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Directorate of Ordnance (Coordination & Services)

2026-04-28T09:41:39Z

RaushanYoganta:

{{short description|Defence Production complex in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Directorate of Ordnance (Coordination & Services)
| native_name =
| logo = Ordnance Factories Board logo.png
| logo_size = 100px
| image_size = 210px
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1712||}}
{{Start date and age|1979|04|02|df=y}} as OFB<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ddpdoo.gov.in/unit/pages/RFI/our-history1|title=Ordnance Factory Board-History|access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="nationalheraldindia.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/opinion/corporatisation-of-ordnance-factories-may-lead-to-selective-privatisation-in-the-long-term|title = Corporatisation of ordnance factories may lead to selective privatisation in the long term|date = 5 July 2021}}</ref>
| defunct = {{End date and age|2021|10|01|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/defence-ministry-issues-order-for-ordnance-factory-board-dissolution/article36707478.ece|title=Defence Ministry issues order for Ordnance Factory Board dissolution|newspaper=The Hindu|date=28 September 2021|access-date=28 September 2021}}</ref>
| fate = [[Corporatization|Corporatised]]
| successors = '''Directorate of Ordnance (Coordination & Services)'''
{{Bulleted_list|[[Advanced Weapons and Equipment India Limited]]|
[[Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited]]|
[[Gliders India Limited]] |
[[India Optel Limited]] |
[[Munitions India Limited]]|
[[Troop Comforts Limited]]|
[[Yantra India Limited]]}}
| location_city = Ayudh Bhawan, [[Kolkata]]
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = Akhilesh Kumar Maurya, [[IOFS]] [[ndc]]{{dn|date=April 2026}} {{small|(Director General)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ddpdoo.gov.in/pages/apex-board|title=Home | Ordnance Factory Board | Government of India|website=ofbindia.gov.in}}</ref>
| num_employees = ~80,000<ref name="idsa-india.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.idsa-india.org/an-apr-7.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990128203005/http://www.idsa-india.org/an-apr-7.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=28 January 1999|title=Trends in Defence Production: Case of Ordnance Factories|access-date=2 July 2015}}</ref>
| revenue = {{USD|3 billion}} ({{INR|22,389.22 crores}}) (2020–21)<ref name="nationalheraldindia.com"/><ref name="ddpmod.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://ddpmod.gov.in/about-department-defence-production|title=About Department of Defence Production – Department of Defence Production|website=ddpmod.gov.in|access-date=5 May 2017|archive-date=4 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170746/http://ddpmod.gov.in/about-department-defence-production|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="sipri.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.sipri.org/research/armaments/production/Top100 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-05-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524090136/http://www.sipri.org/research/armaments/production/Top100 |archive-date=24 May 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3321340.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Antony reviews Ordnance Factory Board work | date=2012-04-17}}</ref>
| industry = Defence Production
| products = [[Small arms]], [[List of aircraft weapons|aircraft weapons]], [[anti-aircraft warfare]], [[List of naval weapon systems|naval weapons]], [[anti-ship warfare]], [[anti-submarine warfare]], [[anti-tank warfare]], [[missile]]s, [[Transporter erector launcher|missile launchers]], [[rocket]]s, [[rocket launcher]]s, [[bomb]]s, [[grenade]]s, [[Mortar (weapon)|mortars]], [[Land mine|mines]], [[metals]], [[alloys]], [[machine tools]], [[military vehicle]]s, [[engine]]s, [[Armoured fighting vehicle|armoured vehicle]]s, [[parachute]]s, [[optoelectronics]], [[chemical]]s, [[Military uniform|clothing]], [[artillery]], [[ammunition]], [[propellant]]s, [[explosives]]
| website = {{URL|https://ddpdoo.gov.in/}}
}}

The '''Directorate of Ordnance''' ('''Coordination & Services''') (abbreviated: '''DOO (C&S)''') is an authority under the Department of Defence Production (DDP) of [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD), [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ddpdoo.gov.in/pages/history|title = History | Directorate of Ordnance (Coordination and Services) | Government of India}}</ref> Its primary work is to management, give instructions and make coordination of government [[Materiel|ordnance]] production public companies. It is the main regulatory body of Indian Ordnance and its administration [[Civil Services of India|civil service]], [[Indian Ordnance Factories Service]] (IOFS).
The DOO(C&S) earlier known as '''Ordnance Factory Board''' ('''OFB'''), consisting of the '''Indian Ordnance Factories'''. In 2021, Government having corporatise the functions of the 41 Indian Ordnance Factories into 7 [[Public Sector Undertakings in India|Defence Public Sector Undertakings]] (DPSUs), the Government is merging them again in 2024, as the output of one factory serves as the input of the other.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/after-hiving-off-ofs-3-yrs-ago-govt-plans-to-merge-some/articleshow/103298788.cms | title=After hiving off OFs 3 yrs ago, govt plans to merge some | newspaper=The Times of India | date=2 September 2023 }}</ref><ref name="moneycontrol.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/three-years-after-forming-seven-new-defence-psus-govt-mulls-merger-of-five-units-report-11308981.html | title=Three years after forming seven new defence PSUs, govt mulls merger of five units: Report | date=4 September 2023 }}</ref>

OFB was the 37th-largest [[List of defense contractors|defence equipment manufacturer]] in the world, 2nd-largest in [[Asia]], and the largest in [[India]].<ref name="g516">{{cite report |last1=Fleurant |first1=Aude |last2=Wezeman |first2=Siemon T. |last3=Wezeman |first3=Pieter D. |last4=Kuimov |first4=Alexandra |last5=Tian |first5=Nan |title=The SIPRI Top 100 Arms-producing and Military Services Companies, 2017 |publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |year=2018 |doi=10.55163/xtni9148 |doi-access=free |page=}}</ref> OFB was the world's largest government-operated production organisation,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20090629-factories-of-graft-740065-2009-06-17|title=Factories of graft|date=18 June 2009 |access-date=2 July 2015}}</ref> and the oldest organisation in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mod.nic.in/product&supp/welcome.html |title=Ministry of Defence, Govt of India |publisher=Mod.nic.in |access-date=2012-07-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704170459/http://mod.nic.in/product%26supp/welcome.html |archive-date=4 July 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/of.htm|title=Ordnance Factories|author=John Pike|access-date=2 July 2015}}</ref> It had a total workforce of about 80,000.<ref name="idsa-india.org"/> It was often called the "Fourth Arm of Defence",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mod.nic.in/Samachar/april15-02/html/ch1.htm |title=Two Centuries of Guns and Shells |publisher=Mod.nic.in |access-date=2012-07-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207204324/http://mod.nic.in/Samachar/april15-02/html/ch1.htm |archive-date=7 February 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiadefence.com/OFB.htm|title=WHAT|access-date=2 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034309/http://www.indiadefence.com/OFB.htm|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ofbgcf.nic.in/default.html|title=Gun Carriage Factory|access-date=2 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213735/http://ofbgcf.nic.in/default.html|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the "Force Behind the Armed Forces" of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ddpdoo.gov.in//pages/about-us |title=About Us - Ordnance Factory Board |publisher=Ordnance Factory Board |access-date=2012-07-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hal-india.com/othermod.asp|title=Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|access-date=2 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625120459/http://hal-india.com/othermod.asp|archive-date=25 June 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Its total sales were at {{USD|3 billion}} ({{INR|22,389.22 crores}}) in the year 2020–'21.<ref name="nationalheraldindia.com"/>

It was engaged in research, development, production, testing, marketing and logistics of a product range in the areas of air, land and sea systems. OFB consisted of forty-one ordnance factories, nine training institutes, three regional marketing centres and four regional controllerates of safety, which are spread all across the country.<ref name="OFB Brief">{{cite web|url=https://www.ofb.gov.in/pages/ofb-in-brief|title=OFB in Brief|publisher=Ordnance Factory Board|access-date=2 July 2015|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029053849/https://www.ofb.gov.in/pages/ofb-in-brief|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ofb.gov.in/pages/ofb-in-brief|title=Our Units|publisher=Ordnance Factory Board|access-date=2 July 2015|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029053849/https://www.ofb.gov.in/pages/ofb-in-brief|url-status=dead}}</ref> Every year, 18 March is celebrated as the Ordnance Factory Day in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehitavada.com/news-details/vfj-celebrates-212th-ordnance-factory-day|title=VFJ celebrates 212th Ordnance Factory Day |publisher=The Hitavada|access-date=2 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703090103/http://www.thehitavada.com/news-details/vfj-celebrates-212th-ordnance-factory-day|archive-date=3 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="thehindubusinessline1">{{cite web|author=Our Bureau |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/article3017269.ece |title=Ordnance Factory to invest Rs 15,000 cr for modernisation |publisher= |access-date=2012-07-17|date=March 20, 2012|website=Business Line}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Origins ===
The Indian Ordnance Factories predate all the other organisations like the [[Indian Army]] and the [[Indian Railways]] by over a century. The first Indian ordnance factory can trace its origins back to the year 1712 when the Dutch [[Ostend Company]] established a Gun Powder Factory in Ichhapur.<ref name="ddpdoo.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://ddpdoo.gov.in/unit/pages/RFI/our-history1|title=Our History | RIFLE FACTORY ISHAPORE | Government of India|website=ddpdoo.gov.in}}</ref> In 1787, another [[gunpowder]] factory was established at [[Ichapore]]; it began production in 1791, and the site was later used as a rifle factory, beginning in 1904. In 1801, Gun Carriage Agency (now known as [[Gun and Shell Factory, Cossipore]]) was established at [[Cossipore]], Calcutta, and production began on 18 March 1802. This is the oldest ordnance factory in India still in existence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ofb.gov.in/units/index.php?unit=gsf&page=about&lang=en |title=Indian Ordnance Factories: Gun and Shell Factory |publisher=Ofb.gov.in |access-date=2012-07-17}}</ref>

=== Contributions ===
The Indian Ordnance Factories have not only supported India through the wars, but also played an important role in building India, with the advancement of technology, and have ushered the [[Industrial Revolution]] in India, starting with the [[Iron and steel industry in India|first modern steel, aluminium, copper plants of India]],<ref>{{Cite web |last1=CHATTERJEE |first1=D. P. |last2=MOGHE |first2=D. Y. |title=Role of Indian ordnance factories in the development and manufacture of some of the important cast and wrought aluminium alloys during the last three decades |url=https://eprints.nmlindia.org/3774/1/75-80.PDF}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web | url=http://ddpdoo.gov.in/units/MSF | title=Indian Ordnance Factories: Metal and Steel Factory}}</ref> [[Textile industry in India|first modern electric textile mill of India]], [[Chemical industry in India|first chemical industries of India]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/040919/dont-privatise-cordite-factory-a-raja-urges-rajnath-singh.html | title=Indian Ordnance Factories: Cordite Factory Aruvankadu| date=4 September 2019}}</ref> established the first engineering colleges of India, as its training schools,<ref name="educationforallinindia.com">{{Cite report |url=https://www.educationforallinindia.com/1949%20Report%20of%20the%20University%20Education%20Commission.pdf |title=THE REPORT OF THE UNIVERSITY EDUCATION COMMISSION |date=1962 |publisher=MINISTRY OF EDUCATION GOVERNMENT OF INDIA |volume=1}}</ref> sparked [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|India's first war of independence in 1857]] with its rifles and bullets,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ddpdoo.gov.in/unit/pages/OFDC/about-us9|title = About Us | Ordnance Factory dumdum | Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bengals-183-year-old-tryst-with-afghans/articleshow/85575590.cms|title = Bengal's 183-year-old tryst with Afghans | Kolkata News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=24 August 2021 }}</ref> and also played key role in the founding of research and industrial organisations like [[ISRO]], [[DRDO]], [[Bharat Dynamics Limited|BDL]], [[Bharat Electronics|BEL]], [[BEML]], [[Steel Authority of India Limited|SAIL]], etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ddpdoo.gov.in/units/MSF|title=Home | Metal & Steel Factory, Ishapore | Government of India|website=ddpdoo.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://gsf.gov.in/index.php?id=2&pid=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702004408/http://gsf.gov.in/index.php?id=2&pid=2 |archive-date=2 July 2020}}</ref>

=== Timeline ===
* 1712 – Establishment of the Dutch [[Ostend Company]]'s Gun Powder Factory at [[Ichhapur]].<ref name="ddpdoo.gov.in"/>
* 1775 – Establishment of the Board of Ordnance at [[Fort William, India|Fort William]], Kolkata.
* 1787 – Establishment of the Gun Powder Factory at Ishapore.
* 1791 – Production of Gun Powder begins at Ishapore.
* 1801 – Establishment of Gun Carriage Agency at Cossipore, Kolkata.
* 1802 – Production begins at Cossipore on 18 March.
* 1935 – Indian Ordnance Service was introduced to administer the whole Defence Production Industry of India.
* 1954 – Indian Ordnance Service (IOS) renamed to [[Indian Ordnance Factories Service]] (IOFS).
* 1979 – Ordnance Factory Board is established on 2 April.

=== Restructuring OFB into seven DPSUs ===
On 17 June 2021, the Defence Ministry announced its plans to split the existing five operating divisions of OFB, in addition to parachutes and opto-electronics, into seven PSUs, wholly owned by the government. It was mentioned that all existing factories and employees will become a part of these seven PSUs.<ref>{{cite web|last=Banerjee|first=Ajay|date=16 June 2021|title=246-year-old Ordnance Factory Board scrapped; 7 new companies to take over|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/246-year-old%C2%A0ordnance-factory-board-scrapped-7-new-companies-to-take-over-269397|access-date=2021-06-17|website=Tribune India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2021-06-17|title=EXPLAINED: Why 240-Yr-Old Ordnance Factory Board Got The Axe, And What It Means For India's Defence Production|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/explained-why-240-yr-old-ordnance-factory-board-got-the-axe-and-what-it-means-for-indias-defence-production-3859937.html|access-date=2021-06-17|website=www.news18.com|publisher=News18|language=en}}</ref> From 1 October 2021, OFB has been dissolved and all the management, control, operations and maintenance has been transferred to 7 newly formed Defence PSUs, namely:<ref>{{cite news|agency=PTI|date=2021-09-28|title=Govt. dissolves Ordnance Factory Board, transfers assets to 7 PSUs|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/govt-dissolves-ordnance-factory-board-transfers-assets-to-7-psus/article36707478.ece|access-date=2021-09-28|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=15 Oct 2021|title=Seven new defence companies carved out of OFB|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1764148#:~:text=of%20the%20country.-,The%20seven%20new%20Defence%20companies%20are%3A%20Munitions%20India%20Limited%20(MIL,Gliders%20India%20Limited%20(GIL).|access-date=15 Oct 2021|website=Press Information Bureau|language=en}}</ref>

*[[Advanced Weapons and Equipment India Limited]] (AWE)
*[[Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited]] (AVANI)
*[[Gliders India Limited]] (GIL)
*[[India Optel Limited]] (IOL)
*[[Munitions India Limited]] (MIL)
*[[Troop Comforts Limited]] (TCL)
*[[Yantra India Limited]] (YIL)

The new companies were launched and dedicated to the nation on 15 October 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=15 October 2021|title=OFB dissolved: The 7 new companies inaugurated by PM Modi on Dussehra|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ordnance-factory-board-dissolved-here-are-7-new-defence-companies-launched-by-pm-modi-on-dussehra-101634284729696.html|newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

The Government is exploring the possibility of merging five of the seven defence public undertakings as of 2023, as the output of one factory serves as the input of the other.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/><ref name="moneycontrol.com"/>

== Infrastructure and Management ==
[[File:Kolkata Military Secretariat.jpg|thumb|DOO(C&S)'s office at Esplanade, Kolkata <ref>{{cite web | url=http://dgaeroqa.gov.in/rd-kolkata.htm |title = Office of the Regional Director, AQA, DGAQA, KOLKATA}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ciaof.nic.in/audit/orders%26circ/alliedEstt/Delegation%20of%20powers%20to%20the%20General%20Managers.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=14 July 2022 |archive-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205025006/http://www.ciaof.nic.in/audit/orders%26circ/alliedEstt/Delegation%20of%20powers%20to%20the%20General%20Managers.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qmc7oIo72wwC&q=ordnance+factory+esplanade&pg=PA569 |title = Directory of Libraries in India,2 Vols|isbn = 9788171569854|last1 = Gupta|first1 = Ed. K. R.|year = 2001| publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri }}</ref>]]

=== Headquarters ===
* Ayudh Bhawan, Kolkata (main headquarter of DOO(C&S),)
* Armoured Vehicles Headquarters, Chennai
* Ordnance Equipment Factories Headquarters, Kanpur
* DOO(C&S), New Delhi Office
* Ordnance Factory Cell, Mumbai
* Ordnance Factories Recruitment Centre, Nagpur

=== Apex Board ===

The Apex Board was headed by the Director General of Ordnance Factories (DGOF), who acts as the chairman of the board (ex officio [[Secretary to Government of India]]) and consisted of nine other members, who each held the rank of Additional DGOF. Ordnance factories were divided into five operating divisions, depending upon the type of the main products/technologies employed.

These were:
* Ammunition and Explosives
* Weapons, Vehicles & Equipment
* Materials and Components
* Armoured Vehicles
* Ordnance Equipment Group of Factories

Each of the above group of factories was headed by a Member/Additional DGOF who was in the rank of Special Secretary to Government of India. The four remaining members were responsible for staff functions, viz personnel, finance, planning and material management, and technical services, and they operated from Kolkata.

=== List of Ordnance factories ===
Each ordnance factory was headed by a General Manager who is in the rank of [[Additional Secretary to the Government of India]].

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Factory !! Location !! State !! Defence PSU
|-
| Ammunition Factory, Khadki (AFK) || [[Pune]] || Maharashtra || [[Munitions India Limited]]
|-
| Cordite Factory, Aruvankadu (CFA) || [[Aruvankadu]] || Tamil Nadu || [[Munitions India Limited]]
|-
| Engine Factory, Avadi (EFA) || [[Chennai]] || Tamil Nadu || [[Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited]]
|-
| [[Field Gun Factory, Kanpur]] (FGK) || [[Kanpur]] || Uttar Pradesh || [[Advanced Weapons and Equipment India Limited]]
|-
| [[Gun Carriage Factory, Jabalpur]] (GCF) || [[Jabalpur]] || Madhya Pradesh || [[Advanced Weapons and Equipment India Limited]]
|-
| Grey Iron Foundry (GIF) || [[Jabalpur]] || Madhya Pradesh || [[Yantra India Limited]]
|-
| [[Gun and Shell Factory, Cossipore|Gun and Shell Factory, Cossipore (GSF)]] || [[Kolkata]] || West Bengal || [[Advanced Weapons and Equipment India Limited]]
|-
| [[Heavy Alloy Penetrator Project]] (HAPP) || [[Tiruchirappalli]] || Tamil Nadu || [[Munitions India Limited]]
|-
| High Explosives Factory (HEF)|| [[Pune]] || Maharashtra || [[Munitions India Limited]]
|-
| [[Heavy Vehicles Factory]], Chennai (HVF)|| [[Chennai]] || Tamil Nadu || [[Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited]]
|-
| Machine Tool Prototype Factory Ambernath (MPF) ||[[Mumbai]] || Maharashtra || [[Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited]]
|-
| Metal and Steel Factory (MSF)|| [[Ishapore]] || West Bengal || [[Yantra India Limited]]
|-
| [[Ordnance Clothing Factory]] Avadi (OCFAV)|| [[Chennai]] || Tamil Nadu || [[Troop Comforts Limited]]
|-
| Ordnance Factory Chandigarh (OCFC) || [[Chandigarh]] || Chandigarh || [[India Optel Limited]]
|-
| [[Ordnance Clothing Factory]] (OCFS)|| [[Shahjahanpur]] || Uttar Pradesh || [[Troop Comforts Limited]]
|-
| Ordnance Equipment Factory Kanpur (OEFC)|| Kanpur || Uttar Pradesh || [[Troop Comforts Limited]]
|-
| Ordnance Equipment Factory Hazratpur (OEFHZ)|| Hazratpur || Uttar Pradesh || [[Troop Comforts Limited]]
|-
| Ordnance Factory Ambernath (OFA)||[[Ambarnath|Mumbai]] || Maharashtra || [[Yantra India Limited]]
|-
| Ordnance Factory Ambajhari (OFAJ)|| [[Nagpur]] || Maharashtra || [[Yantra India Limited]]
|-
| Ordnance Factory Bhandara (OFBA)|| [[Bhandara (city)|Bhandara]] || Maharashtra || [[Munitions India Limited]]
|-
| Ordnance Factory Bhusawal (OFBH) || [[Bhusawal]] || Maharashtra || [[Yantra India Limited]]
|-
| Ordnance Factory Bolangir (OFBOL)|| [[Bolangir]]|| Odisha || [[Munitions India Limited]]
|-
| Ordnance Factory Kanpur (OFC)|| [[Kanpur]] || Uttar Pradesh || [[Advanced Weapons and Equipment India Limited]]
|-
| Ordnance Factory Chandrapur (OFCH)|| [[Chandrapur]] || Maharashtra || [[Munitions India Limited]]
|-
| Ordnance Factory Dumdum (OFDC) || [[Kolkata]] || West Bengal || [[Yantra India Limited]]
|-
| Ordnance Factory Dehu Road (OFDR) || Pune || Maharashtra || [[Munitions India Limited]]
|-
| Ordnance Factory Dehradun (OFDUN) || [[Dehradun]] || Uttarakhand || [[India Optel Limited]]
|-
| Ordnance Factory Itarsi (OFI)|| [[Itarsi]] || Madhya Pradesh || [[Munitions India Limited]]
|-
| Ordnance Factory Khamaria (OFK)|| [[Jabalpur]] || Madhya Pradesh || [[Munitions India Limited]]
|-
| Ordnance Factory Katni (OFKAT)|| [[Katni]] || Madhya Pradesh || [[Yantra India Limited]]
|-
| [[Ordnance Factory Muradnagar]] (OFM)|| [[Ghaziabad]] || Uttar Pradesh || [[Yantra India Limited]]
|-
| Ordnance Factory Project (OFN)|| [[Nalanda district|Nalanda]] || Bihar || [[Munitions India Limited]]
|-
| Ordnance Factory Project Korwa (OFPKR)|| [[Korwa, Uttar Pradesh|Korwa]] || Uttar Pradesh || [[Advanced Weapons and Equipment India Limited]]
|-
| [[Ordnance Factory Medak|Ordnance Factory Project Medak]] (OFPM)|| [[Hyderabad]] || Telangana || [[Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited]]
|-
| [[Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli]] (OFT)|| [[Tiruchirappalli]] || Tamil Nadu || [[Advanced Weapons and Equipment India Limited]]
|-
| Ordnance Factory Varangaon (OFV) || [[Varangaon]] || Maharashtra || [[Munitions India Limited]]
|-
| Opto Electronics Factory (OLF)|| [[Dehradun]] ||Uttarakhand || [[India Optel Limited]]
|-
| Ordnance Parachute Factory (OPF) || [[Kanpur]] || Uttar Pradesh || [[Gliders India Limited]]
|-
| [[Rifle Factory Ishapore]] (RFI) || [[Ishapore]] || West Bengal || [[Advanced Weapons and Equipment India Limited]]
|-
| Small Arms Factory (SAF) || [[Kanpur]] || Uttar Pradesh || [[Advanced Weapons and Equipment India Limited]]
|-
| [[Vehicle Factory Jabalpur]] (VFJ) || [[Jabalpur]] || Madhya Pradesh || [[Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited]]
|}

=== Training institutes, regional centres and controllerates ===
{{main|National Academy of Defence Production}}

[[National Academy of Defence Production]] provides training to the IOFS officers in areas of technology, management, public administration as induction and re-orientation courses.

There were Ordnance Factories Institutes of Learning (OFILs) in Ambajhari, Ambernath, Avadi, Dehradun, Ishapore, Khamaria, Kanpur and Medak. Each OFIL was headed by a principal director, and NADP by a senior principal director. NADP provided training to Group A officers, whilst the other eight institutes imparted training to Group B and Group C employees of the ordnance factories.
OFB had Regional marketing centres and Regional controllerates of safety as well.

=== Joint ventures ===
In 2017, the Department of Defence Production under the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] opened itself to for Joint Ventures with OFB and DRDO was also tasked with identifying their products and patents, with the scope of commercial production<ref>{{cite news|date=2017-12-14|title=Government looking at joint ventures in ordnance sector|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/government-looking-at-joint-ventures-in-ordnance-sector/article21665652.ece|access-date=2021-08-29|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==== [[Indo-Russia Rifles|Indo-Russia Rifles Private Limited (IRRPL), Amethi]] ====
A joint venture between Ordnance Factory Board (50.5%), [[Kalashnikov Concern]] (42%) and [[Rosoboronexport|Rosonboronexport]] (7.5%) established to produce AK-203 (7.62×39mm) assault rifles intended for Indian Security Forces.<ref>{{cite web|title=PM Modi inaugurates Indo-Russian joint venture, which will end Army's long quest for rifles|website=[[ThePrint]] |date=3 March 2019|url=https://theprint.in/defence/pm-modi-inaugurates-indo-russian-joint-venture-which-will-end-armys-long-quest-for-rifles/200792/}}</ref>

== Indian Ordnance Factories Service (IOFS) ==
{{Main|Indian Ordnance Factories Service}}
The '''[[Indian Ordnance Factories Service]]''' ('''[[IOFS]]''') is a civil service of the Government of India. IOFS officers are Gazetted (Group A) defence-civilian officers under the Ministry of Defence.

IOFS is a multi-disciplinary composite cadre consisting of technical – engineers ([[Civil engineering|civil]], [[Electrical engineering|electrical]], [[Mechanical engineering|mechanical]], [[Electronics engineering|electronics]]), technologists ([[Aerospace engineering|aerospace]], [[Automotive engineering|automotive]], [[Marine engineering|marine]], [[Industrial design|industrial/product design]], [[Computer engineering|computer]], [[Nuclear engineering|nuclear]], [[Optical engineering|optical]], [[Chemical engineering|chemical]], [[Metallurgical Engineering|metallurgical]], [[Textile engineering|textile]], [[leather]]) and non-technical/administrative ([[Science education|science]], [[Legal education|law]], [[commerce]], [[Management Education|management]] and [[Liberal arts education|arts]] graduates). Technical posts account for about 87% of the total cadre. The doctors ([[surgeons]] and [[physicians]]) serving in OFB belong to a separate service known as the '''Indian Ordnance Factories Health Service''' ('''IOFHS'''). IOFHS officers are responsible for the maintenance of health of the employees, and the hospitals of OFB. They report directly to the IOFS officers. IOFS and IOFHS are the only two civil services under the Department of Defence Production.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NAME OF THE SECRETARIES OF CADRE CONTROLLING AUTHORITIES AND THE NAME OF GROUP 'A' SERVICES UNDER THEIR CONTROL IN WHICH CADRE REVIEW HAS NOT BEEN UNDERTAKEN |url=http://www.persmin.nic.in/DOPT/CSWing/CRDivision/Mail%20List%20of%20Secretaries.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502131858/http://www.persmin.nic.in/DOPT/CSWing/CRDivision/Mail%20List%20of%20Secretaries.htm |archive-date=May 2, 2019}}</ref>

== Products ==
The type of ordnance material produced is very diverse, including various [[small arms]] to [[missile]]s, [[rocket]]s, [[bomb]]s, [[grenade]]s, [[military vehicle]]s, [[Armoured fighting vehicle|armoured vehicle]]s, [[chemicals]], [[optical device]]s, [[parachute]]s, [[Mortar (weapon)|mortars]], [[artillery]] pieces plus all associated [[ammunition]], [[propellant]]s, [[explosives]] and [[Fuse (explosives)|fuses]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ofb.gov.in/index.php?wh=products&lang=en |title=Indian Ordnance Factories: Products |publisher=Ofb.gov.in |access-date=2012-07-17}}</ref>

=== Civilian products ===
Civilians are required to hold an Arms License (issued only for non-prohibited bore category weapons) in order to buy firearms in India. The following products of the Indian Ordnance Factories Board are available for civilians:

==== Arms ====
* [[IOF .22 revolver]]
* [[IOF .32 revolver]] (7.65 mm X 23)
* [[Nirbheek|IOF .32 revolver Nirbheek]]
* [[Ashani pistol|IOF .32 pistol Ashani]]
* [[IOF .22 sporting rifle]]
* [[IOF .315 sporting rifle]]
* [[IOF .30-06 sporting rifle]]

==== Ammunition ====
* Cartridge Rimfire .22" Ball
* Cartridge SA .32" Revolver
* Cartridge SA .315" and .30-06 Ball
* Cartridge SA 12 Bore 70mm
* Cartridge SA 12 Bore 65 mm Special

=== Military Products ===
These products are exclusively manufactured for use by the armed forces and are not sold to civilians.

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Infantry">
|File:Pistol Auto 9 mm 1A - Kolkata 2012-01-23 8779.JPG|Pistol Auto 9 mm 1A, manufactured by RFI
File:DRDO MC Rifle.jpg|Multi Caliber Individual Weapon System (MCIWS) by OFT
File:Carl Gustav recoilless rifle.jpg|84mm Shoulder-fired Rocket Launcher / Recoilless Gun by OFT
File:The Minister of State for Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (IC), Shri Giriraj Singh visiting the exhibition, at the Defence & Homeland Security Expo and Conference 2018, in New Delhi on September 07, 2018.JPG|Minister holding a 40 mm Multi Grenade Launcher (MGL) and on the table the 38 mm Multi Shell Launcher both manufactured by OFT
File:DRDOJVPC.png |Joint Venture Protective Carbine (JVPC) to be manufactured by OFT
File:AGS-30 maks2009.jpg|AGS-30 Automatic Grenade Launcher by OFT
File:RPG-7 detached.jpg|Rocket Propelled Grenade Launcher by OFT
File:NTW-20 rifle.jpg| Vidhwansak Anti-material Sniper Rifle by OFT
</gallery>

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Artillery">
File:Pinaka MBRL.jpg|[[Pinaka multi-barrel rocket launcher|Pinaka]] rockets manufactured by OFAJ and the launcher by VFJ
File:IA Artillery.jpg|[[Dhanush (howitzer)|Dhanush]] 155 mm artillery gun in L39, L45 and L52 configurations by GCF
File:OFB-BEML 155 mm Truck-mounted Self-Propelled Gun System.jpg|VFJ-GCF 8X8 155 mm Truck-mounted Self-Propelled Gun System
File:VFJ-GCF 105 mm Truck-mounted Self-Propelled Gun System.jpg|VFJ-GCF 105 mm Truck-mounted Self-Propelled Gun System, in 6X6 and 4X4 configurations
File:Fire power demo by Artillery of Indian Army.jpg|VFJ-GCF Sharang Towed Gun
File:BM-30 Smerch MLRS.jpg|Smerch rockets produced at OFAJ and launcher at VFJ
</gallery>

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Vehicles">
File:Vehicle Factory Jabalpur (VFJ)'s Matang Truck for the Indian Army.jpg| Matang was completely developed and manufactured by VFJ.
File:VFJ Flyer Internally-Transportable Vehicle (ITV), Light Strike Vehicle (LSV).jpg|VFJ Flyer Light Strike Vehicle
File:Vehicle Factory Jabalpur (VFJ)'s Mine Protected Vehicle.jpg| 4X4 Mine Protected Vehicle, also in 6X6 configuration, with RCWS, recce and recovery variants
File:Vehicle Factory Jabalpur (VFJ)'s LPTA 715 Truck for the Indian Army.jpg|VFJ LPTA 715
File:Vehicle Factory Jabalpur (VFJ)'s Bullet Proof Vehicle.jpg|VFJ 4X4 Bullet Proof Vehicle
File:Vehicle Factory Jabalpur (VFJ)'s Stallion Truck for the Indian Army.jpg| VFJ Stallion Mark I, now being replaced by Stallion Mark IV
</gallery>

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Clothing">
File:Anti-G Suit MSF830.jpg| g-suits for Indian Air Force pilots flying the supersonic aircraft
||Bulletproof vests
File:Bulletproof Vest - DRDO - Pride of India - Exhibition - 100th Indian Science Congress - Kolkata 2013-01-03 2577.JPG|Bulletproof Vest
File:The Air Officer Commanding-In-Chief, Western Command, IAF, Air Marshal NAK Browne AVSM VM paying tribute to the war heroes by laying wreath at Siachen War Memorial, during his visit to Siachen Base Camp.jpg|High-altitude, low-temperature, waterproof combat uniforms
File:Soldier CBRN.jpg|Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) suit
</gallery>

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Support equipment">
File:Indian Air Force paratroopers at Air Force Day Parade 2012.jpg|Parachutes manufactured at OPF Kanpur
File:Indian Navy rescue boat belonging to INS Ranvijay (D55) during Exercise INDRA 2014.jpg|Inflatable boat Prashant manufactured at OPF Kanpur
File:Indian Army CWG.jpg|Hot air balloons manufactured at OEF Hazratpur
</gallery>

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Armoured">
File:Bridge Layer Tank on Ajeya manufactured by Heavy Vehicles Factory (HVF) of Ordnance Factory Board.jpg|Bridge Layer Tank manufactured by HVF Chennai
File:Indian Army T-90.jpg|[[T-90]] Bhishma tank built at HVF Chennai
File:T-72 FWMP.jpg|Full-width mine plough built by HVF Chennai
File:Arjun Mk II side (2).JPG|[[Arjun (tank)|Arjun Mark-II]] tank
File:T-90 engine.jpg|Bhishma's engine at Engine Factory Avadi, Chennai
File:Surface Mine Clearing System on Sarath manufactured by Ordnance Factory Medak.jpg| Surface Mine Clearing System manufactured by Ordnance Factory Medak
</gallery>

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Missiles">
File:AKASH Missiles.jpg|Akash missile's warhead, propellants and its launchers on Ajeya and Sarath
File:NAMICS Republic day Parade 2024.jpg|[[Nag (missile)|Nag]] missile carrier (Namica) with propellants and explosives for the Nag anti-tank guided missile (ATGM)
File:Agni-V during its first test flight.jpg|Propellants for the [[Agni (missile)|Agni]] missile series
File:BrahMos.jpg|Explosive warheads and propellants for the [[BrahMos]] cruise missiles
File:Prahaar Missile.jpg|Propellants and explosives for the [[Prahaar (missile)|Prahaar]] missile
</gallery>

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Space applications">
File:GSLV Mk III Lift Off 1.jpg| Explosives used in stage separation of [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle|GSLV]] are provided by OFB
File:Insat-1B.jpg|Special metals and alloys used to build satellites of [[ISRO]] are supplied by OFB, along with precision instrumentation and optoelectronics
File:PSLV-C11 SLP.jpg|OFB supplies the propellants and explosives for PSLV to ISRO
</gallery>

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Aerial weapons">
File:Mi-35 Hind Akbar.jpg|IAF [[Mi-35]] Hind Akbar's rockets, bombs and armaments
File:SU-30MKI-g4sp - edit 2(clipped).jpg|IAF [[Su-30]]MKI's rockets, bombs, missiles, armaments and parachutes
File:Tejas MK1.jpg|[[HAL Tejas]] uses armaments such as OFT's 23 mm GSh-23 Cannon and bombs
File:HAL Rudra at Aero India 2013.JPG|IA [[HAL Rudra]]'s anti-tank, air-to-air and anti-ship missiles, rockets and torpedoes
</gallery>

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Naval weapons">
File:INS Kadmatt - AK-630 Side View.jpg|[[AK-630]] close-in weapon system, the mainstay of most Indian naval ships is built at GSF Kolkata
File:CRN-91 on ICGS Shaunak.jpg| [[CRN 91 naval gun|CRN-91 Naval Gun]] is the main armament of most Indian Coast Guard vessels is built at OFT Trichy and OFMK Hyderabad
File:INS Satpura - SRGM Main Gun.jpg| 76 mm SRGM built by FGK Kanpur is on board the INS Vikrant and all the new vessels of the Indian Navy, its ammunition is manufactured at OFK Jabalpur
File:INS Chennai launching RBU-6000 Anti-Submarine Rocket (ASW) manufactured by the Ordnance Factory Board (OFB).jpg| [[RBU-6000]] anti-submarine rocket launcher and its rockets such as RGB-12 and RGB-60 are built at HAPP Trichy and AFK Pune
File:Russian 3.9-inch guns.JPEG| [[AK-100 (naval gun)|AK-100 Gun]] and its ammunition manufactured at GSF Kolkata
File:INS Chennai launching a Kavach Rocket from the Kavach Chaff Rocket Launcher manufactured by the Ordnance Factory Board.jpg|Kavach anti-missile naval decoy rockets and its launchers are built AFK Pune and MTPF Mumbai respectively
</gallery>

== Customers ==
=== Armed Forces ===
The prime customers of Indian Ordnance Factories were the [[Indian Armed Forces]] viz. Indian Army, Indian Navy and the Indian Air Force.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/book/weapons?page=0,5|title=Weapons – Indian Navy|access-date=2 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Air-Launched-Weapons/Indian-general-purpose-bombs-India.html|title=Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis: IHS Jane's – IHS|access-date=2 July 2015|archive-date=26 January 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126235128/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Air-Launched-Weapons/Indian-general-purpose-bombs-India.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Apart from supplying armaments to the Armed Forces, Ordnance Factories also meet the requirements of other customers viz. the [[Central Armed Police Forces]], [[State Armed Police Forces]], [[Paramilitary Forces of India]] and the [[Special Forces of India]] in respect of arms, ammunition, clothing, bullet proof vehicles, mine protected vehicles etc.<ref name="OFB Brief" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ofbindia.gov.in/units/index.php?unit=saf&page=my_6&lang=en|title=Indian Ordnance Factories: Small Arms Factory|access-date=2 July 2015}}</ref>

=== Civil trade ===
Customers are in the civil sector, central/state government organisations and departments such as [[Indian Railways]], [[Indian Space Research Organisation]], [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]], [[Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre]], [[Nuclear Fuel Complex]], [[Aeronautical Development Agency]], [[Department of Atomic Energy]], [[Department of Telecommunications]], and State Electricity Boards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ofbindia.gov.in/units/index.php?unit=gif&page=about&lang=en|title=Indian Ordnance Factories: Grey Iron Foundry|access-date=2 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ofbindia.gov.in/units/index.php?unit=ofaj&page=about&lang=en|title=Indian Ordnance Factories: Ordnance Factory Ambajhari|access-date=2 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ofbindia.gov.in/units/index.php?unit=ocfc&page=about&lang=en|title=Indian Ordnance Factories: Ordnance Cable Factory Chandigarh|access-date=2 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ofbindia.gov.in/units/index.php?unit=ofi&page=my_2&lang=en|title=Indian Ordnance Factories: Ordnance Factory Itarsi|access-date=2 July 2015}}</ref> [[Public Sector Undertakings in India]] (PSUs) such as [[HMT Limited]], [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]], [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]], [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ofbindia.gov.in/units/index.php?unit=happ&page=my_0&lang=en|title=Indian Ordnance Factories: Heavy Alloy Penetrator Project|access-date=2 July 2015}}</ref> private companies and individuals etc. who purchased industrial chemicals, explosives, arms, ammunition, brass ingots, aluminium alloy products for aircraft, steel castings and forgings, vehicles, clothing and leather goods, cables and opto-electronic instruments.<ref name=OFB>{{cite web|url=http://ofb.gov.in/index.php?wh=customers&lang=en |title=Indian Ordnance Factories: Customers |publisher=Ofb.gov.in |access-date=2012-07-17}}</ref>

=== Exports ===
Arms and ammunition, weapon spares, chemicals and explosives, parachutes, leather and clothing items were exported to more than 30 countries worldwide.
* Asia: Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Vietnam, Nepal, Singapore
* Europe: Germany, Belgium, Cyprus, Greece, Turkey, Russia, Sweden, France, Switzerland, United Kingdom
* Middle East: Oman, Egypt, Israel, Saudi Arabia, UAE
* Africa: Kenya, Botswana, Nigeria
* North and South America: United States, Canada, Brazil, Chile, Suriname<ref name=OFB /><ref>{{cite web|author=Pratim Ranjan Bose |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-editorial-feature/article2494614.ece |title=Business Line : OTHERS / EDITORIAL FEATURE : We're making Ordnance factories future ready, says OFB Chairman Dimri |publisher=Thehindubusinessline.com |date=29 September 2011 |access-date=2012-07-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/indian-defence-exports-valued-rs-997-crore-112631667.html|title=Indian defence exports valued at Rs.997 crore|date=12 December 2012|work=Yahoo News India|access-date=2 July 2015}}</ref><ref>[https://www.sipri.org/databases/armsindustry SIPRI Arms Industry] SIPRI. Retrieved 2019-12-18.</ref>

== Notable employees ==
* [[Narinder Singh Kapany]] – Former [[IOFS]] officer. Invented [[fibre optics]] that revolutionised laparoscopic and endoscopic surgery, telecommunications, power transmission, etc. Named as one of the seven "Unsung Heroes of the 20th century" by [[Fortune magazine]] for his [[Nobel Prize]]-deserving invention.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/oct/08/how-india-missed-another-nobel-prize.htm|title=How India missed another Nobel Prize|website=Rediff.com|access-date=22 August 2017}}</ref> Known as the "Father of Fibre Optics" and "The Man who Bent Light".<ref name="tribuneindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001118/windows/main1.htm|title=The Tribune – Windows – Main Feature|website=Tribuneindia.com|access-date=22 August 2017}}</ref> Former professor at [[Stanford]], Universities of California at [[University of California, Berkeley|Berkeley]], [[University of California, Santa Barbara|Santa Barbara]] and [[University of California, Santa Cruz|Santa Cruz]]. Had more than 150 patents to his credit.<ref name="tribuneindia.com"/> Conferred upon with [[Padma Vibhushan]], the second-highest honour in India, [[Pravasi Bharatiya Samman]], [[FREng|Fellowship of the Royal Academy of Engineering (FREng)]]. He was also offered the post of [[DRDS|Scientific Adviser to the Defence Minister of India]], by the first Prime Minister of India, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/narinder-singh-kapany-how-a-job-in-jawaharlal-nehrus-team-eluded-father-of-optics-2647753|title=How A Job In Jawaharlal Nehru's Team Eluded "Father Of Optics"|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
* [[Mantosh Sondhi]] - IOFS. Served as the first General Manager of the [[Heavy Vehicles Factory]],<ref name="auto">https://www.cepm.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/global-symposium-1993-brochure.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/lateral-entry-in-modi-government-why-oppositions-objection-is-double-speak-what-indira-manmohan-did/1203105/|title=Lateral entry in Modi government: Why Opposition's objection is double-speak – What Indira, Manmohan did|date=June 12, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=avCcEAAAQBAJ&dq=mantosh+sondhi+ordnance+factory&pg=PT35 | isbn=979-8-88815-694-0 | title=MEMOries: Journal of a Bureaucrat's Life | date=19 November 2022 | publisher=Notion Press }}</ref> founding Chairman & Managing Director of [[Bokaro Steel Plant]], Member of the [[Atomic Energy Commission of India]]. First IOFS officer and first non-IAS officer to hold the posts of [[Secretary to Government of India|Secretary]] of [[Ministry of Heavy Industries]], [[Ministry of Steel]], [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Ministry of Mines]] and [[Ministry of Coal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/features/story/how-i-changed-the-business-of-lobbying-244477-2009-11-26|title=How I changed the business of lobbying|date=November 26, 2009|website=Business Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/lateral-recruitments-defence-ministry-1502650365.html|title=Lateral recruitments in Defence ministry|first=Statesman News|last=Service|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=June 18, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kEViAAAAMAAJ&q=mantosh+sondhi+ordnance+factory | title=Seminar on Steel Foundry Technology in the Eighties, 30th Sep.-1st Oct., 1983, New Delhi: Background Paper | date=19 April 1983 | publisher=Steel & Alloy Steel Foundry Division, Association of Indian Engineering Industry }}</ref> Awarded [[Padma Shri]] by the [[President of India]],<ref>https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/notifications/PadmaAwards/1968.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=June 2025}}</ref> [[Order of the Lion of Finland|Commander of the Order of the Lion of Finland]] by the [[President of Finland]].<ref>https://www.reportjunction.com/Preview/DCM-Shriram-Limited-2002-52699.htm {{Bare URL inline|date=June 2025}}</ref> The headquarters of [[Confederation of Indian Industry]] is named in his honour.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cii.in/Contact_Us.aspx?enc=k/npf7v3hdLhlrkauNIjpQ==|title=CII Contact Us|website=www.cii.in}}</ref> He also served as the Chairman of several MNCs such as [[Ashok Leyland]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timescontent.timesgroup.com/photo/business/Mantosh-Sondhi/35607|title=Mantosh Sondhi Business Photo Mantosh Sondhi, Chairman ...|website=Times Of India}}</ref> [[ABB]], [[Wärtsilä]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wartsila.com/media/news/13-11-2006-the-4th-wartsila-mantosh-sondhi-award-conferred-upon-national-thermal-power-corporation|title=The 4th Wärtsilä-Mantosh Sondhi Award conferred upon National Thermal Power Corporation|website=Wartsila.com}}</ref>
* [[Nalini Ranjan Mohanty]] - Former [[Indian Ordnance Factories Service|IOFS]] officer. Secured All India 2nd Rank in the Engineering Services Examination of 1965, served as the Chairman & Managing Director of [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]], Director of [[Kudremukh Iron Ore Company]], [[Mahanadi Coalfields]], [[National Aluminium Company|National Aluminium Company (NALCO)]], [[Bharat Earth Movers|Bharat Earth Movers (BEML)]]. Awarded [[Padma Shri]] in 2004 by the [[Government of India]] for his role in the development of [[HAL Tejas|LCA – Tejas]].
*[[Brijmohan Lall Munjal]] - Founder of [[Hero MotoCorp]], the world's largest two-wheeler manufacturer, and [[Hero Cycles]], world's largest cycle manufacturer. Awarded [[Padma Bhushan]].
* [[H. P. S. Ahluwalia]] – [[IOFS]]. First Indian to climb [[Mount Everest]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/may/31/youngest-everest-climber-meets-first-indian-who-scaled-the-peak.htm|title=Youngest and first: Indian Everest conquerors meet|website=Rediff.com|access-date=22 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/first-indian-group-to-scale-mt-everest-feted_1576035.html|title=First Indian group to scale Mt Everest feted|date=9 April 2015|website=Zeenews.india.com|access-date=22 August 2017}}</ref> Author, mountaineer, social worker. Founder & Chairman of Indian Spinal Injuries Centre. Conferred on with the [[Arjuna Award]], [[Padma Shri]] and [[Padma Bhushan]] by the Government of India, [[Royal Geographical Society|Fellowship of Royal Geographical Society (FRGS)]]. Also served as a Commissioned officer in the [[Indian Army]] and Member of [[Planning Commission (India)]].
* [[Santu Shahaney]] - IOFS. Served as the Director General Ordnance Factories (DGOF). He was awarded [[Padma Shri]] in 1962, and [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1965, by the [[Government of India]], in the Civil Service category, for his contributions during the [[Sino-Indian War|Indo-China War of 1962]] and the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], respectively.<ref name="mha.gov.in">{{Cite web |title=MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS (Public Section) Padma Awards Directory (1954-2017 |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/Year_Wise_main_25042017_0.pdf}}</ref>
* [[R. M. Muzumdar]] - IOFS. Second Indian Director General of the Indian Ordnance Factories. He was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] by the Government of India, in 1973, in the Civil service category, for his contributions during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
* [[Waman Dattatreya Patwardhan]] - IOFS officer. Developed the solid propellant for India's first space rocket launched from Thumba, and the detonation system of India's first nuclear bomb used in [[Operation Smiling Buddha]]. Served at the Ammunition Factory Khadki, and as the first Director of [[High Energy Materials Research Laboratory]] (HEMRL) and the [[Armaments Research and Development Establishment]] (ARDE) of the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO). Awarded [[Padma Shri]] in 1974.
* [[H. G. S. Murthy]] - IOFS. Known as one of the "Seven Pioneers of the Indian Space Programme".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/slidesowdev/flashback-indian-space-stalwarts-though-the-years/photostory/65501656.cms|title = Indian space stalwarts though the years|website = [[The Times of India]]|date = 22 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2015/jul/29/among-the-seven-pioneers-787617.html|title = Among the Seven Pioneers| date=29 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-i-m-proud-that-i-recommended-him-for-isro-ev-chitnis-2109096|title=I'm proud that I recommended him for ISRO: EV Chitnis|website=DNA India}}</ref> He served at the Machine Tool Prototype Factory (MTPF), Ambernath, and as the first Director of the [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station |Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS)]], and the Space Science & Technology Centre, now known as the [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]], of the [[Indian Space Research Organisation|Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)]]. Awarded [[Padma Shri]] in 1969.<ref name="mha.gov.in" />
*K. C. Banerjee - IOFS. Received [[Padma Shri]] in 1967, for his contributions during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], as the General Manager of [[Rifle Factory Ishapore]],<ref>{{cite web|title=MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS (Public Section) Padma Awards Directory (1954-2017) Year-Wise List|url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/Year_Wise_main_25042017_0.pdf|access-date=July 11, 2021|website=www.mha.gov.in}}</ref> that developed and manufactured the [[L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle|7.62 Self-Loading Automatic Rifle]], that played decisive role in India's victory in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the-rifle-that-won-the-war-in-1965/articleshow/49327325.cms|title=The rifle that won the war in 1965 | India News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=12 October 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/at-200-yr-old-ordnance-factories-anxiety-anticipation-and-some-sulk/articleshow/71613086.cms|title=At India's 200-year-old ordnance factories, anxiety and anticipation | India News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=16 October 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://rfi.nic.in/Milestones.html |title=Important Milestones |publisher=Rfi.nic.in |date= |accessdate=2022-08-05 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111810/http://rfi.nic.in/Milestones.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ofb.gov.in/unit/pages/RFI/our-history1 |title=Our History | RIFLE FACTORY ISHAPORE | Government of India |access-date=21 September 2021 |archive-date=22 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222151343/https://ofb.gov.in/unit/pages/RFI/our-history1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[O. P. Bahl]], an [[IOFS]] officer. Received [[Padma Shri]] in 1972, in the civil-service category, as the General Manager of [[Ammunition Factory Khadki]], which developed and manufactured the [[Anti-submarine missile|anti-submarine rockets]] used in sinking the submarine [[PNS Ghazi]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.india.gov.in/myindia/padmashri_awards_list1.php?start=1810|title=Padma Shri Awardees|website=Government of India|access-date=17 October 2019|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033024/http://archive.india.gov.in/myindia/padmashri_awards_list1.php?start=1810|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Defence industry of India]]
* [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
* [[Indian Ordnance Factories Service]]
* [[Public Sector Undertakings in India]]
* [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]
* [[Cantonment board]]
* [[Indian Defence Estates Service]]
* [[List of equipment of the Indian Army]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Military of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2021 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Military of India]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Firearm manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Military research installations of India]]
[[Category:Defence companies of India]]
[[Category:Automotive companies of India]]
[[Category:Chemical companies of India]]
[[Category:Government agencies disestablished in 2021]]
[[Category:Electronics companies of India]]
[[Category:Steel companies of India]]
[[Category:Textile companies of India]]
[[Category:Defence agencies of India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Defence (India)]]
[[Category:Government-owned chemical companies of India]]

Balli Kalyanachakravarthy

2026-04-24T23:11:00Z

RaushanYoganta: added a stub initial version...

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1984)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Balli Kalyan Chakravarthy
| image = BalliKalyan.jpg
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 31 March 2021
| term_end = 31 August 2024
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = {{ubl|[[Telugu Desam Party]] (from 19 September 2025)|[[YSR Congress Party]] (until 2024)}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1984|06|07}}
| father = [[Balli Durga Prasad Rao]]
}}

'''Balli Kalyanachakravarthy''' (born 7 June 1984), also referred to as '''Balli Kalyan Chakravarthy''', is an Indian businessman and politician who has served in the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]] from 2021 to 2024 as a member of the [[YSR Congress Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Balli Kalyanachakravarthy |url=https://aplegislature.org/web/legislative-council/member-s-information?p_p_id=CouncilMemberInformation_APPortlet_INSTANCE_KnYF8RXrn8M0&p_p_lifecycle=1&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&_CouncilMemberInformation_APPortlet_INSTANCE_KnYF8RXrn8M0_javax.portlet.action=getPartyMemberDetails&_CouncilMemberInformation_APPortlet_INSTANCE_KnYF8RXrn8M0_mem_id=147&p_auth=WK6Esoxm |access-date=October 9, 2022 |website=[[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]] }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kalyanachakravarthy is from the town of [[Gudur]] in the [[Nellore district]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=February 26, 2021 |title=YSRC names 6 for Andhra Pradesh MLC polls under MLA quota |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2021/feb/26/ysrc-names-6-for-andhra-pradesh-mlc-polls-under-mla-quota-2269260.html |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> He co-founded the company Nihibha Online Business Private Limited in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nihibha Online Business Private Limited |url=https://connect2india.com/NIHIBHA-ONLINE-BUSINESS-PRIVATE-LIMITED/2696428 |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=Connect2India}}</ref>

Kalyanachakravarthy's father is [[Balli Durga Prasad Rao]], a longtime member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] who had been elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] in [[2019 Indian general election|2019]], representing the [[Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency|Tirupati constituency]]. His father died in office in September 2020 from a heart attack after contracting [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Rajesh |date=2021-02-25 |title=ఎమ్మెల్సీ అభ్యర్థుల ఎంపికలో చాణక్యం |trans-title=Chanakyam in the selection of MLC candidates |url=https://tv9telugu.com/andhra-pradesh/political-history-of-ycp-mlc-candidates-426727.html |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=[[TV9 Telugu]] |language=te}}</ref>

In 2021, Kalyanachakravarthy considered running in the [[2021 elections in India#Parliamentary By-election|by-election]] for his father's seat in the Lok Sabha.<ref name=":0" /> However, [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]], the [[Chief minister of Andhra Pradesh|chief minister]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], instead offered to nominate Kalyanachakravarthy as a candidate for the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]. Kalyanachakravarthy accepted the offer, and was elected unanimously by the MLAs for a six-year term on 8 March 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-03-09 |title=All six YSRCP candidates unanimously get elected as MLCs |url=https://www.siasat.com/all-six-ysrcp-candidates-unanimously-get-elected-as-mlcs-2106281/ |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=[[The Siasat Daily]] |language=en-US}}</ref> He was sworn into office on 31 March 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-04-02 |title=Andhra Pradesh: Six new members of Council take oath |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-six-new-members-of-council-take-oath-679761 |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2021 |title=ఆరుగురు ఎమ్మెల్సీల ప్రమాణ స్వీకారం |trans-title=Swearing in of six MLCs |url=https://prajasakti.com/araugaurau-emamaelasaiila-paramaaana-savaiikaaaram |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=[[Prajasakti]] |language=te}}</ref>

On 31 August 2024, Kalyanachakravarthy resigned from the Legislative Council and left the YSRCP for the [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-01 |title=2 YSRCP MLCs resign from council, quit party |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/ysrcp-mlcs-resign-from-council-and-quit-party/articleshow/112959522.cms |access-date=2024-10-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rayasam |first=Raj |date=2024-09-01 |title=Is YSRCP Going the BRS Way? MLCs, Rajya Sabha Members Bid Adieu to Jagan Mohan Reddy |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/telangana/is-ysrcp-going-the-brs-way-mlcs-rajya-sabha-members-bid-adieu-to-jagan-mohan-reddy/ |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=South First |language=en}}</ref>

Kalyanachakravarthy joined [[Telugu Desam Party]] in the presence of Chief Minister [[N. Chandrababu Naidu|Nara Chandrababu Naidu]] on 19 September 2025.<ref name="AP: 3 YSRCP MLCs join TDP in presence of Chandrababu Naidu">{{cite news |title=AP: 3 YSRCP MLCs join TDP in presence of Chandrababu Naidu |url=https://www.uniindia.com/~/ap-3-ysrcp-mlcs-join-tdp-in-presence-of-chandrababu-naidu/States/news/3583271.html |access-date=20 September 2025 |publisher=UNI India |date=19 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250920091550/https://www.uniindia.com/~/ap-3-ysrcp-mlcs-join-tdp-in-presence-of-chandrababu-naidu/States/news/3583271.html |archive-date=20 September 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalyanachakravarthy, Balli}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Politicians from Nellore district]]
[[Category:Living people]]

List of National Sports Award recipients in field hockey

2026-04-21T14:41:46Z

RaushanYoganta:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox award
| name = National Sports Awards in Hockey
| subheader = Various civilian awards for contributions to Sports (Individual/Team)
| image = File:Shri Ram Nath Kovind presenting the Arjuna Award, 2018 to Savita Punia.jpg
| image_size = 255px
| alt =
| caption =
| awarded_for = Various sports honour of India
| sponsor = [[Government of India]]
| location = [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]]
| country = [[India|Republic of India]]
| presenter = [[President of India]]
| firstawarded = 1961
| lastawarded = 2024
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 134
| award2_type = Awards
| award2_winner = {{bulleted list|[[Arjuna Award]]|[[Dronacharya Award]]|[[Khel Ratna Award|Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna]]|[[Dhyan Chand Award]]}}
| award3_type =
| award3_winner =
| award4_type =
| award4_winner =
| award5_type =
| award5_winner =
}}
The '''[[National Sports Awards]]''' is the collective name given to the six sports awards of [[India|Republic of India]]. It is awarded annually by the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]]. They are presented by the [[President of India]] in the same ceremony at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] usually on 29 August each year along with the [[Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award|national adventure award]]. {{As of|2020}}, a total of one hundred and twenty-three individuals have been awarded the various National Sports Awards in [[Field hockey|hockey]]. The four awards presented in hockey are [[Khel Ratna Award|Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna]], [[Arjuna Award]], [[Dhyan Chand Award]] and [[Dronacharya Award]].<ref name="NSA" />

First presented in the year 1961, a total of ninety individuals have been honoured with the Arjuna Award in hockey for their "good performance at the international level" over the period of last four years, with seven individuals being awarded for their lifetime contribution.<ref name="AAscheme" /> First presented in the year 2000, a total of thirteen coaches have been honoured with the Dronacharya Award in hockey for their "outstanding work on a consistent basis and enabling sportspersons to excel in international events" over the period of last four years, with five coaches being awarded in the lifetime contribution category.<ref name="DAscheme" /> First presented in the year 1999–2000, a total of three sportspersons have been honoured with the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, the highest sporting honour of India, in hockey for their "most outstanding performance at the international level" over the period of last four years.<ref name="RGKRscheme" /> First presented in the year 2002, a total of seventeen retired sportspersons have been honoured with the Dhyan Chand Award, the lifetime achievement sporting honour of India, in hockey for their "good performance at the international level and their continued contributions to the promotion of sports even after their career as a sportsperson is over."<ref name="DCAscheme" /> One awardee [[Surjit Singh Randhawa]] was honoured Arjuna Award posthumously in the year 1998.<ref name="NSA" />

==Recipients==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Key
|-
|{{legend|#E9D4C9| + Indicates a Lifetime contribution honour|outline=orange|border=1px solid red}}
|{{legend|#CEE8F0| {{Hash}} Indicates a posthumous honour|outline=blue|border=1px solid blue}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:73%"
|+ List of National Sports award recipients, showing the year, award and gender<ref name="NSA" />
! scope="col" style="width:12%" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Recipient
! scope="col" style="width:22%" | Award
! scope="col" style="width:16%" | Gender
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1999–2000
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dhanraj|Pillay}}
| Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2017
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sardara|Singh}}
| Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2020
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rani|Rampal}}
| Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|P. R.|Sreejesh}}
| Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Manpreet|Singh|dab=field hockey}}
| Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2024
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Harmanpreet|Singh}}
| Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna || Male
|-{{anchor|AA}}

| style="text-align:center;" |1961
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ann |Lumsden|nolink=1}}
| Arjuna Award || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1961
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Prithipal |Singh}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1963
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Charanjit |Singh|Charanjit Singh (hockey player)}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1964
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shankar |Lakshman}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1965
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Elvera |Britto|nolink=1}}
| Arjuna Award || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1965
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Udham |Singh|dab=field hockey}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1966
! scope="row" | {{sortname|John |Peter|dab=field hockey}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1966
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sunita |Puri}}
| Arjuna Award || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1966
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gurbaksh |Singh|link=Gurbux Singh (field hockey)}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1967
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mohinder |Lal}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1967
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Harbinder |Singh}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1967
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jagjit |Singh|dab=field hockey}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1968
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Balbir Singh |Kular}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1970
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ajit Pal |Singh}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1971
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Krishnamurthy |Perumal}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1972
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Michael |Kindo}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1973
! scope="row" | {{sortname|M. P. |Ganesh}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1973
! scope="row" | {{sortname|O. |Mascarenhas|nolink=1}}
| Arjuna Award || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1974
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ajinder |Kaur|nolink=1}}
| Arjuna Award || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1974
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ashok |Kumar|dab=field hockey}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1975
! scope="row" | {{sortname|B. P. |Govinda}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1975
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rupa |Saini|link=Saini Sisters}}
| Arjuna Award || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1977–1978
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Leslie |Fernandez|dab = field hockey}}
| Arjuna Award || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1977–1978
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Harcharan |Singh|dab = field hockey}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1979–1980
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vasudevan |Baskaran}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1979–1980
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rekha B. |Mundhphan|nolink=1}}
| Arjuna Award || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1980–1981
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Eliza |Nelson}}
| Arjuna Award || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1980–1981
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mohammed |Shahid}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1981
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Varsha |Soni}}
| Arjuna Award || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1983
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Zafar |Iqbal|dab=field hockey}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1984
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rajbir |Kaur|nolink=1}}
| Arjuna Award || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1985
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Somiya |Maney|link=M. M. Somaya}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1985
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Prem Maya |Sonir}}
| Arjuna Award || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1986
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Joaquim |Carvalho|dab=field hockey}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1988
! scope="row" | {{sortname|M. P. |Singh|nolink=1}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1989
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pargat |Singh}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1990
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jagbir |Singh}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1992
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mervyn |Fernandis}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1994
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jude Felix |Sabastian}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1995
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mukesh |Kumar|dab=field hockey}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1995
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dhanraj |Pillay}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1996
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ashish |Ballal}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1996
! scope="row" | {{sortname|A. B. |Subbaiah}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1997
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Harmik |Singh}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1997
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rajinder |Singh|link=Rajinder Singh Jr.}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1997
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Surinder Singh |Sodhi|link=Surinder Singh Sodhi (Field Hockey)}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1998
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Baljit Singh |Dhillon}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1998
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Maharaj Krishan |Kaushik}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1998
! scope="row" | {{sortname|S. Omana |Kumari}}
| Arjuna Award || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1998
! scope="row" style="background-color:#CEE8F0;" | {{sortname|Surjit Singh |Randhawa}}{{sup|{{Hash}}}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1998
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mohammed |Riaz}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1998
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Baldev |Singh|dab = field hockey}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1998
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pritam Rani |Siwach}}
| Arjuna Award || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1999
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E9D4C9 | {{sortname|Haripal |Kaushik}} {{sup|+}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1999
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E9D4C9 | {{sortname|Balbir Singh |Kullar}} {{sup|+}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1999
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E9D4C9 | {{sortname|Victor |Philips}} {{sup|+}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1999
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ramandeep |Singh|dab = field hockey, born 1971}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2000
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E9D4C9 | {{sortname|Raghbir Singh |Bhola}} {{sup|+}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2000
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tingonleima |Chanu}}
| Arjuna Award || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2000
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E9D4C9 | {{sortname|Jalaluddin |Rizvi}} {{sup|+}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2000
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Baljit Singh |Saini}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2000
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E9D4C9 | {{sortname|Balkrishan |Singh}} {{sup|+}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2000
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E9D4C9 | {{sortname|Madhu |Yadav}} {{sup|+}}
| Arjuna Award || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2001
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sita |Gussain}}
| Arjuna Award || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2001
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dilip |Tirkey}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2002
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mamta |Kharab}}
| Arjuna Award || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2002
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gagan Ajit |Singh}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2003
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Devesh |Chauhan}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2003
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Suraj Lata |Devi}}
| Arjuna Award || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2004
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Helen |Mary}}
| Arjuna Award || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2004
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Deepak |Thakur}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2005
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Viren |Rasquinha}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2006
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jyoti Sunita |Kullu}}
| Arjuna Award || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2007
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Prabhjot |Singh|dab=field hockey}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2009
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Surinder |Kaur|dab = field hockey}}
| Arjuna Award || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2009
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ignace |Tirkey}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2010
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jasjeet Kaur |Handa}}
| Arjuna Award || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2010
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sandeep |Singh}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2011
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rajpal |Singh}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2012
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sardara |Singh}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2013
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Saba Anjum |Karim}}
| Arjuna Award || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2015
! scope="row" | {{sortname|P. R. |Sreejesh}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2016
! scope="row" | {{sortname|V. R. |Raghunath}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2016
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ritu |Rani}}
| Arjuna Award || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2017
! scope="row" | {{sortname|S. V. |Sunil}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2018
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Savita |Punia}}
| Arjuna Award || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2018
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Manpreet |Singh|dab = field hockey}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2019
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Chinglensana |Kangujam}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2020
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Akashdeep |Singh}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2020
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Deepika |Thakur}}
| Arjuna Award || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Monika | Malik}}
| Arjuna Award || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vandana |Katariya}}
| Arjuna Award || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dilpreet |Singh}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Harmanpreet |Singh}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rupinder Pal |Singh}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Surender |Kumar}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Amit | Rohidas}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Birendra | Lakra}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sumit |Walmiki}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nilakanta |Sharma}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Hardik |Singh}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vivek Sagar |Prasad}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gurjant |Singh}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mandeep |Singh|dab = field hockey}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shamsher |Singh|dab=field hockey}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Lalit Kumar |Upadhyay}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Varun |Kumar|dab=field hockey}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Simranjeet |Singh}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2022
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Deep Grace|Ekka}}
| Arjuna Award || Female
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2023
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Krishan|Pathak}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2023
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sushila|Chanu}}
| Arjuna Award || Female
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2024
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Salima|Tete}}
| Arjuna Award || Female
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2024
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Abhishek|Nain}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2024
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sanjay|Rana}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2024
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jarmanpreet|Singh}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2024
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sukhjeet|Singh}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2002
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ashok|Diwan|nolink=1}}
| Dhyan Chand Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2003
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Charles|Cornelius}}
| Dhyan Chand Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2003
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dharam|Singh|dab=field hockey, born 1937}}
| Dhyan Chand Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2004
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Hardayal|Singh}}
| Dhyan Chand Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2005
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rajinder|Singh|Rajinder Singh Jr.}}
| Dhyan Chand Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2006
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nandy|Singh|nolink=1}}
| Dhyan Chand Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2007
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Varinder|Singh|dab=field hockey}}
| Dhyan Chand Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2008
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mukhbain|Singh}}
| Dhyan Chand Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2012
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gundeep|Kumar|nolink=1}}
| Dhyan Chand Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2013
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Syed|Ali|dab=field hockey, born 1956}}
| Dhyan Chand Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2014
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gurmail|Singh|dab=field hockey, born 1959}}
| Dhyan Chand Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2015
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Romeo|James}}
| Dhyan Chand Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2016
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sylvanus|Dung Dung}}
| Dhyan Chand Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2017
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sumrai|Tete}}
| Dhyan Chand Award || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2018
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bharat|Chettri}}
| Dhyan Chand Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2019
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Manuel|Frederick}}
| Dhyan Chand Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2020
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ajit Pal|Singh}}
| Dhyan Chand Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Davinder|Singh|dab=field hockey}}
| Dhyan Chand Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2022
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dharamvir|Singh}}
| Dhyan Chand Award || Male
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2023
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vineet Kumar|Sharma}}
| Dhyan Chand Award || Male
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2011
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E9D4C9 | {{sortname|Rajinder|Singh Jr.}} {{sup|+}}
| Dronacharya Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2017
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E9D4C9 | {{sortname|P. A.|Raphel|nolink=1}} {{sup|+}}
| Dronacharya Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2018
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E9D4C9 | {{sortname|Clarence|Lobo|nolink=1}} {{sup|+}}
| Dronacharya Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2019
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E9D4C9 | {{sortname|Merzban|Patel|nolink=1}} {{sup|+}}
| Dronacharya Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2020
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E9D4C9 | {{sortname|Romesh|Pathania|nolink=1}} {{sup|+}}
| Dronacharya Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E9D4C9 | {{sortname|Sarpal|Singh|nolink=1}} {{sup|+}}
| Dronacharya Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2000
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gudial Singh|Bhangu|nolink=1}}
| Dronacharya Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2002
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Maharaj Krishan|Kaushik}}
| Dronacharya Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2003
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rajinder|Singh Jr.}}
| Dronacharya Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2009
! scope="row" | {{sortname|S. Baldev|Singh|nolink=1}}
| Dronacharya Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2010
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ajay Kumar|Bansal|nolink=1}}
| Dronacharya Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2012
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Harendra|Singh|nolink=1}}
| Dronacharya Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2013
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Narender Singh|Saini|nolink=1}}
| Dronacharya Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2020
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jude|Sebastian}}
| Dronacharya Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pritam Rani|Siwach}}
| Dronacharya Award || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2023
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shivendra|Singh}}
| Dronacharya Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2024
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sandeep|Sangwan|nolink=1}}
| Dronacharya Award || Male
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="NSA">{{cite web|title=List of Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Awardees (1991–2018)|url=https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/LIST%20OF%20ARJUNA%20AWARDEES.docx%2061%20-%2017_0_0.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|accessdate=11 October 2020|archive-date=18 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718084523/https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/LIST%20OF%20ARJUNA%20AWARDEES.docx%2061%20-%2017_0_0.pdf|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|title=List of Arjuna Awardees (1961–2018)|url=https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/LIST%20OF%20ARJUNA%20AWARDEES.docx%2061%20-%2017_0_0.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|accessdate=11 October 2020|archive-date=18 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718084523/https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/LIST%20OF%20ARJUNA%20AWARDEES.docx%2061%20-%2017_0_0.pdf|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|title=List of Dhyanchand Awardees (2002–2018)|url=https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/DHYANCHAND%20AWARDEES%20%284%29_0.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|accessdate=11 October 2020|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143059/https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/DHYANCHAND%20AWARDEES%20%284%29_0.pdf|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|title=List of Dronacharya Awardees (1985–2018)|url=https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/DRONACHARYA%20AWARDEES%2085-17_0.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|accessdate=11 October 2020|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717170512/https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/DRONACHARYA%20AWARDEES%2085-17_0.pdf|url-status=live}}
*{{cite press release|title=National Sports Awards – 2019 announced|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1582410|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=11 October 2020|date=20 August 2019|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143129/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1582410|url-status=live}}
*{{cite press release|title=National Sports Awards – 2020 announced|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1647633|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=11 October 2020|date=21 August 2020|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143213/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1647633|url-status=live}}
*{{cite press release|title=National Sports Awards 2021 announced|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1769041|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=28 November 2022|date=2 November 2021}}
*{{cite press release|title=Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports announces National Sports Awards 2022|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1875896|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=28 November 2022|date=14 November 2022}}
*{{cite web |title=Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports announces National Sports Awards 2023|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1988607|website=pib.gov.in|accessdate=8 February 2025|date=20 December 2023}}
*{{cite web |title=Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports Announces National Sports Awards 2024|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2089557|website=pib.gov.in|accessdate=8 February 2025|date=2 January 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="AAscheme">{{cite web|title=Revised Scheme of Arjuna Award|url=https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Revised%20Scheme%20of%20Arjuna%20Award%20%28amended%20as%20on%207.9.2018%29_0.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|accessdate=18 October 2020|date=7 September 2018|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143100/https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Revised%20Scheme%20of%20Arjuna%20Award%20%28amended%20as%20on%207.9.2018%29_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="DAscheme">{{cite web|title=Scheme for Dronacharya Award For Outstanding Coaches In Sports And Games (Amended as on 3 February 2016)|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|url=http://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Scheme%20for%20Dronacharya%20Award%20for%20outstanding%20Coaches%20in%20Sports%20and%20Games.pdf|date=3 February 2016|accessdate=18 October 2020|archive-date=31 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131184719/http://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Scheme%20for%20Dronacharya%20Award%20for%20outstanding%20Coaches%20in%20Sports%20and%20Games.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="RGKRscheme">{{cite web|title=Scheme for the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award|date=23 February 2015|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|url=http://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Rajiv%20Gandhi%20Kel%20Ratna%20Award.pdf|accessdate=18 October 2020|archive-date=9 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909142048/http://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Rajiv%20Gandhi%20Kel%20Ratna%20Award.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="DCAscheme">{{cite web|title=Scheme for the Dhyan Chand Award for Lifetime Achievement in Sports and Games (Amended as on 3 February 2016)|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|url=http://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Scheme%20for%20Dhyan%20Chand%20Award%20for%20Lifetime%20Achievement%20in%20Sports%20and%20Games.pdf|date=3 February 2016|accessdate=18 October 2020|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143101/https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Scheme%20for%20Dhyan%20Chand%20Award%20for%20Lifetime%20Achievement%20in%20Sports%20and%20Games.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
* [https://yas.nic.in/sports/sports-awards-0 Official Website]

{{National Sports Awards}}
{{Arjuna Award}}

[[Category:Indian sports trophies and awards]]
[[Category:Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]]
[[Category:India field hockey–related lists]]

Nagthan Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:31:31Z

RaushanYoganta: Done.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Karnataka legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Nagthan
|state = [[Karnataka]]
|type= SLA
| constituency_no = 31
| map_image = 31-Nagthan constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Katakadond Vittal Dondiba]]
|party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bijapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bijapur]]
|established = 
|electors = {{formatnum:269309}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
|reservation = SC
}}
'''Nagthan Assembly constituency''' is one of 224 assembly constituencies in [[Karnataka]], in India. It is part of [[Bijapur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= 9 October 2017 }}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[Katakadond Vittal Dondiba]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || Raju Alagur || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[Devanand Fulasing Chavan]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Katakadond Vittal Dondiba]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagthan <ref name=election2023/><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Nagthan">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Nagthan |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1031.htm?ac=31 |access-date=23 November 2024 |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123062216/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1031.htm?ac=31 |archive-date=23 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Katakadond Vittal Dondiba]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 78,990 |percentage = 43.75% |change = {{increase}}12.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sanjeev Malasiddappa Aihole |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 48,175 |percentage = 26.68% |change = {{decrease}}3.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Devanand Fulasing Chavan]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 34,114 |percentage = 18.90% |change = {{decrease}}15.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bandi Shrikant Hanamantappa |party = Kalyana Rajya Pragathi Paksha |votes = 10,770 |percentage = 5.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Guru Munnu Chavan |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 2,974 |percentage = 1.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,016 |percentage = 0.56% |change = {{decrease}}0.34 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,815 |percentage = 17.07% |change = {{increase}}13.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 180,933 |percentage = 67.18% |change = {{decrease}}0.44 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 180,540}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 269,309 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.40 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}9.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagthan <ref name="election2018">{{cite web |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election -2018 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |access-date=7 September 2021 |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref name="karCeoResults2018">{{cite web |date=2018-05-16 |title=Karnataka 2018 - Candidate-wise Votes Details |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/GenELC_2018/ResultsACWise.PDF |access-date=7 September 2021 |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Election Office - Karnataka}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Devanand Fulasing Chavan]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 59,709 |percentage = 34.00% |change = {{increase}}1.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Katakadond Vittal Dondiba]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 54,108 |percentage = 30.81% |change = {{decrease}}2.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gopal Govind Karjol |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 53,562 |percentage = 30.50% |change = {{increase}}19.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Irasur Sagar Mallappa |party = Bhaarateeya Janashakthi Congress |votes = 1,624 |percentage = 0.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,578 |percentage = 0.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rahul Tippanna Bhaskar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,276 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,601 |percentage = 3.19% |change = {{increase}}2.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 176,110 |percentage = 67.62% |change = {{increase}}5.44 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 175,608}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 260,452 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.42 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagthan <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Raju Alagur |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 45,570 |percentage = 32.84% |change = {{decrease}}0.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Devanand Fulasing Chavan]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 44,903 |percentage = 32.36% |change = {{increase}}11.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Katakdhonda Vitthal Dhondiba |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 24,104 |percentage = 17.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagendra Devendrappa Mayavanshi |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 15,627 |percentage = 11.26% |change = {{decrease}}26.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Katakdhond Deepak Gangaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,521 |percentage = 1.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sanjeev Pundlik Mane |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,278 |percentage = 0.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sudhakar Kanamadi |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,260 |percentage = 0.91% |change = {{decrease}}0.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nirmala Shrinivas Arakeri |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,212 |percentage = 0.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Parimala Mahadev Kambale |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,141 |percentage = 0.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 667 |percentage = 0.48% |change = {{decrease}}3.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 140,312 |percentage = 62.18% |change = {{increase}}6.64 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 138,775}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 225,647 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.30 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}4.82 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagthan <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Katakadond Vittal Dondiba]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 40,225 |percentage = 37.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. R. Algur (Raju) |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 36,018 |percentage = 33.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. K. Rathod |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 21,815 |percentage = 20.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Harijan Ambanna Tukaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,677 |percentage = 2.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dodamani Basavant Shivappa |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,956 |percentage = 1.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rathod Thavarasingh Ramasingh |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 1,725 |percentage = 1.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. M. Harale |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,015 |percentage = 0.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shridhar S. Waghamore |party = Independent politician |votes = 790 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,207 |percentage = 3.94% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 106,832 |percentage = 55.54% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 106,805}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 192,368 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|16.93|75.84|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bijapur district, Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Ennu Ninte Moideen (soundtrack)

2026-04-13T11:12:56Z

RaushanYoganta: Adding A Entry!

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Ennu Ninte Moideen
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[M. Jayachandran]], [[Ramesh Narayan]], [[Gopi Sundar]]
| cover = Ennu Ninte Moideen (soundtrack).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Album cover for ''Ennu Ninte Moideen''
| released = 29 August 2015
| recorded = 2014{{ndash}}2015
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=33|s=16}}
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label = [[Satyam Audios]]
| producer = M. Jayachandran Ramesh Narayan Gopi Sundar
| prev_title = [[Nirnayakam]]
| prev_year = 2015
| next_title = Mohavalayam
| next_year = 2016
| chronology = [[M. Jayachandran]]
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Ramesh Narayan]]
| type = soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Alif (2015 film)|Alif]]
| prev_year = 2015
| title = Ennu Ninte Moideen
| year = 2015
| next_title = [[Edavappathy]]
| next_year = 2016
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Gopi Sundar]]
| type = soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Bhale Bhale Magadivoy]]
| prev_year = 2015
| title = Ennu Ninte Moideen
| year = 2015
| next_title = [[Charlie (2015 soundtrack)|Charlie]]
| next_year = 2015
}}
}}
'''''Ennu Ninte Moideen''''' is the [[soundtrack]] to the [[Ennu Ninte Moideen|2015 film of the same name]] directed by [[R. S. Vimal]]. Based on the real life story of [[B. P. Moideen]] and Kanchanamala which happened in [[Mukkam]], [[Kozhikode]] in the 1960s, the film starred [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] and [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]] as the principal characters. [[M. Jayachandran]], [[Ramesh Narayan]] and [[Gopi Sundar]] composed the 10-song soundtrack, the latter of whom also composed the background score. [[Satyam Audios]] released the soundtrack on 29 August 2015.

== Background ==
The film's soundtrack featured 10 songs—[[Gopi Sundar]] who composed the background score had also composed the track "Mukkathe Penne", [[M. Jayachandran]] composed three tracks: "Kathirunnu", "Kannondu Chollanu" and "Iruvanji Puzhappenne", while [[Ramesh Narayan]] composed the remainder of it.

Sundar was initially assigned to be sole composer working on the songs as well as the score. But since he was composing on the background score for ''[[Bangalore Days]]'', he could not accept another project. When Vimal approached him again, he saw the initial rushes which he liked intending him to contribute his part for the film.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Sathyendran |first=Nita |date=2015-10-08 |title=Straight from the heart |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/music-director-gopi-sundar-on-his-single-mukkathe-penne-from-ennu-ninte-moideen/article7738720.ece |access-date=2023-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809183156/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/music-director-gopi-sundar-on-his-single-mukkathe-penne-from-ennu-ninte-moideen/article7738720.ece |archive-date=2020-08-09 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The track "Mukkathe Penne" was composed within five minutes as Sundar was working on the background score and Vimal requested for a song to be used in the background. He had a tune in mind which he hummed to [[Mohammed Maqbool Mansoor]] (one of the singer's backing vocalists whom he helped with the Sufi notes) at the studio at that time. Later, Mansoor wrote the lyrics and provided vocals for the song.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Elizabeth |date=2015-10-03 |title=Five-minute composition gets 10 lakh hits |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151003/entertainment-tvmusic/article/five-minute-composition-gets-10-lakh-hits |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008072923/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/151003/entertainment-tvmusic/article/five-minute-composition-gets-10-lakh-hits |archive-date=2015-10-08 |access-date=2015-10-22 |url-status=live |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> For the background score, he used a bamboo saxophone and a veena.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-18 |title=Not just musician but also businessman |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150917/entertainment-mollywood/article/not-just-musician-also-businessman |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207153646/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150917/entertainment-mollywood/article/not-just-musician-also-businessman |archive-date=2017-02-07 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

Upon Prithviraj's request, Jayachandran had composed three songs for the film,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-10-19 |title=Prithviraj requested me to join Moideen |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/prithviraj-requested-me-to-join-moideen/articleshow/49350814.cms |access-date=2023-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229111242/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/prithviraj-requested-me-to-join-moideen/articleshow/49350814.cms |archive-date=2023-12-29 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> recalled that Kanchanamala's real-life story served as his inspiration for the compositions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-07-29 |title=Kanachanamala inspires M Jayachandran |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/kanachanamala-inspires-m-jayachandran/articleshow/39228695.cms |access-date=2023-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012000118/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/kanachanamala-inspires-m-jayachandran/articleshow/39228695.cms |archive-date=2014-10-12 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The song "Kathirunnu" was recorded in July 2014 with [[Shreya Ghoshal]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-07-12 |title=Shreya Ghosal to croon for Ennu Ninte Moideen |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/shreya-ghosal-to-croon-for-ennu-ninte-moideen/articleshow/38255661.cms |access-date=2023-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718165552/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/shreya-ghosal-to-croon-for-ennu-ninte-moideen/articleshow/38255661.cms |archive-date=2014-07-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> While working on the film, Jayachandran felt "deeply emotional" after the demise of his father and that sorrow served as an outlet for the song, which had "churned out of his heart".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-03-28 |title=Malayalam music composer M. Jayachandran elated over National Film Award |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/malayalam-music-composer-m-jayachandran-elated-over-national-film-award/article8405578.ece |access-date=2023-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521015218/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/malayalam-music-composer-m-jayachandran-elated-over-national-film-award/article8405578.ece |archive-date=2017-05-21 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! No.
! Title
! Singer(s)
! Lyricist
! Music
! Length
|-
| 1
| "Ee Mazhathan (Solo)"
| [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| [[Rafeeq Ahamed]]
| [[Ramesh Narayan]]
| 4:07
|-
| 2
| "Kannondu Chollanu"
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Vijay Yesudas]]
| [[Rafeeq Ahamed]]
| [[M. Jayachandran]]
| 4:51
|-
| 3
| "Kathirunnu"
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| [[Rafeeq Ahamed]]
| [[M. Jayachandran]]
| 4:18
|-
| 4
| "Sharadambaram (Duet)"
| [[P. Jayachandran]], Shilpa Raj
| [[Changampuzha Krishna Pillai]]
| [[Ramesh Narayan]]
| 2:38
|-
| 5
| "Iruvanji Puzhappenne"
| [[M. Jayachandran]]
| [[Rafeeq Ahamed]]
| [[M. Jayachandran]]
| 4:14
|-
| 6
| "Priyamullavane"
| [[Madhushree Narayan]]
| [[Rafeeq Ahamed]]
| [[Ramesh Narayan]]
| 3:27
|-
| 7
| "Mukkathe Penne"
| [[Gopi Sundar]], [[Mohammed Maqbool Mansoor]]
| [[Mohammed Maqbool Mansoor]]
| [[Gopi Sundar]]
| 4:15
|-
| 8
| "Sharadambaram (Solo)"
| Shilpa Raj
| [[Changampuzha Krishna Pillai]]
| [[Ramesh Narayan]]
| 2:39
|-
| 9
| "Ee Mazhathan (Duet)"
| [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| [[Rafeeq Ahamed]]
| [[Ramesh Narayan]]
| 4:07
|-
| 10
| "Sharadambaram (Unplugged)"
| [[P. Jayachandran]], [[Sithara (singer)|Sithara]]
| [[Changampuzha Krishna Pillai]]
| [[Ramesh Narayan]]
| 2:39
|}

== Reception ==
Vipin Nair of ''Music Aloud'' rated 8.5/10 to the album, calling it as a "nice, melody-oriented soundtrack" reminiscent of yesteryear Malayalam films and ranked Gopi Sundar's composition "Mukkathe Penne" as the best from the album over Jayachandran and Ramesh Narayan's works.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Vipin |date=2015-09-18 |title=Ennu Ninte Moideen – Music Review (Malayalam Soundtrack) |url=https://www.musicaloud.com/2015/09/18/ennu-ninte-moideen-music-review-malayalam-soundtrack/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927204321/https://www.musicaloud.com/2015/09/18/ennu-ninte-moideen-music-review-malayalam-soundtrack/ |archive-date=2021-09-27 |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=Music Aloud}}</ref> Karthik Srinivasan of ''Milliblog'' described it as a "highly melodious offering from Jayachandran and Ramesh Narayan".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Karthik |date=2015-09-14 |title=Ennu Ninte Moideen (Music review), Malayalam – M.Jayachandran & Ramesh Narayan |url=https://milliblog.com/2015/09/14/ennu-ninte-moideen-music-review-malayalam-m-jayachandran-ramesh-narayan/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416195354/https://milliblog.com/2015/09/14/ennu-ninte-moideen-music-review-malayalam-m-jayachandran-ramesh-narayan/ |archive-date=2021-04-16 |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=Milliblog |language=en-US}}</ref> G. Ragesh of ''[[Manorama Online]]'' wrote "While the romantic song 'Kannondu Chollanu' is already a hit, the musical version of a [[Changampuzha Krishna Pillai|Changampuzha [Krishna Pillai]]] poem is likely to find a place in the hit chart soon. M. Jayachandran and Pandit Ramesh Narayan along with their singers deserve a share of the credit for conveying the feel of the film so brilliantly."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moideen: A love saga at its ethereal best |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/ennu-ninte-moideen-movie-review.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229150642/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/ennu-ninte-moideen-movie-review.amp.html |archive-date=2023-12-29 |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=Manorama Online}}</ref>

Gokul Nair of ''[[Film Companion South]]'' wrote "The musical trinity, comprising M. Jayachandran, Gopi Sunder, and Ramesh Narayan, has composed an excellent soundtrack that accentuates the beauty and pathos of Kanchana and Moideen's doomed love story. Shreya Ghoshal's melodious voice in 'Kathirunnu' (a song that speaks for the entire film) helps us to embrace and remember the moving aspects of this romantic tragedy."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Gokul |date=2021-02-21 |title=Ennu Ninte Moideen Is A Cinematic Love Letter Honouring An Eternal, Ideal Love Story |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/readers-articles/ennu-ninte-moideen-malayalam-movie-is-a-cinematic-love-letter-honouring-an-eternal-ideal-love-story-parvathy-prithviraj-sukumaran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711163518/https://www.filmcompanion.in/readers-articles/ennu-ninte-moideen-malayalam-movie-is-a-cinematic-love-letter-honouring-an-eternal-ideal-love-story-parvathy-prithviraj-sukumaran |archive-date=2021-07-11 |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=Film Companion South |language=en}}</ref> S. Shivakumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' while describing the songs being "soulful" and "melodious", he also praised the background score as it "complements the mood of each sequence".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shivakumar |first=S. |date=2015-10-15 |title=The evergreen charm of a love story |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/the-evergreen-charm-of-a-love-story/article7765892.ece |access-date=2023-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218203125/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/the-evergreen-charm-of-a-love-story/article7765892.ece |archive-date=2015-12-18 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Date of ceremony
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Asianet Film Awards]]
|7 February 2016
| Best Lyricist
| {{Sort|Ahmed|[[Rafeeq Ahamed]]}} – ("Kathirunnu")
| {{won}}
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |author=James |first=Anu |date=8 February 2016 |title=18th Asianet Film Awards: Vikram, Trisha, Prithviraj, Mohanlal, Nivin Pauly bag awards [Full winners' list+photos] |agency=[[International Business Times]] |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/18th-asianet-film-awards-vikram-trisha-prithviraj-mohanlal-nivin-pauly-bag-awards-full-666090 |accessdate=18 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410203806/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/18th-asianet-film-awards-vikram-trisha-prithviraj-mohanlal-nivin-pauly-bag-awards-full-666090 |archive-date=10 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4" |[[Asiavision Awards]]
| rowspan="4" |2 December 2015
| Best Playback Singer – Female
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]] – ("Kathirunnu")
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="4" align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |author=James |first=Anu |date=18 November 2015 |title=Asiavision movie awards 2015: 'Ennu Ninte Moideen', 'Pathemari, 'Premam' win maximum awards [Complete list of winners] |agency=[[International Business Times]] |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/asiavision-movie-awards-2015-ennu-ninte-moideen-pathemari-premam-win-maximum-awards-655399 |accessdate=18 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101160954/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/asiavision-movie-awards-2015-ennu-ninte-moideen-pathemari-premam-win-maximum-awards-655399 |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| Best Background Score
| [[Gopi Sundar]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Most Popular Music Director
| [[Gopi Sundar]]
| {{won}}
|-
| New Sensation in Singing
| [[Mohammed Maqbool Mansoor]] – ("Mukkathe Penne")
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="3" |[[63rd Filmfare Awards South|18 June 2016]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Malayalam|Best Music Director]]
| [[M. Jayachandran]]
| {{won}}
| rowspan="3" align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |date=7 June 2016 |title=Nominations for the 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South) |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13750-1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515110610/http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13750.html |archive-date=15 May 2017 |access-date=15 May 2017 |work=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2016 |title=Winners of the 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South) |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702102328/http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html |archive-date=2 July 2016 |access-date=1 April 2017 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Malayalam|Best Lyricist]]
| [[Rafeeq Ahamed]] – ("Kathirunnu")
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Malayalam|Best Playback Singer – Female]]
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]] – ("Kathirunnu")
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="6" |[[IIFA Utsavam]]
| rowspan="6" |[[1st IIFA Utsavam|24–25 January 2016]]
| Best Music Direction
| [[Ramesh Narayan]] [[M. Jayachandran]] [[Gopi Sundar]]
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="6" align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA Utsavam 2015 |url=http://iifautsavam.com/awards.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605225151/http://iifautsavam.com/awards.html |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=1 April 2017 |publisher=[[IIFA Utsavam]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |author= |title=IIFA Utsavam 2015 Nominees – Malayalam |url=http://iifautsavam.com/nominees-mal.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129010816/http://iifautsavam.com/nominees-mal.html |archive-date=29 January 2016 |accessdate=23 March 2016 |publisher=[[IIFA Utsavam]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |author=Anu James |date=25 January 2016 |title=IIFA Utsavam Malayalam: Prithviraj honoured as Best Actor; 'Premam', 'Ennu Ninte Moideen' bag maximum awards [Winners List] |agency=[[International Business Times]] |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/iifa-utsavam-malayalam-prithviraj-honoured-best-actor-premam-ennu-ninte-moideen-bag-maximum-664433 |accessdate=18 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416040315/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/iifa-utsavam-malayalam-prithviraj-honoured-best-actor-premam-ennu-ninte-moideen-bag-maximum-664433 |archive-date=16 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | Best Lyricist
| [[Mohammed Maqbool Mansoor]] – ("Mukkathe Penne")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Rafeeq Ahamed]] – ("Kathirunnu")
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | Best Playback Singer – Male
| [[Mohammed Maqbool Mansoor]] – ("Mukkathe Penne")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Vijay Yesudas]] – ("Kannondu Chollanu")
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Playback Singer – Female
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]] – ("Kathirunnu")
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" |[[Kerala State Film Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |[[46th Kerala State Film Awards|1 March 2016]]
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director – Songs|Best Music Director – Songs]]
| [[Ramesh Narayan]]
| {{won}}
| rowspan="3" align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2016 |title=Malayalam film 'Charlie' wins Best Actor, Actress and Filmmaker at 46th Kerala State Film Awards |url=https://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/malayalam-film-charlie-wins-big-at-46th-kerala-state-film-awards-2652262.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606202455/https://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/malayalam-film-charlie-wins-big-at-46th-kerala-state-film-awards-2652262.html |archive-date=6 June 2016 |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2016 |title=Dulquer Salmaan, Parvathy win top honours at Kerala State Film awards |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/dulquer-salmaan-parvathy-win-top-honours-at-kerala-state-film-awards-2015/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608022919/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/dulquer-salmaan-parvathy-win-top-honours-at-kerala-state-film-awards-2015/ |archive-date=8 June 2016 |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2016 |title='Charlie' Dominates Kerala State Film Awards 2015 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2016/mar/01/charlie-dominates-kerala-state-film-awards-2015-898473.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820222634/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2016/mar/01/Charlie-Dominates-Kerala-State-Film-Awards-2015-898473.html |archive-date=20 August 2023 |access-date=29 December 2023 |url-status=live |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer|Best Singer – Male]]
| [[P. Jayachandran]] – ("Saradambaram"){{Efn|also for "Njanoru Malayali" from [[Jilebi (2015 film)|''Jilebi'']] and "Malarvaka Kombathu" from ''[[Ennum Eppozhum]]''}}
| {{won}}
|-
| | [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| {{Sort|Ahmed|[[Rafeeq Ahamed]]}} – ("Kathirunnu")
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[National Film Awards]]
|[[63rd National Film Awards|28 March 2016]]
| Best Music Director
| [[M. Jayachandran]]
| {{won}}
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Winners of 63rd National Film Awards 2015 |url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/Winners_of_63rd_NFA_2015.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007194418/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/Winners_of_63rd_NFA_2015.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2016 |access-date=28 March 2016 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |[[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|30 June–1 July 2016]]
| Best Music Director
| [[M. Jayachandran]]
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="3" align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2016 |title=SIIMA 2016 nominations creates huge buzz! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/siima-2016-nominations-creates-huge-buzz-news-tamil-qf5obVhhfggai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704090224/http://www.sify.com/movies/siima-2016-nominations-creates-huge-buzz-news-tamil-qf5obVhhfggai.html |archive-date=4 July 2017 |access-date=4 July 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| Best Lyricist
| [[Rafeeq Ahamed]] – ("Kathirunnu")
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Playback Singer – Female
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]] – ("Kathirunnu")
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Vanitha Film Awards]]
|16 February 2016
| Best Lyricist
| [[Rafeeq Ahamed]] – ("Kathirunnu")
| {{won}}
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |author=James |first=Anu |date=16 February 2016 |title=Vanitha Film Awards 2016: Prithviraj, best actor; Parvathy bags best actress award [Full winners list] |agency=[[International Business Times]] |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vanitha-film-awards-2016-prithviraj-best-actor-parvathy-bags-best-actress-award-full-winners-667201 |accessdate=18 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219132520/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vanitha-film-awards-2016-prithviraj-best-actor-parvathy-bags-best-actress-award-full-winners-667201 |archive-date=19 February 2016}}</ref>
|}

== Controversy ==
After Narayan's win at the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director – Songs|Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director]], he accused Vimal and Prithviraj condemning his attempts to exclude some of his songs for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala State Film Awards: 'Ennu Ninte Moideen' music director lashes out at Prithviraj |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kerala-state-film-awards-ennu-ninte-moideen-music-director-lashes-out-at-prithviraj-2184744 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229150930/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kerala-state-film-awards-ennu-ninte-moideen-music-director-lashes-out-at-prithviraj-2184744 |archive-date=2023-12-29 |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> Narayan said that, apart from "Ee Mazhathan" he had recorded two more songs with [[K. J. Yesudas]], but those were omitted at the last minute which left Yesudas disheartened. He also said that there were attempts to exclude the song "Sharadambaram" that was sung by [[P. Jayachandran]] for the film, which was unsuccessful.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-05 |title=RS Vimal insulted Yesudas too: Ramesh Narayan |url=https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/english-news-1.910034 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229151004/https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/english-news-1.910034 |archive-date=2023-12-29 |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=Mathrubhumi English |language=en}}</ref> Prithviraj responded to Narayan's claims, saying that problem is mostly with Vimal and Narayan, and he had no role in it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=This is how Prithviraj responded to Ramesh Narayan's charges |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/this-is-how-prithviraj-responded-to-ramesh-narayan-accusations.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229151016/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/this-is-how-prithviraj-responded-to-ramesh-narayan-accusations.html |archive-date=2023-12-29 |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>

