe Dome, [[Port of Eilat]], [[Eilat]], Israel
| date = 13 December 2021{{efn|name=Date|The event was televised live at 02:00 [[Israel Standard Time]] ([[UTC+02:00]]); for the Americas, this was 12 December in their local times.}}
| presenters = {{Hlist|[[Steve Harvey]]|[[Carson Kressley]]|[[Cheslie Kryst]]†}}
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[JoJo (singer)|JoJo]]|[[Noa Kirel]]|[[Harel Skaat]]|Narkis|Valerie Hamaty}}
| broadcaster = '''International''': {{Hlist|[[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]]|[[Telemundo]]}}'''Official broadcaster''': {{Hlist|[[yes Drama]]|[[Yes (Israel)|yes VOD]]|[[Yes (Israel)#STINGTV|STINGTV]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Manhardt |first=Yifat |date=December 13, 2021 |title=הזוכה במיס יוניברס: הרנאז סאנדאו מהודו |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/laisha/article/bkvc6mn5k |website=[[Ynet]] |language=he}}</ref>}}
| placements = 16
| entrants = 80
| debuts = {{Hlist|Bahrain}}
| withdraws = {{Hlist|Barbados|Belize|Indonesia|Malaysia|Myanmar|Uruguay}}
| returns = {{Hlist|Equatorial Guinea|Germany|Greece|Guatemala|Hungary|Kenya|Morocco|Namibia|Nigeria|Sweden|Turkey}}
| winner ='''[[Harnaaz Sandhu]]'''
| represented = {{flagicon|IND}} India
| congeniality =
| best national costume = Maristella Okpala {{flagicon|NGR}} Nigeria
| before = [[Miss Universe 2020|2020]]
| next = [[Miss Universe 2022|2022]]
}}

[[File:70th Anniversary Logo of the Miss Universe.png|thumb|Logo of the 70th anniversary of Miss Universe|250x250px]]

'''Miss Universe 2021''' was the 70th [[Miss Universe]] pageant, held at the Universe Dome in [[Eilat]], Israel on December 13, 2021.{{efn|name=Date}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-13 |title=India's Harnaaz Sandhu becomes Miss Universe 2021, brings the crown home after 21 years |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/fashion/indias-harnaaz-sandhu-becomes-miss-universe-2021-brings-the-crown-home-after-21-years-101639365295953.html |access-date=2021-12-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

At the end of the event, [[Andrea Meza]] of Mexico crowned [[Harnaaz Sandhu]] of India as Miss Universe 2021. It is India's first victory in 21 years, and the third victory of the country in the pageant's history. Sandhu became the first ever [[Sikhs|Sikh]] to win the title of Miss Universe, and the first contestant born in the 2000s to win in any of the [[Big Four international beauty pageants]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=India's contestant wins Miss Universe in ceremony in Eilat|url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/flashes/560781|access-date=2021-12-13|website=Israel National News|date=13 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/harnaaz-means-everyones-pride-she-proved-that-today-7671604/lite/|title='Harnaaz means everyone's pride, she proved that today'|language=English|date=14 December 2021|work=The Indian Express|first=Hina|last=Rohtaki}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiablooms.com/news-details/N/77823/harnaaz-sandhu-is-the-first-sikh-woman-to-win-miss-universe-title.html|title=Harnaaz Sandhu is the first Sikh woman to win Miss Universe title|date=15 December 2021}}</ref>

Contestants from 80 countries and territories competed in this year's pageant. The competition featured the return of [[Steve Harvey]] as host; Harvey last served as host during [[Miss Universe 2019]]. [[Cheslie Kryst]], who previously crowned as [[Miss USA 2019]], and [[Carson Kressley]] served as backstage correspondents. [[JoJo (singer)|JoJo]], [[Noa Kirel]], [[Harel Skaat]], Valerie Hamaty, and Narkis performed in this year's pageant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vollman |first=Taylor |date=December 12, 2021 |title=Miss Universe 2021 Judges, Host & Performers |url=https://heavy.com/entertainment/miss-universe-2021-judges-host-performers/ |access-date=April 9, 2022 |website=Heavy.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":4" />

The competition also featured the return of [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] as the official broadcaster of the show after being absent for the [[Miss Universe 2020|previous edition]]. It was broadcast to hundreds of millions of viewers in 172 countries. This was also the final edition to be aired on an American broadcast television network.<ref name=":4">{{cite web | last=Spiro | first=Amy | title=Israel's beauty on full display as India takes the crown at Miss Universe in Eilat | website=The Times of Israel | date=2021-12-13 | url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israels-beauty-on-full-display-as-india-takes-the-crown-at-miss-universe-in-eilat/ | access-date=2021-12-19}}</ref>

==Background==

===Location and date===

[[File:Eilat's Harbor.JPG|thumb|[[Port of Eilat]], the venue of Miss Universe 2021|250x250px]]

In January 2021, the Miss Universe Organization was reportedly in talks to host the 2021 edition of the competition in Costa Rica in late 2021 or early 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Morkel |first=Graye |date=1 February 2021 |title=Costa Rica could host Miss Universe pageant – report |url=https://www.news24.com/channel/the-juice/news/pageant/costa-rica-could-host-miss-universe-pageant-report-20210201 |access-date=17 June 2022 |website=[[News24 (website)|News24]] |language=en-US}}</ref> The negotiations were later confirmed by Gustavo Segura, serving as the Minister of Tourism in the [[government of Costa Rica]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Herrera |first=Kimberly |date=January 29, 2021 |title=Miss Universo: Costa Rica negocia con organización para ser sede del certamen de belleza |url=https://www.nacion.com/viva/farandula/miss-universo-costa-rica-negocia-con-organizacion/6GAY6J3STJHG5AWOIX72AXBFDE/story/ |website=Nacion |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 29, 2021 |title=Costa Rica quiere ser anfitrión del Miss Universo |url=https://www.vostv.com.ni/farandula/16196-miss-universo-2021-costa-rica-belleza/ |website=vostv.com.ni |language=es}}</ref> In May 2021, in her first interview to ''[[People en Español]]'' after her coronation, [[Andrea Meza]] stated that the next edition of the pageant could possibly take place at the end of 2021. She also acknowledged the fact that her reign would be one of the shortest in the history of the pageant.{{efn|Andrea Meza's reign would be the shortest to complete her reign. [[Oxana Fedorova]], the original winner of [[Miss Universe 2002]], remains the shortest reign in the organization's history but was soon dethroned to pass the title to the first runner-up.}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rocha |first=Kika |date=May 21, 2021 |title=Miss Universo Andrea Meza: nuestra reina |url=https://peopleenespanol.com/celebridades/miss-universo-andrea-meza-se-confiesa-entrevista-portada-digital/ |website=[[People en Español]] |language=es}}</ref>

Two months after the interview, the Miss Universe Organization confirmed that the competition would be in [[Eilat]], Israel in December 2021.<ref name="announcement">{{Cite web |date=July 20, 2021 |title=Miss Universe 2021 to be held in Israel, Steve Harvey to return as host |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2021/07/20/miss-universe-2021-israel-steve-harvey-return-host/8024225002/ |access-date=July 20, 2021 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> On October 27, 2021, the pageant was confirmed to be on December 12, 2021, at the Universe Dome, a custom-built and temporary arena imported to Eilat from Portugal. Also announced was that the chosen venue was to work with maximum capacity (5,000 spectators) to avoid precautious concerns on a potential COVID-19 resurgence, after the 2020 pageant (held in May 2021) was scaled down to 1,750 spectators (nearly one-quarter of the venue capacity) due to the ongoing worldwide [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name="cnn philippines">{{cite web|url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/entertainment/2021/10/27/Miss-Universe-2021-coronation-date-December-.html|title=Miss Universe 2021 announces coronation date|date=October 27, 2021|work=[[CNN Philippines]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://press.missuniverse.com/listanevent.php?events=2746&section=current|title=The Miss Universe Organization, the Israeli Ministry of Tourism and the city of Eilat today announced that the 70th MISS UNIVERSE competition will air live from Eilat, Israel on December 12, 2021 at 7 p.m. EST. Israeli singer and international star, Noa Kirel, will perform at the competition.|publisher=[[Miss Universe]]|date=27 October 2021|accessdate=9 November 2021}}</ref>

===Selection of participants===
Contestants from 80 countries and territories were selected to compete in the competition. Twenty-seven of these delegates were appointees to their positions after being a runner-up of their national pageant or being selected through a casting process, while two were selected to replace the original dethroned winner.

==== Replacements ====
[[Amandine Petit]], [[Miss France 2021]], was initially supposed to compete in Miss Universe 2021, while [[Clémence Botino]], [[Miss France 2020]], was supposed to compete in [[Miss Universe 2020]]. A switch happened between the two delegates due to a potential date conflict between Miss Universe 2021 and [[Miss France 2022]], at which Petit was contractually obligated to be present.<ref name="france2">{{Cite web |date=March 15, 2021 |title=La Caennaise Amandine Petit, Miss France 2021, concourra au titre de Miss Univers |url=https://www.francebleu.fr/infos/medias-people/la-caennaise-amandine-petit-miss-france-2021-concourra-au-titre-de-miss-univers-1615833393 |access-date=March 15, 2021 |website=[[France Bleu]] |language=fr}}</ref> Debbie Aflalo, originally the first runner-up of Miss Dominican Republic 2021, was appointed to represent the country after the original winner, [[Andreína Martínez]], tested positive for [[COVID-19]] shortly before her scheduled departure.<ref name="Dominican Republic2">{{cite web |date=16 November 2021 |title=This is Debbie Aflalo, the new Dominican Republic representative in Miss Universe |url=https://dominicantoday.com/dr/local/2021/11/16/this-is-debbie-aflalo-the-new-dominican-republic-representative-in-miss-universe/}}</ref> Kawtar Benhalima, originally the first runner-up of Miss Universe Morocco 2021, was appointed to represent the country after the original winner, Fatima-Zahra Khayat, was injured in a car accident.<ref name="morocco2">{{Cite web |date=November 10, 2021 |title=L'image du jour. Et la remplaçante de Fatima-Zahra Khayat au concours Miss Univers est... |url=https://www.h24info.ma/culture/limage-du-jour-et-la-remplacante-de-fatima-zahra-khayat-au-concours-miss-univers-est/ |access-date=November 12, 2021 |website=h24info.ma |language=fr}}</ref>

==== Debuts, returns, and withdrawals ====
The 2021 edition saw the debut of Bahrain and the return of Equatorial Guinea, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, Kenya, Morocco, Namibia, Nigeria, Sweden, and Turkey; Morocco last competed in [[Miss Universe 1978|1978]], which makes the country's first time to compete after four decades of withdrawing from Miss Universe,<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 24, 2021 |title=Miss Universe Morocco |url=https://missuniversemorocco.com/ |access-date=October 24, 2021 |website=missuniversemorocco.com |language=fr}}</ref> Greece, Guatemala, and Hungary last competed in [[Miss Universe 2018|2018]], while the others last competed in [[Miss Universe 2019|2019]]. Barbados, Belize, Indonesia, and Malaysia withdrew for [[Travel during the COVID-19 pandemic|travel restrictions]] while Myanmar and Uruguay withdrew for undisclosed reasons.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Morkel |first=Graye |date=September 14, 2021 |title=Barbados withdraws participation from Miss Universe 2021 |url=https://www.news24.com/channel/the-juice/news/pageant/barbados-withdraws-participation-from-miss-universe-2021-20210914 |access-date=May 4, 2022 |website=Channel24 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Morkel |first=Graye |date=August 18, 2021 |title=Malaysia withdraws from Miss Universe 2021 |url=https://www.news24.com/channel/the-juice/news/pageant/malaysia-withdraws-from-miss-universe-2021-20210818 |access-date=May 4, 2022 |website=Channel24 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2021 |title=Announcement on behalf of the Miss Universe Belize Organization |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CUxygDnFlN4/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/CUxygDnFlN4 |archive-date=2021-12-23 |publisher=[[Miss Belize|Miss Universe Belize]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=28 November 2021 |title=Indonesia withdraws from 70th Miss Universe Competition in Israel |url=https://mb.com.ph/2021/11/28/indonesia-withdraws-from-70th-miss-universe-competition-in-israel/ |work=[[Manila Bulletin]]}}</ref> Expected to debut in the competition was the United Arab Emirates, but plans changed following the cancellation of its national pageant.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 October 2021 |title=Dubai to host first-ever Miss Universe UAE |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/dubai-to-host-first-ever-miss-universe-uae |work=[[Khaleej Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 October 2021 |title=Buat pertama kalinya, Dubai jadi tuan rumah Miss Universe UAE |url=https://www.utusan.com.my/luar-negara/2021/10/buat-pertama-kalinya-dubai-jadi-tuan-rumah-miss-universe-uae/ |work=Utusan Malaysia |language=Malay}}</ref>

Botino later tested positive for COVID-19 upon arriving in Israel, and was taken to a government [[Isolation (health care)|isolation]] hotel. She had been fully vaccinated, and had tested upon departure.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jaffe-Hoffman |first1=Maayan |date=November 29, 2021 |title=Miss France tests positive for COVID-19 in Israel |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/miss-universe-contestant-tests-positive-for-covid-19-in-israel-report-687310 |access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref> Botino was released from quarantine after ten days and was authorized to rejoin the competition.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Spiro |first1=Amy |date=8 December 2021 |title=After 10 days, Miss Universe contender who contracted COVID cleared to compete |work=[[Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/after-10-days-miss-universe-contender-who-contracted-covid-cleared-to-compete/ |access-date=9 December 2021}}</ref>

=== Incidents before the pageant ===
Miss South Africa [[Lalela Mswane]], who eventually finished as the second runner-up at the pageant, was called upon to withdraw from the pageant due to the fact that it was held to be in Israel. She refused to boycott the competition despite strong pressure from the South African government, which withdrew their support after many tryouts to persuade Mswane and South African franchising owners to pull out of the pageant. Minister of Arts, Sport and Culture. [[Nathi Mthethwa]] announced that the government refused to associate itself with the pageant as “the atrocities committed by Israel against Palestinians are well documented.”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-19 |title=Furor over Miss South Africa appearing in pageant in Israel |url=https://apnews.com/article/entertainment-africa-arts-and-entertainment-israel-middle-east-3b8330dd36c903ba81854a49790366b0 |access-date=2021-12-18 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Government Urges Miss South Africa to Boycott Miss Universe Pageant in Israel |language=en |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/government-urges-miss-south-africa-to-boycott-miss-universe-pageant-in-israel-1.10387020 |access-date=2021-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-16 |title=South Africa shuns beauty queen over Miss Universe pageant in Israel |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/miss-south-africa-israel-pageant-palestine-b1958414.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220515/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/miss-south-africa-israel-pageant-palestine-b1958414.html |archive-date=15 May 2022 |access-date=2021-12-18 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref>

==Results==
===Placements===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! Placement
! Contestant
|-
| '''Miss Universe 2021'''
|
*'''{{Flag|India}}''' – '''[[Harnaaz Sandhu]]<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-12-13 |title=LIVE UPDATES: 70th Miss Universe coronation |url=https://cnnphilippines.com/lifestyle/2021/12/13/70th-Miss-Universe-2021-coronation-live-updates.html |access-date=2021-12-13 |website=[[CNN|CNN Philippines]]}}</ref>'''
|-
| 1st runner-up
|
*{{Flag|Paraguay}} – [[Nadia Ferreira]]<ref name=":5" />
|-
| 2nd runner-up
|
*{{Flag|South Africa}} – [[Lalela Mswane]]<ref name=":5" />
|-
| Top 5
|
*{{Flag|Colombia}} – [[Valeria Ayos]]<ref name=":5" />
*{{Flag|Philippines}} – [[Beatrice Gomez]]<ref name=":5" />
|-
| Top 10
|
*{{Flag|Aruba}} – Thessaly Zimmerman<ref name=":5" />
*{{Flag|France}} – [[Clémence Botino]]<ref name=":5" />
*{{Flag|Puerto Rico}} – [[Michelle Colón]]<ref name=":5" />
*{{Flag|The Bahamas}} – Chantel O'Brian<ref name=":5" />
*{{Flag|United States}} – [[Elle Smith]]<ref name=":5" />
|-
| Top 16
|
*{{Flag|Great Britain}} – Emma Collingridge<ref name=":5" />
*{{Flag|Japan}} – Juri Watanabe<ref name=":5" />
*{{Flag|Panama}} – [[Brenda Smith (model)|Brenda Smith]]<ref name=":5" />
*{{Flag|Singapore}} – [[Nandita Banna]]<ref name=":5" />
*{{Flag|Venezuela}} – [[Luiseth Materán]] <ref name=":5" />
*{{Flag|Vietnam}} – [[Nguyễn Huỳnh Kim Duyên]] §<ref name=":5" />
|}
§ - Voted into the Top 16 by viewers

===Special awards===
{| class="wikitable sortable unsortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! Award
! Contestant
|-
| Best National Costume
|
*{{Flag|Nigeria}} – Maristella Okpala<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=December 13, 2021 |title=The Winners Of Miss Universe 2021's Special Awards |url=https://metro.style/people/society-personalities/winners-of-miss-universe-2021-special-awards/32037 |access-date=April 27, 2022 |website=[[Metro Channel|Metro.Style]]}}</ref>
|-
|Spirit of Carnival Award
|
*{{Flag|The Bahamas}} – Chantel O'Brian<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 11, 2021 |title=Miss Bahamas wins Spirit of Carnival Award at Miss Universe 2021 |url=https://caribbean.loopnews.com/content/miss-bahamas-wins-spirit-carnival-award-miss-universe-2021 |access-date=April 27, 2022 |website=Loop News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Social Impact Award
|
*{{Flag|Chile}} – Antonia Figueroa<ref name=":0" />
|}

== Pageant ==

=== Format ===
The Miss Universe Organization introduced several specific changes to the format for this edition. The number of semifinalists was reduced to 16— the same number of semifinalists in [[Miss Universe 2017|2017]]. The results of the preliminary competition— which consisted of the swimsuit and evening gown competition, and the closed-door interview, determined the 16 semifinalists selected at large. The internet voting is still being implemented, with fans being able to vote for another delegate to advance into the semifinals. The top 16 competed in the swimsuit competition and were narrowed down to the top 10 afterward. The top 10 competed in the evening gown competition and were narrowed down to the top 5 afterward. The top 5 competed in the preliminary question and answer round, and the final 3 was chosen. The final word portion was brought back, after which Miss Universe 2021 and her two runners-up were announced.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Requintina |first=Robert |date=December 7, 2021 |title=LOOK! The stage for 70th Miss Universe Competition in Israel |url=https://mb.com.ph/2021/12/07/look-the-stage-for-70th-miss-universe-competition-in-israel/ |access-date=May 3, 2022 |website=[[Manila Bulletin]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Selection committee ===
*[[Lori Harvey]] – American model and daughter of [[Steve Harvey]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Severo |first=Jan Milo |date=December 11, 2021 |title=Marian Rivera sits alongside Adriana Lima as Miss Universe 2021 judge |url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2021/12/11/2147287/marian-rivera-sits-alongside-adriana-lima-miss-universe-2021-judge |access-date=May 4, 2022 |website=[[Philippine Star]]}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2021 |title=Titleholders Iris Mittenaere and Rina Mor among Miss Universe 2021 judges |url=https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/pageants/iris-mittenaere-rina-mor-judges-miss-universe-2021/ |access-date=May 4, 2022 |website=[[Rappler]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Adriana Lima]] – Brazilian model<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
*[[Adamari López]] – Puerto Rican actress<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
*[[Iris Mittenaere]] – [[Miss Universe 2016]] from France<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
*[[Urvashi Rautela]] – Indian actress and [[Miss Diva 2015|Miss Universe India 2015]]<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
*[[Marian Rivera]] – Filipino actress and model<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
*[[Rena Sofer]] – American actress ''(only as final telecast judge)<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />''
*[[Cheslie Kryst]] † – American television presenter and [[Miss USA 2019]] ''(only as preliminary judge)<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />''
*[[Rina Mor]] – [[Miss Universe 1976]] from Israel ''(only as preliminary judge)<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />''