At a press meet in Chennai, following Jayachandran's win for [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction]], he cleared the controversies regarding credit for the music. He said that Narayan had compose three songs with two of them being included, and Jayachandran's compositions had also been included, but he said to Prithviraj that he would score the film, only if Narayan permits to do so. Jayachandran also recalled that Narayan had left the project owing to creative differences, despite composing most of the songs and has been unaware of such instances happened. Expressing his gratitude to Prithviraj on giving the freedom he required, Jayachandran claimed that the contribution of the three composers "brought musical images that were as beautiful as those a single music director would have created".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-03-31 |title=National award, a team effort: Jayachandran |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/national-award-a-team-effort-jayachandran/article8421161.ece |access-date=2023-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018073625/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/national-award-a-team-effort-jayachandran/article8421161.ece |archive-date=2017-10-18 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:2015 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Malayalam film soundtracks]]

Varla Kumar Raja

2026-04-13T00:44:40Z

RaushanYoganta: New Some Bio From Scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Varla Kumar Raja
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[Kaile Anil Kumar]]
| constituency = [[Pamarru Assembly constituency|Pamarru]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| birth_date =
| citizenship = [[India]]
}}
'''Kumar Raja Varla''' is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is a member of [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pamarru Assembly Election Results 2024: Pamarru Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/pamarru-constituency-result-1077 |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Varla was elected as the member of the Legislative Assembly representing the [[Pamarru Assembly constituency]] in [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pamarru (SC) Constituency Election Results 2024: Pamarru (SC) Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/pamarru |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pamarru, Election Result 2024 Live: Winning And Losing Candidates & Parties, 2019 vs 2024 Results, Voting Percentage, Exit Polls-News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/pamarru-assembly-constituency-s01aed2008a077/ |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source= Pamarru Assembly constituency}}
{{#section-h:Pamarru Assembly constituency|2024}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

S. Pugazhenthi

2026-04-11T23:39:21Z

RaushanYoganta: Adding initial post v1 - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = S. Pugazhenthi
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1972|6|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = Nellikuppam
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member, Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency1 = [[Maduranthakam Assembly constituency|Maduranthakam]]
| term_start1 = 2016
| term_end1 = 2021
| predecessor1 = [[S. Kanitha Sampath]]
| successor1 = [[K. Maragatham]]
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Farmer
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}

'''S. Pugazhenthi''' is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] and former member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. He is from [[Nellikuppam]] town in the [[Cuddalore district]]. Pugazhenthi holds a master's degree in arts. He belongs to the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) party. He contested and won the [[Maduranthakam Assembly constituency]] in the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]], thus becoming a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA).<ref>Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly "WHO'S WHO 2016. Chennai-600 009: Legislature Assembly Secretariat, Chennai-600009. 27 December 2018. p. 111-113.</ref>

==Electoral performance==
===2016===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Maduranthakam<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Pugazhenthi |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=73,693 |percentage=41.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. K. Thamizharasan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=70,736 |percentage=39.77% |change=-13.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Adhikesavan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=16,215 |percentage=9.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Thennarasu |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=11,773 |percentage=6.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,525 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,957 |percentage=1.66% |change= -10.86% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=177,879 |percentage=81.29% |change= -0.57% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 218,831 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -12.22% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]

Sandrembi and Chaisra

2026-04-04T17:55:17Z

RaushanYoganta: New First Entry V1

{{Short description|Ancient Meitei folktale}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox folk tale
|Folk_Tale_Name = Sandrembi and Chaisra (Sanarembi and Chaisra)
|Image_Name = Sandrembi Cheishra.jpg
|Image_Caption = The fight between Sandrembi (true queen) and Chaisra (false queen) in the [[trial by ordeal]]
|Aarne-Thompson Grouping =
|AKA =
|Mythology = [[Meitei mythology]]
|Country =
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Manipur (stripes variant).svg}} [[Ancient Kangleipak]] (historical)
* {{IND}} (present)
|Region = {{langnf|mni|[[Kangleipak]]|[[Manipur]]}}
|Origin_Date =
|Published_In =
|Related = [[Helloi]], [[Lai Khutsangbi]], [[Thabaton]], [[Uchek Langmeidong]], [[Yenakha Paotapi]]
}}
The legend of '''''Sandrembi and Chaisra''''' ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯟꯗ꯭ꯔꯦꯝꯕꯤ ꯆꯥꯢꯁ꯭ꯔꯥ}}}}) or '''''Sanarembi and Chaisra''''' ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯅꯔꯦꯝꯕꯤ ꯆꯥꯢꯁ꯭ꯔꯥ}}}}) is a [[Meitei folktales|folktale]] of the [[Meitei ethnicity]] of [[Ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]).<ref name=beck160>{{Cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Brenda E. F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jmKu3t-sYi4C&dq=sandrembi+and+chaishra+%28Manipur%29&pg=PA160 |title=Folktales of India |last2=Claus |first2=Peter J. |last3=Goswami |first3=Praphulladatta |last4=Handoo |first4=Jawaharlal |date=1999 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=978-0-226-04083-7 |page=160 |language=en}}</ref> It is a story of the clash between two [[half sister|stepsisters]], Sandrembi (Sanarembi), the elder, and Chaisra, the younger, born to the same father but different mothers.<ref name=beck161>{{Cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Brenda E. F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jmKu3t-sYi4C&dq=elder+sandrembi+younger+chaishra&pg=PA161 |title=Folktales of India |last2=Claus |first2=Peter J. |last3=Goswami |first3=Praphulladatta |last4=Handoo |first4=Jawaharlal |date=1999 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=978-0-226-04083-7 |page=161 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=meitei349>{{Cite book |last1=Meitei |first1=Sanjenbam Yaiphaba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FhUHEAAAQBAJ&dq=sanarembi+folktale&pg=PA349 |title=The Cultural Heritage of Manipur |last2=Chaudhuri |first2=Sarit K. |last3=Arunkumar |first3=M. C. |date=2020 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-000-29629-7 |page=349 |language=en}}</ref> Sandrembi, the [[protagonist]], is a young lady, living in forsaken environment and in dire circumstances that are changed into a remarkable fortune.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakravarty |first=Kalyan Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OrwnAAAAYAAJ&q=sanarembi |title=Bhāratīya Parivāra: Manushya Ke Astitva Ke Lie Vaikalpika Soca |date=1994 |publisher=[[Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya|Indirā Gāndhī Rāshṭrīya Mānava Saṅgrahālaya]] |page=186 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lal |first1=Ananda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DftkAAAAMAAJ&q=sanarembi |title=The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre |last2=Lal |first2=Reader in English Ananda |date=2004 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-564446-3 |page=496 |language=en}}</ref>
She is portrayed as a person having the nature of God like mind.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Moirangthem Kirti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lL8gAAAAMAAJ&q=sanarembi |title=Religious Developments in Manipur in the 18th and 19th Centuries |date=1980 |publisher=Manipur State Kala Akademi |page=316 |language=en |author-link=Moirangthem Kirti Singh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=MacDonald |first1=Margaret Read |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J33YAAAAMAAJ&q=sandrembi |title=The Storyteller's Sourcebook: A Subject, Title, and Motif Index to Folklore Collections for Children, 1983-1999 |last2=Sturm |first2=Brian W. |date=2001 |publisher=[[Gale Group]] |isbn=978-0-8103-5485-2 |page=293 |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The story of Sandrembi and Chaisra is considered a perfect combination of ''"[[Cinderella]]"'' and ''"[[The Love for Three Oranges (fairy tale)|The Three Oranges]]"''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Handoo |first1=Jawaharlal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BDkSAQAAIAAJ&q=sandrembi+chaisra |title=Folklore and Discourse |last2=Siikala |first2=Anna-Leena |date=1999 |publisher=Zooni Publications |isbn=978-81-7342-054-2 |pages=180, 181, 183 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Amos |first=Dan Ben |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aMI4DzpymSIC&dq=sandrembi+chaisra&pg=PA762 |title=Folktales of the Jews, V. 3 (Tales from Arab Lands) |date=2011 |publisher=[[Jewish Publication Society]] |isbn=978-0-8276-0871-9 |page=762 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter=Key-Note Address: Oral Narratives of North East India |first=Dr. S. |last=Sanatombi |title=Oral Narratives of Manipur |editor=Chirom Rajketan Singh |location=Kakching, Manipur |publisher=Kha Manipur College |date=2016 |page=3 |quote=Both tales ["Sandrembi Chaisra" and "Teji and Teja"] can be identified with the international Type Index AT510 ["Cinderella"] + AT408 ["The Love for Three Oranges"] of [[Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index|Aarne-Thompson]].}}</ref>

== Story ==
=== Beginning ===
In an era called Haya Chak, [[King Sentreng|King ''Sentreng Apanba'']] ruled the realm of [[Ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]). ''Khulen Nganba'', one of the King's nobleman, had two good ladies, the senior lady named ''Yangkhuleima (aka Yangkhureima, Yaibireima or Yaipileima)'' and the junior lady named ''Sangkhuleima (aka Sankhureima)''.{{efn|The names of the two ladies are rhyming words and are often confused with each other. So, in the subsequent passages, the terms "elder lady" ("senior lady") and "younger lady" ("junior lady") are used to refer to the two to avoid confusion.}} The elder lady had a daughter named ''Sandrembi (Sanarembi)'' (''and also boy'' in another version of the story) and the younger lady had only one daughter named ''Chaisra (aka Cheisra)''.<ref name=beck161/><ref name=meitei349/> Nobleman Khulen Nganba died after some time. And so the two widows sold vegetables and fishes caught from {{langnf|mni|Shilempat|Shilem lake}} in the market to earn their living. The younger widow was jealous of the elder widow. And so, she always planned for ways to harm the elder lady. One day, it so happened that the elder lady caught many fish but the younger lady caught some snakes and reptiles and not a single fish. While both the widows were taking rest under a [[fig]] tree, the younger widow, getting envious of the elder lady's lucky catch, hatched an evil plan to kill her. This, the younger lady climbed up the fig tree to pluck some fruits.<ref name=meitei349/> Once or twice she dropped the ripped fig fruits to the elder lady who enjoyed of the juicy fruits. And finally, the younger lady made the elder lady close her eyes and open her mouth wide telling her to swallow the most delicious fruit which she said she was about to drop down. Then, the younger lady poured the snakes from her fish basket. The poor elder woman swallowed them and died immediately due to snake bite. The younger lady came down and pushed the dead body of the elder lady into the deep water of the lake. The corpse transformed into a [[tortoise]] (or [[turtle]]) unknown to anyone. The younger lady told everyone about the tragic death of the elder widow was due to drowning in the lake. In another version of the story, the younger lady told others that the stubborn elder lady didn't want to return home and chose to catch fish further until sunset.<ref name=beck161/>

=== Childhood ===
The younger widow and her daughter ''Chaisra (Cheisra)'' mistreated ''Sandrembi (Shanarembi)'' after her mother's death. One night, Sandrembi saw her mother in her dream, revealing the truth behind her tragic death. Her mother told her to bring the tortoise from the lake and keep it inside a pitcher for five consecutive days without any break at which only she could re-assume her human form. Sandrembi did so but before the completion of the five days, Chaisra discovered the tortoise and so, she insisted her mother to make Sandrembi cook the tortoise meat for her. The stepmother forced poor Sandrembi to boil the tortoise. Sandrembi tried to take away the fuel stick on hearing the tortoise mother's words from the boiling pan/pot but she could not save her tortoise mother before them.<ref name=beck163>{{Cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Brenda E. F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jmKu3t-sYi4C&dq=sandrembi&pg=PA163 |title=Folktales of India |last2=Claus |first2=Peter J. |last3=Goswami |first3=Praphulladatta |last4=Handoo |first4=Jawaharlal |date=1999 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=978-0-226-04083-7 |page=163 |language=en}}</ref>

Chaisra and her mother devoured the tortoise meat to their heart's content and threw away the bones in the verandah. Again the tortoise mother told Sandrembi in her dream to keep the tortoise bones undisturbed inside a basket by covering it with a cloth for 7 consecutive days. Sandrembi did so. However, before the completion of the said period, out of her anxiety as well as curiosity, Sandrembi opened the basket and as it disturbed the normal process of regaining the human shape, the tortoise mother came out in the form of a [[Old World sparrow|sparrow]] and flew away.<ref name=beck163/>

=== Married life and death ===
Many years died and the two stepsisters grew up. Sandrembi, became beautiful and accomplished but not nicely dressed up. Chaisra became ugly although properly dressed. Once a King ("Crown Prince" in another version of the story) came for hunting and saw the two maidens fetching water by a riverside.<ref name=beck163/> Knowing the quality of Sandrembi's beauty and elegance, though not wearing nice clothes, the king immediately took Sandrembi away with him (after some days or weeks in other versions of the story). She was made the Queen after a ceremonial marriage. She spent her life ("with her brother" in another version of the story) with joy in the palace. A son was also born to her, named ''Machi Sana Melei Khomba'' in [[Meitei language|Meitei]] sacred lores. Her stepmother and her stepsister Chaisra were still jealous of her luck. So, the two planned to kill Sandrembi. They invited her for a dinner in their house. Sandrembi came to her parental house with the permission of the King. After the dinner, Chaisra, according to their plan, dropped Sandrembi's dresses under a bed ("in a hole" in another version of the story). When Sandrembi went under the bed to bring the clothes out, her stepmother poured the hottest water over Sandrembi's body.<ref name=sandrembi>{{Cite web|title=Sandrembi and Chaisra|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Folks.Folk_Tales.Sandrembi_and_Chaisra|access-date=2021-09-03|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> Poor Sandrembi died and her soul (or corpse in another version of the story) got transformed into a pigeon and flew away. Chaisra, disguising as Sandrembi in the Queen's dress, went to the palace and behaved as if she was the real Sandrembi. The suspected king told her in anger, "You are not my queen whose face is as fair as the lily. You are disfigured." Chaisra answered that she contracted mental and physical agony when she wept for her son. The king noticed Chaisra's long nose, deep eyes and bushy eyelids, which are contrasting to Sandrembi's features. When asked about her sudden ugliness, Chaisra told him that crying and rubbing her eyes all her way due to missing the king make her ugly. In spite of his suspicion, the King wanted suitable opportunity to detect if she was a false queen.<ref name=sandrembi/>

=== Words of the pigeon ===
In the meantime, the pigeon (transformation of Sandrembi after her death) flew into the Royal Garden, perched on a tree branch and addressed to the Royal Gardener ("grass cutter" in another version of the story) concerning the forgetfulness of the King about Queen Sandrembi, animal epidemic in the kingdom, grievances of the Prince and loss of the gardener's own sickle along with a warning for reporting these words to the King. The king, on getting the report, came to the pigeon with grains of paddy in his hands. The King kept the supernatural bird in his palace. Even as a bird, she took away the dirty things from the Prince's eyes. During the King's absence, Chaisra killed the bird and prepared a nice meal from the meat.<ref name=sandrembi/> Upon knowing that the meat was that of the talking pigeon, the king refused to consume it and buried it behind the Royal Kitchen.<ref name=sandrembi/>

=== Fruit lady ===
The remains of the meats and the bones of the pigeon in the ground grew up as a lucious fruit plant and it bore full of fruits overnight ("only one fruit" in another version). Chaisra gave the lucious fruit as a gift to a monk ("servant" in another version of the story). The man kept the fruit inside a jar in his house since that fruit was not yet ripen enough to be eaten. Later, it so happened to him that fruit disappeared when the knife was available in many times and knife disappeared when the fruit was found in other times. One early morning, he went out for work. Returning home, he was surprised to find that his cottage had been washed and his meal had been cooked by someone. He kept the mystery concealed for some days and was determined to find it out by any means. One day, long before the first streak of sun light came, he woke up and pretended to be gone some distance away and secretly entered the cottage silently and peeped into his own room. At sunrise, he saw a beautiful woman coming out of the jar (where he kept the fruit) and roaming in kitchen for house work. "It is a fruit maiden", he muttered. Recognising her as Queen Sandrembi, he took her to the king. There was a quarrel between Sandrembi and Chaisra, on the issue of the identity of the real Queen. The obstinate Chaisra denied the whole story and called Sandrembi to be a "fruit maiden".<ref name=sandrembi/>

=== Trial by ordeal ===
{{Further|Trial by ordeal}}
At long last, the king decided to settle the case by appealing to a divine ordeal. The two had to fight a duel with swords. As per the code, the [[defendant]] was allowed to use a bright and sharp sword but the [[plaintiff]] (Sandrembi) had to use a rusty knife ("wooden knife" in another version of the story) for on her part laid the [[Burden of proof (philosophy)|burden of proof]]. It was thought that if justice was really on her, she would win in spite of using a rusty sword. Chaisra had no belief in the [[trial by ordeal]] and was hopeful that she would be able to kill her rival with one stroke. Her demand for use of the bright sword was a legitimate one. Sandrembi had the faith in her, "If I am innocent, may Chaisra's sword become harmless to me." In the arena, while Chaisra hewed and hacked at her with her sharp sword, Sandrembi remained unharmed. Suddenly, the blunt sword, of its own accord, slipped out of Sandrembi's hand and chopped off Chaisra's neck. In another version of the story, there was no fighting between them. Sandrembi, the elder pardoned Chaisra, the younger. Both of them lived together as chief queen and younger queen respectively in great happiness.<ref name=sandrembi/><ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Padma Shri M. Kirti |date=1993 |title=Folk Culture of Manipur |location=New Dehli |publisher=Manas Publications |pages=24-28 |isbn=9788170490630 |url=http://dspace.cus.ac.in/jspui/handle/1/5987}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Folktales of Manipur |first1=B. Jayantakumar |last1=Sharma |first2=Chirm |last2=Rajketan |translator=Kamaljit Chirom |publisher=Cultural Research Centre Manipur |date=2014 |orig-year=2011 |pages=16–25 |chapter=Sanarembi and Chaishra}}</ref>

== Editions ==
* In 1978, the story of Sandrembi and Chaisra was reproduced into a book by N. Manijao.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kabui |first=Gangmumei |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6pf_muabVNIC&q=sandrembi+chaisra |title=The History of the Zeliangrong Nagas: From Makhel to Rani Gaidinliu |date=2004 |publisher=Spectrum Publications |isbn=978-81-87502-76-0 |page=354 |language=en}}</ref>
* In 1993, the folktale of Sandrembi and Chaisra was re-written by Memchaubi and was published by Aribam Samarendra.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sandrembi Cheishra Book Review By James Oinam|url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Folks.Sandrembi_Cheishra_Book_Review_By_James_Oinam|access-date=2021-09-03|website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Sangkhuleima and Yangkhuleima.jpg
File:Sangkhuleima pouring the snakes over Yangkhuleima.jpg
File:Sangkhuleima stealing the fishes of Yangkhuleima after killing her.jpg
File:Sandrembi getting her mother Yangkhuleima in the form of a tortoise.jpg
File:Sandrembi getting panic on seeing her tortoise mother Yangkhuleima about to die.jpg
File:His Highness and his subjects.jpg
File:Sandrembi and Chaisra going to fetch water.jpg
File:Sandrembi and Chaisra going to fetch water 2.jpg
File:Sandrembi being taken away by His Highness while Cheisra got jealous of this.jpg
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[List of Meitei folktales]]
* [[The King of the Snakes]]
* [[The Younger Sister Marries the Snake]]
* [[Schalanggor (Monguor folktale)|Schalanggor]]

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite web |title=Sandrembi Chaishra: A Manipuri Folk Tale by Bonny Elangbam |url=https://www.goodreads.com/work/57657932-sandrembi-chaishra-a-manipuri-folk-tale |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=Goodreads |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |title=Sandrembi Chaishra: A Manipuri Folk Tale |url=https://www.goodreads.com/work/57657932-sandrembi-chaishra-a-manipuri-folk-tale |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=Goodreads |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ibomacā |first=Ẏūmalembama |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NCxHuwEACAAJ&q=sandrembi |title=Come Out Sandrembi, We Will Make a Grandiose Home for You |date=2017 |publisher=Manipur State Kala Akademi |isbn=978-81-908813-1-9 |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |title=The Forgotten Sandrembi By Omila Thounaojam |url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Folks.The_Forgotten_Sandrembi_By_Omila_Thounaojam |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=www.e-pao.net}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Sandrembi Cheisra}}
* [http://e-pao.net/epSearchResults.asp?cx=partner-pub-3342616103029311%3A3788634109&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=UTF-8&q=Sandrembi&sa.x=0&sa.y=0 Sandrembi & Chaisra] at {{URL|e-pao.net}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Meiteimyth navbox long}}

[[Category:ATU 400-459]]
[[Category:ATU 500-559]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about fairies]]
[[Category:False hero]]
[[Category:Female characters in fairy tales]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about shapeshifting]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about sisters]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about princes]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about princesses]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about talking animals]]
[[Category:Fictional doves and pigeons]]
[[Category:Fictional orphans]]
[[Category:Fictional queens]]
[[Category:Fruit]]
[[Category:Love stories]]
[[Category:Meitei folklore]]
[[Category:Meitei literature]]
[[Category:Meitei mythology]]
[[Category:Recurrent elements in fairy tales]]
[[Category:Romance characters]]
[[Category:Sanamahism]]
[[Category:Tortoises]]
[[Category:Trial by ordeal]]
[[Category:Turtles in literature]]
[[Category:Turtles in popular culture]]
[[Category:Women in Meitei culture]]

Imoinu

2026-03-28T22:19:51Z

RaushanYoganta: refined references as per guidelines and corrected details

{{short description|Meitei Goddess}}
{{About|a goddess|the [[Meitei language]] film|Imoinu (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Meitei
| name = Imoinu
| deity_of = Goddess of household, hearth, family, fireplace, kitchen, wealth, peace and prosperity
| member_of = [[Lairembi]]s
| image = Emoinu - Goddess of wealth.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = A terracotta idol of goddess Imoinu
| other_names =
* Imoinu Ahongbi
* Emoinu Ahongbi
| hiro =
| Old_Norse =
| script_name =
| script =
| affiliation = [[Sanamahism]]
| cult_center = 
| abodes = Phunga Lairu ([[fireplace]]), [[Sanamahi Kachin]] and [[Kitchen]]
| planet = 
| weapon = 
| battles =
| artifacts = [[Piggy bank|Coin container]]s
| animals =
| symbols = Senphu ([[Piggy bank|Coin container]]), Chengphu (Rice pot) and Yotsabi ([[Tripod]])
| adherents =
| height =
| age =
| tree =
| day =
| color = 
| number =
| consort = 
| parents =
| siblings =
| offspring = 
| predecessor =
| successor =
| army =
| mount =
| texts = [[PuYa]]s
| gender = Female
| Greek_equivalent = [[Hestia]]
| Roman_equivalent = [[Vesta (mythology)|Vesta]]
| Etruscan_equivalent =
| Christian_equivalent =
| Slavic_equivalent =
| Hinduism_equivalent = [[Lakshmi]]
| Canaanite_equivalent =
| equivalent1_type =
| equivalent1 =
| equivalent2_type =
| equivalent2 =
| region = [[Manipur]]
| ethnic_group = [[Meitei ethnicity]]
| festivals = [[Imoinu Iratpa]]
}}

{{Meitei mythology}}
{{Sanamahism}}
'''Imoinu''' or '''Emoinu''' ({{langx|mni|ꯏꯃꯣꯏꯅꯨ}}) is a goddess associated with household, [[hearth]], family, [[fireplace]], kitchen, wealth, peace and prosperity in [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Sanamahism|religion]] of [[Ancient Kangleipak]] ([[Antique Manipur]]).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hy3_AwAAQBAJ&dq=emoinu&pg=PT44|title=Highway on my Plate - II: the indian guide to roadside eating|last1=Singh|first1=Rocky|last2=Sharma|first2=Mayur|date=2014-07-25|publisher=Random House India|isbn=978-81-8400-642-1|pages=44|language=en}}</ref><ref name="A Hymn for Goddess Emoinu">{{Cite web|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Manipur_and_Religion.A_Hymn_for_Goddess_Emoinu|title=A Hymn for Goddess Emoinu|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/meiteis-celebrate-emoinu/cid/1627030|title=Meiteis celebrate Emoinu|website=telegraphindia.com}}</ref> She is frequently associated with [[Leimarel Sidabi]]. She is regarded as one of the incarnations or representations of goddess [[Leimarel Sidabi]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxqeDwAAQBAJ&q=imoinu+goddess+association+Leimarel+Sidabee+representations+aspects+earth+goddess&pg=PA23|title=Glimpses of Manipuri Culture|last=Devi|first=Dr Yumlembam Gopi|date=16 June 2019 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-0-359-72919-7|language=en}}</ref><ref name="e-pao.net">{{Cite web|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.books.emoinu|title=EMOINU AHONGBI THOUNIROL (A Traditional adoration to Goddess Emoinu)|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

In [[Meitei mythology]], Imoinu is known for her sense of [[humor]]. Generally, she is portrayed as "an old woman", as her name means "[[great grandmother]]" in [[Meitei language]].

The personality of Imoinu and other goddesses like [[Panthoibi]] and [[Phouoibi]] depict as well as influence the [[:en:wikt:boldness|boldness]], courage, independence, [[:en:wikt:righteousness|righteousness]] and social honour of [[Meitei people|Meitei women]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sIEOy8SRLv8C&q=emoinu+shows+that+Meitei+women+are+bold+%2C+courageous+%2C+independent+and+enjoy+their+due+rights+and+have+an+honourable+place+in+the+society+&pg=PA24|title=Women's Role in the 20th Century Manipur: A Historical Study|last=Kipgen|first=Tingneichong G.|date=2010|publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-803-1|language=en}}</ref>

== Etymology and nomenclature ==
The meaning of the name "Emoinu Ahongbi" ("ꯏꯃꯣꯢꯅꯨ ꯑꯍꯣꯡꯕꯤ") can be found by splitting it up word by word. Here, "E" ("ꯏ") refers to human being. "Moi" ("ꯃꯣꯢ" or "ꯃꯣꯏ") refers to [[:en:wikt:rear|rearing]]. "Nu" ("ꯅꯨ") refers to female deity or goddess. So, "Emoinu" means ''goddess who rears the human beings''. "Ahongbi" means ''giver of plentiful household properties''.<ref name="e-pao.net"/>

The name ''Imoinu'' (''Emoinu'') stands for the goddess rearing the human beings. The first-word syllable ''E'' (/ee/) means human beings, ''moi'' (/moy/) meaning rearing and ''nu'' meaning Goddess.<ref name="e-pao.net"/>

''Ahongbi'' means giver of the household properties plentifully. ''Ibendhou'' (''Ebendhou'') meaning great-grandmother.<ref name="e-pao.net"/>

== Description ==
Dr. Parratt described Emoinu Ahongbi (alias Emoinu Ahong Achaubi) as another form of Goddess [[Leimarel Sidabi]]. Leimarel Sidabi is the supreme mother. Imoinu is regarded as an ever resourceful lady. She always gives wealth and prosperity to the mankind. She was shown as having a human appearance. She resides near the fire hearth. The goddess is believed to be the controller and regulator of good conduct and behavior of the human beings.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.461915/page/n75/mode/2up?q=Imoinu|title=A Critical Study Of The Religious Philosophy|via=archive.org|date=August 1991 |pages=75}}</ref>

Imoinu Ahong Achaubi is a deity for good moral behavior, besides wealth and prosperity. As a social code of conduct, a Meitei woman should go out from home only after prayers and worship of the goddess and other household deities. When she returns home, she should pray to the deity.<ref name="archive.org">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.461915/page/n165/mode/2up?q=Imoinu|title=A Critical Study Of The Religious Philosophy|via=archive.org|date=August 1991 |pages=165}}</ref>

The [[Meitei people]] believed that goddess Imoinu lives in the houses of those who strictly obey her favorite social and moral behavior norms. Imoinu blesses such people with ''nungai yaifaba'' (well being and prosperity), ''watta padaba'' (having neither shortage nor excess), ''tekta kaidaba'' (unaffected by troubles of life) and ''punshi nungshangba'' (long life). These are the basic needs of life in the human world.<ref name="archive.org"/>

== Mythology ==
According to ancient Meitei text ''"Lairembi Nongumlol"'', the Sky God [[Salailen Sidaba]] has seven daughters, whom he sent them down to earth to prosper the human civilization. All the goddesses were given a certain task to serve in their future. In that event, a goddess was given the task to be associated with peace, wealth and prosperity. Later, she came to be known as "Emoinu Ahongbi".

=== Origin ===
After the creation of the sky and the planets, [[Atingkok|Sidaba]] ({{langx|omp|Sitapa}}) (the Supreme Being) ordered His wife, [[Leimarel Sidabi]] ({{langx|omp|Leimalel Sitapi}}) (the first woman) to produce another Leimarel. The second Leimarel would be the second woman. Her responsibility was to take care of the mankind on the planet called [[earth]]. Goddess Leimarel Sidabi obeyed her divine husband's order. She created another Leimarel. The appearance of the second Leimarel was similar to the first Leimarel. The first Leimarel named the second Leimarel as ''"Emoinu Ahongbi"''.<ref name="e-pao.net"/>

=== Lover ===
Once goddess Imoinu fell in love with a man. The two became lovers. They swore to be husband and wife. One day, she visited his house in his absence. She discovered that he was already married to another woman. After knowing this, she sacrificed her love. She swore on not to see the man again. She never married to anyone. So, she remained as a virgin goddess.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H0moDAAAQBAJ&q=Imoinu+goddess+fell+in+love+swore+She+visited+the+house+of+the+man+in+his+absence+and+found+that+he+was+already+married.+After+discovering+this+she+sacrificed+her+love+and+swore+not+to+see+the+man+again.&pg=PT246|title=The Peripheral Centre: Voices from India's Northeast|last=Gill|first=Preeti|date=2014-02-13|publisher=Zubaan|isbn=978-93-83074-65-5|language=en}}</ref>

== Worship ==
=== Ancient worship ===
Imoinu (Emoinu) is a hearth deity. She is annually worshipped on the 12th of the [[Meitei calendar|Meitei month of Wakching]] (December–January interface month). She is also worshipped daily, as part of a Meitei ritual. It is done in every Meitei household with the offering of a little cooked rice before eating.<ref name="Oral Narratives of Manipur">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.language.1356/page/n231/mode/2up?q=Emoinu|title=Oral Narratives of Manipur|via=archive.org|year=2016 |pages=231}}</ref>

=== Modern worship ===
Nowadays, there is little or no households with proper phunga lairu (traditional fire hearth). So, a modern fireplace is developed. Here, traditional rites and rituals are performed in honor of the goddess.<ref name="Oral Narratives of Manipur"/>

There are a lot of changes in the way of worshipping Goddess Imoinu. However, the essence and the importance always remain the same as forever.<ref name="Oral Narratives of Manipur"/>

=== Abode ===
There are two major places in a household where the deity could be worshipped:-
* One abode is at the fireplace ''"Phunga Lairu"'' of the kitchen of the household.
* Another place is at the "''Sanamahi Kachin''", the South western corner of the household.

=== Ritual ===
''Ebendhou Emoinu'' is offered from the first serving of every meal prepared in a Meitei household. The serving is made by placing three servings of the cooked [[rice]] on a plate that is set aside. These offerings should be only [[vegetables|vegetarian foods]] or [[fish]].

The household members are asked to maintain discipline, be respectful, and be tidy so as to please Emoinu.

== Festival ==
{{Main|Imoinu Iratpa|Meitei calendar}}
The ''Imoinu Iratpa'' (''Emoinu Eratpa'') is a religious festival dedicated to goddess Imoinu (Emoinu). It is celebrated on the 12th of Wakching month (December–January interface month) every year. Traditionally, worship and prayers are performed inside every households. Nowadays, Imoinu Iratpa festival is also celebrated in a larger way in public gathering clubs also.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=1..080120.jan20|title=Emoinu day|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/ge.asp?heading=Snipp10&mx=&src=150122|title=Emoinu Eratpa celebrated|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

Wherever the festival is performed, seasonal fruits, vegetables and fish are offered to goddess Imoinu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=7..030115.jan15|title=Imoinu Iratpa extensively held all over|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

''[[Imoinu Iratpa]]'' is observed every 12th day of the [[Meitei people|Meitei]] lunar month, '''Waakching''' (Dec-Jan in gregorian calendar).<ref>{{cite web|title=Observance of festival of Emoinu|url=https://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Manipur_and_Religion.A_Hymn_for_Goddess_Emoinu|website=E-Pao|publisher=Nabakumar Salam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=7..030115.jan15|title=Imoinu Iratpa extensively held all over : 03rd jan15 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> On this day, especially at night, Emoinu is offered what each can, particularly fish curries as dinner for Emoinu and a variety of cuisines in odd numbers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.officeholidays.com/holidays/imoinu-iratpa|title=Imoinu Iratpa around the world in 2021|website=Office Holidays}}</ref>

== Namesakes ==
=== In commerce ===
[[Ima Keithel]] ({{langx|en|[[Mothers' Market]]}}) is the world's only women-run market. It has three major building complexes.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eENU_a8c79MC&q=ima+keithel+market+khwairamband+only+women+world&pg=PA974|title=Encyclopaedia of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh|last=Gupta|first=Om|date=2006|publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8205-389-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vjzcDAAAQBAJ&q=ima+market+nupi+keithel+only+women+world&pg=PT37|title=Vyapar Shastra|last=Shivhare|first=Vishal|date=2016-08-17|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|isbn=978-81-8495-898-0|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Singh">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbu_AwAAQBAJ&q=ima+keithel+market+only+women+world&pg=PA4|title=The Endless Kabaw Valley: British Created Visious [sic] Cycle of Manipur, Burma and India|last=Singh|first=Dr Th Suresh|date=2014-06-02|publisher=Quills Ink Publishing|isbn=978-93-84318-00-0|language=en}}</ref> ''Imoinu Ima Keithel'' is the Complex Number 2 of the market. It is preceded by [[Leimarel Sidabi|Leimarel Sidabi Ima Keithel]] (Complex Number 1) and followed by [[Phouoibi|Phouoibi Ima Keithel]] (Complex Number 3).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/all-women-imphal-market-reopens-after-10-months/articleshow/80974793.cms|title=All-women Imphal market reopens after 10 months|newspaper=The Times of India|date=16 February 2021 }}</ref> This 500 years old market is in the center of [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]].<ref name="Singh"/>

==See also==
* [[Lainingthou Sanamahi]]
* [[Pakhangba]]
* [[Kuru (mythology)|Atingkok Maru Sidaba]]
* [[Lists of deities in Sanamahism]]
* [[Lists of Creatures in Meitei Folklore]]
* [[Sanamahi creation myth]]
* [[PuYa|Sacred Scriptures of Sanamahism]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.310153 Emoinu Ahongbi Tungnapham by Budhichandra, Yumnamcha]
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466055 Holy Man by Dhiren Meitei, a.k]
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466636 Laiyingthou Lairemmasinggee Waree Seengbul by Neelabi, Sairem]
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466654 Leeklam by Apunba Shintha Lup]

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{Wiktionary|Imoinu}}
{{authority control}}
* [http://e-pao.net/epSearchResults.asp?cx=partner-pub-3342616103029311%3A3788634109&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=UTF-8&q=Imoinu&sa.x=0&sa.y=0 E-pao, Imoinu]
* [http://e-pao.net/epSearchResults.asp?cx=partner-pub-3342616103029311%3A3788634109&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=UTF-8&q=Emoinu&sa.x=0&sa.y=0&siteurl=http%3A%2F%2Fe-pao.net%2F%3Ffrom%3Dmobile E-pao, Emoinu]
* [https://archive.org/search.php?query=Imoinu&sin=TXT Internet Archive, Imoinu]
* [https://archive.org/search.php?query=Emoinu&sin=TXT Internet Archive, Emoinu]
* [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A8&searchhws=yes Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary, Imoinu]
{{Sanamahi1}}
{{Meiteimyth navbox long}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Meitei goddesses]]

Rabindranath Tagore

2026-03-25T13:30:38Z

RaushanYoganta:

{{Short description|Indian polymath (1861–1941)}}
{{For|the film|Rabindranath Tagore (film){{!}}''Rabindranath Tagore'' (film)}}
{{Redirect|Tagore}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{Protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| honorific suffix = [[Fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|FRAS]]
| name = Rabindranath Tagore
| other_names = Bhanusimha
| image = 1926 Rabindrath Tagore.jpg
| alt =
| caption = [[Autochrome]] portrait, 1926
| birth_date = [[Rabindra Jayanti|{{Birth date|df=yes|1861|05|07}}]]
| birth_place = [[Jorasanko Thakur Bari]], Bengal Presidency, India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1941|08|07|1861|05|07}}
| death_place = Jorasanko Thakur Bari, Bengal Presidency, India
| occupation = {{hlist|Poet|novelist|playwright|essayist|composer|painter|philosopher|social reformer|educationist|linguist|grammarian}}
| era = [[Bengal Renaissance]]
| movement = [[Contextual Modernism]]
| notable_works = {{hlist|''[[Gitanjali]]'' | ''[[The Home and the World|Ghare-Baire]]''|''[[Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata]]''| ''[[Gora (novel)|Gora]]'' |''[[Jana Gana Mana]]'' |''[[Rabindra Sangeet]]'' |''[[Amar Shonar Bangla]]'' | ([[Works of Rabindranath Tagore|other works]])}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Mrinalini Devi]]|1883|1902|end=died}}
| children = 5, including [[Rathindranath Tagore]]
| relatives = [[Tagore family]]
| awards = {{awards|[[Nobel Prize in Literature]]|(1913)}}
| signature = Rabindranath Tagore Signature.svg
| signature_alt = Close-up on a Bengali word handwritten with angular, jaunty letters.
| module = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=তবু মনে রেখো - গায়ক-রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর.oga|title=Rabindranath Tagore's voice|type=speech|description=Rabindranath Tagore singing Tabu Mone Rekho Recorded {{circa|1930–40}}}}
}}
'''Rabindranath Thakur''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRAS}} ({{IPA|bn|roˈbindɾonatʰ ˈʈʰakuɾ|lang}};<ref>{{cite web |url=https://forvo.com/word/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5_%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0/#bn |title=How to pronounce রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর |website=forvo.com |access-date=20 January 2023 |archive-date=20 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120180141/https://forvo.com/word/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5_%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0/#bn |url-status=live }}</ref> anglicised as '''Rabindranath Tagore''' {{IPAc-en|audio=Tagor.ogg|r|ə|ˈ|b|ɪ|n|d|r|ə|n|ɑ:|t|_|t|ə|ˈ|ɡ|ɔːr}}; 7 May 1861<ref>25 Baisakh 1268([[Bangabda]])</ref> – 7 August 1941<ref>21 Shravan 1368([[Bangabda]])</ref>), also known by his [[pseudonym]] '''''Bhanusimha''''' (Sun Lion) was a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] polymath (poet, writer, playwright, composer, philosopher, social reformer, and painter) of the [[Bengal Renaissance]] period.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lubet |first=Alex |title=Tagore, not Dylan: The first lyricist to win the Nobel Prize for literature was actually Indian |url=https://qz.com/india/810668/rabindranath-tagore-not-bob-dylan-the-first-lyricist-to-win-the-nobel-prize-for-literature-was-actually-indian/ |work=Quartz India |date=17 October 2016 |access-date=17 August 2022 |archive-date=10 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710082238/https://qz.com/india/810668/rabindranath-tagore-not-bob-dylan-the-first-lyricist-to-win-the-nobel-prize-for-literature-was-actually-indian/ |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|title=Anita Desai and Andrew Robinson – The Modern Resonance of Rabindranath Tagore|url=https://onbeing.org/programs/anita-desai-andrew-robinson-the-modern-resonance-of-rabindranath-tagore|access-date=30 July 2019|publisher=On Being}}</ref><ref name="Stern2001">{{cite book |last1=Stern |first1=Robert W. |title=Democracy and Dictatorship in South Asia: Dominant Classes and Political Outcomes in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh |date=2001 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-97041-3 |page=6}}</ref><ref name="Henry Newman 1921 252">{{cite book |last=Newman |first=Henry |title=The Calcutta Review |date=1921 |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |page=252|quote=I have also found that Bombay is India, Satara is India, Bangalore is India, Madras is India, Delhi, Lahore, the Khyber, Lucknow, Calcutta, Cuttack, Shillong, etc., are all India.}}</ref> In 1913, Tagore became the first Asian to win a Nobel Prize in any category, and also the first lyricist and non-European to win the [[1913 Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize in Literature]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1913 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1913/summary/ |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=NobelPrize.org |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Sfn|O'Connell|2008}} A significant moulder of culture within the [[Indian subcontinent]], he wrote and composed the national anthems of [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]].

He reshaped [[Bengali literature]] and [[Music of Bengal|music]] as well as [[Indian art]] with [[Contextual Modernism]] in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was the author of the "profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful" poetry of ''[[Gitanjali]].''{{Sfn|The Nobel Foundation}} Tagore's poetic songs were viewed as spiritual and mercurial; his elegant [[prose]] and magical poetry were widely popular in the [[Indian subcontinent]].{{Sfn|Sen|1997}} He was a fellow of the [[Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|Royal Asiatic Society]]. Referred to as "the [[Bard]] of Bengal",<ref>{{cite news|title=Work of Rabindranath Tagore celebrated in London|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-33543786|access-date=15 July 2015|archive-date=9 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109202858/http://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-33543786|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Stern2001" /><ref name="Henry Newman 1921 252" /> Tagore was known by the [[sobriquets]] '''Gurudev''', '''Kobiguru''', and '''Biswokobi'''.{{efn|''Gurudev'' translates as "divine mentor", ''Bishokobi'' translates as "poet of the world" and ''Kobiguru'' translates as "great poet".{{Sfn|Sil|2005}} }}

A [[Bengali Brahmin]] from [[Calcutta]] with ancestral [[zamindar|gentry]] roots in [[Jessore District|Jessore]] and [[Bardhaman district|Bardhaman]] districts, Tagore wrote poetry as an eight-year-old.<ref name="tagore1">* {{cite book |last=Tagore |first=Rathindranath |title=On the edges of time |date=December 1978 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-20760-0 |edition=New |pages=2}}
* {{cite journal |last=Mukherjee |first=Mani Shankar |date=May 2010 |title=Timeless Genius |journal=Pravasi Bharatiya |pages=89, 90}}
* {{cite book |last=Thompson |first=Edward |title=Rabindranath Tagore : Poet And Dramatist |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1948 |page=13}}</ref>{{Sfn|Tagore|1984|p=xii}} At the age of sixteen, he released [[Bhānusiṃha Ṭhākurer Paḍāvalī|his first substantial poems]] under the pseudonym ''Bhānusiṃha'' ("Sun Lion"), which were seized upon by literary authorities as long-lost classics.{{Sfnm|Thompson|1926|1pp=27–28|Dasgupta|1993|2p=20}} By 1877 he graduated to his first short stories and dramas, published under his real name. As a [[humanist]], [[universalist]], [[Internationalism (politics)|internationalist]], and ardent critic of [[nationalism]],<ref>"Nationalism is a Great Menace" Tagore and Nationalism, by Radhakrishnan M. and Roychowdhury D. from Hogan, P. C.; Pandit, L. (2003), Rabindranath Tagore: Universality and Tradition, pp 29–40</ref> he denounced the [[British Raj]] and advocated independence from Britain. As an exponent of the Bengal Renaissance, he advanced a vast canon that comprised paintings, sketches and doodles, hundreds of texts, and some two thousand songs; his legacy also endures in his founding of [[Visva-Bharati University]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Visva-Bharti-Facts and Figures at a Glance|url=http://www.visva-bharati.ac.in/at_a_glance/at_a_glance.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070523132100/http://www.visva-bharati.ac.in/at_a_glance/at_a_glance.htm|archive-date=23 May 2007}}</ref>{{Sfnm|Datta|2002|1p=2|Kripalani|2005a|2pp=6–8|Kripalani|2005b|3pp=2–3|Thompson|1926|4p=12}}

Tagore modernised Bengali art by spurning rigid classical forms and resisting linguistic strictures. His novels, stories, songs, dance dramas, and essays spoke to topics political and personal. ''[[Gitanjali]]'' (''Song Offerings''), ''[[Gora (novel)|Gora]]'' (''Fair-Faced''), and ''Ghare-Baire'' (''[[The Home and the World]]'') are his best-known works. His poetry, short stories, and novels were both praised and criticised for their lyricism, colloquial tone, naturalism, and philosophical introspection. His compositions were chosen by two nations as national anthems: India's "[[Jana Gana Mana]]" and [[Bangladesh]]'s "[[Amar Sonar Bangla]]". The [[Sri Lanka Matha|Sri Lankan national anthem]] was also inspired by his work.<ref name="RB1">* {{cite book |last1=de Silva |first1=K. M. |author-link1=K. M. de Silva |last2=Wriggins |first2=Howard |author-link2=William Howard Wriggins |title=J. R. Jayewardene of Sri Lanka: a Political Biography – Volume One: The First Fifty Years |date=1988 |publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]] |isbn=0-8248-1183-6 |page=368 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6orPBJCSPhIC }}
* {{cite news |title=Man of the series: Nobel laureate Tagore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/off-the-field/Man-of-the-series-Nobel-laureate-Tagore/articleshow/7854172.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=[[Times News Network]] |date=3 April 2011 |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=6 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103012007/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/off-the-field/Man-of-the-series-Nobel-laureate-Tagore/articleshow/7854172.cms |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |title=How Tagore inspired Sri Lanka's national anthem |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/how-tagore-inspired-sri-lankas-national-anthem/255713-40-103.html |work=[[IBN Live]] |date=8 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510201526/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/how-tagore-inspired-sri-lankas-national-anthem/255713-40-103.html |archive-date=10 May 2012 }}</ref> His song "[[Banglar Mati Banglar Jol]]" has been adopted as the state anthem of [[West Bengal]].

== Family background ==
{{See also|Tagore family}}

The name Tagore is the anglicised transliteration of [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]].<ref name="Nasrin">{{cite book |last1=Nasrin |first1=Mithun B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3blgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |title=Colloquial Bengali |last2=Wurff |first2=W. A. M. Van Der |date=2015 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-30613-9 |page=1}}</ref> The original surname of the [[Tagore family|Tagores]] was Kushari. They were [[Pirali Brahmin]] ('Pirali' historically carried a stigmatised and pejorative connotation; an insult that ostracised Piralis<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tagore and Caste: From Brahmacharyasram to Swadeshi Movement (1901–07) |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/tagore-and-caste-brahmacharyasram-swadeshi-movement-1901%E2%80%9307 |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=Sahapedia |language=en}}</ref> from other Brahmin sub-castes)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Zarin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jurkDwAAQBAJ&dq=rabindranath+tagore+pirali+brahmin&pg=PT16 |title=Delhi's Meatscapes: Muslim Butchers in a Transforming Mega-City |date=2018-06-14 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-909538-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fraser |first=Bashabi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W3uhDwAAQBAJ&dq=rabindranath+tagore+pirali+brahmin&pg=PT22 |title=Rabindranath Tagore |date=2019-09-15 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-78914-178-8}}</ref> who originally belonged to a village named ''Kush'' in the district named [[Bardhaman district|Burdwan]] in West Bengal. The biographer of Rabindranath Tagore, [[Prabhat Kumar Mukhopadhyaya]] wrote in the first volume of his book ''Rabindrajibani O Rabindra Sahitya Prabeshak'' that
{{blockquote|quote=The Kusharis were the descendants of Deen Kushari, the son of [[Bhatta Narayana]]; Deen was granted a village named Kush (in [[Bardhaman district|Burdwan]] zilla) by [[Maharaja]] Kshitisura, he became its chief and came to be known as Kushari.<ref name="tagore1" />}}

== Life and events ==
=== Early life: 1861–1878 ===
{{Main|Early life of Rabindranath Tagore}}

[[File:Tagore in London 1879.jpg|thumb|Young Tagore in London, 1879]]
{{Quote box|quote=The last two days a storm has been raging, similar to the description in my song—''Jhauro jhauro borishe baridhara''  [... amidst it] a hapless, homeless man drenched from top to toe standing on the roof of his steamer [...] the last two days I have been singing this song over and over [...] as a result the pelting sound of the intense rain, the wail of the wind, the sound of the heaving Gorai River, [...] have assumed a fresh life and found a new language and I have felt like a major actor in this new musical drama unfolding before me. |source = — Letter to [[Indira Devi Chaudhurani|Indira Devi]].{{Sfn |Ghosh|2011}} |width=30% |quoted=1}}

The youngest of 13 surviving children, Tagore (nicknamed "Rabi") was born on 7 May 1861 in the [[Jorasanko Thakur Bari|Jorasanko mansion]] in [[Calcutta]],<ref name="nobelfacts">{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1913/tagore-facts.html|title=Rabindranath Tagore – Facts|publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=14 June 2017|archive-date=11 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611070728/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1913/tagore-facts.html|url-status=live}}</ref> the son of [[Debendranath Tagore]] (1817–1905) and Sarada Devi (1830–1875).{{efn|Tagore was born at No. 6 Dwarkanath Tagore Lane, Jorasanko – the address of the main mansion (the ''Jorasanko Thakurbari'') inhabited by the Jorasanko branch of the Tagore clan, which had earlier suffered an acrimonious split. Jorasanko was located in the Bengali section of Calcutta, near Chitpur Road.{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|p=34}}{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|p=37}} [[Dwarkanath Tagore]] was his paternal grandfather.{{Sfn|The News Today|2011}} Debendranath had formulated the [[Brahmo]]ist philosophies espoused by his friend [[Ram Mohan Roy]], and became focal in Brahmo society after Roy's death.{{Sfn|Roy|1977|pp=28–30}}{{Sfn|Tagore|1997b|pp=8–9}}}}

[[File:Rabindranath-Tagore-Mrinalini-Devi-1883.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a finely dressed man and woman: the man, smiling, stands with the hand on the hip and elbow turned outward with a shawl draped over his shoulders and in Bengali formal wear. In front of him, the woman, seated, is in an elaborate dress and shawl; she leans against a carved table supporting a vase and flowing leaves. |Tagore and his wife [[Mrinalini Devi]], 1883]]

Tagore was raised mostly by servants; his mother had died in his early childhood, and his father travelled widely.{{Sfn|Thompson|1926|p=20}} The [[Tagore family]] was at the forefront of the [[Bengal renaissance]]. They hosted the publication of literary magazines; theatre and recitals of Bengali and Western classical music featured there regularly. Tagore's father invited several professional [[Dhrupad]] musicians to stay in the house and teach [[Indian classical music]] to the children.{{Sfn|Som|2010|p=16}} Tagore's oldest brother [[Dwijendranath Tagore|Dwijendranath]] was a philosopher and poet. Another brother, [[Satyendranath Tagore|Satyendranath]], was the first Indian appointed to the elite and formerly all-European [[Indian Civil Service]]. Yet another brother, [[Jyotirindranath Tagore|Jyotirindranath]], was a musician, composer, and playwright.{{Sfn|Tagore|1997b|p=10}} His sister [[Swarnakumari Devi|Swarnakumari]] became a novelist.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sree |first1=S. Prasanna |title=Woman in the novels of Shashi Deshpande : a study |date=2003 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7625-381-2 |page=13 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bXCWuy8ccMC |access-date=12 April 2016}}</ref> Jyotirindranath's wife [[Kadambari Devi]], slightly older than Tagore, was a dear friend and powerful influence. Her abrupt suicide in 1884, soon after he married, left him profoundly distraught for years.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Paul |first1=S. K. |title=The Complete Poems of Rabindranath Tagore's Gitanjali: Texts and Critical Evaluation |date=1 January 2006 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-660-5 |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IproIa_rIv8C |access-date=12 April 2016}}</ref>

Tagore largely avoided classroom schooling and preferred to roam the manor or nearby [[Bolpur]] and [[Panihati]], which the family visited.{{Sfn|Thompson|1926|pp=21–24}}{{Sfn|Das|2009}} His brother [[Hemendranath Tagore|Hemendranath]] tutored and physically conditioned him—by having him swim the Ganges or trek through hills, by gymnastics, and by practising judo and wrestling. He learned drawing, anatomy, geography and history, literature, mathematics, Sanskrit, and English—his least favourite subject.{{Sfn|Dutta |Robinson|1995|pp=48–49}} Tagore loathed formal education—his scholarly travails at the local [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]] spanned a single day. Years later, he held that proper teaching does not explain things; proper teaching stokes curiosity.{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|pp=50}}

After his ''[[upanayan]]'' (coming-of-age rite) at age eleven, Tagore and his father left Calcutta in February 1873 to tour India for several months, visiting his father's [[Santiniketan|Shantiniketan]] estate and [[Amritsar]] before reaching the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] [[hill station]] of [[Dalhousie, India|Dalhousie]]. There Tagore read biographies, studied history, astronomy, modern science, and [[Sanskrit]], and examined the classical poetry of [[Kālidāsa]].{{sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|pp=55–56}}<ref name="Stewart_2003_91">{{Harvnb|Tagore|Stewart|Twichell|2003|p=91}}.</ref> During his 1-month stay at Amritsar in 1873 he was greatly influenced by melodious [[gurbani]] and Nanak bani being sung at Golden Temple, for which both father and son were regular visitors. He writes in his ''My Reminiscences'' (1912):{{Blockquote|text= The golden temple of Amritsar comes back to me like a dream. Many a morning have I accompanied my father to this Gurudarbar of the Sikhs in the middle of the lake. There the sacred chanting resounds continually. My father, seated amidst the throng of worshippers, would sometimes add his voice to the hymn of praise, and finding a stranger joining in their devotions they would wax enthusiastically cordial, and we would return loaded with the sanctified offerings of sugar crystals and other sweets.<ref>{{cite web |title=A journey with my Father |work=My Reminiscences |url=http://www.online-literature.com/tagore-rabindranath/my-reminiscences/14/ |access-date=10 May 2017 |archive-date=24 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024075805/http://www.online-literature.com/tagore-rabindranath/my-reminiscences/14/ |url-status=live }}</ref> }} He wrote 6 poems relating to Sikhism and several articles in Bengali children's magazine about Sikhism.<ref name="Dev 2014">{{Cite journal |last=Dev |first=Amiya |year=2014 |title=Tagore and Sikhism |url=https://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article5261.html |journal=Mainstream Weekly}}</ref>
* '''Poems on Guru Gobind Singh:''' নিষ্ফল উপহার Nishfal-upahaar (1888, translated as "Futile Gift"), গুরু গোবিন্দ Guru Gobinda (1899) and শেষ শিক্ষা Shesh Shiksha (1899, translated as "Last Teachings")<ref name="Dev 2014"/>
* '''Poem on Banda Bahadur:''' বন্দী বীর Bandi-bir (The Prisoner Warrior, written in 1888 or 1898)<ref name="Dev 2014"/>
* '''Poem on Bhai Torusingh:''' প্রার্থনাতীত দান (prarthonatit dan – Unsolicited gift) written in 1888 or 1898<ref name="Dev 2014"/>
* '''Poem on Nehal Singh:''' নীহাল সিংহ (Nihal Singh) written in 1935.<ref name="Dev 2014"/>

Tagore returned to Jorosanko and completed a set of major works by 1877, one of them a long poem in the [[Maithili language|Maithili]] style of [[Vidyapati]]. As a joke, he claimed that these were the lost works of newly discovered 17th-century [[Vaishnavism|Vaiṣṇava]] poet Bhānusiṃha.<ref name="Stewart_2003_3">{{Harvnb|Tagore|Stewart|Twichell|2003|p=3}}.</ref> Regional experts accepted them as the lost works of the fictitious poet.{{Sfn|Tagore|Stewart|Twichell|2003|p=3}} He debuted in the short-story genre in Bengali with "[[Bhikharini]]" ("The Beggar Woman").{{Sfn|Tagore|Chakravarty|1961|p=45}}{{Sfn|Tagore|1997b|p=265}} Published in the same year, ''Sandhya Sangit'' (1882) includes the poem "Nirjharer Swapnabhanga" ("The Rousing of the Waterfall").

=== Shilaidaha: 1878–1901 ===
[[File:রবীন্দ্র কুঠিবাড়ি শিলাইদহ কুষ্টিয়া.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|Tagore's house in [[Shilaidaha]], [[Bangladesh]]]]

Because Debendranath wanted his son to become a barrister, Tagore enrolled at a public school in Brighton, East Sussex, England in 1878.{{Sfn|Ghosh|2011}} He stayed for several months at a house that the Tagore family owned near [[Brighton]] and [[Hove]], in Medina Villas; in 1877 his nephew and niece—Suren and [[Indira Devi Chaudhurani|Indira Devi]], the children of Tagore's brother [[Satyendranath Tagore|Satyendranath]]—were sent together with their mother, Tagore's sister-in-law, to live with him.{{Sfn|Dutta |Robinson|1995|p=68}} He briefly read law at [[University College London]], but again left, opting instead for independent study of [[Shakespeare's plays]] ''[[Coriolanus]]'', and ''[[Antony and Cleopatra]] and the [[Religio Medici]] of [[Thomas Browne]].'' Lively English, Irish, and Scottish folk tunes impressed Tagore, whose own tradition of [[Nidhu Babu|Nidhubabu]]-authored ''[[kirtans]]'' and ''[[tappa]]s'' and [[Brahmo]] hymnody was subdued.{{Sfn|Ghosh|2011}}{{Sfn|Thompson|1926|p=31}} In 1880, he returned to Bengal degree-less, resolving to reconcile European novelty with Brahmo traditions, taking the best from each.{{Sfn|Tagore|1997b|pp=11–12}} After returning to Bengal, Tagore regularly published poems, stories, and novels. These had a profound influence within Bengal itself but received little national attention.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Makers of Modern India |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |author-link=Ramachandra Guha |publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University |year=2011 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |page=171}}</ref> In 1883, he married 10-year-old<ref name="Selected Letters of Rabindranath Tagore.">{{cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Krishna |last2=Robinson |first2=Andrew |title=Selected Letters of Rabindranath Tagore |date=1997 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-59018-1 |page=13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v08xxlHuWtUC |access-date=27 April 2016}}</ref> [[Mrinalini Devi]], born Bhabatarini, 1873–1902 (this was a common practice at the time). They had five children, two of whom died in childhood.{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson |1995|p=373}}
[[File:Tagore family boat Padma.jpg|thumb|Tagore family boat (bajra or [[budgerow]]), the "Padma".]]

In 1890, Tagore began managing his vast ancestral estates in [[Shelaidaha]] (today a region of Bangladesh); he was joined there by his wife and children in 1898. Tagore released his ''Manasi'' poems (1890), among his best-known work.{{Sfn|Scott |2009|p=10}} As ''[[Zamindar]] Babu'', Tagore criss-crossed the [[Padma River]] in command of the ''Padma'', the luxurious family barge (also known as "[[budgerow]]"). He collected mostly token rents and blessed villagers, who in turn honoured him with banquets—occasionally of dried rice and sour milk.{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson |1995|pp=109–111}} He met [[Gagan Harkara]], through whom he became familiar with [[Baul]] [[Lalon Shah]], whose folk songs greatly influenced Tagore.<ref>{{Citation |last=Chowdury |first=A. A. |year=1992 |title=Lalon Shah |publisher=[[Bangla Academy (Bangladesh)|Bangla Academy]] |place=[[Dhaka]], Bangladesh |isbn=984-07-2597-1}}</ref> Tagore worked to popularise Lalon's songs. The period 1891–1895, Tagore's ''Sadhana'' period, named after one of his magazines, was his most productive;{{Sfn|Thompson|1926|p=20}} in these years he wrote more than half the stories of the three-volume, 84-story ''Galpaguchchha''.{{Sfn|Tagore|Chakravarty|1961|p=45}} Its ironic and grave tales examined the voluptuous poverty of an idealised rural Bengal.{{Sfn|Dutta |Robinson|1995|p=109}}

=== Santiniketan: 1901–1932 ===
{{Main|Middle years of Rabindranath Tagore}}

[[File:Tagore-THU.jpg|thumb |left|alt=Posed group black-and-white photograph of seven Chinese men, possibly academics, in formal wear: two wear European-style suits, the five others wear Chinese traditional dress; four of the seven sit on the floor in the foreground; another sits on a chair behind them at centre-left; two others stand in the background. They surround an eighth man who is robed, bearded, and sitting in a chair placed at centre-left. Four elegant windows are behind them in a line. |[[Tsinghua University]], 1924|275x275px]]

In 1901 Tagore moved to [[Santiniketan]] to found an [[ashram]] with a marble-floored prayer hall—''The [[:wikt:Mandir|Mandir]]''—an experimental school, groves of trees, gardens, a library.{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|p=133}} There his wife and two of his children died. His father died in 1905. He received monthly payments as part of his inheritance and income from the Maharaja of [[Tripura]], sales of his family's jewellery, his seaside bungalow in [[Puri]], and a derisory 2,000 rupees in book royalties.{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson |1995|pp=139–140}} He gained Bengali and foreign readers alike; he published ''[[Naivedya]]'' (1901) and ''Kheya'' (1906) and translated poems into free verse.

In 1912, Tagore translated his 1910 work ''[[Gitanjali]]'' into English. While on a trip to London, he shared these poems with admirers, including [[William Butler Yeats]] and [[Ezra Pound]]. London's [[India Society]] published the work in a limited edition, and the American magazine ''[[Poetry (magazine)|Poetry]]'' published a selection from ''Gitanjali''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-07 |title=Rabindranath Tagore |url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/rabindranath-tagore |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=Poetry Foundation |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603122212/https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/rabindranath-tagore |url-status=live }}</ref> In November 1913, Tagore learned he had won that year's [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]: the [[Swedish Academy]] appreciated the idealistic—and for Westerners—accessible nature of a small body of his translated material focused on the 1912 ''Gitanjali: Song Offerings''.{{Sfn|Hjärne|1913}} He was awarded a knighthood by King George V in the [[1915 Birthday Honours]], but Tagore renounced it after the 1919 [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Our Pasts: Volume 3, Part 2 |publisher=[[NCERT]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-81-7450-838-6 |location=India |page=148 |edition=Revised 2014 |type=History text book |chapter=The Rowlatt Satyagraha |editor1=Anil Sethi |editor2=Guha |editor3=Khullar |editor4=Nair |editor5=Prasad |editor6=Anwar |editor7=Singh |editor8=Mohapatra}}</ref> Renouncing the knighthood, Tagore wrote in a letter addressed to [[Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford|Lord Chelmsford]], the then British Viceroy of India, "The disproportionate severity of the punishments inflicted upon the unfortunate people and the methods of carrying them out, we are convinced, are without parallel in the history of civilised governments...The time has come when badges of honour make our shame glaring in their incongruous context of humiliation, and I for my part wish to stand, shorn of all special distinctions, by the side of my countrymen."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dart.columbia.edu/library/tagore-letter/letter.html |title=Letter from Rabindranath Tagore to Lord Chelmsford, Viceroy of India |publisher=Digital Anthropology Resources for Teaching, Columbia University and the London School of Economics |access-date=29 August 2018 |archive-date=25 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825105408/http://dart.columbia.edu/library/tagore-letter/letter.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Tagore-renounced-his-Knighthood-in-protest-for-Jalianwalla-Bagh-mass-killing/articleshow/7967616.cms |title=Tagore renounced his Knighthood in protest for Jalianwalla Bagh mass killing |newspaper=The Times of India |date=13 April 2011 |archive-date=10 September 2021 |access-date=29 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910060559/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Tagore-renounced-his-Knighthood-in-protest-for-Jalianwalla-Bagh-mass-killing/articleshow/7967616.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1919, he was invited by the president and chairman of Anjuman-e-Islamia, [[Syed Abdul Majid]] to visit [[Sylhet]] for the first time. The event attracted over 5000 people.<ref name=star>{{cite news |last=Mortada |first=Syed Ahmed |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/when-tagore-came-to-sylhet-26407|title=When Tagore came to Sylhet}}</ref>

In 1921, Tagore and agricultural economist [[Leonard Knight Elmhirst|Leonard Elmhirst]] set up the "Institute for Rural Reconstruction", later renamed Shriniketan or "Abode of Welfare", in [[Surul]], a village near the ''ashram''. With it, Tagore sought to moderate [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Gandhi's]] ''[[Swaraj]]'' protests, which he occasionally blamed for British India's perceived mental – and thus ultimately colonial – decline.{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|pp=239–240}} He sought aid from donors, officials, and scholars worldwide to "free village[s] from the shackles of helplessness and ignorance" by "vitalis[ing] knowledge".{{Sfn|Dutta| Robinson|1995|p=242}}{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson |1995|pp=308–309}} In the early 1930s, he targeted ambient "abnormal caste consciousness" and [[untouchability]]. He lectured against these, he penned [[Dalit]] heroes for his poems and his dramas, and he campaigned—successfully—to open [[Guruvayoor Temple]] to Dalits.{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|p=303}}{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|p=309}}

=== Twilight years: 1932–1941 ===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-11643, Rabindranath Tagore.jpg|thumb|right|259x259px|In Germany, 1931]]
[[File:Last pic of Tagore.jpg|thumb|Last picture of Rabindranath, 1941]]

Dutta and Robinson describe this phase of Tagore's life as being one of a "peripatetic [[litterateur]]". It affirmed his opinion that human divisions were shallow. During a May 1932 visit to a [[Bedouin]] encampment in the Iraqi desert, the tribal chief told him that "Our [[Muhammad|Prophet]] has said that a true Muslim is he by whose words and deeds not the least of his brother-men may ever come to any harm..." Tagore confided in his diary: "I was startled into recognising in his words the voice of essential humanity."{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|p=317}} To the end, Tagore scrutinised orthodoxy—and in 1934, he struck. That year, [[1934 Nepal-Bihar earthquake|an earthquake]] hit Bihar and killed thousands. Gandhi hailed it as seismic ''[[karma]]'', as divine retribution avenging the oppression of Dalits. Tagore rebuked him for his seemingly ignominious implications.{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|pp=312–313}} He mourned the perennial poverty of Calcutta and the socioeconomic decline of Bengal and detailed this newly plebeian aesthetics in an unrhymed hundred-line poem whose technique of searing double-vision foreshadowed [[Satyajit Ray]]'s film {{Lang|bn-latn|[[Apur Sansar (The World of Apu)|Apur Sansar]]}}.{{Sfn|Dutta| Robinson|1995|pp=335–338 }}{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson |1995|p=342}} Fifteen new volumes appeared, among them prose-poem works ''Punashcha'' (1932), ''Shes Saptak'' (1935), and ''Patraput'' (1936). Experimentation continued in his prose-songs and dance-dramas— ''[[Chitra (play)|Chitra]]'' (1914), ''Shyama'' (1939), and ''Chandalika'' (1938)— and in his novels— ''Dui Bon'' (1933), ''Malancha'' (1934), and ''Char Adhyay'' (1934).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/prose-over-verse/article5335356.ece |title=A 100 years ago, Rabindranath Tagore was awarded the Nobel Prize for poetry. But his novels are more enduring |work=The Hindu |access-date=17 September 2019 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806161509/https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/prose-over-verse/article5335356.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Quote box
| quote = Clouds come floating into my life, no longer to carry rain or usher storm, but to add color to my sunset sky.
| source =  —Verse 292, ''Stray Birds'', 1916.
| align = left
| width = 20%
| fontsize = 85%
| quoted = 1
}}

Tagore's remit expanded to science in his last years, as hinted in ''Visva-Parichay'', a 1937 collection of essays. His respect for scientific laws and his exploration of biology, physics, and astronomy informed his poetry, which exhibited extensive naturalism and verisimilitude.{{Sfn|Tagore| Radice|2004|p=28}} He wove the ''process'' of science, the narratives of scientists, into stories in ''Se'' (1937), ''Tin Sangi'' (1940), and ''Galpasalpa'' (1941). His last five years were marked by chronic pain and two long periods of illness. These began when Tagore lost consciousness in late 1937; he remained comatose and near death for a time. This was followed in late 1940 by a similar spell, from which he never recovered. Poetry from these valetudinary years is among his finest.{{Sfn|Dutta |Robinson|1995 |p=338}}{{Sfn |Indo-Asian News Service|2005}} A period of prolonged agony ended with Tagore's death on 7 August 1941, aged 80.<ref name="nobelfacts" /> He was in an upstairs room of the Jorasanko mansion in which he grew up.{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|p=367}}{{Sfn|Dutta| Robinson|1995|p=363}} The date is still mourned.{{Sfn|The Daily Star|2009}} A. K. Sen, brother of the first chief election commissioner, received dictation from Tagore on 30 July 1941, a day before a scheduled operation: his last poem.{{Sfn|Sigi|2006|p=89}}

{{blockquote|I'm lost in the middle of my birthday. I want my friends, their touch, with the earth's last love. I will take life's final offering, I will take the human's last blessing. Today my sack is empty. I have given completely whatever I had to give. In return, if I receive anything—some love, some forgiveness—then I will take it with me when I step on the boat that crosses to the festival of the wordless end.}}

== Travels ==
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru and Rabindranath Tagore.jpg|thumb|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and Rabindranath Tagore, February 1940]]

{{Quote box
| quote = Our passions and desires are unruly, but our character subdues these elements into a harmonious whole. Does something similar to this happen in the physical world? Are the elements rebellious, dynamic with individual impulse? And is there a principle in the physical world that dominates them and puts them into an orderly organization?
| source = — Interviewed by Einstein, 14 April 1930.{{Sfn|Tagore|1930|pp=222–225}}
| align = left
| width = 20%
| fontsize = 85%
| quoted = 1
}}
[[File:Rabindranath with Einstein.jpg|thumbnail|Rabindranath with [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]] in 1930]]
[[File:Tagore Iran.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Group shot of dozens of people assembled at the entrance of an imposing building; two columns in view. All subjects face the camera. All but two are dressed in lounge suits: a woman at front-center wears light-coloured Persian garb; the man to her left, first row, wears a white beard and dark-coloured oriental cap and robes.|At the [[Majlis of Iran|Iranian Majlis]] (parliament) in [[Tehran]], [[Iran]], 1932]]

Between 1878 and 1932, Tagore set foot in more than thirty countries on five continents.{{Sfn|Dutta| Robinson|1995|pp=374–376}} In 1912, he took a sheaf of his translated works to England, where they gained attention from missionary and Gandhi protégé [[Charles F. Andrews]], Irish poet [[William Butler Yeats]], [[Ezra Pound]], [[Robert Bridges]], [[Ernest Rhys]], [[Thomas Sturge Moore]], and others.{{Sfn|Dutta| Robinson|1995|pp=178–179}} Yeats wrote the preface to the English translation of ''Gitanjali''; Andrews joined Tagore at Santiniketan. In November 1912 Tagore began touring the United States{{Sfn|University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign}} and the United Kingdom, staying in [[Butterton]], Staffordshire with Andrews's clergymen friends.{{Sfn|Tagore|Chakravarty |1961|p=1–2}} From May 1916 until April 1917, he lectured in Japan<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nathan|first=Richard|date=12 March 2021|title=Changing Nations: The Japanese Girl With a Book|url=https://www.redcircleauthors.com/news-and-views/changing-nations-the-japanese-girl-with-a-book/|website=Red Circle Authors|access-date=12 March 2021|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129071932/https://www.redcircleauthors.com/news-and-views/changing-nations-the-japanese-girl-with-a-book/|url-status=live}}</ref> and the United States.{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson |1995|p=206}} He denounced nationalism.{{Sfn|Hogan|Pandit |2003|pp=56–58}} His essay "Nationalism in India" was scorned and praised; it was admired by [[Romain Rolland]] and other pacifists.{{Sfn|Tagore|Chakravarty|1961|p=182}}

Shortly after returning home, the 63-year-old Tagore accepted an invitation from the Peruvian government. He travelled to Mexico. Each government pledged {{USD}}100,000 to his school to commemorate the visits.{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson |1995|p=253}} A week after his 6 November 1924 arrival in Buenos Aires,{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson |1995|p=256}} an ill Tagore shifted to the Villa Miralrío at the behest of [[Victoria Ocampo]]. He left for home in January 1925. In May 1926 Tagore reached Naples; the next day he met [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]] in Rome.{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson |1995|p=267}} Their warm rapport ended when Tagore pronounced upon ''Il Duce''{{'}}s fascist finesse.{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|pp=270–271}} He had earlier enthused: "[w]without any doubt he is a great personality. There is such a massive vigor in that head that it reminds one of Michael Angelo's chisel." A "fire-bath" of fascism was to have educed "the immortal soul of Italy ... clothed in quenchless light".{{Sfn|Kundu|2009}}

On 1 November 1926 Tagore arrived in Hungary and spent some time on the shore of Lake Balaton in the city of Balatonfüred, recovering from heart problems at a sanitarium. He planted a tree, and a bust statue was placed there in 1956 (a gift from the Indian government, the work of Rasithan Kashar, replaced by a newly gifted statue in 2005) and the lakeside promenade still bears his name since 1957.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Tagore Connection |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/weekend/the-tagore-connection |access-date=2022-05-05 |work=The Free Press Journal}}</ref>

On 14 July 1927, Tagore and two companions began a four-month tour of Southeast Asia. They visited Bali, Java, Kuala Lumpur, Malacca, Penang, Siam, and Singapore. The resultant travelogues compose ''Jatri'' (1929).{{Sfn|Tagore|Chakravarty|1961|p=1}} In early 1930 he left Bengal for a nearly year-long tour of Europe and the United States. Upon returning to Britain—and as his paintings were exhibited in Paris and London—he lodged at a Birmingham Quaker settlement. He wrote his Oxford [[Hibbert Lectures]]{{efn|On the "idea of the humanity of our God, or the divinity of Man the Eternal".}} and spoke at the annual London Quaker meet.{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|pp=289–292}} There, addressing relations between the British and the Indians – a topic he would tackle repeatedly over the next two years – Tagore spoke of a "dark chasm of aloofness".{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|pp=303–304}} He visited [[Aga Khan III]], stayed at [[Dartington Hall]], toured Denmark, Switzerland, and Germany from June to mid-September 1930, then went on into the Soviet Union.{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|pp=292–293}} In April 1932 Tagore, intrigued by the Persian mystic [[Hafez]], was hosted by [[Reza Shah Pahlavi]].{{Sfn|Tagore|Chakravarty|1961|p=2}}{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|p=315}} In his other travels, Tagore interacted with [[Henri Bergson]], [[Albert Einstein]], [[Robert Frost]], [[Thomas Mann]], [[George Bernard Shaw]], [[H. G. Wells]], and [[Romain Rolland]].{{Sfn|Tagore|Chakravarty|1961|p=99}}{{Sfn|Tagore|Chakravarty|1961|pp=100–103}} Visits to Persia and Iraq (in 1932) and Sri Lanka (in 1933) composed Tagore's final foreign tour, and his dislike of [[Communalism (South Asia)|communalism]] and nationalism only deepened.{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|p=317}} Vice-president of India M. [[Hamid Ansari]] has said that Rabindranath Tagore heralded the cultural rapprochement between communities, societies and nations much before it became the liberal norm of conduct. Tagore was a man ahead of his time. He wrote in 1932, while on a visit to Iran, that "each country of Asia will solve its own historical problems according to its strength, nature and needs, but the lamp they will each carry on their path to progress will converge to illuminate the common ray of knowledge."<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.newkerala.com/news/newsplus/worldnews-17033.html |title=Vice President speaks on Rabindranath Tagore |publisher=Newkerala.com |date=8 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120604043204/http://www.newkerala.com/news/newsplus/worldnews-17033.html |archive-date=4 June 2012 |access-date=7 August 2016}}</ref>

== Works ==
{{Main|Works of Rabindranath Tagore}}

{{See also|List of works of Rabindranath Tagore}}
Known mostly for his poetry, Tagore wrote novels, essays, short stories, travelogues, dramas, and thousands of songs. Of Tagore's prose, his short stories are perhaps the most highly regarded; he is indeed credited with originating the Bengali-language version of the genre. His works are frequently noted for their rhythmic, optimistic, and lyrical nature. Such stories mostly borrow from the lives of common people. Tagore's non-fiction grappled with history, linguistics, and spirituality. He wrote autobiographies. His travelogues, essays, and lectures were compiled into several volumes, including ''Europe Jatrir Patro'' (''Letters from Europe'') and ''Manusher Dhormo'' (''[[The Religion of Man]]''). His brief chat with [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]], "Note on the Nature of Reality", is included as an appendix to the latter. On the occasion of Tagore's 150th birthday, an anthology (titled ''Kalanukromik Rabindra Rachanabali'') of the total body of his works is currently being published in Bengali in chronological order. This includes all versions of each work and fills about eighty volumes.{{Sfn|Pandey|2011}} In 2011, [[Harvard University Press]] collaborated with [[Visva-Bharati University]] to publish ''[[The Essential Tagore]]'', the largest anthology of Tagore's works available in English; it was edited by [[Fakrul Alam]] and Radha Chakravarthy and marks the 150th anniversary of Tagore's birth.<ref>{{Citation |title=The Essential Tagore |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |url=http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674057906 |access-date=19 December 2011 |archive-date=12 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312041005/https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674057906 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Drama ===
[[File:Valmiki Pratibha Indira Devi & Rabindranath Tagore.jpg|thumb|right|Tagore performing the title role in ''Valmiki Pratibha'' (1881) with his niece [[Indira Devi Chaudhurani|Indira Devi]] as the goddess [[Lakshmi]]]]

Tagore's experiences with drama began when he was sixteen, with his brother [[Jyotirindranath Tagore|Jyotirindranath]]. He wrote his first original dramatic piece when he was twenty – ''[[Valmiki Pratibha]]'' which was shown at the Tagore's mansion. Tagore stated that his works sought to articulate "the play of feeling and not of action". In 1890 he wrote ''Visarjan'' (an adaptation of his novella ''Rajarshi''), which has been regarded as his finest drama. In the original Bengali language, such works included intricate subplots and extended monologues. Later, Tagore's dramas used more philosophical and allegorical themes. The play ''[[The Post Office (play)|Dak Ghar]]'' (''The Post Office''; 1912), describes the child Amal defying his stuffy and puerile confines by ultimately "fall[ing] asleep", hinting his physical death. A story with borderless appeal—gleaning rave reviews in Europe—''Dak Ghar'' dealt with death as, in Tagore's words, "spiritual freedom" from "the world of hoarded wealth and certified creeds".{{Sfn|Tagore|1997b|pp=21–22}}{{Sfn|Tagore|Chakravarty|1961|pp=123–124}} Another is Tagore's ''Chandalika'' (''Untouchable Girl''), which was modelled on an ancient Buddhist legend describing how [[Ananda]], the [[Gautama Buddha]]'s disciple, asks a [[Adivasi|tribal]] girl for water.{{Sfn|Tagore|Chakravarty|1961|p=124}} In ''[[Raktakarabi (play)|Raktakarabi]]'' ("Red" or "Blood Oleanders") is an allegorical struggle against a kleptocrat king who rules over the residents of ''[[Yaksha]] [[Pur (Vedic)|puri]]''.{{Sfn|Ray|2007|pp=147–148}}

''Chitrangada'', ''Chandalika'', and ''Shyama'' are other key plays that have dance-drama adaptations, which together are known as ''[[Rabindra Nritya Natya]]''.

=== Short stories ===
[[File:Sabujpatra logo (1914-1927).jpg|thumb|upright|Cover of the ''[[Sabuj Patra]]'' magazine, edited by [[Pramatha Chaudhuri]]]]
Tagore began his career in short stories in 1877—when he was only sixteen—with "Bhikharini" ("The Beggar Woman").<ref name="Chakravarty_1961_45">{{Harvnb|Tagore|Chakravarty|1961|p=45}}.</ref> With this, Tagore effectively invented the Bengali-language short story genre.{{sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1997|p=265}} The four years from 1891 to 1895 are known as Tagore's "Sadhana" period (named for one of Tagore's magazines). This period was among Tagore's most fecund, yielding more than half the stories contained in the three-volume ''Galpaguchchha'', which itself is a collection of eighty-four stories.<ref name="Chakravarty_1961_45" /> Such stories usually showcase Tagore's reflections upon his surroundings, on modern and fashionable ideas, and on interesting mind puzzles (which Tagore was fond of testing his intellect with). Tagore typically associated his earliest stories (such as those of the "''Sadhana''" period) with an exuberance of vitality and spontaneity; these characteristics were intimately connected with Tagore's life in the common villages of, among others, [[Patisar]], Shajadpur, and [[Shilaidaha|Shilaida]] while managing the Tagore family's vast landholdings.<ref name="Chakravarty_1961_45" /> There, he beheld the lives of India's poor and common people; Tagore thereby took to examining their lives with a penetrative depth and feeling that was singular in Indian literature up to that point.<ref name="Chakravarty_1961_45-46">{{Harvnb|Tagore|Chakravarty|1961|pp=45–46}}</ref> In particular, such stories as "[[Kabuliwala (short story)|Kabuliwala]]" ("The Fruitseller from [[Kabul]]", published in 1892), "Kshudita Pashan" ("The Hungry Stones") (August 1895), and "Atithi" ("The Runaway", 1895) typified this analytic focus on the downtrodden.<ref name="Chakravarty_1961_46">{{Harvnb|Tagore|Chakravarty|1961|p=46}}</ref> Many of the other ''Galpaguchchha'' stories were written in Tagore's ''Sabuj Patra'' period from 1914 to 1917, also named after one of the magazines that Tagore edited and heavily contributed to.<ref name="Chakravarty_1961_45" />

=== Novels ===
Tagore wrote eight novels and four novellas, among them ''[[Nastanirh]]'' (1901), ''[[Noukadubi]]'' (1906), ''[[Chaturanga (Tagore novel)|Chaturanga]]'' (1916) and ''[[Char Adhyay (novel)|Char Adhyay]]'' (1934).

In ''[[Chokher Bali (novel)|Chokher Bali]]'' (1902–1903), Tagore inscribes Bengali society via its heroine: a rebellious widow who would live for herself alone. He pillories the custom of perpetual mourning on the part of widows, who were not allowed to remarry, who were consigned to seclusion and loneliness.

''Ghare Baire'' (''[[The Home and the World]]'', 1916), through the lens of the idealistic ''[[zamindar]]'' protagonist Nikhil, excoriates rising Indian nationalism, terrorism, and religious zeal in the [[Swadeshi movement|''Swadeshi'' movement]]; a frank expression of Tagore's conflicted sentiments, it emerged from a 1914 bout of depression. The novel ends in Hindu-Muslim violence and Nikhil's likely mortal—wounding.{{sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|p=192–194}}

His longest novel, ''[[Gora (novel)|Gora]]'' (1907–1910), raises controversial questions regarding the Indian identity. As with ''Ghare Baire'', matters of self-identity (''[[jāti]]''), personal freedom, and religion are developed in the context of a family story and love triangle.{{sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|p=154–155}} In it, an Irish boy orphaned in the [[Sepoy Mutiny]] is raised by Hindus as the titular ''gora''—"whitey". Ignorant of his foreign origins, he chastises Hindu religious backsliders out of love for the indigenous Indians and solidarity with them against his hegemon-compatriots. He falls for a Brahmo girl, compelling his worried foster father to reveal his lost past and cease his nativist zeal. As a "true dialectic" advancing "arguments for and against strict traditionalism", it tackles the colonial conundrum by "portray[ing] the value of all positions within a particular frame [...] not only syncretism, not only liberal orthodoxy but the extremist reactionary traditionalism he defends by an appeal to what humans share." Among these, Tagore highlights "identity [...] conceived of as ''[[dharma]].''"{{Sfn|Hogan|2000|pp=213–214}}

In ''[[Jogajog (novel)|Jogajog]]'' (''Yogayog'', ''Relationships'', 1929), the heroine Kumudini—bound by the ideals of ''[[Śiva]]-[[Dakshayani|Sati]]'', exemplified by [[Dakshayani|Dākshāyani]]—is torn between her pity for the sinking fortunes of her progressive and compassionate elder brother and his foil: her roué of a husband. Tagore flaunts his feminist leanings; ''pathos'' depicts the plight and ultimate demise of women trapped by pregnancy, duty, and family honor; he simultaneously trucks with Bengal's putrescent landed gentry.{{Sfn|Mukherjee|2004}} The story revolves around the underlying rivalry between two families—the Chatterjees, aristocrats now on the decline (Biprodas) and the Ghosals (Madhusudan), representing new money and new arrogance. Kumudini, Biprodas' sister, is caught between the two as she is married off to Madhusudan. She had risen in an observant and sheltered traditional home, as had all her female relations.

Others were uplifting: ''[[Shesher Kabita]]'' (1929) — translated twice as ''Last Poem'' and ''Farewell Song'' — is his most lyrical novel, with poems and rhythmic passages written by a poet protagonist. It contains elements of satire and postmodernism and has stock characters who gleefully attack the reputation of an old, outmoded, oppressively renowned poet who, incidentally, goes by a familiar name: "Rabindranath Tagore".

Though his novels remain among the least-appreciated of his works, they have been given renewed attention via film adaptations, by [[Satyajit Ray]] for ''[[Charulata]]'' (based on ''Nastanirh'') in 1964 and ''[[Ghare Baire (film)|Ghare Baire]]'' in 1984, and by several others filmmakers such as Satu Sen for [[Chokher Bali (1938 film)|Chokher Bali]] already in 1938, when Tagore was still alive.

=== Poetry ===
[[File:Gitanjali 11 title page.jpg|thumb|165px|Title page of the 1913 [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] edition of Tagore's ''Gitanjali'']]
[[File:Tagore handwriting Bengali.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=Three-verse handwritten composition; each verse has original Bengali with English-language translation below: "My fancies are fireflies: specks of living light twinkling in the dark. The same voice murmurs in these desultory lines, which is born in wayside pansies letting hasty glances pass by. The butterfly does not count years but moments, and therefore has enough time."|Part of a poem written by Tagore in Hungary, 1926]]

Internationally, ''Gitanjali'' ({{langx|bn|গীতাঞ্জলি}}) is Tagore's best-known collection of poetry, for which he was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] in 1913. Tagore was the first non-European to receive a Nobel Prize in Literature and the second non-European to receive a Nobel Prize after [[Theodore Roosevelt]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes|title=All Nobel Prizes|publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=22 February 2020|archive-date=15 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615233947/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes|url-status=live}}</ref>

Besides ''Gitanjali'', other notable works include ''Manasi'', ''[[Sonar Tori]]'' ("Golden Boat"), ''Balaka'' ("Wild Geese" – the title being a metaphor for migrating souls){{sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|p=1}}

Tagore's poetic style, which proceeds from a lineage established by 15th- and 16th-century Vaishnava poets, ranges from classical formalism to the comic, visionary, and ecstatic. He was influenced by the atavistic mysticism of [[Vyasa]] and other ''rishi''-authors of the [[Upanishad]]s, the [[Bhakti]]-[[Sufism|Sufi]] mystic [[Kabir]], and [[Ramprasad Sen]].{{Sfn|Roy|1977|p=201}} Tagore's most innovative and mature poetry embodies his exposure to Bengali rural folk music, which included mystic [[Baul]] ballads such as those of the bard [[Lalon]].{{Sfn|Tagore|Stewart|Twichell|2003|p=94}}{{Sfn|Urban|2001|p=18}} These, rediscovered and re-popularised by Tagore, resemble 19th-century Kartābhajā hymns that emphasise inward divinity and rebellion against bourgeois ''bhadralok'' religious and social orthodoxy.{{Sfn|Urban|2001|pp=6–7}}{{Sfn|Urban|2001|p=16}} During his Shelaidaha years, his poems took on a lyrical voice of the ''moner manush'', the Bāuls' "man within the heart" and Tagore's "life force of his deep recesses", or meditating upon the ''jeevan devata''—the demiurge or the "living God within".{{Sfn|Ghosh|2011}} This figure connected with divinity through appeal to nature and the emotional interplay of human drama. Such tools saw use in his Bhānusiṃha poems chronicling the [[Radha]]-[[Krishna]] romance, which were repeatedly revised over seventy years.{{Sfn|Tagore|Stewart|Twichell|2003|p=95}}{{Sfn|Tagore|Stewart|Twichell|2003|p=7}}

Later, with the development of new poetic ideas in Bengal – many originating from younger poets seeking to break with Tagore's style – Tagore absorbed new poetic concepts, which allowed him to further develop a unique identity. Examples of this include ''Africa'' and ''Camalia'', which are among the better-known of his latter poems.

=== Songs (Rabindra Sangeet) ===
Tagore was a prolific composer, with around 2,230 songs to his credit.<ref name="DasguptaGuha2013">{{cite book |author1=Sanjukta Dasgupta |author2=Chinmoy Guha |title=Tagore-At Home in the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8zfX4llLjyUC |date=2013 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-81-321-1084-2 |page=254}}</ref> His songs are known as ''[[Rabindra Sangeet|rabindrasangit]]'' ("Tagore Song"), which merges fluidly into his literature, most of which—poems or parts of novels, stories, or plays alike—were lyricised. Influenced by the ''[[thumri]]'' style of [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani music]], they ran the entire gamut of human emotion, ranging from his early dirge-like Brahmo devotional hymns to quasi-erotic compositions.{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|p=94}} They emulated the tonal colour of classical ''[[raga]]s'' to varying extents. Some songs mimicked a given raga's melody and rhythm faithfully, others newly blended elements of different ''ragas''.{{Sfn|Dasgupta|2001}} Yet about nine-tenths of his work was not ''bhanga gaan'', the body of tunes revamped with "fresh value" from select Western, Hindustani, Bengali folk and other regional flavours "external" to Tagore's own ancestral culture.{{Sfn|Ghosh|2011}}

[[File:Tagore singing Jana Gana Mana.webm|thumb|right|250px|Rabindranath Tagore reciting Jana Gana Mana]]
In 1971, ''[[Amar Shonar Bangla]]'' became the national anthem of [[Bangladesh]]. It was written – ironically – to protest the [[1905 Partition of Bengal]] along communal lines: cutting off the Muslim-majority East Bengal from Hindu-dominated West Bengal was to avert a regional bloodbath. Tagore saw the partition as a cunning plan to stop the [[Indian independence movement|independence movement]], and he aimed to rekindle Bengali unity and tar communalism. ''[[Jana Gana Mana]]'' was written in ''[[shadhu-bhasha]]'', a Sanskritised form of Bengali,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/10-things-to-know-about-india-39-s-national-anthem/AgXhvvzhpjYavQ?hl=en|title=10 things to know about Indian national Anthem|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721053742/https://artsandculture.google.com/story/10-things-to-know-about-india-39-s-national-anthem/AgXhvvzhpjYavQ?hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> and is the first of five stanzas of the Brahmo hymn ''[[Bharot Bhagyo Bidhata]]'' that Tagore composed. It was first sung in 1911 at a Calcutta session of the [[Indian National Congress]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Tagore and Jana Gana Mana|url=http://www.countercurrents.org/comm-chatterjee310803.htm|publisher=countercurrents.org|last=Chatterjee|first=Monish R.|date=13 August 2003|access-date=23 October 2012|archive-date=17 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917033936/http://www.countercurrents.org/comm-chatterjee310803.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> and was adopted in 1950 by the Constituent Assembly of the Republic of India as its national anthem.

[[Sri Lanka Matha|Sri Lanka's National Anthem]] was inspired by his work.<ref name="RB1" />

For Bengalis, the songs' appeal, stemming from the combination of emotive strength and beauty described as surpassing even Tagore's poetry, was such that the ''Modern Review'' observed that "[t]here is in Bengal no cultured home where Rabindranath's songs are not sung or at least attempted to be sung... Even illiterate villagers sing his songs".{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|p=359}} Tagore influenced ''sitar'' maestro [[Vilayat Khan]] and ''[[sarod]]iyas'' Buddhadev Dasgupta and [[Amjad Ali Khan]].{{Sfn|Dasgupta|2001}}

=== Art works ===
{{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
| image1 = Rabindranath Tagore Rabindra Bhavana collection 2155 pastel mask.jpg
| width1 = 150
| alt1 = Black-and-white photograph of a stylised sketch depicting a tribal funerary mask.
| caption1 = Primitivism: a pastel-coloured rendition of a [[Malagan]] mask from northern [[New Ireland Province|New Ireland]], Papua New Guinea
| image2 = Rabindranath Tagore Ra-Tha seal initials.jpg
| width2 = 154
| alt2 = Black-and-white close-up photograph of a piece of wood boldly painted in unmixed solid strokes of black and white in a stylised semblance to "ro" and "tho" from the Bengali syllabary.
| caption2 = Tagore's Bengali-language initials, the letters র and ঠ, are worked into this "Ro-Tho" (of RAbindranath THAkur) wooden seal, stylistically similar to designs used in traditional [[Haida argillite carvings|Haida carvings]] from the [[Pacific Northwest]] region of North America. Tagore often embellished his manuscripts with such art.{{Sfn|Dyson|2001}}
}}
At sixty, Tagore took up drawing and painting; successful exhibitions of his many works—which made a debut appearance in Paris upon encouragement by artists he met in the south of France{{Sfn|Tagore|1997b|p=222}}—were held throughout Europe. He was likely red, green [[protanopia|colour blind]], resulting in works that exhibited strange colour schemes and off-beat aesthetics. Tagore was influenced by numerous styles, including [[scrimshaw]] by the [[Malanggan]] people of northern [[New Ireland (island)|New Ireland]], [[Papua New Guinea]], [[Haida argillite carvings|Haida carvings]] from the [[Pacific Northwest]] region of North America, and woodcuts by the German [[Max Pechstein]].{{Sfn|Dyson|2001}} His artist's eye for handwriting was revealed in the simple artistic and rhythmic [[leitmotif]]s embellishing the scribbles, cross-outs, and word layouts of his manuscripts. Some of Tagore's lyrics corresponded in a synesthetic sense with particular paintings.{{Sfn|Ghosh|2011}}

{{blockquote|Surrounded by several painters Rabindranath had always wanted to paint. Writing and music, playwriting and acting came to him naturally and almost without training, as it did to several others in his family, and in even greater measure. But painting eluded him. Yet he tried repeatedly to master the art and there are several references to this in his early letters and reminiscence. In 1900 for instance, when he was nearing forty and already a celebrated writer, he wrote to Jagadish Chandra Bose, "You will be surprised to hear that I am sitting with a sketchbook drawing. Needless to say, the pictures are not intended for any salon in Paris, they cause me not the least suspicion that the national gallery of any country will suddenly decide to raise taxes to acquire them. But, just as a mother lavishes most affection on her ugliest son, so I feel secretly drawn to the very skill that comes to me least easily." He also realized that he was using the eraser more than the pencil, and dissatisfied with the results he finally withdrew, deciding it was not for him to become a painter.<ref>[[R. Siva Kumar]] (2011) ''[[The Last Harvest: Paintings of Rabindranath Tagore]]''.</ref>}}

[[File:Rabindranath Tagore Woman Face.jpg|thumb|Face of a woman, inspired by [[Kadambari Devi]].{{sfn|Som|2010|pp=144–145}} Ink on paper. [[National Gallery of Modern Art]], New Delhi]]
India's [[National Gallery of Modern Art]] lists 102 works by Tagore in its collections.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ngmaindia.gov.in/ngma_rabindranath-tagore-gallery.asp|title=National Gallery of Modern Art – Mumbai:Virtual Galleries|access-date=23 October 2017|archive-date=23 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023231023/http://ngmaindia.gov.in/ngma_rabindranath-tagore-gallery.asp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ngmaindia.gov.in/collections.asp|title=National Gallery of Modern Art:Collections|access-date=23 October 2017}}</ref>

In 1937, Tagore's paintings were removed from Berlin's baroque [[Kronprinzenpalais|Crown Prince Palace]] by the Nazi regime and five were included in the inventory of "[[degenerate art]]" compiled by the Nazis in 1941–1942.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-21 |title=Rabindranath Tagore: When Hitler purged India Nobel laureate's paintings |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-63651606 |access-date=2022-11-21}}</ref>

==Philosophy and religion==
{{Expand section|date=January 2026}}
An early introduction to Tagore's thought for Western readers was written by [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] in 1918, who analyzed Tagore's views on philosophy, religion, art and poetry, using Tagore's works available in English up to that time. He quotes extensively from Tagore's poetry collections ''Gitanjali'' (1912), ''The Crescent Moon'' (1913), ''The Gardener'' (1913), ''Fruit-Gathering'' (1916), ''Stray Birds'' (1916), the essay collections ''Sadhana: The Realisation of Life'' (1913) and ''Personality'' (1917), as well as the drama ''The King of the Dark Chamber'' (1910) and the principal ''[[Upanishads]]''.<ref>[[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli]] (1918). ''[https://archive.org/details/tagorephilosoph00radhuoft/page/n3/mode/2up The Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore]''. Macmillan and Co. Ltd., London.</ref> Radhakrishnan interprets Tagore's thought largely through the lens of [[Advaita Vedanta]], causing differences with Tagore’s more poetic, humanistic, and socially critical outlook.<ref>Nirmal, A. P. (1989). ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Religious_Philosophy_of_Tagore_Radhakris.html?id=WcuAEQAAQBAJ Religious Philosophy of Tagore & Radhakrishnan: A Comparative and Analytical Study]''. Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House, New Delhi.</ref>

Tagore later elaborated his religious and philosophical ideas in his 1922 lectures published as ''Creative Unity'',<ref>Tagore, Rabindranath (1922). ''[https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/23136 Creative Unity]''. Macmillan and Co. Ltd., London.</ref> and his 1931 Hibbert Lectures at Oxford University, published as ''The Religion of Man''.<ref>Tagore, Rabindranath (1931). ''[[The Religion of Man]]''. George Allen & Unwin Ltd., London.</ref>

A contemporary analysis was done by
Kalyan Sen Gupta.<ref>Gupta, Kalyan Sen (2013). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=JCOgCwAAQBAJ The Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore]''. Routledge.</ref>

== Politics ==
{{Main|Political views of Rabindranath Tagore}}

[[File:Gandhi-Tagore-cropped.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Photo of a formal function, an aged bald man and old woman in simple white robes are seated side-by-side with legs folded on a rug-strewn dais; the man looks at a bearded and garlanded old man seated on another dais at left. In the foreground, various ceremonial objects are arrayed; in the background, dozens of other people observe.|Tagore hosts [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] and wife [[Kasturba Gandhi|Kasturba]] at Santiniketan in 1940.]]

Tagore opposed [[imperialism]] and supported Indian nationalists,{{Sfn|Tagore|1997b|p=127}}{{Sfn|Tagore|1997b|p=210}}{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|p=304}} and these views were first revealed in ''Manast'', which was mostly composed in his twenties.{{Sfn|Scott|2009|p=10}} Evidence produced during the [[Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial]] and latter accounts affirm his awareness of the [[Hindu–German Conspiracy|Ghadarites]] and stated that he sought the support of Japanese Prime Minister [[Terauchi Masatake]] and former Premier [[Ōkuma Shigenobu]].{{Sfn|Brown|1948|p=306}} Yet he lampooned the [[Swadeshi movement]]; he rebuked it in ''[[The Cult of the Charkha]]'', an acrid 1925 essay.{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|p=261}} According to [[Amartya Sen]], Tagore rebelled against strongly nationalist forms of the independence movement, and he wanted to assert India's right to be independent without denying the importance of what India could learn from abroad.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Sen|first=Amartya|title=Tagore And His India|url=https://www.countercurrents.org/culture-sen281003.htm|access-date=1 January 2021|work=countercurrents.org|archive-date=5 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205044935/https://www.countercurrents.org/culture-sen281003.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> He urged the masses to avoid victimology and instead seek self-help and education, and he saw the presence of British administration as a "political symptom of our social disease". He maintained that, even for those at the extremes of poverty, "there can be no question of blind revolution"; preferable to it was a "steady and purposeful education".{{Sfn|Tagore|1997b|pp=239–240}}{{Sfn|Tagore|Chakravarty|1961|p=181}}

{{Quote box
| quote = So I repeat we never can have a true view of man unless we have a love for him. Civilisation must be judged and prized, not by the amount of power it has developed, but by how much it has evolved and given expression to, by its laws and institutions, the love of humanity.
| source = — ''Sādhanā: The Realisation of Life'', 1916.{{Sfn|Tagore|1916|p=111}}
| align = right
| width = 20%
| fontsize = 85%
| quoted = 1
}}

Such views enraged many. He escaped assassination—and only narrowly—by Indian expatriates during his stay in a San Francisco hotel in late 1916; the plot failed when his would-be assassins fell into an argument.{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|p=204}} Tagore wrote songs lionising the Indian independence movement.{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|pp=215–216}} Two of Tagore's more politically charged compositions, "[[Chitto Jetha Bhayshunyo]]" ("Where the Mind is Without Fear") and "[[Ekla Chalo Re]]" ("If They Answer Not to Thy Call, Walk Alone"), gained mass appeal, with the latter favoured by Gandhi.{{Sfn|Chakraborty|Bhattacharya|2001|p=157}} Though somewhat critical of Gandhian activism,{{Sfn|Mehta|1999}} Tagore was key in resolving a Gandhi–[[B. R. Ambedkar|Ambedkar]] dispute involving separate electorates for untouchables, thereby mooting at least one of Gandhi's fasts "unto death".{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|pp=306–307}}{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|p=339}}

=== Repudiation of knighthood ===
{{See also|List of people who have declined a British honour#Renouncing an honour}}

Tagore renounced his knighthood in response to the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]] in 1919. In the repudiation letter to the Viceroy, [[Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford|Lord Chelmsford]], he wrote<ref name="TOI2011-04">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Tagore-renounced-his-Knighthood-in-protest-for-Jalianwalla-Bagh-mass-killing/articleshow/7967616.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512110157/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-13/india/29413338_1_knighthood-protest-honour|url-status=live|archive-date=12 May 2013|title=Tagore renounced his Knighthood in protest for Jalianwalla Bagh mass killing|date=13 April 2011|access-date=17 February 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|location=Mumbai}}</ref> {{blockquote|The time has come when badges of honour make our shame glaring in the incongruous context of humiliation, and I for my part, wish to stand, shorn, of all special distinctions, by the side of those of my countrymen who, for their so-called insignificance, are liable to suffer degradation not fit for human beings.}}

== Shantiniketan and Visva-Bharati ==
[[File:Kala Bhavan, Santiniketan.jpg|thumb|[[Kala Bhavan]] (Institute of Fine Arts), [[Shantiniketan]], India]]
Tagore despised rote classroom schooling, as shown in his short story, "The Parrot's Training", wherein a bird is caged and force-fed textbook pages—to death.{{Sfn|Tagore|1997b|p=267}}{{Sfn|Tagore|Pal|2004}} Visiting Santa Barbara in 1917, Tagore conceived a new type of university: he sought to "make Santiniketan the connecting thread between India and the world [and] a world center for the study of humanity somewhere beyond the limits of nation and geography."{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|p=204}} The school, which he named [[Visva-Bharati University|Visva-Bharati]],{{efn|Etymology of "Visva-Bharati": from the Sanskrit for "world" or "universe" and the name of a Rigvedic goddess ("Bharati") associated with [[Saraswati]], the Hindu patron of learning.{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|p=220}} "Visva-Bharati" also translates as "India in the World".}} had its foundation stone laid on 24 December 1918 and was inaugurated precisely three years later.{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|p=220}} Tagore employed a ''[[brahmacharya]]'' system: ''gurus'' gave pupils personal guidance—emotional, intellectual, and spiritual. Teaching was often done under trees. He staffed the school, he contributed his Nobel Prize monies,{{Sfn|Roy|1977|p=175}} and his duties as steward-mentor at Shantiniketan kept him busy: mornings he taught classes; afternoons and evenings he wrote the students' textbooks.{{Sfn|Tagore|Chakravarty|1961|p=27}} He fundraised widely for the school in Europe and the United States between 1919 and 1921.{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|p=221}}

=== Theft of Nobel Prize ===
On 25 March 2004, Tagore's Nobel Prize was stolen from the safety vault of the Visva-Bharati University, along with several other of his belongings.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tagores-nobel-prize-stolen/articleshow/582074.cms |title=Tagore's Nobel Prize stolen |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 March 2004 |access-date=10 July 2013 |archive-date=11 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111094112/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Tagores-Nobel-Prize-stolen/articleshow/582074.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> On 7 December 2004, the Swedish Academy decided to present two replicas of Tagore's Nobel Prize, one made of gold and the other made of bronze, to the Visva-Bharati University.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Sweden-to-present-India-replicas-of-Tagores-Nobel/articleshow/949065.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130710163535/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-12-07/india/27146417_1_rabindranath-tagore-s-nobel-prize-visva-bharati-university-replicas |url-status=live |archive-date=10 July 2013 |title=Sweden to present India replicas of Tagore's Nobel |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 December 2004 |access-date=10 July 2013}}</ref> It inspired the fictional film ''[[Nobel Chor]]''. In 2016, a baul singer named Pradip Bauri, accused of sheltering the thieves, was arrested.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Tagores-Nobel-medal-theft-Baul-singer-arrested/articleshow/55626542.cms |title=Tagore's Nobel medal theft: Baul singer arrested |work=The Times of India |access-date=31 March 2019 |archive-date=4 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404175727/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Tagores-Nobel-medal-theft-Baul-singer-arrested/articleshow/55626542.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/tagores-nobel-medal-theft-folk-singer-arrested-from-bengal-1316033.html |title=Tagore's Nobel Medal Theft: Folk Singer Arrested From Bengal |work=News18 |access-date=31 March 2019 |archive-date=31 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331130916/https://www.news18.com/news/india/tagores-nobel-medal-theft-folk-singer-arrested-from-bengal-1316033.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Influence and legacy ==
{{See also|List of things named after Rabindranath Tagore}}
[[File:Hungary, Balatonfüred, Rabindranath promenade in autumn - Tagore statue.jpg|thumb|upright|Bust of Rabindranath in Tagore promenade, [[Balatonfüred]], Hungary]]
[[File:Rabindranath_Tagore_statue_in_Dublin,_Ireland_01.jpg|thumb|Rabindranath Tagore statue in [[Dublin]], Ireland]]
Every year, many events pay tribute to Tagore: ''Kabipranam'', his birth anniversary, is celebrated by groups scattered across the globe; the annual Tagore Festival held in Urbana, Illinois (US); ''Rabindra Path Parikrama'' walking pilgrimages from Kolkata to Santiniketan; and recitals of his poetry, which are held on important anniversaries.{{Sfn|University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign}}{{Sfn|Chakrabarti|2001}}{{Sfn|Hatcher|2001}} Bengali culture is fraught with this legacy: from language and arts to history and politics. Amartya Sen deemed Tagore a "towering figure", a "deeply relevant and many-sided contemporary thinker".{{Sfn|Hatcher|2001}}<ref name=":0" /> Tagore's Bengali originals—the 1939 ''Rabīndra Rachanāvalī''—is canonised as one of his nation's greatest cultural treasures, and he was roped into a reasonably humble role: "the greatest poet India has produced".{{Sfn|Kämpchen|2003}}

Tagore was renowned throughout much of Europe, North America, and East Asia. He co-founded [[Dartington Hall School]], a progressive coeducational institution;{{Sfn|Farrell|2000|p=162}} in Japan, he influenced such figures as Nobel laureate [[Yasunari Kawabata]].{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|p=202}} In [[French Indochina|colonial Vietnam]] Tagore was a guide for the restless spirit of the radical writer and publicist [[Nguyen An Ninh]].<ref>Hue-Tam Ho Tai, ''Radicalism and the Origins of the Vietnamese Revolution'', p. 76–82</ref> Tagore's works were widely translated into English, Dutch, German, Spanish, and other European languages by Czech Indologist [[Vincenc Lesný]],{{Sfn|Cameron|2006}} French Nobel laureate [[André Gide]], Russian poet [[Anna Akhmatova]],{{Sfn|Sen|2006|p=90}} former Turkish Prime Minister [[Bülent Ecevit]],{{Sfn|Kinzer|2006}} and others. In the United States, Tagore's lecturing circuits, particularly those of 1916–1917, were widely attended and wildly acclaimed. Some controversies{{efn|Tagore was no stranger to controversy: his dealings with Indian nationalists [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]{{Sfn|Sen|1997}} and [[Rash Behari Bose]],{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|p=214}} his yen for Soviet Communism,{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|p=297}}{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|pp=214–215}} and papers confiscated from Indian nationalists in New York allegedly implicating Tagore in a plot to overthrow the Raj via German funds.{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|p=212}} These destroyed Tagore's image—and book sales—in the United States.{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|p=214}} His relations with and ambivalent opinion of Mussolini revolted many;{{Sfn|Kundu|2009}} close friend [[Romain Rolland]] despaired that "[h]e is abdicating his role as moral guide of the independent spirits of Europe and India".{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|p=273}}}} involving Tagore, possibly fictive, trashed his popularity and sales in Japan and North America after the late 1920s, concluding with his "near total eclipse" outside Bengal.{{Sfn|Sen|1997}} Yet a latent reverence of Tagore was discovered by an astonished [[Salman Rushdie]] during a trip to Nicaragua.{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|p=255}}

By way of translations, Tagore influenced Chileans [[Pablo Neruda]] and [[Gabriela Mistral]]; Mexican writer [[Octavio Paz]]; and Spaniards [[José Ortega y Gasset]], [[Zenobia Camprubí]], and [[Juan Ramón Jiménez]]. In the period 1914–1922, the Jiménez-Camprubí pair produced twenty-two Spanish translations of Tagore's English corpus; they heavily revised ''The Crescent Moon'' and other key titles. In these years, Jiménez developed "naked poetry".{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|pp=254–255}} Ortega y Gasset wrote that "Tagore's wide appeal [owes to how] he speaks of longings for perfection that we all have [...] Tagore awakens a dormant sense of childish wonder, and he saturates the air with all kinds of enchanting promises for the reader, who [...] pays little attention to the deeper import of Oriental mysticism". Tagore's works circulated in free editions around 1920—alongside those of [[Plato]], [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]], [[Miguel de Cervantes|Cervantes]], [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]], and [[Leo Tolstoy|Tolstoy]].

Tagore was deemed over-rated by some. [[Graham Greene]] doubted that "anyone but Mr. Yeats can still take his poems very seriously." Several prominent Western admirers—including Pound and, to a lesser extent, even Yeats—criticised Tagore's work. Yeats, unimpressed with his English translations, railed against that "Damn Tagore [...] We got out three good books, Sturge Moore and I, and then, because he thought it more important to see and know English than to be a great poet, he brought out sentimental rubbish and wrecked his reputation. Tagore does not know English, no Indian knows English."{{Sfn|Sen|1997}}{{Sfn|Bhattacharya|2001}} [[William Radice]], who "English[ed]" his poems, asked: "What is their place in world literature?"{{Sfn|Tagore|Radice|2004|p=26}} He saw him as "kind of counter-cultur[al]", bearing "a new kind of classicism" that would heal the "collapsed romantic confusion and chaos of the 20th century."{{Sfn|Bhattacharya|2001}}{{Sfn|Tagore|Radice|2004|pp=26–31}} The translated Tagore was "almost nonsensical",{{Sfn|Tagore|Radice|2004|pp=18–19}} and subpar English offerings reduced his trans-national appeal:

{{blockquote|Anyone who knows Tagore's poems in their original Bengali cannot feel satisfied with any of the translations (made with or without Yeats's help). Even the translations of his prose works suffer, to some extent, from distortion. E.M. Forster noted [of] ''The Home and the World'' [that] '[t]he theme is so beautiful,' but the charms have 'vanished in translation,' or perhaps 'in an experiment that has not quite come off.'|2=[[Amartya Sen]]|3="Tagore and His India".{{Sfn|Sen|1997}}}}

In October 1961 a blue plaque<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/rabindranath-tagore/ |title=Tagore, Rabindranath (1861-1941) |date=Feb 2020 |website=english-heritage.org.uk |access-date=5 June 2025 |archive-date=10 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250610232136/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/rabindranath-tagore/ |url-status=live }}</ref> to Tagore was unveiled at Number 3, Villas on the Heath in Hampstead, to mark Tagore's visit in 1912 and to mark the centenary of Tagore's birth. The address was Tagore's home for a few months in the summer of 1912, during his third visit to England. The lodgings were found for him by the artist and writer Sir [[William Rothenstein]], who lived nearby at 11 Oak Hill Park.<ref>Goodden, R. Y., and Nevile Wallis. “General Notes.” Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, vol. 110, no. 5065, 1961, pp. 52–59. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41369146. Accessed 17 May 2025</ref>

In July 2025, a bronze bust of Tagore, sculpted by [[Ram V. Sutar]], was unveiled in Trunk's Close, [[Edinburgh]], opposite a bust of [[Patrick Geddes]] who was a friend and collaborator of Tagore.<ref>{{cite web |title=Unveiling of Bronze Bust of Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore in Edinburgh |url=https://www.cgiedinburgh.gov.in/section/news/2unveiling-of-bronze-bust-of-gurudev-rabindranath-tagore-in-edinburgh-3-july-2025/ |website=Consulate General of India |access-date=9 July 2025 |language=english |date=3 July 2025}}</ref>

== Museums ==
[[File:Interior room, Jorasanko Mansion, Kolkata, India.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Jorasanko Thakur Bari]], [[Kolkata]]; the room in which Tagore died in 1941.]]There are eight Tagore museums, three in India and five in Bangladesh:
* Rabindra Bharati Museum, at [[Jorasanko Thakur Bari]], Kolkata, India
* Tagore Memorial Museum, at [[Shilaidaha Kuthibadi]], [[Shilaidaha]], Bangladesh
* Rabindra Memorial Museum at [[Shahzadpur Kachharibari]], [[Shahjadpur Upazila|Shahzadpur]], Bangladesh
* Rabindra Bhavan Museum, in [[Santiniketan]], India
* [[Rabindra Museum]], in Mungpoo, near Kalimpong, India
* Patisar Rabindra Kacharibari, Patisar, [[Atrai Upazila|Atrai]], [[Naogaon District|Naogaon]], Bangladesh
* Pithavoge Rabindra Memorial Complex, Pithavoge, [[Rupsa Upazila|Rupsha]], Khulna, Bangladesh
* [[Rabindra Complex]], Dakkhindihi village, [[Phultala Upazila]], [[Khulna]], Bangladesh
Jorasanko Thakur Bari ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: ''House of the [[Thakur (Indian title)|Thakurs]]''; anglicised to ''Tagore'') in [[Jorasanko]], north of Kolkata, is the ancestral home of the Tagore family. It is currently located on the [[Rabindra Bharati University]] campus at 6/4 Dwarakanath Tagore Lane<ref>{{cite web|title=Rabindra Bharti Museum (Jorasanko Thakurbari) |url=http://kolkata.clickindia.com/tourism/rabindrabhartimuseum.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209125617/http://kolkata.clickindia.com/tourism/rabindrabhartimuseum.html |archive-date=9 February 2012 }}</ref> Jorasanko, Kolkata 700007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wikimapia.org/184295/Tagore-House-Jorasanko-Thakurbari|title=Tagore House (Jorasanko Thakurbari) – Kolkata|website=wikimapia.org}}</ref> It is the house in which Tagore was born, and also the place where he spent most of his childhood and where he died on 7 August 1941.

== List of works ==
{{Main|List of works by Rabindranath Tagore|Adaptations of works of Rabindranath Tagore in film and television}}

{{Quote box
| quote = <poem>Who are you, reader, reading my poems a hundred years hence?
I cannot send you one single flower from this wealth of the spring, one single streak of gold from yonder clouds.
Open your doors and look abroad.
From your blossoming garden gather fragrant memories of the vanished flowers of an hundred years before.
In the joy of your heart may you feel the living joy that sang one spring morning, sending its glad voice across an hundred years.</poem>
| source = ''The Gardener'', 1915{{Sfn|Tagore|Ray|2007|p=104}}
| align = right
| width = 20%
| fontsize = 85%
| quoted = 1
}}

The SNLTR hosts the 1415 BE edition of Tagore's complete Bengali works. Tagore Web also hosts an edition of Tagore's works, including annotated songs. Translations are found at Project Gutenberg and [[s:Author:Rabindranath Tagore|Wikisource]]. More sources are [[#External links|below]].

=== Original ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Original poetry in Bengali
|-
! Bengali title !! Transliterated title !! Translated title !! Year
|-
| ভানুসিংহ ঠাকুরের পদাবলী||''[[Bhānusiṃha Ṭhākurer Paḍāvalī]]''||''Songs of Bhānusiṃha Ṭhākur''||1884
|-
| মানসী||''Manasi''||''The Ideal One''||1890
|-
| সোনার তরী||''Sonar Tari''||''The Golden Boat''||1894
|-
| গীতাঞ্জলি||''Gitanjali''||''Song Offerings''||1910
|-
| গীতিমাল্য||''Gitimalya''||''Wreath of Songs''||1914
|-
| বলাকা||''Balaka''||''The Flight of Cranes''||1916
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Original dramas in Bengali
|-
! Bengali title !! Transliterated title !! Translated title !! Year
|-
| বাল্মিকী প্রতিভা||''[[Valmiki-Pratibha]]''||''The Genius of Valmiki''||1881
|-
| কালমৃগয়া||''Kal-Mrigaya''||''The Fatal Hunt''||1882
|-
| মায়ার খেলা||''Mayar Khela''||''The Play of Illusions''||1888
|-
| বিসর্জন||''Visarjan''||''The Sacrifice''||1890
|-
| চিত্রাঙ্গদা||''Chitrangada''||''Chitrangada''||1892
|-
| রাজা||''[[Raja (play)|Raja]]''||''The King of the Dark Chamber''||1910
|-
| ডাকঘর||''Dak Ghar''||''[[The Post Office (play)|The Post Office]]''||1912
|-
| অচলায়তন||''Achalayatan''||''The Immovable''||1912
|-
| মুক্তধারা||''Muktadhara''||''The Waterfall''||1922
|-
| রক্তকরবী||''Raktakarabi''||''Red Oleanders''||1926
|-
| চণ্ডালিকা||''Chandalika''||''The Untouchable Girl''||1933
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Original fiction in Bengali
|-
! Bengali title !! Transliterated title !! Translated title !! Year
|-
| নষ্টনীড়||''[[Nastanirh]]''||''The Broken Nest''||1901
|-
| গোরা||''[[Gora (novel)|Gora]]''||''Fair-Faced''||1910
|-
| ঘরে বাইরে||''[[Ghare Baire]]''||''The Home and the World''||1916
|-
| যোগাযোগ||''Yogayog''||''Crosscurrents''||1929
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Original nonfiction in Bengali
|-
! Bengali title !! Transliterated title !! Translated title !! Year
|-
| [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF_-_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5_%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0.pdf জীবনস্মৃতি]||''Jivansmriti''||''My Reminiscences''||1912
|-
| ছেলেবেলা||''Chhelebela''||''My Boyhood Days''||1940
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Works in English
|-
! Title !! Year
|-
| ''Thought Relics''
| 1921<ref group=original>{{Citation|title=Thought Relics|publisher=Internet Sacred Text Archive|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/tagore/tr/tr01.htm|access-date=15 October 2006|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185523/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/tagore/tr/tr01.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

=== Translated ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ English translations
|-
! Year
! Work
|-
|1914
| ''[[Chitra (play)|Chitra]]''<ref group=text>{{Gutenberg|bullet=none|no=2502|name=Chitra}}</ref>
|-
|1922
|''Creative Unity''<ref group=text>{{Gutenberg|bullet=none|no=23136|name=Creative Unity}}</ref>
|-
|1913
|''The Crescent Moon''<ref group=text>{{Gutenberg|bullet=none|no=6520|name=The Crescent Moon}}</ref>
|-
|1917
| ''The Cycle of Spring''<ref group=text>{{Gutenberg|bullet=none|no=24607|name=The Cycle of Spring}}</ref>
|-
|1928
|''Fireflies''
|-
|1916
|''Fruit-Gathering''<ref group=text>{{Gutenberg|bullet=none|no=6522|name=Fruit-Gathering}}</ref>
|-
|1916
|''The Fugitive''<ref group=text>{{Gutenberg|bullet=none|no=7971|name=The Fugitive}}</ref>
|-
|1913
|''The Gardener''<ref group=text>{{Gutenberg|bullet=none|no=6686|name=The Gardener}}</ref>
|-
|1912
|''Gitanjali: Song Offerings''<ref group=text>{{Gutenberg|bullet=none|no=7164|name=Gitanjali}}</ref>
|-
|1920
|''Glimpses of Bengal''<ref group=text>{{Gutenberg|bullet=none|no=7951|name=Glimpses of Bengal}}</ref>
|-
|1921
|''[[The Home and the World]]''<ref group=text>{{Gutenberg|bullet=none|no=7166|name=The Home and the World}}</ref>
|-
|1916
|''The Hungry Stones''<ref group=text>{{Gutenberg|bullet=none|no=2518|name=The Hungry Stones}}</ref>
|-
|1991
|''I Won't Let you Go: Selected Poems''
|-
|1914
|''The King of the Dark Chamber''<ref group=text>{{Gutenberg|bullet=none|no=6521|name=The King of the Dark Chamber}}</ref>
|-
|2012
|''Letters from an Expatriate in Europe''
|-
|2003
|''The Lover of God''
|-
|1918
|''Mashi''<ref group=text>{{Gutenberg|bullet=none|no=34757|name=Mashi}}</ref>
|-
|1928
|''My Boyhood Days''
|-
|1917
|''My Reminiscences''<ref group=text>{{Gutenberg|bullet=none|no=22217|name=My Reminiscences}}</ref>
|-
|1917
|''Nationalism''
|-
|1914
|''The Post Office''<ref group=text>{{Gutenberg|bullet=none|no=6523|name=The Post Office}}</ref>
|-
|1913
|''Sadhana: The Realisation of Life''<ref group=text>{{Gutenberg|bullet=none|no=6842|name=Sadhana: The Realisation of Life}}</ref>
|-
|1997
|''Selected Letters''
|-
|1994
|''Selected Poems''
|-
|1991
|''Selected Short Stories''
|-
|1915
|''[[Songs of Kabir]]''<ref group=text>{{Gutenberg|bullet=none|no=6519|name=Songs of Kabir}}</ref>
|-
|1916
|''The Spirit of Japan''<ref group=text>{{Gutenberg|bullet=none|no=33131|name=The Spirit of Japan}}</ref>
|-
|1918
|''Stories from Tagore''<ref group=text>{{Gutenberg|bullet=none|no=33525|name=Stories from Tagore}}</ref>
|-
|1916
|''Stray Birds''<ref group=text>{{Gutenberg|bullet=none|no=6524|name=Stray Birds}}</ref>
|-
|1913
|''Vocation''<ref name="Vocation">{{Citation|title=Vocation|year=2007|publisher=Ratna Sagar|page=64|isbn=978-81-8332-175-4}}</ref>
|-
|1921
|''The Wreck''
|}

== In popular culture ==
* ''[[Rabindranath Tagore (film)|Rabindranath Tagore]]'' is a 1961 Indian documentary film written and directed by [[Satyajit Ray]], released during the birth centenary of Tagore. It was produced by the [[Government of India]]'s [[Films Division]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-02-04 |title=How Satyajit Ray made one of the greatest documentaries on the life and work of Rabindranath Tagore |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/how-satyajit-ray-made-one-of-the-greatest-documentaries-on-the-life-and-work-of-rabindranath-tagore-4334561.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805052027/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/how-satyajit-ray-made-one-of-the-greatest-documentaries-on-the-life-and-work-of-rabindranath-tagore-4334561.html |archive-date=2024-08-05 |access-date=2025-10-21 |work=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rabindranath Tagore, Satyajit Ray Org |url=https://satyajitray.org/rabindranath-tagore/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251005133940/https://satyajitray.org/rabindranath-tagore/ |archive-date=5 Oct 2025 |access-date=2025-10-21 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Serbian composer [[Darinka Simic-Mitrovic]] used Tagore's text for her song cycle ''Gradinar'' in 1962.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cohen |first=Aaron I. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5VsYAAAAIAAJ&q=strantz+louise |title=International Encyclopedia of Women Composers |date=1987 |publisher=Books & Music (US) |isbn=978-0-9617485-2-4}}</ref>
* In 1969, American composer [[E. Anne Schwerdtfeger]] was commissioned to compose ''Two Pieces'', a work for women's chorus based on text by Tagore.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Heinrich |first=Adel |title=Organ and harpsichord music by women composers : an annotated catalog |date=1991 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-38790-6 |location=New York |oclc=650307517}}</ref>
* In Sukanta Roy's [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] film ''Chhelebela'' (2002) [[Jisshu Sengupta]] portrayed Tagore.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/apr/26tagore.htm |title=Chhelebela will capture the poet's childhood |work=Rediff.com |access-date=12 April 2020 |archive-date=6 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506073508/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/apr/26tagore.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In Bandana Mukhopadhyay's Bengali film ''Chirosakha He'' (2007) Sayandip Bhattacharya played Tagore.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Tagore-or-touch-him-not-/articleshow/2198707.cms|title=Tagore or touch-him-not|website=The Times of India|date=13 July 2007 |access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref>
* In [[Rituparno Ghosh]]'s Bengali documentary film ''Jeevan Smriti'' (2011) [[Samadarshi Dutta]] played Tagore.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu/20130807/282346857440878 |title=Celebrating Tagore |date=7 August 2013 |work=The Hindu |access-date=12 April 2020 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806143104/https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu/20130807/282346857440878 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In [[Suman Ghosh (director)|Suman Ghosh]]'s Bengali film ''[[Kadambari (2015 film)|Kadambari]]'' (2015) [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] portrayed Tagore.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=The Times of India | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Kadambari-explores-Tagore-and-his-sis-in-laws-relationship-responsibly/articleshow/47146128.cms | title=Kadambari explores Tagore and his sis-in-law's relationship responsibly | date=12 January 2017 | first=Kathakali | last=Banerjee | access-date=12 April 2020 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Rabindra Jayanti]]
* [[Works of Rabindranath Tagore]]
* [[List of works by Rabindranath Tagore]]
* [[List of things named after Rabindranath Tagore]]
* [[Adaptations of works of Rabindranath Tagore in film and television]]
* [[Timeline of Rabindranath Tagore]]
* [[Tagore family]]
* [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]]
* [[Rabindra Puraskar]]
* ''[[An Artist in Life]]'' – biography by [[Niharranjan Ray]]
* [[Taptapadi]]
* [[Music of Bengal]]
* [[List of Indian writers]]

== References ==
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| caption_align = center
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Rabindranath Tagore monument inscription in Gordon Square.jpg
| caption1 = Gordon Square, London
| width1 = 100
| image2 = Tagore on Gandhi.jpg
| caption2 = Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai
| width2 = 100
}}

'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}
'''Citations'''
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

=== Primary ===
'''Anthologies'''
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Citation|last=Tagore |first=Rabindranath|publication-date=January 1952|year=1952|title=Collected Poems and Plays of Rabindranath Tagore|publisher=Macmillan Publishing|isbn=978-0-02-615920-3}}
* {{Citation|last=Tagore |first=Rabindranath|publication-date=1984|year=1984|title=Some Songs and Poems from Rabindranath Tagore|publisher=East-West Publications|isbn=978-0-85692-055-4}}
* {{Citation|last1=Tagore |first1=Rabindranath|editor1-last=Alam|editor1-first=F. |editor2-last=Chakravarty|editor2-first=R.|publication-date=15 April 2011|year=2011|title=The Essential Tagore|publisher=Harvard University Press|page=323|isbn=978-0-674-05790-6}}
* {{Citation|last=Tagore |first=Rabindranath |editor-last=Chakravarty |editor-first=A. |publication-date=1 June 1961|year=1961|title=A Tagore Reader|publisher=Beacon Press|isbn=978-0-8070-5971-5 |ref={{harvid|Tagore|Chakravarty|1961}} }}
* {{Citation|last1=Tagore |first1=Rabindranath|editor1-last=Dutta|editor1-first=K. |editor2-last=Robinson|editor2-first=A. |editor2-link=W. Andrew Robinson|publication-date=28 June 1997|year=1997a|title=Selected Letters of Rabindranath Tagore|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-59018-1}}
* {{Citation|last1=Tagore |first1=Rabindranath|editor1-last=Dutta|editor1-first=K. |editor2-last=Robinson|editor2-first=A. |editor2-link=W. Andrew Robinson|publication-date=November 1997|year=1997b|title=Rabindranath Tagore: An Anthology|publisher=Saint Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-312-16973-2}}
* {{Citation|last1=Tagore |first1=Rabindranath|editor1-last=Ray|editor1-first=M. K.|publication-date=10 June 2007|year=2007|title=The English Writings of Rabindranath Tagore|publisher=Atlantic Publishing|volume=1|isbn=978-81-269-0664-2|ref={{harvid|Tagore|Ray|2007}}}}
{{Refend}}
'''Originals'''
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Citation |last=Tagore |first=Rabindranath |publication-date=1916 |year=1916 |title=Sādhanā: The Realisation of Life |publisher=Macmillan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ADftQVyteYC}}
* {{Citation |last=Tagore |first=Rabindranath |publication-date=1930 |year=1930 |title=The Religion of Man |publisher=Macmillan |title-link=The Religion of Man}}
{{Refend}}
'''Translations'''
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Citation |last1=Tagore |first1=Rabindranath |translator-last=Mukerjea |translator-first=D. |publication-date=1914 |year=1914 |title=The Post Office |publisher=Macmillan |location=London}}
* {{Citation |last1=Tagore |first1=Rabindranath |translator-last=Pal |translator-first=P. B. |title=The Parrot's Tale |periodical=Parabaas |publication-date=1 December 2004 |year=2004 |url=http://www.parabaas.com/translation/database/translations/stories/gRabindranath_parrot.html |ref={{harvid|Tagore|Pal|2004}} |access-date=2 April 2006 |archive-date=16 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516005558/http://www.parabaas.com/translation/database/translations/stories/gRabindranath_parrot.html |url-status=live}}
* {{Citation |last1=Tagore |first1=Rabindranath |translator-last=Radice |translator-first=W. |translator-link=William Radice |publication-date=1 June 1995 |year=1995 |title=Rabindranath Tagore: Selected Poems |edition=1st |publisher=Penguin |location=London |isbn=978-0-14-018366-5 |ref={{harvid|Tagore|Radice|1995}}}}
* {{Citation |last1=Tagore |first1=Rabindranath |translator-last=Radice |translator-first=W |translator-link=William Radice |publication-date=28 December 2004 |year=2004 |title=Particles, Jottings, Sparks: The Collected Brief Poems |publisher=Angel Books |isbn=978-0-946162-66-6 |ref={{harvid|Tagore|Radice|2004}}}}
* {{Citation |last=Tagore |first=Rabindranath |translator-last1=Stewart |translator-first1=T. K. |translator-last2=Twichell |translator-first2=C. |publication-date=1 November 2003 |year=2003 |title=Rabindranath Tagore: Lover of God |series=Lannan Literary Selections |url=https://archive.org/details/loverofgod00rabi |url-access=registration |publisher=Copper Canyon Press |isbn=978-1-55659-196-9 |ref={{harvid|Tagore|Stewart|Twichell|2003}}}}
{{Refend}}

=== Secondary ===
'''Articles'''
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Citation |last=Bhattacharya |first=S. |publication-date=2 September 2001 |year=2001 |title=Translating Tagore |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2001/09/02/stories/1302017r.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031101144150/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2001/09/02/stories/1302017r.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 November 2003 |access-date=9 September 2011 |location=Chennai, India}}
* {{Citation |last=Brown |first=G. T. |title=The Hindu Conspiracy: 1914–1917 |publication-date=August 1948 |year=1948 |publisher=University of California Press |journal=The Pacific Historical Review |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=299–310 |issn=0030-8684 |doi=10.2307/3634258 |jstor=3634258}}
* {{Citation |last=Cameron |first=R. |publication-date=31 March 2006 |year=2006 |title=Exhibition of Bengali Film Posters Opens in Prague |periodical=Radio Prague |url=http://www.radio.cz/en/article/77431 |access-date=29 September 2011 |archive-date=28 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228054136/http://www.radio.cz/en/article/77431 |url-status=live}}
* {{Citation |last=Chakrabarti |first=I. |publication-date=15 July 2001 |year=2001 |title=A People's Poet or a Literary Deity? |periodical=Parabaas |url=https://www.parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/pIndrani1.html |access-date=17 September 2011 |archive-date=2 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802151038/http://parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/pIndrani1.html |url-status=live}}
* {{Citation |last=Das |first=S. |publication-date=2 August 2009 |year=2009 |title=Tagore's Garden of Eden |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/tagore-s-garden-of-eden/cid/1266893 |access-date=29 September 2011 |location=Calcutta, India |work=The Telegraph}}
* {{Citation |last=Dasgupta |first=A. |publication-date=15 July 2001 |year=2001 |title=Rabindra-Sangeet as a Resource for Indian Classical ''Bandishes'' |periodical=Parabaas |url=http://www.parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/pAnirban1.html |access-date=17 September 2011 |archive-date=18 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818064807/http://www.parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/pAnirban1.html |url-status=live}}
* {{Citation |last=Dyson |first=K. K. |title=Rabindranath Tagore and His World of Colours |publication-date=15 July 2001 |year=2001 |periodical=Parabaas |url=http://www.parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/pKetaki2.html |access-date=26 November 2009 |archive-date=22 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822050007/http://www.parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/pKetaki2.html |url-status=live}}
* {{Citation |last=Ghosh |first=B. |title=Inside the World of Tagore's Music |periodical=Parabaas |publication-date=August 2011 |year=2011 |url=https://www.parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/pBhaswati2.html |access-date=17 September 2011}}
* {{Citation |last=Harvey |first=J. |author-link=Jonathan Harvey (composer) |publication-date=1999 |year=1999 |title=In Quest of Spirit: Thoughts on Music |publisher=University of California Press |url=http://www.vivosvoco.com/listofworks.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010506112222/http://www.vivosvoco.com/listofworks.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 May 2001 |access-date=10 September 2011}}
* {{Citation |last=Hatcher |first=B. A. |publication-date=15 July 2001 |year=2001 |title=''Aji Hote Satabarsha Pare'': What Tagore Says to Us a Century Later |periodical=Parabaas |url=https://www.parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/pBrian1.html |access-date=28 September 2011 |archive-date=2 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802151028/http://parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/pBrian1.html |url-status=live}}
* {{Citation |last=Hjärne |first=H. |publication-date=10 December 1913 |year=1913 |title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 1913: Rabindranath Tagore—Award Ceremony Speech |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]] |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1913/press.html |access-date=17 September 2011 |archive-date=23 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723004220/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1913/press.html |url-status=live}}
* {{Citation |last=Jha |first=N. |publication-date=1994 |year=1994 |title=Rabindranath Tagore |journal=PROSPECTS: The Quarterly Review of Education |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |pages=603–19 |publisher=UNESCO: International Bureau of Education |location=Paris |url=http://www.ibe.unesco.org/publications/ThinkersPdf/tagoree.PDF |access-date=30 August 2011 |doi=10.1007/BF02195291 |s2cid=144526531 |archive-date=10 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110033655/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/publications/ThinkersPdf/tagoree.PDF |url-status=dead}}
* {{Citation |last=Kämpchen |first=M. |publication-date=25 July 2003 |year=2003 |title=Rabindranath Tagore in Germany |periodical=Parabaas |url=http://www.parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/pMartin1.html |access-date=28 September 2011 |archive-date=27 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927053648/http://www.parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/pMartin1.html |url-status=live}}
* {{Citation |last=Kinzer |first=S. |publication-date=5 November 2006 |year=2006 |title=Bülent Ecevit, Who Turned Turkey Toward the West, Dies |periodical=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/06/world/europe/06iht-web.1106ecevit.3406951.html |access-date=28 September 2011 |archive-date=1 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701080814/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/06/world/europe/06iht-web.1106ecevit.3406951.html |url-status=live}}
* {{Citation |last=Kundu |first=K. |publication-date=7 May 2009 |year=2009 |title=Mussolini and Tagore |periodical=Parabaas |url=http://www.parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/pKalyan.html |access-date=17 September 2011 |archive-date=6 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091206233638/http://www.parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/pKalyan.html |url-status=live}}
* {{Citation |last=Mehta |first=S. |author-link=Suketu Mehta |title=The First Asian Nobel Laureate |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |publication-date=23 August 1999 |year=1999 |url=http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990823/tagore1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010210221336/http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990823/tagore1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 February 2001 |access-date=30 August 2011}}
* {{Citation |last=Meyer |first=L. |publication-date=15 July 2004 |year=2004 |title=Tagore in The Netherlands |periodical=Parabaas |url=http://www.parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/pMeyer.html |access-date=30 August 2011 |archive-date=7 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091207160555/http://www.parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/pMeyer.html |url-status=live}}
* {{Citation |last=Mukherjee |first=M. |publication-date=25 March 2004 |year=2004 |title=''Yogayog'' ("Nexus") by Rabindranath Tagore: A Book Review |periodical=Parabaas |url=https://www.parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/brMeenakshi.html |access-date=29 September 2011 |archive-date=9 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909060026/http://parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/brMeenakshi.html |url-status=live}}
* {{Citation |last=Pandey |first=J. M. |publication-date=8 August 2011 |year=2011 |title=Original Rabindranath Tagore Scripts in Print Soon |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Original-Rabindranath-Tagore-scripts-in-print-soon-/articleshow/9521586.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924125138/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-08/india/29864127_1_tagore-work-maharshi-debendranath-tagore-first |url-status=live |archive-date=24 September 2012 |access-date=1 September 2011}}
* {{Citation |last=O'Connell |first=K. M. |publication-date=December 2008 |year=2008 |title=''Red Oleanders'' (''Raktakarabi'') by Rabindranath Tagore—A New Translation and Adaptation: Two Reviews |periodical=Parabaas |url=https://www.parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/brRedOleanders.html |access-date=28 September 2011 |archive-date=15 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215211147/http://parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/brRedOleanders.html |url-status=live}}
* {{Citation |last=Radice |first=W. |author-link=William Radice |publication-date=7 May 2003 |year=2003 |title=Tagore's Poetic Greatness |periodical=Parabaas |url=http://www.parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/pRadice.html |access-date=30 August 2011 |archive-date=9 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091109110535/http://www.parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/pRadice.html |url-status=live}}
* {{Citation |last=Sen |first=A. |author-link=Amartya Sen |publication-date=1997 |year=1997 |title=Tagore and His India |periodical=[[The New York Review of Books]] |url=http://www.countercurrents.org/culture-sen281003.htm |access-date=30 August 2011 |archive-date=10 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810064811/http://www.countercurrents.org/culture-sen281003.htm |url-status=live}}
* {{Citation |last=Sil |first=N. P. |publication-date=15 February 2005 |year=2005 |title=''Devotio Humana'': Rabindranath's Love Poems Revisited |periodical=Parabaas |url=http://www.parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/pNarasingha.html |access-date=13 August 2009 |archive-date=28 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728012628/http://www.parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/pNarasingha.html |url-status=live}}
{{Refend}}

'''Books'''
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |title=[[An Artist in Life]] |author-link1=Niharranjan Ray |last1=Ray |first1=Niharranjan |year=1967 |publisher=[[University of Kerala]]}}
* {{Citation |last=Ayyub |first=A. S. |publication-date=1980 |year=1980 |title=Tagore's Quest |publisher=Papyrus}}
* {{Citation |last1=Chakraborty |first1=S. K. |last2=Bhattacharya |first2=P. |publication-date=16 August 2001 |year=2001 |title=Leadership and Power: Ethical Explorations |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-565591-9}}
* {{Citation |last=Dasgupta |first=T. |publication-date=1 October 1993 |year=1993 |title=Social Thought of Rabindranath Tagore: A Historical Analysis |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-302-1}}
* {{Citation |last=Datta |first=P. K. |publication-date=1 December 2002 |year=2002 |title=Rabindranath Tagore's ''The Home and the World'': A Critical Companion |edition=1st |publisher=Permanent Black |isbn=978-81-7824-046-6}}
* {{Citation |last1=Dutta |first1=K. |last2=Robinson |first2=A. |author2-link=W. Andrew Robinson |publication-date=December 1995 |year=1995 |title=Rabindranath Tagore: The Myriad-Minded Man |publisher=Saint Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-312-14030-4}}
* {{Citation |last=Farrell |first=G. |publication-date=9 March 2000 |year=2000 |title=Indian Music and the West |edition=3 |series=Clarendon Paperbacks Series |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-816717-4}}
* {{Citation |last=Hogan |first=P. C. |title=Colonialism and Cultural Identity: Crises of Tradition in the Anglophone Literatures of India, Africa, and the Caribbean |publisher=State University of New York Press |publication-date=27 January 2000 |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7914-4460-3}}
* {{Citation |last1=Hogan |first1=P. C. |last2=Pandit |first2=L. |title=Rabindranath Tagore: Universality and Tradition |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press |publication-date=May 2003 |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8386-3980-1}}
* {{Citation |last=Kripalani |first=K. |publication-date=2005 |year=2005 |title=Dwarkanath Tagore: A Forgotten Pioneer—A Life |publisher=National Book Trust of India |isbn=978-81-237-3488-0 |ref={{Sfnref|Kripalani|2005a}}}}
* {{Citation |last=Kripalani |first=K. |publication-date=2005 |year=2005 |title=Tagore—A Life |publisher=National Book Trust of India |isbn=978-81-237-1959-7 |ref={{Sfnref|Kripalani|2005b}}}}
* {{Citation |last=Lago |first=M. |publication-date=April 1977 |year=1977 |title=Rabindranath Tagore |publisher=Twayne Publishers |location=Boston |isbn=978-0-8057-6242-6}}
* {{Citation |last1=Lifton |first1=B. J. |last2=Wiesel |first2=E. |author2-link=Elie Wiesel |publication-date=15 April 1997 |year=1997 |title=The King of Children: The Life and Death of Janusz Korczak |publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |isbn=978-0-312-15560-5}}
* {{Citation |last1=Prasad |first1=A. N. |last2=Sarkar |first2=B. |publication-date=2008 |year=2008 |title=Critical Response To Indian Poetry in English |publisher=Sarup and Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-825-8}}
* {{Citation |last=Ray |first=M. K. |publication-date=1 October 2007 |year=2007 |title=Studies on Rabindranath Tagore |volume=1 |publisher=Atlantic |isbn=978-81-269-0308-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hptK6GTo43QC |access-date=16 September 2011}}
* {{Citation |last=Roy |first=B. K. |publication-date=1977 |year=1977 |title=Rabindranath Tagore: The Man and His Poetry |publisher=Folcroft Library Editions |isbn=978-0-8414-7330-0}}
* {{Citation |last=Scott |first=J. |title=Bengali Flower: 50 Selected Poems from India and Bangladesh |publication-date=4 July 2009 |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4486-3931-1}}
* {{Citation |last=Sen |first=A. |author-link=Amartya Sen |publication-date=5 September 2006 |year=2006 |title=The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian History, Culture, and Identity |edition=1st |publisher=Picador |isbn=978-0-312-42602-6}}
* {{Citation |last=Sigi |first=R. |title=Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore—A Biography |publisher=Diamond Books |publication-date=1 October 2006 |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-89182-90-8}}
* {{Citation |last=Sinha |first=S. |title=The Dialectic of God: The Theosophical Views of Tagore and Gandhi |year=2015 |publisher=Partridge Publishing India |isbn=978-1-4828-4748-2}}
* {{Citation |last=Som |first=R. |author-link=Reba Som |publication-date=26 May 2010 |year=2010 |title=Rabindranath Tagore: The Singer and His Song |publisher=Viking |isbn=978-0-670-08248-3 |ol=23720201M}}
* {{Citation |last=Thompson |first=E. |publication-date=1926 |year=1926 |title=Rabindranath Tagore: Poet and Dramatist |publisher=Pierides Press |isbn=978-1-4067-8927-0}}
* {{Citation |last=Urban |first=H. B. |publication-date=22 November 2001 |year=2001 |title=Songs of Ecstasy: Tantric and Devotional Songs from Colonial Bengal |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-513901-3}}
{{Refend}}
'''Other'''
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Citation |publication-date=7 August 2009 |year=2009 |title=68th Death Anniversary of Rabindranath Tagore |periodical=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |location=Dhaka |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=100259 |access-date=29 September 2011 |ref={{Sfnref|The Daily Star|2009}} |archive-date=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907205316/http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=100259 |url-status=live}}
* {{Citation |publication-date=2005 |year=2005 |title=Recitation of Tagore's Poetry of Death |periodical=Hindustan Times |ref={{Sfnref|Indo-Asian News Service|2005}}}}
* {{Citation |publication-date=28 April 2011 |year=2011 |title=Archeologists Track Down Tagore's Ancestral Home in Khulna |work=The News Today |url=http://www.newstoday.com.bd/index.php?option=details&news_id=26140&date=2011-04-29 |access-date=9 September 2011 |ref={{Sfnref|The News Today|2011}} |archive-date=28 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328092526/http://www.newstoday.com.bd/index.php?option=details&news_id=26140&date=2011-04-29 |url-status=dead}}
* {{Citation |title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 1913 |publisher=The Nobel Foundation |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1913/ |access-date=14 August 2009 |ref={{Sfnref|The Nobel Foundation}} |archive-date=8 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808214602/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1913/ |url-status=live}}
* {{Citation |title=History of the Tagore Festival |publisher=Tagore Festival Committee |location=University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign |url=http://tagore.business.uiuc.edu/history.html |access-date=29 November 2009 |ref={{Sfnref|University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613225155/http://tagore.business.uiuc.edu/history.html |archive-date=13 June 2015 |url-status=dead}}
{{Refend}}

=== Texts ===
'''Original'''
{{reflist|group=original|liststyle=disc}}
'''Translated'''
{{reflist|group=text|liststyle=disc}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |editor1-last=Abu Zakaria |editor1-first=G. |publication-date=2011 |year=2011 |title=Rabindranath Tagore—Wanderer zwischen Welten |publisher=Klemm and Oelschläger |isbn=978-3-86281-018-5 |url=http://www.klemm-oelschlaeger.de/product_info.php?products_id=102 |access-date=15 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328162246/http://www.klemm-oelschlaeger.de/product_info.php?products_id=102 |archive-date=28 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Sabyasachi |title=Rabindranath Tagore: an interpretation |date=2011 |publisher=Viking, Penguin Books India |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-0-670-08455-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xYpkWGHGkwYC}}
* {{Cite book |editor1-last=Chaudhuri |editor1-first=A. |publication-date=9 November 2004 |year=2004 |title=The Vintage Book of Modern Indian Literature |edition=1st |publisher=Vintage |isbn=978-0-375-71300-2}}
* {{Cite book |editor1-last=Deutsch |editor1-first=A. |editor2-last=Robinson |editor2-first=A. |editor1-link=André Deutsch |editor2-link=W. Andrew Robinson |publication-date=August 1989 |year=1989 |title=The Art of Rabindranath Tagore |edition=1st |publisher=Monthly Review Press |isbn=978-0-233-98359-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Shamsud Doulah |first=A. B. M. |title=Rabindranath Tagore, the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913, and the British Raj: Some Untold Stories |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6-xCwAAQBAJ |year=2016 |publisher=Partridge Publishing Singapore |isbn=978-1-4828-6403-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Shamsud Doulah |first=A. B. M. |title=Rabindranath Tagore, the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913, and the British Raj: Some Untold Stories |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6-xCwAAQBAJ |year=2016 |publisher=Partridge Publishing Singapore |isbn=978-1-4828-6403-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Satya |title=The Dialectic of God: The Theosophical Views of Tagore and Gandhi |date=2015 |publisher=Partridge Publishing India |isbn=978-1-4828-4748-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qTU_CQAAQBAJ}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links|d=Q7241|mw=no|species=no|voy=no|n=no|m=no|wikt=no|s=Author:Rabindranath Tagore|b=no}}
{{Library resources box|by=yes||onlinebooks=yes|viaf=24608356}}
* {{Britannica|580333}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* [https://schoolofwisdom.com/about/rabindranath-tagore-one-of-the-school-of-wisdoms-most-notable-teachers/ School of Wisdom]
* {{PM20|FID=pe/017375}}
'''Analyses'''
* [https://fortnightlyreview.co.uk/2013/04/rabindranath-tagore/ Ezra Pound: "Rabindranath Tagore"], ''[[The Fortnightly Review]]'', March 1913
* [https://library.missouri.edu/specialcollections/collections/show/36 ''Mary Lago Collection''], [[University of Missouri]]
'''Audiobooks'''
* {{Librivox author |id=568}}

'''Texts'''
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/rabindranath-tagore}}
* [https://bichitra.jdvu.ac.in/index.php Bichitra: Online Tagore Variorum]
* {{Gutenberg author | id=942| name=Rabindranath Tagore}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Rabindranath Tagore}}

'''Talks'''
* [http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/entity/rabindranath-tagore South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)]

{{Rabindranath Tagore}}
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Academy Awards

2026-03-24T01:41:05Z

RaushanYoganta: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|Annual awards for cinematic achievements}}
{{Redirect-multi|2|Oscars|The Oscar|other uses|Oscar}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Academy Awards
| previous_awards = 98th Academy Awards
| previous_date = {{start date|2026|3|15}}
| pending_awards =
| pending_date =
| next_awards = 99th Academy Awards
| next_date = {{start date|2027}}
| image = Oscars logo.svg
| image_size = 270
| image2 =
| alt =
| caption = The Oscars logo
| caption2 =
| awarded_for = Excellence in the [[film industry]]
| presenter = [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]
| country = United States
| firstawarded = {{Start date and age|1929|5|16}}
| network =
| website = {{URL|https://oscars.org}}
}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Most recent Academy Award winners
| election_date = [[98th Academy Awards|Best in films in 2025]]
| type = primary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 97th Academy Awards
| previous_year = 2024
| next_election = 99th Academy Awards
| next_year = 2026
| 1blank = Award
| 2blank = Winner
| image1 = Michael B Jordan - Sinners (cropped).jpg
| image1_size = 160x160px
| 1data1 = [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| 2data1 = [[Michael B. Jordan]] (''[[Sinners (2025 film)|Sinners]]'')
| image2 = Jessie Buckley at the Toronto International Film Festival 01.jpg (Cropped & Centered).jpg
| image2_size = 160x160px
| 1data2 = [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| 2data2 = [[Jessie Buckley]] (''[[Hamnet (film)|Hamnet]]'')
| image4 = Superpower (2023)-60523 (cropped).jpg
| image4_size = 160x160px
| 1data4 = [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| 2data4 = [[Sean Penn]] (''[[One Battle After Another]]'')
| image5 = Amy Madigan (40389212382).jpg
| image5_size = 160x160px
| 1data5 = [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| 2data5 = [[Amy Madigan]] (''[[Weapons (2025 film)|Weapons]]'')
| image7 = Paul Thomas Anderson in 2025.jpg
| image7_size = 160x160px
| 2data7 = [[Paul Thomas Anderson]] (''[[One Battle After Another]]'')
| 1data7 = [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]], [[Academy Award for Best Director|Director]], [[Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Adapted Screenplay]]
| 1data8 = [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]]
| 2data8 = [[Ryan Coogler]] (''[[Sinners (2025 film)|Sinners]]'')
| image8 = Ryan Coogler - Sinners 2025 (cropped).jpg
| image8_size = 160x160px
| title = Best Picture
| before_election = ''[[Anora]]''
| after_election = ''[[One Battle After Another]]''
}}

The '''Academy Awards''', commonly known as the '''Oscars''', are awards for artistic and technical merit in film.<ref name="history"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Balaga |first=Marta |date=March 6, 2024 |title=How a More International Oscars Could Change Future Awards Seasons |url=https://variety.com/2024/awards/awards/oscars-global-filmmakers-1235929184/ |access-date=March 6, 2024 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> They are presented annually by the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] (AMPAS) in the United States in recognition of excellence in cinematic achievements, as assessed by the Academy's voting membership.<ref>{{cite web |last=Feinberg |first=Scott |date=January 20, 2020 |title=Oscars: What the '1917' PGA Win and 'Parasite' SAG Win Mean for Best Picture |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/oscars-2020-what-1917-pga-win-parasite-sag-win-means-best-picture-1271371/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111050650/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/oscars-2020-what-1917-pga-win-parasite-sag-win-means-best-picture-1271371/ |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |access-date=February 5, 2023 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> The Oscars are widely considered to be the most prestigious awards in the [[History of cinema|film industry]], predominantly centered around films produced in [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]].<ref>Attributed to multiple references: {{blist|{{cite news |last=Mifflin |first=Lawrie |date=May 22, 1995 |title=More Awards Programs, More Winners, More Money |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/22/business/more-awards-programs-more-winners-more-money.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531221804/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/22/business/more-awards-programs-more-winners-more-money.html |archive-date=May 31, 2013 |access-date=March 14, 2024 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331 |quote=People love the Academy Awards — the celebrities, the music, the jokes and the suspense of the most prestigious awards program in show business.}}|{{cite web |date=February 26, 2017 |title=What are the Oscars and BAFTAs and what's the difference? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/25761294 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140120005827/https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/25761294 |archive-date=January 20, 2014 |access-date=April 5, 2022 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |quote=The Oscars are thought to be the most prestigious film awards in the world.}}|{{cite news |last=Whipp |first=Glenn |date=January 9, 2023 |title=Awards show power rankings, from worst to first |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/awards/story/2023-01-09/ranking-awards-shows-oscars-golden-globes |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109142354/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/awards/story/2023-01-09/ranking-awards-shows-oscars-golden-globes |archive-date=January 9, 2023 |access-date=March 14, 2024 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |issn=0458-3035 |quote=1. The Oscars}}|{{cite web |last=Vega |first=Nicolas |date=March 26, 2022 |title=The Oscar statuette is the most prestigious prize in Hollywood—here's why it's only worth $1 |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/26/why-oscar-statuettes-are-only-worth-1-dollar.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326131849/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/26/why-oscar-statuettes-are-only-worth-1-dollar.html |archive-date=March 26, 2022 |access-date=April 5, 2022 |publisher=[[CNBC]] |quote=Winning an Academy Award is often considered the most prestigious honor you can receive in Hollywood.}}|{{cite news |last=Rao |first=Sonia |date=April 16, 2021 |title=Why do the Oscars matter? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2021/04/16/oscars-academy-award-significance/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416115445/https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2021/04/16/oscars-academy-award-significance/ |archive-date=April 16, 2021 |access-date=May 12, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |issn=0190-8286 |quote=They are, after all, the most extravagant of award shows, considered important enough for an adjacent industry of publicists and marketing experts to devote months to campaigning, and entertaining enough for a broadcast television network to allocate hours of Sunday night airtime to the ceremony.}}|{{cite web |last=Torres |first=Libby |date=January 21, 2020 |title=The 18 best Oscar hosts of all time, ranked |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/best-oscars-hosts-all-time-2018-1 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201000806/https://www.businessinsider.com/best-oscars-hosts-all-time-2018-1 |archive-date=February 1, 2018 |access-date=March 14, 2024 |website=[[Business Insider]] |quote=The Academy Awards are Hollywood's biggest night, and celebrate achievements in cinema by A-list stars and directors.}}|{{cite web |last=Wilkinson |first=Alissa |date=March 2, 2022 |title=The Oscars can't quite decide if they're about America or the whole world |url=https://www.vox.com/22949629/oscars-international-hollywood-global-drive-car-worst-person-parasite |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302140959/https://www.vox.com/22949629/oscars-international-hollywood-global-drive-car-worst-person-parasite |archive-date=March 2, 2022 |access-date=March 14, 2024 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |quote=And are the Oscars, given out by Hollywood's most prestigious professional association, the biggest prize in the world — or just in America?}}|{{cite web |last=Kenyon |first=Sandy |date=February 6, 2020 |title=Oscars campaigning: How do studios lobby for Academy Awards? |url=https://abc7news.com/entertainment-sandy-kenyon-oscars-academy-awards/5905688/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407184349/https://abc7news.com/entertainment-sandy-kenyon-oscars-academy-awards/5905688/ |archive-date=April 7, 2020 |access-date=March 14, 2024 |publisher=[[KGO-TV|ABC 7]] |quote=The Oscar has always been the most prestigious award in all of show business, but now it's also the most valuable.}}|{{cite news |last=Davies |first=Hannah J. |date=March 28, 2022 |title=Stage frights: five of the most shocking moments in Oscars history |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/mar/28/stage-frights-five-of-the-most-shocking-moments-in-oscars-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328160417/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/mar/28/stage-frights-five-of-the-most-shocking-moments-in-oscars-history |archive-date=March 28, 2022 |access-date=March 14, 2024 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |issn=0261-3077 |quote=Will Smith isn't the only actor to cause consternation at the world's most coveted film awards.}}|{{cite web |last=Starkey |first=Adam |date=January 23, 2023 |title=Who has won the most Oscars? |url=https://www.nme.com/news/film/who-won-most-oscars-3382332 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124013232/https://www.nme.com/news/film/who-won-most-oscars-3382332 |archive-date=January 24, 2023 |access-date=March 14, 2024 |website=[[NME]] |quote=The Academy Awards, better known as the Oscars, is seen as the most prestigious award show in the film industry.}}|{{cite web |last=Shrader |first=Natalie |date=March 14, 2023 |title=14 UNCSA connections to 2023 Oscar-winning films |url=https://www.uncsa.edu/news/20230314-oscars-connections.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314203242/https://www.uncsa.edu/news/20230314-oscars-connections.aspx |archive-date=March 14, 2023 |access-date=March 14, 2024 |publisher=[[University of North Carolina School of the Arts]] |quote=The Academy Awards, better known as the Oscars, are regarded as the most prestigious and significant awards in the entertainment industry.}}}}</ref>

The major award categories, known as the ''Academy Awards of Merit'',<ref>{{cite web |title=96th Academy Awards of Merit |url=https://www.oscars.org/sites/oscars/files/96o_complete_rules.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502004252/https://www.oscars.org/sites/oscars/files/96o_complete_rules.pdf |archive-date=May 2, 2023 |access-date=April 4, 2024 |publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]}}</ref> are presented during a live televised [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]] ceremony in February or March. It is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony.<ref name="history"/> The [[1st Academy Awards]] were held in 1929.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Essex |first=Andrew |date=May 14, 1999 |title=The Birth of Oscar |url=https://ew.com/article/1999/05/14/birth-oscar/ |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406040824/https://www.ew.com/article/1999/05/14/birth-oscar |archive-date=April 6, 2015 |access-date=March 2, 2011}}</ref> The [[2nd Academy Awards|second ceremony]], in 1930, was the first to be broadcast by radio, and the [[25th Academy Awards|1953 ceremony]] was the first to be televised.<ref name="history"/> It is the oldest of the [[EGOT|four major annual American entertainment awards]]. Its counterparts — the [[Emmy Awards]] for [[Television in the United States|television]], the [[Tony Awards]] for [[Broadway theatre]], and the [[Grammy Awards]] for [[Music of the United States|music]] — are modeled after the Academy Awards.<ref>{{cite web |last=Monush |first=Barry |date=February 9, 2012 |title=The Lure of Oscar: A Look at the Mightiest of All Award Shows, the Academy Awards |url=https://www.paleycenter.org/p-the-mightiest-of-all-award-shows-the-academy-awards-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116212309/https://www.paleycenter.org/perspectives/hide-from-left-nav/p-the-mightiest-of-all-award-shows-the-academy-awards-2/ |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |access-date=October 29, 2019 |publisher=[[Paley Center for Media]]}}</ref>

The Oscar statuette depicts a knight, rendered in the [[Art Deco]] style.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Nichols |first=Chris |date=February 25, 2016 |title=Meet George Stanley, Sculptor of the Academy Award |magazine=[[Los Angeles (magazine)|Los Angeles Magazine]] |url=https://lamag.com/film/meet-george-stanley-sculptor-of-the-academy-award |url-status=live |access-date=November 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220104506/https://lamag.com/film/meet-george-stanley-sculptor-of-the-academy-award | archive-date=December 20, 2023}}</ref>

== History ==
The [[1st Academy Awards|first Academy Awards]] presentation was held on May 16, 1929, at a private dinner function at the [[Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel]], with an audience of about 270 people.<ref>{{cite web |date=May 16, 1929 |title=The 1st Academy Awards {{!}} 1929 |url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1929 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001234905/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1929 |archive-date=October 1, 2019 |access-date=October 29, 2019 |website=Oscars.org {{!}} Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences}}</ref>

The post-awards party was held at the [[Mayfair Hotel (Los Angeles)|Mayfair Hotel]].<ref name="history"/> The cost of guest tickets for that night's ceremony was {{USD|5|long=no}} ({{Inflation|US|5|1929|r=0|fmt=eq|cursign=$}}). Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors, and other participants in the film-making industry of the time, for their works during the 1927–28 period. The ceremony ran for 15{{spaces}}minutes.

For this first ceremony, winners were announced to the media three months earlier.<ref>{{cite web |title=First Academy Awards announced |url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/first-academy-awards-announced |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=HISTORY |date=November 13, 2009 |language=en}}</ref> For the second ceremony in 1930, and the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11:00{{spaces}}pm on the night of the awards.<ref name="history"/> In 1940, the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' announced the winners before the ceremony began. As a result, in 1941 the Academy started using a sealed envelope to reveal the names of the winners.<ref name="history"/>

The term "Oscar" is a registered trademark of the AMPAS.

=== Milestones ===
The first Best Actor awarded was [[Emil Jannings]], for his performances in ''[[The Last Command (1928 film)|The Last Command]]'' and ''[[The Way of All Flesh (1927 film)|The Way of All Flesh]]''. As he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, the Academy agreed to give him the prize early, making him the first Academy Award recipient. For the [[1st Academy Awards|first Awards]], winners were recognized for multiple films during the qualifying period; Jannings received the award for two films in which he starred, and [[Janet Gaynor]] won the first [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] award for performances in three films. Beginning with the second ceremony, performers received separate nominations for individual films; no performer has received multiple nominations in the same category since the [[3rd Academy Awards]].

For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period ran from August 1 to July 31. The [[6th Academy Awards]]' eligibility ran from August 1, 1932, to December 31, 1933, and as of the [[7th Academy Awards]], subsequent eligibility periods have matched the calendar year (with the exception of the [[93rd Academy Awards]], which, due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], extended the eligibility period to February 28, 2021).<ref name="history">{{cite web |title=History of the Academy Awards |url=http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/about/history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706040444/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/about/history.html |archive-date=July 6, 2010 |website=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences}}</ref>

Best Foreign Language Film, now known as [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Best International Feature Film]], was introduced at the [[20th Academy Awards]] as a special award, and became a competitive category at the [[29th Academy Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Academy Awards History |url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/academy-awards-history |website=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |access-date=January 26, 2025}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref>

The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first [[Academy Award for Best Animated Feature]],<ref>{{cite news |date=February 28, 2014 |title=Disney hoping to win first Oscar for Best Animated Feature |work=New York Post |url=https://nypost.com/2014/02/28/disney-hoping-to-win-first-oscar-for-best-animated-feature/ |url-status=live |access-date=January 26, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419053447/https://nypost.com/2014/02/28/disney-hoping-to-win-first-oscar-for-best-animated-feature/ |archive-date=April 19, 2018}}</ref> won by ''[[Shrek]]''.

Since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies, except for 2021, have ended with the [[Academy Award for Best Picture]]. Traditionally, the winners of the acting categories will present an award at the following year's ceremony. The previous year's winners for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor present the awards for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress, respectively, and [[vice versa]]. In 2009, this model was replaced by each acting award being introduced by five previous winners, each of whom introduces one of the nominated performances, referred to as the "Fab 5" presenters format.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Grein |first=Paul |date=2024-03-07 |title=Why the Oscars Are Bringing Back the 'Fab 5' Presenters Format from the 2009 Telecast |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/oscars-creative-team-press-conference-fab-5-presenters-format-1235625336/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref> The Fab 5 model returned in 2024 after a 15-year hiatus.

On February 9, 2020, ''[[Parasite (2019 film)|Parasite]]'' became the first foreign-language film to win Best Picture at the [[92nd Academy Awards]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Farhi |first=Paul |date=February 10, 2020 |title=''Parasite'' Makes Oscars History as the First Foreign-Language Film to Win Best Picture |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/parasite-makes-oscars-history-as-the-first-foreign-language-film-to-win-best-picture/2020/02/10/93b7e5f8-49fa-11ea-9164-d3154ad8a5cd_story.html |url-status=live |access-date=March 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116212321/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/parasite-makes-oscars-history-as-the-first-foreign-language-film-to-win-best-picture/2020/02/10/93b7e5f8-49fa-11ea-9164-d3154ad8a5cd_story.html |archive-date=November 16, 2020}}</ref>

The [[93rd Academy Awards]] ceremony, honoring the [[2020 in film|best films of 2020]] and [[2021 in film|early 2021]], was held on April 25, 2021, after it was postponed from its original February 28, 2021, schedule due to the [[impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema]]. As with the two previous ceremonies, there was no host. The ceremony was broadcast on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]. It took place at the [[Dolby Theatre]] in Los Angeles, California for the 19th consecutive year, with satellite locations at [[Los Angeles Union Station|Union Station]] also in Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite web |date=June 15, 2020 |title=The Academy and ABC Set April 25, 2021 as New Show Date for 93rd Oscars® |url=https://www.oscars.org/news/academy-and-abc-set-april-25-2021-new-show-date-93rd-oscarsr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203203950/https://www.oscars.org/news/academy-and-abc-set-april-25-2021-new-show-date-93rd-oscarsr |archive-date=February 3, 2021 |access-date=February 5, 2021 |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences}}</ref> Because of the virus impact on films and TV industries, Academy president David Rubin and CEO Dawn Hudson announced that for the [[93rd Academy Awards|2021 Oscar Ceremony]], [[List of streaming media services|streaming films]] with a previously planned theatrical release were eligible.<ref>{{cite news |last=Madani |first=Doha |date=April 28, 2020 |title=Streaming films will be considered for Oscars for the first time |work=[[NBC]] |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/pop-culture/movies/oscars-allow-eligibility-streaming-only-films-during-coronavirus-pandemic-n1194631 |url-status=live |access-date=April 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116212313/https://www.nbcnews.com/pop-culture/movies/oscars-allow-eligibility-streaming-only-films-during-coronavirus-pandemic-n1194631 |archive-date=November 16, 2020}}</ref> The theatrical requirement was reinstated starting with the [[95th Academy Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Pete |first=Hammond |title=Academy Issues New Regulations & Rules For 95th Oscars, Films Must Qualify Again Only In Theatres |url=https://deadline.com/2022/05/oscars-rules-movie-theatres-no-digital-1235027194/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=May 18, 2022}}</ref>

== Oscar statuette ==
{{redirect|Oscar trophy|the basketball trophy|Oscar Robertson Trophy}}

=== Overview ===
{{See also|#Categories}}
The Oscar statuette, officially the Academy Award of Merit,<ref name="statuette">{{cite web |date=July 25, 2014 |title=Oscar Statuette |url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/statuette |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301182257/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/statuette |archive-date=March 1, 2017 |access-date=February 27, 2017 |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences}}</ref> is given to winners of each year's awards. Made of gold-plated [[bronze]] on a black metal base, it is {{Convert|13.5|in|cm|1|abbr=on}} tall, weighs {{Convert|8.5|lb|kg|abbr=on}} and depicts a knight rendered in [[Art Deco]] style holding a sword standing on a reel of film with five spokes. The five spokes represent the original branches of the Academy: Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers, and Technicians.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oscar Statuette: Legacy |url=http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/about/awards/oscar.html/?pn=statuette |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211172055/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/about/awards/oscar.html/?pn=statuette |archive-date=December 11, 2013 |access-date=April 13, 2007 |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences}}</ref>

[[File:DSC 7227 Музей кино.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Plaster War-time Oscar plaque (1943), State Central Museum of Cinema, Moscow [[:ru:Государственный центральный музей кино|(ru)]]]]

Sculptor [[George Stanley (sculptor)|George Stanley]], who also did the Muse Fountain at the [[Hollywood Bowl]], sculpted [[Cedric Gibbons]]' design. The statuettes presented at the initial ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze. Within a few years, the bronze was abandoned in favor of [[Britannia metal]], a pewter-like alloy that is then plated in copper, nickel silver, and finally, 24-karat gold.<ref name="statuette"/> Due to a metal shortage during World War II, Oscars were made of painted plaster for three years. Following the war, the Academy invited recipients to redeem the plaster figures for gold-plated metal ones.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oscar Statuette: Manufacturing, Shipping and Repairs |url=http://www.oscars.com/legacy/?pn=statuette&page=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927134712/http://www.oscars.com/legacy/?pn=statuette&page=2 |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |access-date=April 13, 2007 |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences}}</ref>

[[File:Cedric Gibbons Best Art Direction April 1930.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Cedric Gibbons]] (pictured at the [[2nd Academy Awards]] on April 1930) was the original designer of the Oscar statuette.]]

The only addition to the Oscar since it was created is a minor streamlining of the base. The original Oscar mold was cast in 1928 at the [[C.W. Shumway & Sons]] Foundry in [[Batavia, Illinois|Batavia]], Illinois, which also contributed to casting the molds for the [[Vince Lombardi Trophy]] and [[Emmy Awards|Emmy Award]] statuettes. From 1972 to 1986, the Oscar statues were cast at the Dodge Trophy Company in [[Crystal Lake, Illinois]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/04/02/archives/oscar-night-also-big-one-for-a-factory-in-illinois-make-70-oscars.html/ |title=Oscar NiArchivedght Also Big One For a Factory in Illinois |work=New York Times |access-date=2024-12-19 |date=April 2, 1974 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219225443/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/04/02/archives/oscar-night-also-big-one-for-a-factory-in-illinois-make-70-oscars.html/ |archive-date=2024-12-19}}</ref> From 1987 to 2015,<ref>{{cite news |date=February 20, 2009 |title=Eladio Gonzalez sands and buffs Oscar #3453 |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |url=https://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2009/02/at_work.html#photo14 |url-status=live |access-date=February 21, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223085458/http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2009/02/at_work.html |archive-date=February 23, 2009}}</ref> approximately 50 Oscars in a tin alloy with gold plating were made each year in Chicago by Illinois manufacturer [[R.S. Owens & Company]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Babwin|first=Don|url=http://www.foxnews.com/printer_friendly_wires/2009Jan26/0,4675,OscarGoldplatedJourney,00.html|title=Oscar 3453 is 'born' in Chicago factory|date=January 27, 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310092910/http://www.foxnews.com/printer_friendly_wires/2009Jan26/0%2C4675%2COscarGoldplatedJourney%2C00.html|archive-date=March 10, 2014|agency=Associated Press}} ({{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2245&dat=20090127&id=n_UlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ff0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=6931,2001573 |title=Lodi News-Sentinel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912115310/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2245&dat=20090127&id=n_UlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ff0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=6931,2001573|archive-date=September 12, 2015 |url-status=live |via=Google News}})</ref> It would take between three and four weeks to manufacture 50 statuettes.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Alvarez |first=Alex |date=February 22, 2013 |title=Meet the Mexican Model Behind the Oscar Statue |url=https://abcnews.go.com/ABC_Univision/Entertainment/meet-emilio-fernandez-face-oscars/story?id=18550020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303023939/http://abcnews.go.com/ABC_Univision/Entertainment/meet-emilio-fernandez-face-oscars/story?id=18550020 |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |access-date=February 27, 2016 |website=ABC News}}</ref>

In 2016, the Academy returned to bronze as the core metal of the statuettes, handing manufacturing duties to [[Walden, New York|Walden]], New York-based Polich Tallix Fine Art Foundry, now owned and operated by [[Urban Art Projects|UAP Urban Art Projects]].<ref name="Oscarstatuettes2016">{{cite web |last=Kojen |first=Natalie |date=February 16, 2016 |title=The Academy and Polich Tallix Fine Art Foundry Revive the Art of Oscar Statuettes |url=http://www.oscars.org/news/academy-and-polich-tallix-fine-art-foundry-revive-art-oscarr-statuettes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218215850/http://www.oscars.org/news/academy-and-polich-tallix-fine-art-foundry-revive-art-oscarr-statuettes |archive-date=February 18, 2016 |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Loviza |first=Amanda |title=Foundry seeks tax breaks in move to Walden |url=https://www.recordonline.com/news/20170127/foundry-seeks-tax-breaks-in-move-to-walden |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105201457/https://www.recordonline.com/news/20170127/foundry-seeks-tax-breaks-in-move-to-walden |archive-date=January 5, 2019 |access-date=January 5, 2019 |website=recordonline.com}}</ref> While based on a digital scan of an original 1929 Oscar, the statuettes retain their modern-era dimensions and black pedestal. Cast in liquid bronze from [[3D printing|3D-printed]] ceramic molds and polished, they are then electroplated in 24-karat gold by [[Brooklyn]], New York-based Epner Technology. The time required to produce 50 such statuettes is roughly three months.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kilday |first=Gregg |date=February 16, 2016 |title=Oscar Statuette Gets a Face-Lift – This year's statuettes will be produced by Polich Tallix Fine Art Foundry and will be hand-cast in bronze before receiving their 24-karat gold finish. |url=https://hollywoodreporter.com/news/oscar-statuette-gets-a-face-866321 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505081009/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oscar-statuette-gets-a-face-866321 |archive-date=May 5, 2016 |access-date=February 18, 2016 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> R.S. Owens is expected to continue producing other awards for the Academy, and service existing Oscars that need replating.<ref>{{cite web |last=Di Nunzio |first=Miriam |date=February 16, 2016 |title=Oscar statuettes, longtime creation of Chicago-based company, will now be made in New York |url=http://chicago.suntimes.com/entertainment/oscar-statuettes-longtime-creations-of-chicago-based-company-will-now-be-made-in-new-york/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308120546/http://chicago.suntimes.com/entertainment/oscar-statuettes-longtime-creations-of-chicago-based-company-will-now-be-made-in-new-york/ |archive-date=March 8, 2016 |website=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]}}</ref>

=== Naming ===
The origin of the nickname of the trophy has been disputed, as multiple people have taken credit for naming the trophy "Oscar".

[[Margaret Herrick]], librarian and president of the Academy, may have said she named it after her supposed uncle Oscar in 1931.{{Efn|Sources conflict on whether she actually said this. ''[[Deadline Hollywood]]'' puts doubt on it, saying {{"'}}He reminds me of my Uncle Oscar,' she was reported to have said, while in the hearing of a 'nearby newspaper columnist' who picked up the anecdote and ran with it the next day". ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' and ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' state with certainty that she made a claim to the Oscar nickname.}} The only corroboration was a 1938 clipping from the ''[[Los Angeles Examiner]]'', in which Herrick told a story of her and her husband joking with each other using the phrase, "How's your uncle Oscar".<ref name=":2"/>

[[Bette Davis]], in her 1962 autobiography, claimed she named it in 1936 after her first husband, Harmon Oscar Nelson, of whom the statue's rear end reminded her.<ref name=":2"/><ref>{{cite web |date=February 18, 2015 |title=Oscars: Who Came Up With the Name "Oscar" and More About the Statuette's History (Video) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oscars-who-came-up-name-774775 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029231953/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oscars-who-came-up-name-774775 |archive-date=October 29, 2019 |access-date=October 29, 2019 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> But the term had been in use at least two years before. In a 1974 biography written by Whitney Stine with commentary from Davis, Davis wrote, "I relinquish once and for all any claim that I was the one—so, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, the honor is all yours."<ref name=":2"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Stine |first1=Whitney |title=Mother Goddam: The Story of the Career of Bette Davis |last2=Davis |first2=Bette |publisher=[[Hawthorn Books]] |year=1974 |isbn=0-8015-5184-6 |location=New York |page=74 |lccn=73-10265 |oclc=1150862598}}</ref>

Columnist [[Sidney Skolsky]] wrote in his 1970 memoir that he came up with the term in 1934 under pressure for a deadline, mocking [[Vaudeville]] comedians who asked "Will you have a cigar, Oscar?" The Academy credits Skolsky with "the first confirmed newspaper reference" to ''Oscar'' in his column on March 16, 1934, which was written about that year's [[6th Academy Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |date=August 27, 2014 |title=The 6th Academy Awards Memorable Moments |url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1934/memorable-moments |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226111216/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1934/memorable-moments |archive-date=February 26, 2019 |access-date=February 25, 2019 |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences}}</ref> But in the newspaper clipping that Skolsky referred to, he wrote that "these statues are called 'Oscars{{'"}}, meaning that the name was already in use.<ref name=":2"/>

In 2021, Brazilian researcher [[Waldemar Dalenogare Neto]] contradicted Skolsky's claim to have used the term first, finding the probable first public mention of the name "Oscar" in journalist [[Relman Morin]]'s "Cinematters" column in the ''[[Los Angeles Evening Record]]'' on December 5, 1933. Since the awards did not take place that year, he said: "What's happened to the annual Academy banquet? As a rule, the banquet and the awarding of 'Oscar', the bronze statuette given for best performances, is all over long before this."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dalenogare |first=Waldemar |date=June 6, 2021 |title=Descoberta: primeira menção ao nome Oscar na imprensa |url=https://dalenogare.com/2021/06/descoberta-primeira-mencao-ao-nome-oscar-na-imprensa/ |access-date=February 20, 2024 |website=Movie Reviews by Dalenogare |language=en-US}}</ref>

Bruce Davis, a former executive director of the Academy, credited Eleanore Lilleberg, a secretary at the Academy when the award was first introduced, for the nickname. She had overseen the pre-ceremony handling of the awards. Davis credits Lilleberg because he found in an autobiography of Einar Lilleberg, Eleanore's brother, that Einar had referenced a Norwegian army veteran named Oscar whom the two knew in Chicago, whom Einar described as having always "stood straight and tall".<ref name=":2">{{cite web |last=Cieply |first=Michael |date=June 26, 2022 |title=So, Once And For All (We Hope), Bruce Davis Settles Why They Call It 'Oscar' |url=https://deadline.com/2022/06/once-for-all-bruce-davis-settles-why-they-call-it-oscar-1235052129/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626154131/https://deadline.com/2022/06/once-for-all-bruce-davis-settles-why-they-call-it-oscar-1235052129/ |archive-date=June 26, 2022 |access-date=June 26, 2022 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref><ref name=":3"/> He asserts credit "should almost certainly belong to" Lilleberg.<ref name=":3"/>

=== Engraving ===
To prevent information identifying the Oscar winners from leaking ahead of the ceremony, Oscar statuettes presented at the ceremony have blank baseplates. Until 2010, winners returned their statuettes to the Academy and had to wait several weeks to have their names inscribed on their respective Oscars. Since 2010, winners have had the option of having engraved nameplates applied to their statuettes at an inscription-processing station at the Governor's Ball, a party held immediately after the Oscar ceremony. The R.S. Owens company has engraved nameplates made before the ceremony, bearing the name of every potential winner. The nameplates for the non-winning nominees are later recycled.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kilday |first=Greg |date=February 9, 2010 |title=Oscar statues to include engraved names |work=The Hollywood Reporter |url=https://hollywoodreporter.com/news/oscar-statues-include-engraved-names-20476 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412143119/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oscar-statues-include-engraved-names-20476 |archive-date=April 12, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Daly |first=Steve |date=February 28, 2014 |title=Governors Ball Secrets: Welcome to the 'Engraving Station,' Where Oscar Statuettes Get Personalized |work=Parade Magazine |url=http://parade.com/266251/stevedaly/governors-ball-secrets-welcome-to-the-engraving-station-where-oscar-statuettes-get-personalized/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227170517/http://parade.com/266251/stevedaly/governors-ball-secrets-welcome-to-the-engraving-station-where-oscar-statuettes-get-personalized/ |archive-date=February 27, 2015}}</ref>

=== Ownership of Oscar statuettes ===
Before 1950, Oscar statuettes were, and remain, the property of the recipient.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rose |first=Lacey |date=February 28, 2005 |title=Psst! Wanna Buy An Oscar? |work=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/2005/02/28/cx_lr_0228oscarsales.html |access-date=April 13, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111214351/http://www.forbes.com/2005/02/28/cx_lr_0228oscarsales.html |archive-date=November 11, 2013}}</ref> Since then the statuettes have been legally [[encumbrance|encumbered]] by the requirement that the statuette be first offered for sale back to the Academy for {{USD|1|long=no}}. If a winner refuses to agree to this stipulation, then the Academy keeps the statuette. Academy Awards predating this agreement have been sold in public auctions and private deals for six-figure sums.<ref name="money.com">{{cite web |title=How Much Is an Oscar Statue Worth? Here Are 3 Estimates |author-first1=Megan|author-last1=Leonhardt|url=http://money.com/money/5181378/how-much-oscar-statue-worth/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116212310/https://money.com/how-much-oscar-statue-worth/ |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |access-date=October 29, 2019 |website=Money}}</ref>

In 1989, [[Mike Todd|Michael Todd's]] grandson tried to sell Todd's Best Picture Oscar for his 1956 production of ''[[Around the World in 80 Days (1956 film)|Around the World in 80 Days]]'' to a movie prop collector. The Academy earned enforcement of its statuette contract by gaining a permanent injunction against the sale.

In 1992, [[Harold Russell]] consigned his 1946 Oscar for Best Supporting Actor for ''[[The Best Years of Our Lives]]'' to auction to raise money for his wife's medical expenses. Though his decision caused controversy, the first Oscar ever to be sold passed to a private collector on August 6, 1992, for {{USD|60,500|1992|long=no}}. Russell defended his action, saying, "I don't know why anybody would be critical. My wife's health is much more important than sentimental reasons. The movie will be here, even if Oscar isn't".<ref>{{cite news |last=Rothman |first=Heathcliff |date=February 12, 2006 |title=I'd Really Like to Thank My Pal at the Auction House |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/12/movies/redcarpet/id-really-like-to-thank-my-pal-at-the-auction-house.html |url-status=live |access-date=September 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921095530/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/12/movies/redcarpet/id-really-like-to-thank-my-pal-at-the-auction-house.html |archive-date=September 21, 2017 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

In December 2011, [[Orson Welles]]' 1941 Oscar for ''[[Citizen Kane]]'' ([[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay]]) was put up for auction, after his heirs won a 2004 court decision contending that Welles did not sign any agreement to return the statue to the Academy.<ref>{{cite news |last=Duke |first=Alan |date=December 12, 2011 |title=Orson Welles' 'Citizen Kane' Oscar for sale |publisher=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/12/12/showbiz/orson-welles-oscar/index.html |access-date=December 12, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112025602/http://www.cnn.com/2011/12/12/showbiz/orson-welles-oscar/index.html |archive-date=November 12, 2013}}</ref> On December 20, 2011, it sold in an online auction for {{USD|861,542|2011|long=no}}.<ref name="Welles' Oscar sold">{{cite news |last=Duke |first=Alan |date=December 21, 2011 |title=Orson Welles' 'Citizen Kane' Oscar brings $861,000 |publisher=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/12/21/showbiz/orson-welles-oscar/index.html |access-date=April 7, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116121806/http://www.cnn.com/2011/12/21/showbiz/orson-welles-oscar/index.html |archive-date=January 16, 2014}}</ref>

Some buyers have subsequently returned the statuettes to the Academy, which keeps them in its treasury.<ref name="money.com"/>

=== Other awards presented by the Academy ===
{{See also|#Special categories}}

In addition to the Academy Award of Merit (Oscar award), there are nine honorary (non-competitive) awards presented by the Academy from time to time (except for the Academy Honorary Award, the Technical Achievement Award, and the Student Academy Awards, which are presented annually):<ref>{{cite web |date=February 27, 2014 |title=7 Special Oscar Categories and Awards |url=http://mentalfloss.com/article/54512/7-special-oscar-categories-and-awards |first1=Rudie |last1=Obias |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116212308/https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/54512/7-special-oscar-categories-and-awards |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |access-date=October 29, 2019 |website=[[Mental Floss]]}}</ref>

* [[Governors Awards]]:
** The [[Academy Honorary Award]] (annual) (which may or may not be in the form of an Oscar statuette); 
** The [[Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award]] (since 1938) (in the form of a bust of Thalberg);
** The [[Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award]] (since 1957) (in the form of an Oscar statuette); 
* The [[Academy Scientific and Technical Award]]s:
** Academy Award of Merit (non-competitive) (in the form of an Oscar statuette);
** [[Academy Scientific and Technical Award|Scientific and Engineering Award]] (in the form of a bronze tablet);
** [[Academy Award for Technical Achievement|Technical Achievement Award]] (annual) (in the form of a certificate);
** The [[John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation]] (since 1978) (in the form of a medal);
** The [[Gordon E. Sawyer Award]] (since 1982); and
* The Academy [[Student Academy Awards]] (annual).

The Academy also awards [[Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting]].

== Nomination ==
From 2004 to 2020, the Academy Award nomination results were announced to the public in mid-January. Prior to that, the results were announced in early February. In 2021, the nominees were announced in March. In 2022, the nominees were announced in early February for the first time since 2003.

=== Voters ===
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), a professional honorary organization, is composed of 9,905 voting members {{as of|lc=y|2024}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=How Many Women Are Actually Voting for the Oscar Winners? |url=https://www.refinery29.com/2018/02/190829/academy-members-women-oscar-voters |website=Refinery29 |first1=Anne |last1=Cohen |date=February 15, 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=April 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417232906/https://www.refinery29.com/2018/02/190829/academy-members-women-oscar-voters |archive-date=April 17, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Pond">{{cite news|url=https://www.thewrap.com/how-many-votes-to-get-an-oscar-nomination-2025/|title=How Many Votes Will It Take to Get an Oscar Nomination in 2025?|last=Pond|first=Steve|date=December 12, 2024|access-date=December 17, 2024|work=[[TheWrap]]}}</ref>

Academy membership is divided into different branches, with each representing a different discipline in film production. {{As of|2024}}, actors constitute the largest bloc, numbering 1,258 (12.7% of the voting body).<ref name="Pond"/> Votes have been certified by the auditing firm [[PwC|PricewaterhouseCoopers]], and its predecessor [[Price Waterhouse]], since the [[7th Academy Awards]] in 1935.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hutchinson |first=Sean |date=January 24, 2017 |title=How Are Oscar Nominees Chosen? |work=Mental Floss |url=http://mentalfloss.com/article/54560/how-are-oscar-nominees-chosen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722072631/http://mentalfloss.com/article/54560/how-are-oscar-nominees-chosen |archive-date=July 22, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Finlay |first=Jackie |date=March 3, 2006 |title=The men who are counting on Oscar |work=BBC News |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4769730.stm |url-status=live |access-date=April 13, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070319204536/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4769730.stm |archive-date=March 19, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Meet the only two people in the world who already know all the Oscar winners {{!}} Market Watch |url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/meet-the-two-people-who-already-know-the-oscar-winners-2017-02-24?mod=mw_share_twitter |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227150240/http://www.marketwatch.com/story/meet-the-two-people-who-already-know-the-oscar-winners-2017-02-24?mod=mw_share_twitter |archive-date=February 27, 2017}}</ref> In May 2011, the Academy sent a letter advising its then-6,000 or so voting members that an online system for Oscar voting would be implemented in 2013, replacing mailed paper ballots.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cieply |first=Michael |date=May 23, 2011 |title=Electronic Voting Comes to The Oscars (Finally) |work=The New York Times |url=http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/05/23/electronic-voting-comes-to-the-oscars-finally |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105075132/http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/05/23/electronic-voting-comes-to-the-oscars-finally/ |archive-date=January 5, 2014}}</ref>

All AMPAS members must be invited to join by the Board of Governors, on behalf of Academy Branch Executive Committees. Membership eligibility may be achieved by a competitive nomination, or an existing member may submit a name, based on other significant contributions to the field of motion pictures.

New membership proposals are considered annually. The Academy does not publicly disclose its membership, although as recently as 2007 press releases have announced the names of those who have been invited to join.<ref>{{cite web |title=Academy Invites 115 to Become Members |url=http://www.oscars.org/press/pressreleases/2007/07.06.18.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827031611/http://www.oscars.org/press/pressreleases/2007/07.06.18.html |archive-date=August 27, 2007 |access-date=September 4, 2007 |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences}}</ref>

In 2012, the results of a study conducted by the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' were published describing the demographic breakdown of approximately 88% of AMPAS' voting membership. Of the 5,100+ active voters confirmed, 94% were [[Caucasian race|Caucasian]], 77% were male, and 54% were found to be over the age of 60. Thirty-three percent of voting members are former nominees (14%) and winners (19%).<ref>{{cite news |last=Horn |first=John |date=February 19, 2012 |title=Unmasking the Academy |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://latimes.com/entertainment/news/movies/academy/la-et-unmasking-oscar-academy-project-html,0,7473284.htmlstory |access-date=October 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307133844/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/movies/academy/la-et-unmasking-oscar-academy-project-html%2C0%2C7473284.htmlstory |archive-date=March 7, 2014}}</ref> In 2016, the Academy launched an initiative to expand its membership and increase diversity. In 2024, voting membership stood at 9,905.<ref name="Pond"/>

In 2025, a newly announced procedure required Academy members to view all nominated films within a category to be eligible to cast a vote in the final round of that category. The verification process will be done through the Academy's members-only streaming platform and submitting a form for films viewed at in-person events such as at festivals, screenings or private events.<ref>{{cite web |last=Davis |first=Clayton |title=Academy Sets New Oscars Rules for 2025: You Need to Watch All Nominated Films to Vote in a Category |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/awards/oscars-2026-key-dates-casting-rules-ai-1236374012/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=April 22, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421183722/https://variety.com/2025/film/awards/oscars-2026-key-dates-casting-rules-ai-1236374012/ |archive-date=April 21, 2025 |date=April 21, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Rules ===
According to Rules 2 and 3 of the official Academy Awards Rules, a film must open in the previous calendar year, from midnight at the start of January 1 to midnight at the end of December 31, in [[Los Angeles County, California]], and play for seven consecutive days, to qualify, except for the Best International Feature Film, Best Documentary Feature, and awards in short film categories. The film must be shown at least three times on each day of its qualifying run, with at least one of the daily showings starting between 6{{spaces}}pm and 10{{spaces}}pm local time.<ref name="92Rule2">{{cite web |title=Rule Two: Eligibility |url=https://www.oscars.org/sites/oscars/files/92aa_rules.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114205010/https://www.oscars.org/sites/oscars/files/92aa_rules.pdf |archive-date=January 14, 2020 |access-date=March 20, 2020 |website=92nd Academy Awards of Merit: Rules |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=FAQ |website=Oscars Submission |url=https://submissions.oscars.org/FAQ.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401230002/https://submissions.oscars.org/FAQ.aspx |archive-date=April 1, 2015 |access-date=March 16, 2015}}</ref>

For example, the 2009 [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]] winner, ''[[The Hurt Locker]]'', was originally first released in 2008, but did not qualify for the [[81st Academy Awards|2008 awards]], as it did not play its Oscar-qualifying run in Los Angeles until mid-2009, thus qualifying for the [[82nd Academy Awards|2009 awards]]. Foreign films must include English subtitles. Each country can submit only one film for consideration in the International Feature Film category per year.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Academy and its Oscar Awards – Reminder List of Eligible Releases |url=http://www.youbioit.com/en/article/shared-information/949/academy-and-its-oscar-awards |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111232741/http://www.youbioit.com/en/article/shared-information/949/academy-and-its-oscar-awards |archive-date=November 11, 2013}}</ref>

Rule 2 states that a film must be [[feature film|feature]]-length, defined as a minimum of 40{{spaces}}minutes, except for short-subject awards. It must exist either on a [[35 mm movie film|35 mm]] or [[70 mm film]] print, or in 24{{spaces}}frame/s or 48{{spaces}}frame/s [[progressive scan]] [[digital cinema]] format, with a minimum projector resolution of 2,048 by 1,080 pixels.<ref>{{cite web |title=Academy Award Rules |url=http://www.oscars.org/sites/default/files/87aa_rules.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021054540/http://www.oscars.org/sites/default/files/87aa_rules.pdf |archive-date=October 21, 2014 |access-date=March 17, 2015}}</ref> Since the [[90th Academy Awards]], presented in 2018, multi-part and limited series have been ineligible for the Best Documentary Feature award. This followed the win of ''[[O.J.: Made in America]]'', an eight-hour presentation that was screened in a limited release before being broadcast in five parts on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] and [[ESPN]], in that category in [[89th Academy Awards|2017]]. The Academy's announcement of the new rule made no direct mention of that film.<ref name=":3">{{cite magazine |last=McNary |first=Dave |date=April 7, 2017 |title=Oscars: New Rules Bar Multi-Part Documentaries Like 'O.J.: Made in America' |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/oscars-new-rules-documentary-oj-made-in-america-barred-1202026406/ |url-status=live |magazine=Variety |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415012418/http://variety.com/2017/film/news/oscars-new-rules-documentary-oj-made-in-america-barred-1202026406/ |archive-date=April 15, 2017 |access-date=May 30, 2017}}</ref>

The Best International Feature Film award does not require a U.S. release. It requires the film to be submitted as its country's official selection.