==Contestants==
[[File:Miss Universe 2021 map.png|thumb|250x250px|Miss Universe 2021 participating countries and territories.]]80 contestants competed for the title.<ref name="2021 Delegates">{{cite web|url=https://missuniverse.com/delegates|title=70th Miss Universe Delegates|website=Miss Universe|access-date=November 9, 2021}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! Country/Territory !! Contestant !! Age{{efn|name=A|Ages at the time of the pageant}} !! Hometown
|-
| {{flagicon|ALB}} [[Miss Universe Albania|Albania]] || Ina Dajci<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2021 |title=Ina Dajçi zgjedhet Miss Universe Albania 2021 |url=https://klankosova.tv/ina-dajci-zgjedhet-miss-universe-albania-20211/ |access-date=September 5, 2021 |website=[[Klan Kosova]] |language=sq}}</ref> || 27 || [[Tirana]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Miss Argentina|Argentina]] || Julieta García<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bahia.telefe.com/locales/una-modelo-bahiense-competira-para-ser-miss-universo/|title=Una modelo bahiense competirá para ser Miss Universo|date=October 17, 2021|website=[[Telefe Bahía Blanca]]|access-date=October 17, 2021|language=es}}</ref> || 22 || [[Bahía Blanca]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ARM}} [[Miss Armenia|Armenia]] || Nane Avetisyan<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barbu |first=Andreea |date=September 24, 2021 |title=Cum am ajuns să fiu prietenă cu Nane Avetisyan, Miss Armenia 2021? |url=https://www.araratonline.com/cum-am-ajuns-sa-fiu-prietena-cu-nane-avetisyan-miss-armenia-2021/ |access-date=September 24, 2021 |website=araratonline.com |language=ro}}</ref> || 24 || [[Yerevan]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ARU}} [[Miss Aruba|Aruba]] || Thessaly Zimmerman<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coulibaly |first=Justin |date=August 2, 2021 |title=Thessaly Zimmerman est Miss Univers Aruba 2021 |url=https://www.afrik.com/antilles-thessaly-zimmerman-est-miss-univers-aruba-2021 |access-date=September 22, 2021 |website=afrik.com |language=fr}}</ref> || 27 || [[Oranjestad, Aruba|Oranjestad]]
|-
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Miss Universe Australia|Australia]] || Daria Varlamova<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usmail24.com/miss-universe-australia-2021-russian-immigrant-daria-varlamova-27-takes-the-title/|title=Miss Universe Australia 2021: Russian immigrant Daria Varlamova, 27, takes the title|last=Weisz|first=Rachel|date=October 20, 2021|website=USMAIL24|access-date=October 22, 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026063358/https://usmail24.com/miss-universe-australia-2021-russian-immigrant-daria-varlamova-27-takes-the-title/|url-status=dead}}</ref> || 27 || [[Melbourne]]
|-
| {{flagicon|BAH}} [[Miss Universe Bahamas|The Bahamas]] || Chantel O'Brian<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribune242.com/news/2021/oct/05/she-did-it-again-former-miss-world-new-miss-univer/|title=She Did it Again! Former Miss World is the New Miss Universe|last=Cadet|first=Alesha|date=October 5, 2021|newspaper=The Tribune|access-date=October 6, 2021}}</ref> || 27 || [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]]
|-
| {{flagicon|BHR}} [[Miss Bahrain|Bahrain]] || Manar Deyani<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/lifestyle/fashion/2021/11/30/meet-the-first-miss-universe-bahrain-manar-nadeem-deyani/|title=Meet the first Miss Universe Bahrain: Manar Nadeem Deyani|date=November 30, 2021|website= National News|access-date=December 1, 2021}}</ref>|| 25 || [[Riffa]]
|-
| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Miss Belgium|Belgium]] || [[Kedist Deltour]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2021/03/31/kedist-deltour-23-gekroond-tot-miss-belgie-2021/|title=Kedist Deltour (23) gekroond tot Miss België 2021|last=De Wolf|first=Ludwig|date=April 1, 2021|website=[[VRT (broadcaster)|Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroeporganisatie]]|access-date=September 3, 2021|language=nl}}</ref> || 24 || [[Nazareth, Belgium|Nazareth]]
|-
| {{flagicon|BOL}} [[Miss Bolivia|Bolivia]] || Nahemi Uequin<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 28, 2021 |title=Nahemi Uequin de Santa Cruz es la Miss Bolivia 2021 |url=https://correodelsur.com/cultura/20210828_nahemi-uequin-de-santa-cruz-es-la-miss-bolivia-2021.html |access-date=August 29, 2021 |language=es |newspaper=[[Correo del Sur]]}}</ref> || 20 || [[Santa Cruz de la Sierra|Santa Cruz]]
|-
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Miss Brasil|Brazil]] || [[Teresa Santos]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://revistaquem.globo.com/QUEM-News/noticia/2021/11/teresa-santos-e-miss-brasil-2021.html|title=Teresa Santos é a Miss Brasil 2021|date=November 10, 2021|website=[[Quem (magazine)|Quem]]|access-date=November 9, 2021|language=pt}}</ref> || 23 || [[Maranguape]]
|-
| {{flagicon|VGB}} [[Miss British Virgin Islands|British Virgin Islands]] || Xaria Penn<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 26, 2021 |title=Xaria Penn Crowned Miss Universe BVI |url=https://www.bviplatinum.com/news.php?articleId=33137 |access-date=September 26, 2021 |website=Virgin Islands Platinum News}}</ref> || 18 || [[Tortola]]
|-
| {{flagicon|BUL}} [[Miss Universe Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] || Elena Danova<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.tube-24.com/news/5079.html|title=Elena from Krichim represents Bulgaria at "Miss Universe 2021"|date=October 28, 2021|website=News Tube 24|access-date=October 28, 2021|archive-date=29 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029003817/https://news.tube-24.com/news/5079.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> || 21 || [[Krichim]]
|-
| {{flagicon|KHM}} [[Miss Cambodia|Cambodia]] || [[Ngin Marady]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.popular.com.kh/entertainment/382398.html/|title=អបអរសាទរ! រកឃើញម្ចាស់មកុដ Miss Universe Cambodia ប្រចាំឆ្នាំ ២០២១ គឺកញ្ញា ងិន ម៉ារ៉ាឌី|date=October 29, 2021|website=Popular Magazine|access-date=October 29, 2021|language=km}}</ref> || 22 || [[Phnom Penh]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Miss Cameroon|Cameroon]] ||Michèle-Ange Minkata<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afrik.com/michele-ange-minkata-est-miss-univers-cameroun-2021|title=Michèle Ange Minkata est Miss Univers Cameroun 2021|last=Coulibaly|first=Justin|date=November 9, 2021|website=afrik.com|access-date=November 9, 2021|language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=December 11, 2021 |title=Miss Universe 2021: Nigeria, South Africa, Ghana and Cameroon representatives for dis year edition of di beauty pageant |work=[[BBC News Pidgin]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-59622410 |access-date=May 16, 2022}}</ref>|| 27 || [[Yaoundé]]
|-
| {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Miss Universe Canada|Canada]] || Tamara Jemuovic<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 12, 2021 |title=Tamara Jemuovic es la Miss Universe Canada 2021 |url=https://www.notitarde.com/uncategorized/tamara-jemuovic-miss-universe-canada-2021/ |access-date=September 5, 2021 |language=es |newspaper=[[Notitarde]] |archive-date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005162616/https://www.notitarde.com/uncategorized/tamara-jemuovic-miss-universe-canada-2021/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 27 || [[Toronto]]
|-
| {{flagicon|CYM}} [[Miss Cayman Islands|Cayman Islands]] || Georgina Kerford<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Andrel |date=September 19, 2021 |title=Kerford crowned Miss Cayman Islands Universe 2021 |url=https://www.caymancompass.com/2021/09/19/kerford-crowned-miss-cayman-islands-universe-2021/ |access-date=September 22, 2021 |website=Cayman Compass}}</ref> || 18 || [[George Town, Cayman Islands|George Town]]
|-
| {{flagicon|CHL}} [[Miss Universo Chile|Chile]] || Antonia Figueroa<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 11, 2021 |title=Miss Universo Chile: Antonia Figueroa, Miss Coquimbo, es la sucesora de Daniela Nicolás |url=https://www.terra.cl/entretenimiento/2021/9/11/miss-universo-chile-antonia-figueroa-miss-coquimbo-es-la-sucesora-de-daniela-nicolas-8987.html |access-date=September 11, 2021 |website=[[Terra (company)|Terra]] |language=es}}</ref> || 26 || [[La Serena, Chile|La Serena]]
|-
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Miss Universe China|China]] || Yang Shi Yin<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jhnews.com.cn/xw/sh/202111/t20211109_498842.shtml|title=金华妹子摘环球小姐中国区桂冠|date=November 9, 2021|website=jhnews.com.cn|access-date=November 9, 2021|language=zh}}</ref> || 20 || [[Beijing]]
|-
| {{flagicon|COL}} [[Miss Universe Colombia|Colombia]] || [[Valeria Ayos]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 18, 2021 |title=Valeria María Ayos, de Cartagena, es la nueva Miss Universe Colombia |url=https://www.elpais.com.co/entretenimiento/valeria-maria-ayos-de-cartagena-es-la-nueva-miss-universe-colombia.html |access-date=October 19, 2021 |language=es |newspaper=[[El País (Cali)|El País]]}}</ref> || 27 || [[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena]]
|-
| {{flagicon|CRC}} [[Miss Costa Rica|Costa Rica]] || Valeria Rees<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 30, 2021 |title=Valeria Rees fue nombrada Miss Costa Rica 2021 |url=https://www.teletica.com/entretenimiento/valeria-rees-fue-nombrada-miss-costa-rica-2021_293944? |access-date=August 30, 2021 |website=[[Teletica]] |language=es}}</ref> || 28 || [[Heredia, Costa Rica|Heredia]]
|-
| {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Miss Universe Croatia|Croatia]] || Ora Ivanišević<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 14, 2021 |title=Dubrovkinja Ora Antonia Ivanišević je Miss Universe Hrvatske! |url=https://dulist.hr/dubrovkinja-ora-antonia-ivanisevic-je-miss-universe-hrvatske/719979/ |access-date=July 14, 2021 |website=DuList |language=hr}}</ref> || 20 || [[Dubrovnik]]
|-
| {{flagicon|CUR}} [[Miss Curaçao|Curaçao]] || Shariëngela Cijntje<ref>{{Cite web |last=Drayer |first=Dick |date=July 25, 2021 |title=Shariengela Cijntje is Miss Universe Curaçao 2021 |url=https://curacao.nu/shariengela-cijntje-is-miss-universe-curacao-2021/ |access-date=July 25, 2021 |website=curacao.nu |language=nl}}</ref> || 27 || [[Willemstad]]
|-
| {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Czech Miss|Czech Republic]] || Karolína Kokešová<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wolfová |first=Gabriela |date=October 16, 2021 |title=Dýchejte zhluboka! Tahle kráska bude Česko reprezentovat na nejprestižnější soutěži krásy světa Miss Universe |url=https://www.super.cz/781651-dychejte-zhluboka-tahle-kraska-bude-cesko-reprezentovat-na-nejprestiznejsi-soutezi-krasy-sveta-miss-universe.html |access-date=October 17, 2021 |website=super.cz |language=cs}}</ref> || 25 || [[Prague]]
|-
| {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Miss Universe Denmark|Denmark]] || Sara Langtved<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 11, 2021 |title=Hun er 'Miss Earth Denmark 2019' og 'Miss Universe Denmark 2021': Så smuk er hun |url=https://forsiden.nu/instagram/hun-er-miss-earth-denmark-2019-og-miss-universe-denmark-2021-sa-smuk-er-hun/ |access-date=June 7, 2022 |website=Forsiden |language=da}}</ref>|| 26 || [[Copenhagen]]
|-
| {{flagicon|DOM}} [[Miss Dominican Republic 2021|Dominican Republic]] || Debbie Aflalo<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.diariolibre.com/revista/farandula/quien-es-debbie-aflalo-vargas-la-nueva-representante-dominicana-al-miss-universo-GF29976572|title=¿Quién es Debbie Aflalo Vargas, la nueva representante dominicana al Miss Universo?|date=November 16, 2021|newspaper=[[Diario Libre]]|access-date=November 21, 2021|language=es}}</ref> || 27 || [[Azua, Dominican Republic|Azua]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ECU}} [[Miss Ecuador|Ecuador]] || Susy Sacoto<ref>{{Cite web |last=Loor |first=Katty |date=September 11, 2021 |title=Susy Sacoto, de Portoviejo, es la nueva Miss Ecuador, elegida este sábado en Quevedo |url=https://www.eluniverso.com/entretenimiento/gente/en-quevedo-comenzo-la-gala-de-eleccion-de-la-nueva-miss-ecuador-nota/ |access-date=September 11, 2021 |language=es |newspaper=[[El Universo]]}}</ref> || 24 || [[Portoviejo]]
|-
| {{flagicon|SLV}} [[Reinado de El Salvador|El Salvador]] || Alejandra Gavidia<ref>{{Cite web |last=Merlos |first=Jessica |date=July 29, 2021 |title=Alejandra Gavidia es la nueva Miss El Salvador |url=https://diario.elmundo.sv/alejandra-gavidia-es-la-nueva-miss-el-salvador/ |access-date=July 30, 2021 |language=es |newspaper=[[El Mundo (El Salvador)|El Mundo]]}}</ref> || 25 || [[San Salvador]]
|-
| {{flagicon|GNQ}} [[Miss Equatorial Guinea|Equatorial Guinea]] || Martina Mituy<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afrik.com/chelsea-martina-mituy-sacree-miss-guinee-equatoriale-2021|title=Chelsea Martina Mituy sacrée Miss Guinée Equatoriale 2021|last=Coulibaly|first=Justin|date=November 3, 2021|access-date=November 3, 2021|website=Afrik.com|language=fr}}</ref> || 19 || [[Ebibeyin]]
|-
| {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Miss Finland|Finland]] || Essi Unkuri<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Mettänen |first1=Heli |last2=Puljujärvi |first2=Ismo |date=September 18, 2021 |title=Essi Unkuri on uusi Miss Suomi |url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/viihdeuutiset/a/2200d81c-848e-462f-bb7d-52fd6197a58f |access-date=September 18, 2021 |language=fi |newspaper=[[Iltalehti]]}}</ref> || 23 || [[Vaasa]]
|-
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Miss France|France]] || [[Clémence Botino]]<ref name="france">{{Cite web |date=March 15, 2021 |title=La Caennaise Amandine Petit, Miss France 2021, concourra au titre de Miss Univers |url=https://www.francebleu.fr/infos/medias-people/la-caennaise-amandine-petit-miss-france-2021-concourra-au-titre-de-miss-univers-1615833393 |access-date=March 15, 2021 |website=[[France Bleu]] |language=fr}}</ref>|| 24 || [[Baie-Mahault]]
|-
| {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Miss Universe Germany|Germany]] || Hannah Seifer<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=December 6, 2021 |title=Wirtschaft im Rhein-Kreis: Steinmetz trifft Miss Universe Germany |url=https://rp-online.de/nrw/staedte/rhein-kreis/ihk-hauptgeschaeftsfuehrer-tritt-miss-unisverse-germany_aid-64420395 |access-date=May 27, 2022 |website=[[Rheinische Post]] |language=de}}</ref>|| 19 || [[Düsseldorf]]
|-
| {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Miss Universe Ghana|Ghana]] || Naa Commodore<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arthur |first=Erica Nana |date=October 14, 2021 |title=Naa Morkor Commodore selected to represent Ghana at Miss Universe International in Israel |url=https://starrfm.com.gh/2021/10/naa-morkor-commodore-selected-to-represent-ghana-at-miss-universe-international-in-israel/ |access-date=October 15, 2021 |website=[[Starr FM (Ghana)|Starr FM]]}}</ref><ref name=":3" />|| 26 || [[Accra]]
|-
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Miss Universe Great Britain|Great Britain]] || Emma Collingridge<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=Charlotte |date=October 19, 2021 |title=Ipswich woman crowned Miss Universe Great Britain |url=https://www.eadt.co.uk/news/kesgrave-model-crowned-miss-universe-great-britain-8423934 |access-date=October 20, 2021 |newspaper=[[East Anglian Daily Times]]}}</ref> || 23 || [[Suffolk]]
|-
| {{flagicon|GRE}} [[Star GS Hellas|Greece]] || Sofia Arapogianni<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news247.gr/psixagogia/miss-universe-2021-allaxe-i-ekprosopos-mas-me-ti-sofia-arapogianni-i-ellada.9423243.html|title=Miss Universe 2021: Άλλαξε η εκπρόσωπός μας - Με τη Σοφία Αραπογιάννη η Ελλάδα|date=November 13, 2021|website=news247.gr|access-date=November 13, 2021|language=el}}</ref> || 22 || [[Ithaca (island)|Ithaca]]
|-
| {{flagicon|GUA}} [[Miss Guatemala|Guatemala]] || Dannia Guevara<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.soy502.com/articulo/eligen-dania-guevara-como-nueva-miss-universo-guatemala-2021-50172|title=Ella es la nueva Miss Universo Guatemala|last=Gamboa|first=Verónica|date=October 27, 2021|website=Soy502|access-date=October 27, 2021|language=es}}</ref> || 24 || [[Ayutla, San Marcos|Ayutla]]
|-
| {{flagicon|HTI}} [[Miss Haiti|Haiti]] || Pascale Bélony<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://haiti.loopnews.com/content/pascale-belony-elue-miss-haiti-2021?|title=La capoise Pascale Belony nommée Miss Haiti 2021|last=Nicolas|first=Eberline|date=October 25, 2021|newspaper=Loop Haiti|access-date=October 25, 2021|language=fr}}</ref> || 28 || [[Cap-Haïtien]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Honduras|1949}} [[Miss Honduras|Honduras]] || Rose Meléndez<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 28, 2021 |title=Rose Meléndez se convierte en la nueva Miss Honduras Universo 2021 |url=https://www.elheraldo.hn/entretenimiento/1488889-466/rose-melendez-miss-honduras-universo-2021-limon |access-date=August 31, 2021 |language=es |newspaper=El Heraldo}}</ref> || 27 || [[Limón, Honduras|Limón]]
|-
| {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Miss Universe Hungary|Hungary]] || Jázmin Viktória<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.borsonline.hu/celeb/kiderult-o-a-legszebb-magyar-lany-a-miss-universe-hungary-nyertese/245912|title=Kiderült, ő a legszebb magyar lány, a Miss Universe Hungary nyertese|date=November 6, 2021|access-date=November 7, 2021|language=hu|newspaper=Bors}}</ref> || 20 || [[Budapest]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ISL}} [[Miss Universe Iceland|Iceland]] || Elísa Gróa Steinþórsdóttir<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sigfúsdóttir |first=Sylvía Rut |date=September 29, 2021 |title=Elísa Gróa er Miss Universe Iceland 2021 |url=https://www.visir.is/g/20212163370d |access-date=September 30, 2021 |language=is |newspaper=[[Vísir.is]]}}</ref> || 22 || [[Garðabær]]
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Miss Diva|India]]|| '''[[Harnaaz Sandhu]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jose |first=Jinta |date=September 30, 2021 |title=Chandigarh's Harnaaz Sandhu crowned LIVA Miss Diva Universe 2021 |url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-diva/exclusive-chandigarhs-harnaaz-sandhu-crowned-liva-miss-diva-universe-2021/articleshow/86658338.cms |access-date=October 5, 2021 |website=Entertainment Times}}</ref> || 21 || [[Chandigarh]]
|-
| {{flagicon|IRL}} [[Miss Universe Ireland|Ireland]] || Katharine Walker<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fm104.ie/news/buzz/photo-27-year-old-nurse-katherine-walker-announced-as-miss-universe-ireland-2021/|title=27-year-old nurse Katherine Walker announced as Miss Universe Ireland 2021|date=November 11, 2021|website=[[FM104]]|access-date=November 13, 2021}}</ref> || 26 || [[Belfast]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Miss Israel|Israel]] || Noa Cochva<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ynet.co.il/laisha/article/hjattwrry|title=מלכת היופי לשנת 2021: נועה כוכבא, בת 22, מבני עטרות|date=October 24, 2021|website=[[Ynet]]|access-date=October 24, 2021|language=he| last1=מנהרדט | first1=יפעת }}</ref> || 22 || [[Bnei Atarot]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Miss Universe Italy|Italy]] || Caterina Di Fuccia<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 27, 2021 |title=Miss Universo 2021: la fariglianese Micaela Vietto tra le prime 10 d'Italia |url=http://www.provinciagranda.it/langa/2021/09/27/news/miss-universo-2021-la-fariglianese-micaela-vietto-tra-le-prime-10-ditalia-6660/ |access-date=September 27, 2021 |website=provinciagranda.it |language=it}}</ref> || 23 || [[Marcianise]]
|-
| {{flagicon|JAM}} [[Miss Jamaica Universe|Jamaica]] || Daena Soares<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/entertainment/20211030/daena-soares-takes-miss-universe-jamaica-2021-crown|title=Daena Soares takes Miss Universe Jamaica 2021 crown|date=October 30, 2021|newspaper=[[The Gleaner]]|access-date=October 31, 2021}}</ref> || 22 || [[Mona, Jamaica|Mona]]
|-
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Miss Universe Japan|Japan]] || Juri Watanabe<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zingnews.vn/nguoi-dep-25-tuoi-dang-quang-hoa-hau-hoan-vu-nhat-ban-2021-post1265479.html|title=gười đẹp 25 tuổi đăng quang Hoa hậu Hoàn vũ Nhật Bản 2021|last=Nguyễn|first=Ly|date=September 22, 2021|website=Zing News|access-date=September 22, 2021|language=vi}}</ref> || 25 || [[Tokyo]]
|-
| {{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Miss Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]] || Aziza Tokashova<ref name="2021 Delegates"/> || 27 || [[Almaty]]
|-
| {{flagicon|KEN}} [[Miss Universe Kenya|Kenya]] || [[Roshanara Ebrahim]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/entertainment/showbiz/2001427958/comeback-queen-roshanara-ebrahim-crowned-miss-universe-kenya|title=Roshanara Ebrahim crowned Miss Universe Kenya|last=Wambugu|first=Peris|date=November 2, 2021|newspaper=[[The Standard (Kenya)|The Standard]]|access-date=November 2, 2021}}</ref> || 28 || [[Nairobi]]
|-
| {{flagicon|KOS}} [[Miss Universe Kosovo|Kosovo]] || Shkurtesa Sejdiu<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2021 |title=Miss Universe, Tuti Sejdiu rrëfen se u përdhunua në moshën 13-vjeçare: Më kanë trafikuar në Kosovë e Serbi |url=https://www.gazetaexpress.com/miss-universe-tuti-sejdiu-rrefen-se-u-perdhunua-ne-moshen-13-vjecare-me-kane-trafikuar-ne-kosove-e-serbi/ |access-date=September 5, 2021 |language=sq |newspaper=[[Gazeta Express]]}}</ref> || 19 || [[Gjilan]]
|-
| {{flagicon|LAO}} [[Miss Universe Laos|Laos]] || [[Tonkham Phonchanhueang]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://laoedaily.com.la/2021/10/31/106888/|title=ຂໍສະແດງຄວາມຍິນດີດ້ວຍ ເຈນນີ້ ຕົ້ນຄໍາ ພົນຈັນເຮືອງ Miss Universe Laos ຄົນລ່າສຸດ|last=Channaphar|first=Kitar|date=October 31, 2021|website=Lao Economic Daily|access-date=November 1, 2021|language=lo}}</ref> || 26 || [[Vientiane]]
|-
| {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Miss Malta Universe|Malta]] || Jade Cini<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vella |first=Sasha |date=September 18, 2021 |title=Jade Cini Announced Winner Of Miss Universe Malta 2021 |url=https://lovinmalta.com/malta/jade-cini-announced-winner-of-miss-universe-malta-2021/ |access-date=September 22, 2021 |website=Lovin Malta}}</ref> || 26 || [[Valletta]]
|-
| {{flagicon|MUS}} [[Miss Estrella Mauritius|Mauritius]] || Anne Murielle Ravina<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 30, 2021 |title=Anne Murielle Ravina nominated as Miss Maurice 2021 |url=http://www.maurice-info.mu/2021-08-30-anne-murielle-ravina-nominated-as-miss-maurice-2021.html/amp |access-date=August 31, 2021 |website=Maurice Info}}</ref> || 26 || [[Rodrigues]]
|-
| {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mexicana Universal|Mexico]] || Débora Hallal<ref>{{Cite web |last=Espinoza |first=Ferdinand |date=May 31, 2021 |title=La sinaloense Débora Hallal representará a México en Miss Universo 2021 |url=https://www.noroeste.com.mx/entretenimiento/espectaculos/la-sinaloense-debora-hallal-representara-a-mexico-en-miss-universo-2021-DC1015746 |access-date=May 31, 2021 |website=Noroeste.com.mx |language=es}}</ref> || 25 || [[Los Mochis]]
|-
| {{flagicon|MAR}} [[Miss Maroc|Morocco]] || Kawtar Benhalima<ref name="morocco">{{Cite web|url=https://www.h24info.ma/culture/limage-du-jour-et-la-remplacante-de-fatima-zahra-khayat-au-concours-miss-univers-est/|title=L'image du jour. Et la remplaçante de Fatima-Zahra Khayat au concours Miss Univers est...|date=November 10, 2021|website=h24info.ma|access-date=November 12, 2021|language=fr}}</ref> || 22 || [[Marrakesh]]
|-
| {{flagicon|NAM}} [[Miss Namibia|Namibia]] || Chelsi Shikongo<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.namibian.com.na/103397/read/Namibian-beauties-to-strut-their-stuff-overseas|title=Namibian beauties to strut their stuff overseas|last=Mouton|first=Rinelda|date=July 12, 2021|newspaper=[[The Namibian]]|access-date=July 12, 2021}}</ref> || 24 || [[Walvis Bay]]
|-
| {{flagicon|NPL}} [[Miss Universe Nepal|Nepal]] || [[Sujita Basnet]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/entertainment/sujita-basnet-crowned-miss-universe-nepal-2021|title=Sujita Basnet crowned Miss Universe Nepal 2021|date=October 31, 2021|newspaper=[[The Himalayan Times]]|access-date=October 31, 2021}}</ref> || 28 || [[Kathmandu]]
|-
| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Miss Nederland|Netherlands]] || Julia Sinning<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtlnieuws.nl/nieuws/nederland/artikel/5250961/julia-sinning-uit-amsterdam-uitgeroepen-tot-miss-nederland-2021|title=Studente Julia Sinning (24) uitgeroepen tot Miss Nederland 2021|date=August 30, 2021|website=[[RTL Nieuws]]|access-date=August 30, 2021|language=nl}}</ref> || 24 || [[Amsterdam]]
|-
| {{flagicon|NIC}} [[Miss Nicaragua|Nicaragua]] || Allison Wassmer<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vostv.com.ni/farandula/19471-miss-nicaragua-2021-en-vivo-gala-coronacion/|title=Allison Wassmer es Miss Nicaragua 2021|date=August 14, 2021|website=[[Vos TV]]|access-date=August 15, 2021|language=es}}</ref> || 26 || [[Managua]]
|-
| {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Most Beautiful Girl in Nigeria|Nigeria]] || Maristella Okpala<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pmnewsnigeria.com/2021/09/19/oluchi-madubuike-wins-most-beautiful-girl-in-nigeria-2021/|title=Oluchi Madubuike wins Most Beautiful Girl in Nigeria 2021|last=Okanlawon|first=Taiwo|date=September 19, 2021|newspaper=[[P.M. News]]|access-date=September 22, 2021}}</ref><ref name=":3" />|| 28 || [[Anambra State|Anambra]]
|-
| {{flagicon|NOR}} [[Miss Norway|Norway]] || Nora Nakken<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://xn--bodposten-n8a.no/nora-emilie-nakken-vant-miss-norway-2021/|title=Nora Emilie Nakken vant Miss Norway 2021|last=Andreassen|first=Gunnar|date=August 15, 2021|website=bodøposten.no|access-date=August 15, 2021|language=no}}</ref> || 23 || [[Trondheim]]
|-
| {{flagicon|PAN}} [[Señorita Panamá|Panama]] || [[Brenda Smith Lezama|Brenda Smith]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telemetro.com/senorita-panama/microsites-entretenimiento/brenda-smith-es-coronada-como-senorita-panama-2021-n5585829|title=Brenda Smith es coronada como Señorita Panamá 2021|date=November 7, 2021|website=[[Telemetro]]|access-date=November 8, 2021|language=es}}</ref> || 27 || [[Panama City]]
|-
| {{flagicon|PAR}} [[Miss Paraguay|Paraguay]] || [[Nadia Ferreira]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lanacion.com.py/lnpop/2021/08/31/esta-noche-se-revelara-a-la-miss-universo-paraguay-2021/|title=Este martes se revelará a la Miss Universo Paraguay 2021|date=August 31, 2021|newspaper=[[La Nación (Paraguay)|La Nación]]|access-date=September 1, 2021|language=es}}</ref> || 22 || [[Villarrica, Paraguay|Villarrica]]
|-
| {{flagicon|PER}} [[Miss Peru|Peru]] || Yely Rivera<ref name="MUPeru">{{cite web|url=https://elcomercio.pe/luces/moda/miss-peru-2021-yely-rivera-es-la-nueva-reina-y-nos-representara-en-el-miss-universo-miss-universe-janick-maceta-camila-escribens-israel-jessica-newton-noticia/|title=Miss Perú 2021: Yely Rivera es la nueva reina y nos representará en el Miss Universo|date=October 10, 2021|newspaper=[[El Comercio (Peru)|El Comercio]]|access-date=October 11, 2021|language=es}}</ref> || 27 || [[Arequipa]]
|-
| {{flagicon|PHL}} [[Miss Universe Philippines|Philippines]] || [[Beatrice Gomez]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/content/805235/beatrice-gomez-is-miss-universe-philippines-2021/story/|title=Beatrice Gomez is Miss Universe Philippines 2021!|last=Malig|first=Kaela|date=September 30, 2021|website=[[GMA News]]|access-date=October 5, 2021}}</ref> || 26 || [[Cebu City]]
|-
| {{flagicon|POL}} [[Miss Polski|Poland]] || Agata Wdowiak<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eska.pl/news/agata-wdowiak-wzrost-wiek-chlopak-kim-jest-polska-reprezentantka-na-miss-universe-2021-aa-WqBC-XbL7-kGUP.html|title=Agata Wdowiak - wzrost, wiek, chłopak. Kim jest polska reprezentantka na Miss Universe 2021?|last=Wodzynski|first=Pawel|date=October 12, 2021|website=[[Radio Eska]]|access-date=October 20, 2021|language=pl}}</ref> || 25 || [[Łódź]]
|-
| {{flagicon|POR}} [[Miss República Portuguesa|Portugal]] || Orícia Dos Santos<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elnacional.com/entretenimiento/oricia-dominguez-dos-santos-la-venezolana-que-representara-a-portugal-en-el-miss-universo/|title=Oricia Domínguez Dos Santos, la venezolana que representará a Portugal en el Miss Universo|date=September 13, 2021|newspaper=[[El Nacional (Venezuela)|El Nacional]]|access-date=October 5, 2021|language=es}}</ref> || 27 || [[Lisbon]]
|-
| {{flagicon|PUR}} [[Miss Universe Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]] || [[Michelle Colón]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elnuevodia.com/entretenimiento/farandula/fotogalerias/asi-brillo-miss-loiza-michelle-colon-en-miss-universe-puerto-rico/|title=Así brilló Miss Loíza, Michelle Colón, en Miss Universe Puerto Rico|date=October 1, 2021|newspaper=[[El Nuevo Día]]|access-date=October 1, 2021|language=es}}</ref> || 21 || [[Loíza, Puerto Rico|Loíza]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ROM}} [[Miss Universe Romania|Romania]] || Carmina Cotfas<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pîrvu |first=Cristina |date=August 30, 2021 |title=Cine este Carmina Olimpia Cotfas, Miss Universe România 2021. Are 21 de ani și e studentă |url=https://www.libertatea.ro/entertainment/cine-este-carmina-olimpia-cotfas-miss-universe-romania-2021-3711827/amp |access-date=2021-09-22 |language=ro |newspaper=[[Libertatea]]}}</ref> || 21 || [[Cluj-Napoca]]
|-
| {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Miss Russia|Russia]] || Ralina Arabova<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2021 |title=Ралина Арабова представит Россию на конкурсе "Мисс Вселенная – 2021" |url=https://ria.ru/20211129/miss-1761331987.html |access-date=9 June 2022 |website=[[RIA Novosti]] |language=ru}}</ref>|| 22 || [[Kazan]]
|-
| {{flagicon|SGP}} [[Miss Universe Singapore|Singapore]] || [[Nandita Banna]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 18, 2021 |title=Telugu Girl Crowned Miss Universe Singapore 2021 |url=https://www.gulte.com/trends/119303/telugu-girl-crowned-miss-universe-singapore-2021 |access-date=October 5, 2021 |website=gulte.com}}</ref> || 21 || [[Singapore]]
|-
| {{flagicon|SVK}} [[Miss Universe Slovak Republic|Slovakia]] || Veronika Ščepánková<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topky.sk/cl/100313/2212981/Lakatosova-posiela-na-Miss-Universe-tuto-kocku--SLOVENKA-je-NAJVYSSIA-v-historii-svetovej-sutaze-krasy-|title=Lakatošová posiela na Miss Universe túto kočku: SLOVENKA je NAJVYŠŠIA v histórii svetovej súťaže krásy!|date=November 12, 2021|website=topky.sk|access-date=November 13, 2021|language=sk}}</ref> || 26 || [[Bratislava]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ZAF}} [[Miss South Africa|South Africa]] || [[Lalela Mswane]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Morkel |first=Graye |date=October 16, 2021 |title=Lalela Mswane crowned Miss South Africa 2021 |url=https://www.news24.com/channel/the-juice/news/pageant/miss-south-africa-2021-live-stream-where-to-watch-right-now-20211016-2 |access-date=October 17, 2021 |newspaper=[[News24 (website)|News24]]}}</ref><ref name=":3" />|| 24 || [[Richards Bay]]
|-
| {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Miss Queen Korea|South Korea]] || Jisu Kim<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dương |first=Bạch |date=October 16, 2021 |title=Mỹ nữ nóng bỏng 23 tuổi phá lời nguyền "hoa hậu xấu xí" của Hàn Quốc là ai? |url=https://www.baogiaothong.vn/my-nu-nong-bong-23-tuoi-pha-loi-nguyen-hoa-hau-xau-xi-cua-han-quoc-la-ai-d528887.html |access-date=October 17, 2021 |website=baogiaothong.vn |language=vi}}</ref> || 23 || [[Seoul]]
|-
| {{flagicon|SPA}} [[Miss Spain|Spain]] || Sarah Loinaz<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ciganda |first=Vanessa |date=October 17, 2021 |title=La guipuzcoana Sarah Loinaz, coronada como 'Miss Universo España 2021' |url=https://www.semana.es/corazon/guipuzcoana-sarah-loinaz-coronada-miss-universo-espana-2021-20211017-002401994/ |access-date=October 17, 2021 |website=Revista SEMANA |language=es}}</ref> || 23 || [[San Sebastián]]
|-
| {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Miss Universe Sweden|Sweden]] || Moa Sandberg<ref name="2021 Delegates"/> || 25 || [[Stockholm]]
|-
| {{flagicon|THA}} [[Miss Universe Thailand|Thailand]] || [[Anchilee Scott-Kemmis]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pptvhd36.com/news/%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87/159092|title="แอนชิลี สก๊อต-เคมมิส" คว้ามงกุฎ Miss Universe Thailand 2021|date=October 24, 2021|website=[[PPTV (Thailand)|PPTV]]|access-date=October 24, 2021|language=th}}</ref> || 22 || [[Chachoengsao Province|Chachoengsao]]
|-
| {{flagicon|TUR}} [[Miss Turkey|Turkey]] || Cemrenaz Turhan<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 8, 2021 |title=Miss Turkey 2021 birincisi belli oldu (Dilara Korkmaz, Cemrenaz Turhan, Şira Sahilli ilk üçte) |url=https://www.ntv.com.tr/galeri/yasam/miss-turkey-2021-birincisi-belli-oldu-turkiye-guzeli-dilara-korkmaz-kimdir,ghu3qedJFkGZbS3GZgg7OA/Lh2zQQroWEOEFpaVkh7u8g |access-date=September 11, 2021 |website=[[NTV (Turkish TV channel)|NTV]] |language=tr}}</ref> || 23 || [[Istanbul]]
|-
| {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Miss Ukraine Universe|Ukraine]] || Hannah Neplyakh<ref>{{Cite web |last=Budysh |first=Andriana |date=October 15, 2021 |title=Анна Неплях победила на "Мисс Украина Вселенная" 2021: биография красавицы |url=https://showbiz.24tv.ua/ru/miss-ukraina-vselennaja-2021-pobeditelnica-chto-izvestno-o-devushke_n1770362 |access-date=October 15, 2021 |website=[[Channel 24 (Ukraine)|Channel 24]] |language=ru}}</ref> || 27 || [[Dnipro]]
|-
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Miss USA|United States]] || [[Elle Smith]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.whas11.com/article/news/local/elle-smith-miss-usa-kentucky-interview-pageant-whas11/417-10dc85d8-4e2c-45ab-acc8-d75b9b0895f5|title=WHAS11 Reporter Elle Smith wins Miss USA 2021|date=29 November 2021|work=[[WHAS-TV]]}}</ref> || 23 || [[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]]
|-
| {{flagicon|VEN}} [[Miss Venezuela|Venezuela]] || [[Luiseth Materán]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2, 2021 |title=Designan a Luiseth Materán como Miss Venezuela 2021 e irá al Miss Universo |url=https://www.ntn24.com/tendencias/designan-luiseth-materan-como-miss-venezuela-2021-e-ira-al-miss-universo-136438 |access-date=July 2, 2021 |website=[[NTN24]] |language=es}}</ref> || 25 || [[Los Teques]]
|-
| {{flagicon|VIE}} [[Miss Universe Vietnam|Vietnam]] || [[Nguyễn Huỳnh Kim Duyên|Kim Duyên]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 18, 2021 |title=Ngắm nhan sắc và body mỹ nhân sẽ tiếp nối Khánh Vân dự thi Miss Universe cuối năm nay: "Nóng bỏng" không phải bàn nhưng có lợi thế này hơn hẳn đàn chị |url=https://afamily.vn/ngam-nhan-sac-va-body-my-nhan-se-tiep-noi-khanh-van-du-thi-miss-universe-cuoi-nam-nay-nong-bong-khong-phai-ban-nhung-co-loi-the-nay-hon-han-dan-chi-20210518151126273.chn |website=afamily.vn |language=vi}}</ref> || 26 || [[Cần Thơ]]
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.missuniverse.com}}