The Best Documentary Feature award requires either week-long releases in ''both'' Los Angeles County ''and'' any of the [[Boroughs of New York City|five boroughs]] of New York City during the previous calendar year,{{efn|Starting with the [[89th Academy Awards|2017 awards]], a qualifying release for the Documentary Feature award can take place anywhere in the [[Boroughs of New York City|five boroughs]] of New York City. Previously, a New York City qualifying run could only take place in [[Manhattan]]. Since then, [[Brooklyn]] has also become a popular location.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Awards Rules Approved for 89th Oscars® |date=June 30, 2016 |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |url=https://www.oscars.org/news/awards-rules-approved-89th-oscarsr |access-date=April 7, 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116212337/https://www.oscars.org/news/awards-rules-approved-89th-oscarsr |archive-date=November 16, 2020}}</ref>}} or a qualifying award at a competitive film festival from the Documentary Feature Qualifying Festival list, regardless of any public exhibition or distribution, or submission in the International Feature Film category as its country's official selection. The qualifying theatrical runs must meet the same requirements as those for non-documentary films regarding numbers and times of screenings. A film must have been reviewed by a critic from ''[[The New York Times]]'', ''[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out New York]]'', the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', or ''[[LA Weekly]]''.<ref name="92Rule11">{{cite web |title=Rule Eleven: Special Rules for the Documentary Awards |url=https://www.oscars.org/sites/oscars/files/92aa_rules.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114205010/https://www.oscars.org/sites/oscars/files/92aa_rules.pdf |archive-date=January 14, 2020 |access-date=March 20, 2020 |website=92nd Academy Awards of Merit: Rules |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences}}</ref>

Producers must submit an Official Screen Credits online form before the deadline. If it is not submitted by the defined deadline, the film will be ineligible for Academy Awards in any year. The form includes the production credits for all related categories.

Awards in short film categories (Best Documentary Short Subject, Best Animated Short Film, and Best Live Action Short Film) have different eligibility rules from most other competitive awards. First, the qualifying period for release does not coincide with a calendar year, instead covering one year starting on October 1, and ending on September 30 of the calendar year before the ceremony. Second, there are multiple methods of qualification. The main method is a week-long theatrical release in ''either'' New York City ''or'' Los Angeles County during the eligibility period. Films can also qualify by winning specified awards at one of several competitive film festivals designated by the Academy, also without regard to prior public distribution.<ref name="92Rule11"/><ref name="92Rule19"/>

A film that is selected as a gold, silver, or bronze medal winner in an appropriate category of the immediately previous Student Academy Awards is also eligible (Documentary category for that award, and Animation, Narrative, Alternative, or International for the other awards). The requirements for the qualifying theatrical run are also different from those for other awards. Only one screening per day is required. For the Documentary award, the screening must start between noon and 10{{spaces}}pm local time. For other awards, no specific start time is required, but the film must appear in regular theater listings with dates and screening times.<ref name="92Rule11"/><ref name="92Rule19">{{cite web |title=Rule Nineteen: Special Rules for the Short Film Awards |url=https://www.oscars.org/sites/oscars/files/92aa_rules.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114205010/https://www.oscars.org/sites/oscars/files/92aa_rules.pdf |archive-date=January 14, 2020 |access-date=April 7, 2020 |website=92nd Academy Awards of Merit: Rules |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences}}</ref>

In late December, ballots and lists of eligible films are sent to the membership. For most categories, members from each of the branches vote to determine the nominees only in their respective categories, i.e. only directors vote for directors, writers for writers, actors for actors, etc. In the special case of Best Picture, all voting members are eligible to select the nominees. A number of branches are only eligible to vote in Best Picture during nomination voting; this includes a producers' branch, as Best Picture is awarded to a film's producer(s), and other branches which have no corresponding award.<ref name="Pond"/> In all major categories, a variant of the [[single transferable vote]] is used, with each member casting a ballot with up to five nominees (ten for Best Picture) ranked preferentially.<ref name="TheEnvelope">{{cite news |last=Pond |first=Steve |date=January 7, 2006 |title=Eight things every voter (and fan) should know about Oscar's decidedly unique nomination process. |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=http://theenvelope.latimes.com/awards/oscars/env-oscarvote7jan07,0,6919642,print.story?coll=env-home-headlines |access-date=January 27, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061017160343/http://theenvelope.latimes.com/awards/oscars/env-oscarvote7jan07%2C0%2C6919642%2Cprint.story?coll=env-home-headlines |archive-date=October 17, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Young |first=John |date=January 27, 2011 |title=Oscars: The wacky way the Academy counts votes, and the results of our 'If You Were an Oscar Voter' poll |url=https://ew.com/article/2011/01/27/oscar-voter-ballot-reader-poll-results |url-status=live |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506042043/http://www.ew.com/article/2011/01/27/oscar-voter-ballot-reader-poll-results |archive-date=May 6, 2016 |access-date=February 29, 2016}}</ref><ref name="vox"/> In certain categories, including International Feature Film, Documentary and Animated Feature, nominees are selected by special screening committees made up of members from all branches.

In most categories, the winner is selected from among the nominees by [[plurality voting]] of all members.<ref name="TheEnvelope"/><ref name="vox"/> Since 2009, the Best Picture winner has been chosen by [[instant-runoff voting]].<ref name="vox">{{cite press release |title=Preferential Voting Extended to Best Picture on Final Ballot for 2009 Oscars |date=August 31, 2009 |url=http://www.oscars.org/press/pressreleases/2009/20090831a.html |access-date=February 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010053612/http://www.oscars.org/press/pressreleases/2009/20090831a.html |archive-date=October 10, 2009 |work=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=VanDerWerff |first=Emily |date=February 22, 2015 |title=The Oscars' messed-up voting process, explained |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/2/22/8084239/oscars-2015-ballot |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225211043/http://www.vox.com/2015/2/22/8084239/oscars-2015-ballot |archive-date=February 25, 2016 |access-date=October 6, 2019 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]}}</ref> Since 2013, re-weighted [[range voting]] has been used to select the nominees for the [[Academy Award for Best Visual Effects|Best Visual Effects]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2016 |title=89TH ANNUAL ACADEMY AWARDS OF MERIT |url=https://www.oscars.org/sites/oscars/files/89aa_rules.pdf#page=32 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202000636/http://www.oscars.org/sites/oscars/files/89aa_rules.pdf |archive-date=February 2, 2017 |at=RULE TWENTY-TWO SPECIAL RULES FOR THE VISUAL EFFECTS AWARD |quote=Five productions shall be selected using reweighted range voting to become the nominations for final voting for the Visual Effects award.}}</ref>

Film companies will spend as much as several million dollars on [[For Your Consideration (advertising)|marketing to awards voters]] for a film in the running for Best Picture, in attempts to improve chances of receiving Oscars and other film awards conferred in [[Oscar season]]. The Academy enforces rules to limit overt campaigning by its members to try to eliminate excesses and prevent the process from becoming undignified. It has an awards czar on staff who advises members on allowed practices and levies penalties on offenders.<ref>{{cite book |last=Marich |first=Robert |title=Marketing to Moviegoers: A Handbook of Strategies and Tactics |publisher=[[Southern Illinois University Press]] |year=2013 |edition=3rd |pages=235–48}}</ref> For example, a producer of the 2009 Best Picture nominee ''[[The Hurt Locker]]'' was disqualified as a producer in the category when he contacted associates urging them to vote for his film and not another that was seen as the front-runner. ''The Hurt Locker'' eventually won.

=== Academy Screening Room ===
The Academy Screening Room or Academy Digital Screening Room is a secure [[List of streaming media services|streaming platform]] which allows voting members of the Academy to view all eligible films in one place. It was introduced in 2019, for the 2020 Oscars. DVD screeners and Academy in-person screenings were still provided. For films to be included on the platform, the North American distributor must pay {{USD|12,500|long=no}}, including a [[Digital watermarking|watermarking]] fee, and a digital copy of the film to be prepared for streaming by the Academy. The platform can be accessed via [[Apple TV (device)|Apple TV]] and [[Roku]] players.<ref>{{cite web |last=Thompson |first=Anne |date=October 31, 2019 |title=Academy Opens Online 'Screening Room' for Oscar Contenders |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2019/10/oscars-2020-academy-screening-room-feature-voting-1202186244/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125013951/https://www.indiewire.com/2019/10/oscars-2020-academy-screening-room-feature-voting-1202186244/ |archive-date=January 25, 2022 |access-date=January 25, 2022 |website=IndieWire}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Urban |first=Sasha |date=March 17, 2022 |title=How the Academy's Screening Room Helps Films Find a Global Audience Among Oscar Voters |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/global/academy-screening-room-oscar-voters-1235204906/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406044133/https://variety.com/2022/film/global/academy-screening-room-oscar-voters-1235204906/ |archive-date=April 6, 2022 |access-date=April 6, 2022 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> The watermarking process involved several video security firms, creating a forensic watermark and restricting the ability to take screenshots or screen recordings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences: How the Academy Awards Shared Films With Oscar® Voters With Complete Security |url=https://www.brightcove.com/en/customers/academy-motion-picture-arts-and-sciences/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125013952/https://www.brightcove.com/en/customers/academy-motion-picture-arts-and-sciences/ |archive-date=January 25, 2022 |access-date=January 25, 2022 |website=Brightcove}}</ref>

In 2021, for the 2022 Oscars, the Academy banned all physical screeners and in-person screenings, restricting official membership viewing to the Academy Screening Room. Films eligible in the Documentary and International categories were made available in different sections of the platform. Distributors can also pay an extra fee to add video featurettes to promote their films on the platform.<ref name="DeadlineScreeningRoom">{{cite web |last=Hammond |first=Pete |date=August 27, 2021 |title=Oscars: Academy Digital Screening Room Opens With Amazon And Netflix Contenders First To Vie For Voter Attention; DVDs Now Banned |url=https://deadline.com/2021/08/oscars-academy-digital-screening-room-opens-netflix-amazon-1234823367/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125013952/https://deadline.com/2021/08/oscars-academy-digital-screening-room-opens-netflix-amazon-1234823367/ |archive-date=January 25, 2022 |access-date=January 25, 2022 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> The in-person screenings were cancelled because of the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{cite web |last=Welk |first=Brian |date=August 27, 2021 |title=Oscars Academy Postpones All In-Person Events and Screenings Until 2022 |url=https://www.thewrap.com/oscars-academy-postpones-all-in-person-events-and-screenings-until-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125013953/https://www.thewrap.com/oscars-academy-postpones-all-in-person-events-and-screenings-until-2022/ |archive-date=January 25, 2022 |access-date=January 25, 2022}}</ref> Eligible films do not have to be added to the platform, but the Academy advertises them to voting members when they are.<ref name="DeadlineScreeningRoom"/>

== Awards ceremonies ==
{{See also|List of Academy Awards ceremonies}}

=== Telecast ===
[[File:31st Acad Awards.jpg|thumb|The [[31st Academy Awards]], [[Hollywood Pantages Theatre]], 1959]]
[[File:81st Academy Awards Ceremony.JPG|thumb|The [[81st Academy Awards]], [[Dolby Theatre]], 2009]]
[[File:Dolby Theatre Oscars Los Angeles USA Mar23 IMG 8321.jpg|thumb|The [[95th Academy Awards]], [[Dolby Theatre]], 2023]]

The major awards are presented at a live televised ceremony, commonly in late February or early March following the relevant calendar year, and six weeks after the announcement of the nominees. It is the culmination of the film awards season, which usually begins during November or December of the previous year. This is an elaborate extravaganza, with the invited guests walking up the red carpet in the creations of the most prominent fashion designers of the day. [[Black tie]] dress is the most common outfit for men. Fashion may dictate not wearing a [[bow tie]], and musical performers are sometimes not required to adhere to this. The artists who recorded the nominees for Best Original Song quite often perform those songs live at the awards ceremony, and the fact that they are performing is often used to promote the television broadcast.

The Academy Awards is the world's longest-running awards show televised live from the United States to all time zones in North America and worldwide, and gathers millions of viewers elsewhere throughout the world.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 19, 2016 |title=What was the longest Oscars telecast ever? |url=https://www.newsday.com/entertainment/movies/oscars-what-were-the-longest-ceremony-telecasts-in-academy-awards-history-1.11488884 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116212316/https://www.newsday.com/entertainment/movies/oscars-what-were-the-longest-ceremony-telecasts-in-academy-awards-history-1.11488884 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |access-date=October 29, 2019 |website=Newsday}}</ref> The Oscars were first televised [[25th Academy Awards|in 1953]] by [[NBC]], which continued to broadcast the event until [[32nd Academy Awards|1960]], when [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] took over, televising the festivities, including the first color broadcast of the event in [[38th Academy Awards|1966]], to [[42nd Academy Awards|1970]]. NBC regained the rights for five years {{nowrap|(1971–75),}} then ABC resumed broadcast duties in [[48th Academy Awards|1976]] and its current contract with the Academy runs through 2028,<ref>{{cite news |date=August 31, 2016 |title=ABC Signs Expansive New Agreement to Broadcast The Oscars, Hollywood's Biggest Entertainment Ceremony, Through 2028 |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |url=http://www.oscars.org/news/abc-signs-expansive-new-agreement-broadcast-oscarsr-hollywoods-biggest-entertainment-ceremony |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202130914/https://www.oscars.org/news/abc-signs-expansive-new-agreement-broadcast-oscarsr-hollywoods-biggest-entertainment-ceremony |archive-date=February 2, 2017}}</ref> after which the ceremony will be broadcast exclusively on [[YouTube]] starting with 2029’s ceremony.<ref> {{cite news |date=December 17, 2025 |title= Oscars Shock: YouTube Wins TV Rights To Host Academy Awards From 2029 |publisher=Deadline Hollywood |url= https://deadline.com/2025/12/oscars-move-youtube-tv-rights-1236651363/ |first= Peter |last= White}}</ref>

The Academy has produced condensed versions of the ceremony for broadcast in international markets, especially those outside of the Americas, in more desirable local timeslots. The ceremony was broadcast live internationally for the first time via satellite since 1970, but only two South American countries, Chile and Brazil, purchased the rights to air the broadcast. By that time, the television rights to the Academy Awards had been sold in 50 countries. In 1980, the rights were sold to 60 countries, and by [[56th Academy Awards|1984]], the television rights to the Academy Awards were licensed in 76 countries.

In [[76th Academy Awards|2004]], the ceremonies were moved up from late March/early April to late February, to help disrupt and shorten the intense [[For Your Consideration (advertising)|lobbying and ad campaigns]] associated with [[Oscar season]] in the [[film industry]]. Another reason was because of the growing television ratings success coinciding with the [[NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament|NCAA division I men's basketball tournament]], which would cut into the Academy Awards audience. In [[48th Academy Awards|1976]] and [[49th Academy Awards|1977]], ABC's regained Oscars were moved from Tuesday to Monday and went directly opposite the national championship game on NBC. The earlier date is also to the advantage of ABC, as it now usually occurs during the highly profitable and important February [[sweeps]] period.<ref name="Fang">{{cite web |last=Fang |first=Marina |date=June 11, 2019 |title=The Oscars Are Experimenting with a Series Of Date Changes |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/oscars-academy-awards-date-changes_n_5cffe0dee4b02c23d2d2860e |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116212338/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/oscars-academy-awards-date-changes_n_5cffe0dee4b02c23d2d2860e |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |access-date=October 29, 2019 |website=HuffPost}}</ref>

Some years, the ceremony is moved into the first Sunday of March to avoid a clash with the [[Winter Olympic Games|Winter Olympics]]. Another reason for the move to late February and early March is to avoid the awards ceremony occurring so close to the religious holidays of [[Passover]] and Easter, which for decades had been a grievance from members and the general public.<ref name="Fang"/> Advertising is somewhat restricted, as traditionally no film studios or competitors of official Academy Award sponsors may advertise during the telecast. As of 2020, the production of the Academy Awards telecast held the distinction of winning one the highest number of [[Emmy Awards|Emmys]] in history, with 54 wins and 280 nominations overall.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sheehan |first=Paul |date=September 5, 2020 |title=Oscars are one of Emmys' biggest winners |work=Gold Derby |url=https://www.goldderby.com/feature/oscars-emmy-wins-academy-awards-ceremonies-1203685818/ |access-date=November 21, 2023}}</ref>

After many years of being held on Mondays at 6:00{{spaces}}p.m. [[Pacific Time Zone|Pacific]]/9:00{{spaces}}p.m. [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern]], since the [[71st Academy Awards|1999 ceremony]], it was moved to Sundays at 5:30{{spaces}}p.m. PT/8:30{{spaces}}p.m. ET.<ref>{{cite news |last=Carter |first=Bill |date=April 8, 1998 |title=TV Notes; Moving Oscar Night |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/08/movies/tv-notes-moving-oscar-night.html |access-date=March 8, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304185231/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/08/movies/tv-notes-moving-oscar-night.html |archive-date=March 4, 2014}}</ref> The reasons given for the move were that more viewers would tune in on Sundays, that Los Angeles rush-hour traffic jams could be avoided, and an earlier start time would prevent the ceremony from going late into the night in the East.<ref>{{cite news |date=July 1, 1998 |title=Academy Awards will move to Sunday night |work=Reading Eagle |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1955&dat=19980701&id=-CsiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=eqYFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6637,43314 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713172446/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1955&dat=19980701&id=-CsiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=eqYFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6637,43314 |archive-date=July 13, 2015 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> For many years the film industry opposed a Sunday broadcast because it would cut into the weekend box office.<ref>{{cite news |date=March 19, 1999 |title=Never Say Never: Academy Awards move to Sunday |work=The Item |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1980&dat=19990319&id=sKEiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=laoFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1224,4570799 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713172447/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1980&dat=19990319&id=sKEiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=laoFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1224,4570799 |archive-date=July 13, 2015 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref>

In 2010, the Academy contemplated moving the ceremony even further back into January, citing television viewers' fatigue with the film industry's long awards season. However, such an accelerated schedule would dramatically decrease the voting period for its members, to the point where some voters would only have time to view the contending films streamed on their computers, as opposed to traditionally receiving the films and ballots in the mail. Additionally, a January ceremony on Sunday would clash with [[National Football League]] (NFL) playoff games.<ref>{{cite news |last=Horn |first=John |date=October 5, 2010 |title=Academy looks to move 2012 Oscar ceremony up several weeks |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-oct-05-la-et-oscars-20101005-story.html |access-date=February 28, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308124541/http://articles.latimes.com/2010/oct/05/entertainment/la-et-oscars-20101005 |archive-date=March 8, 2014}}</ref> In 2018, the Academy announced that the ceremony would be moved from late February to mid-February beginning with the 92nd Academy Awards in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 5, 2018 |title=Academy Determines New Oscars Category Merits Further Study |url=https://www.oscars.org/news/academy-determines-new-oscars-category-merits-further-study |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114100723/https://oscars.org/news/academy-determines-new-oscars-category-merits-further-study |archive-date=January 14, 2019 |access-date=January 15, 2019 |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |quote=The Board of Governors also voted to move up the date of the 92nd Oscars telecast to Sunday, February 9, 2020, from the previously announced February 23}}</ref> In 2024, the ceremony was moved to an even earlier start time of 4:00{{spaces}}p.m. PT/7:00{{spaces}}p.m. ET, in an effort to improve East Coast viewership by having it conclude within primetime hours.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hammond |first=Pete |date=2024-03-06 |title=Oscar Producers Talk Early Start Time, 20 Previous Winners Presenting Acting Prizes & That Massive ‘I’m Just Ken’ Number With 65 Male Dancers Backing Ryan Gosling: “We’re Going Big!” |url=https://deadline.com/2024/03/oscar-producers-talk-plans-96th-academy-awards-1235846390/ |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> The change also gave the ability for ABC to air a half-hour of primetime programming as a lead-out program at 7:30{{spaces}}p.m. PT/10:30{{spaces}}p.m. ET, after having sometimes done so in the late-night block following late local newscasts.<ref>{{cite web |last=Petski|first=Denise|last2=Andreeva|first2=Nellie|title=ABC Orders Alec Baldwin Talk Show; Sneak Peek To Air After Oscars|url=https://deadline.com/2018/02/abc-orders-alec-baldwin-talk-show-sneak-peek-after-oscars-1202304997/|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|accessdate=February 28, 2018|date=February 27, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Andreeva|first1=Nellie|last2=Petski|first2=Denise|title='Whiskey Cavalier': ABC Dramedy To Preview Following Oscars|url=https://deadline.com/2019/01/whiskey-cavalier-abc-dramedy-gets-early-preview-following-oscars-1202533173/|website=Deadline Hollywood|access-date=January 10, 2019|date=January 10, 2019|archive-date=January 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111015758/https://deadline.com/2019/01/whiskey-cavalier-abc-dramedy-gets-early-preview-following-oscars-1202533173/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hammond |first1=Pete |last2=Hipes |first2=Patrick |date=November 30, 2023 |title=Oscars 2024 Ceremony Moves Up Start Time by an Hour; ''Abbott Elementary'' to Follow Telecast on ABC |url=https://deadline.com/2023/11/oscars-2024-start-time-moved-abc-1235644551/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130181158/https://deadline.com/2023/11/oscars-2024-start-time-moved-abc-1235644551/ |archive-date=November 30, 2023 |access-date=November 30, 2023 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

Originally scheduled for April 8, 1968, the [[40th Academy Awards]] ceremony was postponed for two days, because of the [[Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.|assassination]] of [[Martin Luther King Jr.|Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.]] On March 30, 1981, the [[53rd Academy Awards]] was postponed for one day, after the [[Attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan|attempted assassination]] of President [[Ronald Reagan]] and others in Washington, D.C.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lindsey |first=Robert |date=March 31, 1981 |title=Academy Awards Postponed to Tonight |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/31/arts/academy-awards-postponed-to-tonight.html |url-status=live |access-date=October 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116212356/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/31/arts/academy-awards-postponed-to-tonight.html |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

In 1993, an ''In Memoriam'' segment was introduced,<ref name="fawcett">{{cite news |last=Child |first=Ben |date=March 10, 2010 |title=Farrah Fawcett:Oscars director apologises for 'In Memoriam' omission |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/mar/10/oscars-farrah-fawcett |url-status=live |access-date=March 8, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414020632/http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2010/mar/10/oscars-farrah-fawcett |archive-date=April 14, 2010}}</ref> honoring those who had made a significant contribution to cinema who had died in the preceding 12 months, a selection compiled by a small committee of Academy members.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Sandy |date=March 3, 2010 |title=Oscar's 'In Memoriam' segment is touching to watch, painful to make |work=USA Today |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/movieawards/oscars/2010-03-03-oscar-memorial-segment_N.htm |url-status=live |access-date=March 8, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306133003/http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/movieawards/oscars/2010-03-03-oscar-memorial-segment_N.htm |archive-date=March 6, 2010}}</ref> This segment has drawn criticism over the years for the omission of some names. Criticism was also levied for many years regarding another aspect, with the segment having a "[[popularity contest]]" feel as the audience varied their applause to those who had died by the subject's cultural impact. The applause has since been muted during the telecast, and the audience is discouraged from clapping during the segment and giving silent reflection instead. This segment was later followed by a commercial break.

In terms of broadcast length, the ceremony generally averages three and a half hours. The first Oscars, in 1929, lasted 15{{spaces}}minutes. At the other end of the spectrum, the 2002 ceremony lasted four hours and twenty-three minutes.<ref>Ehbar, Ned (February 28, 2014). "Did you know?" ''Metro''. New York City. p. 18.</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=March 25, 2002 |title=Halle Berry, Denzel Washington Win Big |publisher=[[Fox News]] |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/halle-berry-denzel-washington-win-big |url-status=live |access-date=March 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514053517/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0%2C2933%2C48650%2C00.html |archive-date=May 14, 2012}}</ref> In 2010, the organizers of the Academy Awards announced winners' [[Oscar speech|acceptance speeches]] must not run past 45{{spaces}}seconds. This, according to organizer Bill Mechanic, was to ensure the elimination of what he termed "the single most hated thing on the show"—overly long and embarrassing displays of emotion.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jones |first=Sam |date=February 16, 2010 |title=Cut ... all change at Oscars as winners are given just 45{{spaces}}seconds to say thanks |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/feb/16/oscar-winners-speeches-cut |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128143126/http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2010/feb/16/oscar-winners-speeches-cut |archive-date=January 28, 2011}}</ref> In 2016, in a further effort to streamline speeches, winners' dedications were displayed on an on-screen [[news ticker|ticker]].<ref name="usatoday-thankyouscroll">{{cite web |title=Can the 'thank-you scroll' save Oscar speeches? |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2016/02/25/thank-you-scroll-oscars-telecast/80840490/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228195632/http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2016/02/25/thank-you-scroll-oscars-telecast/80840490/ |archive-date=February 28, 2016 |access-date=February 29, 2016 |website=USA Today}}</ref>

During the 2018 ceremony, host [[Jimmy Kimmel]] acknowledged how long the ceremony had become, by announcing that he would give a brand-new [[jet ski]] to whoever gave the shortest speech of the night, a reward won by [[Mark Bridges (costume designer)|Mark Bridges]] when accepting his [[Academy Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]] award for ''[[Phantom Thread]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=This Costume Designer Won Jimmy Kimmel's Jet Ski at the Oscars |url=https://time.com/5185611/oscars-jet-ski/ |url-status=live |magazine=Time |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305125334/http://time.com/5185611/oscars-jet-ski/ |archive-date=March 5, 2018 |access-date=March 5, 2018}}</ref> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' analyzed the average minutes spent across the 2014–2018 telecasts as follows: 14 on song performances; 25 on the hosts' speeches; 38 on prerecorded clips; and 78 on the awards themselves, broken into 24 on the introduction and announcement, 24 on winners walking to the stage, and 30 on their acceptance speeches.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bellini |first=Jason |date=February 21, 2019 |title=The Oscars Are Famously Long – Where Does the Time Go? |url=https://www.wsj.com/video/the-oscars-are-famously-long-where-does-the-time-go/B4B0FC92-67CE-459E-B971-0E941877A642.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222014509/https://www.wsj.com/video/the-oscars-are-famously-long-where-does-the-time-go/B4B0FC92-67CE-459E-B971-0E941877A642.html |archive-date=February 22, 2019 |access-date=February 22, 2019 |website=The Wall Street Journal |format=Video}}</ref>

Although still dominant in ratings, the viewership of the Academy Awards has steadily dropped. The [[88th Academy Awards]] were the lowest-rated in the past eight years (although with increases in male and 18–49 viewership), while the show itself also faced mixed reception. Following the show, ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' reported that ABC was, in negotiating an extension to its contract to broadcast the Oscars, seeking to have more creative control over the broadcast itself. Currently and nominally, AMPAS is responsible for most aspects of the telecast, including the choice of production staff and hosting, although ABC is allowed to have some input on their decisions.<ref name="variety-struggleabc">{{cite web |date=March 2016 |title=ABC's Oscar Contract Renegotiations: Who'll Get Creative Control? |url=https://variety.com/2016/tv/news/abc-academy-oscars-deal-renegotiations-oscars-2016-1201718452/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302000335/http://variety.com/2016/tv/news/abc-academy-oscars-deal-renegotiations-oscars-2016-1201718452/ |archive-date=March 2, 2016 |access-date=March 2, 2016 |website=Variety}}</ref> In August 2016, AMPAS extended its contract with ABC to 2028: the contract neither contains any notable changes nor gives ABC any further creative control over the telecast.<ref name="variety-2028">{{cite web |date=September 2016 |title=Inside the Oscars Deal: What it Means for ABC and the Academy |url=https://variety.com/2016/tv/news/abc-oscars-deal-status-quo-1201849487/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901184910/http://variety.com/2016/tv/news/abc-oscars-deal-status-quo-1201849487/ |archive-date=September 1, 2016 |access-date=September 2, 2016 |website=Variety}}</ref>

On December 17, 2025, the Academy announced that [[YouTube]] had acquired the rights to the Academy Awards beginning with the 101st ceremony in 2029, replacing ABC under a contract that will last through 2033. YouTube will serve as the exclusive worldwide broadcaster of the ceremony, while the Oscars' YouTube channel will also feature other AMPAS-produced ancillary content and events (including ceremonies, interviews, and other digital content). The Academy will also partner with the [[Google Arts & Culture]] program to help digitize portions of the [[Academy Museum of Motion Pictures]] and the organization's collection.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=2025-12-06 |title=NBCUniversal Joins YouTube In Exploring Oscars TV Rights For 2029 & Beyond |url=https://deadline.com/2025/12/nbcuniversal-youtube-oscars-tv-rights-1236638176/ |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Feinberg |first=Scott |first2=Alex |last2=Weprin |date=2025-12-17 |title=Oscars Bolts from ABC to YouTube Starting in 2029 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/oscars-bolt-from-abc-to-youtube-starting-in-2029-1236453188/ |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== TV ratings ===
[[File:Academy Awards Viewership 1974-2023, in millions.png|thumb|Academy Awards viewership 1974–2023, in millions<ref name="tvbythenumbers"/>]]
Historically, the telecast's viewership is higher when box-office hits are favored to win the Best Picture award. More than 57.25{{spaces}}million viewers tuned to the telecast for the [[70th Academy Awards]] in 1998, the year of ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]'', which generated a box office haul during its initial 1997–98 run of {{USD|600.8 million|long=no}} in the US, a box-office record that would remain unsurpassed for years.<ref>{{cite news |last=James |first=Meg |date=February 23, 2008 |title=Academy's red carpet big stage for advertisers |work=The Seattle Times |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2004196530_oscarads23.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117115833/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2004196530_oscarads23.html |archive-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref> The [[76th Academy Awards]] ceremony, in which ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'' (pre-telecast box office earnings of {{USD|368 million|long=no}}) received 11 Awards, including Best Picture, drew 43.56{{spaces}}million viewers.<ref name="usatoday_oscar">{{cite news |last=Bowles |first=Scott |date=January 26, 2005 |title=Oscars lack blockbuster to lure TV viewers |work=USA Today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/movieawards/oscars/2005-01-26-oscar-telecast_x.htm |url-status=live |access-date=November 8, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060915033557/http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/movieawards/oscars/2005-01-26-oscar-telecast_x.htm |archive-date=September 15, 2006}}</ref> The most-watched ceremony based on [[Nielsen ratings]] to date, was the [[42nd Academy Awards]] (Best Picture ''[[Midnight Cowboy]]''), which drew a 43.4% household rating on April 7, 1970.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Oppelaar |first=Justin |date=October 9, 2002 |title=Charts and Data: Top 100 TV Shows of All Time by ''Variety'' |url=https://variety.com/index.asp?layout=chart_pass&charttype=chart_topshowsalltime |magazine=Variety |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118083655/http://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout=chart_pass&charttype=chart_topshowsalltime |archive-date=January 18, 2012 |access-date=February 26, 2014}}</ref> Hoping to reinvigorate the pre-show and ratings, the 2023 Oscars organizers hired members of the [[Met Gala]] creative team.<ref name="OscarsHiredMetGalaTeam">{{cite news |last=Brooks Barnes |date=March 13, 2023 |title=With Its Future at Stake, the Academy Tries to Fix the Oscars (Again) |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/09/business/media/academy-awards-broadcast.html |access-date=April 29, 2023 |quote=To reinvigorate the red carpet preshow, Oscars organizers hired members of the [[Met Gala]] creative team. |archive-date=September 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904073142/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/09/business/media/academy-awards-broadcast.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

By contrast, ceremonies honoring films that have not performed well at the box office tend to show weaker ratings, despite how much critical acclaim those films have received. The [[78th Academy Awards]], which awarded a low-budget independent film (''[[Crash (2004 film)|Crash]]'' with a pre-Oscar gross of {{USD|53.4 million|long=no}}) generated an audience of 38.64{{spaces}}million with a household rating of 22.91%.<ref>{{cite news |last=Levin |first=Gary |date=March 7, 2006 |title=Low Ratings ''Crash'' Party |work=USA Today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2006-03-07-nielsen-analysis_x.htm |url-status=live |access-date=April 14, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611173534/http://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2006-03-07-nielsen-analysis_x.htm |archive-date=June 11, 2010}}</ref> In 2008, the [[80th Academy Awards]] telecast was watched by 31.76{{spaces}}million viewers on average with an 18.66% household rating, the lowest-rated and least-watched ceremony at the time, in spite of celebrating 80 years of the Academy Awards.<ref>{{cite news |title=Oscar ratings worst ever |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=http://www.capecodonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080227/LIFE/802270307 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330005242/http://www.capecodonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20080227%2FLIFE%2F802270307 |archive-date=March 30, 2014|author-first1=Lisa|author-last1=De Moraes|date=27 February 2008}}</ref> The Best Picture winner of that particular ceremony was another independent film (this time, the [[Coen brothers]]'s ''[[No Country for Old Men]]'').

Whereas the [[92nd Academy Awards]] drew an average of 23.6{{spaces}}million viewers,<ref>{{cite news |last=Golum |first=Rob |date=February 10, 2020 |title=Oscars Draw Record Low Audience With 23.6 Million Viewers |work=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]] | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-10/oscars-draw-lowest-audience-on-record-with-23-6-million-viewers |url-status=live |access-date=March 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624030249/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-10/oscars-draw-lowest-audience-on-record-with-23-6-million-viewers |archive-date=June 24, 2020}}</ref> the [[93rd Academy Awards]] drew an even lower viewership of 10.4{{spaces}}million,<ref>{{cite news |last=Patten |first=Dominic |date=April 27, 2021 |title=Oscar Viewership Rises To 10.4M In Final Numbers; Remains Least Watched & Lowest Rated Academy Awards Ever – Update |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |url=https://deadline.com/2021/04/2021-0scars-tv-ratings-academy-awards-low-abc-disney-1234744135/ |url-status=live |access-date=April 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427000428/https://deadline.com/2021/04/2021-0scars-tv-ratings-academy-awards-low-abc-disney-1234744135/ |archive-date=April 27, 2021}}</ref> the lowest viewership recorded by Nielsen since it started recording audience totals in 1974.<ref>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Gerry |date=April 26, 2021 |title=Oscars Audience Collapses in Latest Setback for Awards Shows |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-26/oscars-audience-falls-by-over-half-in-latest-setback-for-awards |url-status=live |access-date=April 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429232051/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-26/oscars-audience-falls-by-over-half-in-latest-setback-for-awards |archive-date=April 29, 2021}}</ref> The [[94th Academy Awards|94th]] and [[95th Academy Awards|95th]] editions drew 16.6 and 18.7{{spaces}}million viewers, respectively, still below the audience of the 92nd edition.<ref name="CNN Ratings 2022"/><ref name="Yahoo Ratings 2023"/>

=== Archive ===
The [[Academy Film Archive]] holds copies of every Academy Awards ceremony since the 1949 Oscars, as well as material on many prior ceremonies, along with ancillary material related to more recent shows. Copies are held in a variety of film, video and digital formats.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 4, 2014 |title=Academy Awards Collection |url=https://www.oscars.org/film-archive/collections/academy-awards-collection |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116212319/https://www.oscars.org/film-archive/collections/academy-awards-collection |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |access-date=April 14, 2020 |website=Academy Film Archive}}</ref>

== Venues ==
In 1929, the first Academy Awards were presented at a banquet dinner at the [[Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel]]. From 1930 to 1943, the ceremony alternated between two venues: the [[Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles)|Ambassador Hotel]] on [[Wilshire Boulevard]] and the [[The Biltmore Los Angeles|Biltmore Hotel]] in downtown Los Angeles.

[[Grauman's Chinese Theatre]] in Hollywood then hosted the awards from 1944 to 1946, followed by the [[Shrine Auditorium and Expo Hall|Shrine Auditorium]] in Los Angeles from 1947 to 1948. The [[21st Academy Awards]] in 1949 were held at the Academy Award Theatre at what had been the Academy's headquarters on [[Melrose Avenue]] in Hollywood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oscars Award Venues |url=http://www.oscars.org/aboutacademyawards/venues.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061212063803/http://www.oscars.org/aboutacademyawards/venues.html |archive-date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=April 13, 2007 |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences}}</ref>

From 1950 to 1960, the awards were presented at Hollywood's [[Hollywood Pantages Theatre|Pantages Theatre]]. With the advent of television, the awards from 1953 to 1957 took place simultaneously in Hollywood and New York, first at the [[International Theatre|NBC International Theatre]] (1953) and then at the [[New Century Theatre|NBC Century Theatre]], after which the ceremony took place solely in Los Angeles. In 1961, the Oscars moved to the [[Santa Monica Civic Auditorium]] in [[Santa Monica, California|Santa Monica]], California. In 1969, the Academy moved the ceremonies back to Downtown Los Angeles, to the [[Dorothy Chandler Pavilion]] at the [[Los Angeles Music Center|Los Angeles County Music Center]]. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the ceremony returned to the Shrine Auditorium.

In 2002, Hollywood's [[Dolby Theatre]], previously known as the Kodak Theatre, became the presentation's current venue.<ref>{{cite news |title=Oscars' home renamed Dolby Theatre |publisher=[[CBS News]] |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505245_162-57425417/oscars-home-renamed-dolby-theatre/ |url-status=dead |access-date=May 1, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502081049/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505245_162-57425417/oscars-home-renamed-dolby-theatre/ |archive-date=May 2, 2012}}</ref>
{{clear}}

== Categories ==
=== Current categories ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of current Awards of Merit categories
! Year introduced
! Category
|-
| rowspan="7" | '''1927/28'''
| [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]]
|-
| [[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|-
| [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|-
| [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|-
| [[Academy Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|-
| [[Academy Award for Best Production Design|Best Production Design]]
|-
| [[Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Best Adapted Screenplay]]
|-
| '''1929/30'''
| [[Academy Award for Best Sound|Best Sound]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''1931/32'''
| [[Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film|Best Animated Short Film]]
|-
| [[Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film|Best Live Action Short Film]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''1934'''
| [[Academy Award for Best Film Editing|Best Film Editing]]
|-
| [[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]]
|-
| [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''1936'''
| [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|-
| [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
| '''1939'''
| [[Academy Award for Best Visual Effects|Best Visual Effects]]
|-
| '''1940'''
| [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]]
|-
| '''1941'''
| [[Academy Award for Best Documentary Short Film|Best Documentary Short Film]]
|-
| '''1943'''
| [[Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature Film|Best Documentary Feature Film]]
|-
| '''1947'''
| [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Best International Feature Film]]
|-
| '''1948'''
| [[Academy Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
|-
| '''1981'''
| [[Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling|Best Makeup and Hairstyling]]
|-
| '''2001'''
| [[Academy Award for Best Animated Feature|Best Animated Feature Film]]
|-
| '''2025'''
| [[Academy Award for Best Casting|Best Casting]]
|}

In the first year of the awards, the Best Directing award was split into two categories, Drama and Comedy. At times, the Best Original Score award has also been split into separate categories, Drama and Comedy/Musical. From the 1930s to the 1960s, the Art Direction (now Production Design), Cinematography, and Costume Design awards were split into two categories (black-and-white films and color films). Prior to 2012, the Production Design award was called Art Direction, while the Makeup and Hairstyling award was called Makeup. Prior to 2020, the International Feature Film award was called Foreign Language Film.

In August 2018, the Academy announced that several categories would not be televised live, but recorded during commercial breaks and aired later in the ceremony.<ref>{{cite news |title=Oscars Won't Televise All Awards, Adds Popular Film Category |work=The Hollywood Reporter |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/race/academy-plans-three-hour-oscars-telecast-adds-popular-film-category-1133138 |url-status=live |access-date=August 8, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103125108/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/race/academy-plans-three-hour-oscars-telecast-adds-popular-film-category-1133138 |archive-date=November 3, 2016}}</ref>
Following dissent from Academy members, they announced that they would air all 24 categories live. This followed several proposals, among them, the introduction of a Popular Film category, that the Academy had announced but did not implement.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Academy Reverses Decision, Will Air All Awards at the 2019 Oscars |magazine=Time |url=http://time.com/5531252/air-all-awards-oscars-2019/ |url-status=dead |access-date=February 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217185917/http://time.com/5531252/air-all-awards-oscars-2019/ |archive-date=February 17, 2019}}</ref>

=== Upcoming categories ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of upcoming Awards of Merit categories
! Planned introduction
! Category
|-
|'''2027'''
| Best Stunt Design<ref name="Variety Stunts"/>
|}

In February 2024, the Academy announced it would introduce an award for Achievement in Casting from the 98th ceremony in 2026,<ref name="deadline2024">{{cite news |last1=Hammond |first1=Pete |title=Motion Picture Academy Creates Casting Category, First New Competitive Oscar Since 2001 |url=https://deadline.com/2024/02/motion-picture-academy-creates-casting-category-first-new-competitive-oscar-since-2001-1235819319/ |access-date=February 8, 2024 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=February 8, 2024}}</ref> having rejected the category in 1999.<ref name="mentalfloss">{{cite web |last=Conradt |first=Stacy |date=February 18, 2010 |title=The Quick 10: 10 Bygone (or rejected) Academy Awards Categories |url=http://mentalfloss.com/article/24001/quick-10-10-bygone-or-rejected-academy-awards-categories |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208174915/http://mentalfloss.com/article/24001/quick-10-10-bygone-or-rejected-academy-awards-categories |archive-date=December 8, 2017 |access-date=July 3, 2017 |website=Mental Floss}}</ref> In April 2025, it announced that Best Stunt Design would be introduced from the 100th ceremony in 2028,<ref name="Variety Stunts">{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2025/awards/news/oscars-stunt-category-1236366412/ |title=Oscars Adds best Stunt Design Category Starting in 2027 |last=Stephan |first=Katcy |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=April 10, 2025}}</ref> having rejected the proposal for a Best Stunt Coordination award every year from 1991 to 2012.<ref>{{cite news |date=April 1, 2012 |title=It's Time to Create an Oscar For Stunt Coordinators |publisher=Film School Rejects |url=https://filmschoolrejects.com/opinions/its-time-to-create-an-oscar-for-stunt-coordinators-etrav.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104200600/http://www.filmschoolrejects.com/opinions/its-time-to-create-an-oscar-for-stunt-coordinators-etrav.php |archive-date=November 4, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=April 4, 2012 |title=Jack Gill Interview |publisher=Action Fest |url=http://actionfest.com/stunt-legends-man-of-action-jack-gills-quest-to-gain-academy-award-recognition-for-stunt-professionals-part-2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130428074119/http://actionfest.com/stunt-legends-man-of-action-jack-gills-quest-to-gain-academy-award-recognition-for-stunt-professionals-part-2/ |archive-date=April 28, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Handel |first=Jonathan |date=June 15, 2011 |title=Academy Votes Against Creating Oscar Category for Stunt Coordinators |work=The Hollywood Reporter |url=https://hollywoodreporter.com/race/academy-votes-creating-oscar-category-202123 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026022931/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/race/academy-votes-creating-oscar-category-202123 |archive-date=October 26, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Hiltzik |first=Michael |date=August 4, 2005 |title=One stunt they've been unable to pull off |work=Los Angeles Times |url=http://theenvelope.latimes.com/movies/env-fi-stunts4aug04,0,3864314.story?coll=env-movies |access-date=April 13, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922144011/http://theenvelope.latimes.com/movies/env-fi-stunts4aug04%2C0%2C3864314.story?coll=env-movies |archive-date=September 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Mendelson |first=Scott |date=April 7, 2023 |title=Oscars for Stunts? Filmmakers and Insiders Say It's Overdue |url=https://www.thewrap.com/oscars-stunts-john-wick-indiana-jones-fast-x/ |magazine=[[TheWrap]]}}</ref>

=== Discontinued categories ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of discontinued Awards of Merit categories
! Introduced
! Discontinued
! Category
|-
| rowspan="6" | '''1927/28'''
| rowspan="5" | '''1927/28'''
| [[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Director, Comedy Picture]]
|-
| [[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Director, Dramatic Picture]]
|-
| [[Academy Award for Best Visual Effects#Engineering Effects Award|Best Engineering Effects]]
|-
| Best Title Writing
|-
| Best Unique and Artistic Production
|-
| '''1956'''
| [[Academy Award for Best Story|Best Original Story]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''1931/32'''
| rowspan="2" | '''1935'''
| [[Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film|Best Short Subject – Comedy]]
|-
| [[Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film|Best Short Subject – Novelty]]
|-
| '''1932/33'''
| rowspan="3" | '''1937'''
| [[Academy Award for Best Assistant Director|Best Assistant Director]]
|-
| '''1935'''
| [[Academy Award for Best Dance Direction|Best Dance Direction]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''1936'''
| [[Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film|Best Short Subject – Color]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''1956'''
| [[Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film|Best Short Subject – 1 Reel]]
|-
| [[Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film|Best Short Subject – 2 Reel]]
|-
| '''1963'''
| '''2019'''
| [[Academy Award for Best Sound|Best Sound Editing]]
|-
| '''1995'''
| '''1998'''
| [[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Musical or Comedy Score]]
|}

=== Proposed categories ===
The Board of Governors meets each year and considers new award categories, including:

* [[Academy Award for Outstanding Achievement in Popular Film|Best Popular Film]]: proposed in 2018 for presentation at the 2019 ceremony; postponed and yet to be implemented<ref>{{cite news |last=Kilday |first=Gregg |date=September 6, 2018 |title=Academy Postponing New Popular Oscar Category |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/academy-postponing-new-popular-oscar-category-1140423 |url-status=live |access-date=September 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103125108/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/academy-postponing-new-popular-oscar-category-1140423 |archive-date=November 3, 2016}}</ref>
* Best Title Design: rejected in 1999<ref name="mentalfloss"/>

== Special categories ==
The Special Academy Awards are voted on by special committees, rather than by the Academy membership as a whole. They are not always presented on an annual basis.

=== Current special categories ===
* [[Academy Honorary Award]]: since 1929
* [[Academy Scientific and Technical Award]] (three different awards): since 1931
* [[Gordon E. Sawyer Award]]: since 1981
* [[Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award]]: since 1957 
* [[Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award]]: since 1938 

=== Discontinued special categories ===
* [[Academy Juvenile Award]]: 1934 to 1960
* [[Special Achievement Academy Award|Academy Special Achievement Award]]: from 1972 to 1995, and again for 2017

== Criticism and controversies ==

=== Accusations of commercialism ===
Due to the positive exposure and prestige of the Academy Awards, many studios spend around 25 million dollars and hire publicists specifically to promote their films during what is typically called the "[[Oscar season]]".<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 10, 2024 |title=Comment l'équipe d'" Anatomie d'une chute " a mené sa campagne dans le marathon pour les Oscars |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/culture/article/2024/03/10/dans-le-marathon-pour-les-oscars-anatomie-d-une-chute-tente-de-se-frayer-un-couloir_6221137_3246.html |access-date=March 11, 2024 |work=Le Monde.fr |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="npr030824">{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2024/03/08/1197958441/oscars-academy-awards-campaign-for-your-consideration|last1=Horowitz-Ghazi|first1=Alexi|last2=Jiang|first2=Jess|last3=Peaslee|first3=Emma|title=On the Oscars campaign trail|work=[[NPR]]|date=March 8, 2024|accessdate=October 5, 2025}}</ref> This has generated accusations of the Academy Awards being influenced more by marketing and [[lobbying]] than by quality. [[William Friedkin]], an Academy Award-winning film director and former producer of the ceremony, expressed this sentiment at a conference in New York in 2009, describing it as "the greatest promotion scheme that any industry ever devised for itself".<ref>{{cite AV media |url=http://fora.tv/2009/02/24/Director_William_Friedkin_at_the_Hudson_Union_Society#William_Friedkin_Says_Oscars_Simply_a_Promotion_Scheme |title=Director William Friedkin at the Hudson Union Society |date=February 24, 2009 |access-date=March 11, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310081013/http://fora.tv/2009/02/24/Director_William_Friedkin_at_the_Hudson_Union_Society#William_Friedkin_Says_Oscars_Simply_a_Promotion_Scheme |archive-date=March 10, 2009 |url-status=usurped |people=Friedkin, William (Director)}}</ref>

Tim Dirks, editor of [[American Movie Classics|AMC]]'s [[Filmsite]], has written of the Academy Awards:

{{blockquote|Unfortunately, the critical worth, artistic vision, cultural influence and innovative qualities of many films are not given the same voting weight. Especially since the 1980s, moneymaking "formula-made" blockbusters with glossy production values have often been crowd-pleasing titans (and Best Picture winners), but they haven't necessarily been great films with depth or critical acclaim by any measure.<ref>{{cite web |title=Academy Awards – The Oscars |url=http://www.filmsite.org/oscars.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140120093333/http://www.filmsite.org/oscars.html |archive-date=January 20, 2014 |access-date=October 4, 2009}}</ref>}}

A recent technique that has been claimed to be used during the Oscar season is the [[whisper campaign]]. These campaigns are intended to spread negative perceptions of other films nominated and are believed to be perpetrated by those who were involved in creating the film. Examples of whisper campaigns include the allegations against ''[[Zero Dark Thirty]]'' suggesting that it justifies torture and the claim that ''[[Lincoln (film)|Lincoln]]'' distorts history.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kilday |first=Gregg |date=December 20, 2012 |title=Oscar's Dirty Tricks: Inside the Whisper Campaign Machine (Analysis) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/race/oscars-dirty-tricks-inside-whisper-405693 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043347/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/race/oscars-dirty-tricks-inside-whisper-405693 |archive-date=March 6, 2019 |access-date=March 2, 2019 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> This technique was widely used by former producer [[Harvey Weinstein]] and his company [[Miramax]], with the campaign strategy gaining further attention after Miramax's ''[[Shakespeare in Love]]'' defeated rival film ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]'' for [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/harvey-weinstein-steven-spielberg-nastiest-oscar-campaign-ever-1187125/|title="Harvey Always Wanted More": Weinstein, Spielberg and the Oral History of the Nastiest Oscar Campaign Ever|magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|last=Feinberg|first=Scott|date=February 20, 2019|accessdate=October 5, 2025}}</ref><ref name="npr030824"/>

=== Accusations of bias ===
{{further|Oscar bait}}

Typical criticism of the Academy Awards for Best Picture is that among the winners and nominees there is an over-representation of romantic historical epics, biographical dramas, romantic dramedies and family melodramas, most of which are released in the U.S. in the last three months of the calendar year. The Oscars have been infamously known for selecting specific genres of films to be awarded. The term "[[Oscar bait]]" was coined to describe such films. This has led, at times, to more specific criticisms that the Academy is disconnected from the audience, e.g., by favoring "Oscar bait" over audience favorites or favoring historical melodramas over critically acclaimed films that depict current life issues.<ref>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Kyle |title=Have the Oscars jumped the shark? |work=New York Post |url=http://www.nypost.com/p/entertainment/movies/have_the_oscars_jumped_the_shark_LLhBrvPY35EnSH0iQzrqRJ |access-date=January 24, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418115808/http://www.nypost.com/p/entertainment/movies/have_the_oscars_jumped_the_shark_LLhBrvPY35EnSH0iQzrqRJ |archive-date=April 18, 2012}}</ref>

Despite the success of ''[[The Dark Knight]]'' and ''[[WALL-E]]'', these films did not receive a [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]] nomination at the [[81st Academy Awards]]. These decisions received substantial criticism and were described as "snubs" by many publications.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Child |first=Ben |date=January 28, 2009 |title=The week in geek: The Dark Knight's Oscars snub is a disgrace |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2009/jan/28/oscars-sciencefictionandfantasy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204144754/https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2009/jan/28/oscars-sciencefictionandfantasy |archive-date=December 4, 2024 |access-date=December 1, 2023 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Wallace |first=Lewis |title=Why So Serious? Oscars Snub Dark Knight for Top Awards |language=en-US |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/2009/01/why-so-serious/ |access-date=December 1, 2023 |issn=1059-1028}}</ref><ref name="Sims">{{Cite web |last=Sims |first=David |date=July 18, 2018 |title='The Dark Knight' Changed Hollywood Movies Forever |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2018/07/the-dark-knight-legitimized-the-superhero-movie-for-better-and-worse/565448/ |access-date=December 1, 2023 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Snub That Still Hurts: 'Wall-E' |url=https://ew.com/movies/the-snub-that-still-hurts-wall-e/ |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=EW.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-01-22 |title=Money Makers Mostly Snubbed By Oscars |url=https://www.npr.org/2009/01/22/99751159/money-makers-mostly-snubbed-by-oscars |access-date=2025-05-25 |work=NPR |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-02-19 |title=The movies Oscar snubbed |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/the-movies-oscar-snubbed/ |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The backlash to the decision was such that, for the [[82nd Academy Awards]] in 2010, the Academy increased the limit for Best Picture nominees from five to ten.

=== Lack of diversity ===
The Academy Awards have long received criticism over their lack of diversity among the nominees.<ref>{{cite web |date=June 15, 2016 |title=In Hollywood, diversity tends to ignore the disabled |url=https://latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-hollywood-diversity-disabled-20160610-snap-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426062804/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-hollywood-diversity-disabled-20160610-snap-story.html |archive-date=April 26, 2017 |access-date=April 25, 2017 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=February 24, 2017 |title=Oscars diversity debate must include learning disability |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/feb/24/oscars-diversity-debate-must-include-learning-disability |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116212317/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/feb/24/oscars-diversity-debate-must-include-learning-disability |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |access-date=April 25, 2017 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Oscars 2016: Lack of Diversity Has Historically Been a Problem |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/oscars-2016-lack-diversity-historically-problem/story?id=37062502 |url-status=live |access-date=April 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426150745/http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/oscars-2016-lack-diversity-historically-problem/story?id=37062502 |archive-date=April 26, 2017}}</ref> This criticism is based on the statistics from every Academy Awards since 1929, which show that only 6.4% of Academy Award nominees have been non-white and since 1991, 11.2% of nominees have been non-white, with the rate of winners being even more polarizing.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Berman |first=Eliza |title=This Chart Proves the Oscars Have a Serious Diversity Problem |url=https://labs.time.com/story/oscars-diversity/ |url-status=live |magazine=Time |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430194958/http://labs.time.com/story/oscars-diversity/ |archive-date=April 30, 2018 |access-date=April 25, 2018}}</ref> For a variety of reasons, including marketability and historical bans on interracial couples, a number of high-profile Oscars have been given to [[Examples of yellowface|yellowface]] portrayals, as well as performances of Asian characters rewritten for white characters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Casting White People in Asian Roles Goes Back Centuries |date=August 20, 2018 |url=https://www.history.com/news/yellowface-whitewashing-in-film-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119135943/https://www.history.com/news/yellowface-whitewashing-in-film-america |archive-date=January 19, 2019 |access-date=May 22, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Moreno |first=Carolina |date=February 24, 2017 |title=11 Times The Oscars Honored White Actors For Playing People Of Color |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/11-times-the-oscars-honored-white-actors-for-playing-people-of-color_n_58aefe72e4b0140601306fe8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116212314/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/11-times-the-oscars-honored-white-actors-for-playing-people-of-color_n_58aefe72e4b0140601306fe8 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |access-date=May 22, 2019 |website=HuffPost}}</ref> It took until 2023 for an Asian woman to win an [[Academy Award for Best Actress]], when [[Michelle Yeoh]] received the award for her performance in ''[[Everything Everywhere All at Once]]''. The [[88th Academy Awards|88th awards ceremony]] became the target of a boycott, popularized on social media with the [[hashtag]] #OscarsSoWhite, based on activists' perception that its all-white acting nominee list reflected bias.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Vliet |first=Hannah |date=December 1, 2021 |title=White Saviors Get Gold Trophies: Colorblind Racism and Film Award Culture |url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/10.1386/fm_00182_1 |url-status=live |journal=Film Matters |language=en |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=140–151 |doi=10.1386/fm_00182_1 |issn=2042-1869 |s2cid=247260533 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323154250/https://intellectdiscover.com/content/journals/10.1386/fm_00182_1 |archive-date=March 23, 2023 |access-date=April 9, 2022|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In response, the Academy initiated "historic" changes in membership by 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sims |first=David |date=January 19, 2016 |title=Can a Boycott Change the Oscars? |work=[[The Atlantic]] |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2016/01/can-a-boycott-change-the-oscars/424593/ |url-status=live |access-date=February 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160226162236/http://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2016/01/can-a-boycott-change-the-oscars/424593/ |archive-date=February 26, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Kreps |first=Daniel |date=January 23, 2016 |title=Academy Promises 'Historic' Changes to Diversify Membership |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/news/academy-promises-historic-changes-to-diversify-membership-20160123 |url-status=live |access-date=February 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160226155628/http://www.rollingstone.com/movies/news/academy-promises-historic-changes-to-diversify-membership-20160123 |archive-date=February 26, 2016}}</ref> Some media critics claim the Academy's efforts to address its purported racial, gender and national biases are merely distractions.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lacina |first1=Bethany |last2=Hecker |first2=Ryan |date=May 16, 2021 |title=The Academy Awards Will Have New Diversity Rules to Qualify for an Oscar. But There's a Huge Loophole |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/04/23/academy-awards-will-have-new-diversity-rules-qualify-an-oscar-theres-huge-loophole/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523022558/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/04/23/academy-awards-will-have-new-diversity-rules-qualify-an-oscar-theres-huge-loophole/ |archive-date=May 23, 2022 |access-date=May 23, 2021 |magazine=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/09/movies/oscars-best-picture-diversity.html |first=Kyle |last=Buchanan |title=The Oscars' New Diversity Rules Are Sweeping but Safe |magazine=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 16, 2021 |access-date=April 23, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-date=September 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200910082228/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/09/movies/oscars-best-picture-diversity.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://remezcla.com/features/film/alfonso-cuaron-oscar-nomination-diversity/ |first=Jessica |last=Valent |title=Are 'Roma's Oscar Nominations a Win for Diversity or a Different Shade of Whiteness in Hollywood? |magazine=[[Remezcla]] |date=February 15, 2019 |access-date=June 23, 2020 |url-status=live |archive-date=September 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930100720/https://remezcla.com/features/film/alfonso-cuaron-oscar-nomination-diversity/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/la-et-st-oscars-mcnamara-notebook-white-hollywood-20160115-column.html |first=Mary |last=McNamara |title=Oscars 2016: It's time for Hollywood to stop defining great drama as white men battling adversity |magazine=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=January 15, 2016 |access-date=November 23, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-date=October 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005170402/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/la-et-st-oscars-mcnamara-notebook-white-hollywood-20160115-column.html}}</ref> By contrast, the [[Golden Globe Awards]] already have multiple winners of Asian descent in leading actress categories.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.goldderby.com/article/2023/michelle-yeoh-everything-everywhere-all-at-once-golden-globes-asian-winners/|title=Michelle Yeoh: Second Asian comedy/musical actress Golden Globe winner|last=Eng|first=Joyce|date=January 10, 2023|work=GoldDerby|access-date=January 11, 2023|archive-date=January 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111050648/https://www.goldderby.com/article/2023/michelle-yeoh-everything-everywhere-all-at-once-golden-globes-asian-winners/|url-status=live}}</ref> Some question whether the Academy's definition of "merit" is just or empowering for non-Americans.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ejumpcut.org/currentissue/DaleHudson/index.html |first=Dale |last=Hudson |title=#OscarMustFall: On Refusing to Give Power to Unjust Definitions of "Merit" |magazine=[[Jump Cut (journal)|Jump Cut]] |year=2022 |access-date=September 27, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-date=September 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919195412/https://www.ejumpcut.org/currentissue/DaleHudson/index.html}}</ref>

The Academy's Representation and Inclusion Standards have been criticized for excluding [[Jews]] as a distinct underrepresented class.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Kevin E G |date=January 10, 2024 |title=Jewish entertainers' group criticises Academy over diversity efforts |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/jewish-entertainers-academy-diversity-criticism-b2476041.html |access-date=January 10, 2024 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref>

=== Miscategorization of actors ===
{{See also|Carol (film)#Oscar category}}

The Academy has no rules for how to categorize whether a performance is leading or supporting, and it is up to the discretion of the studios whether a given performance is submitted for either Best Actor/Actress or Best Supporting Actor/Actress. This has led to situations where a film has two or more co-leads, and one of these is submitted in a supporting category to avoid the two leads competing against each other, and to increase the film's chances of winning. This practice has been derisively called "category fraud".<ref name="liveabout_com">{{cite web |url=https://www.liveabout.com/difference-between-lead-and-supporting-actor-2428097 |title=How Lead and Supporting Actor Oscars Are Determined |access-date=March 17, 2023 |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209195446/https://www.liveabout.com/difference-between-lead-and-supporting-actor-2428097 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="polygon_com">{{cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/22399802/oscars-category-controversy |title=The Oscars need to fix the Supporting Actor category |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |date=April 25, 2021 |access-date=March 17, 2023 |archive-date=October 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021002529/https://www.polygon.com/22399802/oscars-category-controversy |url-status=live}}</ref>

For example, [[Rooney Mara]] was nominated for Best Supporting Actress for ''[[Carol (film)|Carol]]'' (2015), despite her having a comparable amount of screentime to [[Cate Blanchett]], who was nominated for Best Actress. Another example is ''[[Once Upon a Time in Hollywood]]'' (2019), where [[Brad Pitt]] was nominated for and won Best Supporting Actor, even though he played an equally important role to Best Actor nominee [[Leonardo DiCaprio]]. In both these cases, critics argued that the studios behind the films had placed someone who was actually a leading actor or actress into the supporting categories to avoid them competing against their co-lead.<ref name="liveabout_com"/><ref name="polygon_com"/>

=== Symbolism or sentimentalization ===
Acting prizes in certain years have been criticized for not recognizing superior performances so much as being awarded for personal popularity,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://incontention.com/?p=1045 |title=What's the worst Best Actor choice of all time? |access-date=October 4, 2009}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026}}</ref> to make up for a "snub" for a work that proved in time to be more popular or renowned than the one awarded (a 'make-up Oscar'),<ref>{{cite web |last=Bramesco |first=Charles |date=March 13, 2023 |title=A brief history of the 'legacy Oscar' and its winners |url=https://lwlies.com/articles/legacy-oscar-winners-jamie-lee-curtis/ |access-date=March 8, 2025 |website=[[Little White Lies (magazine)|Little White Lies]] |language=en-US}}</ref> or as a "career honor" to recognize a distinguished nominee's entire body of work (a "[[legacy Oscar]]").<ref name="levy">{{cite book |last=Levy |first=Emanuel |title=All About Oscar: The History and Politics of the Academy Awards |publisher=[[Burns & Oates]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8264-1452-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Wenzel |first=Zac |date=April 3, 2023 |title=The Problem with Legacy Oscars |url=https://movieweb.com/the-problems-with-legacy-oscars/ |access-date=March 8, 2025 |website=[[MovieWeb]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Recognition of streaming media film ===
Following the [[91st Academy Awards]] in February 2019 in which the [[Netflix]]-broadcast film ''[[Roma (2018 film)|Roma]]'' had been nominated for ten awards including the Best Picture category, Steven Spielberg and other members of the Academy discussed changing the requirements through the Board of Governors for films as to exclude those from Netflix and other media streaming services. Spielberg had been concerned that Netflix as a film production and distribution studio could spend much more than for typical Oscar-winning films and have much wider and earlier distribution than for other Best Picture-nominated films, while still being able to meet the minimal theatrical-run status to qualify for an Oscar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2019/02/steven-spielberg-vs-netflix-oscar-academy-wars-1202047846/ |title=The Spielberg vs. Netflix Battle Could Mean Collateral Damage for Indies at the Oscars |first=Anna |last=Thompson |date=February 28, 2019 |access-date=April 24, 2019 |work=[[IndieWire]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320081430/https://www.indiewire.com/2019/02/steven-spielberg-vs-netflix-oscar-academy-wars-1202047846/ |archive-date=March 20, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[United States Department of Justice]], having heard of this potential rule change, wrote a letter to the Academy in March 2019, cautioning them that placing additional restrictions on films that originate from streaming media services without proper justification could raise anti-trust concerns against the Academy.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2019/politics/news/doj-oscar-rules-changes-netflix-1203178413/ |title=Justice Department Warns Academy Over Potential Oscar Rule Changes Threatening Netflix |first=Ted |last=Johnson |date=April 2, 2019 |access-date=April 24, 2019 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423210652/https://variety.com/2019/politics/news/doj-oscar-rules-changes-netflix-1203178413/ |archive-date=April 23, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Following its April 2019 board meeting, the Academy Board of Governors agreed to retain the current rules that allow for streaming media films to be eligible for Oscars as long as they have had limited theatrical runs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/24/entertainment/academy-streaming-oscars/index.html |title=Academy doesn't change streaming eligibility for Oscars |first=Lisa |last=Respers France |date=April 24, 2019 |access-date=April 24, 2019 |publisher=[[CNN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424125530/https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/24/entertainment/academy-streaming-oscars/index.html |archive-date=April 24, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2022 Chris Rock and Will Smith slapping incident ===
{{Main|Chris Rock–Will Smith slapping incident}}

During the [[94th Academy Awards]] on March 27, 2022, [[Chris Rock]] joked about [[Jada Pinkett Smith]]'s shaved head<ref name="Alopecia">{{cite web |last=Bellamy |first=Claretta |date=January 7, 2022 |title=How Jada Pinkett Smith is uplifting Black women with alopecia |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/jada-pinkett-smith-uplifting-black-women-alopecia-rcna11273 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328034022/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/jada-pinkett-smith-uplifting-black-women-alopecia-rcna11273 |archive-date=March 28, 2022 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |access-date=March 28, 2022}}</ref> with a ''[[G.I. Jane]]'' reference. [[Will Smith]] walked onstage and slapped Rock across the face, then returned to his seat and told Rock, twice, to "Keep my wife's name out [of] your fucking mouth!"<ref>{{cite AV media |title=Watch the uncensored moment Will Smith smacks Chris Rock on stage at the Oscars, drops F-bomb |date=March 28, 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=myjEoDypUD8 |type=News |language=en |publisher=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=March 28, 2022 |via=YouTube |archive-date=March 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329004149/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=myjEoDypUD8 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |title=Will Smith slaps Chris Rock at the Oscars after joke at wife Jada Pinkett Smith's expense |publisher=[[KABC-TV|ABC7]] |date=March 28, 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5d7VvQcWscY |type=News |language=en |access-date=March 28, 2022 |via=YouTube |archive-date=March 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329034929/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5d7VvQcWscY |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Respers |first1=Lisa France |last2=Elam |first2=Stephanie |date=March 27, 2022 |title=Will Smith appeared to strike Chris Rock on Oscars telecast |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/27/entertainment/will-smith-chris-rock/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328064453/https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/27/entertainment/will-smith-chris-rock/index.html |archive-date=March 28, 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2022 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> While later accepting the [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] award for ''[[King Richard (film)|King Richard]]'', Smith apologized to the Academy and the other nominees, but not to Rock.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gajewski |first=Ryan |date=March 28, 2022 |title=Will Smith Tearfully Apologizes to Academy After Chris Rock Oscars Slap |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/will-smith-oscar-best-actor-apology-slap-king-richard-1235119288/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328051847/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/will-smith-oscar-best-actor-apology-slap-king-richard-1235119288/ |archive-date=March 28, 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2022 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Arkin |first=Daniel |date=March 27, 2022 |title=Will Smith appeared to hit Chris Rock at the Oscars over joke about Jada Pinkett Smith |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/pop-culture/pop-culture-news/will-smith-appears-hit-chris-rock-joke-wife-rcna21775 |access-date=March 28, 2022 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |language=en |archive-date=March 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329075609/https://www.nbcnews.com/pop-culture/pop-culture-news/will-smith-appears-hit-chris-rock-joke-wife-rcna21775 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Whelan |first=Robbie |date=March 27, 2022 |title=Will Smith Takes to Oscar Stage, Appears to Strike Chris Rock After Joke About Jada Pinkett Smith |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/oscars-academy-awards-2022/card/will-smith-takes-to-oscar-stage-appears-to-strike-chris-rock-after-joke-about-jada-pinkett-smith-20Zr7QDygQqZ31fHDlCT |access-date=March 28, 2022 |archive-date=March 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329075610/https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/oscars-academy-awards-2022/card/will-smith-takes-to-oscar-stage-appears-to-strike-chris-rock-after-joke-about-jada-pinkett-smith-20Zr7QDygQqZ31fHDlCT |url-status=live}}</ref> Rock decided not to press charges against Smith.<ref>{{cite web |last=Yeo |first=Amanda |date=March 28, 2022 |title=Chris Rock won't press charges against Will Smith for that Oscars slap |url=https://mashable.com/article/chris-rock-will-smith-oscars-charges |access-date=March 28, 2022 |publisher=[[Mashable]] |language=en |archive-date=March 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329075610/https://mashable.com/article/chris-rock-will-smith-oscars-charges |url-status=live}}</ref>

On April 8, 2022, the Academy made an announcement via a letter sent by president [[David Rubin (casting director)|David Rubin]] and CEO [[Dawn Hudson]] informing the public that Will Smith had received a ten-year ban from attending the Oscars as a result of the incident.<ref>{{cite web |last=Davis |first=Clayton |date=April 8, 2022 |title=Academy Bans Will Smith from Oscars for 10 Years |url=https://variety.com/2022/awards/news/oscars-will-smith-consequences-chris-rock-1235228010/ |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=April 20, 2022 |archive-date=April 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421212858/https://variety.com/2022/awards/news/oscars-will-smith-consequences-chris-rock-1235228010/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Refusals of the award ===
Some winners critical of the Academy Awards have boycotted the ceremonies and refused to accept their Oscars. The first to do so was screenwriter [[Dudley Nichols]] (Best Writing in 1935 for ''[[The Informer (1935 film)|The Informer]]''). Nichols boycotted the [[8th Academy Awards]] ceremony because of conflicts between the Academy and the Writers' Guild.<ref name="DYK">{{cite web |url=http://www.biography.com/oscars/oscars_didyouknow.jsp |title=The Oscars Did You Know? |access-date=June 18, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090623000022/http://www.biography.com/oscars/oscars_didyouknow.jsp |archive-date=June 23, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nichols eventually accepted the 1935 award three years later, at the 1938 ceremony. Nichols was nominated for three further Academy Awards during his career.

[[George C. Scott]] became the second person to refuse his award (Best Actor in 1970 for ''[[Patton (film)|Patton]]'') at the [[43rd Academy Awards]] ceremony. Scott described it as a "meat parade", saying, "I don't want any part of it".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/obituaries/455563.stm |work=BBC News |title=George C Scott: The man who refused an Oscar |date=September 23, 1999 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311095900/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/obituaries/455563.stm |archive-date=March 11, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,904789,00.html |magazine=Time |title=Show Business: Meat Parade |date=March 8, 1971 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221203341/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C904789%2C00.html |archive-date=December 21, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biography.com/oscars/oscars_didyouknow.jsp |title=Fast Facts – Did You Know? |publisher=Biography.com |date=May 16, 1929 |access-date=February 6, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210075430/http://www.biography.com/oscars/oscars_didyouknow.jsp |archive-date=February 10, 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The third person to refuse the award was [[Marlon Brando]], who refused his award (Best Actor for 1972's ''[[The Godfather]]''), citing the film industry's discrimination against and mistreatment of [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]]. At the [[45th Academy Awards]] ceremony, Brando asked actress and [[civil rights activist]] [[Sacheen Littlefeather]] to read a 15-page speech in his place, detailing his criticisms, for which there was [[booing]] and [[cheering]] by the audience.<ref name="DYK"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Oscars |title=Marlon Brando's Oscar win for " The Godfather" |date=October 2, 2008 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2QUacU0I4yU |access-date=February 25, 2019 |via=YouTube |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217152537/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2QUacU0I4yU |archive-date=February 17, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022, Littlefeather was accused by her sisters of misrepresenting her ancestry as Native American.<ref name=":1">{{cite magazine |last=Kreps |first=Daniel |date=October 22, 2022 |title=Sacheen Littlefeather Lied About Native American Ancestry, Sisters Claim |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-news/sacheen-littlefeather-native-american-ancestry-1234616464/ |access-date=March 12, 2023 |magazine=Rolling Stone |language=en-US |archive-date=October 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023002533/https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-news/sacheen-littlefeather-native-american-ancestry-1234616464/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=October 22, 2022 |title=Sacheen Littlefeather's sisters say her Native identity was fraudulent |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/opinion/openforum/article/Sacheen-Littlefeather-oscar-Native-pretendian-17520648.php |access-date=March 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022111100/https://www.sfchronicle.com/opinion/openforum/article/Sacheen-Littlefeather-oscar-Native-pretendian-17520648.php |archive-date=October 22, 2022 |last1=Keeler |first1=Jacqueline}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Travis |first1=Emlyn |date=October 22, 2022 |title=Sacheen Littlefeather, Native American activist who protested the Oscars, was a 'fraud,' sisters say |url=https://ew.com/movies/sacheen-littlefeather-native-american-oscars-protester-fraud-sisters-say/ |access-date=March 12, 2023 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |language=en |archive-date=January 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114223534/https://ew.com/movies/sacheen-littlefeather-native-american-oscars-protester-fraud-sisters-say/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sacheen Littlefather's sisters say she was not Native American. The actress had disputed similar claims before. |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/sacheen-littlefather-not-native-american-sisters-say-marlon-brando-oscar-speech-actress/ |first1=Caitlin |last1=O'Kane |access-date=March 12, 2023 |website=CBS News |date=October 24, 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=October 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025195840/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/sacheen-littlefather-not-native-american-sisters-say-marlon-brando-oscar-speech-actress/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Gilio-Whitaker |first=Dina |date=October 28, 2022 |title=Sacheen Littlefeather and ethnic fraud – why the truth is crucial, even it it[sic] means losing an American Indian hero |url=https://theconversation.com/sacheen-littlefeather-and-ethnic-fraud-why-the-truth-is-crucial-even-it-it-means-losing-an-american-indian-hero-193263 |url-status=live |access-date=March 12, 2023 |website=The Conversation |archive-date=March 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312093928/http://theconversation.com/sacheen-littlefeather-and-ethnic-fraud-why-the-truth-is-crucial-even-it-it-means-losing-an-american-indian-hero-193263}}</ref>

=== Disqualifications ===
Seven films have had nominations revoked before the official award ceremony:<ref>{{cite news |url=http://mentalfloss.com/article/73722/8-oscar-nominations-were-revoked |title=9 Oscar Nominations That Were Revoked |last=Obias |first=Rudie |publisher=Mental Floss |date=February 23, 2019 |access-date=October 14, 2019 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116212356/https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/73722/8-oscar-nominations-were-revoked |url-status=live}}</ref>

* ''[[The Circus (1928 film)|The Circus]]'' (1928) – The film was voluntarily removed by the Academy from competitive categories, to award [[Charlie Chaplin]] a special award.
* ''[[Hondo (film)|Hondo]]'' (1953) – Removed from the Best Story ballot after letters from the producer and nominee questioned its inclusion in the category.
* ''[[High Society (1955 film)|High Society]]'' (1955) – Withdrawn from screenwriting ballot after being mistaken for the [[High Society (1956 film)|1956 film]] of the same title.
* ''[[The Godfather]]'' (1972) – Initially nominated for eleven awards, its nomination for Best Original Score was revoked after it was discovered that its main theme was very similar to music that [[Nino Rota|the score's composer]] had written for an earlier film. None of its other nominations were revoked, and it received three Oscars, including Best Picture.
* ''[[A Place in the World (film)|A Place in the World]]'' (1992) – Removed from the Best Foreign Language Film ballot after it was discovered that the country which submitted the film exercised insufficient artistic control.
* ''[[Alone yet Not Alone]]'' (2014) – The film's title song, "Alone Yet Not Alone", was removed from the Best Original Song ballot after [[Bruce Broughton]] was found to have improperly contacted other members of the Academy's musical branch; this was the first time that a film was removed from a ballot for ethical reasons.
* ''[[13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi]]'' (2017) – Sound mixer [[Greg P. Russell]]'s nomination was rescinded one day before the Awards when it was discovered he had improperly contacted voters by telephone. In this case, the nominations for the other three nominated sound mixers, [[Gary Summers]], [[Jeffrey J. Haboush]] and [[Mac Ruth]], were allowed to stand.

One film was disqualified after winning the award, and had the winner return the Oscar:
* ''[[Young Americans (1967 film)|Young Americans]]'' (1969) – Initially won the award for Best Documentary Feature, but was later revoked after it was revealed that it had opened theatrically prior to the eligibility period.

One film had its nomination revoked after the award ceremony when it had not won the Oscar:
* ''[[Tuba Atlantic]]'' (2011) – Its nomination for Best Live Action Short Film was revoked when it was discovered that the film had aired on television in 2010, before its theatrical release.

=== Remarks about animated films as children's genre ===
At the [[94th Academy Awards]] in 2022, the award for the Best Animated Feature was presented by three actresses who portrayed Disney princess characters in [[List of remakes and adaptations of Disney animated films|live-action remakes]] of their respective animated films: [[Lily James]] (''[[Cinderella (2015 American film)|Cinderella]]''), [[Naomi Scott]] (''[[Aladdin (2019 film)|Aladdin]]''), and [[Halle Bailey]] (''[[The Little Mermaid (2023 film)|The Little Mermaid]]''{{--)}}. While introducing the category, Bailey stated that animated films are "formative experiences as kids who watch them," as James put it, "So many kids watch these movies over and over." Bailey finished her sentence "over and over and over and over and over." Scott added: "I see some parents who know exactly what we're talking about."<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Rmiq2PPQDg|title='Encanto' Wins Best Animated Feature Film | 94th Oscars|date=April 28, 2022|publisher=Oscars|type=Award show|via=YouTube |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509140640/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Rmiq2PPQDg |archive-date=May 9, 2023}}</ref> The remarks were heavily criticized by [[animation]] enthusiasts and those working in the industry as infantilizing the medium and perpetuating the stigma that animated works are [[Children's film|strictly for children]], especially since the industry was credited with sustaining the flow of [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] content and revenue during the height of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. [[Phil Lord and Christopher Miller|Phil Lord]], co-producer of one of the nominated films, ''[[The Mitchells vs. the Machines]]'', tweeted that it was "super cool to position animation as something that kids watch and adults have to endure." The film's official social media accounts responded to the joke with an image reading: "Animation is cinema."<ref>{{cite web |last=Fuster |first=Jeremy |date=March 27, 2022 |title=Phil Lord and Hollywood's Animators Slam Oscars for 'Belittling' Animation Categories |url=https://www.thewrap.com/oscars-new-deal-for-animation/ |access-date=March 29, 2022 |work=[[TheWrap]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |number=1508481868479361026 |user=MitchellsMovie |title=*taps sign*}}</ref> A week later, Lord and his producing partner [[Phil Lord and Christopher Miller|Christopher Miller]] wrote a guest column in ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' criticizing the Academy for the joke and how Hollywood has treated animation, writing that "no one set out to diminish animated films, but it's high time we set out to elevate them." They also suggested to the Academy that the category should be presented by a filmmaker who respects the art of animation as cinema.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lord |first1=Phil |last2=Miller |first2=Chris |date=April 6, 2022 |title=Phil Lord and Chris Miller: Hollywood Should Elevate, Not Diminish Animation (Guest Column) |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/phil-lord-christopher-miller-animation-oscars-1235225442/ |access-date=April 6, 2022 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

Adding to the controversy was that the award for [[Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film|Best Animated Short Film]] (the nominees for which were mostly made up of shorts not aimed at children) was one of the [[94th Academy Awards#Removal of categories from the broadcast|eight categories]] that were not presented during the live broadcast.<ref name="Cartoon Brew">{{cite web |last=Amidi |first=Amid |author-link=Amid Amidi |date=March 27, 2022 |title=During the Biggest Oscar Trainwreck in History, 'Encanto' and 'The Windshield Wiper' Won Oscars (Commentary) |url=https://www.cartoonbrew.com/ideas-commentary/during-the-biggest-oscar-trainwreck-in-history-encanto-and-the-windshield-wiper-won-oscars-commentary-214531.html |access-date=March 29, 2022 |publisher=[[Cartoon Brew]]}}</ref> The winner for the Best Animated Short award was ''[[The Windshield Wiper]]'', a multilingual Spanish-American film which is [[Adult animation|adult animated]], while another nominee in three categories: Best Animated Feature, [[Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature Film|Best Documentary Feature Film]], and [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Best International Feature Film]], was ''[[Flee (film)|Flee]]'', a PG-13 rated animated documentary about an Afghan refugee. [[Alberto Mielgo]], director of ''The Windshield Wiper'', later gave an acceptance speech for the Oscar: "Animation is an art that includes every single art that you can imagine. Animation for adults is a fact. It's happening. Let's call it cinema. I'm very honored because this is just the beginning of what we can do with animation."<ref name="Cartoon Brew"/> Some speculations suggested that the speech played a role in the decision not to broadcast the award.<ref name="Edwards"/>

Another factor is that numerous animated films have been made for mature audiences or with ranges of PG-13 or more, with a few of them—''[[The Triplets of Belleville]]'', ''[[Persepolis (film)|Persepolis]]'', ''[[Chico and Rita]]'', ''[[The Wind Rises]]'', ''[[Anomalisa]]'', ''[[My Life as a Courgette]]'', ''[[The Breadwinner (2017 film)|The Breadwinner]]'', ''[[Loving Vincent]]'', ''[[Isle of Dogs (film)|Isle of Dogs]]'', ''[[I Lost My Body]]'', ''[[Flee (film)|Flee]]'', and ''[[Memoir of a Snail]]''—having been nominated in this category, with ''[[The Boy and the Heron]]'' being the first adult animated film (in this case, PG-13-rated) to win in the [[96th Academy Awards]].<ref name="Edwards">{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Belen |date=March 28, 2022 |title=Wake Up, Oscars: Animation isn't just for kids |url=https://mashable.com/article/animation-oscars-2022-joke-phil-lord |access-date=April 18, 2022 |website=Mashable |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Amini |first=Amid |author-link=Amid Amidi |date=March 10, 2024 |title='Boy and the Heron' is the First Hand-Drawn Animated Feature to Win Oscar in 21 Years |url=https://www.cartoonbrew.com/awards/boy-and-the-heron-is-the-first-hand-drawn-animated-feature-to-win-oscar-in-21-years-238916.html |access-date=March 11, 2024 |website=Cartoon Brew}}</ref>

These comments came as ''#NewDeal4Animation'', a movement of animation workers demanding equal pay, treatment and recognition alongside their contemporaries working in live-action, was picking up momentum during negotiations for a new contract between [[The Animation Guild, IATSE Local 839]]/[[SAG-AFTRA]] and the [[Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Robb |first=David |date=March 29, 2022 |title=Contract Talks Coming Down to the Wire for SAG-AFTRA & the Animation Guild |url=https://deadline.com/2022/03/contract-talks-sag-aftra-animation-guild-1234990317/ |access-date=March 30, 2022 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> and the presentation is being used to rally the movement.

During the 96th Academy Awards in 2024, host [[Jimmy Kimmel]] said: "Please raise your hand if you let your kid fill out this part of the ballot." These remarks would again prompt backlash, with [[Phil Lord and Christopher Miller|Christopher Miller]], producer of that year's nominated ''[[Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse]]'', tweeting out that the joke was "tired and lazy".<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 11, 2024 |title=Christopher Miller on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/chrizmillr/status/1767061360142331933 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> The PG-13-rated ''[[The Boy and the Heron]]'' would subsequently win the award.