{{Miss Universe}}
{{Miss Universe 2021 delegates}}
{{Miss Universe countries and territories}}

[[Category:Miss Universe by year|2021]]
[[Category:2021 beauty pageants]]
[[Category:2021 in Israel]]
[[Category:Eilat]]

Alamathi

2023-09-17T11:49:12Z

Ravish: Just completed a fresh chapter.

{{Short description|Village in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Alamathi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tiruvallur district|Thiruvallur District]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 7,424
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Alamathi''' is a town in [[Tiruvallur district|Thiruvallur District]], in the southern [[India|Indian]] state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Avadi murder: Alamathi panchayat president nabbed from hideout |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/dec/12/avadi-murder-alamathi-panchayat-president-nabbed-from-hideout-2527351.html |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alamathi locals come together to revive open well |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2019/jun/07/alamathi-locals-come-together-to-revive-open-well-1986916.html |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> It had a population of 7,424 people distributed in 1,894 households as of 2011. It is part of the [[Ponneri taluk]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alamathi Town Population - Thiruvallur, Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/tamil-nadu/thiruvallur/ponneri/alamathi-ct-population.html}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Tamil Nadu]]

{{India-geo-stub}}

Sridar Theatre

2023-07-17T05:15:07Z

Ravish:

{{Short description|Cinema hall in Kochi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox theatre
| name = Sridar Theatre
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_caption=
| address = [[Shanmugham Road]], [[Marine Drive, Kochi|Marine Drive]],
| city = [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]],
| country = [[India]]
| designation =
| coordinates =
| architect =
| owner = Shenoys family
| tenant =
| operator =
| capacity =
| type =
| opened = 1964
| reopened =
| yearsactive = 1964–present
| rebuilt =
| closed =
| demolished =
| othernames = Sridar Cinema
| production =
| currentuse =
| website =
}}

'''Sridar Theatre''' or '''Sridar Cinema''' is a cinema theatre in the [[South India|South Indian]] city of [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]. Located in the [[Shanmugham Road]], [[Marine Drive, Kochi|Marine Drive]], it was opened in 1964. Sridar theatre is the first air conditioned theatre in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Sunaya |title=A Memory in 70mm |url=http://www.wtzupcity.com/kochi/features/a-memory-in-70mm |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=WtzupCity |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Sridar theatre was opened in 1964, which was the third theatre by Shenoy family. The theater was named after Shridhar Shenoy, the deceased son of Lakhman Shenoy. The theater was opened by [[V. V. Giri|V.V. Giri]], then [[List of governors of Kerala|Governor of Kerala]] and later [[President of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=V. K |first=Rajendran |title=ഷേണായ്മാർ 50 പിന്നിടുമ്പോൾ |pages=8,9 |work=Malayala Manorama}}</ref> At that time, in Kochi, the [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood movies]] were released at Sridar theatre. Sridhar is also the first theater in Kerala to introduce the [[Dolby|dolby sound system]]. The first [[3D projection|3D digital projector]] in Kerala came in Sridhar in 2009 with the release of the movie [[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=സിനിമാലോകത്തെ ഷേണായിമാർ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/features/shenoys-theatre-ernakulam-history-padma-kavitha-lakshmana-1.5397512 |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Shenoys Theatre]]
* [[Padma Theatre]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Theatre, Sridar}}

[[Category:Cinemas in Kochi]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kochi]]
[[Category:Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
{{theat-struct-stub}}

Harmohinder Singh Chatha

2023-07-16T01:30:43Z

Ravish:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}

'''Harmohinder Singh Chatha''' is an Indian politician who served as Speaker of the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Navneet |title=Chatha elected as Haryana Assembly Speaker for third time |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/chatha-elected-as-haryana-assembly-speaker-for-third-time/story-81z5BNM9YpzWtvkFcEjRQP.html |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=roPHrVs6e-MC&q=Harmohinder+Singh+Chatha+speaker |title=The Journal of Parliamentary Information |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |language=en}}</ref> and Minister for Finance, Agriculture, Horticulture, Animal Husbandry, Dairy and Fisheries in the Government of Haryana.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jk-rr0lgiP4C&q=Harmohinder+Singh+Chatha |title=DARE/ICAR Annual Report |publisher=Department of Agricultural Research and Education, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Chatha was born on April 1, 1935, in [[Phalia]]. He got degrees in B.A. and LL.B. from Dyal Singh College, Karnal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haryana Vidhan Sabha WHO'S WHO 1987 |url=https://hryvidhansabhahistory.com/pdffiles/who/1987.pdf |website=History of Haryana Assembly}}</ref>

== Career ==
On October 11, 1972, he resigned from membership in the community, and Chaudhri Sarup Singh succeeded him as Minister of State.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p6tpZrhAdKUC&q=Harmohinder+Singh+Chatha+speaker |title=Committees ... (a Review). |publisher=Haryana Vidhan Sabha Secretariat |language=en}}</ref> On October 28, 2009, he was appointed speaker of the assembly.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=roPHrVs6e-MC&q=Harmohinder+Singh+Chatha |title=The Journal of Parliamentary Information |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatha, Harmohinder Singh}}

[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Haryana-politician-stub}}
{{cat improve}}

Chauhan Koli

2023-07-12T18:27:05Z

Ravish: Created an insightful write-up.

{{Short description|Clan of the Koli people in Gujarat, India}}

The '''Chauhan'''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Roy|first=Shibani|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4RJAAAAMAAJ|title=Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar|publisher=Cosmo Publications|year=1983|location=Delhi, India|pages=98|language=en}}</ref> ([[Hindi]]: चौहान कोली) also spelled as '''Chouhan''' and '''Chohan''' is a [[clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of the [[Talpada Kolis]] and [[Patel]] [[Koli people|Kolis]] of the [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]] [[States and union territories of India|states]] in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Perez|first=Rosa Maria|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GDRWAglUumEC&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80&pg=PA71|title=Kings and Untouchables: A Study of the Caste System in Western India|publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]]|year=2004|isbn=978-81-8028-014-6|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]]|pages=71|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Doshi|first=Shambu Lal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WEMkAQAAIAAJ|title=Anthropology of Food and Nutrition|publisher=Rawat Publications|year=1995|isbn=978-81-7033-278-7|location=[[Delhi]], India|pages=67|language=en}}</ref>

{{Infobox tribe|local name=ચૌહાણ કોલી|name=Chauhan Koli|type=Clan ([[Gotra]]) of the [[Koli people|Koli]] caste|ethnicity=[[Koli people]]|location=*[[Gujarat]]
*[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
*[[Sindh]]|varna=Warrior|parent_tribe=*Chunvalia Koli
*Talpada Koli
*Ghedia Koli
*Palia Koli|demonym=[[Koli people|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language|Koli]]
*[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
*[[Hindi]]
*[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|surnames=*[[Thakor]]
*[[Patel]]
*[[Koli Darbar|Darbar]]
*[[Dharala (title)|Dharala]]
*[[Pagi (title)|Pagi]]
*[[Kotwal]]
*[[Mewasi]]
*[[Garasia]]}}

The indian historian '''''L. S. Vishwanath''''' states that before the [[Indian independence movement|Independence of India]], Kolis of Chauhan clan made the [[Marital relationship|marital relations]] with poor [[Rajput|Rajputs]] because poor Rajputs were not able to pay heavy burden of [[Dowry]] to marry their daughters so they married with elite Koli families of Chauhan, Rathod and Solanki clans and then Kolis claimed to be [[Kshatriya]] called as '''''Nava Kshatriya'''''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Vishwanath|first=L. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ukDAQAAIAAJ|title=Female Infanticide and Social Structure: A Socio-historical Study in Western and Northern India|publisher=Hindustan Publishing Corporation|year=2000|isbn=978-81-7075-057-4|location=New Delhi, India|pages=38|language=en}}</ref>

== Principlities ==
{{Main|List of Koli states and clans}}
The Chauhan kolis ruled over petty [[Princely state|princely states]] of [[Katosan State|Katosan]] and [[Likhi State|Likhi]] in [[Mahi Kantha Agency]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t9UgAAAAMAAJ|title=The Hind Rajasthan, Or, The Annals of the Native States of India|publisher=Usha Publications|year=1985|location=New Delhi, India|pages=64–198|language=en}}</ref>
== See also ==
*[[List of Koli people]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Chauhan}}

[[Category:Koli people]]
[[Category:Koli clans]]

== External links ==
* [https://books.google.co.in/books?id=4Cy_-FXW9BQC&pg=PA717&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiX1db5ifTyAhXhumMGHRSTCR44qgEQ6AF6BAgEEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80&f=false People of India: Gujarat vol 1, Popular Prakashan, R. B. Lal]

* [https://books.google.co.in/books?id=MMCSDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT192&dq=chauhan+kolis&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjJ_-fikvTyAhVzxjgGHUcdAbs4ChDoAXoECAgQAw#v=onepage&q=chauhan%20kolis&f=false Feminists Rethink the Neoliberal State: Inequality, Exclusion, and Change: Koli lineages are Baria and Chauhan]

Minister of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries

2023-01-11T08:31:47Z

Ravish: Wrote an in-depth manuscript.

#REDIRECT [[Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying]]

Electoral system

2023-01-06T15:06:31Z

Ravish: Contributed a new entry to the platform.

{{short description|Method by which voters make a choice between options}}
[[File:Electoral systems map.svg|thumb|400px|Map showing the electoral systems used to elect candidates to the [[lower house|lower]] or sole ([[Unicameralism|unicameral]]) house of national legislatures, {{As of|2022|1|lc=y}}. '''Majoritarian system, single-winner districts''' 
{{legend|#FF0000|[[First-past-the-post voting]] (single-member plurality)}}
{{legend|#A02C5A|[[Two-round system]] (runoff)}}
{{legend|#FF80E5|[[Instant-runoff voting]] (alternative vote)}}
'''Majoritarian system, multi-winner districts''' 
{{legend|#FF6600|[[Plurality-at-large voting]] (block voting) }}
{{legend|#C87137|[[General ticket]] (party block voting)}}
'''Semi-proportional system''' 
{{legend|#C8AB37|[[Limited voting]] or [[cumulative voting]]}}
{{legend|#FFD42A|[[Single non-transferable vote]]}}
{{legend|#ABC837|Modified [[Borda count]]}}
 '''Proportional system'''
 {{legend inline|#0088aa}}{{legend inline|#216778}}{{Legend inline|#0066FF|[[Party-list proportional representation]]}}
{{Legend|#37C871|[[Single transferable vote]]}}
 '''Mixed system'''
 {{legend inline|#3737C8}}{{legend inline|#5A2CA0|[[Mixed-member proportional representation]]}}
 {{legend inline|#FF00CC}}{{legend inline|#8B008B}}{{legend inline|#D400AA|[[Mixed-member majoritarian representation]]}}
 {{legend inline|#220055}}{{legend inline|#646696|[[Majority bonus system|Majority bonus/jackpot system]]}}
 '''Other'''
{{Legend|#000000|No election}}
{{legend inline|#808080|[[Elections in the United States#Voting|Varies by state]]}}
{{Legend|#E6E6E6|No information}}]]
{{Electoral systems}}

An '''electoral system''' or '''voting system''' is a set of rules that determine how elections and [[Referendum|referendums]] are conducted and how their results are determined. Electoral systems are used in politics to elect governments, while non-political elections may take place in business, [[Nonprofit organization|non-profit organisations]] and informal organisations. These rules govern all aspects of the voting process: when elections occur, [[suffrage|who is allowed to vote]], who can stand as a [[candidate]], [[voting method|how ballots are marked and cast]], how the ballots are counted, how votes translate into the election outcome, limits on [[campaign finance|campaign spending]], and other factors that can affect the result. Political electoral systems are defined by constitutions and electoral laws, are typically conducted by [[election commission]]s, and can use multiple types of elections for different offices.

Some electoral systems elect a single winner to a unique position, such as prime minister, president or governor, while others elect multiple winners, such as members of parliament or boards of directors. When electing a [[legislature]], areas may be divided into constituencies with one or more representatives. Voters may vote directly for individual candidates or for a list of candidates put forward by a [[political party]] or [[electoral alliance|alliance]]. There are many variations in electoral systems, with the most common systems being [[first-past-the-post voting]], [[multiple non-transferable vote|block voting]], the [[two-round system|two-round (runoff) system]], [[proportional representation]] and [[ranked voting]]. Some electoral systems, such as [[mixed electoral system|mixed systems]], attempt to combine the benefits of non-proportional and proportional systems.

The study of formally defined electoral methods is called [[social choice theory]] or voting theory, and this study can take place within the field of [[political science]], [[economics]], or [[mathematics]], and specifically within the subfields of [[game theory]] and [[mechanism design]]. Impossibility proofs such as [[Arrow's impossibility theorem]] demonstrate that when voters have three or more alternatives, no [[ranked voting|preferential voting system]] can guarantee the race between two candidates remains unaffected when an irrelevant candidate participates or drops out of the election.

==Types of electoral systems==
{{Main articles|List of electoral systems|List of electoral systems by country}}
[[File:Electoral systems map simplified.svg|thumb|400x400px|Map showing the main types electoral systems used to elect candidates to the [[lower house|lower]] or sole ([[Unicameralism|unicameral]]) house of national legislatures, {{As of|2022|1|lc=y}}.

{{legend|#FF0000|[[Majoritarian representation]] (winner-take-all)}} {{legend|#0066FF|[[Proportional representation]]}}{{legend|#FF00CC|[[Mixed-member majoritarian representation]]}} {{legend|#5A2CA0|[[Mixed-member proportional representation]]}}{{legend|#FFD42A|[[Semi-proportional representation]] (non-mixed)}}{{legend|#000000|No election (e.g. Monarchy)}}]]

===Plurality systems===
[[File:Countries That Use a First Past the Post Voting System.png|thumb|right|Countries using first-past-the-post for legislatures.]]

[[Plurality voting method|Plurality voting]] is a system in which the candidate(s) with the highest number of votes wins, with no requirement to get a majority of votes. In cases where there is a single position to be filled, it is known as [[First-past-the-post voting|first-past-the-post]]; this is the second most common electoral system for national legislatures, with 58 countries using it for this purpose,<ref name="IDEA">[http://www.oldsite.idea.int/esd/world.cfm Table of Electoral Systems Worldwide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523184045/http://www.oldsite.idea.int/esd/world.cfm }} IDEA</ref> the vast majority of which are current or former British or American colonies or territories. It is also the second most common system used for presidential elections, being used in 19 countries.<ref name=IDEA/>

In cases where there are multiple positions to be filled, most commonly in cases of multi-member constituencies, plurality voting is referred to as [[Plurality-at-large voting|block voting]], multiple non-transferable vote or plurality-at-large.<ref name=IDEA/> This takes two main forms: in one form voters have as many votes as there are seats and can vote for any candidate, regardless of party – this is used in eight countries.<ref name=IDEA/> There are variations on this system such as [[limited voting]], where voters are given fewer votes than there are seats to be filled ([[Gibraltar]] is the only territory where this system is in use)<ref name=IDEA/> and [[single non-transferable vote]] (SNTV), in which voters can vote for only one candidate in a multi-member constituency, with the candidates receiving the most votes declared the winners; this system is used in [[Kuwait]], the [[Pitcairn Islands]] and [[Vanuatu]].<ref name=IDEA/> In the other main form of block voting, also known as [[general ticket|party block voting]], voters can only vote for the multiple candidates of a single party, with the party receiving the most votes winning all contested positions. This is used in five countries as part of mixed systems.<ref name=IDEA/>

The Dowdall system, a multi-member constituency variation on the [[Borda count]], is used in [[Nauru]] for parliamentary elections and sees voters rank the candidates depending on how many seats there are in their constituency. First preference votes are counted as whole numbers; the second preference votes divided by two, third preferences by three; this continues to the lowest possible ranking.<ref>[http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2227_B.htm Nauru Parliament: Electoral system] IPU</ref> The totals achieved by each candidate determine the winners.<ref name="IDG">[http://www.oldsite.idea.int/esd/glossary.cfm# Glossary of Terms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611050900/http://www.oldsite.idea.int/esd/glossary.cfm }} IDEA</ref>

===Majority systems===
[[File:Electoral systems for heads of state map direct.svg|thumb|250x250px|Countries by electoral system used to (directly) elect their Head of State (President){{legend|#a02c5a|[[Two-round system]]}}
{{legend|#ff0000|[[First-past-the-post]]}}{{legend|#ff80e5|[[Instant-runoff voting]]}}]]

Majority voting is a system in which candidates must receive a majority of votes to be elected, either in a runoff election or final round of voting (although in some cases only a plurality is required in the last round of voting if no candidate can achieve a majority). There are two main forms of majoritarian systems, one conducted in a single election using [[Ranked voting system|ranked voting]] and the other using multiple elections, to successively narrow the field of candidates. Both are primarily used for single-member constituencies.

Majoritarian voting can be achieved in a single election using [[instant-runoff voting]] (IRV), whereby voters rank candidates in order of preference; this system is used for parliamentary elections in [[Australia]] and [[Papua New Guinea]]. If no candidate receives a majority of the vote in the first round, the second preferences of the lowest-ranked candidate are then added to the totals. This is repeated until a candidate achieves over 50% of the number of valid votes. If not all voters use all their preference votes, then the count may continue until two candidates remain, at which point the winner is the one with the most votes. A modified form of IRV is the [[contingent vote]] where voters do not rank all candidates, but have a limited number of preference votes. If no candidate has a majority in the first round, all candidates are excluded except the top two, with the highest remaining preference votes from the votes for the excluded candidates then added to the totals to determine the winner. This system is used in [[Sri Lanka]]n presidential elections, with voters allowed to give three preferences.<ref>[http://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/2813/ Sri Lanka: Election for President] IFES</ref>

The other main form of majoritarian system is the [[two-round system]], which is the most common system used for presidential elections around the world, being used in 88 countries. It is also used in 20 countries for electing the legislature.<ref name=IDEA/> If no candidate achieves a majority of votes in the first round of voting, a second round is held to determine the winner. In most cases the second round is limited to the top two candidates from the first round, although in some elections more than two candidates may choose to contest the second round; in these cases the second round is decided by plurality voting. Some countries use a modified form of the two-round system, such as [[Ecuador]] where a candidate in the presidential election is declared the winner if they receive 40% of the vote and are 10% ahead of their nearest rival,<ref>[http://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/2265/ Ecuador: Election for President] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224031538/http://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/2265/ }} IFES</ref> or Argentina (45% plus 10% ahead), where the system is known as [[Ballotage in Argentina|ballotage]].

An [[exhaustive ballot]] is not limited to two rounds, but sees the last-placed candidate eliminated in each round of voting. Due to the potentially large number of rounds, this system is not used in any major popular elections, but is used to elect the Speakers of parliament in several countries and members of the [[Swiss Federal Council]]. In some formats there may be multiple rounds held without any candidates being eliminated until a candidate achieves a majority, a system used in the [[Electoral College (United States)|United States Electoral College]].

===Proportional systems===
[[File:Proportional voting systems.svg|thumb|250px|Countries by proportional electoral system (lower house or unicameral legislature): {{legend|#0066FF|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]]}}
{{legend|#37C871|[[Single transferable vote]]}}
{{legend|#5A2CA0|[[Mixed-member proportional representation|Mixed member PR]]}}]]

[[Proportional representation]] is the most widely used electoral system for national legislatures, with the parliaments of over eighty countries elected by various forms of the system.

[[Party-list proportional representation]] is the single most common electoral system and is used by 80 countries, and involves voters voting for a list of candidates proposed by a party. In [[closed list]] systems voters do not have any influence over the candidates put forward by the party, but in [[open list]] systems voters are able to both vote for the party list and influence the order in which candidates will be assigned seats. In some countries, notably [[Israel]] and the [[Netherlands]], elections are carried out using 'pure' proportional representation, with the votes tallied on a national level before assigning seats to parties. However, in most cases several multi-member constituencies are used rather than a single nationwide constituency, giving an element of geographical representation; but this can result in the distribution of seats not reflecting the national vote totals. As a result, some countries have [[leveling seat]]s to award to parties whose seat totals are lower than their proportion of the national vote.

In addition to the [[electoral threshold]] (the minimum percentage of the vote that a party must obtain to win seats), there are several different ways to allocate seats in proportional systems. There are two main types of systems: [[highest averages method|highest average]] and [[Largest remainder method|largest remainder]]. Highest average systems involve dividing the votes received by each party by a series of divisors, producing figures that determine seat allocation; for example the [[D'Hondt method]] (of which there are variants including [[Hagenbach-Bischoff system|Hagenbach-Bischoff]]) and the [[Webster/Sainte-Laguë method]]. Under largest remainder systems, parties' vote shares are divided by the quota (obtained by dividing the total number of votes by the number of seats available). This usually leaves some seats unallocated, which are awarded to parties based on the largest fractions of seats that they have remaining. Examples of largest remainder systems include the [[Hare quota]], [[Droop quota]], the [[Imperiali quota]] and the [[Hagenbach-Bischoff quota]].

[[Single transferable vote]] (STV) is another form of proportional representation; in STV, voters [[Ranked voting system|rank]] candidates in a multi-member constituency rather than voting for a party list; it is used in [[Malta]] and the [[Republic of Ireland]]. To be elected, candidates must pass a quota (the [[Droop quota]] being the most common). Candidates that pass the quota on the first count are elected. Votes are then reallocated from the least successful candidates, as well as surplus votes from successful candidates, until all seats have been filled by candidates who have passed the quota.<ref name=IDG/>

===Mixed systems===
[[File:Electoral systems map mixed.svg|thumb|250x250px|Countries using a mixed electoral system (lower house or unicameral legislature): '''Non-compensatory''' {{legend|#ff00cc|[[Parallel voting]] (superposition): list-PR + FPTP}}{{legend|#d400aa|[[Parallel voting]]: list-PR + PBV}}{{legend|#8b008b|[[Parallel voting]]: list-PR + TRS}}{{legend|#c87137|Conditional: list-PR or PBV (above 50%)}}{{legend|#646696|[[Majority bonus system]] (fusion): list-PR + PBV}} '''Compensatory'''{{legend|#8d5fd3|Partially compensatory: list-PR + FPTP}}{{legend|#5a2ca0|[[Additional member system]]: list-PR + FPTP}}{{legend|#3737c8|Mixed-member proportional: list-PR + FPTP}}{{legend|#220055|Majority jackpot (fusion): list-PR + PBV}}]]

In several countries, [[mixed electoral system|mixed systems]] are used to elect the legislature. These include [[parallel voting]] (also known as mixed-member majoritarian) and [[mixed-member proportional representation]].

In non-compensatory, parallel voting systems, which are used in 20 countries,<ref name=IDEA/> there are two methods by which members of a legislature are elected; part of the membership is elected by a plurality or majority vote in single-member constituencies and the other part by proportional representation. The results of the constituency vote have no effect on the outcome of the proportional vote.<ref name=IDG/>

In compensatory mixed-member representation the results of the proportional vote are adjusted to balance the seats won in the constituency vote. In [[Mixed-member proportional representation|mixed-member proportional systems]], in use in eight countries, there is enough compensation in order to ensure that parties have a number of seats proportional to their vote share.<ref name=IDEA/>

Other systems may be insufficiently compensatory, and this may result in [[overhang seat]]s, where parties win more seats in the constituency system than they would be entitled to based on their vote share. Variations of this include the [[Additional Member System]], and [[Alternative Vote Plus]], in which voters cast votes for both single-member constituencies and multi-member constituencies; the allocation of seats in the multi-member constituencies is adjusted to achieve an overall seat total proportional to parties' vote share by taking into account the number of seats won by parties in the single-member constituencies.

[[Mixed single vote]] systems are also compensatory, however they usually use a vote transfer mechanism unlike the seat linkage (top-up) method of MMP and may or may not be able to achieve proportional representation. An unusual form of mixed-member compensatory representation using negative vote transfer, [[Scorporo]], was used in Italy from 1993 until 2006.

Some electoral systems feature a [[majority bonus system]] to either ensure one party or coalition gains a majority in the legislature, or to give the party receiving the most votes a clear advantage in terms of the number of seats. [[San Marino]] has a modified two-round system, which sees a second round of voting featuring the top two parties or coalitions if there is no majority in the first round. The winner of the second round is guaranteed 35 seats in the 60-seat [[Grand and General Council]].<ref>[http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2273_B.htm Consiglio grande e generale: Electoral system] IPU</ref> In [[Greece]] the party receiving the most votes was given an additional 50 seats,<ref>[http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2125_B.htm Hellenic Parliament: Electoral system] IPU</ref> a system which was abolished following the [[2019 Greek legislative election|2019 elections]].

In [[Uruguay]], the President and members of the [[General Assembly of Uruguay|General Assembly]] are elected by on a single ballot, known as the double simultaneous vote. Voters cast a single vote, voting for the presidential, Senatorial and Chamber of Deputies candidates of that party. This system was also previously used in [[Bolivia]] and the [[Dominican Republic]].

===Primary elections===
[[Primary election]]s are a feature of some electoral systems, either as a formal part of the electoral system or informally by choice of individual political parties as a method of selecting candidates, as is the case in [[Primary elections in Italy|Italy]]. Primary elections limit the risk of [[vote splitting]] by ensuring a single party candidate. In [[Primary elections in Argentina|Argentina]] they are a formal part of the electoral system and take place two months before the main elections; any party receiving less than 1.5% of the vote is not permitted to contest the main elections. In the United States, there are both partisan and non-partisan [[Primary elections in the United States|primary elections]].

===Indirect elections===
Some elections feature an indirect electoral system, whereby there is either no popular vote, or the popular vote is only one stage of the election; in these systems the final vote is usually taken by an [[electoral college]]. In several countries, such as [[Mauritius]] or [[Trinidad and Tobago]], the post of President is elected by the legislature. In others like [[India]], the vote is taken by an electoral college consisting of the national legislature and state legislatures. In the [[United States]], the president is indirectly elected using a two-stage process; a popular vote in each state elects members to the [[Electoral College (United States)|electoral college]] that in turn elects the President. This can result in a situation where a candidate who receives the most votes nationwide does not win the electoral college vote, as most recently happened in [[2000 United States presidential election|2000]] and [[2016 United States presidential election|2016]].

===Systems used outside politics===
In addition to the various electoral systems in use in the political sphere, there are numerous others, some of which are proposals and some of which have been adopted for usage in business (such as electing corporate board members) or for organisations but not for public elections.

[[Ranked voting|Ranked systems]] include [[Bucklin voting]], the various [[Condorcet method]]s ([[Copeland's method|Copeland's]], [[Dodgson's method|Dodgson's]], [[Kemeny–Young method|Kemeny-Young]], [[Maximal lotteries]], [[Minimax Condorcet|Minimax]], [[Nanson's method|Nanson's]], [[Ranked pairs]], [[Schulze method|Schulze]]), the [[Coombs' method]] and [[positional voting system|positional voting]]. There are also several variants of single transferable vote, including [[CPO-STV]], [[Schulze STV]] and the [[Wright system]]. [[Dual-member proportional representation]] is a proposed system with two candidates elected in each constituency, one with the most votes and one to ensure proportionality of the combined results. [[Biproportional apportionment]] is a system whereby the total number of votes is used to calculate the number of seats each party is due, followed by a calculation of the constituencies in which the seats should be awarded in order to achieve the total due to them.

[[Cardinal voting methods|Cardinal electoral systems]] allow voters to evaluate candidates independently. The complexity ranges from [[approval voting]] where voters simply state whether they approve of a candidate or not to [[range voting]], where a candidate is scored from a set range of numbers. Other cardinal systems include [[proportional approval voting]], [[sequential proportional approval voting]], [[satisfaction approval voting]], [[highest median voting rules|highest median rules]] (including the [[majority judgment]]), and the [[D21 – Janeček method]] where voters can cast positive and negative votes.

Historically, [[weighted voting]] systems were used in some countries. These allocated a greater weight to the votes of some voters than others, either indirectly by allocating more seats to certain groups (such as the [[Prussian three-class franchise]]), or by weighting the results of the vote. The latter system was used in colonial [[Rhodesia]] for the [[1962 Southern Rhodesian general election|1962]] and [[1965 Rhodesian general election|1965 elections]]. The elections featured two voter rolls (the 'A' roll being largely European and the 'B' roll largely African); the seats of the House Assembly were divided into 50 constituency seats and 15 district seats. Although all voters could vote for both types of seats, 'A' roll votes were given greater weight for the constituency seats and 'B' roll votes greater weight for the district seats. Weighted systems are still used in corporate elections, with votes weighted to reflect stock ownership.

==Rules and regulations==
In addition to the specific method of electing candidates, electoral systems are also characterised by their wider rules and regulations, which are usually set out in a country's [[constitution]] or [[Election law|electoral law]]. Participatory rules determine [[nomination rules|candidate nomination]] and [[voter registration]], in addition to the location of [[polling places]] and the availability of [[online voting]], [[postal voting]], and [[absentee ballot|absentee voting]]. Other regulations include the selection of voting devices such as paper [[ballots]], [[machine voting]] or [[open ballot system]]s, and consequently the type of [[vote counting systems]], verification and [[Election audits|auditing]] used.

[[File:Compulsory voting.svg|thumb|300px|
{{Color sample|#ff5555}} Compulsory voting, enforced. 
{{Color sample|#ffaaaa}} Compulsory voting, not enforced. 
{{Color sample|#5599ff}} Compulsory voting, enforced (only men). 
{{Color sample|#aaccff}} Compulsory voting, not enforced (only men). 
{{Color sample|#ffff66}} Historical: the country had compulsory voting in the past.]]

Electoral rules place limits on suffrage and candidacy. Most countries's electorates are characterised by [[universal suffrage]], but there are differences on the [[Voting age|age at which people are allowed to vote]], with the youngest being 16 and the oldest 21. People may be disenfranchised for a range of reasons, such as being a serving prisoner, being declared bankrupt, having committed certain crimes or being a serving member of the armed forces. Similar limits are placed on candidacy (also known as passive suffrage), and in many cases the age limit for candidates is higher than the voting age. A total of 21 countries have [[compulsory voting]], although in some there is an upper age limit on enforcement of the law.<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2123.html Suffrage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109020202/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2123.html }} CIA World Factbook</ref> Many countries also have the [[none of the above]] option on their ballot papers.

In systems that use [[Electoral district|constituencies]], [[Apportionment (politics)|apportionment]] or districting defines the area covered by each constituency. Where constituency boundaries are drawn has a strong influence on the likely outcome of elections in the constituency due to the geographic distribution of voters. Political parties may seek to gain an advantage during [[redistricting]] by ensuring their voter base has a majority in as many constituencies as possible, a process known as [[gerrymandering]]. Historically [[rotten and pocket boroughs]], constituencies with unusually small populations, were used by wealthy families to gain parliamentary representation.

Some countries have minimum turnout requirements for elections to be valid. In Serbia this rule caused multiple re-runs of presidential elections, with the 1997 election re-run once and the 2002 elections re-run three times due insufficient turnout in the [[Serbian presidential election, September–October 2002|first]], [[December 2002 Serbian presidential election|second]] and [[2003 Serbian presidential election|third]] attempts to run the election. The turnout requirement was scrapped prior to the [[2004 Serbian presidential election|fourth vote]] in 2004.<ref>[http://www.dw.com/en/pro-western-candidate-wins-serbian-presidential-poll/a-1248319 Pro-Western Candidate Wins Serbian Presidential Poll] Deutsche Welle, 28 June 2004</ref> Similar problems in [[Belarus]] led to the [[1995 Belarusian parliamentary election|1995 parliamentary elections]] going to a fourth round of voting before enough parliamentarians were elected to make a [[quorum]].<ref>[http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2027_95.htm Elections held in 1995] IPU</ref>

[[Reserved political positions|Reserved seats]] are used in many countries to ensure representation for ethnic minorities, women, young people or the disabled. These seats are separate from general seats, and may be elected separately (such as in Morocco where a separate ballot is used to elect the 60 seats reserved for women and 30 seats reserved for young people in the House of Representatives), or be allocated to parties based on the results of the election; in [[Jordan]] the reserved seats for women are given to the female candidates who failed to win constituency seats but with the highest number of votes, whilst in [[Kenya]] the Senate seats reserved for women, young people and the disabled are allocated to parties based on how many seats they won in the general vote. Some countries achieve minority representation by other means, including requirements for a certain proportion of candidates to be women, or by exempting minority parties from the electoral threshold, as is done in [[Poland]],<ref>[http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2255_B.htm Sejm: Electoral system] IPU</ref> [[Romania]] and [[Serbia]].<ref>[http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2355_B.htm Narodna skupstina: Electoral system] IPU</ref>

==History==
===Pre-democratic===
In [[ancient Greece]] and [[History of Italy|Italy]], the institution of suffrage already existed in a rudimentary form at the outset of the historical period. In the early [[Monarchy#History|monarchies]] it was customary for the king to invite pronouncements of his people on matters in which it was prudent to secure its assent beforehand. In these assemblies the people recorded their opinion by clamouring (a method which survived in [[Sparta]] as late as the 4th century BCE), or by the clashing of [[spear]]s on [[shield]]s.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Vote and Voting|volume=28|page=216}}</ref>

===Early democracy===
Voting has been used as a feature of democracy since the 6th century BCE, when democracy was introduced by the [[Athenian democracy]]. However, in Athenian democracy, voting was seen as the least democratic among methods used for selecting public officials, and was little used, because elections were believed to inherently favor the wealthy and well-known over average citizens. Viewed as more democratic were assemblies open to all citizens, and [[selection by lot]], as well as rotation of office.

Generally, the taking of votes was effected in the form of a poll. The practice of the Athenians, which is shown by inscriptions to have been widely followed in the other states of Greece, was to hold a show of hands, except on questions affecting the status of individuals: these latter, which included all [[lawsuit]]s and proposals of [[ostracism]], in which voters chose the citizen they most wanted to exile for ten years, were determined by secret ballot (one of the earliest recorded elections in Athens was a [[Plurality voting|plurality vote]] that it was undesirable to win, namely an ostracism vote). At [[Ancient Rome|Rome]] the method which prevailed up to the 2nd century BCE was that of division ({{lang|la|discessio}}). But the system became subject to intimidation and corruption. Hence a series of laws enacted between 139 and 107 BCE prescribed the use of the ballot ({{lang|la|tabella}}), a slip of wood coated with wax, for all business done in the assemblies of the people.
For the purpose of carrying resolutions a simple majority of votes was deemed sufficient. As a general rule equal value was made to attach to each vote; but in the popular assemblies at Rome a system of voting by groups was in force until the middle of the 3rd century BCE by which the richer classes secured a decisive preponderance.<ref name="EB1911" />

Most elections in the early [[history of democracy]] were held using plurality voting or some variant, but as an exception, the state of [[Venice]] in the 13th century adopted approval voting to elect their Great Council.<ref name="JJ1">J.J. O'Connor & E. F. Robertson [http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Voting.html The history of voting] MacTutor History
of Mathematics archive</ref>
The Venetians' method for [[Doge of Venice#Selection of the Doge|electing the Doge]] was a particularly convoluted process, consisting of five rounds of drawing lots ([[sortition]]) and five rounds of approval voting. By drawing lots, a body of 30 electors was chosen, which was further reduced to nine electors by drawing lots again. An [[electoral college]] of nine members elected 40 people by approval voting; those 40 were reduced to form a second electoral college of 12 members by drawing lots again. The second electoral college elected 25 people by approval voting, which were reduced to form a third electoral college of nine members by drawing lots. The third electoral college elected 45 people, which were reduced to form a fourth electoral college of 11 by drawing lots. They in turn elected a final electoral body of 41 members, who ultimately elected the Doge. Despite its complexity, the method had certain desirable properties such as being hard to game and ensuring that the winner reflected the opinions of both majority and minority factions.<ref name="dogeelection">Miranda Mowbray & Dieter Gollmann (2007) [http://www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/2007/HPL-2007-28R1.pdf Electing the Doge of Venice: Analysis of a 13th Century Protocol]</ref> This process, with slight modifications, was central to the politics of the [[Republic of Venice]] throughout its remarkable lifespan of over 500 years, from 1268 to 1797.