== Associated events ==
The following events are closely associated with the annual Academy Awards:

* [[Governors Awards]], which includes the presentation of the [[Academy Honorary Award]], the [[Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award]], and the [[Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award]]<ref name="Governors Awards">{{Cite web|url=https://www.oscars.org/governors|title=Governors Awards|website=[[Oscars.org]] | [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]}}</ref>
* The [[25th Independent Spirit Awards]] (2010), usually held in [[Santa Monica, California|Santa Monica]], California the Saturday before the Oscars, marked the first time it was moved to a Friday and a change of venue to [[L.A. Live]]
* The annual "Night Before", traditionally held at [[the Beverly Hills Hotel]], begun in 2002 and generally known as ''the ''party of the season, benefits the [[Motion Picture & Television Fund]], which operates a retirement home for SAG actors in the [[San Fernando Valley]]
* [[Elton John AIDS Foundation Academy Award Party]] airs the awards live at the nearby [[Pacific Design Center]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pener|first=Degen|date=February 23, 2017|title=Elton John's Oscar Party Turns 25: Spielberg, Hanks, and an Oral History of the AIDS Benefit Where Heidi Klum Dances on Tables|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/elton-johns-oscar-party-turns-25-spielberg-hanks-an-oral-history-aids-benefit-heidi-klum-da-977094/|access-date=September 28, 2021|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|language=en-US}}</ref>
* The Governors Ball is the Academy's official after-party, including dinner (until 2011), and is adjacent to the awards-presentation venue.<ref>[https://www.msn.com/en-us/movies/other/inside-the-governors-ball-with-oscar-winners-and-nominees/ar-BB1jI6Df ''Los Angeles Times'' article, 2024]</ref> The event has been catered and hosted by [[Wolfgang Puck]] for the last 31 years.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Wolfgang Puck reveals bougie tots, 70 new dishes for Oscars Governors Ball menu |url=https://abcnews.com/GMA/Food/wolfgang-puck-reveals-bougie-tots-70-new-dishes/story?id=118774406 |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref>
* The ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'' after-party, historically at the former Morton's restaurant, has been at the [[Sunset Tower]] since 2009<ref name="hollywoodreporter.com">Gary Baum (November 13, 2013), "[https://hollywoodreporter.com/news/vanity-fair-oscar-party-exits-655904 Vanity Fair Oscar Party Exits Sunset Tower; Will It Land in Parking Lot? (Exclusive)]", ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]''. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219133703/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/vanity-fair-oscar-party-exits-655904 |date=February 19, 2014}}.</ref>

== Presenter and performer gifts ==
It has become a tradition to give out gift bags to the presenters and performers at the Oscars. In recent years, these gifts have been extended to award nominees and winners.<ref name="ABCGiftBag">{{cite web |last=Valenti |first=Catherine |title=No Oscar? How About a Gift Bag? |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/story?id=86683 |work=ABC News |access-date=March 11, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425162335/http://abcnews.go.com/Business/story?id=86683 |archive-date=April 25, 2014}}</ref> The value of each of these gift bags can reach into the tens of thousands of dollars. In 2014, the value was reported to be as high as {{USD|80,000|long=no}}.<ref name="CBSGiftBag">{{cite news |last=Peterson |first=Kim |title=Oscars' gift bag has $80,000 worth of swag |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/oscars-gift-bag-has-80000-worth-of-swag/ |publisher=CBS News |access-date=March 11, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305230143/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/oscars-gift-bag-has-80000-worth-of-swag/ |archive-date=March 5, 2014}}</ref> The value has risen to the point where the U.S. [[Internal Revenue Service]] issued a statement regarding the gifts and their taxable status.<ref name="IRSGiftBag">{{cite web |last=Staff |title=IRS Statement on Oscar Goodie Bags |url=https://www.irs.gov/uac/IRS-Statement-on-Oscar-Goodie-Bags |publisher=IRS.gov |access-date=March 11, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311093138/https://www.irs.gov/uac/IRS-Statement-on-Oscar-Goodie-Bags |archive-date=March 11, 2014}}</ref>

Oscar gift bags have included vacation packages to Hawaii and Mexico and Japan, a private dinner party for the recipient and friends at a restaurant, [[Videotelephony|videophones]], a four-night stay at a hotel, watches, bracelets, spa treatments, bottles of vodka, maple salad dressing, weight-loss gummie candy and up to {{USD|25,000|long=no}} worth of cosmetic treatments and rejuvenation procedures such as lip fillers and chemical peels from New York City facial plastic surgeon Konstantin Vasyukevich.<ref name="ABCGiftBag"/><ref name="ABCGiftBag2">{{cite web |last=Valiente |first=Alexa |title=What Surprising Freebies Are Inside the 2014 Oscar Nominees' Gift Bags |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/surprising-freebies-inside-2014-oscar-nominees-gift-bags/story?id=22518285 |work=ABC News |access-date=March 11, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311095026/http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/surprising-freebies-inside-2014-oscar-nominees-gift-bags/story?id=22518285 |archive-date=March 11, 2014}}</ref><ref name="VarietyGiftBag">{{cite magazine |last=Bacardi |first=Francesca |title=Oscar 'Losers' Become Winners with Distinctive Assets Gift Bags |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/oscar-losers-become-winners-with-distinctive-assets-gift-bags-1201100762/ |magazine=Variety |access-date=March 11, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311095625/http://variety.com/2014/film/news/oscar-losers-become-winners-with-distinctive-assets-gift-bags-1201100762/ |archive-date=March 11, 2014}}</ref><ref name="ForbesGiftBag2020">{{cite magazine |last=Cuccinello |first=Hayley |title=Inside The $225,000 Oscars 2020 Gift Bag: From An Antarctic Cruise To A Gold Vape Pen To A Smart Bra |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/hayleycuccinello/2020/02/01/215000-oscars-2020-gift-bag/#7f6af406be7d/ |magazine=Forbes |access-date=February 1, 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116212337/https://www.forbes.com/sites/hayleycuccinello/2020/02/01/215000-oscars-2020-gift-bag/#7f6af406be7d/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="YahooGiftBag2020">{{cite magazine |last=Stabile |first=Angelica |title=The $225,000 Oscars 2020 gift bag: Here's what's inside |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/225-000-oscars-gift-bag-160122306.html |magazine=Yahoo |access-date=February 9, 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116212353/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/225-000-oscars-gift-bag-160122306.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Some of the gifts have even had a "risque" element to them; in 2014, the adult products retailer [[Adam & Eve (company)|Adam & Eve]] had a "Secret Room Gifting Suite". Celebrities visiting the gifting suite included [[Judith Hoag]], [[Carolyn Hennesy]], [[Kate Linder]], [[Chris Mulkey]], [[Jim O'Heir]] and [[John Salley]].<ref name="AandEOscarGifts">{{cite magazine |last=Staff |title=Adam & Eve Had Secret Room Gifting Suite for Oscars' Celebs |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/novelty/Adam-Eve-Had-Secret-Room-Gifting-Suite-for-Oscars-Celebs-551833.html |magazine=Adult Video News |access-date=March 11, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311092632/http://business.avn.com/articles/novelty/Adam-Eve-Had-Secret-Room-Gifting-Suite-for-Oscars-Celebs-551833.html |archive-date=March 11, 2014}}</ref>

== Television ratings and advertisement prices ==
From 2006 onwards, results are Live+SD; all previous years are live viewing.<ref name="tvbythenumbers"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="margin:auto; margin:auto"
|-
! Year
! Viewers, millions<ref name="tvbythenumbers">{{cite web |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/02/24/with-no-blockbusters-up-for-best-picture-expect-academy-awards-viewership-to-fall-ratings-history-your-guess-for-this-year-poll/120239/ |title=With No Blockbusters Up For Best Picture, Expect 'Academy Awards' Viewership To Fall; Ratings History + Your Guess For This Year (Poll) |work=TV by the Numbers |first=Sara |last=Bibel |date=February 24, 2012 |access-date=March 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210015818/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/02/24/with-no-blockbusters-up-for-best-picture-expect-academy-awards-viewership-to-fall-ratings-history-your-guess-for-this-year-poll/120239/ |archive-date=December 10, 2013}}</ref>
! Ad price,<ref name="tvbythenumbers"/><ref name="kantarmedia">{{cite web |url=http://kantarmediana.com/intelligence/press/advertising-vitality-of-the-academy-awards |title=Kantar Media Reports on the Advertising Vitality of the Academy Awards – Historical Advertising Data Showcases Ad Pricing Trends and Top Marketers; Super Bowl Overlap Increases as Sales Rise |work=[[Kantar Group#Kantar Media|Kantar Media]] |date=February 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420031629/http://kantarmediana.com/intelligence/press/advertising-vitality-of-the-academy-awards |archive-date=April 20, 2013 |access-date=February 20, 2017}}</ref> USD, millions
! Adjusted price, USD, millions
! Network
|-
|[[98th Academy Awards|2026]]
|17.86<ref>{{Cite web |last=Porter |first=Rick |date=2026-03-17 |title=TV Ratings: Oscars Fall to 17.9 Million Viewers, Lowest Since 2022 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/oscars-2026-tv-ratings-1236534637/ |access-date=2026-03-22 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref>
|2<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayes |first=Dade |date=2026-03-12 |title=Oscar Ad Rates Rise By Double Digits As Inventory Sells Out On ABC & Hulu |url=https://deadline.com/2026/03/oscars-advertising-rates-rise-double-digits-abc-hulu-1236751635/ |access-date=2026-03-22 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref>
|Not available
| rowspan="50"| [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]
|-
| [[97th Academy Awards|2025]]
| 19.69<ref name="Ratings2025">{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/oscars-tv-ratings-sunday-march-2-2025-1236153253/ |title=TV Ratings: Updated Oscars Numbers Show Five-Year Highs |last=Porter |first=Rick |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=March 4, 2025 |access-date=March 4, 2025 |archive-date=March 4, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304232043/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/oscars-tv-ratings-sunday-march-2-2025-1236153253/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
| 1.7-2.3<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayes |first=Dade |date=2025-02-28 |title=Oscars Ad Inventory Sold Out, Disney Says, With Pricing In Line With 2024 |url=https://deadline.com/2025/02/oscars-advertising-sold-out-disney-abc-hulu-1236305099/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
| Not available
|-
| [[96th Academy Awards|2024]]
| 19.49<ref name="Ratings2025"/>
| 1.7-2.2<ref>{{Cite web |last=Steinberg |first=Brian |date=2024-02-22 |title=Disney Seeks Up to $2.2 Million for Oscars Ads in Soft Market for Awards Shows (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/disney-seeks-1-7-million-to-2-2-million-oscars-ads-soft-market-awards-shows-1235919566/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>
| Not available
|-
| [[95th Academy Awards|2023]]
| 18.7<ref name="Yahoo Ratings 2023">{{cite web |title=Oscar Viewership Up 12% To 18.7 Million |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/oscar-viewership-12-18-7-214631973.html |access-date=March 13, 2023 |website=Yahoo Entertainment |date=March 13, 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=March 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313224501/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/oscar-viewership-12-18-7-214631973.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
| 2.1<ref name="Variety ad price 2023">{{cite web |last=Steinberg |first=Brian |date=March 10, 2023 |title=Disney Softens Prices for Oscars Commercials |url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/disney-oscars-commercials-lower-prices-1235549626/ |access-date=March 13, 2023 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=March 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313224501/https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/disney-oscars-commercials-lower-prices-1235549626/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
| Not available
|-
| [[94th Academy Awards|2022]]
| 16.6<ref name="CNN Ratings 2022">{{cite web |author=Frank Pallotta |title=Oscar ratings surge after historic lows last year |date=March 28, 2022 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/28/media/oscars-ratings/index.html |access-date=March 28, 2022 |publisher=CNN |archive-date=March 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328233902/https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/28/media/oscars-ratings/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
| 1.71<ref name="Adweek ad price 2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.adweek.com/convergent-tv/disney-sells-out-oscars-ad-inventory/|title=Disney Sells Out Oscars Ad Inventory Despite Ratings Plummet|work=AdWeek|date=March 23, 2022|first=Jason|last=Lynch|url-access=subscription|access-date=March 29, 2022|archive-date=March 30, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330002332/https://www.adweek.com/convergent-tv/disney-sells-out-oscars-ad-inventory/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| Not available
|-
| [[93rd Academy Awards|2021]]
| 10.4<ref>{{Cite web |last=Porter |first=Rick |date=2021-04-28 |title=Oscars' TV Ratings Low Caps Award Shows' Down Year |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/oscars-2021-ratings-low-award-shows-4174528/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maglio |first=Jennifer Maas and Tony |date=2021-04-27 |title=Were Oscar Ratings Worse Than Other Major COVID-Era Awards Shows? {{!}} Chart |url=https://www.thewrap.com/coronavirus-awards-show-season-ratings-2021-oscars-globes-grammys-emmys/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=TheWrap |language=en-US}}</ref>
| 2<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=Megan |date=2021-04-22 |title=Oscars sells out ad inventory despite awards show ratings declines |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/22/oscars-sells-out-ad-inventory-despite-awards-show-ratings-declines.html |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>
| Not available
|-
| [[92nd Academy Awards|2020]]
| 23.6<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lowry |first=Brian |date=2024-03-11 |title=Oscar ratings continue to rebound with the biggest audience since 2020 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/03/11/entertainment/oscar-ratings-abc/index.html |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>
| 2.2<ref name=":4"/>
| Not available
|-
| [[91st Academy Awards|2019]]
| 29.6<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Otterson |first=Joe |date=2019-02-25 |title=Oscars 2019 Ratings Rise From Last Year to 29.6 Million Viewers |url=https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/oscars-ratings-2019-1203144417/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>
| 2–3<ref>{{Cite web |last=Steinberg |first=Brian |date=2018-12-11 |title=ABC Seeks $2 Million to $3 Million for Oscars Ads (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2018/tv/news/oscars-advertising-abc-commercials-kevin-hart-1203086442/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>
| Not available
|-
| [[90th Academy Awards|2018]]
| 26.5<ref name=":5"/>
| 2–2.6<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Steinberg |first=Brian |date=2017-10-30 |title=ABC Seeks as Much as $2.6 Million for 2018 Oscars Ads (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/oscars-commercials-abc-tv-advertising-1202602117/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>
| Not available
|-
| [[89th Academy Awards|2017]]
| 32.9<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=O'Connell |first=Mikey |date=2017-02-27 |title=TV Ratings: Oscars Drop to 32.9M Viewers, Telecast Takes a Bigger Hit With Younger Set |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/tv-ratings-oscars-drop-again-early-numbers-980854/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref>
| 2.1<ref name=":6"/>
| Not available
|-
| [[88th Academy Awards|2016]]
| 34.4<ref name=":7"/>
| 2<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-26 |title=Amid |author-link=Amid Amidi diversity furor, Oscar sponsors are anxiously waiting to see audiences' response |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la-et-ct-oscar-ads-20160226-story.html |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref>
| Not available
|-
| [[87th Academy Awards|2015]]
| 37.260<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/02/24/sunday-final-ratings-oscars-adjusted-up/366838/ |title=Sunday Final Ratings: Oscars Adjusted Up |work=TVbytheNumbers |access-date=October 27, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022064452/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/02/24/sunday-final-ratings-oscars-adjusted-up/366838/ |archive-date=October 22, 2015}}</ref>
| 1.95<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2015/02/20/the-oscars-beat-the-super-bowl-in-advertising-premium/ |title=The Oscars Beat The Super Bowl in Advertising Premium |first=Mike |last=Ozanian |work=Forbes |access-date=October 27, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014033148/http://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2015/02/20/the-oscars-beat-the-super-bowl-in-advertising-premium/ |archive-date=October 14, 2015}}</ref>
| {{Inflation|USD|1.95|2015|r=2}}
|-
| [[86th Academy Awards|2014]]
| 43.740<ref>{{cite news |first=Rick |last=Kissell |title=Oscars on ABC Draw Largest Audience in 10 Years |url=https://variety.com/2014/tv/ratings/early-ratings-oscars-look-to-be-up-slightly-from-last-year-1201124513/ |work=Variety |date=March 3, 2014 |access-date=March 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308205925/http://variety.com/2014/tv/ratings/early-ratings-oscars-look-to-be-up-slightly-from-last-year-1201124513/ |archive-date=March 8, 2014}}</ref>
| 1.8 – 1.9<ref name="adprices">{{cite news |first=Brian |last=Steinberg |title=Oscar Ad Prices Hit All-Time High as ABC Sells Out 2014 Telecast (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2013/tv/news/oscar-ad-prices-hit-all-time-high-as-abc-sells-out-2014-telecast-exclusive-1200778642/ |work=Variety |date=March 3, 2014 |access-date=March 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407201755/http://variety.com/2013/tv/news/oscar-ad-prices-hit-all-time-high-as-abc-sells-out-2014-telecast-exclusive-1200778642/ |archive-date=April 7, 2014}}</ref>
| {{Inflation|USD|1.8|2014|r=2}} – {{Inflation|USD|1.9|2014|r=2}}
|-
| [[85th Academy Awards|2013]]
| 40.376<ref name="nielsen">{{cite web |url=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/newswire/2013/tops-of-2013-tv-and-social-media.html |title=Tops of 2013: TV and Social Media |work=TV by the Numbers |first=Sara |last=Bibel |date=December 12, 2013 |access-date=March 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425182227/http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/newswire/2013/tops-of-2013-tv-and-social-media.html |archive-date=April 25, 2014}}</ref>
| 1.65 – 1.8<ref name="adprices"/>
| {{Inflation|USD|1.65|2013|r=2}} – {{Inflation|USD|1.8|2013|r=2}}
|-
| [[84th Academy Awards|2012]]
| 39.460<ref name="var1">{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2012/tv/news/crystal-social-media-fuel-oscar-ratings-1118050758/ |title=Crystal, social media fuel Oscar ratings |last=Kissell |first=Rick |date=February 27, 2012 |access-date=April 26, 2012 |work=Variety |publisher=PMC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926040411/http://variety.com/2012/tv/news/crystal-social-media-fuel-oscar-ratings-1118050758/|archive-date=September 26, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| 1.610
| {{Inflation|USD|1.61|2012|r=2}}
|-
| [[83rd Academy Awards|2011]]
| 37.919
| 1.3684
| {{Inflation|USD|1.3684|2011|r=2}}
|-
| [[82nd Academy Awards|2010]]
| 41.699
| 1.1267
| {{Inflation|USD|1.1267|2010|r=2}}
|-
| [[81st Academy Awards|2009]]
| 36.310
| 1.3<ref name="adprices"/>
| {{Inflation|USD|1.3|2009|r=2}}
|-
| [[80th Academy Awards|2008]]
| 32.006
| 1.82<ref name="adprices"/>
| {{Inflation|USD|1.82|2008|r=2}}
|-
| [[79th Academy Awards|2007]]
| 40.172
| 1.6658
| {{Inflation|USD|1.6658|2007|r=2}}
|-
| [[78th Academy Awards|2006]]
| 38.939
| 1.6468
| {{Inflation|USD|1.6468|2006|r=2}}
|-
| [[77th Academy Awards|2005]]
| 42.139
| 1.503
| {{Inflation|USD|1.503|2005|r=2}}
|-
| [[76th Academy Awards|2004]]
| 43.531
| 1.5031
| {{Inflation|USD|1.5031|2004|r=2}}
|-
| [[75th Academy Awards|2003]]
| 33.043
| 1.3458
| {{Inflation|USD|1.3458|2003|r=2}}
|-
| [[74th Academy Awards|2002]]
| 41.782
| 1.29
| {{Inflation|USD|1.29|2002|r=2}}
|-
| [[73rd Academy Awards|2001]]
| 42.944
| 1.45
| {{Inflation|USD|1.45|2001|r=2}}
|-
| [[72nd Academy Awards|2000]]
| 46.333
| 1.305
| {{Inflation|USD|1.305|2000|r=2}}
|-
| [[71st Academy Awards|1999]]
| 45.615
| 1
| {{Inflation|USD|1|1999|r=2}}
|-
| [[70th Academy Awards|1998]]
| {{green}}|57.249
| 0.95
| {{Inflation|USD|0.95|1998|r=2}}
|-
| [[69th Academy Awards|1997]]
| 40.075
| 0.85
| {{Inflation|USD|0.85|1997|r=2}}
|-
| [[68th Academy Awards|1996]]
| 44.867
| 0.795
| {{Inflation|USD|0.795|1996|r=2}}
|-
| [[67th Academy Awards|1995]]
| 48.279
| 0.7
| {{Inflation|USD|0.7|1995|r=2}}
|-
| [[66th Academy Awards|1994]]
| 46.260
| 0.6435
| {{Inflation|USD|0.6435|1994|r=2}}
|-
| [[65th Academy Awards|1993]]
| 45.735
| 0.6078
| {{Inflation|USD|0.6078|1993|r=2}}
|-
| [[64th Academy Awards|1992]]
| 44.406
| Not available
| Not available
|-
| [[63rd Academy Awards|1991]]
| 42.727
| Not available
| Not available
|-
| [[62nd Academy Awards|1990]]
| 40.375
| 0.45
| {{Inflation|USD|0.45|1990|r=2}}
|-
| [[61st Academy Awards|1989]]
| 42.619
| 0.375
| {{Inflation|USD|0.375|1989|r=2}}
|-
| [[60th Academy Awards|1988]]
| 42.227
| 0.36
| {{Inflation|USD|0.36|1988|r=2}}
|-
| [[59th Academy Awards|1987]]
| 37.190
| 0.335
| {{Inflation|USD|0.335|1987|r=2}}
|-
| [[58th Academy Awards|1986]]
| 37.757
| 0.32
| {{Inflation|USD|0.32|1986|r=2}}
|-
| [[57th Academy Awards|1985]]
| 38.855
| 0.315
| {{Inflation|USD|0.315|1985|r=2}}
|-
| [[56th Academy Awards|1984]]
| 42.051
| 0.275
| {{Inflation|USD|0.275|1984|r=2}}
|-
| [[55th Academy Awards|1983]]
| 53.235
| 0.245
| {{Inflation|USD|0.245|1983|r=2}}
|-
| [[54th Academy Awards|1982]]
| 46.245
| Not available
| Not available
|-
| [[53rd Academy Awards|1981]]
| 39.919
| Not available
| Not available
|-
| [[52nd Academy Awards|1980]]
| 48.978
| Not available
| Not available
|-
| [[51st Academy Awards|1979]]
| 46.301
| Not available
| Not available
|-
| [[50th Academy Awards|1978]]
| 48.501
| Not available
| Not available
|-
| [[49th Academy Awards|1977]]
| 39.719
| Not available
| Not available
|-
| [[48th Academy Awards|1976]]
| 46.751
| Not available
| Not available
|-
| [[47th Academy Awards|1975]]
| 48.127
| Not available
| Not available
| rowspan="2"| [[NBC]]
|-
| [[46th Academy Awards|1974]]
| 44.712
| Not available
| Not available
|}

== Records ==
{{Main|List of Academy Award records}}

=== Milestones ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Superlative
!Record-holder
!Record set
!Year
!Notes
|-
! colspan="5" |People
|-
|Most awards for a person
| rowspan="2" |[[Walt Disney]]
|26 awards{{Efn|22 competitive, 4 honorary.|name=disney}}
| rowspan="2" |[[41st Academy Awards|1969]]
|Awards resulted from 59 nominations.<ref name="Nominee Facts">{{cite web |title=Nominee Facts – Most Nominations and Awards |url=http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/ampas_awards/help/statistics/Gen-NomsFacts.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402095027/http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/ampas_awards/help/statistics/Gen-NomsFacts.pdf |archive-date=2016-04-02 |access-date=2015-03-23 |publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[List of people who have won multiple Academy Awards in a single year|Most awards for a person in a single year]]
| rowspan="2" |4 awards
|Awards resulted in 4 different types of films.
|-
|[[Sean Baker]]
|[[97th Academy Awards|2025]]
|Awards resulted from a single film.
|-
|Most awards for a person in a single category
| rowspan="4" |[[Walt Disney]]
|12 awards
|[[41st Academy Awards|1969]]
|Awards resulted from 39 nominations in one category: [[Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film|Best Animated Short Film]].
|-
|Most consecutive awards for a person in a single category
|8 awards
|[[12th Academy Awards|1940]]
|First win was ''[[Flowers and Trees]]'' in [[5th Academy Awards]]; continued to win for the next seven years until stopped at ''[[Lend a Paw]]'' in [[14th Academy Awards]].
|-
|Most nominations for a person
|59 nominations
|[[41st Academy Awards|1969]]
|Nominations resulted in 26 wins.{{Efn|22 competitive, 4 honorary.|name=disney}}<ref name="Nominee Facts" />
|-
|[[List of people who have won multiple Academy Awards in a single year|Most nominations for a person in a single year]]
|6 nominations
|[[26th Academy Awards|1954]]
|Nominations resulted in 4 wins in a single year.
|-
|Most nominations for a person without a win
|[[Diane Warren]]
|17 nominations
|[[98th Academy Awards|2026]]
|Received the [[Academy Honorary Award]] in 2023.
|-
|Most nominations for a person in a single category
|[[John Williams]]
|48 nominations
|[[96th Academy Awards|2024]]
|Nominations resulted in 5 wins in one category: [[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]].
|-
|Most nominations for a person in a single category without a win
|[[Diane Warren]]
|17 nominations
|[[98th Academy Awards|2026]]
|Except an Honorary Award in 2024, nominations resulted none in one category: [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]].
|-
! colspan="5" |Film
|-
| rowspan="3" |Most awards for a film
|[[Ben-Hur (1959 film)|''Ben-Hur'']]
| rowspan="4" |11 awards
|[[32nd Academy Awards|1960]]
|Awards resulted from 12 nominations; only loss was [[Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Best Adapted Screenplay]].
|-
|''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]''
|[[70th Academy Awards|1998]]
|Awards resulted from 14 nominations.
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]''
| rowspan="3" |[[7th Academy Awards|2004]]
|Awards resulted from every nomination it received.
|-
|Highest clean sweep
|Beating ''[[Gigi (1958 film)|Gigi]]'' and ''[[The Last Emperor]]'' with 9 wins from 9 nominations.
|-
|Most awards for a film franchise
|''[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|The Lord of the Rings]]''
|17 awards
|Consisting ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring|The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' (2001), ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers|The Two Towers]]'' (2002), and ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]'' (2003).
|-
| rowspan="2" |Most awards for a film franchise in a single category
|''[[Silly Symphony]]''
| rowspan="2" |7 awards
|[[12th Academy Awards|1940]]
|Considered as a short film series, awards resulted from 9 nominations in one category: [[Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film|Best Animated Short Film]].
|-
|''[[Tom and Jerry]]''
|[[25th Academy Awards|1953]]
|Considered as a short film series, awards resulted from 13 nominations in one category: [[Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film|Best Animated Short Film]].
|-
|Most nominations for a film
|rowspan="2"|''[[Sinners (2025 film)|Sinners]]''
|16 nominations
|rowspan="2"|[[98th Academy Awards|2026]]
|rowspan="2"|Won 4 awards, nominated for [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://slate.com/culture/2026/03/oscars-2026-sinners-movie-winners-michael-b-jordan.html |title='Sinners' Made Oscars History, but Not the Kind Anyone Expected |last=Adams |first=Sam |magazine=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=March 15, 2026 |access-date=March 16, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260316114631/https://slate.com/culture/2026/03/oscars-2026-sinners-movie-winners-michael-b-jordan.html |archive-date=March 16, 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Most losses for a film
|12 losses
|-
| rowspan="2" |Most nominations for a film without a win
|''[[The Turning Point (1977 film)|The Turning Point]]''
| rowspan="2" |11 nominations
|[[50th Academy Awards|1978]]
|
|-
|''[[The Color Purple (1985 film)|The Color Purple]]''
|[[58th Academy Awards|1986]]
|It also holds the record for most Oscar nominations without one for [[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Director]].
|-
| rowspan="2" |Most nominations for a film franchise
|[[Middle-earth in motion pictures|Middle-Earth]]
| rowspan="2" |37 nominations
|[[87th Academy Awards|2015]]
|Nominations resulted in 17 wins overall.
|-
|''[[Star Wars]]''
|[[92nd Academy Awards|2020]]
|Nominations resulted in 10 wins overall.
|-
|Most nominations for a film franchise without a win
|''[[The Color Purple]]''
|12 nominations
|[[96th Academy Awards|2024]]
|Both [[The Color Purple (1985 film)|1985]] and [[The Color Purple (2023 film)|2023]] film versions of the novel did not win a single award.
|-
|Most nominations for a film franchise in a single category
|[[Looney Tunes]]/[[Merrie Melodies]]
|16 nominations
|[[36th Academy Awards|1964]]
|Considered as a short film series, nominations resulted in 6 wins in one category: [[Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film|Best Animated Short Film]].
|-
|Most nominations for a film franchise in a single category without a win
|[[Marvel Cinematic Universe]]
|14 nominations
|[[96th Academy Awards|2024]]
|Nominations resulted none in one category: [[Academy Award for Best Visual Effects|Best Visual Effects]].
|-
! colspan="5" |Age
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[List of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees|Oldest winners]]
|[[James Ivory]]
| rowspan="2" |89 years old
|[[90th Academy Awards|2018]]
| rowspan="2" |{{As of|2025}}, they remained the oldest winners in any competitive category.
|-
|[[Ann Roth]]
|[[93rd Academy Awards|2021]]
|-
|Oldest nominee
|[[John Williams]]
|91 years old
|[[96th Academy Awards|2024]]
|{{As of|2025}}, he remained the oldest nominee in any competitive category.
|-
|[[List of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees|Youngest winner]]
|[[Tatum O'Neal]]
|10 years old
|[[46th Academy Awards|1974]]
|{{As of|2025}}, she remained the youngest winner in any competitive category.
|-
|Youngest nominee
|[[Justin Henry]]
|8 years old
|[[52nd Academy Awards|1980]]
|{{As of|2025}}, he remained the youngest nominee in any competitive category.
|}

=== Highest by films ===
{{col-begin}}

{{col-1-of-2}}

The following nominees received at least 10 nominations:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! scope="col" width="59"| Nominations
! scope="col" align="center"| Title
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center"| 16
|''[[Sinners (2025 film)|Sinners]]''
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center"| 14
| ''[[All About Eve]]''
|-
| ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]''
|-
| ''[[La La Land]]''
|-
| rowspan="13" style="text-align:center"| 13
| ''[[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone with the Wind]]''
|-
| ''[[From Here to Eternity]]''
|-
| ''[[Mary Poppins (film)|Mary Poppins]]''
|-
| ''[[Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (film)|Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?]]''
|-
| ''[[Forrest Gump]]''
|-
| ''[[Shakespeare in Love]]''
|-
| ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
|-
| ''[[Chicago (2002 film)|Chicago]]''
|-
| ''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (film)|The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]''
|-
| ''[[The Shape of Water]]''
|-
| ''[[Oppenheimer (film)|Oppenheimer]]''
|-
| ''[[Emilia Pérez]]''
|-
| ''[[One Battle After Another]]''
|-
| rowspan="18" style="text-align:center"| 12
| ''[[Ben-Hur (1959 film)|Ben-Hur]]''
|-
| ''[[Mrs. Miniver]]''
|-
| ''[[The Song of Bernadette (film)|The Song of Bernadette]]''
|-
| ''[[Johnny Belinda (1948 film)|Johnny Belinda]]''
|-
| ''[[A Streetcar Named Desire (1951 film)|A Streetcar Named Desire]]''
|-
| ''[[On the Waterfront]]''
|-
| ''[[My Fair Lady (film)|My Fair Lady]]''
|-
| ''[[Becket (1964 film)|Becket]]''
|-
| ''[[Oliver! (film)|Oliver!]]''
|-
| ''[[Reds (film)|Reds]]''
|-
| ''[[Dances With Wolves]]''
|-
| ''[[Schindler's List]]''
|-
| ''[[The English Patient (film)|The English Patient]]''
|-
| ''[[Gladiator (2000 film)|Gladiator]]''
|-
| ''[[The King's Speech]]''
|-
| ''[[Lincoln (film)|Lincoln]]''
|-
| ''[[The Revenant (2015 film)|The Revenant]]''
|-
| ''[[The Power of the Dog (film)|The Power of the Dog]]''
|-
| rowspan="25" style="text-align:center"| 11
| ''[[Mr. Smith Goes to Washington]]''
|-
| ''[[Rebecca (1940 film)|Rebecca]]''
|-
| ''[[Sergeant York (film)|Sergeant York]]''
|-
| ''[[The Pride of the Yankees]]''
|-
| ''[[Sunset Boulevard (film)|Sunset Boulevard]]''
|-
| ''[[West Side Story (1961 film)|West Side Story]]''
|-
| ''[[Judgment at Nuremberg]]''
|-
| ''[[The Godfather Part II]]''
|-
| ''[[Chinatown (1974 film)|Chinatown]]''
|-
| ''[[The Turning Point (1977 film)|The Turning Point]]''
|-
| ''[[Out of Africa (film)|Out of Africa]]''
|-
| ''[[The Color Purple (1985 film)|The Color Purple]]''
|-
| ''[[Julia (1977 film)|Julia]]''
|-
| ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]''
|-
| ''[[Terms of Endearment]]''
|-
| ''[[Amadeus (film)|Amadeus]]''
|-
| ''[[A Passage to India (film)|A Passage to India]]''
|-
| ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]''
|-
| ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]''
|-
| ''[[The Aviator (2004 film)|The Aviator]]''
|-
| ''[[Hugo (film)|Hugo]]''
|-
| ''[[Life of Pi (film)|Life of Pi]]''
|-
| ''[[Joker (2019 film)|Joker]]''
|-
| ''[[Everything Everywhere All at Once]]''
|-
| ''[[Poor Things (film)|Poor Things]]''
|-
| rowspan="47" style="text-align:center"| 10
| ''[[The Life of Emile Zola]]''
|-
| ''[[How Green Was My Valley (film)|How Green Was My Valley]]''
|-
| ''[[Going My Way]]''
|-
| ''[[Wilson (1944 film)|Wilson]]''
|-
| ''[[Roman Holiday]]''
|-
| ''[[Giant (1956 film)|Giant]]''
|-
| ''[[Sayonara]]''
|-
| ''[[The Apartment]]''
|-
| ''[[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]]''
|-
| ''[[Tom Jones (1963 film)|Tom Jones]]''
|-
| ''[[The Sound of Music (film)|The Sound of Music]]''
|-
| ''[[Doctor Zhivago (film)|Doctor Zhivago]]''
|-
| ''[[Bonnie and Clyde (film)|Bonnie and Clyde]]''
|-
| ''[[Guess Who's Coming to Dinner]]''
|-
| ''[[Anne of the Thousand Days]]''
|-
| ''[[Patton (film)|Patton]]''
|-
| ''[[Airport (1970 film)|Airport]]''
|-
| ''[[The Godfather]]''
|-
| ''[[Cabaret (1972 film)|Cabaret]]''
|-
| ''[[The Sting]]''
|-
| ''[[The Exorcist]]''
|-
| ''[[Rocky]]''
|-
| ''[[Network (1976 film)|Network]]''
|-
| ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]''
|-
| ''[[On Golden Pond (1981 film)|On Golden Pond]]''
|-
| ''[[Tootsie]]''
|-
| ''[[Bugsy]]''
|-
| ''[[Braveheart]]''
|-
| ''[[Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon]]''
|-
| ''[[Gangs of New York]]''
|-
| ''[[Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World]]''
|-
| ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''
|-
| ''[[True Grit (2010 film)|True Grit]]''
|-
| ''[[The Artist (film)|The Artist]]''
|-
| ''[[American Hustle]]''
|-
| ''[[Gravity (2013 film)|Gravity]]''
|-
| ''[[Mad Max: Fury Road]]''
|-
| ''[[The Favourite (2018 film)|The Favourite]]''
|-
| ''[[Roma (2018 film)|Roma]]''
|-
| ''[[The Irishman]]''
|-
| ''[[1917 (2019 film)|1917]]''
|-
| ''[[Once Upon a Time in Hollywood]]''
|-
| ''[[Mank]]''
|-
| ''[[Dune (2021 film)|Dune]]''
|-
| ''[[Killers of the Flower Moon (film)|Killers of the Flower Moon]]''
|-
| ''[[The Brutalist]]''
|-
| ''[[Wicked (2024 film)|Wicked]]''
|}

{{col-2-of-2}}

The following winners received at least 5 awards (including non-competitive):

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! scope="col" width="56"| Awards
! scope="col" align="center"| Title
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center"| 11
| ''[[Ben-Hur (1959 film)|Ben-Hur]]''
|-
| ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]''
|-
| ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]''
|-
| style="text-align:center"| 10
| ''[[West Side Story (1961 film)|West Side Story]]''
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center"| 9
| ''[[Gigi (1958 film)|Gigi]]''
|-
| ''[[The Last Emperor]]''
|-
| ''[[The English Patient (film)|The English Patient]]''
|-
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center"| 8
| ''[[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone with the Wind]]''
|-
| ''[[From Here to Eternity]]''
|-
| ''[[On the Waterfront]]''
|-
| ''[[My Fair Lady (film)|My Fair Lady]]''
|-
| ''[[Cabaret (1972 film)|Cabaret]]''
|-
| ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]''
|-
| ''[[Amadeus (film)|Amadeus]]''
|-
| ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''
|-
| rowspan="14" style="text-align:center"| 7
| ''[[Going My Way]]''
|-
| ''[[The Best Years of Our Lives]]''
|-
| ''[[The Bridge on the River Kwai]]''
|-
| ''[[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]]''
|-
| ''[[Patton (film)|Patton]]''
|-
| ''[[The Sting]]''
|-
| ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]''
|-
| ''[[Out of Africa (film)|Out of Africa]]''
|-
| ''[[Dances With Wolves]]''
|-
| ''[[Schindler's List]]''
|-
| ''[[Shakespeare in Love]]''
|-
| ''[[Gravity (2013 film)|Gravity]]''
|-
| ''[[Everything Everywhere All at Once]]''
|-
| ''[[Oppenheimer (film)|Oppenheimer]]''
|-
| rowspan="15" style="text-align:center"| 6
|-
| ''[[Mrs. Miniver]]''
|-
| ''[[All About Eve]]''
|-
| ''[[An American in Paris (film)|An American in Paris]]''
|-
| ''[[A Place in the Sun (1951 film)|A Place in the Sun]]''
|-
| ''[[A Man for All Seasons (1966 film)|A Man for All Seasons]]''
|-
| ''[[Oliver! (film)|Oliver!]]''
|-
| ''[[The Godfather Part II]]''
|-
| ''[[Forrest Gump]]''
|-
| ''[[Chicago (2002 film)|Chicago]]''
|-
| ''[[The Hurt Locker]]''
|-
| ''[[Mad Max: Fury Road]]''
|-
| ''[[La La Land]]''
|-
| ''[[Dune (2021 film)|Dune]]''
|-
| ''[[One Battle After Another]]''
|-
| rowspan="27" style="text-align:center"| 5
| ''[[It Happened One Night]]''
|-
| ''[[How Green Was My Valley (film)|How Green Was My Valley]]''
|-
| ''[[Wilson (1944 film)|Wilson]]''
|-
| ''[[The Bad and the Beautiful]]''
|-
| ''[[Around the World in 80 Days (1956 film)|Around the World in 80 Days]]''
|-
| ''[[The King and I (1956 film)|The King and I]]''
|-
| ''[[The Apartment]]''
|-
| ''[[Mary Poppins (film)|Mary Poppins]]''
|-
| ''[[The Sound of Music (film)|The Sound of Music]]''
|-
| ''[[Doctor Zhivago (film)|Doctor Zhivago]]''
|-
| ''[[Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (film)|Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?]]''
|-
| ''[[In the Heat of the Night (film)|In the Heat of the Night]]''
|-
| ''[[The French Connection (film)|The French Connection]]''
|-
| ''[[One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)|One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest]]''
|-
| ''[[The Deer Hunter]]''
|-
| ''[[Kramer vs. Kramer]]''
|-
| ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]''
|-
| ''[[Terms of Endearment]]''
|-
| ''[[The Silence of the Lambs (film)|The Silence of the Lambs]]''
|-
| ''[[Braveheart]]''
|-
| ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]''
|-
| ''[[American Beauty (1999 film)|American Beauty]]''
|-
| ''[[Gladiator (2000 film)|Gladiator]]''
|-
| ''[[The Aviator (2004 film)|The Aviator]]''
|-
| ''[[Hugo (film)|Hugo]]''
|-
| ''[[The Artist (film)|The Artist]]''
|-
| ''[[Anora]]''
|}

{{col-end}}

=== Highest by franchises or remakes ===
{{Original research section|date=August 2025}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-1-of-2}}
The following film franchises or remakes received at least six nominations:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! scope="col" width="56"| Nominations
! scope="col" align="center"| Title
! scope="col" align="center"| No. of films
|-
| style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"| 37
| ''[[Star Wars]]''
| 11
|-
| ''[[Middle-earth in motion pictures|Middle-earth]]'' (consists of ''[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|The Lord of the Rings]]'' and ''[[The Hobbit (film series)|The Hobbit]]'')
| 6
|-
| 29
| ''[[Batman in film|Batman]]''
| 7
|-
| 28
| ''[[The Godfather (film series)|The Godfather]]''
| 3
|-
| 27
| ''[[Marvel Cinematic Universe]]''
| 15
|-
| 26
| ''[[What Price Hollywood?]]'' / ''[[A Star Is Born (1937 film)|A Star Is Born]]''
| 5
|-
| 20
| ''[[Adaptations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz|The Wizard of Oz]]''
| 4
|-
| 19
| ''[[List of James Bond films|James Bond]]''
| 11
|-
| rowspan="2" | 18
| ''[[Going My Way]]'' / ''[[The Bells of St. Mary's]]''
| 2
|-
| ''[[West Side Story]]''
| 2
|-
| 17
| ''[[Adaptations of Mary Poppins|Mary Poppins]]''
| 2
|-
| style="text-align:center" rowspan="4"| 16
| ''[[Looney Tunes]]''
| 16
|-
| ''[[List of Star Trek films|Star Trek]]''
| 7
|-
| ''[[Dune (franchise)|Dune]]''
| 3
|-
| ''[[Here Comes Mr. Jordan]]'' / ''[[Heaven Can Wait (1978 film)|Heaven Can Wait]]''
| 2
|-
| style="text-align:center" rowspan="3"| 14
| ''[[Wizarding World]]''
| 9
|-
| ''[[Indiana Jones]]''
| 4
|-

| ''[[List of films featuring Frankenstein's monster|Frankenstein]]''
| 5
|-
| style="text-align:center" rowspan="6"| 13
| ''[[Tom and Jerry]]''
| 13
|-
| ''[[All Quiet on the Western Front]]''
| 2
|-
| ''[[Avatar (franchise)|Avatar]]''
| 3
|-
| ''[[Funny Girl (film)|Funny Girl]]'' / ''[[Funny Lady]]''
| 2
|-
| ''[[Gladiator (2000 film)|Gladiator]]''
| 2
|-
| ''[[The Hustler]]'' / ''[[The Color of Money]]''
| 2
|-
| style="text-align:center" rowspan="4"| 12
| ''[[Alien (franchise)|Alien]]''
| 5
|-
| ''[[Rocky (franchise)|Rocky]]''
| 3
|-
| ''[[The Color Purple]]''
| 2
|-
| ''[[True Grit (film series)|True Grit]]''
| 2
|-
| style="text-align:center" rowspan="3"| 11
| ''[[Toy Story (franchise)|Toy Story]]''
| 4
|-
| ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)|Pirates of the Caribbean]]''
| 3
|-
| ''[[The Sting]]''
| 2
|-
| style="text-align:center" rowspan="3"| 10
| ''[[Donald Duck (film series)|Donald Duck]]''
| 10
|-
| ''[[Mickey Mouse]]''
| 10
|-
| ''[[Top Gun (franchise)|Top Gun]]''
| 2
|-
| style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"| 9
| ''[[Elizabeth (1998 film)|Elizabeth]]''
| 2
|-
| ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey|Space]] [[2010: The Year We Make Contact|Odyssey]]''
| 2
|-
| style="text-align:center" rowspan="6"| 8
| ''[[Wallace & Gromit]]''
| 8
|-
| ''[[Spider-Man in film|Spider-Man]]''
| 5
|-
| ''[[King Kong (franchise)|King Kong]]''
| 3
|-
| ''[[Babe (1995 film)|Babe]]''
| 2
|-
| ''[[Beauty and the Beast]]''
| 2
|-
| ''[[The Philadelphia Story (play)|The Philadelphia Story]]'' / ''[[High Society (1956 film)|High Society]]''
| 2
|-
| style="text-align:center" rowspan="4"| 7
| ''[[Transformers (film series)|Transformers]]''
| 3
|-
| ''[[Aladdin]]''
| 2
|-
| ''[[Blade Runner (franchise)|Blade Runner]]''
| 2
|-
| ''[[Hercule Poirot]]''
| 2
|-
| style="text-align:center" rowspan="5"| 6
| ''[[Planet of the Apes]]''
| 5
|-
| ''[[Shrek (franchise)|Shrek]]''
| 4
|-
| ''[[Adaptations of The Jungle Book|The Jungle Book]]''
| 3
|-
| ''[[The Broadway Melody]]''
| 2
|-
| ''[[Scent of a Woman (1992 film)|Scent of a Woman]]''
| 2
|}

{{col-2-of-2}}

The following film franchises or remakes received at least three awards (including non-competitive):

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! scope="col" width="55"| Awards
! scope="col" align="center"| Title
! scope="col" align="center"| No. of films
|-
| style="text-align:center"| 17
| ''[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|The Lord of the Rings]]''
| 3
|-
| style="text-align:center" rowspan="1"| 11
| ''[[West Side Story]]''
| 2
|-
| style="text-align:center"| 10
| ''[[Star Wars]]''
| 3
|-
| style="text-align:center"| 9
| ''[[The Godfather (film series)|The Godfather]]''
| 2
|-
| style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"| 8
| ''[[Dune (franchise)|Dune]]''
| 2
|-
| ''[[Going My Way]]'' / ''[[The Bells of St. Mary's]]''
| 2
|-
| style="text-align:center" rowspan="3"| 7
| ''[[Looney Tunes]]''
| 7
|-
| ''[[Tom and Jerry]]''
| 7
|-
| ''[[Indiana Jones]]''
| 3
|-
| style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"| 6
| ''[[List of James Bond films|James Bond]]''
| 5
|-
| ''[[All Quiet on the Western Front]]''
| 2
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center"| 5
| ''[[Batman in film|Batman]]''
| 3
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center"| 4
| ''[[A Star Is Born (1937 film)|A Star Is Born]]''
| 3
|-
| ''[[Toy Story (franchise)|Toy Story]]''
| 3
|-
| ''[[Avatar (franchise)|Avatar]]''
| 2
|-
| ''[[King Kong (franchise)|King Kong]]''
| 2
|-
| ''[[Marvel Cinematic Universe]]''
| 2
|-
| ''[[Adaptations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz|The Wizard of Oz]]''
| 2
|-
| rowspan=4 style="text-align:center"| 3
| ''[[Wallace & Gromit]]''
| 3
|-
| ''[[Alien (franchise)|Alien]]''
| 2
|-
| ''[[Here Comes Mr. Jordan]]'' / ''[[Heaven Can Wait (1978 film)|Heaven Can Wait]]''
| 2
|-
| ''[[The Hustler]]'' / ''[[The Color of Money]]''
| 2
|}

{{col-end}}

=== Highest by people ===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-1-of-2}}
The following nominees received at least 5 nominations:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! scope="col" width="55"| Nominations
! scope="col" align="center"| Title
! scope="col" align="center"| Role
|-
| style="text-align:center"| 59
| [[Walt Disney]]
| Producer, animator, and voice actor
|-
| style="text-align:center"| 54
| [[John Williams]]
| Composer
|-
| style="text-align:center"| 45
| [[Alfred Newman (composer)|Alfred Newman]]
| Composer
|-
| style="text-align:center"| 39
| [[Cedric Gibbons]]
| Production designer
|-
| style="text-align:center"| 35
| [[Edith Head]]
| Costume designer
|-
| style="text-align:center"| 32
| [[Edwin B. Willis]]
| Production designer
|-
| style="text-align:center"| 29
| [[Lyle R. Wheeler]]
| Art director
|-
| style="text-align:center"| 26
| [[Sammy Cahn]]
| Songwriter
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"| 25
| [[Andy Nelson (sound engineer)|Andy Nelson]]
| Sound engineer
|-
| [[Max Steiner]]
| Composer
|-
| style="text-align:center"| 24
| [[Woody Allen]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center"| 23
| [[Hans Dreier]]
| Art director
|-
| [[Hal Pereira]]
| Art director and production designer
|-
| [[Steven Spielberg]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center"| 22
| [[Samuel M. Comer]]
| Art director
|-
| [[Randy Newman]]
| Composer and songwriter
|-
| [[Dimitri Tiomkin]]
| Composer
|-
| [[Victor Young]]
| Composer
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center"| 21
| [[Kevin O'Connell (sound mixer)|Kevin O'Connell]]
| Sound mixer
|-
| [[Meryl Streep]]
| Actress
|-
| [[Billy Wilder]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| style="text-align:center"| 20
| [[Gary Rydstrom]]
| Sound designer and film director
|-
| style="text-align:center"| 19
| [[Alan Menken]]
| Composer and songwriter
|-
| style="text-align:center"| 18
| [[Henry Mancini]]
| Composer and songwriter
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"| 17
| [[Gordon Hollingshead]]
| Producer
|-
| [[Fred Quimby]]
| Animator
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center"| 16
| [[Roger Deakins]]
| Cinematographer
|-
| [[Charles LeMaire]]
| Costume designer
|-
| [[Greg P. Russell]]
| Sound engineer
|-
| [[Martin Scorsese]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[Irene Sharaff]]
| Costume designer and art director
|-
| [[Diane Warren]]
| Songwriter
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center"| 15
| [[Warren Beatty]]
| Actor and filmmaker
|-
| [[Christopher Boyes]]
| Sound engineer
|-
| [[Thomas Newman]]
| Composer
|-
| [[Alex North]]
| Composer
|-
| [[Sandy Powell (costume designer)|Sandy Powell]]
| Costume designer
|-
| [[William Wyler]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center"| 14
| [[Coen brothers|Ethan and Joel Coen]]
| Filmmakers
|-
| [[Francis Ford Coppola]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[John Huston]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[Jean Louis]]
| Costume designer
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"| 13
| [[Richard Day (art director)|Richard Day]]
| Art director
|-
| [[Stanley Kubrick]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center"| 12
| [[Colleen Atwood]]
| Costume designer
|-
| [[Bradley Cooper]]
| Actor, filmmaker, and producer
|-
| [[Federico Fellini]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[Katharine Hepburn]]
| Actress
|-
| [[Dorothy Jeakins]]
| Costume designer
|-
| [[Jack Nicholson]]
| Actor
|-
| [[Hans Zimmer]]
| Composer
|-
| rowspan="11" style="text-align:center"| 11
| [[Paul Thomas Anderson]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[Rick Baker]]
| Special make-up effects artist
|-
| [[Alfonso Cuarón]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[Alexandre Desplat]]
| Composer
|-
| [[Clint Eastwood]]
| Actor and filmmaker
|-
| [[Doug Hemphill]]
| Sound engineer
|-
| [[David Lean]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[Joe Letteri]]
| Visual effects artist
|-
| [[Laurence Olivier]]
| Actor and filmmaker
|-
| [[George Stevens]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[Oliver Stone]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center"| 10
| [[Anna Behlmer]]
| Sound mixer
|-
| [[Bette Davis]]
| Actress
|-
| [[Dante Ferretti]]
| Art director, production designer and costume designer
|-
| [[Walter Plunkett]]
| Costume designer
|-
| [[Helen Rose]]
| Costume designer
|-
| [[Bill Thomas (costume designer)|Bill Thomas]]
| Costume designer
|-
| [[Denzel Washington]]
| Actor and filmmaker
|-
| rowspan="17" style="text-align:center"| 9
| [[Ingmar Bergman]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[Milena Canonero]]
| Costume designer
|-
| [[Joseph L Mankiewicz]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[Robert De Niro]]
| Actor and producer
|-
| [[Pete Docter]]
| Filmmaker, animator and voice actor
|-
| [[Jacqueline Durran]]
| Costume designer
|-
| [[Nancy Haigh]]
| Set decorator
|-
| [[Alejandro González Iñárritu]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[Peter Jackson]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[Richard King (sound designer)|Richard King]]
| Sound engineer
|-
| [[Stanley Kramer]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[Catherine Martin (designer)|Catherine Martin]]
| Costume designer, production designer and producer
|-
| [[Scott Millan]]
| Sound mixer
|-
| [[Scott Rudin]]
| Producer
|-
| [[Thelma Schoonmaker]]
| Film editor
|-
| [[Stephen Schwartz]]
| Composer and songwriter
|-
| [[Sherman Brothers]]
| Composers and songwriters
|-
| rowspan="19" style="text-align:center"| 8
| [[Wes Anderson]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[Cate Blanchett]]
| Actress
|-
| [[Kenneth Branagh]]
| Actor and filmmaker
|-
| [[Marlon Brando]]
| Actor
|-
| [[James L. Brooks]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[George Clooney]]
| Actor and filmmaker
|-
| [[Glenn Close]]
| Actress
|-
| [[Judi Dench]]
| Actress
|-
| [[Dede Gardner]]
| Producer
|-
| [[Michael Kahn (film editor)|Michael Kahn]]
| Film editor
|-
| [[Kathleen Kennedy (producer)|Kathleen Kennedy]]
| Producer
|-
| [[Jack Lemmon]]
| Actor
|-
| [[Francesca Lo Schiavo]]
| Set decorator
|-
| [[Emmanuel Lubezki]]
| Cinematographer
|-
| [[Frances McDormand]]
| Actress and producer
|-
| [[Christopher Nolan]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[Peter O'Toole]]
| Actor
|-
| [[Ken Ralston]]
| Visual effects supervisor
|-
| [[Quentin Tarantino]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| rowspan="19" style="text-align:center"| 7
| [[Robert Altman]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[Howard Ashman]]
| Lyricist
|-
| [[Ingrid Bergman]]
| Actress
|-
| [[Nathan Crowley]]
| Art director and production designer
|-
| [[Dennis Gassner]]
| Production designer
|-
| [[Jeff Bridges]]
| Actor
|-
| [[Richard Burton]]
| Actor
|-
| [[James Cameron]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[Leonardo DiCaprio]]
| Actor and producer
|-
| [[Eric Fellner]]
| Producer
|-
| [[Jane Fonda]]
| Actress
|-
| [[Jeremy Kleiner]]
| Producer
|-
| [[Martin McDonagh]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[Alexander Payne]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[Brad Pitt]]
| Actor and producer
|-
| [[Sydney Pollack]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[Mary Wills (costume designer)|Mary Wills]]
| Costume designer
|-
| [[Kate Winslet]]
| Actress
|-
| [[Albert Wolsky]]
| Costume designer
|-
| rowspan="17" style="text-align:center"| 6
| [[Amy Adams]]
| Actress
|-
| [[Tim Bevan]]
| Producer
|-
| [[John Bright (costume designer)|John Bright]]
| Costume designer
|-
| [[Alexandra Byrne]]
| Costume designer
|-
| [[Ellen Burstyn]]
| Actress
|-
| [[Daniel Day-Lewis]]
| Actor
|-
| [[Guillermo del Toro]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[Margaret Furse]]
| Costume designer
|-
| [[Tom Hanks]]
| Actor
|-
| [[Yorgos Lanthimos]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[Ennio Morricone]]
| Composer
|-
| [[Patricia Norris]]
| Costume designer
|-
| [[Nick Park]]
| Animator
|-
| [[Maggie Smith]]
| Actress
|-
| [[Andrew Stanton]]
| Animator and filmmaker
|-
| [[Gile Steele]]
| Costume designer
|-
| [[Richard Taylor (filmmaker)|Richard Taylor]]
| Costume designer, special make-up effects artist and visual effects artist
|-
| rowspan="32" style="text-align:center"| 5
| [[Annette Bening]]
| Actress
|-
| [[Brad Bird]]
| Animator and filmmaker
|-
| [[Jane Campion]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[Matt Damon]]
| Actor, filmmaker and producer
|-
| [[Danilo Donati]]
| Costume designer and production designer
|-
| [[Todd Field]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[Jodie Foster]]
| Actress
|-
| [[Morgan Freeman]]
| Actor
|-
| [[Alfred Hitchcock]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[Elton John]]
| Songwriter
|-
| [[Nicole Kidman]]
| Actress
|-
| [[Spike Lee]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[Richard Linklater]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[Sidney Lumet]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[James Mangold]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[Frank Marshall (filmmaker)|Frank Marshall]]
| Producer
|-
| [[Julianne Moore]]
| Actress
|-
| [[Mike Nichols]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[Vittorio Nino Novarese]]
| Costume designer
|-
| [[Gregory Peck]]
| Actor
|-
| [[Sean Penn]]
| Actor
|-
| [[Roman Polanski]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[Renié]]
| Costume designer
|-
| [[Ann Roth]]
| Costume designer
|-
| [[David O. Russell]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[Susan Sarandon]]
| Actress
|-
| [[Howard Shoup]]
| Costume designer
|-
| [[Emma Stone]]
| Actress and producer
|-
| [[Barbra Streisand]]
| Actress, songwriter and producer
|-
| [[Piero Tosi]]
| Costume designer
|-
| [[Jacqueline West]]
| Costume designer
|-
| [[Michelle Williams (actress)|Michelle Williams]]
| Actress
|}
{{col-2-of-2}}
The following winners received at least 3 awards (including non-competitive):

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! scope="col" width="55"| Awards
! scope="col" align="center"| Title
! scope="col" align="center"| Role
|-
| style="text-align:center"| 26
| [[Walt Disney]]
| Producer, animator, and voice actor
|-
| style="text-align:center"| 14
| [[Douglas Shearer]]
| Sound engineer, visual effect supervisor
|-
| style="text-align:center"| 11
| [[Cedric Gibbons]]
| Production designer
|-
| style="text-align:center"| 10
| [[Farciot Edouart]]
| Special effects artist and innovator
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"| 9
| [[Dennis Muren]]
| Special effects artist and supervisor
|-
| [[Alfred Newman (composer)|Alfred Newman]]
| Composer
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center"| 8
| [[Edith Head]]
| Costume designer
|-
| [[Alan Menken]]
| Composer and songwriter
|-
| [[Edwin B. Willis]]
| Production designer
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center"| 7
| [[Rick Baker]]
| Special make-up effects artist
|-
| [[Richard Day (art director)|Richard Day]]
| Art director
|-
| [[Joe Letteri]]
| Visual effects artist
|-
| [[Fred Quimby]]
| Animator
|-
| [[Gary Rydstrom]]
| Sound designer, editor, and mixer
|-
| [[Billy Wilder]]
| Director, producer, and writer
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"| 6
| [[John Ford]]
| Director and producer
|-
| [[Gordon Hollingshead]]
| Producer
|-
| rowspan="14" style="text-align:center"| 5
| [[John Barry (composer)|John Barry]]
| Composer and songwriter
|-
| [[Francis Ford Coppola]]
| Director, producer, and writer
|-
| [[Clint Eastwood]]
| Actor, director, and producer
|-
| [[Johnny Green]]
| Composer, music supervisor, and producer
|-
| [[Alejandro González Iñárritu]]
| Director, producer, and writer
|-
| [[Fred Hynes]]
| Sound engineer
|-
| [[Gordon Jennings]]
| Special effects supervisor
|-
| [[Richard King (sound designer)|Richard King]]
| Sound designer and editor
|-
| [[Thomas T. Moulton]]
| Sound engineer
|-
| [[Ken Ralston]]
| Visual effects supervisor
|-
| [[Irene Sharaff]]
| Costume designer
|-
| [[Richard Taylor (filmmaker)|Richard Taylor]]
| Costume designer, special makeup artist, and visual effects supervisor
|-
| [[Lyle R. Wheeler]]
| Art director
|-
| [[John Williams]]
| Composer
|-
| rowspan="27" style="text-align:center"| 4
| [[Woody Allen]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[Colleen Atwood]]
| Costume designer
|-
| [[Sean Baker]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[Mark Berger (sound engineer)|Mark Berger]]
| Sound engineer
|-
| [[John Box]]
| Production designer and art director
|-
| [[Christopher Boyes]]
| Sound engineer
|-
| [[Ben Burtt]]
| Sound designer, editor, and mixer
|-
| [[Sammy Cahn]]
| Songwriter
|-
| [[Milena Canonero]]
| Costume designer
|-
| [[Coen brothers|Ethan and Joel Coen]]
| Filmmakers
|-
| [[Samuel M. Comer]]
| Art director
|-
| [[Alfonso Cuarón]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[Katharine Hepburn]]
| Actress
|-
| [[Paul Lambert (special effects artist)|Paul Lambert]]
| Visual effects supervisor
|-
| [[Henry Mancini]]
| Composer and songwriter
|-
| [[Catherine Martin (designer)|Catherine Martin]]
| Costume designer and production designer
|-
| [[Frances McDormand]]
| Actress and producer
|-
| [[Johnny Mercer]]
| Songwriter
|-
| [[Scott Millan]]
| Sound mixer
|-
| [[Laurence Olivier]]
| Actor and filmmaker
|-
| [[Nick Park]]
| Animator
|-
| [[André Previn]]
| Composer and music supervisor
|-
| [[Dimitri Tiomkin]]
| Composer
|-
| [[Jimmy Van Heusen]]
| Songwriter
|-
| [[Robert Wise]]
| Director and producer
|-
| [[Joseph L Mankiewicz]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[William Wyler]]
| Director and producer
|-
| rowspan="50" style="text-align:center"| 3
| [[James Acheson]]
| Costume designer
|-
| [[Paul Thomas Anderson]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[Cecil Beaton]]
| Costume designer and production designer
|-
| [[Jenny Beavan]]
| Costume designer
|-
| [[Alan and Marilyn Bergman]]
| Songwriters
|-
| [[Ingrid Bergman]]
| Actress
|-
| [[Bong Joon Ho]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[Stephen Bosustow]]
| Producer
|-
| [[Walter Brennan]]
| Actor
|-
| [[James L. Brooks]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[James Cameron]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[Saul Chaplin]]
| Composer and music supervisor
|-
| [[Daniels (directors)|Daniels]]
| Directors, producers, and writers
|-
| [[Daniel Day-Lewis]]
| Actor
|-
| [[Adolph Deutsch]]
| Composer and music supervisor
|-
| [[Pete Docter]]
| Director, writer, animator, and voice actor
|-
| [[Ken Darby]]
| Composer and music supervisor
|-
| [[Ralph Dawson]]
| Film editor
|-
| [[Guillermo del Toro]]
| Director, producer, and writer
|-
| [[Hans Dreier]]
| Art director
|-
| [[Roger Edens]]
| Composer and music supervisor
|-
| [[Ludwig Göransson]]
| Composer
|-
| [[John Hubley]]
| Director and animator
|-
| [[Marvin Hamlisch]]
| Composer and songwriter
|-
| [[Doug Hemphill]]
| Sound engineer
|-
| [[Peter Jackson]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[Maurice Jarre]]
| Composer
|-
| [[Dorothy Jeakins]]
| Costume designer
|-
| [[Michael Kahn (film editor)|Michael Kahn]]
| Film editor
|-
| [[Michel Legrand]]
| Composer and songwriter
|-
| [[Charles LeMaire]]
| Costume designer
|-
| [[Emmanuel Lubezki]]
| Cinematographer
|-
| [[Daniel Mandell]]
| Film editor
|-
| [[Giorgio Moroder]]
| Composer and songwriter
|-
| [[Jack Nicholson]]
| Actor
|-
| [[Orry-Kelly]]
| Costume designer
|-
| [[Sean Penn]]
| Actor
|-
| [[Anthony Powell (designer)|Anthony Powell]]
| Costume designer
|-
| [[Sandy Powell (costume designer)|Sandy Powell]]
| Costume designer
|-
| [[Gary Rizzo|Gary A. Rizzo]]
| Sound engineer
|-
| [[Thelma Schoonmaker]]
| Film editor
|-
| [[Stephen Schwartz]]
| Songwriter
|-
| [[Steven Spielberg]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[Max Steiner]]
| Composer
|-
| [[Oliver Stone]]
| Filmmaker
|-
| [[Meryl Streep]]
| Actress
|-
| [[Fran Walsh]]
| Producer, writer and songwriter
|-
| [[Ned Washington]]
| Songwriter
|-
| [[Paul Francis Webster]]
| Songwriter
|-
| [[Richard Williams (animator)|Richard Williams]]
| Director and animator
|}
{{col-end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of film awards]]
* [[List of Academy Award–nominated films|List of Academy Award-nominated films]]
* [[List of actors with Academy Award nominations]]
* [[List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees]]

== Footnotes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite news |last=Brokaw |first=Lauren |date=March 3, 2010 |title=Wanna See an Academy Awards Invite? We Got It Along with All the Major Annual Events Surrounding the Oscars |url=http://thedailytruffle.com/2010/03/oscar-week-parties-the-weekly-juice-oscar-edition/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307140008/http://thedailytruffle.com/2010/03/oscar-week-parties-the-weekly-juice-oscar-edition/ |archive-date=March 7, 2010 |url-status=dead |department=The Weekly Juice |work=The Daily Truffle |location=Los Angeles |access-date=February 20, 2024}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cotte |first=Oliver |year=2007 |title=Secrets of Oscar-Winning Animation: Behind the Scenes of 13 Classic Short Animations |publisher=Focal Press |isbn=978-0-240-52070-4}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Fischer |first1=Erika J. |date=1988 |title=The Inauguration of "Oscar": Sketches and Documents from the Early Years of the Hollywood Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and the Academy Awards, 1927–1930 |location=Munich |publisher=K. G. Saur Verlag |isbn=978-3-598-10753-5 |language=English |oclc=925086635}}
** {{Cite journal |last=Jung |first=Uli |date=November 25, 1989 |title=Fischer, Erika J.: The Inauguration of 'Oscar' |url=https://mediarep.org/bitstream/handle/doc/11500/MEDREZ_1989_4_495_Jung_.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y |language=de |journal=Medienwissenschaft: Rezensionen |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=495–497 |doi=10.17192/ep1989.4.6134 |issn=0176-4241}} German-language book review of the book.
* {{Cite book |last1=Kinn |first1=Gail |last2=Piazza |first2=Jim |year=2002 |title=The Academy Awards: The Complete History of Oscar |publisher=Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers |isbn=978-1-57912-240-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Levy |first=Emanuel |year=2003 |title=All About Oscar: The History and Politics of the Academy Awards |publisher=Burns & Oates |isbn=978-0-8264-1452-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Schulman |first=Michael |year=2023 |title=Oscar Wars: A History of Hollywood in Gold, Sweat, and Tears |location=New York |publisher=Harper |isbn=9780062859013 |oclc=1356972435}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}

* {{Official website}}
* {{IMDb event|0000003|Academy Awards}}
*[https://press.oscars.org/news/98th-oscarsr-shortlists-12-award-categories-announced 98TH Oscars Shortlists.]

{{Academy Awards}}
{{Academy Awards lists}}
{{Cinema of the United States}}
{{National Cinema Awards}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Film|California|Greater Los Angeles}}

[[Category:Academy Awards| ]]
[[Category:1929 establishments in California]]
[[Category:1953 American television series debuts]]
[[Category:American annual television specials]]
[[Category:American film awards]]
[[Category:American live television shows]]
[[Category:Annual events in Los Angeles County, California]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1929]]
[[Category:Cinema of Southern California]]
[[Category:Culture of Hollywood, Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Organized events in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Performing arts trophies]]

Venkata Rao K. Badami

2026-03-20T20:36:16Z

RaushanYoganta: New A Bio W/ Infobox

[[File:Venkata Rao K. Badami.jpg|thumb]]
'''Venkata Rao Krishnaji Badami'''<ref>Note that "Rao" is an honorific and he used "V. K. Badami" in most of his publications.</ref> (12 January 1888 – 27 August 1946) was an Indian agronomist and a pioneer of plant breeding. Working in the Mysore Department of Agriculture, he was among the first to produce groundnut hybrids<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Tad |date=2023 |title=From Mysore to Cambridge and back: The education of a groundnut breeder |url=https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ppp3.10450 |journal=Plants, People, Planet |language=en |doi=10.1002/ppp3.10450 |issn=2572-2611|pmc=7616375 }}</ref> and to make use of X-ray induced mutations in the search for useful variations for breeding sugarcane varieties in 1933.

== Biography ==
[[File:Coleman_group_agriculture_diploma.jpg|thumb|left|Badami seated leftmost as principal of the Hebbal agricultural college]]
Badami was born in Mysore, the third and youngest son of Badami Krishna Rao (1851–1937; son of ''Rao Bahadur'' Lakshman Rao, he translated ''Robinson Crusoe'' into Kannada).<ref>{{cite book| page=121|title=South Indian Maharashtrians (cultural and economic studies)|year=1937|publisher=The Mahratta Education Fund|place=Madras|author=The Mahratta Education Fund|url=https://archive.org/details/south-indian-maharashrians/page/121/mode/1up}}</ref> An older brother, B.K. Badami, became a veterinarian in Hyderabad. Venkatrao studied at Bangalore and Mysore before going to the College of Agriculture at Coimbatore in 1909. He joined the Mysore Agriculture Department in July 1913 under [[Leslie C. Coleman]] as a junior assistant botanist, and later served as the assistant principal of the Hebbal agricultural school. He was deputed for doctoral studies in Cambridge under Sir [[Rowland Biffen]].<ref>{{cite book|page=49|title=Report of the progress of agriculture in Mysure|year=1926|editor=Krumbiegel, G.H.|url=https://archive.org/details/MysoreAgricultureReport1926/page/n67/mode/1up}}</ref> His PhD thesis in 1929 was on "''Inheritance studies in Arachis hypogaea (the groundnut)''."<ref>{{cite book|author=Badami, V. K. |title=Hybridization work on groundnut. Agricultural Department Report |year=1922|pages= 29–30}}</ref> He travelled around Europe and met [[Herman Nilsson-Ehle]] in Sweden and [[Wilhelm Johannsen]] in Denmark. He also interacted with [[Charles Alfred Barber|C.A. Barber]], [[Reginald Punnett]] and [[William Bateson]] and returned to India and was posted economic botanist in 1929, principal of the Hebbal agricultural school in 1931, and deputy director of agriculture from 1934. He helped produce the HM 320 and HM 544 varieties of sugarcane, S 661 paddy, conducted studies on selections, and bred many varieties of ragi (H 22) and groundnut (HG 1).<ref>{{cite journal|author= Badami, V. K. |title=Botany of groundnut—Part II.|journal= Journal of the Mysore Agricultural and Experimental Union |volume=15 |year=1935|pages= 59–70}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Badami, V. K. |title=Arachis hypogaea, Linn. Groundnut or Peanut, Original Habitat and its distribution in the world.|journal= Journal of the Mysore Agricultural and Experimental Union |volume=15| issue=1 |year=1935|pages= 141–154|url=https://archive.org/details/arachis-hypogea-badami}}</ref> After Coleman saw mutation breeding of tobacco at the Klaten Experimental Station in Java, Badami also undertook experiments on X-ray induced mutation of sugarcane. Various sugarcane mutants known as "mys-ray" were evaluated and some found to be useful. Similar experiments had failed elsewhere and Badami attributed his success to the use of seeds from homozygous sugarcane lines. He also examined the diversity of sandal trees.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Badami, V. K.|author2=Venkatrao, M.G.|year=1930| title= A preliminary note on the varieties of Santalum album L. in Mysore. Mysore Sandal Spike Investigation Committee Bulletin No. 1.}}</ref> Sir [[E. John Russell|John Russell]], noted in his 1937 report on crop research in India that "''Dr Badami is an ingenious investigator with a flair for this type of work. So long as he remains in charge some valuable results may be expected.''"<ref>{{cite book|page=58,73|url=https://archive.org/details/MysoreAgriculture/page/n74/mode/1up|title=Report on the progress of agriculture in Mysore|year=1939}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| page=[https://archive.org/details/reportontheworkofimperialcouncil/page/n217 197]| title=Report on the work of the Imperial Council of Agricultural Research in applying science to Crop Production in India| author=Russell, John| year= 1937| publisher=Government of India| place=Simla|url=https://archive.org/details/reportontheworkofimperialcouncil}}</ref> Badami later served as deputy director of Agriculture for Orissa (c. 1942) and as principal of the [[Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University|Institute of Agricultural Research]] at the Benares Hindu University. He died in 1946.<ref>{{cite journal |year=1947 |title=Dr Venkata Rao K. Badami |url=https://archive.org/details/mysore-agricultural_1946-1947_25_1-2/page/n10/mode/1up |journal=The Mysore Agricultural Journal |volume=25 |issue=1-2 |page=1}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Badami, Venkatrao K.}}
[[Category:Indian agronomists]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu Agricultural University alumni]]
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1946 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Agricultural researchers in India]]
[[Category:Botanists active in India]]

Khanum

2026-03-19T22:17:07Z

RaushanYoganta: new!

{{Short description|Turco-Mongolian honorific title}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{use british english|date=March 2026}}
{{About||3=Hanım (disambiguation)}}

'''Khanum'''{{efn|Also spelled '''Khanam''', '''Qanysham''', '''Kanysham''', '''Khanym''', '''Hanum''', '''Hanım''', '''Hanem''', '''Khanom''', or '''Khanoum''' ({{langx|uz|Xonim/Хоним}}, [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]: Канышам/Qanysham ''and'' Каныш/Qanysh ''or'' Каныша/Qanysha, {{langx|kk|Ханым/Hanym}}, {{langx|mn|Ханым}}; {{langx|az|Xanım}}; {{langx|tr|Hanım}}; {{langx|arz|هانم}}; [[Levantine Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]: {{langx|fa|خانم}}; {{langx|hi|ख़ानुम}}; {{langx|bn|খাঁনম or খানম}})}} is a female [[royal family|royal]] and [[aristocracy|aristocratic]] title that was originally derived through a [[Central Asia]]n title, and later used in the [[Middle East]] and [[South Asia]]. It is the [[Femininity|feminine]] equivalent of the title ''[[Khan (title)|Khan]]'' for a sovereign or military ruler, widely used by medieval nomadic [[Turkic peoples]] living in Asia and Europe and also [[Proto-Mongols|Mongol]] tribes living north and northwest of modern-day [[China]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Illustrated Weekly of India, Volume 90 |date=1969 |publisher=[[The Times Group|Times of India Press]]|page=4 |language=English |quote=In the original meaning “begum” and “khanum” are the feminine equivalents or counterparts of “beg” and “khan”—like the English “lord” and “lady”.}}</ref> In the construction of words in the [[Turkic languages]], the suffix "-''um'' or ''-ım''" adds "''my''". This means the word "Khanum" can be transliterated as "my Khan". This arises from the tale, depicting a Khan announcing to his subjects ''I am your Khan, and She is my Khan (Khanum)''.<ref name="Henning, W. B. p501-522">Henning, W. B., 'A Farewell to the Khagan of the Aq-Aqataran',"Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African studies – University of London", Vol 14, No 3, p 501–522</ref> The [[Rouran]]s were the first people who used the titles [[Khagan]] and Khan for their emperors, replacing the [[Chanyu]] of the [[Xiongnu]], whom [[René Grousset]] and others assume to be [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]].<ref name="Grousset">{{cite book | author = [[René Grousset]] | title = The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia now | publisher = [[Rutgers University Press]] | year = 1988 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/61 61, 585, n. 92.] | isbn = 0-8135-1304-9 | url = https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/61}}</ref>

In Modern [[Turkish language|Turkish]], it is spelled ''Hanım'' and is used similarly to the titles of "[[lady]]" or "[[mrs.]]" or "[[miss]]" in the English language''.'' The title of ''[[Hanımefendi]]'' is a combination of the words Khanum, ''Hanım'' in Turkish, and [[efendi]], and is a more formal title to address women in the modern age.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

Today, the term is used as a way to respectfully address women of any social rank. "Khanum" can be understood as equivalent of "madam", or more colloquially, "ma'am" in some [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] and Turkic influenced countries.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

In [[South Asia]], particularly in [[Afghanistan]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Sindh]], [[Baluchistan]] and [[North India]], ''Khanum'' has been adapted for use as an [[honorific]] for Muslim women of high social status.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}}

==See also==
*[[Begum]]
*[[Hanım (disambiguation)|Hanım]]
*[[Khatun]]

==Explanatory notes==
{{efnlist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Noble titles]]
[[Category:Women's social titles]]
[[Category:Royal titles]]
[[Category:Turkish words and phrases]]
[[Category:Bengali words and phrases]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslim surnames]]
[[Category:History of women in Turkey]]

Rajputana Rifles

2026-03-14T09:54:08Z

RaushanYoganta: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Rifle regiment of the Indian Army}}
{{About|the oldest rifles regiment of the Indian Army|the similarly named infantry regiment|Rajput Regiment}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Rajputana Rifles
| native_name = राजपूताना राइफल्स
| image = Rajputana Rifles Insignia (India).svg
| image_size = 150px
| caption = Regimental Insignia of the Rajputana Rifles
| dates = {{Start date and age|10 January 1775}} - present
| country = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| type = Line Infantry
| command_structure = [[Western Command (India)|Western Command]]
| role = Infantry
| size = 26 battalions
| garrison = [[Delhi Cantonment]]
| commander1 = Lieutenant General [[Amardeep Singh Aujla]]
| commander1_label = Colonel of the regiment
| garrison_label =
| nickname = Raj Rif
| motto = ''Veer Bhogya Vasundhara (वीर भोग्य वसुंधरा )''{{small|([[Sanskrit]])}} "The Brave Shall Inherit the Earth"
| colors = {{color box|#1A542D}} {{color box|#000000}} {{color box|#E41F1C}} {{small|(Dark Green, Black and Transport Red)}}
| colors_label =
| mascot =
| battles = {{Tree list}}
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
** [[Battle of Chumb]]
{{tree list/end}}
| battle_honours = Poonch, Hajipir, Charwa, [[Battle of Basantar|Basantar]] and Myanamati, [[Battle of Tololing|Tololing]]
| notable_commanders = '''British Indian Army''' 
*[[General (United Kingdom)|General]] [[Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet]]
*[[Major General (United Kingdom)|Major General]] [[Thomas Wynford Rees]]
*[[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier]] [[Geoffrey Beyts]]
'''Post-Independence''' 
*[[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Adi M. Sethna]]
*[[Major General (India)|Major General]] [[Kulwant Singh (general)|Kulwant Singh]]
*Lieutenant General Kanwal Jeet Singh Dhillon
| identification_symbol = ''Raja Ramchandra Ki Jai (राजा राम चंद्र की जय)'' <ref>{{Cite news |last=Dasgupta |first=Reshmi R. |title=Jai Shri Ram: Greeting or War Cry |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/SilkStalkings/jai-shri-ram-greeting-or-war-cry/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122193644/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/SilkStalkings/jai-shri-ram-greeting-or-war-cry/ |archive-date=2023-11-22 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 "Hail Lord Raja [[Rama]]"
| identification_symbol_label = War Cry
| anniversaries =
}}

'''The Rajputana Rifles''' is the oldest [[rifle regiment]] of the [[Indian Army]], having been founded in 1775. It traces its origins to the [[British Indian Army]], when six previously existing regiments were amalgamated to form six battalions of the '''6th Rajputana Rifles'''. The regiment won several gallantry awards during [[World War I]] and [[World War II]]. In 1945, the numeral designation was dropped from the title. The regiment was transferred to the newly independent [[Indian Army]] in 1947.

Since [[independence of India|India's independence]], the regiment has been involved in a number of conflicts against Pakistan, as well as contributing to the Custodian Force (India) in Korea under the aegis of the United Nations in 1953–54 and to the UN Mission to the Congo in 1962. As a [[rifle regiment]], it uses a [[bugle]] horn as its insignia, the same as the British [[Light Division (United Kingdom)|Light Division]], but unlike its British counterparts, the Rajputana Rifles march at the same march pace used in the Indian Army as a whole.

==Etymology==

The name Rajputana Rifles is derived from the word [[Rajputana]], a historic region in northwest India that is roughly coextensive with the modern Indian state of [[Rajasthan]], as well as small sections of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Gujarat]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Rajputana {{!}} Maharajas, Kingdoms, Rajasthan {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rajputana |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> It is based on the [[Sanskrit]] word ''Rajaputra'', meaning "son of a king", which finds mention in ancient [[Hindu]] scriptures such as the ''[[Rigveda]]'', ''[[Ramayana]]'', and ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ&q=A+history+of+Rajasthan |title=A History of Rajasthan |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-0890-6 |language=en}}</ref> The name Rajputana means "land of the [[Rajputs]]".<ref name="auto"/>

==Recruitment==
The Rajputana Rifles is a fixed class regiment with equal proportions of Rajputs and Jats and now under [[Agnipath Scheme]] all groups and caste are recruited.<ref name="Hasnain">{{cite news |last=Hasnain |first=Syed Ata |title=Demand for new caste-, faith- or ethnicity-based regiments for Indian Army not in consonance with policy or national interest |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/demand-for-new-caste-faith-or-ethnicity-based-regiments-for-indian-army-not-in-consonance-with-policy-or-national-interest-6494681.html |access-date=17 December 2020 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=22 April 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200723142534/https://www.firstpost.com/india/demand-for-new-caste-faith-or-ethnicity-based-regiments-for-indian-army-not-in-consonance-with-policy-or-national-interest-6494681.html |archive-date=23 July 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Pandit">{{cite news |last=Pandit |first=Rajat |title=Netas look for brownie points over Army |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Netas-look-for-brownie-points-over-Army/articleshow/4392467.cms |access-date=17 December 2020 |work=Times of India |agency=TNN |date=13 April 2009 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200723143705/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Netas-look-for-brownie-points-over-Army/articleshow/4392467.cms |archive-date=23 July 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Lineage==
The regiment's origins lie in the 18th century when the [[East India Company|East India Company (EIC)]] recruited [[Rajputs]] to protect its operations. The impressive performance of French local units which were composed of local recruits mixed with French officers, helped the EIC to decide that it needed to do something similar. In January 1775, it raised its first local infantry units which included the 5th Battalion, Bombay Sepoys, which is considered to be the oldest rifle regiment of the Indian Army.<ref name=Sharma97/> The 5th Battalion was successively redesignated as 9th Battalion Bombay Sepoys in 1778; 2nd Battalion, 2nd Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry in 1796; 4th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry in 1824, and then 4th Regiment Native Infantry (Rifle Corps) in 1881.<ref name="BE104">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armyunits/indianinfantry/104thwellesleys.htm|title=British Indian Army Regiments|first=Stephen|last=Luscombe|website=www.britishempire.co.uk}}</ref> It thus became the first rifle regiment of the [[British Indian Army]].<ref name=Sharma97/> In 1899 the battalion was once more renamed as 4th Regiment (1st Battalion Rifle Corps) Bombay Infantry and again in 1901 as 4th Bombay Rifles.<ref name="BE104"/>

In [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Kitchener's]] 1903 reorganisation of the Indian Army, 4th Bombay Rifles became 104th Wellesley's Rifles, to commemorate the fact that the regiment had been commanded in 1800 by [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]] (later the [[Duke of Wellington (title)|Duke of Wellington]]).<ref>Mackenzie 1951, p. 25.</ref> In the further re-organisation in 1921, the following six regiments were brought together to form the six battalions of the '''6th Rajputana Rifles Regiment''':<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1950-JAN-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1950-03-17_114.pdf|title=PIB|date=1950-03-14|access-date=2023-04-06}}</ref>

[[File:Rajputana.jpg|thumb|A painting depicting members of the Rajputanta Rifles, of all ranks and uniforms. c. 1911]]

*1st Battalion - [[104th Wellesley's Rifles]]
*2nd Battalion - [[120th Rajputana Infantry]]
*3rd Battalion - [[122nd Rajputana Infantry]]
*4th Battalion - [[123rd Outram's Rifles]]
*5th Battalion - [[125th Napier's Rifles]]
*10th (Training) Battalion - [[13th Rajputs (The Shekhawati Regiment)]].
*18th Battalion - (Saurashtra Rifles)<ref>Sharma 1990, pp. 104–105.</ref>

In 1945, the regiments of the [[British Indian Army]] dropped the numeral in their titles and so the Rajputana Rifles assumed its current name. In 1947, after the [[partition of India]], the regiment was allocated to the newly formed [[Indian Army]]. In 1949, the 1st battalion was transferred to the newly raised [[Brigade of the Guards]], becoming the 3rd battalion, Brigade of the Guards.

==History==
{{expand section|date=March 2009}}
[[File:Kirkee.jpg|right|thumb|Battle of Khadki, 1817]]

In 1817, the 4th battalion met the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] at the [[Battle of Khadki]]. The defence earned the regiment the battle honor of "Khadki". In 1856–57 the 1st, 2nd, and 4th battalions were together in the [[Anglo-Persian War|Persian]] theatre of operations. In 1856, Captain [[John Augustus Wood]] of the 2nd battalion (then the 20th Bombay Native Infantry) was awarded the [[Victoria Cross]] for storming [[Bushire]] Fort.<ref>Sharma 1990, pp. 97–98.</ref> This was the first Victoria Cross to be won in an Indian unit.<ref>Mackenzie 1951, p. 131.</ref> Sub. Maj Mohammed Sharief and Sub. Peer Bhatt were recommended for the Victoria Cross for their actions in the same battle, but were turned down as at that time the medal category was not open to Indians.<ref>Sharma 1990, p. 98.</ref><ref>Until 1911, the [[Indian Order of Merit]] was the highest gallantry award that Indian soldiers were eligible for. After 1911, the Victoria Cross was extended to all soldiers of the British Empire.</ref>
[[File:Indian troops in the firing line, Mesopotamia, January 1915.jpg|thumb|120th Rajputana Rifles man the firing lines in Mesopotamia, 1915]]
In 1878–1880, during the [[Second Afghan War]], the 1st battalion marched 145 miles in 5 days from [[Quetta]] to [[Kandahar]] and laid siege to the city. In 1900–1902, the 3rd battalion was part of a force used to contain the [[Boxer Rebellion]] in [[China]].

[[World War I]] saw the regiment fight in battlefields from [[France]] to [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]. The 5th battalion was in all theatres of the war and participated in [[General Allenby]]’s march to recapture [[Jerusalem]].[[File:Rajputana Rifles assault on Meiktila.jpg|thumb|right|Men of the regiment during the [[Battle of Meiktila and Mandalay|Battle of Meiktila]], Burma 1945]]During [[World War II]], the regiment was expanded to thirteen battalions and served in the Middle East, Burma and Malaya.<ref>Sharma 1990, pp. 106–109.</ref> The 4th battalion had the distinction of earning two Victoria Crosses during this conflict.<ref>Sharma 1990, p. 106.</ref>

Over the course of its existence, members of the regiment have received four [[Victoria Cross]]es, 44 [[Military Cross]]es, one [[Param Vir Chakra]], three [[Ashok Chakra Award|Ashok Chakra]]s, one [[Padma Bhushan]], fourteen [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]s, ten [[Maha Vir Chakra]]s, eleven [[Kirti Chakra]]s, 18 [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]s, two [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]], 50 [[Vir Chakra]]s, 28 [[Shaurya Chakra]]s, 122 [[Sena Medal]]s (including Bar), 39 [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]s, three [[Yudh Seva Medal]]s, 85 [[Mentioned in dispatches|Mentions-in-Dispatches]] and 55 [[Arjuna Award]]s.<ref name=Sharma97>Sharma 1990, p. 97. and {{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Units/Infantry/104-Raj-Rif.html |title=Bharat Rakshak :: Land Forces Site - the Rajputana Rifles |access-date=2011-08-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711194150/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Units/Infantry/104-Raj-Rif.html |archive-date=2011-07-11 }}</ref>

==Units==
[[File:The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind with the Indian Army Band Contingents (participants of the Beating Retreat Ceremony) and Provost Outrides, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on January 30, 2018.jpg|alt=Members of the Rajputana Rifles.|thumb|President [[Ram Nath Kovind]] with members of the Band of the Rajputana Rifles following the [[Beating Retreat]], [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]], 30 January 2018.]]

The Rajputana Rifles consists of twenty regular [[battalion]]s, four [[Rashtriya Rifles]] battalions and two [[Territorial Army (India)|Territorial Army]] battalions -
{{Incomplete list|date=April 2023}}
{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" style="width: 120px;"| Battalion
! scope="col" style="width: 50px;"| Raising Date
! scope="col" style="width: 550px;"| Remarks
! scope="col" style="width: 50px;"| References
|-style="background:#EEE8AA"
|1st Battalion §
|1775
|Raised as 5th Battalion, Bombay Sepoys. Converted to 3rd Battalion, [[Brigade of the Guards]] on 1 September 1949. Pre-independence : 28 battle honours, post-independence : battle honour ''Gadra Road''
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://samsshopping.com/product/3-guards-1-raj-rif/|title=3 Guards (1) Raj Rif )|date=2015-09-08|access-date=2023-03-31}}</ref>
|-
|2nd Battalion
|1817
|Raised as the 2nd Battalion, 10th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry. Designated [[120th Rajputana Infantry]] in 1903 and 2nd (Prince of Wales's Own), 6th Rajputana Rifles in 1922. Battle honours of ''Persia, Reshire, Bushire, Koosh-Ab, Mesopotamia, Shaiba, Kut-Al-Amara, '' and ''Ctesiphon''. Captain [[John Augustus Wood]] won the [[Victoria Cross]] in 1856 at [[Bushire]], [[Persian Empire|Persia]]. Post independence battle honours – ''Poonch, Tololing'' and ''Drass''; theatre honour – ''Kargil''.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19990719-kargil-war-rajputana-rifles-first-to-be-cited-for-their-dogged-bravery-in-tololing-824799-1999-07-18|title=Kargil war: Rajputana Rifles first to be cited for their dogged bravery in Tololing|date=1999-07-19|access-date=2023-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|date=3 August 1860|issue=22409|page=2860}}</ref>
|-
|3rd Battalion
|1818
|Raised as 2nd Battalion, 11th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry. Underwent many name changes, was designated [[122nd Rajputana Infantry]], before present designation. Battle honours –''China, Afghanistan, Basra and Shaiba, Kut-Al-Amra, Baghdad, Mesopotamia, Irrawady, Mandalay'' and ''Fort Dufferin''. Theatre honours – ''Persia, Mesopotamia, Burma 1932-34, Burma 1944-45, Jammu & Kashmir'' and ''Rajasthan''.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://samsshopping.com/product/3rd-bn-the-rajputana-rifles/|title=Third Battalion, Rajputana Rifles|date=2018-11-03|access-date=2023-03-31}}</ref>
|-
|4th Battalion (Outram's)
|1820
|Raised on 26 May 1820 from elements which took part in the [[Battle of Khadki]] in November 1817, as the First Battalion of the 12th Regiment of the East India Company Indian Army. In the reorganisation of 1903, it took on the name of [[Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet|Sir James Outram]] and was designated the [[123rd Outram's Rifles]]. Won two Victoria Crosses (Subedar [[Richhpal Ram]] and CHM [[Chhelu Ram]]), and 23 Battle/Theatre Honours during the pre-independence period. Post-Independence battle honours – ''Charwa'' and ''Uri'', theatre honour ''Punjab 1965''.
|<ref>{{cite book|last=Rawlinson|first=H. G.|title= Outram's Rifles: A History of the 4th Battalion, 6th Rajputana Rifles|publisher= Naval & Military Press Ltd|year=2005|url= https://indianculture.gov.in/reports-proceedings/outrams-rifles-history-4th-battalion-6th-rajputana-rifles|isbn=978-1845743253}}</ref>
|-
|5th Battalion (Napier's)
|1820
|Raised as 1st Extra Battalion of Bombay Native Infantry, underwent many changes, designated [[125th Napier's Rifles]] in 1903 and present designation in 1945. Won one Victoria Cross in 1858 and 27 battle honours before independence.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://istampgallery.com/5th-bn-napiers-the-rajputana-rifles/|title=5th Bn (Napiers), the Rajputana Rifles|date=1995-11-28|access-date=2023-04-01}}</ref>
|-
|6th Battalion
|1962
|Nicknamed the ''Param Vir Chakra Paltan'' and ''Shooting Sixth'', the regiment was raised in 1940 by Lieutenant Colonel NG Gane {{small|[[Military Cross|MC]]}} at [[Faizabad]]. Theatre honour ''Burma'' during World War II. CHM [[Piru Singh]] was awarded the PVC during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948]]. The battalion was awarded the theatre honour ''Jammu and Kashmir'' and battle honour ''Darapari''.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://samsshopping.com/product/6th-battalion-the-rajputana-rifles/|title=Sixth Battalion Rajputana Rifles|date=2016-01-17|access-date=2023-03-31}}</ref>
|-
|7th Battalion
|1962
|Raised 1941, fought in [[British Malaya|Malaya]], disbanded at the end of war. Re-raised in 1962 at Delhi Cantonment. Battle honour ''Mynamati'' and theatre honour ''East Pakistan, 1971''.
|<ref>{{cite web|url= https://samsshopping.com/product/7th-battalion-the-rajputana-rifles/|title= 7th Battalion The Rajputana Rifles|date=2012-03-01|access-date=2023-03-31}}</ref>
|-
|8th Battalion
|1963
|Raised in 1941 and saw action in the [[Arakan Campaign 1942–43|Arakan Campaign]], battle honour ''Rathedaung'', disbanded 1947. Re-raised by Lieutenant Colonel JJ Lal in Delhi.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://samsshopping.com/product/8th-battalion-the-rajputana-rifles/|title=8th Battalion The Rajputana Rifles|date=2013-01-03|access-date=2023-03-31}}</ref>
|-
|9th Battalion
|1964
|Raised 1941 at [[Nasirabad, Ajmer|Nasirabad]], converted to an anti-aircraft regiment, disbanded 1945. Re-raised at [[Delhi Cantonment]] by Lieutenant Colonel C Silva.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://samsshopping.com/product/9th-battalion-the-rajputana-rifles/ |title=9th Battalion The Rajputana Rifles|date=2014-09-28|access-date=2023-03-31}}</ref>
|-
|11th Battalion
|1964
|Raised by Lieutenant Colonel Risal Singh at [[Kanchrapara]]. [[Rajesh Kumar (soldier)|Havildar Rajesh Kumar]] was posthumously awarded the [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]] in 2010.
|<ref>{{cite web|url= https://samsshopping.com/product/11th-battalion-the-rajputana-rifles/ |title=11th Battalion The Rajputana Rifles|date=2014-10-01|access-date=2023-03-31}}</ref>
|-
|12th Battalion
|1968
|Raised as 31 Rajputana Rifles on 15 January 1968 and re-designated as 12 Rajputana Rifles on 23 February 1971. Theatre honour : ''East Pakistan, 1971''.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stampdigest.in/2018/05/13/aps-cover-jan-2018-golden-jubilee-12th-battalion-the-rajputana-rifles-raj-rif/ |title=12th Battalion The Rajputana Rifles|date=2018-01-15|access-date=2023-03-31}}</ref>
|-
|13th Battalion
|1966
|Raised as the [[New Delhi]] by Lieutenant Colonel Jai Singh {{small|[[Sena Medal|SM]]}}. Nicknamed ''Thundering Thirteen''.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://samsshopping.com/product/13-battalion-the-rajputana-rifles/ |title=13 Battalion The Rajputana Rifles|date=2015-01-20|access-date=2023-03-31}}</ref>
|-
|14th Battalion
|1966
|Raised as 11 Rajputana Rifles (TA), disbanded 1947, re-raised 1966 by Lieutenant Colonel Harbhajan Singh at [[Golconda]]. Nicknamed '' Fighting Fourteen''.
|<ref>{{cite web|url= https://samsshopping.com/product/14th-battalion-the-rajputana-rifles/ |title=14 Rajputana Rifles|date=2016-10-01|access-date=2023-03-31}}</ref>
|-
|15th Battalion
|1976
|
|
|-
|16th Battalion
|1979
|
|
|-
|17th Battalion
|1934
|Former [[Imperial Service Troops]], raised as Sawai Man Guards of Jaipur State Forces, battle honour ''Ledi Gali'' during 1948 operations, absorbed into Indian Army in 1951.
|<ref>{{cite web|url= https://amberfort.org/nishan-parade-at-amber-fort/|title= Nishan Parade at Amber Fort |date=2019-10-17|access-date=2023-03-31}}</ref>
|-style="background:#EEE8AA"
|18th Battalion §
|1941?
|Former Saurashtra Rifles, ([[Nawanagar State|Nawanagar State Forces]]); now 11th [[Mechanised Infantry Regiment]]. Battle honours ''Asal Uttar'' and ''Basantar''.
|
|-
|19th Battalion
|1962
|Raised at [[Delhi Cantonment]] by Lieutenant Colonel SP Kutky. Captain [[Ummed Singh Mahra]] was posthumously awarded the [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]] in 1971. Awarded theatre honour ''East Pakistan, 1971''.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://samsshopping.com/product/19th-battalion-the-rajputana-rifles/|title=19th Battalion|date=2012-09-01|access-date=2023-04-01}}</ref>
|-
|20th Battalion
|1981
|Raised in Delhi Cantonment
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://samsshopping.com/product/20th-battalion-the-rajputana-rifle/|title=20th Battalion|date=2006-01-01|access-date=2023-04-01}}</ref>
|-
|21st Battalion
|1985
|
|
|-
|22nd Battalion
|
|
|
|-style="background:#EEE8AA"
|23rd Battalion §
|
|Converted to 23rd Battalion, [[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]] in 2013
|
|-
|24th Battalion
|
|
|
|- style="background:#10D0E0
|2 Bhairav Battalion || 2025 || || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/bhairav-battalion-suryastra-make-debut-at-r-day-parade-showcasing-indias-new-combat-edge/|title=Raising of all 25 Bhairav battalions expected to be complete in the next few months|date=2026-02-02|access-date=2026-03-14}}</ref>
|- style="background:#D0FFD0"
|9 Rashtriya Rifles
|1994
|
|
|-style="background:#D0FFD0"
|18 Rashtriya Rifles
|1994
|
|
|-style="background:#D0FFD0"
|43 Rashtriya Rifles
|2005?
|
|
|-style="background:#D0FFD0"
|57 Rashtriya Rifles
|
|
|
|-style="background:#FFD0D0"
|105 (TA) Battalion
|1949
|Delhi Cantonment, New Delhi; nicknamed ''Rajputana Terriers''
|<ref>{{cite web|url= https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=52048|title=Rajputana Terriers Turn Sixty|date=2009-08-21|access-date=2023-04-01}}</ref>
|-style="background:#FFD0D0"
|128 (TA) Battalion
|1983
|Eco - Jaisalmer, Rajasthan
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051008/saturday/main1.htm|title=Battling for green cover|date=2005-10-08|access-date=2023-03-31}}</ref>
|-
|}
§ indicates former units.

==Alliances==
*{{GBR}} - [[Cheshire Regiment|The 22nd (Cheshire) Regiment]]; 5th Battalion

==Rajputana Rifles Regimental Museum==
The Rajputana Rifles Regimental Museum in the Rajputana Rifles Centre is located inside the [[Delhi Cantonment]]. The museum covers the rich history of the regiment in the most modern fashion. The museum is around 7000 square feet in size and covers the history of the regiment from its inception. The museum exhibits weapons and uniforms and narrates the history through large format images and audiovisual film. The museum was designed and conceived by Holistic Design a Delhi-based design studio headed by Nikhil Bhardwaj who specializes in designing museums and exhibitions. Col. M. S. Niranjan of the 19th battalion was the director of the museum project. It is rated as the finest military museum in India and even compared to the [[Imperial War Museum]] in London.