===Development of new systems===
[[Jean-Charles de Borda]] proposed the [[Borda count]] in 1770 as a method for electing members to the [[French Academy of Sciences]]. His method was opposed by the [[Marquis de Condorcet]], who proposed instead the method of pairwise comparison that he had devised. Implementations of this method are known as [[Condorcet method]]s. He also wrote about the [[Condorcet paradox]], which he called the ''intransitivity of majority preferences''. However, recent research has shown that the philosopher [[Ramon Llull]] devised both the Borda count and a pairwise method that satisfied the Condorcet criterion in the 13th century. The manuscripts in which he described these methods had been lost to history until they were rediscovered in 2001.<ref>G. Hägele & F. Pukelsheim (2001) "[https://www.math.uni-augsburg.de/htdocs/emeriti/pukelsheim/2001a.html Llull's writings on electoral systems]", ''Studia Lulliana'' Vol. 3, pp. 3–38</ref>

Later in the 18th century, [[Apportionment (politics)|apportionment methods]] came to prominence due to the [[United States Constitution]], which mandated that seats in the [[United States House of Representatives]] had to be allocated among the states proportionally to their population, but did not specify how to do so.<ref name="JM">[http://www.ams.org/samplings/feature-column/fcarc-apportion1 Apportionment: Introduction] American Mathematical Society</ref> A variety of methods were proposed by statesmen such as [[Alexander Hamilton]], [[Thomas Jefferson]], and [[Daniel Webster]]. Some of the apportionment methods devised in the United States were in a sense rediscovered in Europe in the 19th century, as seat allocation methods for the newly proposed method of party-list proportional representation. The result is that many apportionment methods have two names; ''Jefferson's method'' is equivalent to the [[D'Hondt method]], as is ''Webster's method'' to the [[Sainte-Laguë method]], while ''Hamilton's method'' is identical to the Hare largest remainder method.<ref name=JM/>

The [[single transferable vote]] (STV) method was devised by [[Carl Andræ]] in [[Denmark]] in 1855 and in the [[United Kingdom]] by [[Thomas Hare (political scientist)|Thomas Hare]] in 1857. STV elections were first held in Denmark in 1856, and in [[Tasmania]] in 1896 after its use was promoted by [[Andrew Inglis Clark]]. Party-list proportional representation began to be used to elect European legislatures in the early 20th century, with [[Belgium]] the first to implement it for its [[1900 Belgian general election|1900 general elections]]. Since then, proportional and semi-proportional methods have come to be used in almost all democratic countries, with most exceptions being former [[British Empire|British]] and [[French colonial empire|French]] colonies.<ref>[http://www.fairvote.org/?page=53 Proportional Voting Around the World] [[FairVote]]</ref>

===Single-winner revival===
Perhaps influenced by the rapid development of multiple-winner electoral systems, theorists began to publish new findings about single-winner methods in the late 19th century. This began around 1870, when [[William Robert Ware]] proposed applying STV to single-winner elections, yielding [[instant-runoff voting]] (IRV).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091028050940/http://www.fairvote.org/irv/vt_lite/history.htm The History of IRV] [[FairVote]]</ref> Soon, mathematicians began to revisit Condorcet's ideas and invent new methods for Condorcet completion; [[Edward J. Nanson]] combined the newly described instant runoff voting with the Borda count to yield a new Condorcet method called [[Nanson's method]]. Charles Dodgson, better known as [[Lewis Carroll]], proposed the straightforward Condorcet method known as [[Dodgson's method]]. He also proposed a proportional representation system based on multi-member districts, quotas as minimum requirements to take seats, and votes transferable by candidates through [[proxy voting]].<ref>Charles Dodgson (1884) ''Principles of Parliamentary Representation''</ref>

Ranked voting electoral systems eventually gathered enough support to be adopted for use in government elections. In [[Australia]], IRV was first adopted in 1893, and continues to be used along with STV today. In the United States in the early-20th-century [[progressive era]], some municipalities began to use [[Bucklin voting]], although this is no longer used in any government elections, and has even been declared unconstitutional in [[Minnesota]].<ref>Tony Anderson Solgård & Paul Landskroener (2002) "[https://web.archive.org/web/20090204174848/http://www2.mnbar.org/benchandbar/2002/oct02/voting.htm Municipal Voting System Reform: Overcoming the Legal Obstacles]", Bench & Bar of Minnesota, Vol. 59, no. 9</ref>

===Recent developments===
{{Main|Electoral reform}}
The use of [[game theory]] to analyze electoral systems led to discoveries about the effects of certain methods. Earlier developments such as [[Arrow's impossibility theorem]] had already shown the issues with [[Ranked voting]] systems. Research led [[Steven Brams]] and [[Peter C. Fishburn|Peter Fishburn]] to formally define and promote the use of [[approval voting]] in 1977.<ref>Poundstone, William (2008) ''Gaming the Vote: Why Elections Aren't Fair (and What We Can Do About It)'', Hill and Young, p. 198</ref> Political scientists of the 20th century published many studies on the effects that the electoral systems have on voters' choices and political parties,<ref>Duverger, Maurice (1954) ''Political Parties'', Wiley {{ISBN|0-416-68320-7}}</ref><ref>Douglas W. Rae (1971) ''The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws'', Yale University Press {{ISBN|0-300-01517-8}}</ref><ref>Rein Taagapera & Matthew S. Shugart (1989) ''Seats and Votes: The Effects and Determinants of Electoral Systems'', Yale University Press</ref> and on political stability.<ref>Ferdinand A. Hermens (1941) ''Democracy or Anarchy? A Study of Proportional Representation'', University of Notre Dame.</ref><ref>Arend Lijphart (1994) ''Electoral Systems and Party Systems: A Study of Twenty-Seven Democracies, 1945–1990'' Oxford University Press {{ISBN|0-19-828054-8}}</ref> A few scholars also studied which effects caused a nation to switch to a particular electoral system.<ref>Arend Lijphart (1985) "The Field of Electoral Systems Research: A Critical Survey" Electoral Studies, Vol. 4</ref><ref>Arend Lijphart (1992) "Democratization and Constitutional Choices in Czecho-Slovakia, Hungary and Poland, 1989–1991" ''Journal of Theoretical Politics'' Vol. 4 (2), pp. 207–23</ref><ref>Stein Rokkan (1970) ''Citizens, Elections, Parties: Approaches to the Comparative Study of the Process of Development'', Universitetsforlaget</ref><ref>Ronald Rogowski (1987) "Trade and the Variety of Democratic Institutions", ''International Organization'' Vol. 41, pp. 203–24</ref><ref>[[Carles Boix]] (1999) "Setting the Rules of the Game: The Choice of Electoral Systems in Advanced Democracies", ''American Political Science Review'' Vol. 93 (3), pp. 609–24</ref>

The study of electoral systems influenced a new push for [[electoral reform]] beginning around the 1990s, when proposals were made to replace plurality voting in governmental elections with other methods. [[New Zealand]] adopted mixed-member proportional representation for the [[1993 New Zealand general election|1993 general elections]] and STV for some local elections in 2004. After plurality voting was a key factor in the contested results of the [[2000 United States presidential election|2000 presidential elections]] in the United States, various municipalities in the United States began to adopt [[instant-runoff voting]], although some of them subsequently returned to their prior method. However, attempts at introducing more proportional systems were not always successful; in Canada there were two referendums in British Columbia in [[2005 British Columbia electoral reform referendum|2005]] and [[2009 British Columbia electoral reform referendum|2009]] on adopting an [[BC-STV|STV]] method, both of which failed. In the [[United Kingdom]], a [[2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum|2011 referendum]] on adopting IRV saw the proposal rejected.

In other countries there were calls for the restoration of plurality or majoritarian systems or their establishment where they have never been used; [[1994 Ecuadorian referendum|a referendum]] was held in Ecuador in 1994 on the adoption the two round system, but the idea was rejected. In Romania a proposal to switch to a two-round system for parliamentary elections failed only because [[voter turnout]] in [[2007 Romanian electoral system referendum|the referendum]] was too low. Attempts to [[2015 Polish referendum|reintroduce single-member constituencies]] in Poland (2015) and [[2016 Bulgarian referendum|two-round system]] in Bulgaria (2016) via referendums both also failed due to low turnout.

==Comparison of electoral systems==
{{main|Comparison of electoral systems}}

Electoral systems can be compared by different means. Attitudes towards systems are highly influenced by the systems' impact on groups that one supports or opposes, which can make the objective comparison of voting systems difficult. There are several ways to address this problem:

One approach is to define criteria mathematically, such that any electoral system either passes or fails. This gives perfectly objective results, but their practical relevance is still arguable.

Another approach is to define ideal criteria that no electoral system passes perfectly, and then see how often or how close to passing various methods are over a large sample of simulated elections. This gives results which are practically relevant, but the method of generating the sample of simulated elections can still be arguably biased.

A final approach is to consider practical criteria, and then assign a neutral body to evaluate each method according to these criteria or evaluate the performance of countries with these electoral systems. The practical criteria include [[political fragmentation]], [[voter turnout]], [[wasted vote]]s, complexity of [[vote counting]], and [[barriers to entry]] for new political movements.<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/stable/1816288 Tullock, Gordon. "Entry barriers in politics." The American Economic Review 55.1/2 (1965): 458-466.]</ref> The quality of electoral systems can be measured on outcomes, such as [[voter turnout]],<ref>{{cite journal |first=Arend |last=Lijphart |title=Unequal Participation: Democracy's Unresolved Dilemma |journal=[[American Political Science Review]] |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.2307/2952255 |jstor=2952255 |s2cid=143172061 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1475-6765.1990.tb00227.x | volume=18 | title=Does proportional representation foster voter turnout? | year=1990 | journal=European Journal of Political Research | pages=167–181 | last1 = Blais | first1 = Andre| issue=2 }}</ref> and reduced [[political apathy]]. This approach can look at aspects of electoral systems, which the other two approaches miss, but both the definitions of these criteria and the evaluations of the methods are still inevitably subjective.

[[Arrow's impossibility theorem|Arrow's theorem]] and the [[Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem]] prove that no single-winner system using ranked voting can meet all such criteria simultaneously, while [[Gibbard's theorem]] proves the same for all single-winner deterministic voting methods. Instead of debating the importance of different criteria, another method is to simulate many elections with different electoral systems, and estimate the typical overall happiness of the population with the results,<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Voter Satisfaction Efficiency? |url=https://electology.github.io/vse-sim/VSE/ |access-date=2017-03-30 |website=electology.github.io |publisher=Center for Election Science |quote=(VSE) is a way of measuring the outcome quality [of] a voting method ... highest average happiness would have a VSE of 100%. ... it's impossible for a method to pass all desirable criteria ... VSE measures how well a method makes those tradeoffs by using outcomes.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bayesian Regret |url=http://rangevoting.org/BayRegDum.html |access-date=2017-03-30 |website=RangeVoting.org |quote=The 'Bayesian regret' of an election method E is the 'expected avoidable human unhappiness'}}</ref> their vulnerability to strategic voting, their likelihood of electing the candidate closest to the average voter, etc.

According to a 2006 survey of electoral system experts, their preferred electoral systems were in order of preference:<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bowler|first1=Shaun|last2=Farrell|first2=David M.|last3=Pettit|first3=Robin T.|title=Expert opinion on electoral systems: So which electoral system is "best"?|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13689880500064544|journal=Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties|volume=15|issue=1|pages=3–19|doi=10.1080/13689880500064544|s2cid=144919388|issn=1745-7289}}</ref>

#Mixed member proportional
#Single transferable vote
#Open list proportional
#Alternative vote
#Closed list proportional
#Single member plurality
#Runoffs
#Mixed member majoritarian
#Single non-transferable vote

==Systems by elected body==
{{Excerpt|List of electoral systems by country#Maps}}

==See also==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Comparison of electoral systems]]
*[[Election]]
*[[List of electoral systems by country]]
*[[Matrix vote]]
*[[Spoiler effect]]
*[[Psephology]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.aceproject.org/ ACE Electoral Knowledge Network]
*[https://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/esd_english_0.pdf The International IDEA Handbook of Electoral System Design] IDEA

{{Voting methods}}

[[Category:Comparative politics]]
[[Category:Electoral systems| ]]
[[Category:Voting theory]]
[[Category:Public choice theory]]
[[Category:Psephology]]
[[Category:Social choice theory]]
[[Category:Administrative theory]]
[[Category:Elections]]

Teja Singh Swatantar

2022-12-20T03:04:01Z

Ravish: Teja Singh Swatantar to Teja Singh Sutantar

#REDIRECT [[Teja Singh Sutantar]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

15th Tamil Nadu Assembly

2022-10-20T04:37:35Z

Ravish:

{{Short description|Tamil Nadu state legislative session (2016-2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox legislative term
| name = Fifteenth Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu
| image = TamilNadu Logo.svg
| body = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| meeting_place = [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]], [[Chennai]]
| election = [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]
| government = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| opposition = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start = {{Start date|2016|05|16|df=y}}
| term_end = {{End date|2021|05|06|df=y}}
| before = [[14th Tamil Nadu Assembly]]
| after = [[16th Tamil Nadu Assembly]]
| website = [http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/ Official website]
| chamber1 =
| chamber1_image =
| chamber1_image_size =
| chamber1_alt =
| membership1 = 235
| control1 = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| chamber1_leader1_type = [[List of speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| chamber1_leader1 = [[P. Dhanapal]]
| chamber1_leader2_type = Deputy Speaker
| chamber1_leader2 = [[V. Jayaraman]]
| chamber1_leader3_type = [[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]]
| chamber1_leader3 = [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
| chamber1_leader4_type = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|Deputy Chief Minister]]
| chamber1_leader4 = [[O. Panneerselvam]] (2017-2021)
| chamber1_leader5_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
| chamber1_leader5 = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| session1_start =
| session1_end =
}}
The '''Fifteenth Assembly of Tamil Nadu''' succeeded the [[Fourteenth Assembly of Tamil Nadu]] and was constituted after the victory of [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) and allies in the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016 state assembly election]] held on 16 May. [[Jayalalithaa|J. Jayalalitha]] assumed office as [[List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] for the fourth time.

== Overview ==
Source: Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly website<ref name="assembly.tn.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/ |title=Home Page of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |publisher=Assembly.tn.gov.in |accessdate=27 May 2018}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Office
! Office Bearer
|-
|Speaker
|[[P. Dhanapal]]
|-
|Deputy Speaker
|[[V. Jayaraman|Jayaraman]]
|-
|Leader of the House
|[[O. Panneerselvam]] (until 17 February 2017)
[[K. A. Sengottaiyan|K.A. Sengottaiyan]] (17 February 2017 to 4 January 2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/aiadmks-k-a-sengottaiyan-named-leader-of-tamil-nadu-assembly-4530305/|title=Sengottaiyan Named Leader of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

[[O. Panneerselvam]] (from 4 January 2018)
|-
|Leader of Opposition
|[[M. K. Stalin]]
|}

== Chief Ministers ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Chief Minister
!
!Took Office
!Left Office
!Term
|-
|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
|[[File:Jayalalitha in 2016.jpg|85px]]
|23 May 2016
|5 December 2016 (Died in office)
|{{Age in days|24 May 2016|5 December 2016}} days
|-
|[[O. Panneerselvam]]
|[[File:O. Panneerselvam.jpg|85px]]
|5 December 2016
|16 February 2017
|{{age in days|5 December 2016|16 February 2017}} days
|-
|[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
|[[File:Palanisamy.jpg|85px]]
|16 February 2017
|6 May 2021
|4 years 2 months 21 days
|}

== Council of Ministers ==
The council of Ministers in the Cabinet of Chief Minister [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] as follows<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in|title=Government of Tamil Nadu Website}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Image
! Designation
! Porfolios
|-
| [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
| [[File:Edappadi K. Palaniswami.jpg|116x116px]]
| [[List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]]
| Public, Indian Administrative Service, Indian Police Service, Indian Forest Service, General Administration, District Revenue Officers, Police and [[Department of Home, Prohibition and Excise (Tamil Nadu)|Home]], [[Tamil Nadu Public Works Department|Public Works]], Irrigation including Minor Irrigation, Programme Works, [[Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)|Highways and Minor Ports]]
|-
| [[O. Panneerselvam]]
| [[File:O. Panneerselvam.jpg|left|106x106px]]
| [[Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Deputy Chief Minister]]
| Finance, Planning, Legislative Assembly, Elections and Passports, Housing, Rural Housing and Housing Development, Slum Clearance Board and Accommodation Control, Town Planning, Urban Development and Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority
|-
| [[C. Sreenivaasan|Dindigul C. Sreenivasan]]
| [[File: C. Sreenivasan.jpg|85px]]
| [[Environment and Forests Department (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Forests]]
| Forests
|-
| [[K. A. Sengottaiyan]]
|
| Minister for School Education, Minister for Youth Welfare and Sports Development
| School Education, Youth Welfare and Sports Development Department
|-
| [[Sellur K. Raju]]
|
| [[Department of Co-operation, Food and Consumer Protection (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Co-operation]]
| Co-operation, Statistics and Ex-Servicemen Welfare
|-
| [[P. Thangamani]]
|
| [[Department of Energy (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Electricity]], [[Department of Home, Prohibition and Excise (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Prohibition and Excise]]
| Electricity, Non-Conventional Energy Development, Prohibition and Excise, Molasses and Prevention of Corruption Act
|-
| [[S. P. Velumani]]
| [[File:SP Velumani.jpg|85px]]
| Minister for Municipal Administration, [[Department of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Rural Development and Implementation of Special Programme]]
| Municipal Administration, Rural Development, Panchayats and Panchayat Unions, Poverty Alleviation Programmes, Rural Indebtedness, Urban and Rural Water Supply, Implementation of Special Programme
|-
| [[D. Jayakumar]]
|
| [[Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Fisheries]]
Minister for Personal and Administrative Reforms
| Fisheries and Fisheries Development Corporation
Personnel and Administrative Reforms, Personnel and Administrative Reforms (Training)
|-
| [[C. Ve. Shanmugam]]
|
| [[Department of Law (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Law, Courts and Prisons]], [[Department of Industries (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Mines and Minerals]]
| Law, Courts and Prisons, Mines and Minerals
|-
| [[K. P. Anbalagan]]
| [[File:KP Anbalagan.jpg|85px]]
| [[Department of Higher Education (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Higher Education]]
| Higher Education including Technical Education, Electronics, Science and Technology
|-
| [[V. Saroja]]
|
| Minister for Social Welfare and Nutritious Noon Meal Programme
| Social Welfare including Women's and Children's Welfare, Orphanages and Correctional Administration, Integrated Child Development and Beggar Homes, [[Department of Welfare of Differently Abled Persons (Tamil Nadu)|Welfare of the Differently Abled]] and Social Reforms and Nutritious Noon Meal Programme
|-
| [[M. C. Sampath]]
|
| [[Department of Industries (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Industries, Steel Control and Special Initiatives]]
| Industries, Steel Control and Special Initiatives
|-
| [[K. C. Karuppannan]]
|
| [[Environment and Forests Department (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Environment]]
| Environment and Pollution Control
|-
| [[R. Kamaraj]]
|
| [[Department of Co-operation, Food and Consumer Protection (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Food and Civil Supplies]]
| Food, Civil Supplies, Consumer Protection and Price Control
|-
| [[O. S. Manian]]
|
| Minister for Handlooms and Textiles
| Handlooms and Textiles
|-
| [[Udumalai K. Radhakrishnan]]
|
| [[Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Animal Husbandry]]
| Animal Husbandry
|-
| [[C. Vijayabaskar|C. Vijaya Baskar]]
|
| [[Department of Health and Family Welfare (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Health and Family Welfare]]
| Health, Medical Education and Family Welfare
|-
| [[R. Doraikkannu]]
|
| [[Department of Agriculture (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Agriculture]]
| Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering, Agro Service Cooperatives, Horticulture, Sugarcane Cess, Sugarcane Development and Waste Land Development
|-
| [[Kadambur Raju]]
|
| Minister for Information and Publicity
| Information and Publicity Film Technology and Cinematograph Act, Stationery and Printing and Government Press
|-
| [[R. B. Udhaya Kumar|R. B. Udhayakumar]]
|
| [[Department of Revenue (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Revenue]]
Minister for Disaster Management
| Revenue, District Revenue Establishment, Deputy Collectors, Weights and Measures, Debt Relief including Legislation on Money lending, Chits, Registration of Companies
Disaster Management
|-
| [[Vellamandi N. Natarajan]]
|
| Minister for Tourism
| Tourism, Tourism Development Corporation
|-
| [[K. C. Veeramani]]
| [[File:K. c. veeramani.jpg|85px]]
| Minister for Commercial Taxes
| Commercial Taxes, Registration and Stamp Act
|-
| [[K. T. Rajenthra Bhalaji]]
|
| [[Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Milk and Dairy Development]]
| Milk and Dairy Development
|-
| [[P. Benjamin]]
|
| Minister for Rural Industries
| Rural Industries including Cottage Industries, Small Industries
|-
| [[M. R. Vijayabhaskar]]
|
| [[Department of Transport (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Transport]]
| Transport, Nationalised Transport and Motor Vehicles Act
|-
| [[Nilofer Kafeel]]
|
| [[Department of Labour and Employment (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Labour]]
| Labour, Population, Employment and Training, Newsprint Control, Census and Urban and Rural Employment and Wakf Board
|-
| [[M. Manikandan (politician)|M. Manikandan]]
|
| Minister for Information Technology
| Information Technology
|-
| [[V. M. Rajalakshmi]]
|
| [[Department of Adi Dravidar and Tribal Welfare (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Adi Dravidar and Tribal Welfare]]
| Adi Dravidar Welfare, Hill Tribes and Bonded Labour
|-
| [[K. Pandiarajan]]
| [[File:K. Pandiarajan.jpg|85px]]
| Minister for Tamil Official Language and Tamil Culture
| Tamil Official Language and Tamil Culture and Archaeology
|-
| [[G. Baskaran]]
|
| Minister for Khadi and Village Industries Board
| Khadi and Village Industries Board, Bhoodhan and Gramadhan
|-
| [[Sevvoor S. Ramachandran]]
|
| [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department|Minister for Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments]]
| Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments
|-
| [[S. Valarmathi]]
|
| Minister for Backward Classes and Minorities Welfare
| Backward Classes, Most Backward Classes and Denotified Communities, Overseas Indians, Refugees and Evacuees and Minorities Welfare
|-
|}

== Party positions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Party
!Number of members
|-
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|123
|-
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|100
|-
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|7
|-
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|0
|-
|[[Indian Union Muslim League]]
|1
|-
|Independent
|1
|-
|Nominated
|1
|-
|Vacant
|1
|-
|Total
|235
|}

The 123 AIADMK members include three independents who contested and won under the AIADMK symbol.