==Battle Honours==
'''Pre Independence'''<ref name="IA">{{cite web|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=mP2z8s8E1dSVlVoDRr01CQ==&ParentID=QQdum6YwvvCMZsfcMSUpvw==|title=The Rajputana Rifles|access-date=2023-04-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=|first=|title=Indian Army List for January 1941|publisher=Army Headquarters, India|date=1941|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284990/page/n549/mode/2up?q=rajputana&view=theater|page=752}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
*[[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War|Mysore]]
*[[Battle of Seringapatam|Seringapatam]]
*[[Invasion of Île Bonaparte|Bourbon]]
*[[Battle of Khadki|Kirkee]] 1817
*[[Beni Boo Alli (Battle honour)|Beni Boo Alli]]
*[[Battle of Miani|Meeanee]] 1943
*[[Battle of Dubba|Hyderabad 1843]]
*[[Battle of Aliwal|Aliwal]] 1846
*[[Siege of Multan (1848-1849)|Mooltan]]
*[[Second Anglo-Sikh War|Punjaub]]
*[[Anglo-Persian War|Reshire]]
*[[Anglo-Persian War|Bushire]] 1856
*[[Anglo-Persian War|Koosh-Ab]]
*[[Anglo-Persian War|Persia]]
*[[Central India Campaign (1858)|Central India]]
*[[1868 Expedition to Abyssinia|Abyssinia]]
*[[Battle of Kandahar (1880)|Kandahar 1880]]
*[[Chitral Expedition|Chitral]]
*[[Second Anglo-Afghan War|Afghanistan 1878–80]]
*[[Third Anglo-Burmese War|Burma 1885–87]]
*[[British East Africa 1896|British East Africa]]
*[[Boxer Rebellion|China 1900]]
*[[Third Anglo-Afghan War|Afghanistan 1919]]
*[[Battle of Givenchy|Givenchy 1914]]
*[[Battle of Neuve Chapelle|Neuve Chapelle]]
*[[Battle of Aubers|Aubers]]
*[[Battle of Festubert|Festubert 1915]]
*[[Western Front (World War I)|France and Flanders 1914–15]]
*[[Sinai and Palestine Campaign|Egypt 1915]]
*[[Gaza (Battle honour)|Gaza]]
*[[Battle of Nebi Samwill (1917)|Nebi Samwil]]
*[[Battle of Jerusalem (1917)|Jerusalem]]
*[[Action of Tell 'Asur|Tell 'Asur]]
*[[Battle of Megiddo (1918)|Megiddo]]
*[[Battle of Megiddo (1918)|Sharon]]
*[[Sinai and Palestine Campaign|Palestine 1917–18]]
*[[Battle of Basra (1914)|Basra]]
*[[Battle of Shaiba|Shaiba]]
*[[Battle of Es Sinn|Kut al Amara 1915]]
*[[Battle of Ctesiphon (1915)|Ctesiphon]]
*[[Siege of Kut|Defence of Kut al Amara]]
*[[Tigris 1916 (Battle honour)|Tigris 1916]]
*[[Fall of Baghdad (1917)|Baghdad]]
*[[Mesopotamian campaign|Mesopotamia 1914–18]]
*[[Persian campaign (World War I)|Persia 1918]]
*[[East African Campaign (World War I)|East Africa 1914]]
*[[East African Campaign (World War II)|Abyssinia 1941]]
*[[Syria–Lebanon campaign|Syria 1941]]
*[[North African Campaign|North Africa 1940–43]]
*[[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italy 1943–45]]
*[[Malayan Campaign|Malaya 1941–42]]
*[[Burma Campaign|Burma 1942–1945]]
{{div col end}}
'''Post Independence'''<ref name="IA"/>
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948|Punch]]
*[[Battle of Asal Uttar|Asal Uttar]]
*[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Charwa]]
*[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|J&K 1965]]
*[[Battle of Basantar|Basantar]]
*[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|Mynamati]]
*[[Kargil War|Tololing]]
*[[Kargil War|Drass]]
{{div col end}}

==Gallantry awards (Pre-independence)==
[[File:Stamp of India - 2018 - Colnect 820147 - Bicentenary of the Rajputana Rifles.jpeg|thumb|300px|Postage stamp released in 2018 to commemorate the Bicentenary of the Third Battalion of Rajputana Rifles.]]
[[File:Stamp of India - 2020 - Colnect 942482 - Bicentenary of the Fourth Battalion of Rajputana Rifles.jpeg|thumb|300px|Postage stamp released in 2020 to commemorate the Bicentenary of the Fourth Battalion of Rajputana Rifles.]]
{{Incomplete list|date=April 2023}}
{{big|'''Pre-1914'''}}

'''[[Victoria Cross]]'''
*Captain [[John Augustus Wood]], 20th Bombay Native Infantry
*Lieutenant [[William Francis Frederick Waller]], 24th Bombay Native Infantry

{{big|'''1914-1921'''}}<ref>{{cite book|last=India|first=Adjutant General of |title=List of Honours Awarded to the Indian Army August 1914 to August 1921|date=1930|url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.210111|publisher= Committee Indian War Memorial Delhi}}</ref> 
'''[[Order of the Indian Empire|Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]]'''
*Captain Edwin James Mollison, 125th Napier's Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/12947/page/988|title=The London Gazette, Issue:12947, Page:988|date=1916-06-05|access-date=2023-04-14}}</ref>
'''[[Military Cross]]'''
*Captain W. Odell, 123rd Outram's Rifles - attached 125th Napier Rifles<ref name="MC">{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29202/supplement/6128|title=The London Gazette, Issue:29202, Page:6128|date=1915-06-22|access-date=2023-04-14}}</ref>
*Lieutenant C. F. F. Moore, 123rd Outram's Rifles - attached 4th Gurkha Rifles<ref name="MC"/>
*Lieutenant Charles Oliver Robins Mosse, 120th Rajputana Infantry<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29550/supplement/4006|title=The London Gazette, Issue:29550, Page:4006|date=1916-04-14|access-date=2023-04-14}}</ref>
*Lieutenant John Bell Nelson, 125th Napier's Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31158/supplement/1681|title=The London Gazette, Issue:31158, Page:1681|date=1919-01-31|access-date=2023-04-14}}</ref>
*Subedar Harnath Singh, 1st Battalion, 123rd Outram's Rifles (Egypt)
'''[[Order of British India]]'''
*Subedar Parbhudhan Singh, 13th Rajputs (The Shekhawatti Regiment), (East Africa)
*Subedar Major Hassan Muhammad, 104th Wellesley's Rifles (Kut-Al-Amara)
*Subedar Harchant Jat, 104th Wellesley's Rifles (Kut-Al-Amara)
*Subedar Major Khitab Gul, 120th Rajputana Infantry (Mesopotamia)
*Subedar Sri Bahadur Singh, 120th Rajputana Infantry (Mesopotamia)
*Subedar Indar Singh, 120th Rajputana Infantry (Kut-Al-Amara)
*Acting Subedar Major Abdul Shakur Khan, 122nd Rajputana Infantry (Mesopotamia)
*Subedar Major Umar Din, 125th Napier's Rifles (France)
*Subedar Nizam-ud-din, 125th Napier's Rifles (Egypt)

'''[[Indian Order of Merit]]'''
*Subedar Bakhtawar Singh, 13th Rajputs (The Shekhawatti Regiment), (East Africa)
*Subedar Sabal Singh, Naik Net Singh, Lance Naik Guman Singh, Rifleman Kheta Ram, Rifleman Dhanna Ram, Rifleman Maula Dad, Naik Narsu Singh, Rifleman Manji Singh, Naik Malik Khan, Subedar Mukh Ram, Colour Havildar Ganpat Singh, Havildar Allahditta (Mesopotamia), Subedar Tiku Ram (Kut-Al-Amara); all from 104th Wellesley's Rifles
*Subedar Dunga Rawat, Sepoy Hukam Singh, Colour Havildar Ganesh Ram, Sepoy Lachhman Singh, Sepoy Kum Singh, Subedar Major Khitab Gul, Havildar Girwar, (Mesopotamia), Havildar Uhet Singh, Jemadar Nara, (Kut-Al-Amara); all from 120th Rajputana Infantry
*Subedar Harnath Singh, Jemadar Bhim Singh, Subedar Major Bhura Ram, Jemadar Hans Ram, Jemadar Arjun Ram, Jemadar Nanig Ram, Naik Amir Hussain, (Egypt), Jemadar Mubarik Ali, (attached 58th Rifles)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29639/supplement/6319|title=The London Gazette, Issue:29639, Page:6319|date=1916-06-23|access-date=2023-04-14}}</ref> all from 123rd Outram's Rifles
*Rifleman Bal Singh, Jemadar Munshi Singh, Havildar Sher Khan, Rifleman Goru Ram, Lance Naik Feroz Khan, (Mesopotamia), Subedar Major Jahan Shah, Rifleman Sukh Singh, Colour Havildar Rahim Ali, Subedar Nizam-ud-din, Jemadar Sheobaksh Singh, (Egypt), all from 125th Napier's Rifles
'''[[Indian Distinguished Service Medal]]'''
*World War I - 3 medals (13th Rajputs (The Shekhawatti Regiment)), 20 medals (104th Wellesley's Rifles), 21 medals (120th Rajputana Infantry), 2 medals (122nd Rajputana Infantry), 16 medals (123rd Outram's Rifles), 18 medals (125th Napier's Rifles)
'''[[Indian Meritorious Service Medal (for Indian Army)|Indian Meritorious Service Medal]]'''
*World War I - 10 medals (13th Rajputs (The Shekhawatti Regiment)), 26 medals (104th Wellesley's Rifles), 6 medals (120th Rajputana Infantry), 5 medals (122nd Rajputana Infantry), 51 medals (123rd Outram's Rifles), 46 medals (125th Napier's Rifles)
'''[[Croix De Guerre]] (French)'''
*Subedar Major Hasan Muhammad, Subedar Mukh Ram (France), 104th Wellesley's Rifles; Subedar Major Khitab Gil (France) 120th Rajputana Infantry
'''Leim Alilimdetaire (French)'''
*Naik Jema Baksh (Egypt) 120th Rajputana Infantry; Colour Havildar Allahbad Khan (Mesopotamia), 125th Napier's Rifles
'''Medaille d'Honneur avec Glaives en Bronze (French)'''
*Subedar Major Bhura Ram, 123rd Outram's Rifles; CQMH Madat Khan, 125th Napier's Rifles

{{big|'''1921-1939'''}} 
'''[[Order of the British Empire|Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire]]'''
*Captain John Allan Ferguson, 13th Rajputs<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/13742/page/1526|title=The Edinburgh Gazette, Issue:13742, Page:1526|date=1921-09-13|access-date=2023-04-14}}</ref>
*Major Robert Denis Ambrose, 1st Battalion (Wellesley's), 6th Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34542/page/5281|title=The London Gazette, Issue:34542, Page:5281|date=1938-08-16|access-date=2023-04-09}}</ref>
'''[[Order of the British Empire|Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire]]'''
*Major Harold James Huxford, 5th Battalion, 6th Rajputana Rifles (Napiers)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/14133/page/632|title=The London Gazette, Issue:14133, Page:632|date=1925-06-06|access-date=2023-04-09}}</ref>
'''[[Distinguished Service Order]]'''
*Lieutenant Colonel John Duncan Grant, 13th Rajputs<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32778/page/8955|title=The London Gazette, Issue:32778, Page:8955|date=1922-12-19|access-date=2023-04-14}}</ref>

'''Military Cross'''
*Lieutenant Geoffrey Herbert Bruno Beyts, 3rd Battalion, 6th Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33894/page/8133|title=The London Gazette, Issue:33894, Page:8133|date=1932-12-20|access-date=2023-04-09}}</ref>
*Lieutenant Roy Edward Percy Wyndham, 3rd Battalion, 6th Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34426/page/5177|title=The London Gazette, Issue:34426, Page:5177|date=1937-08-13|access-date=2023-04-09}}</ref>
*Lieutenant Richard Harold Robert Alderman, 4th Battalion (Outram's), 6th Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34533/page/4677|title=The London Gazette, Issue:34533, Page:4677|date=1938-07-19|access-date=2023-04-12}}</ref>

{{big|'''1939-1947'''}}<ref>{{cite book|last=|first=|title=The Tiger Kills|date=1944|publisher=Director of Public Relations, India Command, Government of India|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.527937|page=329}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=|first=|title=The Tiger Strikes|date=1942|publisher=Director of Public Relations, India Command, Government of India|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.523873|page=157}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36574/supplement/2964|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:36574, Page:2964|date=1944-06-20|access-date=2023-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37061/supplement/2336|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37061, Page:2336|date=1945-05-01|access-date=2023-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37151/supplement/3384|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37151, Page:3384|date=1945-06-26|access-date=2023-04-09}}</ref> 
'''Victoria Cross'''
*Company Havildar-Major [[Chhelu Ram]] - [[Victoria Cross]], 4th Battalion, 6th Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36107/supplement/3373|title=The London Gazette, 36107, page 3373|date=1943-07-23|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Subedar [[Richhpal Ram]], 4th Battalion, 6th Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35207/supplement/3807|title=The London Gazette, 35207, page 3807|date=1941-07-01|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
'''Distinguished Service Order'''
*Lieutenant Colonel Geoffrey Herbert Bruno Beyts, Lieutenant Colonel PRH Skrine, Lieutenant Colonel WAL James, Lieutenant Colonel R Lawrenson, Lieutenant Colonel RB Scott, Lieutenant Colonel L Jones, Lieutenant J. McHadden, Major (temporary) John Lewis Haycroft Davis, Lieutenant-Colonel (acting) George Edgar Parker.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37476/page/1048|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37476, Page:1048|date=1946-02-19|access-date=2023-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37433/supplement/498|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37433, Page:498|date=1946-01-15|access-date=2023-04-12}}</ref>
'''Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire'''
*Brigadier (acting) Victor George Joseph Barton,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37598/supplement/2769|title=The London Gazette, Issue:37598, Page:2769|date=1946-06-04|access-date=2023-04-12}}</ref> Lieutenant-Colonel (Temporary Brigadier) Franz Reginald Lindsay Goadb,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38161/supplement/12|title=The London Gazette, Issue:38161, Page:12|date=1947-12-30|access-date=2023-04-12}}</ref> Major Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel Herbert James Sheppard,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35586/page/2484|title=The London Gazette, Issue:35586, Page:2484|date=1942-06-05|access-date=2023-04-12}}</ref> Colonel (temporary) Bertram Bayliss,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37433/supplement/493|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37433, Page:493|date=1946-01-15|access-date=2023-04-09}}</ref> Lieutenant-Colonel (local) George Roy Stevens,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37598/supplement/2771|title=The London Gazette, Issue:37598, Page:2771|date=1946-06-04|access-date=2023-04-12}}</ref> Major RB Broadbent, *Major Chand Narain Das<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37274/supplement/4670|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37274Page:4670|date=1945-09-18|access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref>
'''Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire'''
*Lieutenant Colonel (temporary) Denis Gill Ryan,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37386/supplement/6059|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37386, Page:6059|date=1945-12-11|access-date=2023-04-09}}</ref> Major (temporary Lieutenant-Colonel) Claude Morgan Hutchings,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35204/supplement/3739|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:35204, Page:3739|date=1941-06-27|access-date=2023-04-09}}</ref> Major (temporary) Alan Philip Young, Major (temporary) David Ralph Morgan,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37386/supplement/6066|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37386, Page:6066|date=1945-12-11|access-date=2023-04-12}}</ref> Captain Alan Stuart Roger,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36563/supplement/2851|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:36563, Page:2851|date=1944-06-13|access-date=2023-04-09}}</ref> Captain DL Powell Jones, Captain (temporary) John Lewis Warren,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37407/page/31|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37407, Page:31|date=1945-12-28|access-date=2023-04-09}}</ref> Captain (Temporary) Liaqat Saeed Khan Lodi,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37595/supplement/2732|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37595, Page:2732|date=1946-06-04|access-date=2023-04-09}}</ref> Captain (temporary Major) George Edgar Parker,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36287/supplement/5472|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:36287, Page:5472|date=1943-12-14|access-date=2023-04-09}}</ref> Captain (temporary) Harold Anthony Burke,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37433/supplement/494|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37433, Page:494|date=1946-01-15|access-date=2023-04-12}}</ref> Captain Stanley Broadbent, Major (temporary) Abdul Rashid Choudhri,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37598/supplement/2773|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37598, Page:2773|date=1946-06-04|access-date=2023-04-12}}</ref> Captain (temporary) Ghulam Nabi<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37119/supplement/2945|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37119, Page:2945|date=1945-06-08|access-date=2023-04-12}}</ref> Jemadar Farman Ali.
'''Military Cross'''
*Major (temporary) Leslie Louis Fleming, Major (temporary) Geoffrey Arthur Hasler, Major (temporary) George Edgar Parker, Major (temporary) John Keith Parry, Major (acting) John Campbell Anderson, Major (temporary) Hubert Michael Close, Captain GE Charter, Captain Mian Khan, Captain CE Cayley, Captain GR Riddick, Captain KR Gentles, Captain Ivan Bernard St. Regis Surita, Captain JRM French, Captain EW Dixon, Captain AT Murray, Captain Dinesh Chandra Misra, Captain (temporary) John Michael Beamish, Lieutenant Geoffrey Earle Dubois, Lieutenant Daljit Singh Randhawa, Captain (temporary) Ivon Charles Jameson, Lieutenant (temporary Captain) Edward Wilberforce Dixon, 2nd Lieutenant NL Kapur, 2nd Lieutenant Bashir Ahmed, Captain Alexander Hendrick Roosmale Cocq, Lieutenant Gilbert Llewellyn Young-Western, Lieutenant Denis Oswald O'Leary, 2nd Lieutenant JM Ashworth, 2nd Lieutenant PK Horwood, Lieutenant (temporary Captain) Sworup Singh Kalaan, Subedar Tota Ram, Subedar Kesari Singh, Jemadar Sanwal Ram, Jemadar Kalu Ram, Subedar Kalyan Singh, Jemadar (acting Subedar) Usman Ghani, Jemadar Anwar Beg.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36994/supplement/1545|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:36994, Page:1545|date=1945-03-20|access-date=2023-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37349/supplement/5575|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37349, Page:5575|date=1945-11-13|access-date=2023-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36679/supplement/4051|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:36679, Page:4051|date=1944-08-29|access-date=2023-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36730/supplement/4570|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:36730, Page:4570|date=1944-10-03|access-date=2023-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37780/supplement/5466|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37780, Page:5466|date=1946-11-05|access-date=2023-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37223/supplement/4157|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37223, Page:4157|date=1945-08-14|access-date=2023-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37521/supplement/1669|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37521, Page:1669|date=1946-04-02|access-date=2023-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37433/supplement/500|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37433, Page:500|date=1946-01-15|access-date=2023-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35396/page/7334|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:35396, Page:7334|date=1941-12-26|access-date=2023-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36764/supplement/4901|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:36764, Page:4901|date=1944-10-24|access-date=2023-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37310/supplement/5098|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37310, Page:5098|date=1945-10-16|access-date=2023-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37172/supplement/3597|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37172, Page:3597|date=1945-07-10|access-date=2023-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36287/supplement/5473|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:36287, Page:5473|date=1943-12-14|access-date=2023-04-12}}</ref>

'''[[Indian Order of Merit|Indian Order of Merit, 1st Class]]'''
*Subedar Niaz Ali Khan
'''Indian Order of Merit'''
*Subedar Jiwan Ram, Subedar Akbar Khan, Subedar Mohammed Yusuf, Jemadar Bohita Ram, Jemadar Bhura Ram, Jemadar Jailal Ram, Havildar Mohammed Akbar, Havildar Hardewa Ram, Havildar Fatteh Khan, Havildar Durjan Singh, Naik Dost Mohammed, Rifleman Dharam Singh Ram, Jemadar Hoshiar Singh, Havildar Bhima Ram, Subedar Bostan Khan, Subedar Amar Singh, Jemadar Jagna Ram, Jemadar Niaz Ali Khan, Havildar Ganpat Ram, Havildar Habib Khan, Havildar Sheodan Singh, Havildar Goru Ram, Havildar Bhagirath Singh, Naik Bhopal Singh, L/Naik Anop Singh, L/Naik Bhaira Ram, L/Naik Mahji Khan, Subedar Barisal Singh, Naik Binja Ram, Subadar-Major Narain Singh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36287/supplement/5474|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:36287, Page:5474|date=1943-12-14|access-date=2023-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37101/supplement/2745|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37101, Page:2745|date=1945-05-29|access-date=2023-04-12}}</ref>

'''Indian Distinguished Service Medal'''
*Subedar Sukh Ram, Subedar Govinda Ram, Jemadar Gopichand Ram, Jemadar Bhagwana Ram, Jemadar Lall Khan, Jemadar Jita Ram, Jemadar Bhopal Singh, Jemadar Gurdial Ram, Havildar Panna Ram, Havildar Mull Singh, Havildar Inayat Khan, Havildar Phula Ram, Havildar Ratti Ram, Havildar Mohammed Niwaz, Havildar Atta Mohammed, Havildar Juglal Ram, Havildar Neki Ram, Naik Bhagwana Ram, Naik Ramnath Ram, Naik Hem Singh, Naik Begraj Ram, Naik Het Ram, Naik Mohammed Inayat Ali, Lance-Naik Jagat Singh, Lance-Naik Chandgi Ram, Lance-Naik Bega Ram, Lance-Naik Kasi Ram, Lance-Naik Khushi Mohammed, Lance-Naik Kalyan Singh, Rifleman Nandkaran Ram, Rifleman Puran Ram, Rifleman Mangal Singh, Rifleman Fidda Huissain, Rifleman Mohammed Yusuf, Rifleman Harsukh Ram, Jemadar Hoshiar Singh, Havildar Bhima Ram, Subedar Peroze Khan, Jemadar Gulab Khan, Jemadar Harnarain Ram, Jemadar Jowahir Singh, Havildar Harnath Singh, Havildar Sardara Ram, Naik Suba Khan, Nail Khema Ram, L/Naik Kara Ram, L/Naik Sagat Singh, Rifleman Dipa Ram, Rifleman Jiwan Singh, Rifleman Mumphal Ram, Rifleman Sobh Singh, Rifleman Amilal Ram, Rifleman Sanwat Singh, Havildar Chatterbui Singh, Havildar Punjraj Singh, Naik Dalpat Singh, Subedar Sardar Khan, Havildar Bhopsingh Ram, Company Havildar-Major (acting) Sheodayal Singh, Sepoy (acting Naik) Hak Ram, Lance-Naik Jugal Singh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37595/supplement/2740|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37595, Page:2740|date=1946-06-04|access-date=2023-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35715/supplement/4158|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:35715, Page:4158|date=1942-09-22|access-date=2023-04-09}}</ref>

'''[[Military Medal]]'''
*Naik Mohd Khan, Naik Fasal Hussain, Naik Jhuntha Ram, Lance-Naik Abdul Rehman, Sweeper Wazir, Rifleman Mohd Sharif, Rifleman Parmeshwar Singh, Rifleman Zaman Ali, Naik Kishan Singh, Naik Megh Singh, Naik (Acting) Lal Singh, Lance-Naik Karam Ellahi, Naik Chuni Ram, Company Havildar-Major Jisukh Ram, Havildar Himta Ram, Naik Kana Ram, Lance-Naik Zarif Khan, Company Havildar-Major Naurang Ram, Rifleman Khuda Dad, Rifleman Ramkunwar Singh, Rifleman Sheochand Ram, Naik Qaim Khan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37521/supplement/1670|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37521, Page:1670|date=1946-04-02|access-date=2023-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36679/supplement/4052|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:36679, Page:4052|date=1944-08-29|access-date=2023-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37274/supplement/4678|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37274, Page:4678|date=1945-09-18|access-date=2023-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36994/supplement/1546|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:36994, Page:1546|date=1945-03-20|access-date=2023-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37433/supplement/501|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37433, Page:501|date=1946-01-15|access-date=2023-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37595/supplement/2739|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37595, Page:2739|date=1946-06-04|access-date=2023-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36730/supplement/4571|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:36730, Page:4571|date=1944-10-03|access-date=2023-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37040/supplement/2080|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37040, Page:2080|date=1945-04-17|access-date=2023-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36699/supplement/4250|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:36699, Page:4250|date=1944-09-12|access-date=2023-04-12}}</ref>

'''[[British Empire Medal]]'''
*Lance-Naik Dusera Ram,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37717/supplement/4507|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37717, Page:4507|date=1946-08-06|access-date=2023-04-09}}</ref> Havildar-Major Mir Badshah, Rifleman Mehraj Din<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38079/supplement/4514|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:38079, Page:4514|date=1947-09-23|access-date=2023-04-12}}</ref>

'''[[Cross of Merit (Poland)|Gold Cross of Merit]]'''
*Lieutenant-Colonel Julius Benois Edwardes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37138/supplement/3244|title=The London Gazette, Supplement:37138, Page:3244|date=1945-06-19|access-date=2023-04-12}}</ref>

'''[[Mentioned in dispatches]]'''
*87 numbers

==Gallantry awards (Post-independence)==
{{Incomplete list|date=February 2026}}
[[File:Stamp of India - 1995 - Colnect 163734 - 5th Battalion Napiers The Rajputana Rifles - 175th Annive.jpeg|thumb|300px|Postage stamp released in 1995 to commemorate 175 years of the Fifth Battalion of Rajputana Rifles.]]
'''[[Param Vir Chakra]]'''
*Company Havildar Major [[Piru Singh]], 6th Battalion, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url= https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1952/E-2286-1952-0017-106013.pdf|title=Gazette of India, No 17|date=1952-01-26|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>

'''[[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashok Chakra]]'''
*Havildar [[Rajesh Kumar (soldier)|Rajesh Kumar]], 11th Battalion, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1110|title= Havildar Rajesh Kumar|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Captain [[Ummed Singh Mahra]], 19th Battalion, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1078|title=Captain Ummed Singh Mahra|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Naik [[Neeraj Kumar Singh]], 13th Battalion, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1114|title=Nk Neeraj Kumar Singh|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>

'''[[Maha Vir Chakra]]'''
*Major General Swarup Singh Kalaan, MC, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1272|title=ajor General Swarup Singh Kalaan, MC|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Lieutenant Colonel (later Brigadier) Raghubir Singh Rajawat, 18th Battalion, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1285|title=Lt Col Raghubir Singh|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Lieutenant Ved Prakash Trehan, 4th Battalion, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1238|title=Lieutenant Ved Prakash Trehan|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Rifleman Dhonkal Singh, 6th Battalion, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1178|title=Rifleman Dhonkal Singh|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Naik Sugan Singh, 7th Battalion, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1446|title= Naik Sugan Singh|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Major [[Padmapani Acharya]], 2nd Battalion, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1503|title= Major Padmapani Acharya|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Major [[Vivek Gupta (major)|Vivek Gupta]], 2nd Battalion, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1501|title= Major Vivek Gupta|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Naik [[Digendra Kumar]], 2nd Battalion, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1508|title=Naik Digendra Kumar|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Captain [[Neikezhakuo Kenguruse]], 2nd Battalion, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1505|title=Capt Neikezhakuo Kenguruse|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
'''[[Kirti Chakra]]'''
*Lieutenant Colonel Kamaldeep Singh, 18 RR, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3582|title=Lt Col Kamaldeep Singh|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Captain (Later Colonel) [[Karni Singh Rathore]], 17th Battalion, Rajputana Rifles (Sawaiman Guards)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3216|title=Capt Karni Singh Rathore|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Captain Ashutosh Kumar, 5th Battalion, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3583|title=Capt Ashutosh Kumar |access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Havildar Amar Singh, 17th Battalion, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3206|title=Havildar Amar Singh|access-date=2023-08-29}}</ref>
*Naib Subedar Umaid Singh, 6th Battalion, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1269?lang=english|title=Naib Subedar Umaid Singh|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Naik Rajinder Singh, 2nd Battalion, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3581|title= Naik Rajinder Singh|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Major Pushpender Singh (on deputation to 28 Assam Rifles)<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3575|title=Maj Pushpender Singh|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Lance Naik Hoshiar Singh, 6th Battalion, Rajputana Rifles (Sawaiman Guards)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3169|title=L/Nk Hoshiar Singh |access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Major Aditya Pratap Singh (on deputation to Assam Rifles)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2025/aug/doc2025814609001.pdf|title=List of personnel is being conferred with awards and defence decorations on the occasion of Independence Day 2025|date=2025-08-14|access-date=2025-08-22}}</ref>

'''[[Vir Chakra]]'''
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
*Lieutenant Colonel Mahabir Singh, 2nd Battalion, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1528?lang=english|title=Lieutanant Colonel Mahabir Singh|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Major Balbir Singh Poonia, 7th Battalion, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2775|title=Major Balbir Singh Poonia|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Major Rajender Singh Rajawat, 18th Battalion, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2442|title=Major Rajender Singh Rajawat|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Major Ram Swarup Sharma, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3364|title=Major Ram Swarup Sharma|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Major (later Brigadier) Jitendra Kumar Tomar, 9th Battalion, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1918|title=Maj Jitendra Kumar Tomar|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Captain Vijayant Thapar, 2nd Battalion, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2660|title=Capt Vijayant Thapar|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Colonel [[Magod Basappa Ravindranath]], 2nd Battalion, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2715|title=Colonel Magod Basappa Ravindranath |access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Major Mohit Saxena, 2nd Battalion, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2650|title=Major Mohit Saxena|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Captain Mohammed Haneef Uddin, 11th Battalion, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2656|title=Captain Haneef Uddin|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Subedar Rajab Ali, 8th Battalion, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1775?lang=english|title=Subedar Rajab Ali|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Naib Subedar Mangej Singh, 11th Battalion, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2688?lang=english|title=Naib Subedar Mangej Singh|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Jemadar Sanwal Ram, 6th Battalion, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1269?lang=english|title=Jemadar Sanwal Ram|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Havildar Hazari Singh, 6th Battalion, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1686|title=Havildar Hazari Singh|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Naik Sheo Chand Ram, 2nd Battalion, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1385|title=Naik Sheo Chand Ram|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Lance Naik Prem Singh, 12th Battalion, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2817|title=Lance Naik Prem Singh|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*CHM Yashvir Singh, 2nd Battalion, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2695?lang=english|title=CHM Yashvir Singh|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Havildar Prem Kumar Chauhan, 5th Battalion, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4277?lang=english|title=Havildar Prem Kumar Chauhan|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Rifleman Rewat Singh, 6th Battalion, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1750|title=Rifleman Rewat Singh|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Rifleman Mathan Singh, 2nd Battalion, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3213|title=Rifleman Mathan Singh|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Rifleman Mohan Singh, 11th Battalion, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2678|title=Rifleman Mohan Singh|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Rifleman Jai Ram Singh, 2nd Battalion, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2731|title=Rifleman Jai Ram Singh|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Rifleman Mahilal Singh, 4th Battalion, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3211|title=Rifleman Mahilal Singh|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Rifleman Chagan Singh, 12th Battalion, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1939|title=Rifleman Chagan Singh|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
{{div col end}}
'''[[Shaurya Chakra]]'''
*Lance Naik Ayyub Ali, 9 RR, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4696|title= Lance Naik Ayyub Ali|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Naib Subedar Lal Singh Khichi, 57 RR, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/857 |title=Nb Sub Lal Singh Khichi|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Lance Naik Deshpal Singh, 9 RR, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/586|title= Lance Naik Deshpal Singh|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Rifleman Lakshman Singh, 9 RR, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/589|title=Rifleman Lakshman Singh |access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Havildar Hanuman Ram Saran, 18 RR, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4606|title=Hav Hanuman Ram Saran |access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Rifleman Mukesh Kumar, 9 RR, Rajputana Rifles<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4996|title=Rifleman Mukesh Kumar|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
*Havildar Bhim Singh, 7RR, Rajputana Rifles[https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1993 <nowiki>[151]</nowiki>]

==See also==

* [[Rajput Regiment]]
* [[List of regiments of the Indian Army]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Singh, Colonel Dr Narendar (2019) ''''Third Battalion The Rajputana Rifles 'Waffadar Paltan' Volume 1 1818-1920'' (New Delhi: Pentagon Press) {{ISBN|978-93-86618-92-4}}
* Singh, Colonel Dr Narendar (2020) ''''Third Battalion The Rajputana Rifles 'Gods Own' Volume 2 1921-2018'' (New Delhi: Pentagon Press) {{ISBN|978-81-944659-2-8}}
* Brigadier Raghubir Singh Rajawat [https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/ww-2-veteran-and-mvc-recipient-in-1965-war%C2%A0brig-raghubir-singh%C2%A0passes-away-at-99-267922]

==External links==
*[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/rgt-rajputana.htm Rajputana Rifles on globalsecurity.org]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060220090453/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE5-1/subra.html Rajputana Rifles - L. N. Subramaniam]

{{Indian Army Infantry Regiments}}

[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1947]]
[[Category:British Indian Army infantry regiments]]
[[Category:Infantry regiments of the Indian Army from 1947|R]]
[[Category:Rifle regiments]]
[[Category:Units of the Indian Peace Keeping Force]]

Black Stone

2026-03-14T03:10:55Z

RaushanYoganta:

{{Short description|Islamic relic at the Kaaba in Mecca}}
{{About|the Muslim object of reverence}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Black Stone (Hajar al-Aswad)
| image = Black stone.jpg
| alt = Black Stone set in the eastern corner of the Kaaba
| caption = The Black Stone embedded in the eastern corner of the Kaaba
| map_type =
| map_size =
| relief =
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| location = Masjid al-Haram, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| region = Hejaz
| type = Sacred stone / Islamic relic
| part_of = Kaaba
| length = 20 cm (visible)
| width = 16 cm (visible)
| area =
| height = 112 cm (visible)
| builder = Prophet Ibrahim and Prophet Ismail.
| material = Stone fragments held together with cement and surrounded by a silver frame
| built = Antiquity (pre-Islamic period; according to Islamic tradition from heaven)
| abandoned =
| epochs = Pre-Islamic Arabia to present
| cultures = Islamic
| dependency_of = Masjid al-Haram
| occupants = Pilgrims during Hajj and Umrah rituals
| event = Ritual touching or kissing during Tawaf
| excavations =
| archaeologists =
| condition = Preserved; fragments set in silver frame
| ownership = Government of Saudi Arabia
| management = General Presidency for the Affairs of the Two Holy Mosques
| public_access = Yes (restricted during pilgrimage flow)
| website = https://www.gph.gov.sa
| designation1 =
| designation1_date = 7th century CE onward
| designation1_number =
| designation1_criteria =
| designation1_type =
| designation1_partof =
| designation1_free1name = Corner name
| designation1_free1value = Al-Rukn al-Aswad
| designation2 =
| designation2_offname =
| designation2_date =
| designation2_number =
| notes = Originally a single stone; now consists of several fragments fixed with cement and encased in a silver frame.
}}
[[File:Black stone.jpg|thumb|right|The Black Stone is seen through a portal in the [[Kaaba]]]]
The '''Black Stone''' ({{langx|ar|الحجر الأسود|translit=al-Ḥajar al-Aswad}}) is a rock set into the eastern corner of the [[Kaaba]], the ancient building in the center of the [[Masjid al-Haram]] in [[Mecca]], Saudi Arabia. It is revered by most Muslims as an [[Islam]]ic relic which, according to tradition, dates back to the time of [[Adam in Islam|Adam]] and [[Eve in Islam|Eve]].

The stone was venerated at the Kaaba in [[pre-Islamic Arabia]]. It is sometimes considered a [[baetyl]]. According to tradition, it was set intact into the Kaaba's wall by [[Muhammad]] in 605, five years before [[Muhammad's first revelation|his first revelation]]. Since then, it has been broken into fragments and is now encased in a silver frame on the side of the Kaaba. Its physical appearance is that of a fragmented, dark rock, polished smooth by the hands of [[pilgrim]]s. It has often been described as a [[meteorite]],<ref name="Burke" /> but it has never been analysed with modern techniques, so its [[#Scientific origins|scientific origins]] remain the subject of speculation.<ref name="M. Golia" />

Muslim pilgrims circle the Kaaba as a part of the [[tawaf]] ritual during the [[Hajj]] and many try to stop to kiss the Black Stone, emulating the kiss that Islamic tradition records that it received from Muhammad.<ref>{{cite book |title=Your Door to Arabia |last=Elliott |first=Jeri |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-473-01546-6 |publisher=R. Eberhardt |location=Lower Hutt, N.Z.}}</ref><ref name=AtoZ>{{cite book |title=Hajj to Umrah: From A to Z |last=Mohamed |first=Mamdouh N. |year=1996 |publisher=Amana Publications |isbn=978-0-915957-54-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/hajjumrahfromtoz00moha}}</ref> While the Black Stone is revered, theologians emphasize that it has no divine significance and that its importance is historical in nature.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hedin |first=Christer |year=2010 |title=Muslim Pilgrimage as Education by Experience |journal=[[Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis]] |volume=22 |page=176 |citeseerx=10.1.1.1017.315 |doi=10.30674/scripta.67366 |oclc=7814979907 |s2cid=191262972 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Physical description ==
[[File:Black Stone front and side.PNG|thumb|right|The fragmented Black Stone as it appeared in the 1850s, front and side illustrations]]
The Black Stone was originally a single piece of rock but today consists of several pieces that have been cemented together. They are surrounded by a silver frame which is fastened by silver nails to the Kaaba's outer wall.<ref name="bevan" /> The fragments are, in turn, made up of smaller pieces that have been combined to form the seven or eight fragments visible today. The Stone's exposed face measures about {{convert|20|cm|in}} by {{convert|16|cm|in}}. Its original size is unclear and the recorded dimensions have changed considerably over time, as the pieces have been rearranged in their cement matrix on several occasions.<ref name="Burke">{{cite book |last=Burke |first=John G. |title=Cosmic Debris: Meteorites in History |publisher=University of California Press |pages=221–23 |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-520-07396-8}}</ref> In the 10th century, an observer described the Black Stone as being one [[cubit]] ({{convert|46|cm|in|abbr=on|disp=or}}) long. By the early 17th century, it was recorded as measuring {{convert|140|by|122|cm|ftin|abbr=on}}. According to [[Ali Bey el Abbassi|Ali Bey]] in the 18th century, it was described as {{convert|110|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} high, and [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali Pasha]] reported it as being {{convert|76|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} long by {{convert|46|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} wide.<ref name="Burke" />

The Black Stone is attached to the east corner of the Kaaba, known as ''al-Rukn al-Aswad'' (the 'Corner of the Black Stone').<ref name="Ali2011">{{cite book |last=Ali |first=Maulana Muhammad |title=The Religion of Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=etnEKz_rOfgC&pg=PT351 |date=25 July 2011 |publisher=Ahmadiyya Anjuman Ishaat Islam Lahore USA |isbn=978-1-934271-18-6 |page=351}}</ref> The choice of the east corner may have had ritual significance; it faces the rain-bringing east wind (''al-qabul'') and the direction from which [[Canopus]] rises.<ref name="Al-Azmeh2017">{{cite book |last=Al-Azmeh |first=Aziz |title=The Emergence of Islam in Late Antiquity: Allah and His People |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xnU3DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA200 |year=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-316-64155-2 |page=200}}</ref>

The silver frame around the Black Stone and the black ''[[kiswah]]'' or cloth enveloping the Kaaba were for centuries maintained by the [[Ottoman Sultan]]s in their role as [[Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques]]. The frames wore out over time due to the constant handling by pilgrims and were periodically replaced. Worn-out frames were brought back to [[Istanbul]], where they are still kept as part of the [[Sacred Relics (Topkapı Palace)|sacred relics]] in the [[Topkapı Palace]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The sacred trusts: Pavilion of the Sacred Relics, Topkapı Palace Museum |last=Aydın |first=Hilmi |publisher=Tughra Books |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-932099-72-0}}</ref>

===Appearance of the Black Stone===
The Black Stone was described by European travellers to Arabia in the 19th- and early-20th centuries, who visited the Kaaba disguised as pilgrims. Swiss traveller [[Johann Ludwig Burckhardt]] visited Mecca in 1814, and provided a detailed description in his 1829 book ''Travels in Arabia'':

{{Blockquote|text=It is an irregular oval, about seven inches [18 cm] in diameter, with an undulated surface, composed of about a dozen smaller stones of different sizes and shapes, well joined together with a small quantity of cement, and perfectly well smoothed; it looks as if the whole had been broken into as many pieces by a violent blow, and then united again. It is very difficult to determine accurately the quality of this stone which has been worn to its present surface by the millions of touches and kisses it has received. It appeared to me like a lava, containing several small extraneous particles of a whitish and of a yellow substance. Its colour is now a deep reddish brown approaching to black. It is surrounded on all sides by a border composed of a substance which I took to be a close cement of pitch and gravel of a similar, but not quite the same, brownish colour. This border serves to support its detached pieces; it is two or three inches in breadth, and rises a little above the surface of the stone. Both the border and the stone itself are encircled by a silver band, broader below than above, and on the two sides, with a considerable swelling below, as if a part of the stone were hidden under it. The lower part of the border is studded with silver nails.<ref name="Burckhardt1829">{{cite book |last=Burckhardt |first=Johann Ludwig |title=Travels in Arabia, Comprehending an Account of Those Territories in Hedjaz which the Mohammedans Regard as Sacred |url=https://archive.org/details/travelsinarabia04burcgoog |year=1829 |publisher=Henry Colburn, New Burlington Street |page=[https://archive.org/details/travelsinarabia04burcgoog/page/n265 250]}}</ref>}}

Visiting the Kaaba in 1853, [[Richard Francis Burton]] noted that:

{{Blockquote|text=The colour appeared to me black and metallic, and the centre of the stone was sunk about two inches below the metallic circle. Round the sides was a reddish-brown cement, almost level with the metal, and sloping down to the middle of the stone. The band is now a massive arch of gold or silver gilt. I found the aperture in which the stone is, one span and three fingers broad.<ref name="Burton1856">{{cite book |last=Burton |first=Sir Richard Francis |title=Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to El-Medinah and Meccah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lbVSx5zKcrEC&pg=PA161 |year=1856 |publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts |page=161}}</ref>}}

Ritter von Laurin, the Austrian consul-general in Egypt, was able to inspect a fragment of the Stone removed by the Ottoman ruler [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali]] in 1817 and reported that it had a pitch-black exterior and a silver-grey, fine-grained interior in which tiny cubes of a bottle-green material were embedded. There are reportedly a few white or yellow spots on the face of the Stone, and it is officially described as being white with the exception of the face.<ref name="Burke" />

== History and tradition ==

[[File:Mohammed kaaba 1315.jpg|thumb|left|A 1315 illustration from the ''[[Jami' al-tawarikh]]'' inspired by the [[sīrah]] story of [[Muhammad]] and the [[Mecca]]n clan elders lifting the Black Stone into place.<ref name=uscmsa>{{cite web |author=University of Southern California |title=The Prophet of Islam – His Biography |access-date=3 December 2010 |url=http://msawest.net/islam/11-prophet/325-the-prophet-of-islam-his-biography |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723212201/http://msawest.net/islam/11-prophet/325-the-prophet-of-islam-his-biography |archive-date=23 July 2011}}</ref>]]

The Black Stone was held in reverence long before the advent of Islam. It had long been associated with the Kaaba, which was built in the pre-Islamic period and was a site of pilgrimage for the [[Nabataeans]] of northern Arabia and the [[southern Levant]], who visited the shrine once a year to perform their pilgrimage. [[Idolatry]] is forbidden in the [[Hebrew Bible]] and the [[Quran]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0009_0_09475.html |title=The Biblical Injunction Against Idolatry |last=Rabinowitz |first=Louis |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Judaica |date=2008 |access-date=2014-04-20}}</ref> However, the use of aniconic stones, called [[baetyl]]s, is known from the eastern [[Mediterranean]]; "baetyl" originates in the [[Bethel (god)|Bethel]] narrative of [[Jacob's Ladder]]. The Kaaba allegedly held 360 idols of the Meccan gods.<ref name=armstrong>{{cite book |pages=[https://archive.org/details/islamshorthistor00arms_354/page/n50 11] |title=Islam: A Short History |first=Karen |last=Armstrong |author-link=Karen Armstrong |isbn=978-0-8129-6618-3 |date=2002 |title-link=Islam: A Short History|publisher=Random House Publishing }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.academia.edu/33725224 | title=Arab Paganism. The roots of Islam. *al lah the Meccan (Muslim) pagan gods | last1=Ezra | first1=Eliyahu | access-date=28 June 2023 | archive-date=5 July 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705055558/https://www.academia.edu/33725224 | url-status=live }}</ref> The meteoritic origin theory of the Black Stone has seen it likened by some writers to the meteorite which was placed and worshipped in the [[Temple of Artemis]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Robert E. Krebs |title=Scientific Development and Misconceptions Through the Ages: A Reference Guide |date=1999 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0313302268 |page=209 |edition=illustrated}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Swartley |editor1-first=Keith E. |title=Encountering the World of Islam |date=2005 |publisher=Biblica |isbn=978-1932805246 |page=205 |edition=illustrated, reprint}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Isaac Asimov |author-link1=Isaac Asimov |title=Isaac Asimov's Guide to Earth and Space |date=2011 |publisher=Random House Publishing Group |isbn=978-0307792273 |page=108}}</ref>

A "red stone" was associated with the deity of the [[South Arabia]]n city of Ghaiman, and there was a "white stone" in the Kaaba of al-Abalat (near [[Tabalah, Saudi Arabia|Tabala]], south of Mecca). Worship at that time period was often associated with stone [[reverence (attitude)|reverence]], mountains, special rock formations, or distinctive trees.<ref>{{cite book |author=Grunebaum, G. E. von |title=Classical Islam: A History 600 A.D.–1258 A.D. |publisher=Aldine Publishing Company |page=24 |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-202-15016-1}}</ref> The Kaaba marked the location where the sacred world intersected with the profane, and the embedded Black Stone was a further symbol of this as an object as a link between heaven and earth.<ref>{{cite book |title=Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths |url=https://archive.org/details/jerusalemonecity0000arms |url-access=limited |last=Armstrong |first=Karen |page=[https://archive.org/details/jerusalemonecity0000arms/page/221 221] |year=1996 |publisher=A.A. Knopf |isbn=978-0-679-43596-9}}</ref> [[Aziz Al-Azmeh]] claims that the divine name ''[[Rahman (name)|ar-Rahman]]'' (one of the [[names of God in Islam]] and cognate to one of the [[Names of God in Judaism|Jewish names of God]] ''Ha'Rachaman'', both meaning "the Merciful One" or "the Gracious One")<ref>{{cite web |title=The Names of God |url=http://www.themitzvahproject.org/serv03111.htm |website=www.themitzvahproject.org |publisher=The Mitzvah Project |access-date=15 September 2021 |archive-date=15 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915170953/http://www.themitzvahproject.org/serv03111.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> was used for astral gods in Mecca and might have been associated with the Black Stone.<ref name="ʻAẓmah2007">{{cite book |last=ʻAẓmah |first=ʻAzīz |title=The Times of History: Universal Topics in Islamic Historiography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XiqeclAyH-4C&pg=PA105 |year=2007 |publisher=Central European University Press |isbn=978-963-7326-73-8 |page=105}}</ref> Muhammad is said to have called the stone "the right hand of al-Rahman".<ref name="Azmeh219">Al-Azmeh, p. 219</ref>

=== Muhammad ===
According to Islamic belief, Muhammad is credited with setting the Black Stone in its current place in the wall of the Kaaba. A story found in [[Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah (Ibn Ishaq)|ibn Ishaq's ''Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah'']] tells how the clans of Mecca renovated the Kaaba following a major fire which had partly destroyed the structure. The Black Stone had been temporarily removed to facilitate the rebuilding work. The clans could not agree on which one of them should have the honour of setting the Black Stone back in its place.<ref name="Dairesi">{{cite book |title=The sacred trusts: Pavilion of the Sacred Relics, Topkapı Palace Museum, Istanbul |editor1=Uğurluel, Talha |editor2=Doğru, Ahmet |author1=Dairesi, Hırka-i Saadet |author2=Aydın, Hilmi |publisher=Tughra Books |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-932099-72-0}}</ref><ref name="Al-A'zami">{{cite book |last=Al-A'zami |first=Muhammad Mustafa |year=2003 |title=The History of The Qur'anic Text: From Revelation to Compilation: A Comparative Study with the Old and New Testaments |page=24 |publisher=UK Islamic Academy |isbn=978-1-872531-65-6}}</ref>

They decided to wait for the next man to come through the gate and ask him to make the decision. That person was 35-year-old Muhammad, five years before his prophethood. He asked the elders of the clans to bring him a cloth and place the Black Stone at its center. Each of the clan leaders held the corners of the cloth and carried the Black Stone to the right spot. Then, Muhammad set the stone in place, satisfying the honour of all of the clans.<ref name="Dairesi" /><ref name="Al-A'zami" /> After his [[Conquest of Mecca]] in 630, Muhammad is said to have ridden round the Kaaba seven times on his camel, touching the Black Stone with his stick in a gesture of reverence.<ref name="Peters" />

===Desecrations===
The Stone has suffered repeated desecrations and damage over time. It is said to have been struck and smashed to pieces by a stone fired from a catapult during the [[Umayyad Caliphate]]'s [[Siege of Mecca (683)|siege of Mecca]] in 683. The fragments were rejoined by [[Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr]] using a silver ligament.<ref name="Dairesi" /> In January 930, it [[Sack of Mecca|was stolen]] by the [[Qarmatians]], who carried the Black Stone away to their base in Hajar (modern [[Eastern Arabia]]). According to Ottoman historian Qutb al-Din, writing in 1857, the Qarmatian leader [[Abu Tahir al-Jannabi]] set the Black Stone up in his own mosque, the ''Masjid al-Dirar'' "Mosque of Dissent", with the intention of redirecting the Hajj away from Mecca. This attempt failed, as pilgrims continued to venerate the spot where the Black Stone had been located.<ref name="Peters">{{cite book |last=Peters |first=Francis E. |title=Mecca: a literary history of the Muslim Holy Land |pages=125–26 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-691-03267-2}}</ref>

According to the historian [[al-Juwayni]], the Stone was returned twenty-three years later, in 952. The Qarmatians held the Black Stone for ransom and attempted to force the Abbasids to pay a huge sum for its return. It was wrapped in a sack and thrown into the [[Great Mosque of Kufa]], accompanied by a note saying "By command we took it, and by command we have brought it back." Its abduction and removal caused further damage, breaking the stone into seven pieces.<ref name="glasse" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/shia/qarma.html |title=Qarmatiyyah |publisher=St. Martin's College |work=Overview of World Religions |access-date=4 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070428055134/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/shia/qarma.html |archive-date=28 April 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/68328/Black-Stone-of-Mecca |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Black Stone of Mecca (Islam) |access-date=11 May 2012}}</ref> Its abductor, Abu Tahir, is said to have met a terrible fate; according to Qutb al-Din, "the filthy Abu Tahir was afflicted with a gangrenous sore, his flesh was eaten away by worms, and he died a most terrible death." To protect the shattered stone, the custodians of the Kaaba commissioned a pair of Meccan goldsmiths to build a silver frame to surround it, and it has been enclosed in a similar frame ever since.<ref name="Peters" />

In the 11th century, a man allegedly sent by the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] caliph [[al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah]] attempted to smash the Black Stone but was killed on the spot, having caused only slight damage.<ref name="Peters" /> In 1674, according to [[Johann Ludwig Burckhardt]], someone allegedly smeared the Black Stone with excrement so that "every one who kissed it retired with a sullied beard". According to the [[Archaism|archaic]] Sunni belief,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Saudi Arabia and Iran: Friends or Foes? |last=Keynoush |first=Banafsheh |year=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1137589392 |page=59}}</ref> by the accusation of one boy, the [[Persians|Persian]] of an unknown faith was suspected of sacrilege, where Sunnis of [[Mecca]] "have turned the circumstance to their own advantage" by assaulting, beating random Persians and forbidding them from [[Hajj]] until the ban was overturned by the order of [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali]]. The explorer [[Richard Francis Burton]] pointed out on the alleged "excrement action" that "it is scarcely necessary to say that a Shi'a, as well as a Sunni, would look upon such an action with lively horror", and that the real culprit was "some Jew or Christian, who risked his life to gratify a furious bigotry".<ref>As quoted in [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Personal_Narrative_of_a_Pilgrimage_to_Al_Madinah_and_Meccah/Volume_III|Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al Madinah and Meccah] by [[Richard Francis Burton]], Volume III: "In A.D. 1674 some wretch smeared the Black Stone with impurity, and every one who kissed it retired with a sullied beard. The Persians, says [[Johann Ludwig Burckhardt|Burckhardt]], were suspected of this sacrilege, and now their ill-fame has spread far; at Alexandria they were described to me as a people who defile the Kaaba. It is scarcely necessary to say that a Shi'a, as well as a Sunni, would look upon such an action with lively horror. The people of Meccah, however, like the Madani, have turned the circumstance to their own advantage, and make an occasional "avanie". Thus, nine or ten years ago, on the testimony of a boy who swore that he saw the inside of the Kaaba defiled by a Persian, they rose up, cruelly beat the schismatics, and carried them off to their peculiar quarter the Shamiyah, forbidding their ingress to the Kaaba. Indeed, till Mohammed Ali's time, the Persians rarely ventured upon a pilgrimage, and even now that man is happy who gets over it without a beating. The defilement of the Black Stone was probably the work of some Jew or Greek, who risked his life to gratify a furious bigotry." Note: Burton pointed out to the suspect as a "Jew or Greek". The "Greek" here is to be understood as a Christian, and not a Greek national ''per se''.</ref>

== Ritual role ==
[[File:Muhammad Ali at the black stone 1972.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Muhammad Ali kissing the black stone in 1972|[[Muhammad Ali]] kissing the Black Stone in 1972]]
[[File:Coveting the Black Stone.jpg|thumb|upright|Pilgrims jostle for a chance to kiss the Black Stone; if they are unable to kiss it, they can point towards it on each circuit with their right hand]]
The Black Stone plays a central role in the ritual of {{transliteration|ar|istilam}}, when pilgrims kiss the Black Stone, touch it with their hands or raise their hands towards it while repeating the {{transliteration|ar|[[takbir]]}} "God is Greatest". They perform this in the course of walking seven times around the Kaaba in a counterclockwise direction ({{transliteration|ar|[[tawaf]]}}), emulating the actions of Muhammad. At the end of each circuit, they perform {{transliteration|ar|istilam}} and may approach the Black Stone to kiss it at the end of {{transliteration|ar|tawaf}}.<ref name="Curtis2013">{{cite book |editor1-last=Ali |editor1-first=Saad |editor2-last=Nishino |editor2-first=Ko |editor3-last=Manocha |editor3-first=Dinesh |last1=Curtis |first1=Sean |last2=Guy |first2=Stephen J. |last3=Zafar |first3=Basim |last4=Manocha |first4=Dinesh |title=Modeling, Simulation and Visual Analysis of Crowds: A Multidisciplinary Perspective |chapter=Virtual Tawaf: A Velocity-Space-Based Solution for Simulating Heterogeneous Behavior in Dense Crowds |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ajm3BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA200 |date=2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4614-8483-7 |page=200}}</ref> In modern times, large crowds make it practically impossible for everyone to kiss the stone, so it is currently acceptable to point in the direction of the Stone on each of their seven circuits around the Kaaba. Some{{who|date=May 2024}} even say that the Stone is best considered simply as a marker, useful in keeping count of the ritual circumambulations that one has performed.<ref name="The Saudi Arabia Information Resource">{{cite web |website=The Saudi Arabia Information Resource |title=The Holy City of Makkah |access-date=12 August 2006 |url=http://www.saudinf.com/main/a83.htm |archive-date=21 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060821222527/http://www.saudinf.com/main/a83.htm |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

Writing in ''Dawn in Madinah: A Pilgrim's Passage'', [[Muzaffar Iqbal]] described his experience of venerating the Black Stone during a pilgrimage to Mecca:

{{Blockquote|At the end of the second [circumambulation of the Kaaba], I was granted one of those extraordinary moments which sometimes occur around the Black Stone. As I approached the Corner the large crowd was suddenly pushed back by a strong man who had just kissed the Black Stone. This push generated a backward current, creating a momentary opening around the Black Stone as I came to it; I swiftly accepted the opportunity reciting, {{transliteration|ar|Bismillahi Allahu akbar wa lillahi-hamd}} ["In the name of God, God is great, all praise to God"], put my hands on the Black Stone and kissed it. Thousands of silver lines sparkled, the Stone glistened, and something stirred deep inside me. A few seconds passed. Then I was pushed away by the guard.<ref>{{cite book |last=Iqbal |first=Muzaffar |title=Dawn in Madinah: A Pilgrim's Passage |page=21 |publisher=The Other Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-983-9154-92-4}}</ref>}}

The Black Stone and the Kaaba's opposite corner, {{transliteration|ar|al-Rukn al-Yamani}}, are both often perfumed by the mosque's custodians. This can cause problems for pilgrims in the state of {{transliteration|ar|[[ihram]]}} ('consecration'), who are forbidden from using scented products and will require a {{transliteration|ar|[[Fidyah and Kaffara|kaffara]]}} (donation) as a penance if they touch either.<ref name="HamShams2004">{{cite book |last1=Ham |first1=Anthony |last2=Shams |first2=Martha Brekhus |last3=Madden |first3=Andrew |title=Saudi Arabia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PddTr1X7hEgC&pg=PA75 |year=2004 |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |isbn=978-1-74059-667-1 |page=75}}</ref>

== Meaning and symbolism ==
[[File:The Ka'ba, Great Mosque of Mecca, Saudi Arabia (4).jpg|thumb|The [[Kaaba]] in Mecca. The Black Stone is set into the eastern corner of the building ''(bottom left)''.]]
One tradition holds that the Black Stone was placed by [[Adam in Islam|Adam]] in the original Kaaba.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Glassé |first=Cyril |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |date=January 29, 2003 |publisher=AltaMira Press |isbn=978-0759101906 |edition= |pages=91 |language=en}}</ref>
Muslims believe that the stone was originally pure and dazzling white, but has since turned black because of the sins of the people who touch it.<ref>Saying of the Prophet, Collection of [[Tirmizi]], VII, 49</ref><ref>[[Shaykh Tabarsi]], ''Tafsir'', vol. 1, pp. 460, 468. Quoted in translation by Francis E. Peters, ''Muhammad and the Origins of Islam'', p. 5. [[SUNY Press]], 1994. {{ISBN|0-7914-1876-6}}</ref>

According to a prophetic tradition, "Touching them both (the Black Stone and {{transliteration|ar|al-Rukn al-Yamani}}) is an expiation for sins."<ref>{{cite book |last=ibn Isa at-Tirmidhi |first=Muhammad |title=Jami' at-Tirmidhi: Book of Hajj |volume=2nd, Hadith 959}}</ref> Adam's altar and the stone were said to have been lost during [[Genesis flood narrative|the Great Flood]] and forgotten. [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]] was said to have later found the Black Stone at the original site of Adam's altar when the angel [[Gabriel in Islam|Gabriel]] revealed it to him.<ref name="glasse">Cyril Glassé, ''New Encyclopedia of Islam'', p. 245. Rowman Altamira, 2001. {{ISBN|0-7591-0190-6}}</ref> Abraham ordered his son [[Ishmael]], who in Muslim belief is an ancestor of Muhammad, to build a new temple, the Kaaba, into which the stone was to be embedded.

Another tradition says that the Black Stone was originally an angel that had been placed by God in the [[Garden of Eden]] to guard Adam. The angel was absent when Adam ate the [[forbidden fruit]] and was punished by being turned into the Black Stone. God granted it the power of speech and placed it at the top of [[Abu Qubays (mountain)|Abu Qubays]], a mountain in the historic region of [[Khorasan]], before moving the mountain to Mecca. When [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]] took the Black Stone from Abu Qubays to build the Kaaba, the mountain asked him to intercede with God so that it would not be returned to Khorasan but would stay in Mecca.<ref name="Kister">{{cite journal |title=Adam: a Study of Some Legends in ''Tafsir'' and ''Hadit'' Literature |journal=Israel Oriental Studies |number=13 |year=1993 |publisher=E.J. Brill |isbn=978-9004099012 |pages=113–74}}</ref>

Another tradition holds that it was brought down to Earth by "an angel from [[seven heavens|heaven]]".<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Frankopan |first=Peter |title=The Silk Roads: A New History of the World |date=March 2017 |publisher=[[Vintage Books]] |isbn=978-1-101-94633-6 |edition=First Vintage Books |series= |location=New York |pages=75 |author-link=Peter Frankopan}}</ref>

According to some scholars, the Black Stone was the same stone that Islamic tradition describes as greeting Muhammad before his prophethood. This led to a debate about whether the Black Stone's greeting comprised actual speech or merely a sound, and following that, whether the stone was a living creature or an inanimate object. Regardless of the case, the stone was regarded as a symbol of [[prophethood in Islam|prophethood]].<ref name="Kister" />

A [[hadith]] records that, when the second [[Rashidun Caliphate|Rashid caliph]], [[Umar]] (580–644), came to kiss the stone, he said in front of all assembled: "No doubt, I know that you are a stone and can neither harm anyone nor benefit anyone. Had I not seen Allah's Messenger [Muhammad] kissing you, I would not have kissed you."<ref>{{cite web |author=University of Southern California |title=Pilgrimage (Hajj) |access-date=12 August 2006 |url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/bukhari/026.sbt.html#002.026.667 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830145427/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/bukhari/026.sbt.html#002.026.667 |archive-date=30 August 2006 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> In the hadith collection ''[[Kanz al-Ummal]]'', it is recorded that [[Ali]] responded to Umar, saying, "This stone (Hajar Aswad) can indeed benefit and harm.{{nbsp}}[...] Allah says in Quran that he created human beings from the progeny of Adam and made them witness over themselves and asked them, 'Am I not your creator?' Upon this, all of them confirmed it. Thus Allah wrote this confirmation. And this stone has a pair of eyes, ears and a tongue and it opened its mouth upon the order of Allah, who put that confirmation in it and ordered to witness it to all those worshippers who come for Hajj."<ref>{{cite book |last=ibn Abd-al-Malik al-Hindi |first=Ali |title=Kanz al-Ummal |year=1998 |location=Lebanon}}</ref>

[[Muhammad Labib al-Batanuni]], writing in 1911, commented on the practice that the [[pre-Islamic Arabia|pre-Islamic]] practice of venerating stones (including the Black Stone) arose not because such stones are "sacred for their own sake, but because of their relation to something holy and respected".<ref name="Lazarus-Yafeh">{{cite book |last=Lazarus-Yafeh |first=Hava |title=Some religious aspects of Islam: a collection of articles |pages=120–24 |publisher=Brill |year=1981 |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-06329-7}}</ref> The Indian Islamic scholar [[Muhammad Hamidullah]] summed up the meaning of the Black Stone:
{{Blockquote|[T]he Prophet has named the (Black Stone) the "right hand of God" ({{transliteration|ar|yamin-Allah}}), and for purpose. In fact one poses there one's hand to conclude the pact, and God obtains there our pact of allegiance and submission. In the quranic terminology, God is the king, and{{nbsp}}[...] in (his) realm there is a metropolis ({{transliteration|ar|Umm al-Qurra}}) and in the metropolis naturally a palace ({{transliteration|ar|Bait-Allah}}, home of God). If a subject wants to testify to his loyalty, he has to go to the royal palace and conclude personally the pact of allegiance. The right hand of the invisible God must be visible symbolically. And that is the {{transliteration|ar|al-Hajar al-Aswad}}, the Black Stone in the Ka'bah.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shenk |first=David W. |title=Journeys of the Muslim nation and the Christian church: exploring the mission of two communities |page=161 |publisher=Uzima Publishing House |year=2006 |isbn=978-9966-855-21-3}}</ref>}}

In recent years, several [[literalist]] views of the Black Stone have emerged. A small minority accepts as literally true a hadith, usually taken as allegorical, which asserts that "the Stone will appear on [[Judgement Day in Islam|the Day of Judgement]] ({{transliteration|ar|[[Qiyamah]]}}) with eyes to see and a tongue to speak, and give evidence in favour of all who kissed it in true devotion, but speak out against whoever indulged in gossip or profane conversations during his circumambulation of the Kaaba".<ref name="Lazarus-Yafeh" />

== Scientific origins ==
The Black Stone has never been analysed with modern scientific techniques. Its nature and origin has been much debated but it remains the subject of scientific speculation.<ref name="M. Golia">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oiTNCgAAQBAJ&q=Wabar+meteorite+craters+black+stone&pg=PT68 |title=Meteorite: Nature and Culture |last=Golia |first=Maria |date=2015 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1780235479 |language=en |access-date=30 October 2020 |archive-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705055559/https://books.google.com/books?id=oiTNCgAAQBAJ&q=Wabar+meteorite+craters+black+stone&pg=PT68 |url-status=live }}</ref> It has been described variously as [[basalt]] stone, an [[agate]], a piece of natural [[glass]] or—most popularly—a stony [[meteorite]] or a result of a meteorite impact called [[tektite]].<ref name="Thomsen87">Thomsen: „New Light on the Origin of the Holy Black Stone of the Ka'ba“. 1980, S. 87.</ref> [[Paul Partsch]], the curator of the [[Natural History Museum, Vienna#Imperial Natural History Museum|Austro-Hungarian imperial collection of minerals]], published the first comprehensive analysis of the Black Stone in 1857, in which he favoured a meteoritic origin for the stone.<ref name="partsch">{{cite journal |last=Partsch |first=Paul Maria |title=Über den schwarzen Stein der Kaaba zu Mekka, mitgetheilt aus den hinterlassenen Schriften des wirklichen Mitgliedens |journal=Denkschriften der Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wien |issue=13 |year=1857 |publisher=Erste Abtheilung |pages=1–5 |url=http://www.landesmuseum.at/pdf_frei_remote/DAKW_13_1_0001-0005.pdf |access-date=29 August 2015 |archive-date=19 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919061303/http://www.landesmuseum.at/pdf_frei_remote/DAKW_13_1_0001-0005.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Robert S. Dietz]] and [[John McHone]] proposed in 1974 that the Black Stone was actually an agate, judging from its physical attributes and a report by an Arab geologist that the stone contained clearly discernible diffusion banding characteristic of agates.<ref name="Burke" />

A significant clue to its nature is provided by an account of the stone's recovery in 951 CE, after it had been stolen 21 years earlier. According to a chronicler,{{Who|date=August 2024}} the stone was identified by its ability to float in water, which would rule out the Black Stone being an agate, a [[basalt]], or a [[stony-iron meteorite|stony meteorite]], though it would be compatible with it being glass or [[pumice]].<ref name="bevan">{{cite book |first1=Alex |last1=Bevan |first2=John |last2=De Laeter |title=Meteorites: A Journey Through Space and Time |pages=14–15 |publisher=UNSW Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-86840-490-5}}</ref>

[[Elsebeth Thomsen]] of the [[University of Copenhagen]] proposed a different hypothesis in 1980. She suggested that the Black Stone may be a glass fragment, or [[impactite]], from the impact of a fragmented meteorite that fell 6000 years ago at [[Wabar craters|Wabar]],<ref>{{cite journal |title=New Light on the Origin of the Holy Black Stone of the Ka'ba |last=Thomsen |first=E. |journal=Meteoritics |volume=15 |number=1 |page=87 |bibcode=1980Metic..15...87T |doi=10.1111/j.1945-5100.1980.tb00176.x |year=1980}}</ref> a site in the [[Rub' al Khali]] desert {{convert|1100|km|mi}} east of Mecca. A 2004 scientific analysis of the Wabar site suggests that the impact event occurred much more recently than previously thought and may have happened within the last 200–300 years.<ref name="Prescott2004">{{cite journal |last1=Prescott |first1=J. R. |title=Luminescence dating of the Wabar meteorite craters, Saudi Arabia |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=109 |issue=E1 |year=2004 |pages=E01008 |issn=0148-0227 |doi=10.1029/2003JE002136 |bibcode=2004JGRE..109.1008P|doi-access=free }}</ref>

The meteoritic hypothesis is viewed by geologists as doubtful. The [[Natural History Museum, London]] suggests that it may be a pseudometeorite; in other words, a terrestrial rock mistakenly attributed to a meteoritic origin.<ref>{{cite book |title=Catalogue of meteorites: with special reference to those represented in the collection of the Natural History Museum, London |volume=1 |page=263 |editor=Grady, Monica M. |last1=Grady |first1=Monica M. |last2=Graham |first2=A. L. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-66303-8}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Qibla]], direction in which Muslims pray
* [[List of individual rocks]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{Commons category}}

*Grunebaum, G. E. von (1970). ''Classical Islam: A History 600 A.D.–1258 A.D.''. Aldine Publishing Company. {{ISBN|978-0-202-15016-1}}
*Sheikh Safi-ur-Rahman al-Mubarkpuri (2002). [[Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum]] (The Sealed Nectar): Biography of the Prophet. Dar-us-Salam Publications. {{ISBN|1-59144-071-8}}.
*Elliott, Jeri (1992). ''Your Door to Arabia''. {{ISBN|0-473-01546-3}}.
*Mohamed, Mamdouh N. (1996). ''Hajj to Umrah: From A to Z''. Amana Publications. {{ISBN|0-915957-54-X}}.
*Time-Life Books (1988). ''Time Frame AD 600–800: The March of Islam'', {{ISBN|0-8094-6420-9}}.

{{Characters and names in the Quran}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|21|25|21.0|N|39|49|34.2|E|display=title}}
{{Good article}}

[[Category:Islamic pilgrimages]]
[[Category:Stones]]
[[Category:Sacred rocks]]
[[Category:Hajj]]
[[Category:Kaaba]]
[[Category:Meteorites in culture]]
[[Category:Hajj terminology]]
[[Category:Temple of Artemis]]

Nishaanchi Part 2

2026-03-13T09:14:28Z

RaushanYoganta: Adding first stub v1 - done

{{Short description|2025 Indian film by Anurag Kashyap}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nishaanchi
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Anurag Kashyap]]
| writer = {{Plain list|
* Anurag Kashyap
* Ranjan Chandel
* Prasoon Mishra
}}
| producer = {{Plain list|
* Ajay Rai
* Ranjan Singh
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Monika Panwar
* Aaishvary Thackeray
* [[Vedika Pinto]]
* [[Kumud Mishra]]
* [[Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub]]
}}
| cinematography = Sylvester Fonseca
| editing = [[Aarti Bajaj]]
| music = {{Plainlist|
* [[Anurag Saikia]]
* [[Manan Bhardwaj]]
* Aaishvary Thackeray
* Deepak Thakur
* Parimal Shais
* [[Kalmi]]
}}
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]]
* [[JAR Pictures]]
* Flip Films
}}
| distributor = [[Amazon MGM Studios]] (via [[Amazon Prime Video]])
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|11|14}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Nishaanchi Part 2''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[crime drama film]] directed by [[Anurag Kashyap]], who also co-wrote the script with Ranjan Chandel and Prasoon Mishra. Produced by Ajay Rai and Ranjan Singh under [[JAR Pictures]] and Flip Films, and distributed by [[Amazon MGM Studios]], the film is a direct sequel to ''[[Nishaanchi]]'', serving as the second and final instalment of the duology. The film stars Aaishvary Thackeray in [[dual roles]], along with [[Vedika Pinto]], Monika Panwar, [[Kumud Mishra]] and Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub, all of them reprise their roles from the first part.

Originally shot as a single film, [[principal photography]] began in early 2024 and completed by July, where filming predominantly took place in [[Lucknow]] and [[Kanpur]]. The film was photographed by Sylvester Fonseca and edited by Aarti Bajaj. It also featured a soundtrack composed by [[Anurag Saikia]], [[Manan Bhardwaj]], Deepak Thakur, Parimal Shais, [[Kalmi]] and Aaishvary himself. Due to its four-hour long runtime, the film was [[List of films split into multiple parts|split into two parts]], with the second part being 145 minutes long.

''Nishaanchi Part 2'' was released through [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 14 November 2025, along with the first part, largely owing to the predecessor's underperformance.

== Synopsis ==
Ten years after the events of the [[Nishaanchi|first film]], Babloo Nishaanchi returns from prison after serving his sentence and finds out that Dabloo has secured a stable life but heartbroken as his former girlfriend Rinku is living with him. Meanwhile, minister Ambika Prasad tries to manipulate Babloo into becoming a hitman so that he could secure his position. As both Babloo and Dabloo navigate their fractured relationship, their mother Manjari wanted them to keep them away from the world of crime, which follows the crux of the story.

== Cast ==
* Monika Panwar as Manjari, Babloo and Dabloo's mother
* Aaishvary Thackeray in a [[dual role]] as Babloo Nishaanchi and Dabloo Wafadaar Singh
* [[Vedika Pinto]] as Rangeeli Rinku, Babloo's former girlfriend and Dabloo's love interest
* [[Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub]] as Inspector Kamal Ajeeb
* [[Kumud Mishra]] as Ambika Prasad
** Girish Sharma as young Ambika Prasad
* Erika Jason as "anti-social" Anjana
* Sahaarsh Shuklaa as Puraane
* Prateek Pachauri as Phlunky
* David Michael Harrison as Vlad
* Gaurav Singh as Pankaj
* Amresh Aryan as [[Inspector]] Pankaj Encounter
* Suman Pathak as the audition judge
* Pramod Sharma as [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]] (uncredited)

== Production ==
{{See also|Nishaanchi#Production|label 1=Production of ''Nishaanchi''}}
''Nishaanchi'' was written by Kashyap in 2016 after the production of ''[[Mukkabaaz]]'' (2017).<ref name="amazonindia">{{cite web |last=Handa |first=Ekta |date=16 September 2025 |title=How Anurag Kashyap's Nishaanchi reimagines classic Indian cinema for a modern audience |url=https://www.aboutamazon.in/news/entertainment/anurag-kashyap-nishaanchi-interview-amazon-mgm-studios |website=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon News]] |location= |publisher= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260118225800/https://www.aboutamazon.in/news/entertainment/anurag-kashyap-nishaanchi-interview-amazon-mgm-studios |archive-date=18 January 2026 |access-date=5 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anurag Kashyap Crime Drama 'Nishaanchi' Set for Theatrical Release With Amazon MGM Studios (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/anurag-kashyap-nishaanchi-theatrical-release-amazon-mgm-studios-1236417637/|access-date=2025-07-31 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=16 June 2025 |last=Ramachandran|first=Naman|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724201952/https://variety.com/2025/film/news/anurag-kashyap-nishaanchi-theatrical-release-amazon-mgm-studios-1236417637/|archive-date=2025-07-24|url-status=live|author-link=Naman Ramachandran}}</ref> Based on the idea of a mother and her twin children, he wrote the script within four days which he considered a reimagination of the Hindi cinema in the 1970s, largely influenced by the [[Salim–Javed]] duo's contribution to the [[Masala film|masala films]] at that time, that he grew up watching in childhood.<ref name="indiatodayfilmy">{{cite web |last=Srivatsav |first=Ritika |date=17 September 2025 |title=Anurag Kashyap on Nishaanchi: Not sequel or launch, just most filmy film of my life |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/anurag-kashyap-on-nishaanchi-not-sequel-or-launch-just-most-filmy-film-of-my-life-2788553-2025-09-17 |website=[[India Today]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250930165618/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/anurag-kashyap-on-nishaanchi-not-sequel-or-launch-just-most-filmy-film-of-my-life-2788553-2025-09-17 |archive-date=30 September 2025 |access-date=5 March 2026}}</ref> Likewise, the film also explored the familiar themes of family bonding, crimes and emotions.<ref name="amazonindia" /> Deciding to cast newcomers so that can provide ample time and focus for the film, Kashyap cast late [[Bal Thackeray]]'s grandson Aaishvary Thackeray for the lead role,<ref name="amazonindia" /> after being impressed by the script; his role being a dual role of twin brothers was revealed after the shoot.<ref>{{cite web |last=Srivatsav |first=Ritika |date=18 September 2025 |title=Why Anurag Kashyap chose Aaishvary Thackeray for Nishaanchi: Hunger over surname |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/why-anurag-kashyap-chose-aaishvary-thackeray-for-nishaanchi-hunger-over-surname-2788717-2025-09-18 |website=[[India Today]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260305142658/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/why-anurag-kashyap-chose-aaishvary-thackeray-for-nishaanchi-hunger-over-surname-2788717-2025-09-18 |archive-date=5 March 2026 |access-date=5 March 2026}}</ref> [[Vedika Pinto]] and Monika Panwar were later cast as the female lead and the protagonists' mother, respectively.<ref name="amazonindia" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Rao |first=Justin |date=22 August 2025 |title=Monika Panwar on 'Nishaanchi': 'I Always Joke That Anurag Kashyap Sir Is My Real PR' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/interviews/monika-panwar-on-nishaanchi-i-always-joke-that-anurag-kashyap-sir-is-my-real-pr |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250822095521/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/interviews/monika-panwar-on-nishaanchi-i-always-joke-that-anurag-kashyap-sir-is-my-real-pr |archive-date=22 August 2025 |access-date=5 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Das |first=Santanu |date=10 September 2025 |title=Nishaanchi star Monika Panwar says there was barely a script on Anurag Kashyap's set: ‘I got greedy as an actor’ |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/nishaanchi-star-monika-panwar-says-there-was-barely-a-script-on-anurag-kashyap-set-101757515636156.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251017011312/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/nishaanchi-star-monika-panwar-says-there-was-barely-a-script-on-anurag-kashyap-set-101757515636156.html |archive-date=17 October 2025 |access-date=5 March 2026}}</ref>

After extensive pre-production and preparations, filming for ''Nishaanchi'' commenced in early-2024 and was completed by that July.<ref>{{cite web |last=Saxena |first=Deep |date=14 July 2024 |title=Anurag Kashyap's Nishanchi nears its wrap in Lucknow! |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/anurag-kashyaps-nishanchi-nears-its-wrap-in-lucknow-101720895909188.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815193458/https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/anurag-kashyaps-nishanchi-nears-its-wrap-in-lucknow-101720895909188.html |archive-date=15 August 2024 |access-date=5 March 2026}}</ref> The film was predominantly shot in [[Lucknow]] and [[Kanpur]], for a span of 69 days, which Kashyap considered his most elaborate shoot yet.<ref>{{cite web |last=Saxena |first=Deep |date=20 October 2024 |title=Anurag Kashyap on shooting in Lucknow: After Bombay Velvet, I have stopped talking about my films |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/anurag-kashyap-on-shooting-in-lucknow-after-bombay-velvet-i-have-stopped-talking-about-my-films-101729424871840.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109052611/https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/anurag-kashyap-on-shooting-in-lucknow-after-bombay-velvet-i-have-stopped-talking-about-my-films-101729424871840.html |archive-date=9 November 2024 |access-date=5 March 2026}}</ref> [[Visual effects]] were also done to showcase the dual roles of the lead character in an elaborate manner.<ref>{{cite web |last=Das |first=Santanu |date=18 February 2026 |title=Anurag Kashyap says special effects work in Nishaanchi is ‘better’ than Sinners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-says-special-effects-work-in-nishaanchi-is-better-than-oscar-nominated-ryan-coogler-film-sinners-101771335954750.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260221021203/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-says-special-effects-work-in-nishaanchi-is-better-than-oscar-nominated-ryan-coogler-film-sinners-101771335954750.html |archive-date=21 February 2026 |access-date=5 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date=18 February 2026 |title=Nishaanchi special effects better than Sinners, says Anurag Kashyap |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/nishaanchi-special-effects-better-than-sinners-says-anurag-kashyap-2870130-2026-02-18 |website=[[India Today]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260218160531/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/nishaanchi-special-effects-better-than-sinners-says-anurag-kashyap-2870130-2026-02-18 |archive-date=18 February 2026 |access-date=5 March 2026}}</ref> Though the original footage was around four hours long, Kashyap decided to [[List of films split into multiple parts|split the film into two parts]] so that it could be viable for the Indian theatrical market.<ref name="indiatodayfilmy" /> The final duration of the film is around 145 minutes long.<ref name="indiatodayfilmy" />

== Music ==
{{Main|Nishaanchi Part 2 (soundtrack)}}
The soundtrack featured nine songs composed by [[Anurag Saikia]], Manan Bhardwaj, Deepak Thakur, Parimal Shais, Kalmi and Aaishvary himself, while lyrics were written by Shashwat Dwivedi, Dr. Sagar, Raaj Babu, Bhardwaj and Thakur. It ws released through [[Zee Music Company]] on 14 November 2025.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-11-14|title=Nishaanchi Part 2 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/nishaanchi-part-2-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1853000385|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260218204937/https://music.apple.com/in/album/nishaanchi-part-2-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1853000385|archive-date=2026-02-18|access-date=2026-03-07|website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Nishaanchi Part 2'' was directly released through [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 14 November 2025 along with ''Nishaanchi'' as a [[double feature]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Nishaanchi’ 1 & 2: Anurag Kashyap’s Two-Part Epic Premieres on Prime Video |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/nishaanchi-1-2-anurag-kashyaps-two-part-epic-premieres-on-prime-video |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]] |language=en|date=2025-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260208074831/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/nishaanchi-1-2-anurag-kashyaps-two-part-epic-premieres-on-prime-video|archive-date=2026-02-08|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-14 |title=Anurag Kashyap’s Nishaanchi 2 gets a direct-to-OTT premiere |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/Nov/14/anurag-kashyaps-nishaanchi-2-gets-a-direct-to-ott-premiere |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251208015133/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/Nov/14/anurag-kashyaps-nishaanchi-2-gets-a-direct-to-ott-premiere |archive-date=2025-12-08 |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> This decision was largely attributed to the theatrical underperformance of ''Nishaanchi'' as the film was directly launched on the platform without any prior announcement or promotions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-15 |title=Why is Nishaanchi Part 2 direct-to-OTT release, ask netizens who look at Anurag Kashyap's film with new perspective |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/why-is-nishaanchi-part-2-direct-to-ott-release-ask-netizens-who-look-at-anurag-kashyaps-film-with-new-perspective/b424610584528 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251214173703/https://www.ottplay.com/news/why-is-nishaanchi-part-2-direct-to-ott-release-ask-netizens-who-look-at-anurag-kashyaps-film-with-new-perspective/b424610584528 |archive-date=2025-12-14 |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nishaanchi 2 Streaming Release Date: Anurag Kashyap Explains the Reasons Behind Aaishvary Thackeray's Film Bypassing Theatrical Release |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/web-series/nishaanchi-2-ott-release-date-anurag-kashyap-comments-article-153166611 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251208005745/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/web-series/nishaanchi-2-ott-release-date-anurag-kashyap-comments-article-153166611 |archive-date=2025-12-08 |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom]] |language=en}}</ref> Regarding this strategy, Kashyap blamed the lack of support from the audiences for the predecessor,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vasudevan |first=Aishwarya |date=2025-11-17 |title=Anurag Kashyap on why Nishaanchi 2 skipped theatres: 'Had the audience turned up...' |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/anurag-kashyap-on-why-nishaanchi-2-skipped-theatres/b8b26d3c5332 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211182415/https://www.ottplay.com/news/anurag-kashyap-on-why-nishaanchi-2-skipped-theatres/b8b26d3c5332 |archive-date=2025-12-11 |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> while also adding that the mandatory eight-week window between the film's theatrical and OTT release was the reason for the lack of promotions for the sequel. He further expressed his discontent on how exhibitors treat non tent-pole or indie films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-17 |title='Nishaanchi' Part 2 OTT release: Why Anurag Kashyap sent one half of his new crime film straight to streaming |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2025/11/17/nishaanchi-part-2-ott-release-why-anurag-kashyap-sent-one-half-of-his-new-crime-film-straight-to-streaming.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251121120936/https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2025/11/17/nishaanchi-part-2-ott-release-why-anurag-kashyap-sent-one-half-of-his-new-crime-film-straight-to-streaming.html |archive-date=2025-11-21 |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Suri |first=Rishabh |date=2025-11-17 |title=Exclusive {{!}} Anurag Kashyap reacts to Nishaanchi 2 dropping on OTT, skipping theatres: Seen my films being discarded… |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/exclusive-anurag-kashyap-reacts-to-nishaanchi-2-dropping-on-ott-skipping-theatres-seen-my-films-being-discarded-101763325204883.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218055302/https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/exclusive-anurag-kashyap-reacts-to-nishaanchi-2-dropping-on-ott-skipping-theatres-seen-my-films-being-discarded-101763325204883.html |archive-date=2025-12-18 |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> The decision for a direct-to-streaming release along with its predecessor was a collective measure by Kashyap and Amazon MGM Studios to provide a complete experience for the viewers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-17 |title=Anurag Kashyap says he asked Nishaanchi Part 2 to be dropped on OTT after first film earned Rs 1 cr: ‘Seen my films being discarded my whole career’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-says-he-asked-nishaanchi-part-2-to-be-dropped-on-ott-after-first-film-earned-rs-1-cr-10369980/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260218095434/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-says-he-asked-nishaanchi-part-2-to-be-dropped-on-ott-after-first-film-earned-rs-1-cr-10369980/ |archive-date=2026-02-18 |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Abhishek Shrivatsava of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated 3/5 stars, saying "In the end, ''Nishaanchi 2'' leaves you with a nagging thought—did this story really need a second chapter? Viewed in hindsight, the two films could easily have been trimmed, tightened, and shaped into one sharper, more impactful narrative. There’s a good film buried in here, but it often feels stretched when it should have been sprinting. Hardcore Kashyap fans will still find plenty to chew on—the familiar flavours, the rough edges, the bursts of energy—but for the rest, this will settle somewhere in the middle of his filmography, neither a misfire nor a standout, just a film that passes by without leaving a mark."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivatsava |first=Abhishek |date=2025-11-14 |title=Nishaanchi 2 Movie Review: Not perfect, but hard to look away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/nishaanchi-2/ottmoviereview/125365791.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260221165525/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/nishaanchi-2/ottmoviereview/125365791.cms |archive-date=2026-02-21 |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' wrote "''Nishaanchi 2'' improves on its predecessor in certain respects, but falls prey to the same plotting exigencies present in the films that have inspired it. The formula that ''Nishaanchi'' sets out to tweak proves to be stubbornly resistant to experimentation."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2025-11-16 |title=‘Nishaanchi 2’ review: The formula always wins |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1088583/nishaanchi-2-review-the-formula-always-wins |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103195550/https://scroll.in/reel/1088583/nishaanchi-2-review-the-formula-always-wins |archive-date=2026-01-03 |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en}}</ref>

Rishabh Suri of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote "By the time the dust settles in this yet another heartland world created by Anurag, ''Nishaanchi 2'' delivers a far smoother ride than expected. It may come from modest expectations, but it leaves you with the sense of a story finally told the way it always wanted to be."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suri |first=Rishabh |date=2025-11-18 |title=Nishaanchi 2 review: Anurag Kashyap's massy outing arrives quietly on OTT, leaves you wanting for more |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/nishaanchi-2-review-anurag-kashyap-massy-outing-arrives-on-ott-leaves-you-wanting-for-more-aaishvary-thackeray-101763450588435.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260218012358/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/nishaanchi-2-review-anurag-kashyap-massy-outing-arrives-on-ott-leaves-you-wanting-for-more-aaishvary-thackeray-101763450588435.html |archive-date=2026-02-18 |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> Sakshi Salil Chavan of ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' wrote "The second film improves certain ideas but also inherits the narrative fatigue of the first, leaving the impression of a franchise that recognises its potential but cannot consistently execute it."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chavan |first=Sakshi Salil |date=2025-11-23 |title=Nishaanchi 2 Review {{!}} A Pointed Commentary On Vigilante Justice, Masculinities & The Sacrificing Mother Figure |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/movie-review/nishaanchi-2-review-a-pointed-commentary-on-vigilante-justice-masculinities-the-sacrificing-mother-figure |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219160003/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/movie-review/nishaanchi-2-review-a-pointed-commentary-on-vigilante-justice-masculinities-the-sacrificing-mother-figure |archive-date=2025-12-19 |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |language=en}}</ref>

Shilajit Mitra of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' wrote "There was a time when such debates felt crucial to a Kashyap film. But ''Nishaanchi'' finds the filmmaker at his most bewilderingly vague. It feels loose and inessential, and mostly shoots blanks."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitra |first=Shilajit |date=2025-11-14 |title='Nishaanchi 2' Movie Review: O Brother, Where Art Thou? |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/nishaanchi-2-movie-review-anurag-kashyap-directs-an-underwhelming-conclusion-to-his-two-part-crime-saga |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260114043411/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/nishaanchi-2-movie-review-anurag-kashyap-directs-an-underwhelming-conclusion-to-his-two-part-crime-saga |archive-date=2026-01-14 |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]] |language=en}}</ref> Sriva A of ''[[Moneycontrol]]'' wrote "the film has enough personality to avoid feeling empty. There are flashes of strong writing, and the atmosphere has a quiet pull. Fans of Kashyap will notice touches of his style—characters who hide more than they say, sudden emotional turns, and the mix of humour with danger. For others, the film may feel like a slow burn that never fully sparks. It doesn’t disappoint, but it doesn’t but it doesn’t surprise either."<ref>{{Cite web |last=A |first=Sriva |date=2025-11-16 |title=Nishaanchi 2 Movie Review: Full of texture and honesty, but not the knockout it aims to be |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/movies/nishaanchi-2-movie-review-full-of-texture-and-honesty-but-not-the-knockout-it-aims-to-be-article-13679140.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116160922/https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/movies/nishaanchi-2-movie-review-full-of-texture-and-honesty-but-not-the-knockout-it-aims-to-be-article-13679140.html |archive-date=2025-11-16 |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=[[Moneycontrol]]}}</ref> considered the climatic sequence and the emotional bond between Babloo and Manjari being similar to that of ''[[Deewaar]]'' (1975).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arif |first=Anas |date=2025-11-19 |title=Nishaanchi 2’s climax sees Anurag Kashyap operate at melodramatic heights with a twist laden with poetic justice |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/nishaanchi-2s-climax-sees-anurag-kashyap-operate-at-melodramatic-heights-with-a-twist-that-reeks-of-poetic-justice-10372256/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251222111821/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/nishaanchi-2s-climax-sees-anurag-kashyap-operate-at-melodramatic-heights-with-a-twist-that-reeks-of-poetic-justice-10372256/ |archive-date=2025-12-22 |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{Anurag Kashyap}}

[[Category:2025 crime drama films]]
[[Category:2025 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Amazon MGM Studios films]]
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original films]]
[[Category:Films about mother–son relationships]]
[[Category:Films about politicians]]
[[Category:Films about twin brothers]]
[[Category:Films directed by Anurag Kashyap]]
[[Category:Films released in separate parts]]
[[Category:Films set in Kanpur]]
[[Category:Films set in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kanpur]]
[[Category:Films shot in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Anurag Kashyap]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]

Asma Khan

2026-03-11T13:10:13Z

RaushanYoganta: added a info w/ refs

{{short description|Indian-born chef, restaurateur, and cookbook author}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox chef
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Asma Khan
| honorific_suffix =
| image =Asma2023.jpg
| caption =Khan in 2023
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1969|07}} 
| birth_place = [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| education =
| home_town =
| spouse =
| style =
| ratings = 
| restaurants = Darjeeling Express
| prevrests = 
| television = 
| awards = 
| website = 
| module =
}}
'''Asma Khan''' (born July 1969) is an Indian-born British [[restaurateur]] and cookbook author. She owns Darjeeling Express restaurant in London's [[Soho]] and was profiled on the sixth season of the documentary series ''[[Chef's Table]]''.

In 2019 ''[[Business Insider]]'' named Khan number 1 on their list of "100 Coolest People in Food and Drink". In 2022 the [[World Food Programme]] named her a chef advocate and in 2024 [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] named her one of the year's 100 most influential people.

== Early life and education ==
Khan was born in July 1969<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite news|title='You cannot be what you cannot see': Chef's Table star Asma Khan dishes on time-honoured Indian recipes and turning opportunity into advocacy|url=https://nationalpost.com/life/food/you-cannot-be-what-you-cannot-see-chefs-table-star-asma-khan-dishes-on-time-honoured-indian-recipes-and-turning-opportunity-into-advocacy|last=Brehault|first=Laura|date=2019-10-03|website=National Post|language=en-CA|access-date=2020-05-06}}</ref> and grew up in Calcutta.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/kolkata-born-asma-khan-is-one-of-the-upcoming-faces-on-chefs-table-season-six/|title=Kolkata-born Asma Khan Is One of the Upcoming Faces on 'Chef's Table' Season Six|last1=Tang-Evans|first1=Ming|last2=Som|first2=Rituparna|date=2018-10-18|website=Vice|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-07-18|last3=Pundir|first3=Pallavi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521182223/https://www.vice.com/en_in/article/3kmwp9/kolkata-born-asma-khan-is-one-of-the-upcoming-faces-on-chefs-table-season-six|archive-date=21 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> She has an older sister<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/uk/culture/entertainment/a26439969/asma-khan-netflix-chefs-table/|title=Asma Khan is the first British chef to feature on Netflix's 'Chef's Table'|last=Theis|first=Brooke|date=2019-02-21|website=Town & Country|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-07-18}}</ref> and a younger brother. Her family lamented the birth of a second daughter instead of the desired son.<ref name=":1" /> According to Khan "there is a deafening silence" in India about the disappointment a family feels at having a second daughter.<ref name=":1" /> She has said that she and her siblings were treated equally by her parents, and that she and her mother "made peace while I was still very young."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asma Khan: The Indian chef who's got the world eating out of her hand|url=https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/food-drink/dining/asma-khan-interview/|last=Uppal|first=Megha|date=2019-12-04|website=Lifestyle Asia India|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206055056/https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/food-drink/dining/asma-khan-interview/ |archive-date=6 February 2021 |access-date=2020-05-06}}</ref> Her father is [[Rajput]] from western Uttar Pradesh.<ref name=":0" /> Her mother is from West Bengal and had a catering business in the 1970s and 1980s.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Chef Asma Khan shares emotional lessons learned in the kitchen|url=https://www.splendidtable.org/story/2019/05/03/chef-asma-khan-shares-emotional-lessons-learned-in-the-kitchen|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026193745/https://www.splendidtable.org/story/2019/05/03/chef-asma-khan-shares-emotional-lessons-learned-in-the-kitchen |archive-date=26 October 2020 |access-date=2021-01-21|website=[[The Splendid Table]]}}</ref> According to Khan, her father and grandfather worked to unionize laborers in India.<ref name="iqbalGUARD20sep2020" /> Khan attended [[La Martiniere Calcutta|La Martiniere]] in Calcutta.

Khan had an [[Arranged marriage in the Indian subcontinent|arranged marriage]] and immediately afterward moved with her husband to Cambridge in 1991.<ref name=":5" /> She had never learned to cook<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/08/11/female-chef-left-seething-michelin-starred-rival-told-take-risk/|title=Female chef left 'seething' after Michelin-starred rival told her to 'take a risk and work in a man's kitchen'|last=Ward|first=Victoria|date=2018-08-11|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2019-07-19|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130141340/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/08/11/female-chef-left-seething-michelin-starred-rival-told-take-risk/|archive-date=30 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and missed the dishes she had grown up eating.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.greatbritishchefs.com/chefs/asma-khan|title=Asma Khan Chef - Great British Chefs|last=greatbritishchefs|website=www.greatbritishchefs.com|access-date=2019-07-18}}</ref> She first started learning to cook from an aunt who lived in Cambridge.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://london.eater.com/2018/10/3/17904894/chefs-table-asma-khan-netflix-darjeeling-express-london-chef|title=Britain's First 'Chef's Table' Star Explores Identity Through Her Food|last=Masing|first=Anna Sulan|date=2018-10-03|website=Eater London|access-date=2019-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604200928/https://london.eater.com/2018/10/3/17904894/chefs-table-asma-khan-netflix-darjeeling-express-london-chef|archive-date=4 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> After her aunt died, Khan returned to India for a visit of a few months<ref name=":6" /> to continue lessons with her mother and the family's cook.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/26/travel/darjeeling-express-london-restaurant-review.html|title=In London, a Restaurant Specializes in Indian Home Cooking|last=Mah|first=Ann|date=2018-10-26|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-07-19|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512103506/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/26/travel/darjeeling-express-london-restaurant-review.html|archive-date=12 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> She told [[Francis Lam]] that learning to cook from her mother helped their relationship.<ref name=":9" />

In 1996 her husband moved to [[SOAS University of London]] to teach,<ref name=":2" /> and Khan started studying law at [[The Dickson Poon School of Law|King's College London]]. She graduated with a PhD in British Constitutional Law in 2012.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
In 2012,<ref name=":4" /> after obtaining her PhD, Khan started offering a series of private supper clubs in her home for a dozen people for £35 each.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eater.com/2019/3/1/18240116/chefs-table-asma-khan-season-6-episode-3|title='Chef's Table' Recap: Asma Khan Built an 'Oasis for Women' at Darjeeling Express|last=Morabito|first=Greg|date=2019-03-01|website=Eater|access-date=2019-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526192512/https://www.eater.com/2019/3/1/18240116/chefs-table-asma-khan-season-6-episode-3|archive-date=26 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="iqbalGUARD20sep2020">{{Cite web|last=Iqbal|first=Nosheen|date=2020-09-20|title=Asma Khan: 'Restaurants should be ranked on how they treat their people'|url=http://www.theguardian.com/food/2020/sep/20/asma-khan-restaurants-ranked-on-how-they-treat-people-chefs-table-netflix-darjeeling-express|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920102602/https://www.theguardian.com/food/2020/sep/20/asma-khan-restaurants-ranked-on-how-they-treat-people-chefs-table-netflix-darjeeling-express |archive-date=20 September 2020 |access-date=2021-01-21|website=[[The Guardian]]|language=en}}</ref> [[Vivek Singh (chef)|Vivek Singh]] attended one and invited her to host a pop-up at his restaurant, The Cinnamon Club.<ref name=":6" /> Eventually the supper clubs grew to serving 45,<ref name="iqbalGUARD20sep2020" /> and in 2015, after her family complained,<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/the-rise-of-miss-khan/story-16PCw1MpWhBxAUlTRG5EYM.html|title=The rise of Miss Khan|date=2019-02-23|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612222053/https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/the-rise-of-miss-khan/story-16PCw1MpWhBxAUlTRG5EYM.html|archive-date=12 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> she moved the supper clubs to a Soho pub, [[Sun and 13 Cantons]], and started serving lunches instead.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.standard.co.uk/go/london/restaurants/fay-maschler-reviews-asma-khans-darjeeling-express-10406666.html|title=Fay Maschler reviews Asma Khan's Darjeeling Express|date=2015-07-22|website=Evening Standard|language=en|access-date=2019-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203040349/https://www.standard.co.uk/go/london/restaurants/fay-maschler-reviews-asma-khans-darjeeling-express-10406666.html|archive-date=3 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> She struggled early on to lead her team of home cooks, mostly local immigrants working for the first time in a professional kitchen, but then a review by [[Fay Maschler]] helped bring in customers.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":8" />

[[File:AsmaKhan-4.jpg|thumb|alt=restaurant interior|Interior of original Darjeeling Express]]

Simon Quayle, a regular customer and executive director of [[Shaftesbury plc|Shaftesbury]], offered her the opportunity to compete for a lease in [[Soho]].<ref name=":6" /> When an investor backed out, Khan's husband gave her the money she needed, although he disapproved of the business.<ref name=":0" /> Khan opened Darjeeling Express, a 56-seat location<ref name="iqbalGUARD20sep2020" /> offering Indian Rajput and Bengali<ref name=":4" /> home cooking specialties,<ref name=":1" /> in 2017 in Soho.<ref name=":0" /> She named the restaurant after a train she rode as a child during summer holidays.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/brexit-has-destroyed-us-asma-khan-darjeeling-express-london/|title=Brexit has destroyed us|date=2019-03-27|website=Condé Nast Traveller India|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-19}}</ref> Her team consisted of Asian immigrant women who all had full-time jobs and were never trained professionally; they worked for Khan on their days off but were able to cut back hours at their other jobs and eventually give them up altogether.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2017/sep/17/darjeeling-express-the-amateur-cooks-turned-professional-chefs|title=Darjeeling Express: the amateur cooks turned professional chefs|last=O'Neill|first=Holly|date=2017-09-17|work=The Observer|access-date=2019-07-19|language=en-GB|issn=0029-7712|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609225844/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2017/sep/17/darjeeling-express-the-amateur-cooks-turned-professional-chefs|archive-date=9 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the all-female kitchen staff<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://food52.com/blog/23896-chefs-table-asma-khan-darjeeling-express-second-daughters|title=How 'Chef's Table' Star Asma Khan Is Breaking Down Barriers With Her All-Women Kitchen|date=2019-03-08|website=Food52|language=en-us|access-date=2019-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/go/london/restaurants/urban-food-awards-2019-asma-khan-a4097571.html|title=Asma Khan among women celebrated at Urban Food Awards 2019|date=2019-03-21|website=Evening Standard|language=en|access-date=2019-07-18}}</ref> at the restaurant are second daughters.<ref name=":1" /> All are South Asian.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/food-100-coolest-people-in-food-and-drink-2019-1|title=The 100 coolest people in food and drink|last=Hosie|first=Alison Millington, Tom Murray, Rachel|website=Business Insider|access-date=2019-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627204709/https://www.businessinsider.com/food-100-coolest-people-in-food-and-drink-2019-1|archive-date=27 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Food & Wine]]'' called Darjeeling Express a "smash hit".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foodandwine.com/travel/darjeeling-express-london-love-letter-second-daughters|title=London's Cult-Favorite Indian Restaurant Is a Love Letter to Second Daughters|website=Food & Wine|language=en|access-date=2019-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416142420/http://www.foodandwine.com/travel/darjeeling-express-london-love-letter-second-daughters|archive-date=16 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Khan was profiled by the BBC in a short documentary.<ref name=":6" />

[[File:Asma Khan about to open traditional Calcutta-style dum biryani.jpg|thumb|alt=Woman standing behind a very large pot, the lid of which has been sealed with dough|Khan, about to open a [[dum biryani]]]]

In 2018 her cookbook, ''Asma's Indian Kitchen,''<ref name=":0" /> was published by [[Pavilion Books]].<ref name="Khan2019">{{cite book|author=Asma Khan|title=Asma's Indian Kitchen: Home-Cooked Food Brought to You by Darjeeling Express|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L_JPvQEACAAJ|year=2019|publisher=Interlink Publishing Group, Incorporated|isbn=978-1-62371-912-8}}</ref> [[San Francisco Chronicle|''The San Francisco Chronicle'']] called it a "stellar debut".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/recipes/article/Our-favorite-cookbooks-of-2019-so-far-14028603.php|title=Our favorite cookbooks of 2019, so far - SFChronicle.com|date=2019-06-21|website=www.sfchronicle.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622125029/https://www.sfchronicle.com/recipes/article/Our-favorite-cookbooks-of-2019-so-far-14028603.php|archive-date=22 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> It was shortlisted for the 2018 World Gourmand award for Best Indian Cookbook.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cookbookfair.com/index.php/gourmand-awards|title=GOURMAND AWARDS|website=www.cookbookfair.com|access-date=2019-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714040828/https://www.cookbookfair.com/index.php/gourmand-awards|archive-date=14 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Khan was approached by [[Brian McGinn]], producer of ''[[Chef's Table]]'', to be the first British chef profiled on the series.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="iqbalGUARD20sep2020" /> Filming started in London and India in July 2018 with [[Zia Mandviwalla]] directing.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Khan recalls Mandviwalla, who was born in Mumbai and lives in New Zealand, "did not ask me pointless questions about my husband and marriage, I did not need to explain what my mother meant to me, she got it."<ref name=":2" /> The programme first aired in February 2019. Khan is the first British chef to be featured.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://inews.co.uk/news/entertainment/asma-khan-chefs-table-netflix/|title=Asma Khan, a Muslim immigrant to the UK, is the first British chef on Netflix's Chef's Table|last=Barrie|first=Josh|date=2019-02-22|website=inews.co.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406160816/https://inews.co.uk/news/entertainment/asma-khan-chefs-table-netflix/|archive-date=6 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The series' sixth season's theme is "the journey home".<ref name=":4" /> The season, which included Khan's episode, was nominated for an Emmy in the outstanding documentary section.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/emmys-2019-nominations-complete-list-1203268665/|title=Emmys 2019: List of Nominations|date=2019-07-16|website=Variety|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718164802/https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/emmys-2019-nominations-complete-list-1203268665/|archive-date=18 July 2019|url-status=live|access-date=2019-07-20}}</ref> According to ''[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]'' it became difficult to get a reservation at Darjeeling Express after the series aired.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus Shatters One Chef's Dream of Helping Immigrant Women|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-21/asma-khan-news-london-chef-closes-restaurant|last=Vines|first=Richard|date=21 March 2020|website=www.bloomberg.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322131139/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-21/asma-khan-news-london-chef-closes-restaurant |archive-date=22 March 2020 |access-date=2020-05-06}}</ref>

''[[Business Insider]]'' named her number 1 on their 2019 list of "100 Coolest People in Food and Drink".<ref name=":7" /> [[Danny DeVito]] offered to invest in an expansion.<ref name="iqbalGUARD20sep2020" />

Khan closed the restaurant The Darjeeling Express in March 2020 during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in London|coronavirus pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Vines|first=Richard|date=2020-03-21|title=Coronavirus Shatters One Chef's Dream of Helping Immigrant Women|language=en|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-21/asma-khan-news-london-chef-closes-restaurant|access-date=2021-01-21}}</ref> By the end of the year she had reopened in [[Covent Garden]] in a 120-seat space serving tasting menus.<ref name="iqbalGUARD20sep2020" /><ref>{{Citation|title=The Dish: Chef Asma Khan on breaking barriers with familiar flavors|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/video/the-dish-chef-asma-khan-on-breaking-barriers-with-familiar-flavors/|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-21}}</ref> Darjeeling Express operated out of this location until March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-22 |title=Darjeeling Express is closing in Covent Garden as Asma Khan looks for a new home |url=https://www.hot-dinners.com/2022032211286/Gastroblog/Latest-news/darjeeling-express-london-closing-covent-garden-london |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Hot Dinners |language=en-gb}}</ref> Following a 6-month popup in [[Coleherne, Earl's Court|The Pembroke]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hansen |first=James |date=2022-08-22 |title='Chef's Table' Star Asma Khan Will Open a Darjeeling Express Pop-Up in West London |url=https://london.eater.com/2022/8/22/23313234/darjeeling-express-restaurant-london-asma-khan-pop-up-pembroke |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Eater London |language=en}}</ref> Khan opened the doors to the latest location of Darjeeling Express in Kingly Court off [[Carnaby Street]], [[Soho]], a 96-seat space next door to her first, 2017 restaurant. Khan has also been outspoken about the importance of her presence and the restaurant's in the cultural and social landscape in Europe.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sexism Almost Kept London's Hottest Restaurant Closed, Chef Says|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-10-27/darjeeling-express-asma-khan-says-she-almost-didn-t-open-because-of-sexism|access-date=2022-01-21|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=27 October 2021 }}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web|title=Asma Khan is decolonising the British food industry|url=https://www.areweeurope.com/stories/asma-khan|access-date=2022-01-21|website=Are We Europe|date=October 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 6 March 2025, Khan released her third cookbook ''Monsoon: Delicious Indian Recipes for Every Day and Season''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Khan|first=Asma|year=2025|title=Monsoon: Delicious Indian Recipes for Every Day and Season|publisher=[[DK (publisher)|DK Red]] |isbn=978-0241718612|id={{ASIN|0241718619|country=uk}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=N |last2=P |last3=R |date=2025-04-17 |title=A new cookbook by Darjeeling Express chef Asma Khan was inspired by seasonal cooking |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/04/17/1245273499/nprs-book-of-the-day-asma-khan-monsoon |access-date=2025-11-14 |work=NPR |language=en}}</ref>

== Philanthropy ==
On Sundays, when Darjeeling Express is closed, Khan offers free use of the premises to women who are aspiring chefs and restaurateurs who would like to host supper clubs.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eater.com/2018/10/4/17924886/supper-clubs-london-indian-cooking-asma-khan-immigrant-chefs|title=Why London's Immigrant Chefs Are Embracing Supper Clubs|last=Bilgrami|first=Rida|date=2018-10-04|website=Eater|access-date=2019-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004200057/https://www.eater.com/2018/10/4/17924886/supper-clubs-london-indian-cooking-asma-khan-immigrant-chefs|archive-date=4 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> When Khan gave up the Soho space, she arranged with her landlord to allow [[Imad Alarnab]], a Syrian refugee who had been running a pop-up restaurant, to use the space for the remainder of the lease.<ref name="iqbalGUARD20sep2020" />

Khan's restaurants support a non-profit, Second Daughters Fund, which encourages families in India to celebrate the births of second daughters by sending packages of sweet treats to be shared with neighbours.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />

In July 2019, to mark her 50th birthday, Khan traveled to Northern Iraq to open an all-women cafe for survivors of [[ISIS]] at the [[Essyan refugee camp]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name="iqbalGUARD20sep2020" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mukherjee|first=Kamalika|title=How Chef Asma Khan Created an All-Women Kitchen|url=https://www.cntraveler.com/story/how-chef-asma-khan-created-an-all-women-kitchen|access-date=2021-01-21|website=Condé Nast Traveler|date=28 August 2020 |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
In 2022, she was appointed the Chef Advocate for the United Kingdom (a [[WFP Goodwill Ambassador]]) by the [[World Food Programme|UN World Food Programme]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-01 |title=UN World Food Programme announces Asma Khan as a Chef Advocate for the United Kingdom |url=https://www.wfp.org/news/un-world-food-programme-announces-asma-khan-chef-advocate-united-kingdom |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=[[World Food Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> and an [[List of Honorary Fellows of The Queen's College, Oxford|Honorary Fellow of the Queen's College, Oxford]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asma Khan |url=https://mobile.twitter.com/queenscollegeox/status/1529837666325385219 |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Asma Khan |url=https://www.queens.ox.ac.uk/people/dr-asma-khan/ |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=The Queen's College, Oxford |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2024 she was named by [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] to their list of the year's 100 most influential people.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2024-04-17 |title=Asma Khan: The 100 Most Influential People of 2024 |url=https://time.com/6964956/asma-khan/ |access-date=2024-05-01 |magazine=TIME |language=en}}</ref> In 2024 she received the [[:nl:Johannes_van_Damprijs|Johannes van Dam prize]] for her exceptional contribution to the sharing of knowledge of gastronomy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian-British chef Asma Khan wins Johannes van Dam Prize 2024 |url=https://www.allardpierson.nl/en/news/indian-british-chef-asma-khan-wins-johannes-van-dam-prize-2024 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Allard Pierson |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Khan is married to Mushtaq, an academic.<ref name=":0" /> According to Khan, he is not a fan of her food, preferring simple dishes and finding hers too complex.<ref name=":0" /> The couple have two sons.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Asma}}
[[Category:Indian emigrants to England]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Dickson Poon School of Law]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College London]]
[[Category:British restaurateurs]]
[[Category:British cookbook writers]]
[[Category:British Muslims]]
[[Category:British women chefs]]
[[Category:British women food writers]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from London]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Queen's College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Indian women chefs]]
[[Category:Indian women food writers]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:United Nations goodwill ambassadors]]

Paradise (2023 film)

2026-03-08T10:31:17Z

RaushanYoganta: Adding basic data v1 - done

{{short description|2023 drama film by Prasanna Vithanage}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Paradise
| image = Paradise 2023 film poster.jpg
| caption = First look poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Prasanna Vithanage]]
| writer = Prasanna Vithanage
| screenplay = Anushka Senanayake
| based_on =
| producer = [[Newton Cinema]] [[Mani Ratnam]] [[Siva Ananth]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Roshan Mathew]]
* [[Darshana Rajendran]]
* [[Shyam Fernando]]}}
| cinematography = [[Rajeev Ravi]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| music = [[K (composer)|K]]
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* [[Newton Cinema]]
* [[Madras Talkies]]}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|10|07|Busan|2024|06|28|}}
| runtime = 95 minutes
| country = {{Plainlist|
* Sri Lanka
* India }}
| language = {{Plainlist|
* [[English language|English]]
* [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]
* [[Malayalam]]
* [[Tamil language|Tamil]]}}
| gross =
}}

'''''Paradise''''' is a 2024 Sri Lankan-Indian co-produced [[drama film]], co-written and directed by [[Prasanna Vithanage]]. The film is presented by [[Mani Ratnam]] and [[Siva Ananth]] under the [[Madras Talkies]] banner and produced by [[Newton Cinema]]. It stars [[Roshan Mathew]], [[Darshana Rajendran]], [[Shyam Fernando]] and [[Mahendra Perera]] and tells the story of a married couple whose anniversary vacation goes awry in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 November 2023 |title=Paradise review: A marriage is put to test in Prasanna Vithanage's tightly controlled drama |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/paradise-review-a-marriage-is-put-to-test-in-prasanna-vithanages-tightly-controlled-drama-101699327031431.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319064652/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/paradise-review-a-marriage-is-put-to-test-in-prasanna-vithanages-tightly-controlled-drama-101699327031431.html |archive-date=19 March 2025 |access-date=18 June 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Paradise'' had its world premiere at the [[28th Busan International Film Festival]] on 7 October 2023, where it won the [[Kim Jiseok Award]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 October 2023 |title=Prasanna Vithanage's film wins the Kim Jiseok Award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/prasanna-vithanages-film-wins-the-kim-jiseok-award/articleshow/104417093.cms |access-date=18 June 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Synopsis==

An Indian tourist couple arrives in the hill country of [[2022 Sri Lankan political crisis|crisis]]-ridden [[Sri Lanka]] to celebrate their fifth wedding anniversary. As events take an unexpected turn conflicts deepen, revealing cracks in their relationship.

==Cast==

* [[Roshan Mathew]] as Kesav
* [[Darshana Rajendran]] as Amritha
* [[Shyam Fernando]] as Mr. Andrew (Tour Guide)
* [[Mahendra Perera]] as Sergeant Bandara
* Sumith Ilango as Shree
* Azher Samsoodeen as Iqbal
* Neeraja Rajendran as Amritha's Mother

==Release==

''Paradise'' had its world premiere at the [[28th Busan International Film Festival]] on 7 October 2023 where it won the Kim Jiseok Award.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhar |first=Debanjan |date=15 November 2023 |title=Sri Lanka's Prasanna Vithanage Interview: 'When Something Goes Wrong, It's Women Who Are Made to Bear the Brunt' |url=https://www.highonfilms.com/prasanna-vithanage-paradise-interview/ |access-date=18 June 2025 |website=High On Films |language=en-US}}</ref>

The film was screened at the [[Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image|Mumbai Film Festival]] in the “Icons: South Asia” section on 29 October 2023 for its South Asia premiere.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2023 |title='My task is to seek the truth about society as well as myself': Sri Lankan writer-director Prasanna Vithanage |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/paradise-director-prasanna-vithanage-interview-9003112/ |access-date=18 June 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

''Paradise'' had its European premiere at the 30th [[Vesoul International Film Festival of Asian Cinema|Vesoul International Film Festival]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Laurine |title=Paradise - Festival des Cinémas d'Asie de Vesoul |url=https://archives.cinemas-asie.com/en/archives-en/item/5990-paradise.html |access-date=18 June 2025 |website=archives.cinemas-asie.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> 2024. Subsequent premieres included the [[Beijing International Film Festival]]<ref>{{Cite web |title='Paradise' parades the globe |url=https://www.sundaytimes.lk/240630/magazine/paradise-parades-the-globe-562085.html |access-date=18 June 2025 |website=Print Edition - The Sunday Times, Sri Lanka}}</ref> in China, the Red Lotus Asian Film Festival in Austria, and the Asiatiska Film Festival 2024 in Sweden.

The North American premiere took place at the [[New York Indian Film Festival]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Vaaswat |date=11 June 2024 |title='Paradise' Is A Film That Tests A Marriage Amidst Sri Lanka's Eco-Political Crisis |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-creators/paradise-is-a-film-that-tests-a-marriage-amidst-sri-lankas-eco-political-crisis |access-date=18 June 2025 |website=Homegrown |language=en}}</ref> 2024 and the Australian premiere occurred at the [[Sydney Film Festival]] 2024.

''Paradise'' was featured in the “Features” section of the [[71st Sydney Film Festival]] on 13 June 2024.

The film was released in theatres worldwide on 28 June 2024 and is now available on streaming platforms including [[Amazon Prime Video|Prime Video]], [[ManoramaMAX|Manorama Max]] and Simply South.

=== Festival appearances ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Festival
|-
| rowspan="4" |2023
|[[Busan International Film Festival]]
|-
|[[Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image]] (MAMI)
|-
|[[International Film Festival of Kerala]]
|-
|[[Dharamshala International Film Festival]]
|-
| rowspan="16" |2024
|[[Vesoul International Film Festival of Asian Cinema|Vesoul International Film Festival]]
|-
|[[Bengaluru International Film Festival]]
|-
|[[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria International Film Festival]]
|-
|[[Pune International Film Festival]]
|-
|[[Shanghai International Film Festival]]
|-
|[[Beijing International Film Festival]]
|-
|[[New York Indian Film Festival]]
|-
|[[Sydney Film Festival]]
|-
|Cinevesture International Film Festival
|-
|Indo German Film Week Festival
|-
|[[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]]
|-
|Red Lotus Asian Film Festival
|-
|Asiatiska Film Festivalen
|-
|XVII International Film Festival Orenburg
|-
|Kazan International Film Festival
|-
|7th Ha Noi International Film Festival
|}

==Reception==

{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=100|count=8|average=7.6|ref=yes}}

Lee Marshall reviewing for [[ScreenDaily]] at Busan wrote, "Moving through the narrative with admirable dexterity, despite some contrived passages, it's a well-made drama buoyed up by a raft of fine performances.<ref>{{cite web |last=Marshall |first=Lee |date=2023-10-13 |title='Paradise': Busan Review |url=https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/paradise-busan-review/5186860.article |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=Screen}}</ref>"

[[Saibal Chatterjee]] reviewing for [[NDTV]] rated the film 4.5/5 and wrote, "Unswerving in its grasp of both philosophy and psychology, Prasanna Vithanage's Paradise is a masterly evocation of the frailty of 'man' when faced with a crisis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paradise Review: Beautifully Realised Drama Is Beyond Masterful |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/paradise-review-beautifully-realised-drama-is-beyond-masterful-4-5-stars-4526848 |access-date=2025-06-18 |publisher=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>"

[[Santanu Das]] reviewing for ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' dubbed the film as "a stirring, important piece of work" and wrote, "As the drama inches its way closer to that shocking denouement, ''Paradise'' grapples to interrogate questions around politics and the state.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-07 |title=Paradise review: A marriage is put to test in Prasanna Vithanage's tightly controlled drama |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/paradise-review-a-marriage-is-put-to-test-in-prasanna-vithanages-tightly-controlled-drama-101699327031431.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319064652/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/paradise-review-a-marriage-is-put-to-test-in-prasanna-vithanages-tightly-controlled-drama-101699327031431.html |archive-date=19 March 2025 |access-date=2025-06-18 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>"

Priyanka Sundar reviewing for ''[[Firstpost]]'' at Mumbai Film Festival rated the film 3.5/5 and wrote, "By the end, whose side you are on speaks volumes about who you are as a person than of the film itself, the film brings about this reflection of self, and of society with poignancy and that more than anything makes ''Paradise'' a winner.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-31 |title=Paradise Movie Review: Demons within us & outside portrayed poignantly {{!}} Jio MAMI Mumbai Film Festival 2023 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/roshan-mathew-paradise-movie-review-demons-within-us-outside-portrayed-poignantly-jio-mami-mumbai-film-festival-2023-13321042.html |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>"

[[Deepa Gahlot]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated 4/5 stars and observed, "Prasanna Vithanage's ''Paradise'' leaves the audience to read between the lines and draw their own conclusions about the frailty of human nature, and how easily violence seizes the most unexpected prey. "

==Accolades==
The film won the Kim Jiseok Award at the [[Busan International Film Festival]]. This award is presented to two outstanding films from the Jiseok competition section, which features new works by Asian directors who have directed more than three feature films.

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col"| Award
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row"|[[Busan International Film Festival]]
| [[28th Busan International Film Festival|13 October 2023]]
| [[Kim Jiseok Award]]
| rowspan=3|[[Prasanna Vithanage]]
| {{Won}}
| align="center"|<ref name="acc:dl">{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2023/11/mumbai-film-festival-sri-lanka-prasanna-vithanage-paradise-1235590508/ |title=Prasanna Vithanage On Sri Lanka's Economic Crisis; Power Dynamics In Society & Marriage In Award-Winning Feature 'Paradise' – Mumbai Film Festival |first=Liz |last=Shackleton |date=1 November 2023 |access-date=27 February 2024 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2|[[Vesoul International Film Festival of Asian Cinema]]
| rowspan=2|13 February 2024
| Golden Cyclo
| {{Nom}}
| style="text-align:center" rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/asia/vesoul-festival-2024-winners-1235910454/ |title='Snow Leopard' Wins Top Prize at Vesoul Asian Festival |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=14 February 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024 |first=Naman |last=Ramachandran}}</ref>
|-
| Prix du Jury Lycéen
| {{Won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=4|[[Asian Film Awards]]
| rowspan=4|[[17th Asian Film Awards|10 March 2024]]
| [[Asian Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| ''Paradise''
| {{Nom}}
| style="text-align:center" rowspan=4|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2024/awards/news/asian-film-awards-nominations-evil-does-not-exist-12-12-the-day-1235869810/ |title='Evil Does Not Exist', '12.12: The Day' Lead Asian Film Awards Nominations |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=11 January 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024 |first=Patrick |last=Frater}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/asia/asian-film-awards-evil-does-not-exist-winner-1235936522/ |title='Evil Does Not Exist' Wins Best Picture at Asian Film Awards |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=10 March 2024 |access-date=10 March 2024 |first=Patrick |last=Frater}}</ref>
|-
| [[Asian Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| [[Prasanna Vithanage]]
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Best Editing
| [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Best Screenplay
| [[Prasanna Vithanage]] and Anushka Senanayake
| {{Nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" |[[New York Indian Film Festival]]
| rowspan="3" |June 2024
|Best Director
|[[Prasanna Vithanage]]
| {{Nom}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2024 |title='Paradise' receives three nominations at New York Indian Film Festival |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/paradise-receives-three-nominations-at-new-york-indian-film-festival-1.9587274 |access-date=27 May 2024 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actor
|[[Roshan Mathew]]
| {{Nom}}
|-
|Best Actress
|[[Darshana Rajendran]]
| {{Nom}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[FIPRESCI|FIPRESCI Grand Prix 2023]]
|
|Best Film
|''Paradise''
| {{Nom}}
|
|-
! scope="row" |[[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]]
|
|Best Film Subcontinent
|''Paradise''
| {{Nom}}
|
|-
! scope="row"|[[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria International Film Festival]]
| [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria International Film Festival|27 April 2024]]
| Audience Jury Award
| rowspan=3|[[Prasanna Vithanage]]
| {{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malayalam movie 'Paradise' bags Audience Jury Award at Las Palmas de Gran Canaria International Film Festival |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/04/30/paradise-malayalam-movie-roshan-mathew-darshana-award-las-palmas-de-canaria-film-festival.html |access-date=27 May 2024 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" |[[55th Kerala State Film Awards|Kerala State Film Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |03 November 2025
|Best Story
| {{Won}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2025 |title=55 වැනි කේරළ රාජ්‍ය සිනමා සම්මාන උලෙළේ ප්‍රසන්නගේ Paradise චිත්‍රපටයට සම්මාන ත්‍රිත්වයක්|url=https://sarasaviya.lk/55-වැනි-කේරළ-රාජ්ය-සිනමා-සම/ |access-date=27 May 2024 |website=sarasaviya.lk |language=si}}</ref>
|-
|Special Jury Award
| {{Won}}
|-
|Special Jury Award
|[[Darshana Rajendran]]
| {{Won}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}
* {{IMDb title}}
* [https://www.biff.kr/eng/html/program/prog_view.asp?idx=65980&c_idx=384&sp_idx=0&QueryStep=2 ''Paradise''] at BIFF
{{Kim Jiseok Award}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 drama films]]
[[Category:2023 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Sinhala-language films]]
[[Category:English-language Sri Lankan films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Prasanna Vithanage]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Prasanna Vithanage]]
[[Category:Films scored by K (composer)]]
[[Category:Films shot in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Films set in Sri Lanka (1948–present)]]
[[Category:Aragalaya]]

Parth Salunkhe

2026-03-04T11:59:20Z

RaushanYoganta: Adding the article from scratch

{{Short description|Indian archer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Parth Salunkhe
| full_name = Parth Sushant Salunkhe
| nationality = {{IND}}n
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2003|11|04}}
| birth_place = [[Satara district|Satara]], [[Maharashtra]]
| sport = [[Archery]]
| highestranking = 32
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[recurve archery]]}} [[File:Archery pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Archery World Cup|World Cup]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2025 Archery World Cup|2025 Shanghai]]|Individual}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Asian Archery Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[2021 Asian Archery Championships|2021 Dhaka]]|Men's team}}
{{Medal|Competition|Asian Cup}}
{{Medal|Gold|2022 Phuket|Men's team}}
{{Medal|Gold|2022 Sulaymaniyah|Men's team}}
{{Medal|Gold|2022 Sharjah|Men's team}}
{{Medal|Gold|2023 Taoyuan|Men's team}}
{{Medal|Silver|2022 Phuket|Mixed team}}
{{Medal|Silver|2022 Sulaymaniyah|Mixed team}}
{{Medal|Silver|2022 Sharjah|Mixed team}}
{{Medal|Silver|2023 Singapore|Men's team}}
{{Medal|Silver|2023 Singapore|Individual}}
{{Medal|Bronze|2022 Sulaymaniyah|Individual}}
{{Medal|Bronze|2022 Sharjah|Individual}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[World Archery Youth Championships|World Youth Championships]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2021 World Archery Youth Championships|2021 Wrocław]]|Men's team}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2021 World Archery Youth Championships|2021 Wrocław]]|Mixed team}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2023 World Archery Youth Championships|2023 Limerick]]|Individual}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[2023 World Archery Youth Championships|2023 Limerick]]|Mixed team}}
}}

'''Parth Sushant Salunkhe''' (born 4 November 2003) is an Indian [[Recurve archery|recurve archer]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parth Sushant Salunkhe {{!}} World Archery |url=https://www.worldarchery.sport/profile/31020/parth-sushant-salunkhe/biography |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=www.worldarchery.sport |language=en}}</ref> He's a silver medalist at the [[Asian Archery Championships|Asian Championships]] as well as a 4-time gold, 5-time silver, 2-time bronze medalist at the Asian Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Archery Championships: India win three more medals on final day; end meet with seven |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/asian-archery-championships-2021-day-6-recurve-team-results |website=Olympics}}</ref> He's also a 3-time gold medalist and 1-time bronze medalist at the [[World Archery Youth Championships|World Youth Championships]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-10 |title=Archery: Parth Salunkhe becomes first Indian to win Youth World Championship in recurve category |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/archery-parth-salunkhe-becomes-first-indian-to-win-youth-world-championship-in-recurve-category-8822950/lite/ |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Salunkhe was born in [[Satara district|Satara]], [[Maharashtra]]. His father Sushant Salunkhe is a secondary school English teacher.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parth Salunkhe, Aditi Swami latest archery heroes from drought-prone Satara |url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/sports/other-sports-news/parth-salunkhe-aditi-swami-latest-archery-heroes-from-drought-prone-satara-123071000654_1.html |website=Business Standard}}</ref> He completed his studies at New English Medium School and Shripatrao Patil High School.<ref>{{Cite news |title=This 19-year-old world champion has set his sights on Olympics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/this-19-year-old-world-champion-has-set-his-sights-on-olympics/amp_articleshow/104663220.cms |access-date=2024-09-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Career==
In 2023, Salunkhe become the recurve men's individual champion at the [[World Youth Archery Championships]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-21 |title=Archery champ Parth Salunkhe {{!}} Aiming for the stars |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/magazine/leisure/story/20230731-archery-champ-parth-salunkhe-aiming-for-the-stars-2410031-2023-07-21 |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He was the first Indian male archer to achieve this.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sarangi |first=Y. B. |date=2023-07-10 |title=Archer Salunkhe is recurve men's under-21 individual champion |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/archer-salunkhe-is-recurve-mens-u-21-individual-champ/article67063010.ece/amp/ |access-date=2024-09-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{World Archery|31020}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Salunkhe, Parth}}
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male archers]]
[[Category:Archers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Ameer (film)

2026-03-04T04:08:53Z

RaushanYoganta: added info

{{More citations needed|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{infobox film
| name = Ameer
| director = Chandu
| starring = [[Geeta Bali]] [[Kamal Kapoor]]
| music = Lachchiram Talwar
| studio = Chandu Films<ref>{{cite web |title=Ameer |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=January 1954 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ameer/cast/}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|1954}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}
'''''Ameer''''' is a 1954 [[Bollywood]] [[drama film]] directed by Chandu starring [[Geeta Bali]] and [[Kamal Kapoor]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ameer (1954) |url=https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/ameer-1954 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=The A.V. Club |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Geeta Bali]]
* [[Kamal Kapoor]]
* Manju
* Babu Raje
* Ramayan Tiwari
* Vasantrao

==Music==
{| class="wikitable"
! No. !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Kaha Se Aay Hai"
| '''[[Asha Bhosle]]''', S Balbir
|-
| 2
| "Pyar Karo Pyar Badi Cheez Hai"
| '''Asha Bhosle'''
|-
| 3
| "Tumhe Yaad Hoga"
| '''Asha Bhosle'''
|-
| 4
| "Jo Koi Dil Se Mohabbat Ke"
| [[Mubarak Begum]], S. Balbir
|-
| 5
| "Lakh Tare Liye Jaise Soya"
| Mubarak Begum
|-
| 6
| "Subah Ki Angadayi Hu"
| '''Asha Bhosle'''
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0178230}}

[[Category:1954 films]]
[[Category:1954 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1954 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Lachchiram Talwar]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

{{1950s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Meri Aawaz Suno

2026-03-03T23:52:17Z

RaushanYoganta: Done

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Meri Aawaz Suno
| image = Meri Aawaz Suno.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[S. V. Rajendra Singh Babu]]
| producer = G. Hanumantha Rao [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] {{small|(Presents)}}
| writer = [[Kader Khan]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| screenplay = [[S. V. Rajendra Singh Babu]]
| story = H. V. Subba Rao
| based_on = ''[[Antha (film)|Antha]]'' (1981)
| starring = [[Jeetendra]] [[Hema Malini]] [[Parveen Babi]]
| music = [[Laxmikant-Pyarelal]]
| cinematography = S Prakash
| editing = K. Gopala Rao
| studio = [[Padmalaya Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|1981|11|23|df=y}}
| runtime = 153 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Meri Aawaz Suno''''' ({{translation|Listen to my Voice}}) is a 1981 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action thriller]] film, directed by [[S. V. Rajendra Singh Babu]], produced by G. Hanumantha Rao by [[Padmalaya Studios]], and presented by [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]]. It stars [[Jeetendra]], [[Hema Malini]] and [[Parveen Babi]]. The music is composed by [[Laxmikant-Pyarelal]]. The film is a remake of the [[Kannada]] movie ''[[Antha (film)|Antha]]'' (1981).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Devesh |date=7 April 2020 |title=Filmfare Recommends: Top Films of Jeetendra Where He Played a Double Role |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/filmfare-recommends-top-films-of-jeetendra-where-he-played-a-double-role-40040.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200415054829/https://www.filmfare.com/features/filmfare-recommends-top-films-of-jeetendra-where-he-played-a-double-role-40040.html |archive-date=15 April 2020 |access-date=11 August 2023 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Inspector Sushil Kumar is a sincere & transparent cop who dedicated his life to the nation. He lives with his pregnant wife Sunita and mother Kamini Devi. Kanwar Lal, a dreadful gangster who is presently in prison resembles Sushil. Utilizing this, CBI Director Sangram Singh plans an operation ''"End''' which involves Sushil impersonating Kanwar Lal, since he is influential in the criminal underworld. Pretending to be a gangster, Sushil joins a gang that creates mayhem in the country. Despite being aware of his mother’s death, Sushil stands strong. Furthermore, he succeeds in acquiring pieces of evidence against the gang. Unfortunately, his identity is revealed, and the gang seize him. Nevertheless, he safeguards the proof for which gang subject him to severe torture. They fetch Sunita and slaughter her along with the baby in her womb. Devastated, Sushil escapes from their clutches, reaches Sangram Singh and he too double-crosses him. Then, the enraged Sushil ceases the gang, surrenders before the judiciary, and seeks justice.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Jeetendra]] as Inspector Sushil Kumar / Kanwarlal (Double role)<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhattacharya |first=Roshmila |date=24 July 2010 |title=Jeetendra on cinema, music and his children |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |location=Mumbai |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/entertainment/jeetendra-on-cinema-music-and-his-children/article1-576947.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520215948/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/entertainment/jeetendra-on-cinema-music-and-his-children/article1-576947.aspx |archive-date=20 May 2014 |access-date=20 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Hema Malini]] as Mrs. Sunita Kumar
*[[Parveen Babi]] as Rita
*[[Kader Khan]] as Topiwala
*[[Shakti Kapoor]] as Azad<ref name="I"/>
*[[Ranjeet]] as Rony
*[[Asrani]] as Bahadur
*[[Vijay Arora]] as CBI Agent Kulwant
*[[Om Shivpuri]] as CBI Officer Sangram Singh
*[[Urmila Bhatt]] as Kamini Devi (Sushil's Mother)
*[[Pinchoo Kapoor]] as Minister
*[[Raj Mehra]] as IGP Shankar Kumar
*[[Rajan Haksar]] as Madan
*[[Manmohan Krishna]] as Dawood
*[[Tamanna Begum|Tamanna]] as Shobha (Sushil's Sister)
* [[Yunus Parvez]] as Halkatlal
* [[Jayshree T.]] as Bar Dancer
* [[Praveen Kumar Sobti|Praveen Kumar]] as Justin
}}

== Soundtrack ==
Lyrics: [[Anand Bakshi]]

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Hay, Kya Soch Rahi Ho, Kuch Soch Rahi Hoon"
| [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Mehmanon Ko Salaam Hai Mera, Naam Zara Badnaam Hai Mera"
| Kishore Kumar, Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Gudiya Ri Gudiya Tu Batla"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Gudiya Ri Gudiya Tu Batla" (Sad)
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Tumhe Dekha Hai To Aisa Lagta"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Achha Hua Tum Mil Gaye"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
|}

== Reception ==
Chander Singh Uday of ''[[India Today]]'' wrote that "Although it may become a hit, ''Aawaz'' is nonetheless an appallingly bad film. The film shows a complete lack of coherence which is only partly covered by the repeated and quite unnecessary violence. Characters are introduced whenever a need is felt for them and then dropped without a vestige of explanation".<ref name="I">{{cite magazine |last=Singh |first=Chander Uday |date=31 January 1982 |title=Film review: Meri Aawaz Suno, starring Jeetendra, Hema Malini, Parveen Babi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19820131-film-review-meri-aawaz-suno-starring-jeetendra-hema-malini-parveen-babi-772563-2013-10-213-2013-10-21n-babi-772563-2013-10-21 |magazine=[[India Today]] |location=[[New Delhi]] |publisher=[[Living Media India Limited]] |access-date=11 August 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{BH movie|meri-awaaz-suno}}
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Rajendra Singh Babu}}

[[Category:1981 action thriller films]]
[[Category:1981 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1981 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajendra Singh Babu]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Padmalaya Studios films]]

Pyar Pyar

2026-03-03T23:41:47Z

RaushanYoganta: minor edit

{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=July 2020}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=July 2020}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}

{{infobox film
| name = Pyar Pyar प्यार प्यार
| director = Sunil R. Prasad
| starring = Sujoy Mukherjee [[Paresh Rawal]] [[Viju Khote]] [[Sulochana Latkar]]
| music = [[Nadeem–Shravan]]
| released = {{Film date|1993}}
}}
'''''Pyar Pyar''''' is a 1993 Bollywood film starring Sujoy Mukherjee. The film also stars Rajeshwari Sachdev and Faraz Khan in supporting roles.

==Plot==
Widowed Rajkumar Chauhan is an honest and diligent Income Tax Officer, who does his job without being intimidated or accepting bribes. The role is played by [[Paresh Rawal]].

==Cast==
*[[Sujoy Mukherjee]]
*[[Paresh Rawal]]
*[[Rajeshwari Sachdev]]
*[[Viju Khote]] as College Professor
*[[Sulochana Latkar]]
*[[Subbiraj]]

==Soundtrack==
The music of the film was composed Nadeem-Shravan and the lyrics were penned by Sameer, Hasrat Jaipuri and Anwar Saagar.
#"Dagi Dum Dum" - [[Sadhana Sargam]], [[Nitin Mukesh]]
#"Ek Tere Hi Chehre Pe Pyar Aaya" - [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
#"Elaan Yeh Karte Hein" - Anuradha Paudwal, [[Mohammed Aziz]]
#"Kahan Ja Rahe Ho Savere Savere" - [[Suresh Wadkar]]
#"Operator Operator" - [[Vinod Rathod]], [[Sapna Mukherjee]]
#"Paas Hi Mera Ghar Hai" - Kumar Sanu, Anuradha Paudwal

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt1068660}}

[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Nadeem–Shravan]]
[[Category:1993 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1993 Indian films]]
{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Raman Thediya Seethai (2008 film)

2026-03-03T04:24:33Z

RaushanYoganta: expand section and improved wording

{{About|the 2008 Tamil film|other film by MGR|Raman Thediya Seethai (1972 film)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raman Thediya Seethai
| image = Raman Thediya Seethai Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. P. Jagan]]
| writer = K. P. Jagan
| starring = [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]] [[Pasupathy]] [[Nithin Sathya]] [[Vimala Raman]] [[Remya Nambeeshan]] [[Gajala]] [[Karthika Adaikalam|Karthika]] [[Navya Nair]] [[Manivannan]]
| producer = Moser Baer Entertainment
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cinematography = [[Rajesh Yadav (cinematographer)|Rajesh Yadav]]
| editing = [[Kola Bhaskar]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2008|09|19}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| language = Tamil
| country = India
}}
'''''Raman Thediya Seethai''''' ({{translation|The [[Sita]] that [[Rama]] sought}}) is a 2008 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[drama film]] written and directed by [[K. P. Jagan]]. The film features an ensemble cast including [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]], [[Pasupathy]], [[Nithin Sathya]], [[Vimala Raman]], [[Remya Nambeeshan]], [[Gajala]], [[Navya Nair]], and [[Karthika Adaikalam|Karthika]]. The music was composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] with cinematography by [[Rajesh Yadav (cinematographer)|Rajesh Yadav]] and editing by [[Kola Bhaskar]]. The film released on 19 September 2008 to positive response and turned out as a success.

In 2012, the film was remade in Kannada as ''[[Gowri Putra]]'' with Akshay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/11115/kannada/gowri-puthra/3815/review.htm|title=Gowri Puthra Review | Gowri Puthra Kannada Movie Review by V.S. Rajapur|date=30 July 2012 }}</ref>

==Plot==

Venugopal is an entrepreneur and an aging bachelor in pursuit of [[Arranged marriage in the Indian subcontinent|arranged marriage]] matches. Though kindhearted, he has mental health issues due to which he also stammers under stress. When looking for matches, Venu insists on being transparent about his condition, due to which he is rejected by a potential match, Ranjitha, who respects his honesty but finds his condition alarming. Venu's mother arranges for him to meet another girl named Vidhya, who agrees to marry him. At their wedding, however, Vidhya's father Manikkavel informs Venu that she had eloped. To save her family from humiliation, Venu stops the wedding and takes the blame.

In the aftermath, Venu goes into depression and almost gets into a road accident, but is saved by Nedumaran, a blind [[Radio personality|radio jockey]]. Venu acquaints with Nedumaran's family, and learns from his wife, Thamizhisai, that they met through Nedumaran's motivational radio show. Infatuated by his joyful and positive attitude despite his condition, she sought after Nedumaran and proposed to him, who initially rejected her out of fear of disappointing her family. Smitten by her charm, however, he later spoke to Thamizhisai's family and they agreed to their marriage. Inspired by their story and spirit, Venu starts to move on.

Grateful to Venu and his mother, Manikkavel offers to find him a suitable match and introduces him to Gayathri in [[Nagercoil]]. Gayathri reassures Venu about his health and they start courting. In the meantime, Venu meets a thief turned [[rickshaw]] driver Gunasekhar alias Guna and is intrigued by him. Upon inquiring him, Guna explains to Venu that he met Gayathri in a home he broke into and fell for her, but she refused to reciprocate his feelings due to his scurvy lifestyle. Guna set out to win her heart by reforming himself and at one point even managed to win a local race, only to be rejected again. He remained an honest man hoping that Gayathri will one day love him back. Upon learning this, Venu confronts Gayathri, who confesses that she too was moved by Guna but felt afraid to face her family. Venu encourages her to be with Guna and withdraws from the arranged proposal.

While in Nagercoil, Venu runs into Vidhya, finding her in distress and poverty. Vidhya explains that she eloped with her ex, Ramesh, and married him. Soon after, however, Ramesh went to jail after blinding their neighbor for peeping on a showering Vidhya, and left her pregnant and fending for herself. Venu takes pity on Vidhya and takes her to a hospital. While there, he finds Ranjitha working there as a cashier, much to his surprise, and befriends her. After Vidhya goes into labor, Venu pleads with Manikkavel to help her. A furious Manikkavel, however, angrily berates Venu at the hospital and refuses to help. Venu lashes out at Manikkavel and chides him for failing to forgive his daughter in her time of need. Manikkavel relents and reconciles with Vidhya, taking her and her child home with him.

Witnessing Venu's benevolence and compassion, Ranjitha develops feelings for him. Before she can profess to him, however, Venu shares his enthusiasm about another arranged proposal to Ranjitha, leaving her heartbroken. After an attempted visit to his potential match goes awry, Ranjitha tends to his injuries and tearfully confides in him about her feelings. In response, Venu calls his mother and informs her of his decision to marry Ranjitha, to everyone's delight.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]] as Venugopal
* [[Pasupathy]] as Nedumaran
* [[Nithin Sathya]] as Gunasekhar
* [[Vimala Raman]] as Ranjitha
* [[Remya Nambeeshan]] as Vidhya Manikkavel
* [[Gajala]] as Thamizhisai Nedumaran
* [[Karthika Adaikalam|Karthika]] as Gayathri
* [[Navya Nair]] as Senthamarai, Inspector of Police
* [[Manivannan]] as Manikkavel
* [[Karunas]] as Murali
* [[Vidharth (actor)|Vidharth]] as Ramesh (Vidhya's husband)
}}

==Production==

===Casting===
The film was announced in 2007, and the photo session was held at the time of launch.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071109214137/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/34568.html "'Raman Thediya Seethai' says, Cheran!"].</ref> [[Gajala]] was selected as one of the leads.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080218044707/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/36624.html "Gajala in 'Raman Thediya Seethai'"].</ref> Kerala-based [[Remya Nambeesan]] was selected, and she joined in second schedule.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080310070353/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/37063.html "Remya joins 'Raman Thediya Seethai'"].</ref> [[Vimala Raman]] of ''[[Poi (film)|Poi]]'',<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071215120604/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/35302.html "Vimala Raman to pair with Cheran"].</ref> [[Karthika Adaikalam|Karthika]] of ''[[Thoothukudi]]'', and [[Navya Nair]] were selected since the story needed five heroines. [[Pasupathy]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080105023657/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/35689.html "Pasupathy, after a break, for a break"].</ref> and [[Nithin Sathya]] were selected to play important roles.

===Filming===
Director Jagan said that "There are 78 scenes whereas there are 94 locations in the film"<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080705073915/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/39716.html "Locations beat scenes in 'Raman Thediya Seethai'"].</ref> and added that "in most of the scenes there would be a small flashback and if this is taken into consideration then there are more locations in the film rather than scenes".<ref>[http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jul-08-01/raman-thediya-seethai-02-07-08.html "More locations lesser scenes - Behindwoods.com Raman Thediya Seethai Navya Nair Ramya Nambisan Vimala Raman Gajala Karthiga Nithin Sathya Pasupathy hot images picture gallery"].</ref>

==Controversy==
The unit was highly criticized, when it had used the vehicle registration number of a revenue department officer without obtaining proper permissions. A complaint was filed with the police against director Cheran; however, no official complaint was later lodged.<ref name=cheran>[http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jan-08-01/04-01-08-cheran.html "Tamil movie review"]. ''BehindWoods''.</ref>

In January 2008, the shooting of the film was in progress at Boothapandi in [[Kanyakumari district]]. During the shooting, 12 vehicles were involved, which were going to parade for a minister in the scene. Hundreds of people were gathered to watch this shoot in the village. The last vehicle, which was the jeep, hit an old woman Kuttralammal and she was thrown afar. She was admitted in a hospital, where she died the next day.<ref name=cheran />

The local inspector registered a case against the driver of the jeep and the director. Shooting was cancelled.

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Raman Thediya Seethai
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 4 September 2008
| recorded = [[Varsha Vallaki Studios]]
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film Soundtrack]]
| length = 24:05
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sony BMG]]
| producer = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| prev_title = [[Alibhabha]]
| prev_year = 2008
| next_title = [[Mahesh, Saranya Matrum Palar]]
| next_year = 2008
}}
The soundtrack is composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], and it was well received.<ref>[http://itwofs.com/milliblog/2008/07/30/raman-thediya-seethai-tamil-vidyasagar/ " Music review: Raman Thediya Seethai (Tamil, Vidyasagar) by Milliblog!"].</ref> [[Balu Mahendra]] and [[K. Bhagyaraj|Bhagyaraj]] released the audio, which was held in Sathyam Cinemas on 30 July 2008.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080804222638/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/40373.html "Music for 'Raman Thediya Seethai' released"].</ref> During the audio release, Cheran made controversial statements about reporters by publishing rumours about him.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080804222643/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/40374.html "Cheran stirs the hornet's nest spitting fire"].</ref><ref>[http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/july-08-05/cheran-31-07-08.html "Cherans derogatory statement irks the press" "]. ''BehindWoods''</ref>

{| class="wikitable" width="70%"
! Title !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| "Mazhai Nindra " || [[Kalyani Nair]] || [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]
|-
| "Dj Dj Disca Poodu" || [[Benny Dayal]], [[Suchitra]] || [[P. Vijay]]
|-
| "Vanathai Vittuvittu" || [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]] || [[Yugabharathi]]
|-
| "Ippavae Ippavae" || [[Madhu Balakrishnan]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]] || [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
|-
| "Nanba Nanba " || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] || rowspan=2|Jayantha
|-
| "Enne Pulla" || [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|-
|}

==Critical reception==
Rediff wrote:"There's a delicate balance between portraying a genuinely touching story and going overboard with emotions. And that's where Global One Studio Productions' Raman Thediya Seethai (Rama's Hunt for Seetha), directed by K P Jagannath, manages to be different".<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/sep/19ssr.htm "Review: Raman Thediya Seethai"].</ref> Behindwoods wrote:"The director needs to be appreciated for delivering a film without kissing or glamorous scenes. However, he could have tried to make the subject a bit more interesting".<ref>[http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/raman-thediya-seethai-review.html "RAMAN THEDIYA SEETHAI MOVIE REVIEW - Behindwoods.com Cheran, Pasupathi Vimala Raman Ramya Nambeesan Navya Nair Gajala Karthika Nithin Sathya Direction K P Jagannaath Music Vidyasagar Production Moser Baer Entertainment Global One Studios Production hot images Tamil picture gallery images"].</ref> Sify wrote:"RTS is riveting cinema and exhibits emotional depth and is a clean feel-good family entertainer".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140411161350/http://www.sify.com/movies/raman-thediya-seethai-review-tamil-14762739.html "Movie Review : Raman Thediya Seethai"]. ''Sify''.</ref> Nowrunning wrote:"Minus violence and item numbers, 'Raman Thediya Seethai,' a feel good romance certainly entertains".<ref>[http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/4707/tamil/raman-thediya-seethai/1819/review.htm "Raman Thediya Seethai Review"]. ''Nowrunning''. 20 September 2008.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{K. P. Jegannath}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}

[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2008 drama films]]
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2008 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2008 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. P. Jagan]]

Nadhi

2026-03-03T02:33:14Z

RaushanYoganta: expanded content

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nadhi
| image = Nadhi_poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = K. Thamaraiselvan
| producer = [[Sam Jones (Tamil actor)|Sam Jones]]
| writer = K. Thamaraiselvan
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Sam Jones (Tamil actor)|Sam Jones]]
*[[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]]
*[[Karu Pazhaniappan]]
}}
| music = [[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]
| cinematography = [[M. S. Prabhu]]
| editing = R.Sudharshan
| studio = [[Sam Jones (Tamil actor)|MAS Cinemas]]
| distributor = AP International
| runtime =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|07|22}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Nadhi''''' ({{langx|en|River}}) is a 2022 Indian Tamil-language [[romantic film|romantic]] [[action drama film]] directed by K. Thamaraiselvan. The film stars [[Sam Jones (Tamil actor)|Sam Jones]], [[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]] and [[Karu Pazhaniappan]] in the lead roles. It was released on 22 July 2022.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sam Jones (Tamil actor)|Sam Jones]] as Thamizh
*[[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]] as Bharathi
*[[Karu Pazhaniappan]]
*[[Munishkanth]] as Manikkam
*[[Vela Ramamoorthy]]
*[[A. Venkatesh (director)|A. Venkatesh]]
*Pravin Adithya
*Micset Sriram
*Kodangi Vadivel Murugan
}}

==Production==
For his role in the film, [[Sam Jones (Tamil actor)|Sam Jones]] lost 13 kilograms and learnt [[Madurai]] slang.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sam-jones-lost-13-kilos-for-a-fun-film-set-against-the-backdrop-of-madurai/articleshow/77539865.cms |title=Sam Jones lost 13 kilos for a fun film set against the backdrop of Madurai |work=The Times of India |date=14 August 2020 |accessdate=22 July 2022 |archive-date=22 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722142225/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sam-jones-lost-13-kilos-for-a-fun-film-set-against-the-backdrop-of-madurai/articleshow/77539865.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Karu Pazhaniappan]], who had been attempting to make a breakthrough as an actor in lead roles, opted to work as the film's antagonist after being impressed with the script.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/actor-director-karu-pazhaniappan-explains-why-he-s-happy-to-play-a-villain-news-209922 |title=Actor-Director Karu Pazhaniappan Explains Why He's Happy to Play a Villain |date=18 July 2022 |access-date=22 July 2022 |archive-date=22 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722095733/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/actor-director-karu-pazhaniappan-explains-why-he-s-happy-to-play-a-villain-news-209922 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The film was shot in regions including Madurai and [[Munnar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/i-am-so-glad-that-thamarai-maam-came-on-board-says-sam-jones/articleshow/89503467.cms |title=I am so glad that Thamarai ma'am came on board, says Sam Jones |work=The Times of India |date=12 February 2022 |accessdate=22 July 2022 |archive-date=12 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212045154/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/i-am-so-glad-that-thamarai-maam-came-on-board-says-sam-jones/articleshow/89503467.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/apr/05/a-balancing-act-2437928.html |title=Actor Anandhi shares shooting experience of her latest film 'Nadhi' |access-date=22 July 2022 |archive-date=22 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722095733/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/apr/05/a-balancing-act-2437928.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2022/apr/05/location-diaries-actress-anandhi-on-nadhi---a-balancing-act-40051.html |title=Location Diaries: Actress Anandhi on Nadhi - A balancing act |access-date=22 July 2022 |archive-date=2 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802044249/https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2022/apr/05/location-diaries-actress-anandhi-on-nadhi---a-balancing-act-40051.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Nadhi
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]
| cover =
| released = 2022
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 11:45
| label = [[Sony Music]]
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| producer =
| studio = Grace Studios, 20 Db
| prev_title = [[Nenjuku Needhi]]
| prev_year = 2022
| next_title = [[Chithha]]
| next_year = 2023
| audio1 =
| misc = {{Singles
| single1 = Theera Nadhi
| single1date = 9 February 2022
}}
}}

The film's [[soundtrack]] was composed by [[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]. while lyrics are written by [[Thamarai]].

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| title1 = Pogadhey
| lyrics1 = [[Thamarai]]
| extra1 = Anila Rajeev
| length1 = 4:02
| title2 = Theera Nadhi
| lyrics2 = Thamarai
| extra2 = [[Kapil Kapilan]], [[Srinisha Jayaseelan]]
| length2 = 4:20
| title3 = Kathari Poovasam
| lyrics3 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| extra3 = Sinduri Vishal, Deepthi Suresh, [[Soundarya Bala Nandakumar|Soundarya Nandakumar]], Bhargavi Sridhar, Aravind Srinivas, Saisharan, Shenbagaraj, Santhosh Hariharan
| length3 = 3:23
| extra_column = Singer(s)
}}

==Reception==
The film was released on 22 July 2022 across Tamil Nadu. The critic from ''[[Times of India]]'' noted that it was "an anti-caste love story that could have been more powerful", adding "''Nadhi'' flows seamlessly in the first half, quenching all our thirst. But as the film progresses, it loses its track leaving the audience drained out".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/nadhi/movie-review/93048607.cms |title=Nadhi Movie Review: An anti-caste love story that could have been more powerful |newspaper=The Times of India |accessdate=22 July 2022 |archive-date=22 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722082113/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/nadhi/movie-review/93048607.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Vignesh Madhu of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' wrote that "Not really. The characters or their conflicts aren't new. Their tragic ending isn't new. There's no resolution. There's no hope. Just like this film" and gave 2 stars out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nadhi Movie Review: This anti-caste film drowns in mediocracy |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/jul/24/nadhi-movie-review-drowning-in-mediocracy-32954.html |access-date=21 March 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=21 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321115135/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/jul/24/nadhi-movie-review-drowning-in-mediocracy-32954.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Dina Malar]]'' gave the film a middling review, rating it 2 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/3168/Nadhi/ |title=நதி - விமர்சனம் {2/5} |publisher=[[Dinamalar]] |access-date=22 July 2022}}</ref> Likewise, a critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' also gave the film a mixed review.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/829430-sam-jones-lead-nadhi-movie-review-3.html |title=முதல் பார்வை | நதி - கரை ஏற்றியதா, மூழ்கடித்ததா? |date=21 July 2022 |access-date=22 July 2022 |archive-date=22 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722095853/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/829430-sam-jones-lead-nadhi-movie-review-3.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|21338440}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]

ICFAI University, Nagaland

2026-02-23T16:52:11Z

RaushanYoganta: content fix

{{Short description|Private university in Nagaland, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox university
|image =
|name = ICFAI University, Nagaland
|established = 2006
|type =
|endowment =
|chairman =
|chancellor = Col. (Dr.) V. R. K. Prasad<ref name=VC2021/>
|vice_chancellor= Dr. Damodar Reddy (OSD)
|president =
|city = [[Sovima]], [[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]]
|state = [[Nagaland]]
|country = [[India]]
|coor = {{coord|25.837|93.762|display=title,inline}}
|publictransit =
|undergrad =
|postgrad =
|staff =
|website = {{Official website|http://www.iunagaland.edu.in/Icfaiuniversity-Nagaland.html}}
|footnotes =
}}
'''ICFAI University, Nagaland''', formerly known by its full name '''Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India University (Nagaland)''', is a [[private university]] located in [[Sovima]], [[Nagaland]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/privateuniversitylist.aspx?id=mx6F3Q1d8hepg3w6qsNj/g==&Unitype=So1CNBLvrigKjpQTxHMrAQ==| title=Private University Nagaland| publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)]] | accessdate=8 December 2017}}</ref> The university was established in 2006 under the ''Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India University, (Nagaland) Act 2006''<ref>{{cite news |title=Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India University (Nagaland) Act, 2006 |url=http://bareactslive.com/NAG/nag008.htm |access-date=2 June 2021 |work=bareactslive.com }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> and renamed in 2015 under the ''ICFAI University, Nagaland (Amendment) Act, 2014''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iunagaland.edu.in/IUN-Gazette.pdf |access-date=2 June 2021|title=ICFAI University, Nagaland (Amendment) Act, 2014}}</ref>

C.P. Alexander was the [[Vice-Chancellor]] (VC) of the university from 2016 until his death in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=ICFAI University bids farewell to its vice chancellor |url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/icfai-university-bids-farewell-to-its-vice-chancellor/ |access-date=2 June 2021 |work=easternmirrornagaland.com|date=22 November 2019}}</ref> Arun Kumar Varma was appointed VC in April 2021.<ref name=VC2021>{{cite news |title=ICFAI University Nagaland gets new VC |url=https://www.morungexpress.com/icfai-university-nagaland-gets-new-vc |access-date=2 June 2021 |work=[[The Morung Express]] |date=17 April 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.iunagaland.edu.in/Icfaiuniversity-Nagaland.html}}

{{Universities in smaller states and territories of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2006 establishments in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2006]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Private universities in India]]

{{Nagaland-university-stub}}

Sardar Ali Khan (justice)

2026-02-11T07:11:26Z

RaushanYoganta: New Some Bio Added Tags

{{short description|Indian judge}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Justice Sardar Ali Khan 
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1930|05|05|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2012|11|08|1930|05|05}}
| death_place = Hyderabad, India
| other_names =
| known_for =
| alma_mater = [[Osmania University]]
| occupation = Judge
}}

'''Justice Sardar Ali Khan''' (5 May 1930 – 8 November 2012) was a former Chief Justice of Andhra Pradesh. He held various positions in judiciary.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/justice-sardar-ali-khan-dead/article4079558.ece|title=Justice Sardar Ali Khan dead|date=2012-11-09|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-04-25|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Early life==
He was born in [[Hyderabad State]] to Mohammed Amir Ali Khan, a [[subedar]] (governor) in the court of the l[[Mir Osman Ali Khan|ast Nizam]]<nowiki/>of Hyderabad. He topped the Madras University's Intermediate Examination in 1948. He obtained his BA and LL.B at [[Osmania University]].

==Career==
He was also Chairman of [[National Commission for Minorities]] and President of the Andhra Pradesh State Legal Aid & Advisory Board. He served as President of Andhra Pradesh Judicial Academy from 1991 to 1992, He was Dean of the Faculty of Law at Osmania University from 1984 to 1991 and President of the Board of Management at [[Nizam College]] from 1994 to 1996.

==Death==
He died on 8 November 2012, aged 82.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/hyderabad/justice-sardar-ali-khan-passes-away-82-910 |title=Justice Sardar Ali Khan passes away at 82 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109202337/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/hyderabad/justice-sardar-ali-khan-passes-away-82-910 |archive-date=2012-11-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.siasat.com/english/news/justice-sardar-ali-khan-passes-away |title=Justice Sardar Ali Khan passes away {{!}} Siasat |website=www.siasat.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111000619/http://www.siasat.com/english/news/justice-sardar-ali-khan-passes-away |archive-date=2012-11-11}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He was married and has a son and a four daughters.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Sardar Ali}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Scholars from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Osmania University]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Andhra Pradesh High Court]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]

Monisha Behal

2026-02-08T17:51:56Z

RaushanYoganta: Starting

{{short description|Indian social development activist}}
{{Multiple issues|{{notability|1=Biographies|date=March 2020}}{{BLP sources|date=March 2020}}
}}
{{Infobox person
|caption=
|image=
|name= Monisha Behal
|other_names = Dr. Monisha Behal
|birth_date =
|birth_place=[[India]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
|movement=
|organization = https://northeastnetwork.org/
|awards =
}}

''' Monisha Behal ''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] social development activist working for the social and economic development and empowering women in Assam, Nagaland and other neighboring states in eastern India. She is a founding member of North East Network, a women's rights organisation linking with rural and urban women and organisations on development and related issues within North East India.

Monisha travels extensively in rural areas of India, conducting research, giving talks and writing several articles to highlight issues of the North East of India. She initiated several projects on women's development within the region, one of which has grown into a significant community based initiative in Nagaland.

== North East Network (NEN) ==
Monisha Behal is the CEO of North East Network (NEN), a women's rights organisation connecting with rural and urban women and organisations on development and related issues within North East India. started in 1995, where ,<ref>{{cite news| url=https://northeastnetwork.org/board-members-2/| title=Board Members}}</ref>

== Chizami Weaves==
Chizami Weaves is a decentralised livelihood project started by Behal in the mid-1990s to create opportunities for the women of Chizami, a small village in Nagaland's Phek district. Today it has a network of more than 300 women in Chizami and 10 other villages in Phek district, and their work is now sold across India.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/154515/nagaland-chizami-monisha-behal-north-east-network/| work=The Free Press Journal | title=This Amazing Woman Is Weaving a Better Future for Hundreds of Naga Women| date=3 August 2018}}</ref>

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=announcements.Ann_2018.Monisha_Behal_work_in_North_East_with_MGChangemakers_20180807
* https://www.indianwomenblog.org/activist-monisha-behal-on-nrc-draft-and-northeastern-women-facing-demeaning-identity-remarks/

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Behal, Monisha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian civil rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Women civil rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian women human rights activists]]

Urban agglomerations in Karnataka

2026-02-04T04:59:28Z

RaushanYoganta: New Basic Article Basic Info

{{short description|None}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
In the [[2011 Census of India]], an [[urban agglomeration]] was defined as "An urban agglomeration is a continuous urban spread constituting a town and its adjoining outgrowths, or two or more physically contiguous towns together with or without outgrowths of such towns. An Urban Agglomeration must consist of at least a statutory town and its total population (i.e. all the constituents put together) should not be less than 20,000 as per the 2001 Census."<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/1.%20Data%20Highlight.pdf | title = Urban Agglomerations and Cities |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011| publisher =The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate = 10 August 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Karnataka (India): State, Major Agglomerations & Cities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/cities/karnataka/|access-date=2021-04-28|website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title = Urban Agglomerations and Cities having population 1 lakh and above|work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011| publisher =The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200310224309/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|accessdate = 10 August 2014 | archive-date = 10 March 2020}}</ref>

{{location map+|Karnataka|width=300|right|caption=Top 10 largest urban agglomerations in Karnataka|places=
{{location map~|Karnataka|label=[[Bengaluru]]|position=bottom|mark=Yellow pog.svg|lat=12.9716|long=77.5946}}
{{location map~|Karnataka|label=[[Mysuru]]|position=bottom|mark=Green pog.svg|lat=12.2958|long=76.6394}}
{{location map~|Karnataka|label=[[Hubli-Dharwad|Hubballi-Dharwad]]|position=bottom|mark=Red pog.svg|lat=15.3715|long=75.1011}}
{{location map~|Karnataka|label=[[Mangaluru]]|position=bottom|mark=Pink pog.svg|lat=12.9141|long=74.8560}}
{{location map~|Karnataka|label=[[Belagavi]]|position=bottom|mark=Blue pog.svg|lat=15.8497|long=74.4977}}
{{location map~|Karnataka|label=[[Kalaburagi]]|position=bottom|mark=Orange pog.svg|lat=17.3297|long=76.8343}}
{{location map~|Karnataka|label=[[Davanagere]]|position=bottom|mark=Brown pog.svg|lat=14.4644|long=75.9218}}
{{location map~|Karnataka|label=[[Ballari]]|position=bottom|mark=Black pog.svg|lat=15.1394|long=76.9214}}
{{location map~|Karnataka|label=[[Vijayapura]]|position=bottom|mark=Gold pog.svg|lat=16.8302|long=75.7100}}
{{location map~|Karnataka|label=[[Shivamogga]]|position=bottom|mark=Purple pog.svg|lat=13.9299|long=75.5681}}
{{location map~|Karnataka|label=[[Bidar]] (planned)|position=bottom|mark=Purple pog.svg|lat=17.912||long=77.520}}
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+[[Urban agglomeration]]s in the state of [[Karnataka]] with a population of 100,000 and above based on the [[Census of India, 2011|Census of India of 2011]]
!Rank
!City
!District
!Population 2011
|-
|1
|[[Bengaluru]]
|[[Bangalore Urban district|Bengaluru Urban]]
|8,520,435
|-
|2
|[[Mysuru]]
|[[Mysuru district|Mysuru]]
|990,900
|-
|3
|[[Hubli-Dharwad|Hubballi-Dharwad]]
|[[Dharwad district|Dharwad]]
|943,788
|-
|4
|[[Mangaluru]]
|[[Dakshina Kannada district|Dakshina Kannada]]
|623,841
|-
|5
|[[Belagavi]]
|[[Belagavi district|Belagavi]]
|610,350
|-
|6
|[[Kalaburagi]]
|[[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]]
|543,147
|-
|7
|[[Davanagere]]
|[[Davanagere district|Davanagere]]
|434,971
|-
|8
|[[Ballari]]
|[[Ballari district|Ballari]]
|410,445
|-
|9
|[[Vijayapura]]
|[[Vijayapura district, Karnataka|Vijayapura]]
|327,427
|-
|10
|[[Shivamogga]]
|[[Shivamogga district|Shivamogga]]
|322,650
|-
|11
|[[Tumkur|Tumakuru]]
|[[Tumakuru district|Tumakuru]]
|302,143
|-
|12
|[[Raichur|Raichuru]]
|[[Raichur district|Raichuru]]
|234,073
|-
|13
|[[Bidar]]
|[[Bidar district|Bidar]]
|216,020
|-
|14
|[[Udupi]]
|[[Udupi district|Udupi]]
|215,500
|-
|15
|[[Hosapete]]
|[[Vijayanagara district|Vijayanagara]]
|206,167
|-
|16
|[[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassana]]
|[[Hassan district|Hassana]]
|173,008
|-
|17
|[[Gadag-Betageri|Gadaga-Betageri]]
|[[Gadag district|Gadaga]]
|172,612
|-
|18
|[[Robertsonpet]]e
|[[Kolar district|Kolara]]
|162,230
|-
|19
|[[Bhadravati, Karnataka|Bhadravati]]
|[[Shivamogga district|Shivamogga]]
|151,102
|-
|20
|[[Chitradurga]]
|[[Chitradurga district|Chitradurga]]
|145,853
|-
|21
|[[Kolara]]
|[[Kolar district|Kolara]]
|138,462
|-
|22
|[[Mandya]]
|[[Mandya district|Mandya]]
|137,358
|-
|23
|[[Chikmagalur|Chikkamagaluru]]
|[[Chikmagalur district|Chikkamagaluru]]
|118,401
|-
|24
|[[Gangavati, Karnataka|Gangavati]]
|[[Koppal district|Koppala]]
|114,642
|-
|25
|[[Bagalkote]]
|[[Bagalkot district|Bagalkote]]
|111,933
|-
|26
|[[Ranebennuru]]
|[[Haveri district|Haveri]]
|106,406
|-
|27
|[[Arsikere]]
|[[Hassan district|Hassan]]
|103,304
|}

== See also ==
*[[List of districts of Karnataka]]
*[[List of most populous metropolitan areas in India]]
*[[List of states and union territories of India by population]]
*[[Demographics of India]]
*[[List of cities in Karnataka by population]]
*[[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Urban agglomerations of India by states}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Urban agglomerations in Karnataka, List of}}
[[Category:Karnataka-related lists]]

Shrimad Vidyadheesh Teerth Swamiji

2026-02-01T12:47:02Z

RaushanYoganta: New A Data Needs Work

{{short description|24th peethadhish of Gokarna Math}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|10|10|df=y}}
| image = Shrimad Vidyadheesh Teerth Swamiji in Kumta 02.jpg
| caption =
| term_start1 = 30 July 2021
| predecessor1 = Shrimad Vidyadhiraj Teerth Swamiji
| birthname =
| birth_place = [[Belgaum]], [[Karnataka]], India
| name = Shri Vidyadheesh Teertha
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| home_town = [[Belgavi]]
| citizenship = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| sect = [[Gokarna Math]]
| philosophy = [[Dvaita]]
| guru = Shrimad Vidyadhiraj Teerth Swamiji
| birth_name = Uday Bhat Sharma
| term_end1 = present
| title = Shri Vidyadheesh Teertha Swamiji
| honorific prefix = His Holiness
| honorific suffix = Swamiji
| module1 = {{infobox officeholder|embed=yes
|title = [[Gokarna Math]]
|term_start = 2021-present
|term_end =
|predecessor = Shrimad Vidyadhiraj Teerth Swamiji
}}
| website = https://www.dbcblr.org
}}

'''Shrimad Vidhyadheesh Teerth Swami''' (born 10 October 1995; formerly '''Uday Bhat Sharma'''), also referred to as '''Shri''' '''Vidhyadhish Teerth Swamiji''', became head (Mathadipathi) of the [[Gokarna Math|Gokarna Partagali Math]] in July 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mangaluru News - Uday Bhatt: Gokarn Partagali Math to accept 'shishya' in Uday Bhatt on February 9 |last=Shenoy |first=Jaideep |newspaper=The Times of India |date=25 January 2017 |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/gokarn-partagali-math-to-accept-shishya-in-uday-bhatt-on-february-9/articleshow/56774888.cms}}</ref> He is the 24th successive person of Gokarna Math according to ''Guru Parampara.''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mumbai News - GSB mutt guru appoints temple priest's son as successor |last=Jaisinghani |first=Bella |newspaper=The Times of India |date=11 February 2017 |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/gsb-mutt-guru-appoints-temple-priests-son-as-successor/articleshow/57096786.cms}}</ref>

== Early life ==
In February 2017 Uday Bhat Sharma of 21 years of age, an engineering student of Maratha Mandal Engineering College, [[Belgaum]], [[Karnataka]] was officially declared by Sripad Vader Swamiji to be his successor to head the matha. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-02-09 |title=Partagal swami’s successor to be anointed today |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/partagali-swamiji-successor-to-be-anointed-today/articleshow/57048797.cms |access-date=2023-04-16 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Head of Gokarna Partagali Math ==
Shrimad Vidhyadhish Teerth Swamiji, the predecessor Shrimad Vidyadhiraj Teerth Swamiji as mathadipathi, attained moksha on 19 July 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 30, 2021|title=New spiritual head takes charge of Partagal mutt today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/new-spiritual-head-takes-charge-of-partagal-mutt-today/articleshow/84875493.cms |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> In accordance with the [[guru–shishya tradition]] followed by the math, He had initiated [[Shrimad Vidhyadhish Teerth Swamiji|Vidhyadhish Teerth]] as the shishya who would succeed him upon his death and thus Vidhyadhish Teerth became the new mathadipathi. He officially took charge on 30 July 2021 at Partagali, Poinginim, [[Canacona]], Goa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 July 2021 |title=Goa: Partagal mutt peethadish, Shrimad Vidyadhiraj Teerth Shripad Vader, passes away at 76 |work=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/partagal-swami-passes-away-at-76/articleshow/84567393.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-07-28 |title=Peetharohan of 24th Partagal mutt peethadhish on July 30 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/peetharohan-of-24th-partagal-mutt-peethadhish-on-july-30/articleshow/84808901.cms |access-date=2023-04-16 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Gokarna Math]]
*[[Kashi Math]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swamiji, Shrimad Vidhyahdheesh Teerth}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Hindu-bio-stub}}

2025 Dehradun Municipal Corporation election

2026-01-27T14:20:41Z

RaushanYoganta: added some page basic info...

{{Short description|Election to the municipal corporation of Dehradun}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2025 Dehradun Municipal Corporation election
| country = India
| type = Legislative
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 2018 Dehradun Municipal Corporation election
| previous_year = 2018
| election_date = 23 January 2025
| next_election =
| next_year = 2030
| seats_for_election = All 100 seats in the [[Dehradun Municipal Corporation]]
| majority_seats = 51
| turnout =

| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Lotus flower symbol.svg|bSize=120|cWidth=120|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Hand INC.svg||bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=16|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = [[Saurabh Thapliyal]]
| alliance1 =
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leaders_seat1 =
| last_election1 = 60
| colour1 =
| seats1 = '''63'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 3
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 =
| swing1 =

| colour2 =
| leader2 = Virendra Pokhriyal
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| leaders_seat2 =
| last_election2 = 34
| seats2 = '''24'''
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 10
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 =
| swing2 =

| image3 =
| colour3 =
| leader3 = ''None''
| party3 = Independent politician
| leaders_seat3 =
| last_election3 = 6
| seats3 = '''13'''
| seat_change3 = {{increase}} 7
| popular_vote3 =
| percentage3 =
| swing3 =
| map_image = India Dehradun, Uttarakhand Municipal Corporation Election 2025.svg
| map_size = 300px
| title = Mayor
| before_election = [[Sunil Uniyal]]
| before_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| after_election = [[Saurabh Thapliyal]]
| after_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
}}

The '''2025 Dehradun Municipal Corporation election'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/bjp-wins-mayoral-seat-in-dehradun/articleshow/117576064.cms| title=BJP wins mayoral seat in Dehradun }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jan/26/bjp-sweeps-urban-local-body-polls-in-uttarakhand-wins-10-of-11-mayoral-seats | title=BJP sweeps urban local body polls in Uttarakhand, wins 10 of 11 mayoral seats }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-date-of-municipal-elections-announced-in-uttarakhand-election-commission-announced-after-reservation-was-decided-23854347.html | title=उत्तराखंड में नगर निकाय चुनाव की तारीख का एलान, आरक्षण तय होने पर चुनाव आयोग ने की घोषणा - Date of municipal elections announced in Uttarakhand Election Commission announced after reservation was decided }}</ref> was a municipal election to the [[Dehradun Municipal Corporation]] which governs [[Dehradun]] City, the largest city in [[Uttarakhand]]. It took place on 23 January 2025.

To the 100-[[Ward (electoral subdivision)|ward]] body, 63 members from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] were elected, while 24 came from the [[Indian National Congress]] and remaining 13 being [[Independent politician|Independents]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-municipal-corporation-wards-result-bjp-is-ahead-and-congress-is-behind-201737885774218.html| title=Dehradun Municipal Corporation ward result BJP is ahead and Congress is behind}}</ref>

== Election schedule ==
The election schedule was announced by the state election commission on 23 December 2024.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://kumaonjansandesh.com/date-of-civic-elections-announced-in-uttarakhand/ | title=उत्तराखंड में निकाय चुनाव की तिथि घोषित - कुमाऊँ जनसंदेश }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Poll Event
! Schedule
|-
| Notification Date
| 27 December 2024
|-
| Last Date for filing nomination
| 30 December 2024
|-
| Scrutiny of nomination
| 31 December 2024
|-
| Last Date for Withdrawal of nomination
| 2 January 2025
|-
| Allotment of Symbols
| 3 January 2025
|-
| '''Date of Poll'''
|'''23 January 2025'''
|-
| '''Date of Counting of Votes'''
|'''25 January 2025'''
|}

==Candidates==
===Mayoral===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!colspan="3" |Party
!Symbol
!Candidate's Name
|-
! 1
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[File:BJP_flag.svg|center|75x75px]]
| [[File:BJP_election_symbol.png|center|75x75px]]
| [[Saurabh Thapliyal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/uttarakhand-bjp-announces-candidates-for-all-11-mayoral-seats-full-list-2024-12-29-968545|title=Uttarakhand: BJP announces candidates for all 11 mayoral seats|work=India TV|accessdate=29 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
! 2
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[File:INC_Flag_Official.jpg|center|75x75px]]
| [[File:Hand INC.svg|center|75x75px]]
| Virendra Pokhriyal<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/dehradun/saurabh-thapliyal-from-bjp-and-virendra-pokhriyal-from-congress-are-in-the-fray-for-mayor-dehradun-news-c-5-1-drn1030-581794-2024-12-30|title=Dehradun News: Saurabh Thapliyal from BJP and Virendra Pokhriyal from Congress are in the fray for mayor|work=Amar Ujala|accessdate=29 December 2024|language=hi}}</ref>
|}

===Ward-wise candidates===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan="2"|Ward No.<ref name="Dehradun MC Wards">{{cite web|url=https://nagarnigamdehradun.com/ward-detail-parasiman-2024.php|title=Ward-wise list of Dehradun Municipal Corporation|work=Dehradun Municipal Corporation|accessdate=29 December 2024}}</ref>
!rowspan="2"|Ward Name<ref name="Dehradun MC Wards"/>
|colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
!colspan="3"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
!colspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/congress-released-the-list-of-councillors-in-dehradun-uttarakhand-news-uts24122901484|title=Dehradun Congress Ward-wise candidates|work=ETV Bharat|accessdate=30 December 2024|language=hi}}</ref>
|-
!1
|Malsi
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Anurag Singh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Surendra Singh Bohra
|-
!2
|Vijaypur
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Nirmala Thapa
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sagar Lama
|-
!3
|Ranjhawala
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Shishirkant Tiwari
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Anil Chhetri
|-
!4
|Rajpur
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Alka Kulhan
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Urmila Thapa
|-
!5
|Dhoran
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Alpana Rana
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ranjana Chauhan
|-
!6
|Doon Vihar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Meenakshi Nautiyal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Anupama Bharadwaj
|-
!7
|Jakhan
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Amit Kumar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Arvindra Chaudhary
|-
!8
|Salawala
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Bhupendra Kathait
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Pawan Kharola
|-
!9
|Arya Nagar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Yogesh Ghaghat
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Nisha Rani
|-
!10
|Dobhal Wala
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Mohan Bahuguna
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Udveer Singh Panwar
|-
!11
|Vijay Colony
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Bhawna Chaudhary
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Monica Rajoria
|-
!12
|Kishan Nagar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Nandini Sharma
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Poonam Kshetri
|-
!13
|D.L. Road
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rekha Devi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Suman
|-
!14
|Rispana
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rani Kaur
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Pooja Chauhan
|-
!15
|Karanpur
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ravi Kumar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Mayank Jakhmola
|-
!16
|Bakralwala
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ashok Dobariyal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Vijendra Pal Singh
|-
!17
|Chukkhuwala
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Satyendra Bhandari
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Arjun Sonkar
|-
!18
|Indra Colony
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Vanshika Sonkar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Savita Sonkar
|-
!19
|Ghanta Ghar Kalika Mandir
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Santokh Nagpal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ravi Kumar Phukela
|-
!20
|Race Course North
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rahul Panwar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Virender Singh
|-
!21
|M.K.P.
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rohan Chandel
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Alpana Jadli
|-
!22
|Tilak Road
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Anita Garg
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!23
|Khurbura
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Vimla Gaur
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Lakshmi Kaur
|-
!24
|Shivaji Marg
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Vishal Kumar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Nitin Chanchal
|-
!25
|Indrish Nagar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Manoj Kumar Jatav
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Gagan Chhachhar
|-
!26
|Dhamawala
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Priyanka Anand
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!27
|Jhanda Mohalla
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Vaibhav Agarwal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rajesh Uniyal
|-
!28
|Dalanwala North
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Geeta Rawat
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kamla Devi
|-
!29
|Dalanwala East
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Deep Charan
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Nikhil Kumar
|-
!30
|Dalanwala South
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sunita Majkhola
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Durga Negi
|-
!31
|Kaulaghar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Samidha Gurung
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Piya Thapa
|-
!32
|Ballupur
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Kiran Nautiyal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Komal Bohra
|-
!33
|Yamuna Colony
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sanjay Singhal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sumitra Dhyani
|-
!34
|Govind Ghar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Mahendra Kaur Kukreja
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Amrita Kaushal
|-
!35
|Shri Dev Suman
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Kirti Beniwal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sangeeta Gupta
|-
!36
|Vijay Park
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Amita Singh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Geetanjali Sharma
|-
!37
|Basant Vihar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ankit Agarwal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!38
|Panditwari
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Manish Pal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Abhishek Tiwari
|-
!39
|Indra Nagar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Praveen Negi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rajeev Chaudhary
|-
!40
|Seema Dwar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Meera Kathait
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ramkumar Thapliyal
|-
!41
|Indrapuram
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Babita Gupta
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Payal Behel
|-
!42
|Kanwali
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Renu Gheyal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sunita Pundir
|-
!43
|Dwanpuri
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rajni Devi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Anju Bharti
|-
!44
|Patel Nagar West
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Dolly
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Neha Sharma
|-
!45
|Gandhi Gram
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Meenakshi Maurya
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sheela Devi Dhiman
|-
!46
|Adhoiwala
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Suman Mani
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Monica Chaudhary
|-
!47
|Chandar Road
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sanjeev Malhotra
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ajay Tyagi
|-
!48
|Badrish Colony
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Kamli Bhatt
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Radha Nautiyal
|-
!49
|Bhagat Singh Colony
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Mehtab Ali
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!50
|Rajiv Nagar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Varsha Badoni
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Mahendra Singh Rawat
|-
!51
|Bani Vihar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Trilok Bargali
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Shubham Chauhan
|-
!52
|Saraswati Vihar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sohan Rautela
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ashish Gusain
|-
!53
|Mata Mandir Road
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Vimal Uniyal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kshitij Farasi
|-
!54
|Chandra Singh Garhwali Ajabpur
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ranjana Dhanai
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sandhya Uniyal
|-
!55
|Shah Nagar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rakesh Kumar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Jitendra Singh
|-
!56
|Dharampur
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sushil Kumar Bagasi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Amit Bhandari
|-
!57
|Nehru Colony
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Vinod Negi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kanchan Regmi
|-
!58
|Defence Colony
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Devendra Gairola
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ajendra Gusain
|-
!59
|Gujrara Mansingh
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sanjeet Bansal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Saurabh Uniyal
|-
!60
|Danda Lakhond
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Abhishek Pant
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Manjula Tomar
|-
!61
|Aamwala Tarla
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Prashant Dobhal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Vijay Raturi
|-
!62
|Nunarkhera
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sumit Pundir
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Abhinay Bisht
|-
!63
|Ladpur
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Kavindra Semwal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Swarnim Raj Kandari
|-
!64
|Nehru Gram
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sushila
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kavita Negi
|-
!65
|Dobhal Chowk
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Vijaylakshmi Negi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sarita Bisht
|-
!66
|Raipur
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Kapil Dhar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Pratibha Sharma
|-
!67
|Mohkampur
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ravindra Singh Rawat
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sumit Devrani
|-
!68
|Chak Tun Wala Miya Wala
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Pooja Negi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Vijay Singh Bisht
|-
!69
|Ritha Mandi
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Hariduddin
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Etat Khan
|-
!70
|Lakkhi Bagh
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ram Kumar Gupta
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ayush Gupta
|-
!71
|Patel Nagar East
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Mahipal Dhiman
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Amandeep Singh
|-
!72
|Dehrakhas
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Alok Kumar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Nitin Rawat
|-
!73
|Vidhya Vihar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ramesh Gaur
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Hemant Upreti
|-
!74
|Bhrampuri
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Satish Kashyap
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Aman Kumar Prajapati
|-
!75
|Lohia Nagar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Jasveer Singh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!76
|Niranjanpur
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Shraddha Sethi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sheena Mehta
|-
!77
|Majra
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Aftab Alam
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Zahid Ansari
|-
!78
|Turner Road
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Mita Gupta
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kusum
|-
!79
|Bharuwala Grant
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Deepak Negi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Piyush Gaur
|-
!80
|Rest Camp
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Anjali Singhal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Archana Kapoor
|-
!81
|Race Course South
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rakhi Barthawal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Pushpa Panwar
|-
!82
|Deep Nagar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Dinesh Sati
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Anil Sharma
|-
!83
|Kedarpur
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Darshan Lal Binjola
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Naveen Chandra Ramola
|-
!84
|Banjarowala
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Lakshmi Rana
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Anita Saklani
|-
!85
|Mothrowala
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Mam Chand
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Arvind Kumar Gurung
|-
!86
|Sewla Kalan
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Manju Kaushik
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Veermati Devi
|-
!87
|Pithuwala
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Pushkar Chauhan
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Hari Prasad Bhatt
|-
!88
|Mehuwala-1
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Pushpa Nautiyal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Tarannum
|-
!89
|Mehuwala-2
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Usha Chauhan
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Priya Verma
|-
!90
|Mohobiwala
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sudhir Thapa
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Mohan Lal Gurung
|-
!91
|Chanderbani
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Suman Butola
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!92
|Arcadia-1
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Anil Nautiyal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Pawan Tomar
|-
!93
|Arcadia-2
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Kiran Yadav
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kailashi Negi
|-
!94
|Nathanpur-1
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Meharban Singh Bhandari
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Jitendra Kumar
|-
!95
|Nathanpur-2
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ravindra Gusain
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Karuna Singh
|-
!96
|Nawada
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Virendra Walia
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sachin Thapa
|-
!97
|Harrawala
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Vinod Kumar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Suman Rani
|-
!98
|Ballawala
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Prashant Kharola
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ashish Khatri
|-
!99
|Nakrunda
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rahul Kumar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Pradeep Kumar
|-
!100
|Nathuawala
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Swati Dobhal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Anjil Thapliyal
|}

==Results==
===Mayoral election===
{{Election box begin|title= 2025 Dehradun Municipal Corporation Election: Mayor}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Saurabh Thapliyal]]
| votes = 2,42,229
| percentage = 58.29
| change = {{increase}}11.88
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Virendra Pokhriyal
| votes = 1,36,535
| percentage = 32.86
| change = {{decrease}}3.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Independent
| candidate = Sardar Khan Pappu
| votes = 9,608
| percentage = 2.31
| change = {{increase}}1.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Independent
| candidate = Sulochna Ishtwal
| votes = 6,827
| percentage = 1.64
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Independent
| candidate = Vijay Prasad Bhattarai
| votes = 5,898
| percentage = 1.42
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Uttarakhand Kranti Dal
| candidate = Birendra Singh Bisht
| votes = 4,249
| percentage = 1.02
| change = {{increase}}0.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Independent
| candidate = Rajendra Prasad Gairola
| votes = 3,840
| percentage = 0.92
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above (India)
| candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
| votes = 2,927
| percentage = 0.7
| change = {{increase}}0.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = Ravindra Singh Anand
| votes = 2,469
| percentage = 0.59
| change = {{decrease}}7.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Independent
| candidate = Arushi Sundriyal
| votes = 382
| percentage = 0.09
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 1,05,694
| percentage = 25.43
| change = {{increase}}15.26
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 4,15,496
| percentage = 55.9
| change = {{increase}}0.73
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing = {{increase}}11.88
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Results by party===
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="4" rowspan="2"|Party
! colspan="3" |Seats
|-
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|colspan="3"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|100
|63
|{{up}}3
|-
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|colspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress]]
|99{{efn|Congress did not have a candidate in Ward No. 49 Bhagat Singh Colony.}}
|24
|{{down}}10
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|colspan="3"|Other parties
|24{{efn|Includes parties like AAP, CPI(M) & UKD.}}
|0
|{{steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|colspan="3"|[[Independent politician|Independents]]
|154
|13
|{{up}}7
|-
|style="background:Black; color:White"|
|colspan="3"|[[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |
!0
|{{no change}}
|-
!colspan="4"|Total
!100%
!100
!{{no change}}
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
== See also ==
* [[2025 Uttarakhand local elections]]
* [[2025 Pithoragarh Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Roorkee Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Haridwar Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Haldwani Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Rudrapur Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Kotdwar Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Rishikesh Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Almora Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Kashipur Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Srinagar, Uttarakhand Municipal Corporation election|2025 Srinagar Municipal Corporation election]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://sec.uk.gov.in State Election Commission]

{{Municipalities of Uttarakhand}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Uttarakhand elections}}

[[Category:Dehradun Municipal Corporation]]
[[Category:Municipal corporation elections in India|Dehradun]]
[[Category:2025 elections in India|Uttarakhand local elections]]
[[Category:2025 in Uttarakhand|Local elections]]
[[Category:Local elections in Uttarakhand]]

Tilkari, Munger

2026-01-21T09:43:16Z

RaushanYoganta: New Some Data W/ Refs

{{More citations needed|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tilkari
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|02|59.61|N|86|35|12.49|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Munger district|Munger]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of subdivisions of India|Subdivision]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Haveli Kharagpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 48
| population_total = 2000
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Angika]], [[Magahi]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 811213
}}
'''Tilkari''' is a village in the [[Tetiya Bamber]] Block of [[Haveli Kharagpur]] in the [[Munger district]] of [[Bihar]], India.

==Geography==
Tilkari is located on the banks of the Mahane river. With a population of about 2000,<ref>https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/243235-tilkari-bihar.html</ref> it lies under the jurisdiction of [[Tetia Bamber]] block. It lies 10 kilometers from Haveli Kharagpur to its north-west and about the same distance from [[Tarapur, Bihar|Tarapur]] in the north-east direction.

==Notable people==
* Smt. [[Bina Devi]] famously known as Mushroom Mahila<ref>https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-lady-mason-mushroom-mahila-among-15-women-awarded-nari-shakti-puraskar/348451</ref> was awarded with Nari Shakti Puraskar by President [[Ram Nath Kovind]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Munger district}}
{{Munger Division}}

[[Category:Villages in Munger district]]

{{Munger-geo-stub}}

Tata family

2026-01-18T18:10:17Z

RaushanYoganta: brief improved lead for consistency also and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian business family}}
{{Infobox family
| name = Tata Family
| image =
| caption =
| region = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| origin = [[Navsari]], Gujarat, India
| members = [[Jamsetji Tata]] [[Dorabji Tata|Sir Dorabji Tata]] [[Ratanji Tata|Sir Ratan Tata]] [[Naval Tata]] [[Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata]] [[J. R. D. Tata|JRD Tata]] [[Ratan Tata|Ratan Naval Tata]] [[Simone Tata]] [[Noel Tata]]
| other_families = [[Petit baronets|Petit family]] [[Nowroji Saklatwala|Saklatwala family]] [[Homi J. Bhabha|Bhabha family]] [[Pallonji Mistry|Mistry family]]
| heirlooms = [[Tata Sons]]
| estate =
| meaning =
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Tata family''' is an Indian business family, based in [[Mumbai]], India. The family company is [[Tata Sons]], which is the main [[holding company]] of the [[Tata Group]]. About 65% of the stock in these companies is owned by various Tata family charitable trusts, mainly the [[Sir Ratan Tata Trust|Sir Ratan Tata Trust & Allied Trusts]], and the [[Sir Dorabji Tata and Allied Trusts|Sir Dorabji Tata Trust & Allied Trusts]]. Approximately 18% of the shares are held by the [[Pallonji Mistry]] family, and the rest by various Tata sons.

The Tatas are a [[Parsi]] family and originally came to [[Mumbai]] from [[Navsari]] in the state of [[Gujarat]]. The founder of the family's fortune was [[Jamsetji Tata]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-05 |title=JRD's first proposal at work: a postal air service |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/books/book-excerpts/jrds-first-proposal-at-work-a-postal-air-service/article36839019.ece |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en |archive-date=12 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912204956/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/books/book-excerpts/jrds-first-proposal-at-work-a-postal-air-service/article36839019.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Prominent members==
* [[Jamsetji Tata]] (3 March 1839 – 19 May 1904), known as one of the fathers of Indian industries.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Forbes India Magazine - Tata Sons: Passing the Baton|url = http://forbesindia.com/article/boardroom/tata-sons-passing-the-baton/31052/1|website = forbesindia.com|access-date = 2015-11-17|archive-date = 4 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190904034101/http://www.forbesindia.com/article/boardroom/tata-sons-passing-the-baton/31052/1|url-status = live}}</ref> He and his wife Hirabai {{nee}} Daboo were the parents of a daughter and two sons, being:
** Dhunbai Tata, daughter of Jamsetji and Hirabai Tata. Unwed.
** [[Dorabji Tata|Sir Dorabji Tata]] (27 August 1859 – 3 June 1932), elder son of Jamsetji, Indian industrialist, philanthropist and 2nd Chairman of Tata Group. His wife, Meherbai Tata, was the maternal aunt of nuclear scientist [[Homi J. Bhabha]]. The couple did not have children.
** [[Ratanji Tata|Sir Ratan Tata]] (20 January 1871 – 5 September 1918), younger son of Jamsetji, philanthropist and pioneer of poverty studies. The couple did not have children. After Ratanji Tata died, his wife, Navajbai Tata, adopted an orphan, [[Naval Tata|Naval]], who was the grand-nephew of her mother-in-law, and raised him as her own son. Incidentally, Naval was a Tata by birth, since he was born into a very distant branch of the same broader Tata family to which Jamsetji belonged.
*** [[Naval Tata]] (30 August 1904 – 5 May 1989) adopted son of Navajbai Tata. His biological maternal grandmother, Cooverbai Rao {{nee}} Daboo, had been the sister of Hirabai Tata {{nee}} Daboo, wife of [[Tata Group]] founder [[Jamsetji Tata]]. Cooverbai Rao's daughter, Ratanbai {{nee}} Rao, had married Hormusji Tata, who belonged to a distant branch of the broader Tata family. Their son [[Naval Tata|Naval]] therefore carried the surname "Tata" by birthright. Following the early death of Hormusji, that family had fallen into poverty, and Ratanbai had briefly placed Naval in a Parsi orphanage. When the childless Navajbai Tata discovered that her husband's relatives were living in such poverty, she hastened to help them. She then became fond of the child Naval and, with Ratanbai's consent, she adopted him.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Malik |first1=Amil |title=Who is Ratan Tata and how 'real' a Tata is he? |url=https://www.vccircle.com/who-ratan-tata-and-how-real-tata-he/ |agency=VC Circle |publisher=Mosaic Media Ventures Pvt. Ltd. |date=Nov 30, 2016 |access-date=20 September 2018 |archive-date=1 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401162713/https://www.vccircle.com/who-ratan-tata-and-how-real-tata-he/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Naval Tata served as Director in several Tata companies, was a member of the [[International Labour Organization|ILO]], and a recipient of [[Padma Bhushan]]. He married twice and had three sons.
****Soonoo {{nee}} Commissariat, first wife of Naval Tata. Born into a Parsi family, she married Naval Tata with the approval of both his families (birth and adoptive). She bore Naval two sons, [[Ratan Tata|Ratan]] and the reclusive Jimmy, but the marriage was intensely unhappy and ended in divorce. The fact that none of her children ever married is attributed to the unhappiness they witnessed as children. As early as 1951, she married [[Jejeebhoy baronets|Jamsetji Jeejeebhoy, 6th Baronet]].
***** [[Ratan Tata|Ratan Naval Tata]] (28 December 1937 – 9 October 2024), 5th Chairman of the [[Tata Group]], son of Naval Tata by his first wife Soonoo Commissariat.
***** Jimmy Tata, son of Naval Tata by his first wife Soonoo Commissariat.
**** [[Simone Tata]] {{nee}} Dunoyer (2 March 1930 – 5 December 2025), second wife of Naval Tata. A French-speaking Swiss woman and a Catholic, she was twenty-six years younger than Naval Tata. She married him in 1955 and moved to Mumbai. She and Naval have one son, Noel Tata (b. 1957). She ran [[Lakmé Cosmetics]] and served as chairperson of [[Trent Limited|Trent (Westside)]].<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Noel-Tata-takes-over-as-chairman-of-Trent/articleshow/33070853.cms|title = Noel Tata takes over as chairman of Trent|access-date = 24 January 2015|publisher = Times of India|archive-date = 1 April 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200401162715/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Noel-Tata-takes-over-as-chairman-of-Trent/articleshow/33070853.cms|url-status = live}}</ref>
***** [[Noel Tata]], chairperson of [[Trent (Westside)|Trent]], son of Naval Tata by his second wife Simone.
* [[Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata]] (1856–1926), one of the early stalwarts to serve the [[Tata Group]]. His father Dadabhoy Kawasji Tata was the brother of Jeevanbai, [[Jamsetji Tata]]'s mother. Therefore Ratanji was a maternal cousin of Jamsetji and belonged to the broader Tata family. He married [[Suzanne RD Tata|Suzanne Brière]], a French Catholic, and had five children, including:
** [[J. R. D. Tata|JRD Tata]] (29 July 1904 – 29 November 1993), son of [[Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata]] by his wife Suzanne. As 4th Chairman of Tata Group, he pioneered Indian aviation and founded [[Air India|Tata Airlines]] (later known as [[Air India]]).
** Sylla Tata, daughter of Ratanji Dadabhoy and elder sister of J.R.D.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite web|url=http://www.tatacentralarchives.com/tata-legacy/family-tree.html|title=Tata family tree}} At Tata Central Archives.
* {{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9071372|title=Tata family|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}

== External links ==
* [http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/photo/10868900.cms Tata family tree], ''Economic times''
* [https://www.viralpanda.net/the-most-successful-tata/ The most successful Tata] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021010338/https://viralpanda.net/the-most-successful-tata/ |date=21 October 2020 }} ''Viral Panda''

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}

{{Tata Group}}

[[Category:Tata family| ]]
[[Category:Gujarati businesspeople]]
[[Category:Parsi people from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Business families of India]]

Ratirahasya

2026-01-09T03:18:50Z

RaushanYoganta: typo fix

{{Short description|Medieval Indian sex manual}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox book 
| name = Ratirahasya
| image = 
| caption =
| author = Kokkoka
| title_orig =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = [[Kashmir]]
| language = [[Sanskrit]]
| series =
| subject = [[Human sexuality]]
| genre = [[Sex manual]]
| publisher =
| pub_date = 11th or 12th century
| english_pub_date = 1964
| media_type = Printed
| pages = 172
| isbn = 
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}
The '''''Ratirahasya''''' ([[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa| रतिरहस्य }}) (translated in English as '''''Secrets of Love''''', also known as the '''''Koka Shastra''''') is an early medieval [[Kashmir|Kashmiri]] [[sex manual]] written by Kokkoka, a poet, who is variously described as Koka or Koka Pandit.<ref name="Vātsy jkedaqw āyanaDane2003">{{cite book|author1=Vātsyāyana|author2=Lance Dane|title=The Complete Illustrated Kama Sutra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gNV1BP2DCWYC&pg=PT12|access-date=23 March 2012|date=7 October 2003|publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co|isbn=978-0-89281-138-0|pages=11–12}}</ref><ref name="FrayserWhitby1995">{{cite book|author1=Suzanne G. Frayser|author2=Thomas J. Whitby|title=Studies in Human Sexuality: a selected guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZArPH0nFGo0C&pg=PA144|access-date=23 March 2012|year=1995|publisher=Libraries Unlimited|isbn=978-1-56308-131-6|page=144}}</ref><ref name="Greenberg2008">{{cite book|author=Yudit Kornberg Greenberg|title=Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nGoag6b3JvYC&pg=PA348|access-date=23 March 2012|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-980-1|page=348}}</ref><ref name="Kalia1997">{{cite book|author=Krishan Lal Kalia|title=Eminent Personalities of Kashmir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1gctQ_ccrSMC&pg=PP16|access-date=23 March 2012|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7141-345-4|page=16}}</ref> The exact date of its writing is not known, but it is estimated the text was written in the 11th or 12th century.<ref name="FrayserWhitby1995"/> It is speculated that ''Ratirahasya'' was written to please a king by the name [[Venudutta]]. Kokkoka describes himself in the book as ''siddha patiya pandita'', i.e. "an ingenious man among learned men".<ref name="Vātsy jkedaqw āyanaDane2003" /><ref name="Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana">{{cite book|last=Ra|first=Frank|title=Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana|publisher=Subjective Wellbeing Instituted|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9VdtO-N4vpgC&q=koka+shastra&pg=PA1}}</ref> The manual was written in [[Sanskrit]].<ref name="Goodway2011">{{cite book|author=David Goodway|title=Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow: Left-Libertarian Thought and British Writers from William Morris to Colin Ward|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8ttzKzNnJsC&pg=PA328|access-date=23 March 2012|date=1 November 2011|publisher=PM Press|isbn=978-1-60486-221-8|page=328}}</ref>

==Historical context==
Unlike the ''[[Kama Sutra]]'', which is an [[Ancient India|ancient]] sex manual related to [[Hindu literature]], ''Ratirahasya'' deals with [[medieval India]]n society. A sex manual was needed that would be suitable for the medieval cultural climate, and ''Ratirahasya'' was written, quite different from the ancient text ''Kama Sutra''.<ref name="FrayserWhitby1995"/>

==Structure==
There are fifteen ''pachivedes'' (chapters) and 800 verses in ''Ratirahasya'' which deal with various topics such as different physiques, [[lunar calendar]], different types of [[genital]]s, characteristics of women of various ages, [[hug]]s, [[kiss]]es, [[sexual intercourse]] and [[sex position]]s, sex with a strange woman, etc.<ref name="Vātsy jkedaqw āyanaDane2003" /><ref name="FrayserWhitby1995"/> Kokkoka describes various stages of love in ''Ratirahasya'', the fifth stage being [[weight loss]], the ninth is [[fainting]], and the tenth and last stage is death.<ref name="Lienhard1984">{{cite book|author=Siegfried Lienhard|title=A History of Classical Poetry: Sanskrit, Pali, Prakrit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E0aYeR67booC&pg=PA119|access-date=23 March 2012|year=1984|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-02425-9|page=119}}</ref> ''Ratirahasya'' makes classifications of women, and describes [[erogenous zone]]s and days that lead to women's easy arousal.

''Ratirahasya'' is describes in detail Indian [[Femininity|feminine]] beauty, similar to that found in [[Kamasutra]].<ref>{{Cite book | last = Doniger| first = Wendy| title = Kamasutra - Oxford World's Classics| publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]| year = 2003| page =128 | isbn = 9780192839824}}</ref> The book classified women into four psycho-physical types, according to their appearance and physical features.<ref name="Our B-I-G fix">{{cite news|last=Kazmi|first=Nikhat|title=Our B-I-G fix|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bombay-times/Our-B-I-G-fix/articleshow/722511.cms|access-date=27 March 2012|newspaper=Times of India|date=Jun 7, 2004}}</ref><ref name="QI: Quite interesting facts about weddings">{{cite news|title=QI: Quite interesting facts about weddings|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/qi/8466023/QI-Quite-interesting-facts-about-weddings.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424113633/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/qi/8466023/QI-Quite-interesting-facts-about-weddings.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 April 2011|access-date=27 March 2012|date=21 Apr 2011| newspaper= The Telegraph|author=Molly Oldfield|author2=John Mitchinson}}</ref>
# Padmini (lotus woman)
# Chitrini (art woman)
# Shankini (conch woman)
# Hastini (elephant woman)

On the basis of the size of the genitals, the text classifies sexual intercourse into nine different types. [[Aphrodisiac]]s are also described in the book.<ref name="Kar2005">{{cite book|author=Kar|title=Comprehensive Textbook of Sexual Medicine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YxcjMPbGHQIC&pg=PA456|access-date=23 March 2012|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Publishers|isbn=978-81-8061-405-7|page=456}}</ref>

==Analysis==
According to [[W.G. Archer]], Kokkoka "is concerned with how to make the most of sex, how to enjoy it and how to keep a woman happy."<ref name="FrayserWhitby1995"/> In writing this text, Kokkoka depended on a number of other authors including, among others [[Nandikeshvara]], [[Gonikaputra]], and [[Vatsyayana]].<ref name="(A-mdo)1992">{{cite book|author=Dge-ʼdun-chos-ʼphel (A-mdo)|title=Tibetan arts of love|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zmxR93ZeSBMC&pg=PA35|access-date=23 March 2012|year=1992|publisher=Snow Lion Publications|isbn=978-0-937938-97-3|page=35}}</ref>

==Translations==
[[Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]] translations of the book are entitled ''[[Lazzat Un Nisa]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night|publisher=Forgotten Books|isbn=9781440039980|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2AdV8WoRMgC&q=Lizzat-al+nissa&pg=PA93}}</ref> [[Alex Comfort]], author of ''[[The Joy of Sex]]'', made an English translation of ''Ratirahasya'' in 1964 titled ''The Koka Shastra, Being the Ratirahasya of Kokkoka, and Other Medieval Indian Writings on Love'' (London: George Allen and Unwin). Another English translation was made by S. C. Upadhyaya, entitled ''Kokashastra (Rati Rahasya) of Pundit Kokkoka''. Some commentaries have been written on this text by [[Avana Rama Chandra]], [[Kavi Prabhu]], and [[Harihara]]. It is a popular text in India, second only to the ''[[Kama Sutra]]'' among sex manuals.<ref name="(A-mdo)1992"/>

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=33em}}
{{Portal|Human sexuality}}
{{Sex manuals}}
{{Sex}}

[[Category:11th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Kamashastra]]
[[Category:Sex manuals]]
[[Category:Hindu texts]]
[[Category:Hinduism and sexuality]]
[[Category:Sexology literature]]
[[Category:11th-century Sanskrit literature]]
[[Category:12th-century Sanskrit literature]]

S. P. Sailaja

2026-01-08T00:33:59Z

RaushanYoganta: expand structure as per guidelines and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian singer (born 1962)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{BLP sources |date= July 2021}}
{{Family name hatnote|Sripathi Panditaradhyula|lang=Telugu}}
{{Infobox person
| name = S. P. Sailaja
| image = Sp Sailaja.jpg
| caption = Sailaja in ''Swarabhishekam''
| birth_name = Sripathi Panditaradhyula Sailaja
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|10|09|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Nellore]], [[Nellore district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|actress|voice artist}}
| years_active = 1977–present
| spouse = [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]]
| children = 1
| relatives = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] (brother)
}}

'''Sripathi Panditaradhyula Sailaja''' is an Indian singer, voice artist and actress who had sung 10,000 songs in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Hindi]] films. She had sung most of the songs for [[Illayaraja]], [[K. Chakravarthy]], [[Ramesh Naidu]], [[K.V. Mahadevan]], [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]], [[Shankar-Ganesh]] and [[Gangai Amaran]]. She had won two [[Nandi Awards]], Filmfare South and Kalasagar awards.