== List of members ==
Information derived from data produced by the [[Election Commission of India]] (ECI) except where noted. The results for two constituencies – [[Aravakurichi (state assembly constituency)|Aravakurichi]] and [[Thanjavur (state assembly constituency)|Thanjavur]] – were undeclared at the time that the ECI published its list.<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125230740/http://eciresults.nic.in/statewiseS22.htm?st=S22 |archivedate=25 November 2016 |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly Trends and Results 2016: Tamil Nadu : Constituency-wise Trends |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/statewiseS22.htm?st=S22 }}</ref> [[Reservation in India|Reserved constituencies]] for candidates from the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] (SC / ST) were defined in 2007 by the Delimitation Commission.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |title=Notification |url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20&%20Order%20.pdf |accessdate=27 May 2018}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Results
!#
!Name
!Winner
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="5" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Tiruvallur district|'''Tiruvallur District''']]
|-
|1
|[[Gummidipundi (state assembly constituency)|Gummidipoondi]]
|[[K. S. Vijayakumar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|2
|[[Ponneri (state assembly constituency)|Ponneri (SC)]]
|[[P. Balaraman]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|3
|[[Tiruttani (state assembly constituency)|Tiruttani]]
|[[P. M. Narasimhan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|4
|[[Tiruvallur (state assembly constituency)|Thiruvallur]]
|[[V. G. Raajendran]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|5
|[[Poonamallee (state assembly constituency)|Poonamallee (SC)]]
|[[A. Krishnaswamy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|6
|[[Avadi (state assembly constituency)|Avadi]]
|[[K. Pandiarajan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Chennai district|'''Chennai District''']]
|-
|7
|[[Maduravoyal (state assembly constituency)|Maduravoyal]]
|[[P. Benjamin]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|8
|[[Ambattur (state assembly constituency)|Ambattur]]
|[[V. Alexander]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|9
|[[Madhavaram (state assembly constituency)|Madavaram]]
|[[S. Sudharsanam]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|10
|[[Thiruvottiyur (state assembly constituency)|Thiruvottiyur]]
| colspan="3" |'''Vacant'''
|-
|11
|[[Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]]
|T. T. V. Dinakaram
| bgcolor="{{party color|Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam}}" |
|[[Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam|AMMK]]
|-
|12
|[[Perambur (state assembly constituency)|Perambur]]
|[[R. D. Sekar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|13
|[[Kolathur (state assembly constituency)|Kolathur]]
|[[M. K. Stalin]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|14
|[[Villivakkam (state assembly constituency)|Villivakkam]]
|[[B. Ranganathan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|15
|[[Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar (state assembly constituency)|Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar (SC)]]
|[[P. Sivakumar]] alias Thayagam Kavi
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|16
|[[Egmore (state assembly constituency)|Egmore (SC)]]
|[[K. S. Ravichandran]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|17
|[[Royapuram (state assembly constituency)|Royapuram]]
|[[D. Jayakumar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|18
|[[Harbour (state assembly constituency)|Harbour]]
|[[P. K. Sekar Babu]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|19
|[[Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni]]
| colspan="3" |'''Vacant'''
|-
|20
|[[Thousand Lights]]
|K. K. Selvam
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|21
|[[Anna Nagar (state assembly constituency)|Anna Nagar]]
|[[M. K. Mohan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|22
|[[Virugambakkam (state assembly constituency)|Virugambakkam]]
|[[V. N. Virugai Ravi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|23
|[[Saidapet (state assembly constituency)|Saidapet]]
|[[M. A. Subramanian]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|24
|[[Theagaraya Nagar (state assembly constituency)|T. Nagar]]
|[[B. Sathyanarayanan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|25
|[[Mylapore (state assembly constituency)|Mylapore]]
|[[R. Nataraj]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|26
|[[Velachery (state assembly constituency)|Velachery]]
|[[Vagai Chandrasekhar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|27
|[[Sholinganallur (state assembly constituency)|Sholinganallur]]
|[[Ramesh S. Aravind]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|28
|[[Alandur (state assembly constituency)|Alandur]]
|[[T. M. Anbarasan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Kanchipuram district|'''Kanchipuram District''']]
|-
|29
|[[Sriperumbudur (state assembly constituency)|Sriperumbudur (SC)]]
|[[K. Palani]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Chengalpattu district|'''Chengalpattu District''']]
|-
|30
|[[Pallavaram (state assembly constituency)|Pallavaram]]
|[[I. Karunanithi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|31
|[[Tambaram (state assembly constituency)|Tambaram]]
|[[S. R. Raja]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|32
|[[Chengalpattu (state assembly constituency)|Chengalpattu]]
|[[M. Varalakshmi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|33
|[[Thiruporur (state assembly constituency)|Thiruporur]]
|[[L. Idhayavarman]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|34
|[[Cheyyur (state assembly constituency)|Cheyyur (SC)]]
|[[R. T. Arasu]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|35
|[[Maduranthakam (state assembly constituency)|Maduranthakam (SC)]]
|[[S. Pugazhenthi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Kanchipuram district|'''Kanchipuram District''']]
|-
|36
|[[Uthiramerur (state assembly constituency)|Uthiramerur]]
|[[K. Sundar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|37
|[[Kancheepuram (state assembly constituency)|Kancheepuram]]
|[[C. V. M. P. Ezhilarasan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Ranipet district|'''Ranipet District''']]
|-
|38
|[[Arakkonam (state assembly constituency)|Arakkonam (SC)]]
|[[S. Ravi (politician)|S. Ravi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|39
|[[Sholinghur (state assembly constituency)|Sholingur]]
|[[G. Sampathu]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Vellore district|'''Vellore District''']]
|-
|40
|[[Katpadi (state assembly constituency)|Katpadi]]
|[[Duraimurugan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Ranipet district|'''Ranipet District''']]
|-
|41
|[[Ranipet (state assembly constituency)|Ranipet]]
|[[R. Gandhi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|42
|[[Arcot (state assembly constituency)|Arcot]]
|[[J. L. Eswarappan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Vellore district|'''Vellore District''']]
|-
|43
|[[Vellore (state assembly constituency)|Vellore]]
|[[P. Karthikeyan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|44
|[[Anaicut (state assembly constituency)|Anaikattu]]
|[[A. P. Nandakumar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|45
|[[K. V. Kuppam (state assembly constituency)|K. V. Kuppam (SC)]]
|[[G. Loganathan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|46
|[[Gudiyatham (state assembly constituency)|Gudiyattam (SC)]]
| colspan="3" |'''Vacant'''
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Tirupattur district|'''Tirupattur District''']]
|-
|47
|[[Vaniyambadi (state assembly constituency)|Vaniyambadi]]
|[[Kafeel Nilofer]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|48
|[[Ambur (state assembly constituency)|Ambur]]
|[[A. C. Vilwanathan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|49
|[[Jolarpet (state assembly constituency)|Jolarpet]]
|[[K. C. Veeramani]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|50
|[[Tiruppattur, Vellore Assembly constituency|Tirupattur, Vellore]]
|[[A. Nallathambi (DMK politician)|A. Nallathambi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Krishnagiri district|'''Krishnagiri District''']]
|-
|51
|[[Uthangarai (state assembly constituency)|Uthangarai (SC)]]
|[[N. Manoranjitham]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|52
|[[Bargur (state assembly constituency)|Bargur]]
|C. V. Rajendiran
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|53
|[[Krishnagiri (state assembly constituency)|Krishnagiri]]
|[[T. Senguttuvan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|54
|[[Veppanahalli]]
|[[P. Murugan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|55
|[[Hosur (state assembly constituency)|Hosur]]
|[[S. A. Sathya]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|56
|[[Thalli (state assembly constituency)|Thalli]]
|[[Y. Prakaash]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Dharmapuri district|'''Dharmapuri District''']]
|-
|57
|[[Palacode (state assembly constituency)|Palacode]]
|[[K. P. Anbalagan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|58
|[[Pennagaram (state assembly constituency)|Pennagaram]]
|[[P. N. P. Inbasekaran]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|59
|[[Dharmapuri (state assembly constituency)|Dharmapuri]]
|[[P. Subramani]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|60
|[[Pappireddipatti (state assembly constituency)|Pappireddippatti]]
|[[A. Govindasamy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|61
|[[Harur (state assembly constituency)|Harur (SC)]]
|[[V. Sampathkumar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Tiruvannamalai district|'''Tiruvannamalai District''']]
|-
|62
|[[Chengam (state assembly constituency)|Chengam (SC)]]
|[[M. P. Giri]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|63
|[[Tiruvannamalai (state assembly constituency)|Tiruvannamalai]]
|[[E. V. Velu]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|64
|[[Kilpennathur (state assembly constituency)|Kilpennathur]]
|[[K. Pitchandi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|65
|[[Kalasapakkam (state assembly constituency)|Kalasapakkam]]
|[[V. Panneerselvam]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|66
|[[Polur (state assembly constituency)|Polur]]
|[[K. V. Sekaran]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|67
|[[Arni (state assembly constituency)|Arani]]
|[[S. Sevoor Ramachandran]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|68
|[[Cheyyar (state assembly constituency)|Cheyyar]]
|[[K. Mohan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|69
|[[Vandavasi (state assembly constituency)|Vandavasi (SC)]]
|[[S. Ambethkumar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Villupuram district|'''Villupuram District''']]
|-
|70
|[[Gingee (state assembly constituency)|Gingee]]
|[[K. S. Masthan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|71
|[[Mailam (state assembly constituency)|Mailam]]
|[[R. Masilamani]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|72
|[[Tindivanam (state assembly constituency)|Tindivanam (SC)]]
|[[P. Seethapathy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|73
|[[Vanur (state assembly constituency)|Vanur (SC)]]
|[[M. Chakrapani]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|74
|[[Villupuram (state assembly constituency)|Villupuram]]
|[[C. Ve. Shanmugam]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|75
|[[Vikravandi (state assembly constituency)|Vikravandi]]
|[[R. Muthamilselvan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Kallakurichi district|'''Kallakurichi District''']]
|-
|76
|[[Tirukkoyilur (state assembly constituency)|Tirukkoyilur]]
|[[K. Ponmudy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|77
|[[Ulundurpet (state assembly constituency)|Ulundurpettai]]
|[[R. Kumaraguru]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|78
|[[Rishivandiyam (state assembly constituency)|Rishivandiyam]]
|[[K. Karthikeyan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|79
|[[Sankarapuram (state assembly constituency)|Sankarapuram]]
|[[T. Udhayasuriyan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|80
|[[Kallakurichi (state assembly constituency)|Kallakurichi (SC)]]
|[[A. Prabhu]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Salem district|'''Salem District''']]
|-
|81
|[[Gangavalli (state assembly constituency)|Gangavalli (SC)]]
|[[A. Nallathambi (ADMK politician)|A. Nallathambi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|82
|[[Attur (state assembly constituency)|Attur (SC)]]
|[[R. M. Chinnathambi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|83
|[[Yercaud (state assembly constituency)|Yercaud (ST)]]
|[[G. Chitra]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|84
|[[Omalur (state assembly constituency)|Omalur]]
|[[S. Vetrivel]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|85
|[[Mettur (state assembly constituency)|Mettur]]
|[[S. Semmalai]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|86
|[[Edappadi (state assembly constituency)|Edappadi]]
|[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|87
|[[Sankari (state assembly constituency)|Sankari]]
|[[S. Raja]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|88
|[[Salem West|Salem (West)]]
|[[G. Venkatachalam]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|89
|[[Salem North|Salem (North)]]
|[[R. Rajendran]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|90
|[[Salem South|Salem (South)]]
|[[A. B. Sakthivel Mudaliar|A. B. Sakthivel]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|91
|[[Veerapandi (state assembly constituency)|Veerapandi]]
|[[P. Manonmani]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| colspan="5" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Namakkal district|'''Namakkal District''']]
|-
|92
|[[Rasipuram (state assembly constituency)|Rasipuram (SC)]]
|[[V. Saroja]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|93
|[[Senthamangalam (state assembly constituency)|Senthamangalam (ST)]]
|[[C. Chandrasekaran]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|94
|[[Namakkal (state assembly constituency)|Namakkal]]
|[[K. P. P. Baskar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|95
|[[Paramathi-Velur (state assembly constituency)|Paramathi Velur]]
|[[K. S. Moorthiy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|96
|[[Tiruchengode (state assembly constituency)|Tiruchengodu]]
|[[Pon. Saraswathi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|97
|[[Kumarapalayam (state assembly constituency)|Kumarapalayam]]
|[[P. Thangamani]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Erode district|'''Erode District''']]
|-
|98
|[[Erode East|Erode (East)]]
|[[K. S. Thennarasu]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|99
|[[Erode West|Erode (West)]]
|[[K. V. Ramalingam]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|100
|[[Modakkurichi]]
|V. P. Sivasubramani
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| colspan="5" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Tiruppur district|'''Tiruppur District''']]
|-
|101
|[[Dharapuram (state assembly constituency)|Dharapuram (SC)]]
|[[V. S. Kalimuthu]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|106
|[[Kangayam (state assembly constituency)|Kangayam]]
|[[U. Thaniyarasu]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Erode district|'''Erode District''']]
|-
|103
|[[Perundurai (state assembly constituency)|Perundurai]]
|[[N. D. Venkatachalam]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|104
|[[Bhavani (state assembly constituency)|Bhavani]]
|[[K. C. Karuppannan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|105
|[[Anthiyur (state assembly constituency)|Anthiyur]]
|[[K. R. Rajakrishnan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|106
|[[Gobichettipalayam (state assembly constituency)|Gobichettipalayam]]
|[[K. A. Sengottaiyan|K. A. Sengonttaiyan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|107
|[[Bhavanisagar (state assembly constituency)|Bhavanisagar (SC)]]
|[[S. Eswaran]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| colspan="5" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Nilgiris district|'''Nilgiris District''']]
|-
|108
|[[Udagamandalam (state assembly constituency)|Udhagamandalam]]
|[[R. Ganesh (politician)|R. Ganesh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|109
|[[Coonoor (state assembly constituency)|Coonoor]]
|[[A. Ramu]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|110
|[[Gudalur (state assembly constituency)|Gudalur (SC)]]
|[[M. Thiravidamani]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Coimbatore district|'''Coimbatore District''']]
|-
|111
|[[Mettupalayam (state assembly constituency)|Mettupalayam]]
|[[O. K. Chinnaraj]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| colspan="5" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Tiruppur district|'''Tiruppur District''']]
|-
|112
|[[Avanashi (state assembly constituency)|Avanashi (SC)]]
|[[P. Dhanapal]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|113
|[[Tiruppur North|Tiruppur (North)]]
|[[K. N. Vijayakumar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|114
|[[Tiruppur South|Tiruppur (South)]]
|[[S. Gunasekaran (AIADMK politician)|S. Gunasekaran]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|115
|[[Palladam (state assembly constituency)|Palladam]]
|[[A. Natarajan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|116
|[[Sulur (state assembly constituency)|Sulur]]
|[[P. Kandhasamy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Coimbatore district|'''Coimbatore District''']]
|-
|117
|[[Kaundampalayam|Kavundampalayam]]
|[[V. C. Arukutty]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|118
|[[Coimbatore North (state assembly constituency)|Coimbatore North]]
|[[P. R. G. Arun Kumar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|119
|[[Thondamuthur (state assembly constituency)|Thondamuthur]]
|[[S. P. Velumani]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|120
|[[Coimbatore South (state assembly constituency)|Coimbatore (South)]]
|[[Amman K. Arjunan|Arjunan]] alias K. Amman Arjunan
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|121
|[[Singanallur]]
|[[N. Karthik]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|122
|[[Kinathukadavu (state assembly constituency)|Kinathukadavu]]
|[[A. Shanmugam]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|123
|[[Pollachi (state assembly constituency)|Pollachi]]
|[[Pollachi V. Jayaraman]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|124
|[[Valparai (state assembly constituency)|Valparai (SC)]]
|[[V. Kasthuri Vasu]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| colspan="5" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Tiruppur district|'''Tiruppur District''']]
|-
|125
|[[Udumalpet (state assembly constituency)|Udumalaipettai]]
|[[K. Radhakrishnan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|126
|[[Madathukulam (state assembly constituency)|Madathukulam]]
|[[R. Jayaramakrishnan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Dindigul district|'''Dindigul District''']]
|-
|127
|[[Palani (state assembly constituency)|Palani]]
|[[I. P. Senthil Kumar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|128
|[[Oddanchatram (state assembly constituency)|Oddanchatram]]
|[[R. Sakkarapani]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|129
|[[Athoor (state assembly constituency)|Athoor]]
|[[I. Periyasamy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|130
|[[Nilakottai (state assembly constituency)|Nilakottai (SC)]]
|[[S. Thenmozhi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|131
|[[Natham (state assembly constituency)|Natham]]
|[[M. Andi Ambalam|M. A. Andiambalam]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|132
|[[Dindigul (state assembly constituency)|Dindigul]]
|[[C. Sreenivaasan|C. Sreenivasan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|133
|[[WWE07asandur (state assembly constituency)|Aravindhvnpasandur]]
|[[V. P. B. Paramasivam]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Karur district|'''Karur District''']]
|-
|134
|[[Aravakurichi (state assembly constituency)|Aravakurichi]]
|[[V. Senthil Balaji]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|135
|[[Karur (state assembly constituency)|Karur]]
|[[M. R. Vijayabhaskar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|136
|[[Krishnarayapuram (state assembly constituency)|Krishnarayapuram (SC)]]
|[[M. Geetha]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|137
|[[Kulithalai (state assembly constituency)|Kulithalai]]
|[[E. Ramar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Tiruchirapalli district|'''Tiruchirappalli District''']]
|-
|138
|[[Manapaarai (state assembly constituency)|Manapaarai]]
|[[R. Chandrasekar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|139
|[[Srirangam (state assembly constituency)|Srirangam]]
|[[S. Valarmathi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|140
|[[Tiruchirappalli West (state assembly constituency)|Tiruchirappalli (West)]]
|[[K. N. Nehru]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|141
|[[Tiruchirappalli East (state assembly constituency)|Tiruchirappalli (East)]]
|[[Vellamandi N. Natarajan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|142
|[[Thiruverumbur (state assembly constituency)|Thiruverumbur]]
|[[Anbil Mahesh Poyyamozhi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|143
|[[Lalgudi (state assembly constituency)|Lalgudi]]
|[[A. Soundara Pandian|A. Soundarapandian]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|144
|[[Manachanallur (state assembly constituency)|Manachanallur]]
|[[M. Parameswari]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|145
|[[Musiri (state assembly constituency)|Musiri]]
|[[M. Selvarasu]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|146
|[[Thuraiyur (state assembly constituency)|Thuraiyur (SC)]]
|[[S. Stalinkumar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Perambalur district|'''Perambalur District''']]
|-
|147
|[[Perambalur (state assembly constituency)|Perambalur (SC)]]
|[[R. Thamizhselvan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|148
|[[Kunnam (state assembly constituency)|Kunnam]]
|[[R. T. Ramachandran]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Ariyalur district|'''Ariyalur District''']]
|-
|149
|[[Ariyalur (state assembly constituency)|Ariyalur]]
|S. Rajendran
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|150
|[[Jayankondam (state assembly constituency)|Jayankondam]]
|[[J. K. N. Ramajeyalingam]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Cuddalore district|'''Cuddalore District''']]
|-
|151
|[[Tittakudi (state assembly constituency)|Tittakudi (SC)]]
|[[V. Ganesan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|152
|[[Vridhachalam (state assembly constituency)|Vriddhachalam]]
|[[V. T. Kalaiselvan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|153
|[[Neyveli (state assembly constituency)|Neyveli]]
|[[Rajendran Saba]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|154
|[[Panruti (state assembly constituency)|Panruti]]
|[[P. Sathya]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|155
|[[Cuddalore (state assembly constituency)|Cuddalore]]
|[[M. C. Sampath]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|156
|[[Kurinjipadi (state assembly constituency)|Kurinjipadi]]
|[[M. R. K. Panneerselvam]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|157
|[[Bhuvanagiri (state assembly constituency)|Bhuvanagiri]]
|[[K. Durai Saravanan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|158
|[[Chidambaram (state assembly constituency)|Chidambaram]]
|[[K. A. Pandian]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|159
|[[Kattumannarkoil (state assembly constituency)|Kattumannarkoil (SC)]]
|[[N. Murugumaran]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Mayiladuthurai district|'''Mayiladuthurai District''']]
|-
|160
|[[Sirkazhi (state assembly constituency)|Sirkazhi (SC)]]
|[[P. V. Bharathi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|161
|[[Mayiladuturai (state assembly constituency)|Mayiladuthurai]]
|[[V. Rathakrishnan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|162
|[[Poompuhar (state assembly constituency)|Poompuhar]]
|[[S. Pavunraj]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Nagapattinam district|'''Nagapattinam District''']]
|-
|163
|[[Nagapattinam (state assembly constituency)|Nagapattinam]]
|[[M. Thamimun Ansari]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|164
|[[Kilvelur (state assembly constituency)|Kilvelur (SC)]]
|[[U. Mathivanan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|165
|[[LHist2021aranyam (state assembly constituency)|Vedaranyam]]
|[[O. S. Manian]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Tiruvarur district|'''Tiruvarur District''']]
|-
|166
|[[Tiruthuraipundi (state assembly constituency)|Thiruthuraipoondi (SC)]]
|[[P. Adalarasan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|167
|[[Mannargudi (state assembly constituency)|Mannargudi]]
|[[T. R. B. Rajaa]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|168
|[[Tiruvarur (state assembly constituency)|Thiruvarur]]
|[[Poondi K. Kalaivanan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|169
|[[Nannilam (state assembly constituency)|Nannilam]]
|[[R. Kamaraj]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Thanjavur district|'''Thanjavur District''']]
|-
|170
|[[Thiruvidamarudur|Thiruvidaimarudur (SC)]]
|[[Govi Chezhiaan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|171
|[[Kumbakonam (state assembly constituency)|Kumbakonam]]
|[[G. Anbalagan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|172
|[[Papanasam (state assembly constituency)|Papanasam]]
| colspan="3" |'''Vacant'''
|-
|173
|[[Tiruvaiyaru (state assembly constituency)|Thiruvaiyaru]]
|[[Durai Chandrasekaran|Durai Chandrashekaran]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|174
|[[Thanjavur (state assembly constituency)|Thanjavur]]
|[[T. K. G. Neelamegam]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|175
|[[Orathanad (state assembly constituency)|Orathanadu]]
|[[M. Ramchandran]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|176
|[[Pattukkottai (state assembly constituency)|Pattukkottai]]
|[[V. Sekar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|177
|[[Peravurani (state assembly constituency)|Peravurani]]
|[[M. Govindarasu]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Pudukottai district|'''Pudukottai District''']]
|-
|178
|[[Gandarvakottai (state assembly constituency)|Gandharvakottai (SC)]]
|[[B. Arumugam]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|179
|[[Viralimalai (state assembly constituency)|Viralimalai]]
|[[C. Vijayabaskar|C. Vijaya Baskar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|180
|[[Pudukkottai (state assembly constituency)|Pudukkottai]]
|[[Periyannan Arassu]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|181
|[[Tirumayam (state assembly constituency)|Thirumayam]]
|[[S. Regupathy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|182
|[[Alangudi (state assembly constituency)|Alangudi]]
|[[Siva V. Meyyanathan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|183
|[[Arantangi (state assembly constituency)|Aranthangi]]
|[[E. Rathinasabhapathy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Sivaganga district|'''Sivaganga District''']]
|-
|184
|[[Karaikudi (state assembly constituency)|Karaikudi]]
|[[K. R. Ramasamy (politician)|K. R. Ramasamy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|185
|[[Tiruppattur, Sivaganga Assembly constituency|Tiruppattur, Sivaganga]]
|[[K. R. Periyakaruppan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|186
|[[Sivaganga (state assembly constituency)|Sivaganga]]
|[[G. Baskaran]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|187
|[[Manamadurai (state assembly constituency)|Manamadurai (SC)]]
|[[S. Nagarajan (politician)|S. Nagarajan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Madurai district|'''Madurai District''']]
|-
|188
|[[Melur (state assembly constituency)|Melur]]
|[[Periyapullan]] alias P. Selvam
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|189
|[[Madurai East (state assembly constituency)|Madurai East]]
|[[P. Moorthy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|190
|[[Sholavandan (state assembly constituency)|Sholavandan (SC)]]
|[[K. Manickam]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|191
|[[Madurai North (state assembly constituency)|Madurai North]]
|[[V. V. Rajan Chellappa]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|192
|[[Madurai South (state assembly constituency)|Madurai South]]
|[[S. S. Saravanan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|193
|[[Madurai Central]]
|[[Palanivel Thiagarajan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|194
|[[Madurai West (state assembly constituency)|Madurai West]]
|[[K. Raju]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|195
|[[Thirupparankundram (state assembly constituency)|Thiruparankundram]]
|[[P. Saravanan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|196
|[[Tirumangalam (state assembly constituency)|Tirumangalam]]
|[[R. B. Udhayakumar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|197
|[[Usilampatti (state assembly constituency)|Usilampatti]]
|[[P. Neethipathi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Theni district|'''Theni District''']]
|-
|198
|[[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Andipatti]]
|[[A. Maharajan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|199
|[[Periyakulam (state assembly constituency)|Periyakulam (SC)]]
|[[K. S. Saravanakumar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|200
|[[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakanur]]
|[[O. Panneerselvam]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|201
|[[Cumbum (state assembly constituency)|Cumbum]]
|[[S. T. K. Jakkaiyan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Virudhunagar district|'''Virudhunagar District''']]
|-
|202
|[[Rajapalayam (state assembly constituency)|Rajapalayam]]
|[[S. Thangappandian]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|203
|[[Srivilliputhur (state assembly constituency)|Srivilliputhur (SC)]]
|[[M. Chandra Prabha]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|204
|[[Sattur (state assembly constituency)|Sattur]]
|[[M. S. R. Rajavarman]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|205
|[[Sivakasi (state assembly constituency)|Sivakasi]]
|[[K. T. Rajenthra Bhalaji]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|206
|[[Virudhunagar (state assembly constituency)|Virudhunagar]]
|[[A. R. R. Seenivasan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|207
|[[Aruppukottai (state assembly constituency)|Aruppukkottai]]
|[[K. K. S. S. R. Ramachandran]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|208
|[[Tiruchuli (state assembly constituency)|Tiruchuli]]
|[[T. Thangam Thenarasu]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Ramanathapuram district|'''Ramanathapuram District''']]
|-
|209
|[[Paramakudi (state assembly constituency)|Paramakudi (SC)]]
|[[N. Sadhan Prabhakar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|210
|[[Tiruvadanai (state assembly constituency)|Tiruvadanai]]
|[[Karunas]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|211
|[[Ramanathapuram (state assembly constituency)|Ramanathapuram]]
|[[M. Manikandan (politician)|M. Manikandan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|212
|[[Mudukulathur (state assembly constituency)|Mudhukulathur]]
|[[S. Pandi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Thoothukudi district|'''Thoothukudi District''']]
|-
|213
|[[Vilathikulam (state assembly constituency)|Vilathikulam]]
|[[P. Chinnappan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|214
|[[Thoothukudi (state assembly constituency)|Thoothukkudi]]
|[[P. Geetha Jeevan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|215
|[[Tiruchendur (state assembly constituency)|Tiruchendur]]
|[[Anitha R. Radhakrishnan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|216
|[[Srivaikuntam (state assembly constituency)|Srivaikuntam]]
|[[S. P. Shanmuganathan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|217
|[[Ottapidaram (state assembly constituency)|Ottapidaram (SC)]]
|[[C. Shanmugaiah]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|218
|[[Kovilpatti (state assembly constituency)|Kovilpatti]]
|[[C. Kadambur Raju]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Tenkasi district|'''Tenkasi District''']]
|-
|219
|[[Sankarankoil (state assembly constituency)|Sankarankovil (SC)]]
|[[V. M. Rajalakshmi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|220
|[[Vasudevanallur (state assembly constituency)|Vasudevanallur (SC)]]
|[[A. Manoharan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|221
|[[Kadayanallur (state assembly constituency)|Kadayanallur]]
|[[K. A. M. Muhammed Abubacker]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}" |
|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|-
|222
|[[Tenkasi (state assembly constituency)|Tenkasi]]
|[[S. Selvamohandas Pandian]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|223
|[[Alangulam (state assembly constituency)|Alangulam]]
|[[Poongothai Aladi Aruna]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Tirunelveli district|'''Tirunelveli District''']]
|-
|224
|[[Tirunelveli (state assembly constituency)|Tirunelveli]]
|[[A. L. S. Lakshmanan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|225
|[[Ambasamudram (state assembly constituency)|Ambasamudram]]
|[[R. Murugaiah Pandian]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|226
|[[Palayamkottai (state assembly constituency)|Palayamkottai]]
|[[T. P. M. Mohideen Khan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|227
|[[Nanguneri (state assembly constituency)|Nanguneri]]
|[[V. Narayanan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
|228
|[[Radhapuram (state assembly constituency)|Radhapuram]]
|[[I. S. Inbadurai]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Kanniyakumari district|'''Kanniyakumari District''']]
|-
|229
|[[Kanyakumari (state assembly constituency)|Kanniyakumari]]
|[[S. Austin]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|230
|[[Nagercoil (state assembly constituency)|Nagercoil]]
|[[N. Suresh Rajan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|231
|[[Colachel (state assembly constituency)|Colachal]]
|[[J. G. Prince]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|232
|[[Padmanabhapuram (state assembly constituency)|Padmanabhapuram]]
|[[T. Mano Thangaraj]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
|233
|[[Vilavancode (state assembly constituency)|Vilavancode]]
|[[S. Vijayadharani]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|234
|[[Killiyur (state assembly constituency)|Killiyoor]]
|[[S. Rajesh Kumar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|235
|Anglo-Indian
|[[Nancy Ann Cynthia Francis]]
| colspan="2" |[[Appointed Member of the Legislative Assembly|Nominated]]
|}

== Important events ==

On 18 September 2017, the Speaker of the Assembly disqualified 18 dissident AIADMK MLAs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-speaker-disqualifies-18-dissident-aiadmk-mlas/article19708105.ece |title=Tamil Nadu Speaker disqualifies 18 dissident AIADMK MLAs |work=The Hindu |accessdate=27 May 2018}}</ref>

[[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]] was elected as an independent candidate from Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar constituency in the bye-election held on 21 December 2017.

On 7 January 2019, Tamil Nadu sports minister P Balakrishna Reddy sentenced to three years in 1998 riot case, steps down.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/jan/07/tamil-nadu-sports-minister-p-balakrishna-reddy-sentenced-to-three-years-in-1998-riot-case-steps-do-1921853.html |title=Tamil Nadu sports minister P Balakrishna Reddy sentenced to three years in 1998 riot case, steps down |work=newindianexpress |accessdate=7 January 2019 }}</ref>

[[H. Vasanthakumar|H.Vasanthakumar]] elected as Member of Parliament in 2019 election,

K K Selvam Joined BJP on 6 August 2020<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-mla-selvam-asks-partymen-to-join-bjp-dares-dmk-to-expel-him/articleshow/77386007.cms|title=Tamil Nadu: MLA Selvam asks partymen to join BJP, dares DMK to expel him | Chennai News - Times of India}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
*[[List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Assembly of Tamil Nadu|Legislative assembly of Tamil Nadu]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]

Satnam Singh Bhamara

2022-09-08T20:59:29Z

Ravish: Redirect page Satnam Singh Bhamara to Satnam Singh "Bhamara" usually not included in media reports, official press releases

#REDIRECT [[Satnam Singh]]

{{R from move}}

Loss of supply

2022-09-07T13:28:40Z

Ravish: Created a fresh page structure.

{{short description|Failure of budget legislation in a parliamentary system}}
{{About|budget legislation failure in a parliamentary-style government|the corresponding situation in a presidential-style government|Budget crisis}}
{{ref-improve|date = December 2017}}

'''Loss of supply''' occurs where a government in a [[parliamentary democracy]] using the [[Westminster System]] or a system derived from it is denied a supply of treasury or exchequer funds, by whichever house or houses of parliament or head of state is constitutionally entitled to grant and deny supply. A defeat on a budgetary vote is one way by which supply can be denied. Loss of supply is typically interpreted as indicating a [[motion of no confidence|loss of confidence]] in the government. Not all "money bills" are necessarily supply bills. For instance, in Australia, supply bills are defined as "bills which are required by the Government to carry on its day-to-day business".<ref>Browning A. R. (ed) ''House of Representatives Practice'' (Melbourne 1989) page 72.</ref>

When a loss of supply occurs, a [[prime minister]] is generally required either by [[Constitutional convention (political custom)|constitutional convention]] or by explicit constitutional instruction to either resign immediately or seek a parliamentary dissolution.

Some constitutions, however, do not allow the option of parliamentary dissolution but rather require the government to be dissolved or to resign.

A similar deadlock can occur within a [[presidential system]], where it is also known as a [[budget crisis]]. In contrast to parliamentary systems, the failure of the legislature to authorize spending may not in all circumstances result in an election, because some such legislatures enjoy fixed terms and so cannot be dissolved before a date of termination, which can result in a prolonged crisis.

A deadlock between a [[head of state]] and the legislative body can give rise and cause for a head of state to prematurely dismiss the elected government, requiring it to seek re-election. If a government maintains the support of a majority of legislators or the elected parliamentary representatives, the blocking of supply by a head of state would be seen as an abuse of authority and power. Many western countries have removed or restricted the right of a head of state to block supply or veto a government budget unless there is overwhelming justification and cause for such action.

==Examples of the threat or loss of supply==
* In 1909, the [[United Kingdom|UK]] [[House of Lords]] voted against the "[[People's Budget]]", precipitating two general elections and the [[Parliament Act 1911]], which limited the power of the Lords.
* In the [[1975 Australian constitutional crisis]], the elected [[Australian Senate|Senate]] delayed voting on a bill to authorize supply for the government demanding that the [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]], [[Gough Whitlam]], call an election for the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]. Whitlam was dismissed by the [[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]], Sir [[John Kerr (Governor-General)|John Kerr]], on the basis of his refusal to either resign or request a dissolution.<ref>Jenny Hocking ''The Dismissal Dossier'' Melbourne University Press. 2015</ref>
* In December 1979 in Canada, the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative]] government of [[Joe Clark]] was defeated on a budget vote. Clark called the [[1980 Canadian federal election]] as a result. [[Pierre Trudeau]] and the [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberals]] won a majority of seats in the [[House of Commons of Canada]]. Clark resigned as prime minister and was replaced by Trudeau.
* In September 1980, the [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Italian Chamber of Deputies]] rejected a budget bill proposed by the [[second Cossiga government]] in a 298-297 vote taken by [[voting methods in deliberative assemblies#Balloting|secret ballot]]. [[Francesco Cossiga]] consequently resigned as prime minister and [[Forlani government|was replaced]] by [[Arnaldo Forlani]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://legislature.camera.it/_dati/leg08/lavori/stenografici/sed0213/sed0213.pdf|title=Resoconto seduta 27 settembre 1980|access-date=6 February 2023}}</ref>
* The defeat of [[Garret FitzGerald]]'s government in a budget vote in [[Dáil Éireann]] in the [[Republic of Ireland]] in 1982. FitzGerald immediately sought and was granted a Dáil dissolution.<ref>Dáil debates [http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0332/D.0332.198201270052.html Vol.332 cc.380–414] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922041524/http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0332/D.0332.198201270052.html }} [http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0333/D.0333.198203090002.html Vol.333 cc.3–4] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607125057/http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0333/D.0333.198203090002.html }}</ref>
*On 9 March 2011, the [[Legislative Council (Hong Kong)|Legislative Council]] of [[Hong Kong]] blocked a resolution for provisional appropriations, which, before 2011, had always been a matter of formality. Resolutions for provisional appropriations had never been voted by [[Division of the assembly|division]] until 2011. The government decided, on the following day, to table another resolution with a minor change being made merely for the sake of circumventing procedural requirements that a negatived question cannot be tabled again.
* On 13 February 2019, the [[First government of Pedro Sánchez|Spanish Government]] lost a vote on a budget bill, 191-158, thanks to two allies of the Government, [[Republican Left of Catalonia]] and the [[Catalan European Democratic Party]], siding against it. A [[April 2019 Spanish general election|snap election]] was immediately called, which eventually led to a new election of a second Sánchez Government. Both of those parties eventually sided with the new Government to pass the 2021 Budget.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Fiscal policy]]
[[Category:Political terminology]]
[[Category:Westminster system]]

List of chairmen of the Indian Space Research Organisation

2022-02-26T14:39:19Z

Ravish: Shared an engaging article.

#REDIRECT [[Chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation]]

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