== Television works ==
Sailaja has appeared as both an audition judge and a guest judge in several reality talent hunt shows such as [[Vijay TV]]'s ''[[Airtel Super Singer]]'', ''[[Airtel Super Singer Junior]]''.<ref name="HinduOct11">{{cite news|author=G. Prasad|title=Children pitch it right at audition |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 October 2011|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/children-pitch-it-right-at-audition/article2544394.ece|access-date=8 November 2014}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= May 2022}}

===Actress===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title !! Role !! Language
|-
|1983
| ''[[Saagara Sangamam]]'' || Kum. Sailaja||Telugu
|}

==Playback singing==

===Partial list of S. P. Sailaja songs===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Co-singer
! scope="col" | Composer
! scope="col" | Language
|-
||1977||''[[Change (film)|Marpu]]'' ||Iddaram Memu Iddaram||S.P.Vasantha||[[K. Chakravarthy]]||rowspan="5"|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|rowspan="5"|1978||''[[Surya Chandrulu]]''||Edo Edo Entho Cheppalani||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Ramesh Naidu]]
|-
|''[[Pranam Khareedu]]''||Eilliyallo Eilliyallo Endhaka||[[G. Anand]]||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|''[[Sivaranjani (film)|Sivaranjani]]''||Maa Palle Vadalaku Krishnamurthy||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Ramesh Naidu]]
|-
|''[[Mana Voori Pandavulu]]''||Nalla Nallani Mobbulona||[[G. Anand]]||[[K.V. Mahadevan]]
|-
|''[[Manitharil Ithanai Nirangalah!]]''||Mazhai Tharumo En Megam||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam|S. P. Balasubrahmaniyam]]||[[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|rowspan="35"|1979||''[[Dharma Yuddham]]''||Are Povayya Povayya|| -||[[Illayaraja]]||rowspan="13"|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|''[[Hema Hemeelu]]''||Red Lion Red Lion||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Ramesh Naidu]]
|-
|''[[Azhage Unnai Aarathikkiren|Uravasi Neeve Naa Preyasi]]''||Vayasu Entha Vayasu||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Vani Jayaram]], [[G. Anand]] ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Toorpu Velle Railu]]''||Vasathade Naa Raju|| ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|''[[Kothala Raayudu]]''||Yenda Vaana Pellade||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[J. V. Raghavulu]]
|-
|''[[Annai Oru Aalayam|Amma Evarikaina Amma]]''||Chinnamama Chittimama|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="4"|''[[Sri Vinayaka Vijayamu]]''||Vandheloka Hitam|| ||[[S. Rajeshwara Rao]]
|-
|Okka Vanka||Madhavapeddi Ramesh||[[S. Rajeshwara Rao]]
|-
|Sriman Maha Devadeva||Madhavapeddi Ramesh ||[[S. Rajeshwara Rao]]
|-
|Vedha Vedhantha Rupaya||[[S. Rajeshwara Rao]]||[[S. Rajeshwara Rao]]
|-
|''[[Maavari Manchitanam]]''||Amma Donga||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Master Venu]]
|-
|''[[Thaayillamal Naan Illai|Patagadu]]''||Vandhanam Vandhanam||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Madhavapeddi Ramesh||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|''[[Allauddinum Albhutha Vilakkum|Allauddin Adbutha Deepam]]''||Rajasam|| ||[[G. Devarajan]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Ponnu Oorukku Pudhusu]]''||Samakozhi||[[Illayaraja]]||[[Illayaraja]]||rowspan="20"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|Solai Kuyile|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Aarilirunthu Arubathu Varai]]''||Aan Pillai Endralum||B. S.Sasirekha||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Agal Vilakku]]''||Yedho Ninaivugal||[[K. J. Yesudas]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Annai Oru Aalayam]]''||Malai Aruvi|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Dharma Yuddham]]''||Ada Poya|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Chakkalathi]]''||Kozhi Motta Kozhi||B.S.Sasirekha||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Kadavul Amaitha Medai]]''|| Thangathuraiye|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Kalyanaraman (1979 film)|Kalyanaraman]]''||Malargalil Aadum|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Niram Maratha Pookal]]''||Aayiram Malargalae||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[Jency]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Iru Paravaigal(Sad)|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Poonthalir]]''||Manathil Yenna Ninaivugal||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Kannin Mani Ennai Kandupidi|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Rosappu Ravikkaikari]]''||Maaman Oru Naal||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Uchi Vanguntheduthu||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Uthiri Pookkal]]''||Kalyanam Paaru|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Vetrikku Oruvan]]''||Muththamizh||[[T. M. Soundarajan]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Suvarilladha Chiththirangal]]''||Aadium Odamaai||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Gangai Amaran]]
|-
|''[[Inikkum Ilamai]]''||Maalai Mayanginal||[[P. B. Srinivas]]||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|''[[Oru Vidukadhai Oru Thodarkadhai]]''||Adi Ennoda Vaadi||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]|| [[Gangai Amaran]]
|-
|''[[Azhage Unnai Aarathikkiren|Urvashi Neenu Nanna Preyasi]]''||Masatana||[[Vani Jayaram]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[G. Anand]]||[[Illayaraja]]||[[Kannada]]
|-
|''[[Raathrikal Ninakku Vendi]]''||Aavani Naalile||[[P. Jayachandran]]||[[A. T. Ummer]]||[[Malayalam]]
|-
|rowspan="41"|1980
|''[[Chandipriya]]''||Oh Priya Chandi Priya||[[P. Susheela]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[P. Adinarayana Rao]]||rowspan="14|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|''[[Buchi Babu (film)|Buchi Babu]]''||Pasupu Pachathadu ||Puspalatha ||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|''[[Kaksha]]''||Orabba Voorura Savalu Chestunnam ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] [[P. Susheela]], Madhavapeddi Ramesh||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|''[[Jathara]]'' ||Magha Masa Velalo || ||[[G. K. Venkatesh]]
|-
|''[[Aatagadu]]''||Nee choope ||Madhavapeddi Ramesh||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|''[[Ram Robert Rahim]]''||Okka Ammayi Okka Abbayi ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]], [[G. Anand]] ||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|''[[Punnami Naagu (1980 film)|Punnami Naagu]]''||Gadusu Chinnadi || ||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|''[[Prema Tarangalu]]'' ||Manasu Okka Mandram || ||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|''[[Mogudu Kaavali]]''||O Chilaka Palike Bangarama ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]||[[J. V. Raghavulu]]
|-
|''[[Vamsa Vruksham]]''||Vamsi Krishna ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] ||[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|-
|''[[Moodu Mulla Bandham]]'' ||Radhakrishnayya Itu Rara Krisnayya ||[[S. Janaki]] ||[[Chellapilla Satyam]]
|-
|''[[Rakta Bandham]]'' ||Kakamma Kaki ||[[P. Susheela]], [[G. Anand]] ||[[G.K. Venkatesh]]
|-
| ''[[Aarani Mantalu]]''||Annaya Deevana|| ||[[Chellapilla Satyam]]
|-
|''[[Alludu Pattina Bharatam]]''||Anjana Santhana|| ||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|''[[Rishi Moolam]]''||Vaada En|| ||[[Illayaraja]]||rowspan="24"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|''[[Johnny (1980 film)|Johnny]]''||Aasaiye Kaathule|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Kallukkul Eeram]]''||Thoppiloru ||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Murattu Kaalai (1980 film)|Murattu Kaalai]]''||Maame Machchan|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Aayiram Vaasal Idhayam]]''||Hey Enna Aasa||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Ellam Un Kairasi]]''||Cherikku Sevai||[[S. Janaki]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|''[[Nadhiyai Thedi Vandha Kadal]]''||Thavikkadhu Thayamgunthu||[[P. Jayachandran]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Poonthottam Poovil|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Varatha Kalangal||[[P. Susheela]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|''[[Samanthipoo]]'' ||Maalai Velai||[[S.P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]
|-
|Kanavugale|| ||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]
|-
|Kadavulai Nenaichu||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]], Saibaba||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]
|-
|''[[Mazhalai Pattalam]]''||Gumthalakkadi|| ||[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Enga Ooru Rasathi]]''||Ponmaanai Thedi||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Gangai Amaran]]
|-
|Sirrikki Oruthi Singara||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Gangai Amaran]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Mangala Nayagi]]''||Oyamma|| [[P. Susheela]]||[[V. Kumar]]
|-
|Mapillai||[[T. M. Soundarajan]]||[[V.Kumar]]
|-
|''[[Kannil Theriyum Kathaikal]]''||Onnu Rendu Moonu||B.S.Sasirekha||[[Agathiyar]]
|-
|''[[Thai Pongal (film)|Thai Ponhal]]''||Pani Vizhum Poo||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Kanni Theevu]]''||Hey Onna Rendaa||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]], Saibaba||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Kandane Kandane Kaatil||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Naan Potta Savaal]]''||Silarai Devai||[[Vani Jayaram]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Kaali (1980 film)]]''||Thithikkum||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Kalyan||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Theru Vilakku]]''||Aani Aadi Aavani||[[Vani Jayaram]]||[[Gangai Amaran]]
|-
||''[[Mazhalai Pattalam|Makkala Sainya]]''||Dhimma Thakka Dhimmi|| T.K. Kala, L. R. Anjali, B. S. Sasirekha||[[M. S. Viswanathan]]||rowspan="3"|[[Kannada]]
|-
|''[[Janma Janmada Anubandha]]''||Gandaagi Naanu||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Pattanakke Banda Pathniyaru]]''||Malebilla Banna||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[M. Ranga Rao]]
|-
|rowspan="40"|1981||''[[Ooruki Monagadu]]''||Erra Tholu ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[K. Chakravarthy]]||rowspan="14"|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|''[[Thodu Dongalu (1981 film)|Thodu Dongalu]]''||Allari Mallela Aavirilo ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]], Madhavapeddi Ramesh||[[Chellapilla Satyam]]
|-
|rowspan="4"|''[[Erra Mallelu]]''||Bangaru Maa Thalli||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[G. Anand]]||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|Nampalli Station Kadi|| ||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|O Vasantha Bhamini||Madhavapeddi Ramesh||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|Banjaru Bhoomullo||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Satyam Sivam]]''||Manchi Tarunam||[[S. Janaki]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|Velugu Needallo ||[[S. Janaki]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] ||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|''[[Prema Kanuka]]''||Vanta Chesi Chupistha ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|''[[Rani Kasula Rangamma]]''||Lingu Lituku ||[[P. Susheela]] ||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|''[[Seethakoka Chilaka]]''||Maate Mantramu ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Meendum Kokila|Chilipi Mogudu]]''||Oh Chinna Maata||[[G. Anand]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Ninna Sandhya Velalo ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Srirasthu Subhamasthu]]''||Chinukanti Nadumameda||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[J. V. Raghavulu]]
|-
|''[[Vidiyum Varai Kaathiru]]''||Pesu Ennanbe||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], B. S. Sasirekha||[[Illayaraja]]||rowspan="15"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Bala Nagamma (1981 film)|Bala Nagamma]]''||Aadalaam Ennanbe|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Vaaname Kaaakum|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Enakkaga Kaathiru]]''||Pani Mazhai||[[Deepan Chakravarthy]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Indru Poi Naalai Vaa]]''||Mathana Mohana||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Netrikkan]]''||Raja Rani Jackie||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Ram Lakshman (film)|Ram Lakshman]]''||Valibame Vaa||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Meendum Kokila]]''||Chinnachiru Vayathil||[[K. J. Yesudas]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Nenjile Thunivirunthal]]''||Oorumille||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|''[[Amara Kaaviyam (1981 film)|Amara Kaaviyam]]''||Selvame Ore Murai||||[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|-
|''[[Keezh Vaanam Sivakkum]]''||Ponnana Ulagam||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[M.S. Viswanathan]]
|-
|''[[Kudumbam Oru Kadambam]]''||Kalviyil Sarasawathi||[[Vani Jayaram]], Uma Raman||[[M.S. Viswanathan]]
|-
|''[[Ranuva Veeran]]''||Sonnaithane Theriyum||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[M.S. Viswanathan]]
|-
|''[[Engamma Maharani]]''||Ethanai Kuzhandal||[[Uma Ramanan]], Krishnamoorthy||[[Shankar Ganesh]]
|-
|''[[Nenjil Oru Mull]]''||Raagam||[[Deepan Chakravarthy]]||[[G. K. Venkatesh]]
|-
|''[[Jeevakke Jeeva]]''||Thana Thandana||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Rajan-Nagendra]]||rowspan="4"|[[Kannada language|Kannada]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Ranganayaki (1981 film)|Ranganayaki]]''||Mandhara Pushpavu||[[P. Jayachandran]]||[[M. Ranga Rao]]
|-
|Kannada Naadina||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[M. Ranga Rao]]
|-
|''[[Snehitara Savaal ]]''||Alla Nee Illi Baaraya||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]||[[Chellapilla Satyam]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|''[[Poocha Sanyasi]]''||Ivanoru Sanyasi||[[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]], [[Vani Jayaram]], [[Ambili (singer)]]||[[K. J. Yesudas]]||rowspan="7"|[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
|-
|Neelaranyam||[[K. J. Yesudas]]||[[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
|Engane|| ||[[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
|''[[Kaahalam]]''||Raajasadassini Lakkam||L. R. Anjali||[[A. T. Ummer]]
|-
|''[[Aakkramanam]]''||Lilly Lilly My Darling||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Sommokadidhi Sokokadidhi|Jeevikkaram Padikkanam]]''||Ambeyyan||[[P. Jayachandran]]||[[Rajan-Nagendra]]
|-
|Oh Praananaadha||||[[Rajan-Nagendra]]
|-
|rowspan="36"|1982||[[Edi Dharmam Edi Nyayam?]]||Trailer Ee ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]||[[K. V. Mahadevan]]||rowspan="15"|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Maro Malupu]]''||Erra errani Buggaladhana||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[G. K. Venkatesh]]
|-
|Kanulapaina Thuntari Thummedha||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[G. K. Venkatesh]]
|-
|''[[Justice Chowdary]]''||Sri Lakshmi Pelliki||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|''[[Nivuru Gappina Nippu]]''||Vachadamma Pelli Koduku ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|''[[Idi Pellantara]]''||vasantham sharathu ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] ||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|''[[Swayamvaram (1982 film)|Swayamvaram]]''||Harivillu Podarillu ||S.P.Vasantha ||[[Chellapilla Satyam]]
|-
|''[[Johnny (1980 film)|Naa Pere Johnny]]''||Chakkadanala chinnadhira|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Pagabattina Simham]]''||Allugari Illu Mallepoola Villu ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Chellapilla Satyam]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Krishnavataram]]''||Meluko Radha||[[P. Susheela]]||[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|-
|Sinari Navvu||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|-
|''[[Ekalavya]]''||Aata Bhala Pata Bhala ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]||[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|-
|''[[Sakalakala Vallavan (1982 film)|Palleturi Simham]]''||Naatu Bandi Naatu bandi || ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Subhalekha]]''||Ayithe||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|-
|''[[Devatha (1982 film)|Devatha]]''||Challagali Cheppindi||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
||''[[Thaai Mookaambikai]]''||Malai Naadu|| ||[[Illayaraja]]||rowspan="18"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Valibamey Vaa Vaa]]''||Ennadi Ennadi|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Ponvaana Poingavil||[[K. J. Yesudas]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Sakalakala Vallavan (1982 film)|Sakalakala Vallavan]]''||Kattavandi|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Gopurangal Saivathillai]]''||En Purushanthan||B. S. Sasirekha||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Kanne Radha]]''||Maalai Suda Kanne Radha||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Vaalai Paruvathilae||[[P. Susheela]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Kelviyum Naane Bathilum Naane]]''||Aadikondu Aadum||[[Unni Menon]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Kozhi Koovuthu (1982 film)|Kozhi Koovuthu]]''||Veeraiyya Veeraiyya|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Potta Pilla||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Thanikattu Raja]]''||Rasave Unna Naan Ennithan|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Agaya Gangai (film)|Agaya Gangai]]''||Mama Mama|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Azhagiya Kanne]]''||Maakambikai|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Adhisayappiravigal]]''||Mogam Ennakkoru Raagam||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|''[[Oorum Uravum]]''||Kanni Penn||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|''[[Poi Satchi]]''||Machan Nee Aarumugam|| ||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|''[[Sangili (1982 film)|Sangili]]''|| Ezhi Kadal||B.S. Sasirekha||[[M.S. Viswanathan]]
|-
|''[[Om Shakti]]''||Omkariye Naa Kaliye||[[T. L. Maharajan]]||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|''[[Karmika Kallanalla]]''||Ninagagi Kadidde||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[G. K. Venkatesh]]||[[Kannada language|Kannada]]
|-
|''[[Kaaliya Mardhanam]]''||Njanoru Thapaswini|| ||[[K. J. Joy]]||rowspan="2"|[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
|-
|''[[Ee Nadu]]''||Ambili Manavatti||[[K. J. Yesudas]], [[S. Janaki]]||[[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
|-
|rowspan="63"|1983||''[[Bezawada Bebbuli]]''||Navvithe Vennela ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[K. Chakravarthy]]||rowspan="18"|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|rowspan="4"|''[[Paayum Puli (1983 film)|Debbaku Debba]]''||Joru Vana Kurisindi||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Ra Raa Mama||||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Aata Paata||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Ammayi Andalani ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|''[[Sagara Sangamam]]''||Vedham||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Ve Vela Gopemala||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Nadha Vindhom||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Ramarajyamlo Bheemaraju]]''|| Kaaboye Sreemathi||[[P. Susheela]] ||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|''[[Uyirullavarai Usha|Prema Sagaram]]''||Andhalolike Sundari||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||T.Rajender
|-
|''[[Ananda Bhairavi]]''||Sudigalilona Deepam ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Ramesh Naidu]]
|-
|''[[Poratam]]''||Ee Devullu||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|''[[Maga Maharaju]]''||Maa Amma Chintamani|| ||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|''[[Neti Bharatam]]''||Atho Podam Rave||[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|''[[Palletoori Monagadu]]''||Gunde Gadhi Kali||Madhavapeddi Ramesh||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|''[[Thoongathey Thambi Thoongathey|Jalsa Rayudu]]''||Are Rama|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Mundhanai Mudichu|Vadante Pelli]]''||Raa Raa Panthulayya||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Andhra Kesari (film)|Andhra Kesari]]''||Burra Katha||[[P. B. Srinivas]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Chellapilla Satyam]]
|-
|''[[Aanandha Kummi]]''||Oru Killi Uruguthu||[[S. Janaki]]||[[Illayaraja]]||rowspan="37"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|''[[Mann Vasanai]]''||Vangadi Vangadi||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Indru Nee Naalai Naan]]''||Vaa Pulla Nalla Pulla||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Mottu vitta Mullai Kodu||[[S. Janaki]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Mundhanai Mudichu]]''||Naan Pudicha Mapillae||[[S. Janaki]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Vaa Vaa Vathiyare||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Aayiram Nilave Vaa]]''||Ooty Kulire||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Bhagavathipuram Railway Gate]]''||Kaalai Neega Kaate||[[Deepan Chakravarthy]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Samba Pudhu'|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Adutha Varisu]]''||Vaazhga Raja Vaazhga Rani||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Malaiyoor Mambattiyan]]''||Aaduthadi||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Vellarikka||[[Gangai Amaran]] ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Manaivi Solle Manthiram]]''||Maama Thallippadu||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Maami Maare||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Muthu Engal Sothu]]''||Naan Unthan|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Raagangal Maaruvathillai]]''||Hey Alangaari||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Naalellam Naala Naalu||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Antha Sila Naatkal]]''||Raajaa Raani||Krishna chandar||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Veetula Raman Veliyila Krishnan]]''||Aatha Pakkam||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Vellai Roja]]''||Naagoor Pakkathile||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[Illayaraja]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Oru Odai Nadhiyagirathu]]''||Rathiri Pozhuthu||[[P. Jayachandran]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Ilamai Kaalangal]]''||Padippile Zero|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Yogam Ulla Rani||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[En Aasai Unnoduthan]]''||Unnakkaaga Poojai Seidha||[[P. Jayachandran]]||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|''[[Dowry Kalyanam]]''||Enthan Kannana Kanneti||[[P. Jayachandran]]||[[M.S. Viswanathan]]
|-
|''[[Sandhippu]]''||Sollappur Raja Sollappur Rani||[[T. M. Soundarajan]], [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[P. Susheela]]||[[M.S. Viswanathan]]
|-
|''[[Sivappu Sooriyan]]''||Naan Kanda Kanda|| ||[[M.S.Viswanathan]]
|-
|''[[Saranalayam]]''||Kollimalai||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[M.S. Viswanathan]]
|-
|''[[Thoongatha Kannindru Ondru]]''||Aadivellam||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[K.V. Mahadevan]]
|-
|''[[Neethibathi]]''||Pasamalare||[[T. M. Soundarajan]], [[P. Susheela]]||[[Gangai Amaran]]
|-
|''[[Sattam]]''||Thekam Pattu||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Gangai Amaran]]
|-
|''[[Imaigal]]''||Enga Rajyathi||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Gangai Amaran]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Jothi (1983 film)|Jothi]]''||Aasai Madhana Singara Vadhana|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Gamma Gamma Ena Suda||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|''[[Sagara Sangamam|Salangai Oli]]''||Nada Vindongal||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Vedam||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Van Pole Vanam||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Gandharvagiri]]''||Onalle||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam ]]||[[Upendra Kumar]]||rowspan="6"|[[Kannada language|Kannada]]
|-
|Gandharvagiriyali||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]||[[Upendra Kumar]]
|-
|''[[Pallavi Anu Pallavi]]''||Hrudaya Rangoli|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Ananda Bhairavi (film)|Ananda Bhairavi]]''||Chottudha Hottegagi||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Ramesh Naidu]]
|-
|''[[Ibbani Karagithu]]''||Habba Habba|| ||[[Rajan-Nagendra]]
|-
|''[[Onde Guri]]''||Anda Naai Chanda Nodi||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Rajan-Nagendra]]
|-
|''[[Hello Madras Girl]]''||Madhuramee darshanam||[[K. J. Yesudas]]||[[Gangai Amaran]]||rowspan="2"|[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
|-
|''[[Justice Raja]]''||Kanimalare||[[K. J. Yesudas]]||[[Gangai Amaran]]
|-
|rowspan="51"|1984||rowspan="2"|''[[Agni Gundam]]''||Chitti Nayana|| ||[[K. Chakravarthy]]||rowspan="21"|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|Rumbha Rumbho Ho||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|''[[Swathi (1984 film)|Swathi]]''||Kalyanam Kamaneeyam|| [[P. Susheela]]||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Seethamma Pelli]]''||Konaseemalo Kougulesina||[[P. Susheela]]||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|Emmaayane Thalli||[[P. Susheela]]||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|''[[Disco King]]''||Inte Inte ee lokam||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Sitaara]]''
||Kinnerasaani||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Arjuna Mantram||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Devanthakudu (1984 film)|Devanthakudu]]''||Chellammaku Pellanta||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[J. V. Raghavulu]]
|-
|''[[Kozhi Koovuthu (1982 film)|Veerabhadrudu]]''||Mavayya Mavayya||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Srivariki Premalekha]]''||Pelladu Pelladu||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Ramesh Naidu]]
|-
|Raghuvamsa Sudha||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Ramesh Naidu]]
|-
|''[[Tandava Krishnudu]]''
||Sodicheppaku Somavaramu||[[P. Susheela]]||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|''[[Allullostunnaru]]''||Muddaina Poddaina||[[G. Anand]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]||[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|-
|''[[Mangammagari Manavadu]]''||Gumma Choopu||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[K.V. Mahadevan]]
|-
|''[[Janani Janmabhoomi]]''||Sari Ganga Tanallu||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|-
|''[[Koteeswarudu]]''||Matthu Matthu||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|''[[Justice Chakravarthy]]''||Seethammaki Cheyistini||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]||[[Ramesh Naidu]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Dhavanik Kanavugal|Ammayilu Preminchandi]]''||Kanepilla Valachenu||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Maa Annaku Eduru Ledura||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Hero (1984 film)]]''||Yettettaddisthavo||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]||Krishna-Chakra
|-
|''[[Dhavani Kanavugal]]''||Oru Nayagan||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]||rowspan="25"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|''[[Ezhuthatha Sattangal]]''||Aalankatti Maamalaliyaam||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Ingeyum Oru Gangai]]''||Santhana Kiliye|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
| Aattam Thaan|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Kai Kodukkum Kai]]''||Kannukkulle Yaaro||[[P. Susheela]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Naalai Unathu Naal]]''||Nalla Naal|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Naan Paadum Paadal]]''||Machane Vatchikodi||[[Gangai Amaran]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Nalla Naal]]''||Venam Venam Irellam|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Nerupukkul Eeram]]''||Maamane Maamane||Sai Baba||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Vaazhkai (1984 film)|Vaazhkai]]''||Ennarumai selvangal||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Deepan Chakravarthy]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Kattilollava||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[P. Jayachandran]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[24 Mani Neram]]''||Kallori Manavaraa||[[S. Janaki]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Mudivalla Arambam]]''||Then eduka ponam||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Ninaivugal]]''||Kuthuthaiyya|| ||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|''[[Nandri]]''||Naan Thain Rukmani|| ||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|''[[Vai Pandal]]''||Nallakalam Pirakkirathu||Vivek Sarathi||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|Top Takkar|| ||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|Panagattu Wari'||||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|''[[Rusi (film)|Rusi]]''||Vaanam Illamal||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Gangai Amaran]]
|-
|''[[Sattathai Thiruthungal]]''||Naan Malithan|| ||[[Gangai Amaran]]
|-
|''[[Vidhi (1984 film)|Vidhi]]''||Love Lovethaan||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
| ''[[January 1 (film)]]''||Nee Oru Pathini Illai||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Grubb Singh||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Naanayam Illatha Naanayam]]''||Mama Varalama||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Vijay Anand (composer)|Vijay Anand]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Pozhuthu Vidinchachu]]''||Aatha Manasu||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Athai Tavamiruntha|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[My Dear Kuttichathan]]''|| Aalippazham Perukkaan|| [[S. Janaki]]||[[Illayaraja]]||rowspan="3"|[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Sagara Sangamam]]''||Nada Vindhom||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Vedham||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Mooru Janma]]''||Nannavane Channigane||[[S. Janaki]]||[[Rajan-Nagendra]]||rowspan="2"|[[Kannada language|Kannada]]
|-
|''[[Indina Bharatha]]''||Beda Beda Thayi Sakari Aspathrege|| ||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|rowspan="72"|1985||rowspan="2"|''[[Kanne Radha|Radha Madhavi]]''||Maata Lone||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]||rowspan="26"|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|Vintha Paruvana||[[B. Vasantha]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="4"|''[[Andha Oru Nimidam|Dongala Vetagadu]]''||A1 Kanne Pilla||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Aasalu Palikenu||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Kanulu Palike||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Naaku Yogam|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Kattula Kondayya]]''||Light Guchukunthundhi||Madhavapeddi Ramesh||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Udaya Geetham]]''||Pade Ede Adenule||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Palikinchave Nee Kavitha||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Illale Devata]]''||Rani Garu Maharani ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|''[[Preminchu Pelladu]]''||Ade Pade Pillalam ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Muchataga Mugguru]]''||Muchataga muggururam||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]] ||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|''[[Mayuri (film)|Mayuri]]''||Ee Padaam || ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Kongumudi]]''||Appalakonda|| ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|Shiva Shiva Agara|| ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Nyayam Meere Cheppali]]''||Puvvula Putillu|| ||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|Judhom Jeevitam Okka Pandem|| ||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|''[[Bullet (1985 film)|Bullet]]''||Radha krishnudiki||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Vande Mataram (1985 film)|Vandemataram]]''||Allatappa Adadani Kadhura||[[P. Susheela]]||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|Naa Peru Palletooru||||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Uyarndha Ullam|Jalsa Bullodu]]''||Andala Aamani||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Dikkulani Padenule|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
| ''[[Sravanthi (film)|Sravanthi]]''||Sravanthi Sravanthi (title song)|| ||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|''[[Oru Kaidhiyin Diary|Khaidi Veta]]''||ABC Chadavali||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Okka Roja Puvvu||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Oh Myna||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Chinna Veedu]]''||Ada Machamulla||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]||[[Illayaraja]]||rowspan="42"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|''[[Andha Oru Nimidam]]''||Thevai Indha Paavai||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Aduthathu Albert]]''||Hey Indhira||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Hello Yaar Pesurathu]]''||Pachchai Paadi||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Pagal Nilavu]]''||Nee Appothu||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Oru Kaidhiyin Diary]]''||Naan Thaan Sooran||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Ketti Melam]]''||Kandangi Selai|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Vaasam Veesuthe|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Meendum Parasakthi]]''||Sandhya Kadaiya||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Naane Raja Naane Mandhiri]]''||Manthakasamudan||[[Illayaraja]], [[T. S. Raghavendra]], [[Gangai Amaran]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Neethiyin Marupakkam]]''||Hey Pulla||[[K.S. Chitra]], B. S.Sasirekha||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Padikkadha Pannaiyar]]''||Konatha Sengarumbu||[[Deepan Chakravarthy]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Oonnum Theriyatha|| [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Urimai]]''||Kurukku kikuthu||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Poi Mugangal]]''||Uttam Pudu Pata||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|''[[Chain Jayapal]]''||Thazham Poivinile||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|rowspan="4"|''[[Chidambara Rahasiyam (film)|Chidambara Rahasiyam]]''||Malai Varungira||[[P. Jayachandran]]||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|Hello Dear Sir||S.G. Saagari ||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|Chukkan Chikkan Doi||[[P. Jayachandran]]||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|Devakottai Muthulingam||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|''[[Kutravaaligal]]''||Iravule Nilavile||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|Kettimelam|| ||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|Aadunna|| ||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|''[[Aval Sumangalithan]]''||Vaanga Mappilla||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[M.S. Viswanathan]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Yemaatrathe Yemaaraathe]]''||Pudikkaiyile||[[P. Jayachandran]]||[[Chandrabose (Composer)]]
|-
|Illa Maalai Nilavo|| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Chandrabose (Composer)]]
|-
|''[[Arthamulla Aasaigal]]''||Intha Vaanam Antha Megam||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Gangai Amaran]]
|-
|''[[Marudhani]]''||Marundhaniya||Uma Raman||[[Gangai Amaran]]
|-
|''[[Naagam (1985 film)|Naagam]]''||Amma Ammamma|| ||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|''[[Naam Iruvar (1985 film)|Naam Iruvar]]''||Onnudhan|| ||[[Gangai Amaran]]
|-
|''[[Pudhu Yugam (1985 film)|Pudhu Yugam]]''|| Anandam||S. N. Surendra||[[Gangai Amaran]]
|-
|''[[Raman Sreeraman]]''||Ayya Ayya||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||Sivaji Raja
|-
|''[[Viswanathan Velai Venum]]''||Janani||[[P. Jayachandran]]||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|''[[Mannukketha Ponnu]]''||Vethalai Madichi||[[Gangai Amaran]]||[[Gangai Amaran]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Aagaya Thamaraigal]]''||Anandam Geetham||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Gangai Amaran]]
|-
|Gettikaari|| ||[[Gangai Amaran]]
|-
|''[[Naan Ungal Rasigan]]''||Poovvula Maalai||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Gangai Amaran]]
|-
|''[[Rajagopuram ]]''||Vaelanjrukku||[[K. J. Yesudas]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="4"|''[[Sravanthi (film)|Sravanthi]]''||Mounam Kaadhal Mozhi||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|Poovai Pol Vaazhava||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|Kai Thoda Pogum Nayagan||Madhavapeddi Ramesh||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|Sravanthi Sravanthi|| ||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|''[[Sedina Hakki]]''||Mava Mava|| ||[[Rajan-Nagendra]]||[[Kannada language|Kannada]]
|-
|''[[Jeevante Jeevan]]''||Nirarve Niravadyathe||||[[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]||[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Sanjog (1985 film)|Sanjog]]''||Aankh Micholi Aise||[[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]||[[Laxmikant Pyarelal]]||rowspan="2"|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|-
||Maa Main Kahan||[[Kavitha Krishnamurthy]]||[[Laxmikant Pyarelal]]
|-
|rowspan="49"|1986||rowspan="2"|''[[Ladies Tailor]]''||Gopi Lola||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]||rowspan="24"|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|Ekkada Ekkada ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Dhairyavanthudu]]''||Tammaku Tammaku ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] ||[[Ramesh Naidu]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|''[[Repati Pourulu]]''||Ayya Nenu chadivi||[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|Matrudevobhava|| ||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|Repati Pourulam||[[S. Janaki]]||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|''[[Chantabbai]]''||Atlanti Italanti ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] ||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|''[[Karu Diddina Kapuram]]''||Sagara Madhanam||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Raj-Koti]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|''[[Vikram (1986 Tamil film)|Agent Vikram 007]]''||Naa Jodi Pala Kova||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Vanithamani||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Vayasu Pilichindi||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Pavitra (1986 film)|Pavitra]]''||Okka Sukka ||Madhavapeddi Ramesh||Krishna-Chakra
|-
|''[[Idaya Kovil|Anuraga Sangamam]]''||Madhuvulokile Patane ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Kashmora]]''||Rama Bhaktha Hai Hanuman ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|rowspan="4"|''[[Swati Mutyam]]''||Dharmam Sharanam||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Raama Kanavemira||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Pattuseera Testanani||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Lali Lali||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Nippulanti Manishi (1986 film)|Nippulanti Manishi]]''||Maa Amma Kothimeera Akku ||[[P. Susheela]]||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|''[[Driver Babu]]''||Mudduku Neemu Muggururam||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], S.P.Pallavi ||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|''[[Krishna Garadi]]''||Rukinamma Rupamokate ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|''[[Aan Paavam|Pelli Pichollu]]''||Naa Paata Vintava || ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Jailu Pakshi]]''||Ammalaganna Amma||[[P. Susheela]]||[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|-
|''[[Nireekshana]]''||Tiyanndi Danimma||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Enakku Nane Needipathi]]''||Yaaro sonagalam|| ||[[Illayaraja]]||rowspan="21"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|''[[Kannukku Mai Ezhuthu]]''||Thambala Sundariyae||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]], Saibaba, Viayaramani||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Thazhuvatha Kaigal]]''||Kudumbathai Uruvakka||Uma Raman, B. S. Sasirekha||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Dharma Pathini (1986 film)|Dharma Pathini]]''||Sumangali Poojai||[[P. Susheela]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Mella Thirandhathu Kadhavu]]''||Sakkara Kattiku||[[K.S. Chitra]], B.S.Sasirekha||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Vikram (1986 Tamil film)|Vikram]]''||En Jodi Manja Kurvi||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K.S. Chitra]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Melmaruvathur Arpudhangal]]''||Vanga Kadalin|| ||[[K.V. Mahadevan]]
|-
|''[[Marumagal (1986 film)|Marumagal]]''||Rajavae Unthan Rajiyathi||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Vani Jayaram]]||[[Chandrabose (Composer)]]
|-
|''[[Viduthalai (1986 film)|Viduthalai]]''||Nattukulla Namma Pathi||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Chandrabose (Composer)]]
|-
|''[[Mounam Kalaikirathu]]''||Engemma Neepora||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|''[[Piranthaen Valarnthaen]]''||Maava Araikka||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|''[[Sarvam Sakthimayam]]''||Vanthene|| ||Ben Surender
|-
|''[[Lakshmi Vandhachu (film)|Lakshmi Vandhachu]]''||Ellorum Thedum|| ||[[Raveendran]]
|-
|rowspan="4"|''[[Aranyakanda (film)|Agni Kanal]]''||Soodungal Maalaiyai||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|En Pallaiye|| ||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|Poovukkulle||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|Pakkame Vaa||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|rowspan="4"|''[[Swati Mutyam|Sippikkul Muthu]]''||Dharam sharanam Gacchami||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Pattu Chelai||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Raman Kathai||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Varam Thantha Saamikku (Sad)||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Bete (1986 film)|Bete]]''||Hathu Yenthu||[[Uma Ramanan]]||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||rowspan="3"|[[Kannada language|Kannada]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Sundara Swapnagalu]]''||Nagabeku Madhya Mavarga|| ||Vijay Bhaskar
|-
|Kshamisi Naa Heladella||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||Vijay Bhaskar
|-
|''[[Yuvajanotsavam]]''||Padaam Namukku Paddam||[[K. J. Yesudas]]||[[Raveendran]]||[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
|-
|rowspan="58"|1987||rowspan="2"|''[[Nayakan|Nayakudu]]'' '''(D)''' ||Edo Teliyani||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]||rowspan="28"|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|Chalaki Chinnadhi||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Swayam Krushi]]''||Manchi Vennela Ippudu|| ||[[Ramesh Naidu]]
|-
|Siggu Poobanthi||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]||[[Ramesh Naidu]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|''[[Gowthami]]''||Poola Veluva Soode||||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|Kondameeda Kothini Dincha||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|Nuluvechani Vennela||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|''[[Rettai Vaal Kuruvi|Rendu Thokala Pitta]]''||Swathanthraani ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Padamati Sandhya Ragam]]''|| Pibare Ramarasam||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|''[[Collector Gari Abbai]]''||Sannayi Vayinchu Bava ||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[P. Susheela]] ||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|''[[Sankeerthana]]''||Vanda Roopayalu Notu || ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="4"|''[[Lawyer Suhasini]]''||Maharaja||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|Tholisari||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|Saamajavaragamana||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|levamma Nidra Chalinchi' ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|''[[Allari Krishnayya]]''||Neeku Naaku Dosti ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|''[[Mouna Ragam]]''||Tadi Tadi Thapane ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Bhargava Ramudu]]''||Kalame Thalamai ||[[S. Janaki]] ||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|''[[Dabbevariki Chedu]]''||Ettuku Pai Ettu Vey ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] [[P. Susheela]], Madhavapeddi Ramesh||S.Vasu rao
|-
|''[[Donga Mogudu]]''||Addame||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|''[[Trimurtulu]]''||Bye Bye Bye||[[S. Janaki]], [[P. Susheela]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]||[[Bappi Lahiri]]
|-
|''[[Sruthilayalu]]''||Saamajavara Gaamana (Mandolin Beat)|| ||[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|-
|''[[Madana Gopaludu]]''||Pramidala Aasala||[[Vani Jayaram]]||Sivaji Raja
|-
|''[[Muddu Bidda (1987 film)|Muddu Bidda]]''||Chitti Potti||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]||[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|-
|''[[Kadhal Parisu|Kedi]]''||Koo Koo Koyile||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|''[[Velaikkaran (1987 film)|Patnam Vacchina Monagadu]]''||Naadira Nee Pranam|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Kshanam Kshanam Okka Kadhalo||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Ra Raa Raa Raja Raa||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Poovizhi Vasalile]]''||Pattu Engae||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Illayaraja]]||rowspan="26"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|''[[Dhoorathu Pachai]]''||Ithu Varaiyil||Krishna chandran||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Chinna Thambi Periya Thambi]]''||Ya ya ||[[K. S. Chitra]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Theertha Karaiyinile]]''||Theychu|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|''[[Anbulla Appa]]''||Aththaikku Pirantha||[[K. J. Yesudas]]||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|Idhu Paal Vadiyum||[[K. J. Yesudas ]]||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|Anbulla Appa Ennappa||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|''[[Anjatha Singam]]''||Muzhanguthu Guitar||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Raja Mariyadhai]]''||Pada Pada En Paranthathu||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|Naanthane Disco Shanthi||[[Vani Jayaram]]||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Chinna Poove Mella Pesu]]''||Thottaidam||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[S.A. Rajkumar]]
|-
|Vangadi Vangadi||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[S.A. Rajkumar]]
|-
|''[[Thangachi]]''||Ye Kuruvi Poongkuruvi||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Sunandha||[[S.A. Rajkumar]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Rayilukku Neramachu]]''||Aatha Kungumakari|| ||[[S.A. Rajkumar]]
|-
|Aathangarai Thoppukulla||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[S.A. Rajkumar]]
|-
|''[[Velicham]]''||Manmadha Rojave||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Manoj-Gyan]]
|-
|''[[Parisam Pottachu]]''||Ponna Porantha||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Manoj-Gyan]]
|-
|''[[Ini Oru Sudhanthiram]]''||Solla Vallayo||[[K. S. Chitra]]||[[Gangai Amaran]]
|-
|''[[Sankar Guru (1987 film)|Sankar Guru]]''||Kakki sattai||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Chandrabose (Composer)]]
|-
|''[[Manithan (1987 film)|Manithan]]''||Kaalai Kaalai||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Chandrabose (Composer)]]
|-
|''[[Michael Raj]]''||Jothilingam|| ||[[Chandrabose (Composer)]]
|-
|''[[Aval Mella Sirithal]]''||Mangala Kungum||[[P. Jayachandran]]||[[Gangai Amaran]]
|-
|''[[Veerapandiyan]]''||Thavum Kiliye||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|''[[Thulasi (1987 film)|Thulasi]]''||Anbe Idhu Kadhal||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||Sampath Selvam
|-
|''[[Velaikkaran (1987 film)]]''||Thotathile Paathi||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Saibaba||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Anand (1987 film)]]''||I Want Tell You Something||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|''[[Sowbhagya Lakshmi]]''||Innu Innu Noduvase||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||rowspan="3"|[[Kannada language|Kannada]]
|-
|Hosa Kanasu Chiguri Manadali||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|Baalalli Jyothiyu||[[Vani Jayaram]]||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|''[[Vaiki Odunna Vandi]]''||Swapnangal Seemantha||[[P. Jayachandran]]||[[Raveendran]]||[[Malayalam]]
|-
|rowspan="54"|1988||rowspan="2"|''[[Donga Kollu]]''||Ravvoyi Maa Intiki ||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]] ||S.Vasu Rao||rowspan="21|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|Ayyayyo Ee Samasaram|| ||S. Vasu Rao
|-
|''[[Raktabhishekam]]''||Jata Kata ||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|''[[Idhu Namma Aalu (1988 film)|Nenu Mee Vaadine]]''||Premante||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[K. Bhagyaraj]]
|-
|Idhi Sandhela Ratri|| ||[[K. Bhagyaraj]]
|-
|Prema Devuni||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[K. Bhagyaraj]]
|-
|''[[Varasudochadu]]''||Paachi Pala ||[[K.S. Chitra]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Swarna Kamalam]]''||Natarajane|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Cheri Yasodaku|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Brahma Puthrudu]]''||Ammayi Mukku ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|''[[Sri Kanaka Mahalakshmi Recording Dance Troupe]]''||Kalala ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Vivaha Bhojanambu (1988 film)|Vivaha Bhojanambu]]''||Prema Rekaa Vipindhi ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|''[[Manathil Urudhi Vendum|Sister Nandini]]''||Addhari Needhi ||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]] ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Rudra Veena]]''||Randi Randi ||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]] ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Relangi Narasimha Rao|Bhama Kalapam]]''||Kavitha O Kavitha ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] ||S.Vasu rao
|-
|''[[Samsaram (1988 film)|Samsaram]]''||O Tappa Thagina ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[G. Anand]] ||[[Raj-Koti]]
|-
|''[[Pagalil Oru Iravu|Nuvve Naa Srimathi]]''||Gorakanti Chinnoda ||Madhavapeddi Ramesh||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Mugguru Kodukulu]]''||Thokategina Galipatam|| ||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|Samasarame Brindavanam||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|''[[Bava Marudula Saval]]''||Vasanthala Vakililo||[[K. J. Yesudas]], [[V. Ramakrishna]], [[Vani Jayaram]], Madhavapeddi Ramesh||Sivaji Raja
|-
|''[[Soora Samhaaram|Police Dairy]]''||Vacchadu Aggipidugu||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Soora Samhaaram]]''||Vedhalam Vandhilrukuthu||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]||[[Illayaraja]]||rowspan="29"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|''[[Poovum Puyalum]]''||Manmathane|| ||[[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|-
|''[[Illam (film)|Illam]]''||Aadum Paambu||[[P. Jayachandran]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Enga Ooru Kavakkaran]]''||Siruvani||[[Illayaraja]], Sunanda||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Paarthal Pasu]]''||Sinnamani Ponnumani|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Mappillai Sir]]''|| Ittajkaru|| ||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|''[[Sigappu Thali]]''||Thillalangadi||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[En Thangachi Padichava]]''||Maamanu Solla Oru Aalu||[[P. Susheela]], [[P. Jayachandran]]||[[Gangai Amaran]]
|-
|Summa Summa Ena Pattu|| [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Gangai Amaran]]
|-
|''[[Adhu Antha Kaalam]]''||Annaiye Annaiye||Vanitha||[[Chandrabose (Composer)]]
|-
|''[[Kai Naattu]]''||Ada Nee||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Chandrabose (Composer)]]
|-
|''[[Kaliyugam (1988 film)|Kaliyugam]]''||Anbe Yosi|| ||[[Chandrabose (Composer)]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|''[[Thaimel Aanai]]''||Sangu Chakra Sami||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Chandrabose (Composer)]]
|-
|Poona Poora Vittitu'||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Chandrabose (Composer)]]
|-
|Poona Poora (Reprise)||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Chandrabose (Composer)]]
|-
|''[[Kalicharan (1988 film)|Kalicharan]]''||Gramuthula||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]|| [[Chandrabose (Composer)]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[En Vazhi Thani Vazhi (1988 film)|En Vazhi Thani Vazhi]]''||Mama Azhagu|| ||[[Chandrabose (Composer)]]
|-
|Dhaayam Podu|| ||[[Chandrabose (Composer)]]
|-
|''[[Nallavan (1988 film)|Nallavan]]''||Ullathil Ondru|| ||[[Chandrabose (Composer)]]
|-
|''[[Kazhugumalai Kallan]]''||Kalyaana Poonu||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Chandrabose (Composer)]]
|-
|''[[Vasanthi (1988 film)|Vasanthi]]''||Murungaka|| ||[[Chandrabose (Composer)]]
|-
|''[[Paravaigal Palavitham]]''||Yaar Endru||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[S.A. Rajkumar]]
|-
|''[[Nethiyadi]]''||Naan Unakku Paattu Onnu||[[P. Jayachandran]]||Pandiarajan
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Puthiya Vaanam]]''||Mynaa Mynaa||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Sunanda ||[[Hamsalekha]]
|-
|Oore Kedithavane||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Hamsalekha]]
|-
|''[[Thambi Thanga Kambi]]''||Naan Paadinal Thirakkum|| ||[[Gangai Amaran]]
|-
|''[[Senthoora Poove]]''||Keliye Ilangkiliye||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Manoj-Gyan]]
|-
|''[[Penmani Aval Kanmani]]''||Aarambame Ippathanu||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[T. L. Maharajan]]||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|''[[Poovum Puyalum]]''||Manmathane|| ||[[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Ramanna Shamanna]]''||Hosa Baga Udupu|| ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||rowspan="2"|[[Kannada language|Kannada]]
|-
|Idu Yenu||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Kakkothikkavile Appooppan Thaadikal]]''||Kaakothiyammayikku||Janamma David, [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Ouseppachan]]||rowspan="2"|[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
|-
|Nannangaadika||[[K. S. Chitra]], [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Ouseppachan]]
|-
|rowspan="44"|1989||''[[Shiva]]''||Botany Pattam Undhi ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]||rowspan="23"|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|''[[Jayammu Nischayammu Raa (1989 film)|Jayammu Nischayammu Raa]]''||Ayyaayyo Rama || ||[[Raj-Koti]]
|-
|rowspan="5"|''[[Suthradharulu]]''||Jola Jolamma Jola|| ||[[K.V. Mahadevan]]
|-
|Lalelo Lilela lo||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[K.V. Mahadevan]]
|-
|Kalalendhku||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[K.V. Mahadevan]]
|-
|Yopam Puspam Veda||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[K.V. Mahadevan]]
|-
|Kolichananduku ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[K.V. Mahadevan]]
|-
|''[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Vichitra Sodharulu]]''||Bujji Pellikoduki ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Muddula Mavayya]]''||Chukeshu Kochanuamma Choodu||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] ||[[K.V. Mahadevan]]
|-
|Mavayya Anna Pilupu||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]||[[K.V. Mahadevan]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Bamma Maata Bangaru Baata]]''||Chennapatnam||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Chandrabose (composer)]]
|-
|Salam Guddu Guddu||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Chandrabose (composer)]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|''[[Senthoora Poove|Sindhura Puvvu]]''||Chilaka Raa Chilaka||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]||[[Manoj Gyan]]
|-
|Yetilona||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]] ||[[Manoj Gyan]]
|-
|Nenu Evaru Kottaru||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]||[[Manoj Gyan]]
|-
|''[[Prema (1989 film)|Prema]]''||Ekkada Ekkada Pothavu Ra|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Preminchi Choodu (1989 film)|Preminchi Choodu]]''||Kokamma||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]||[[Raj-Koti]]
|-
|rowspan="4"|''[[Gudachari 117]]''||Tella Dorallu|| ||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|Bang Bang|| ||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|Devuda Chattuna Biddalu||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|Poothotalo Poovirriku||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|''[[Rajadhi Raja (1989 film)|Rajadhi Raja]]''||Naa Thoti Potadithe||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[En Rathathin Rathame|Maya Krishnudu]]''||Ee Ragamo Ee Talamo||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|''[[Rajadhi Raja (1989 film)|Rajadhi Raja]]''||Vaa Vaa Manjal Malare||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]||[[Illayaraja]]||rowspan="21"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|''[[Ore Oru Gramathiley]]''||Padichu Ennatha||[[Illayaraja]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Enne Petha Raasa]]''||Aasa Vacha Peraiyellam|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Enga Ooru Mappillai]]''||Oorukkulla|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal (film)|Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal]]''||Ellorum Mavatta||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Pick Pocket (1989 film)|Pick Pocket]]''||Soodu Romba||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Pongi Varum Kaveri]]''||Kattililla|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Thendral Sudum]]''||Oru Raaja||[[K.S.Chitra]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]]''||Puthu Maapillakku||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Annakili Sonna Kathai]]''||Naaval Pazhame||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]||[[Chandrabose (Composer)]]
|-
|''[[Pudhea Paadhai]]''||Kannadicha||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Chandrabose (Composer)]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Sonthakkaran]]''||Ethala Kuthala Mathala||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Chandrabose (Composer)]]
|-
|Kodambakkam Virgambakkam||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Chandrabose (Composer)]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Raja Chinna Roja]]''||Super Staru Yaar||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Chandrabose (Composer)]]
|-
|Ongappannukkum Pepe|| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Chandrabose (Composer)]]
|-
|''[[Athaimadi Methaiadi]]''||Oh My Dear|| ||S.R.Vasu
|-
|''[[Moodu Manthiram]]''||Vaanam Pesuma||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|''[[Naalai Manithan]]''||Ye solai Pookkalae||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]] ||Premi-Srini
|-
|''[[Solaikuyil]]''||Yerrikkarai Orathile||[[Gangai Amaran]]||M.S.Murari
|-
|''[[Thangamani Rangamani]]''||Vava||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|''[[Uthama Purushan]]''||Vanga Kadal Idhu Vandhu Kulithidu|| ||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|rowspan="27"|1990||''[[Iddaru Iddare]]''||Paisunna Papalendi ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Raj-Koti]]||rowspan="7"|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|''[[Muddula Menalludu]]''||Tataa Chepaloye ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[K.V. Mahadevan]]
|-
|''[[Jagadeka Veerudu Athiloka Sundari]]''||Jai Chiranjeeva|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Kokila (1990 film)|Kokila]]''||Changu Chaka || ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Periya Veetu Pannakkaran|Prema Sasanam]]''||Mallikave ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Ramba Rambabu]]''||Rambha Rambha||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]||[[Madhavapeddi Suresh]]
|-
|''[[Vishnu]]''||Hello Come On Super Star||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]||[[Raj-Koti]]
|-
|''[[Arangetra Velai]]''||Thai Ariyatha||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]||[[Illayaraja]]||rowspan="20"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|''[[My Dear Marthandan]]''||Kalyana Mapillaikku|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Puthu Paatu]]''||Kutthalathil Thanni||[[Gangai Amaran]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Urudhi Mozhi]]''||Dinaku Dinaku||[[S. Janaki]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Durga (1990 film)|Durga]]''||Maari Muthu Maari|| ||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|''[[Manaivi Oru Manickam]]''||Rambai Thandi|| [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|''[[Vedikkai En Vadikkai]]''||Maanamulla Roshamulla|| ||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|''[[Nalla Kaalam Porandaachu]]''||Chinna Kutty||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|''[[Aadi Velli (film)|Aadi Velli]]''||Gum Gum Guma||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|Aayi Mahamayi|| ||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|Baama Thallipoma||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|''[[Aatha Naan Pass Ayittaen]]''||Onna Renda Ava||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|-
|''[[Neengalum Herothan]]''||Ezhu Ullagam Aandu Varum||[[Deepan Chakravarthy]], [[S. N. Surendar]]||[[Gangai Amaran]]
|-
|''[[Naanum Indha Ooruthan]]''||Kayya Thooki|| ||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|''[[Thangaikku Oru Thalattu]]''||Aadi Paadum Azhagana||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|''[[Periya Idathu Pillai]]''||Unnai Patri Ezhuthum||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Chandrabose (Composer)]]
|-
|''[[Pengal Veettin Kangal]]''||Aambilaikku|| ||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|''[[Pudhu Varisu]]''||Andhathi Naan Paada||K.Prabhakar||[[Chandrabose (Composer)]]
|-
|Ayya Oh Oh|| ||[[Chandrabose (Composer)]]
|-
|Kend Meena Kelathu Meena|| ||[[Chandrabose (Composer)]]
|-
|rowspan="35"|1991||rowspan="2"|''[[Guna (film)|Guna]]''||Kammani Ee Permalekhale||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]||rowspan="18"|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|Unna Nee Koruke || ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Jaitra Yatra]]''||Needalle Unna ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|''[[Aditya 369]]''||Jaanavule Nera Jaanavule ||[[Jikki]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Minor Raja]]''||O Madana Sundara ||[[Jikki]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] ||[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Iddaru Pellala Muddula Police]]''||Amma Naa muvvankkayo||[[P. Susheela]]||[[J. V. Raghavulu]]
|-
|Guddu Guddu Koncham||[[K.S.Chitra]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] ||[[J. V. Raghavulu]]
|-
|''[[Chaitanya (film)|Chaitanya]]''||Kanne Lady || ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Pelli Pustakam (1991 film)|Pelli Pusthakam]]''||Krishnam Kalaya Sakhi ||Rajeshwari ||[[K.V. Mahadevan]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[People's Encounter]]''||Ee Nela Manadhi Ra||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|-
|Pindukunte Teepi ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Teneteega]]''||Muddulu Kavala||[[Rajendra Prasad]]||[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|-
|Pala Bugga Medha||||[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|-
| ''[[Talli Tandrulu]]''||Vinavamma Vinavamma||[[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|''[[Prema Khaidi]]''||O Priya Priya||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]], Ramola||[[Rajan-Nagendra]]
|-
|''[[Yerra Mandaram]]''||Randayya Jejelu||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|-
|''[[Parishkaram]]''||Chamanthi Chempalo||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]||[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|-
|''[[Prema Entha Madhuram]]''||Aahaaa Maa Pellanta||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Madhavapeddi Ramesh, [[K.S. Chitra]]||[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|-
|''[[Manitha Jaathi]]''||Sellama|| ||[[Illayaraja]]||rowspan="17"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|''[[Nallathai Naadu Kekum]]''||Machchaanai Oram Katta|| ||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|''[[Sendhoora Devi]]''||Gangaimudhal|| ||[[Shankar-Ganesh]]
|-
|''[[Gnana Paravai]]''||Maakku Naaku||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[M.S. Viswanathan]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Maanagara Kaaval]]''||Thiruvarur Thangatheru|| ||[[Chandrabose (Composer)]]
|-
|Vandikaran Sontha Ooru||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Chandrabose (Composer)]]
|-
|''[[Pondatti Sonna Kettukanum]]''||Naanthaan|| ||[[Chandrabose (Composer)]]
|-
|''[[Naan Pudicha Mappillai]]''|| Kudumbam Oru Kovil||[[K. J. Yesudas]]||[[Chandrabose (Composer)]]
|-
|rowspan="4"|''[[Sigaram]]''||Jannalil|| ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|Muthamma Ennai||S.N. Surender||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|Petrathaithanai|| ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|Vannam Konda||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|''[[Thaiyalkaran]]''||Otthaiya Naan||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|''[[Marikozhundhu]]''||Enakenna Kuraichal|| ||[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|-
|''[[Cheran Pandian]]''||Ooru Vittu Ooru|| ||[[Soundaryan]]
|-
|''[[Jagadeka Veerudu Athiloka Sundari|Kadhal Devathai]]''||Jai chiranjeeva thisai|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Sir I Love You]]''||Ae Indhira Puthirana||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="25"|1992||''[[Chakravyuham]]''||Kougilene Korina || ||[[Illayaraja]]||rowspan="15"|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|''[[Jamba Lakidi Pamba (1992 film)|Jamba Lakidi Pamba]]''||Niluvara||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Radhika (singer)|Radhika]]||[[Raj-Koti]]
|-
|''[[Pellaniki Premalekha Priyuraliki Subhalekha]]''||Kattukunna Vade || [[K.S.Chitra]]||[[J. V. Raghavulu]]
|-
|''[[Seetharatnam Gari Abbayi]]''||Naa Mogude Brahmachari||[[P. Susheela]]||[[Raj-Koti]]
|-
|''[[Appula Appa Rao]]''||Rambha Ho ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Radhika, [[Malgudi Subha]]||[[Rajan-Nagendra]]
|-
|rowspan="5"|''[[Ponmana Selvan|Gharana Raja]]''||Nee Maatantene Aaro Vedham||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Pettane Pelliki Laggam||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Ichuko Teepi Muddu||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Kaalam Kaatesindhile||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Kasimeedha Vunnanolammi||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Lal Salaam]]''||Thalelilliyalo || Warangal shankar||[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
|-
|''[[Yoddha (1992 film)]]''||Kulu Kule ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[A.R.Rahman]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|''[[Chitram! Bhalare Vichitram!!]]''||Mahasaya Mattuga||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam ]]||[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|-
|Seethalu Erugani||[[K.S. Chitra]]||[[Vidyasagar (Composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|-
|''[[Teja (film)|Teja]]''||Shree Dhana Kanaka Tailaadi||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|-
|''[[Thaali Kattiya Raasa]]''||Kadhava thiranthu|| ||[[S.A. Rajkumar]]||rowspan="10"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Oor Panchayathu]]''||Kaatrum Poovum||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|Sithadai Kattikitu|| ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Sundara Kandam]]''||Ithu Palli Kooda Vayasu||Giridharan||Deepak
|-
|Vaa Vaa Pattu Paadalam||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]||Deepak
|-
|''[[Oor Mariyadhai]]''||Pala Oalanguthu Thalathalanguthu||[[Swarnalatha]]||[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|-
|''[[Naalaya Seidhi]]''||Ponmalai Neram||[[Malgudi Subha]]||[[Adithyan]]
|-
|''[[David Uncle]]''||Thattungadi|| ||[[Adithyan]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Abhirami (1992 film)|Abhirami]]''||Avasarama Romba|| ||Mano Ranjan
|-
|Naam Irukkom|| ||Mano Ranjan
|-
|rowspan="16"|1993||rowspan="2"|''[[Enga Thambi|Allari Prema]]''||Edo Jariginadi||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]||rowspan="14"|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|Idi Mohale||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Srinatha Kavi Sarvabhowmudu]]''|| Jejelu Jejelu|| ||[[K.V. Mahadevan]]
|-
|Abba Oha Yabba|| ||[[K.V. Mahadevan]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|''[[Rowdy Annayya]]''||Chilakamma Immandhi||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]||[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|-
| Nuvvosthe Panduga||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]||[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|-
| Dhim Dhinaka Dhim || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|-
|''[[Bangaru Bullodu (1993 film)]]''||Manasu Agadhu ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Raj-Koti]]
|-
|''[[Kondapalli Raja]]''||Guvvam Guddu Guddu Guvva ||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]] ||[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|-
|''[[Mechanic Alludu]]''||Gurva Gurva ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] ||[[Raj-Koti]]
|-
|''[[Evandi Aavida Vachindi]]''|| Hattukomanadhi Bhama||[[K.S.Chitra]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]||[[Raj-Koti]]
|-
|''[[Money (1993 film)]]''||Ananaganaga||[[Jaya Sudha]], [[K.S. Chitra]], [[J. D. Chakravarthy]]||[[Sri (composer)]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Maharasan|Rowdy Bullodu]]''||Veede Chinnodu||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Yedukondallu Yekkeamu||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Bangaru Bullodu (1993 film)|Thanga Pandi]]''||Sugamana Kumariyo||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Raj-Koti]]||rowspan="2"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|Manasu Tharikkuthu||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Raj-Koti]]
|-
|rowspan="9"|1994||''[[Allarodu]]''||Mee Amma ||[[Rajendra Prasad]]||[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]||rowspan="3"|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|''[[Maa Voori Maaraju]]''||Abbayi Andalanni ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K.S.Chitra]] ||[[Raj-Koti]]
|-
|''[[Parugo Parugu]]''||Bugga Bugga||[[Malgudi Subha]]||[[Raj-Koti]]
|-
|''[[Jai Hind]]''||Bodhai Yeri Pocchu||[[Suresh Peters]]||[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]||rowspan="6"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Subramaniya Swamy]]''||Kadhal Kasanthidumo||Krishnaraj||[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|-
|Sammina Namma||[[Gangai Amaran]]||[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Mettupatti Mirasu]]''||Chinna Chinna||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||M.S. Sriraj
|-
|Thotta Thanalae||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||M.S. Sriraj
|-
|''[[Thamarai (film)|Thamarai]]''||Mukka Marakka|| ||[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|-
|rowspan="15"|1995||''[[Aadaalla Majaka]]''||Missam Puttina ||[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]||[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]||rowspan="10"|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|''[[Vaddu Bava Thappu]]''||Pidatha Meedha Pidata ||[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]||[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|''[[Subha Sankalpam]]''||Seethamma Andallu||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chitra]]||[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|-
|Chinukulani Kalsi||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|-
|Moodu Mullu Esinaka||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|-
|''[[Bhale Bullodu]]''||Yesukora Nariga ||[[K.S. Chitra]]||[[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Amma Donga]]''||Neetho Sayantram Entho||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chitra]]||[[Koti (composer)|Koti]],
|-
|Edo Manasu Paddanu Kani || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K.S. Chitra]]||[[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
|-
|''[[Miss 420]]''||Coca-Cola Coca-Cola ||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]||[[Sri (composer)]]
|-
|''[[Pokiri Raja]]''||O Erra Tholu Pilla||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K.S. Chitra]]||[[Raj-Koti]]
|-
|''[[Puthiya Aatchi]]''||Porakkumpothu Manishan||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]||Premi-sreeni||rowspan="5"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|''[[Thotta Chinungi]]''||Rajini Vara Bhavani||[[Shahul Hameed]],[[Sujatha Mohan]], [[Suresh Peters]]||Philip-Jerry
|-
|''[[Villadhi Villain]]''||Sarakku Sarakku||[[Arunmozhi]], [[Suresh Peters]]||[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|-
|''[[Ayudha Poojai]]''||O Naa Ennanna Solvan||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|-
|''[[Raja Enga Raja]]''||Ooru vittu||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[Gangai Amaran]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="8"|1996||''[[Avvai Shanmugi|Bhamane Satyabamane]]''||Ruku Ruku Ruku ||[[Kamal Hassan]]||[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]||rowspan="5"|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|''[[Ladies Doctor]]''||Ammoru Remix ||Sindhu||[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|-
|''[[Ooha (film)|Ooha]]''||Chikkindi Chukkalloni ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[J. V. Raghavulu]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[The Prince (1996 film)|Prince]]''||Cheekatimayam|| ||[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|-
|Naanda Nandhana|| ||[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|-
|''[[Aruva Velu]]''||Rohttu Pakkam|| ||[[Adithyan]]||rowspan="3"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|''[[Vetri Vinayagar]]''||Omkara Rupathil|| ||[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|-
|''[[Vamsanikokkadu|Naan Ungel Vettu Pillai]]''||Pala Ula Kala Nila||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
|-
|rowspan="6"|1997|||''[[Chinnabbayi]]''||Vinnapallu Vinavalle ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Illayaraja]]||rowspan="4"|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Annamayya (film)|Annamayya]]''||Dachuko Nee Padalaku||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|-
|Antharayami||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|-
|''[[Ramayanam (1997 film)|Ramayanam]]''||Ramayya raju avuthaduanta||[[Vani Jayaram]]||[[Madhavapeddi Suresh]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Chinnabbayi|College Galatta]]''||Jaathi Malli||[[Unni Krishnan]]||[[Illayaraja]]||rowspan="2"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|Therinchikko||[[Unni Krishnan]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="7"|1998||rowspan="2"|''[[Ulta Palta (1998 film)|Ulta Palta]]''||Kashmirunundi Kanyakumari||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]||[[M. M. Srilekha]]||rowspan="3"|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|Mustikala||Pranay||[[M. M. Srilekha]]
|-
|''[[Jolly (film)|Jolly]]'' '''(D)'''||Mustabay Muddula Gumma||[[S. P. Charan]]||Kavi
|-
|''[[Jolly (film)|Jolly]]''||Otha Kallu Mookuthi||[[K.S. Chitra]], [[Arunmozhi]]||Kavi||rowspan="4"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Veera Thalattu]]''||Vaadipatti Kiliyapalo||[[Gangai Amaran ]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Amman Kovil ||[[Gangai Amaran]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|''[[Choodalani Vundi|Calcutta]]''||Appappa Satyam||[[Unni Krishnan]]||[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
|rowspan="7"|1999||''[[Suyamvaram|Pellante Idera]]''||Maagha maasam ||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Parthasarthy]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]||[[S. A. Rajkumar]]||rowspan="7"|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|rowspan="4"|''[[Nagamandala|Nagavamsam]]''||Vinavamma Jabilamma|| ||[[C. Ashwath]]
|-
|Sambarala Pongule|| ||[[C. Ashwath]]
|-
|Andaala Naaraja|| ||[[C. Ashwath]]
|-
|Ennallikennalu|| ||[[C. Ashwath]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Seetharama Raju]]''||Kundanapu Bommaki||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[M.M. Keeravani]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]||[[M.M. Keeravani]]
|-
|Emi Oyyi Nene ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[M.M. Keeravani]]
|-
|rowspan="6"|2000||rowspan="2"|''[[Thenali]]'' '''(D)'''||Taalalatho Vaana||[[Parthasarthy]], [[S.P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[A.R.Rahman]]||rowspan="6"|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|Ikkada Tadithe ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[A.R.Rahman]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Kadhal Rojavae|Prema Savvadi]]''||Sayyatade Satyabhamani|| ||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Jattu Katta Mannadi Chinnadi ||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]||[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Kya Kehna|Raa Chilaka]]''||Marule Pandi||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]||[[Rajesh Roshan]]
|-
|Jaajimalli Teegala||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]||[[Rajesh Roshan]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|2001||''[[Paarthale Paravasam|Paravasam]]''|| Nadiri Dinna||[[Shankar Mahadevan]]||[[A.R.Rahman]]||rowspan="2"|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|''[[Mrugaraju]]''||Aley Ley Aley ||[[Udit Narayan]]||[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|2003||''[[Anbe Sivam|Satyame Sivam]]''||Mouname Pataga ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|''[[Unnai Charanadaindhen]]''||Kalluru Vazhvil|| ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|rowspan="1"|2004||''[[Swarabhishekam]]''||Okka Kshanam ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|rowspan="1"|2005||''[[Mumbai Express]]'' '''(D)''' ||Lera Addu ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Gopika Poornima]]||[[Illayaraja]]||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|2008||''[[Sundarakanda (2008 film)|Sundarakanda]]''||Aaku Vakka||[[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]||[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|2012||''[[Mannaru]]''||Ooraiyellam Kaaval||Krishnaraj||Udhayan ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|rowspan="1"|2014||''[[Ishq Wala Love]]'' '''(D)'''||Maye Marache ||[[Harini (singer)|Harini]], [[Gopika Poornima]]||[[Avinash-Vishwajeet]]||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|2024||rowspan="2"|''[[Praapthi ]]''||Monalisa|| ||S. Mahesh Babu||[[Kannada language|Kannada]]
|-
||Mareyalare|| ||S. Mahesh Babu||[[Kannada language|Kannada]]
|}

==Dubbing==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Actress
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Patnam Vachina Pativrathalu]]'' || [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]]
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Prema Pichollu]]'' || [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]]
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Vasantha Kokila]]'' (Telugu Dubbed version) || [[Sridevi]]
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Gudachari No.1]]'' || [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]]
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Nayakan|Nayakudu]]'' (Telugu Dubbed version) || [[Saranya Ponvannan|Saranya]]
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Mappillai (1989 film)|Mappillai]]'' (Tamil film) || [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]]
|-
| 1990 || ''Doshi Nirdoshi'' || [[Lissy (actress)|Lissy]]
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Guna (film)|Guna]]'' (Telugu Dubbed version) || [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]]
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Teneteega]]'' || [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]]
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Aditya 369]]'' || [[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]]
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Villadhi Villain|Sashtri]]'' (Telugu Dubbed version) || [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]]
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Ramayanam (1996 film)|Ramayanam]]'' || [[Smitha Madhav]]
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Ninne Pelladata (1996 film)|Ninne Pelladutha]]'' (priyuralu pilichindi) (2000) (dubbed version) premanuragam (1999) (dubbed version) || [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Avvai Shanmugi|Bhamane Satyabhamane]]'' || [[Heera Rajagopal|Heera]]
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Master (1997 film)|Master]]'' || [[Sakshi Shivanand]]
|-
| 1997 || [[Mama Bagunnava]] || [[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]]
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Sindhooram (1997 film)|Sindhooram]]'' || [[Sanghavi (actor)|Sanghavi]]
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Chandralekha (1998 film)|Chandralekha]]'' || [[Isha Koppikar]]
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Aavida Maa Aavide]]'' || [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Sri Sita Ramula Kalyanam Chootamu Raarandi]]'' || Chandni
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Kandukondain Kandukondain|Priyuralu Pilichindi]]'' (Telugu Dubbed Version) || [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Thenali]]'' (Telugu Dubbed Version)|| [[Devayani]]
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Mrugaraju]]'' || [[Sanghavi]]
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Murari (2001 film)|Murari]]'' || [[Sonali Bendre]]
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Aalavandhan|Abhay]]'' (Telugu dubbed version) || [[Raveena Tandon]]
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Panchathanthiram]]'' (Telugu dubbed version) || [[Aishwarya Sivachandran|Aishwarya]]
|}

==Awards==
*1996 – [[Nandi Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] (Damn It Katha Addam Thirigindhi) (Television)
*1995 – [[Nandi Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] ([[Subha Sankalpam]])

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|name=Sailaja S. P.|id=0004465}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sailaja, S. P.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Singers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Nellore district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]

India-West

2025-12-28T00:29:42Z

RaushanYoganta: stub!

{{Short description|Indian American weekly newspaper}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| image = India-West - May 20, 2022 - page 1 - thumbnail.png
| image_alt = The front page of the May 20, 2022 issue of India-West
| type = Weekly newspaper
| owners = India-West Publications, Inc.
| publisher = Ramesh Murarka
| editor = Bina Murarka
| founded = 1975
| language = English
| headquarters = [[San Leandro, California]]
| ISSN = 0883-721X
| oclc = 42647750
| website = {{URL|https://www.indiawest.com/}}
}}

'''''India-West''''' is an [[Indian Americans|Indian American]] newspaper based in [[Northern California]]. Founded in 1975 as a monthly publication, it switched to a weekly format in 1978, and went fully digital in 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Murarka |first=Ramesh |date=June 1, 1978 |title=India-West To Become A Weekly In August |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/371411553/ |work=India-West |pages=2 |id={{ProQuest|371411553}}}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=June 23, 1985 |title=Paper offers news of India to immigrants |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PQwdAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA13&article_id=6799,4706442 |work=[[The Daily News (Kentucky)|The Daily News]] |pages=4B |publication-place=[[Bowling Green, Kentucky]] |agency=Associated Press}}</ref>

At its peak, it was one of the two leading Indian American newspapers, alongside ''[[India Abroad]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Parekh |first1=Bhikhu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7geCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT171 |title=Culture and Economy in the Indian Diaspora |last2=Singh |first2=Gurharpal |last3=Vertovec |first3=Steven |date=2003-09-02 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-49052-3 |pages=171 |language=en |quote=India Abroad, published in New York City, is one of two major Indian immigrant news weeklies in the US. The other, India West, is published on the West Coast.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bayor |first=Ronald H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VxnOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT996 |title=Multicultural America: An Encyclopedia of the Newest Americans [4 volumes] |date=2011-07-22 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=979-8-216-11993-7 |pages=996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rangaswamy |first=Padma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yy-2xNW84dsC&dq=%22india-west%22+indian+american+media&pg=PA319 |title=Namaste America: Indian Immigrants in an American Metropolis |publisher=Penn State Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-271-04349-4 |pages=319 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jacob |first=Varughese |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GW48DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 |title=Counseling Asian Indian Immigrant Families: A Pastoral Psychotherapeutic Model |date=2017-11-01|publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-64307-6 |pages=24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kurien |first=Prema A. |date=October 2003 |title=To Be or Not to Be South Asian: Contemporary Indian American Politics |url=https://doi.org/10.1353/jaas.2004.0020 |journal=Journal of Asian American Studies |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=261–288 |doi=10.1353/jaas.2004.0020 |issn=1096-8598|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |title=The State of Asian Pacific America: Policy Issues to the Year 2020. A Public Policy Report |date=1993 |publisher=LEAP Asian Pacific American Public Policy Institute and [[University of California at Los Angeles]] Asian American Studies Center |page=284 |isbn=0-934052-22-0 |quote=Community newspapers such as India West and India Abroad...carry some news of all the South Asian communities}}</ref> Co-founders Ramesh and Bina Murarka have been the publisher and editor for over four decades.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last= |url=https://archive.org/details/newspaperdataboo0000edit/page/102/mode/1up?q=indiawest |title=Newspaper data book : Encyclopedia of the Newspaper Industry |date=2016 |publisher=Editor & Publisher |isbn=978-1-930732-65-0 |location=[[Irvine, California]] |pages=102}}</ref>

Headquartered in [[San Leandro, California]], it also once operated bureaus in [[Los Angeles]] and [[Mumbai]].

The paper has received dozens of [[ethnic media]] awards.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2006-01-26 |title=Awards Honor Excellence in Ethnic Media |url=https://database.asianweek.com/paperPage?date=2006-01-26&page=21&esId=FPOXcHoB0731InNfgiX4 |work=[[AsianWeek]] |pages=21}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=Sep 13, 2002 |title=India-West Wins NCM Award |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/365312652 |archive-url= |access-date= |work=India-West |pages=A1 |id={{ProQuest|365312652}} }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=Oct 31, 2003 |title=India-West Wins Two Awards |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/365253373 |work=India-West |pages=A1 |id={{ProQuest|365253373}}|quote=India-West reporters Ashfaque Swapan and Rupal Shah are among the winners of this year's New California Media Awards, dubbed 'the ethnic Pulitzers' by 'The News Hour With Jim Lehrer.' The paper has won 19 journalism awards to date, more than any other Indian American publication.}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Awards |url=http://www.indiawest.com/awards.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824000152/http://www.indiawest.com/awards.aspx |archive-date=2011-08-24 |website=India-West}}</ref>

== Coverage ==
As a general interest newspaper, ''India-West'' has covered a wide range of topics related to Indian American communities.

It has featured interviews with Indian prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] and U.S. President [[George H. W. Bush]], in addition to a wide range of South Asian and South Asian American artists, entrepreneurs, politicians, and community members.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Murarka |first1=Ramesh |last2=Murarka |first2=Bina |date=15 Jan 1977 |title=We're Not Harassing The People...Prime Minister Tells India-West In An Exclusive Interview |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/371409912/ |work=India-West |pages=1 |id={{ProQuest|371409912}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ku |first=Beulah |date=1992-06-26 |title=President Meets With APA Media |url=https://database.asianweek.com/paperPage?date=1992-06-26&page=1&esId=gMEt0XwB8Q5arktDFsuO |archive-url= |work=[[AsianWeek]] |pages=14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghnuathan |first=Nimmi |date=September 16, 2022 |title=Ro Khanna: I Have a Great Relationship With the White House |url=https://indiawest.com/ro-khanna-i-have-a-great-relationship-with-the-white-house/ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241107192746/https://indiawest.com/ro-khanna-i-have-a-great-relationship-with-the-white-house/ |archive-date=November 7, 2024 |access-date=February 13, 2025 |work=India-West}}</ref> It was also a publisher of the [[Government of California|State of California]]'s "On the Record" columns.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2019 |title="On the Record" Column Participating Outlets |url=https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/On-the-Record-Column-Participating-Outlets.pdf |website=Governor of California}}</ref>

Researchers have studied or cited ''India-West''<nowiki/>'s coverage of Indian American acculturation,<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Agarwal |first=Mansi |title=Acculturation in Indian ethnic print media in California: A study of "India-West" |date=2006 |degree=M.S. |publisher=[[San Jose State University]] |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/304913755/ |isbn=978-0-542-80872-2|id={{ProQuest|304913755}}}}</ref> immigration politics,<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Pande |first=Somava |title="Documented or not": Critical discourse analysis of representation of national immigration reforms in Asian Indian ethnic newspapers |date=2016 |degree=PhD |publisher=[[Washington State University]] |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1878878688/ |isbn=978-1-369-61874-7|id={{ProQuest|1878878688}}}}</ref> businesses,<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Brooks |first=Jonathan L. |title=American owned: Gujarati Indians in the lodging industry |date=2003 |access-date= |degree=PhD |publisher=[[University of California, Riverside]] |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/305340767/ |isbn=978-0-496-57181-9 |pages=184, 200, 222, 254–255 |work= |location=|id={{ProQuest|305340767}}}}</ref> labor,<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Sharma |first=Preeti |title=The Thread Between Them: Affective and Intimate Labor in Los Angeles Threading Salons |date=2019 |degree=PhD |publisher=[[University of California, Los Angeles]] |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2276076660/ |isbn=9781085619752 |pages=49, 52, 58, 166, 193, 234–235, 238, 243}}</ref> gender,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Emerging Voices: South Asian American Women Redefine Self, Family, and Community |date=1999 |publisher=AltaMira Press |isbn=0761992952 |editor-last=Gupta |editor-first=Sangeeta R. |pages=107–108, 115, 117–119, 135, 145, 219}}</ref> domestic violence,<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Brommer |first=Stephanie JoAnn |title="We walk with them": South Asian women's organizations in Northern California confront domestic abuse |date=2004 |degree=PhD |publisher=[[University of California, Santa Barbara]] |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/305200582/ |isbn=978-0-496-84070-0 |pages=262–263| id={{ProQuest|305200582}}}}</ref> dance,<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Saraswat |first=Shweta |title=Constructing Diasporic Identity Through Kathak Dance: Flexibility, Fixity, and Nationality in London and Los Angeles |date=2019 |degree=PhD |publisher=[[University of California, Los Angeles]] |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2282536435/ |isbn=9781085608138 |page=200|id={{ProQuest|2282536435}}}}</ref> theater,<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Gerdsen |first=Jenna |title=Three Ramayanas on the West Coast of the United States: Cross-Cultural Adaptation in American Theatre |date=2015 |degree=M.A. |publisher=[[University of California, Santa Cruz]] |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1710109343/ |isbn=978-1-321-93277-5 |page=21|id={{ProQuest|1710109343}}}}</ref> and community organizations.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prasad |first=Leela |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9vbmyhSXpMEC |title=Live Like the Banyan Tree: Images of the Indian American Experience: an Exhibition at the Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies |date=1999 |publisher=The Historical Society of PA |isbn=978-1-4223-5821-4 |pages=59 |language=en}}</ref>

One of its most notable investigative reports exposed the presence of beef fat in [[McDonald's]] french fries marketed as vegetarian, leading to a high-profile lawsuit and public apology.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Goodstein |first=Laurie |date=2001-05-20 |title=For Hindus and Vegetarians, Surprise in McDonald's Fries |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/20/us/for-hindus-and-vegetarians-surprise-in-mcdonald-s-fries.html |access-date=2025-02-13 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-03-09 |title=McDonald's To Settle Suits On Beef Tallow In French Fries |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/09/us/mcdonald-s-to-settle-suits-on-beef-tallow-in-french-fries.html |access-date=2025-02-13 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |agency=Reuters}}</ref>

== Relationship to other media ==
In 1997, ''India-West'' and its East Coast rival ''India Abroad'' opened up a shared office building in San Leandro, which ''India-West'' hoped to use as a headquarters, and ''India Abroad'' as a West Coast office; further plans for integration never materialized.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Potts |first=Michael W. |date=18 Apr 2008 |title=Pioneer Publisher Gopal Raju Dies |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/365354874/2FD0882DE57243BEPQ/ |work=India-West |pages=A1, A30 |id={{ProQuest|362726940}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Haniffa |first=Aziz |date=26 Dec 1997 |title=India Abroad-India West alliance is announced |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/362726940/ |work=[[India Abroad]] |pages=12}}</ref>

In the mid-2000s, ''India-West''<nowiki/>'s publishers ran a quarterly lifestyle magazine called ''[[Indian Life & Style]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Indian life & style |url=https://portal.issn.org/resource/ISSN/1549-1838 |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=ISSN Portal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Life & Style |url=https://www.proquest.com/publication/publications_28245 |access-date=2025-02-14 |via=[[ProQuest]] |language=en |quote=Place of publication: San Leandro. Publisher: India West. ISSN:1549-1838. }}</ref>

In 2019, ''India-West'' acquired Southern California paper ''[[India Journal]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 Aug 2019 |title=India-West Announces Acquisition of Los Angeles-based India Journal |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2281719567/ |work=India-West |pages=A3, A14 |id={{ProQuest|2281719567}}}}</ref>

The paper has also collaborated with other publications, including joint coverage of the [[Lakireddy Bali Reddy]] trafficking case with the ''[[San Francisco Examiner]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Rodriguez |first1=Daniela Gerson, Carlos |last2=Gerson |first2=Daniela |date=2017-10-04 |title=How can collaborations between ethnic and mainstream outlets serve communities in the digital age? |url=https://americanpressinstitute.org/ethnic-mainstream-collaboration/ |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=American Press Institute |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Archives ==
''India-West'' is archived on [[ProQuest]]'s Ethnic Newswatch database, and since 2021, in [[NewsBank|NewsBank America's News]].

As a key chronicler of post-1965 Indian American life, it is frequently cited by [[South Asian Americans|South Asian American]] historians and researchers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Leonard |first=Karen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_OixUUiSuLQC |title=Making Ethnic Choices: California's Punjabi Mexican Americans |date=2010-08-17 |publisher=Temple University Press |isbn=978-1-4399-0364-3 |pages=70, 234, 249, 259, 266, 289, 304, 312–313, 317, 327 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kowalewski |first=Albin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DutKAOxFSkoC |title=Asian and Pacific Islander Americans in Congress, 1900–2017 |date=2017 |publisher=Government Printing Office |isbn=978-0-16-094356-0 |pages=497–498 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Kar |first=Rosie Naresh |title=What Can Brown Do For You? Citizenship and Desire: The South Asian Diasporic Body |date=2013 |degree=PhD |publisher=[[University of California, Santa Barbara]] |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1468679385 |isbn=978-1-303-53912-1 |pages=152, 162, 198–199, 250|id={{ProQuest|1468679385}} }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Newspapers published in the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:Indian-American culture]]
[[Category:Indian-American culture in California]]
[[Category:Publications established in 1975]]
[[Category:Asian-American press]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora mass media]]

Colaba railway station

2025-12-20T10:44:44Z

RaushanYoganta: formatting fix

{{Short description|Defunct railway station in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Colaba Railway Station
| type = '''[[Mumbai Suburban Railway]]''' '''station'''
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption = Colaba Station
| style = Mumbai Suburban Railway
| address =
| coordinates = {{Coord|18|54|58|N|72|49|29.5|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| line = [[Western Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Western Line]]
| other =
| structure = Standard on-ground station
| platform = 3
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks =
| parking =
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened = 1873
| closed = 1 January 1931
| rebuilt = 7 April 1896
| electrified =
| accessible =
| code =
| owned = [[Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway]]
| zone =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services =
| map_type = Mumbai
| map_dot_label = Colaba Station
}}

'''Colaba Railway Station''' was a railway station on the [[Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway]] (BB&CI) located in [[Colaba]] in then South Bombay (now [[South Mumbai]]).

The original BB&CI terminus was at [[Grant Road railway station|Grant Road]]. This was subsequently extended to [[Churchgate railway station|Churchgate]] in 1870 and to Colaba, at the southern tip of the island, in 1873. However, by the 1920s, the Government of Bombay ordered the Railway to hand over the section between Churchgate and Colaba to facilitate the development of Backbay Reclamation project, now [[Nariman Point]]. After the new [[Mumbai Central railway station|Bombay Central]] station was opened in 1930, the line between Churchgate and Colaba was closed and removed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Once upon a time, WR was mocked as a 'waste of money'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/once-upon-a-time-wr-was-mocked-as-a-waste-of-money/|work= [[The Indian Express]]|date=9 December 2014 |access-date= 8 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Amazing facts about Mumbai |date=3 October 2018 |url=https://www.mumbairesort.in/blog/amazing-facts-you-didnt-know-about-mumbai/ |accessdate=6 October 2018}}</ref>

==The Old Station==
By 1864, the BB&CI Railway established a foothold in the city, with its terminus at Grant Rd. The line was then extended to the [[Bombay Backbay railway station|Bombay Backbay station]] by 1866, and it started its regular local service to [[Virar railway station|Viraur]] the following year. In the year 1872, the railway obtained permission from the Bombay Government to extend the line to Colaba, and to build a goods station. The station was built, but permission was provided only to erect only a semi-permanent structure mainly out of timber, this too on the condition that the 'railway' (line) would be shifted to some other location between Colaba and Marine Lines, if any further reclamation scheme was required so. This came into effect later, in 1930. According to a report from 29 September 1873, the station was to be opened to mainline passenger traffic from 1 October 1873.<ref>{{Cite book |last=W. Martin Wood |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.173328/page/n79/mode/2up?q=colaba+station |title=`things Of India` Made Plain Or, A Journalists Retrospoect (part Ii Sec 3) |date=1885 |pages=196}}</ref>

== The Problems ==
As the passenger traffic grew, the station became cramped. Standing trains could only be accommodated at Grant rd, and it became necessary for three daily main line passenger trains to be taken back between [[Grant Road railway station|Grant Rd]] and Colaba line, empty. To add to it, light engines had to move between Parel and Colaba continuously (since the shed was at Parel), hence affecting traffic. Also, often mainline trains had to be shunted off to provide space for Suburban trains, notably even before the passengers of the former could take their luggage out.

Thoughts were that this problem could be tackled by the provision of an additional siding at [[Marine Lines railway station|Marine Lines station]], and making the station a terminus for long distance trains. In 1888, a government referred committee stated that this wasn't a 'satisfactory' arrangement, since it would be objected by people for using the limited area for recreation. Instead, it was recommended that expanding the station was the only permanent solution, and a block of land was provided to the railway between the Wodehouse Bridge road and Lower Colaba road.<ref>''A Century of Suburban Service'' ,1961 Westrail News-

https://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1392817958306-article2.pdf</ref> With plans and estimates of the building submitted, Rs. 4,94,843 were sanctioned by the Government in Council in April 1893, to construct a second Colaba terminus close to the site of the original station.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rahul Mehrotra |first=Sharada Dwivedi |title=Anchoring A City Line |publisher=Eminence Designs Pvt. Ltd |year=2000 |isbn=81-900602-4-4 |pages=43 |language=English}}</ref>

== The New Station ==
A new station was built on the site, and a new Colaba Station was opened on 7 April 1896. The new station was designed by the Resident Engineer and consisted of a stone facade and a carriage porch at the South, a tower with a pitch tiled roof was located at its southwest corner. There were open ticket counters, waiting rooms, and other offices. The station had three platforms, all about 500 ft long.<ref>https://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1485248204984-65-66%20Sepecial%20Feature.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}</ref> Interestingly, the principal columns and other ironworks were created from old rails. There was a side wall on the Wodehouse Road side, constructed from brick, that would shelter passengers from the monsoon rain. The station was well lit with modern incandescent gas burner lights during both day and night. An overbridge was built at the northern end to serve as both a practical and an ornamental addition to the station.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rahul Mehrotra |first=Sharada Dwivedi |title=Anchoring A City Line |publisher=Eminence Designs Pvt. Ltd |year=2000 |isbn=81-900602-4-4 |pages=43 |language=English}}</ref>
[[File:Colaba Terminus Remodelling Scheme Diagrams.png|thumb|272x272px|Colaba Terminus Remodelling Scheme Diagrams]]
During a period of several remodeling schemes throughout the suburban line, Colaba also received attention. The signalling and yard arrangements were found inadequate, and finally a scheme was approved for the same in 1920.<ref>''The Bombay Local and Suburban Train Service,'' Dec 1923. BB&CI Magazine-
https://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1392817679390-article1.pdf</ref>
[[File:Colaba Reclamation POST CARD.jpg|thumb|A postcard depicting the reclamation at Cuffe Parade. The station sheds can be seen at the extreme left.]]

== Reclamation and Demolition ==
In 1920s, when the [[Backbay]] Reclamation project was under progress, the government ordered that the section between Churchgate and Colaba be relinquished, to allow unrestricted access. A new terminus had to be built before this. A new terminus was built at Bellasis Rd, named [[Mumbai Central railway station|Bombay Central]], and opened on 18 December 1930.

Colaba Terminus ceased to exist after 1 January 1931. The last local ran from Colaba that day to the northern end of the city. The section was dismantled by 1933, and the line then terminated at Churchgate.<ref>https://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1392817958306-article2.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html Time line of Indian Railways]
*[https://www.reddit.com/media?url=https%3A%2F%2Fpreview.redd.it%2Fcolaba-station-in-1929-before-it-was-demolished-in-1930-v0-ixa7ruywil3e1.jpeg%3Fwidth%3D965%26format%3Dpjpg%26auto%3Dwebp%26s%3D0722cb845160bfa495de6992cbe41672f98c96b4 Picture depicting the site of the old and new Colaba Terminus stations]
*[http://www.irfca.org/gallery/Heritage/Colaba.jpg.html Colaba Station from Wodehouse Bridge]
*[https://x.com/mumbaiheritage/status/1495286074062487552 Aerial view of Colaba station in the 1930s. Captured by A.R.Haseler]
*[https://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1485248204984-65-66%20Sepecial%20Feature.pdf A Western Railway Special Feature about the Colaba Terminus station]
*[https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=9315964528414275&set=p.9315964528414275&type=3 A news article announcing the closure of the station]
*[https://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1392817958306-article2.pdf ''A Century of Suburban Service'' ,1961 Westrail News-] see pg 6.7 for images
*

[[Category:Former railway stations in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1873]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India closed in 1930]]

Makkal Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam

2025-12-17T07:44:00Z

RaushanYoganta:

{{Orphan|date=April 2016}}
{{refimprove|date=April 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|party_name = Makkal Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam மக்கள் தேசிய முற்போக்கு திராவிடக் கழகம்
|colorcode =
|logo =
|leader =
|chairman =
|secretary =
|ppchairman =
|loksabha_leader =
|rajyasabha_leader =
|foundation = 10 April 2016
|predecessor =
|headquarters = [[Chennai]]
}}

'''Makkal Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam''' (MDMDK) (Tamil: மக்கள் தேசிய முற்போக்கு திராவிடக் கழகம்; English: People's National Progressive Dravidian Federation) is a regional political outfit formed by former DMDK propaganda secretary and MLA [[V. C. Chandhirakumar]] and two MLAs, S.R. Parthipan and [[C. H. Sekar]] in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, along the lines of the regional Dravidian political parties. They formally announced the outfit's formation on 10 April 2016 at Chennai.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/dmdk-mlas-launch-new-party/article8457828.ece|title=DMDK dissidents launch new outfit; ready to work with the DMK|first=B.|last=Kolappan|newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 April 2016|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Birth of MDMDK==
The outfit formed by former DMDK secretary and MLA V.C. Chandhirakumar and two MLAs, S.R. Parthipan and [[C. H. Sekar]] who were a part of DMDK. Following 2016 assembly election alliance dispute with the DMDK chief Vijayakanth, seven former district secretaries and three MLAs deserted themselves from Vijayakanth-led party and formed Makkal Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam.<ref name="thenewsminute.com">{{cite news | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tn-polls-dmdk-rebels-join-hands-dmk-41476 | title=TN Polls: DMDK rebels join hands with DMK | publisher=The News Minute | date=11 April 2016 | first=Pheba | last=Mathew | accessdate=13 July 2020 }}</ref>

==2016 Assembly Election==
Makkal-DMDK was formed and Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam treasurer M K Stalin invited Makkal Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam to meet party chief Karunanidhi. Following this, Makkal DMDK functionaries led by Chandrakumar called on both Stalin and Karunanidhi. Later, speaking to reporters, Chandrakumar said that they offered unconditional support to DMK.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/elections-2016/india/politics/dmk-makkal-dmdk-alliance-tamil-nadu-elections/|title=DMK gets unconditional support from DMDK breakaway group|date=11 April 2016|publisher=}}</ref> in the 2016 assembly election.<ref name="thenewsminute.com"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Dravidian political parties]]
[[Category:Political parties in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2016]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church, B Pallipatti

2025-12-12T23:01:28Z

RaushanYoganta: Adding some stub v1 - done

{{Short description|Roman Catholic Church in Tamil Nadu, India}}

{{Infobox church
| name = Our Lady of Mt. Carmel Church
| other name = Carmel Church
| coordinates = {{coord|11.94809|78.2798|display=inline,title}}
| fullname =
| native_name = கார்மல் அன்னை ஆலயம்
| native_name_lang = ta
| image = Our Lady of Mount. Carmal Church - B. Pallipatti.jpg
| caption = Side View of this church

| location = [[B Pallipatti]], [[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri Dt]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]

| denomination = [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]
| religious institute = [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]]
| cult = [[Catholic devotions]]
| founded date = 1938
| founder = Fr. Charles Devin

| status = [[Parish church]]
| functional status = Active
| former name =
| dedication = St. Mary
| architectural type = [[Church (building)|Church]]
| style = [[Medieval architecture|Medieval]]
| groundbreaking =
| completed date = 2001

| parish = [[B Pallipatti]]
| deanery = [[Dharmapuri]]
| archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore|Pondicherry and Cuddalore]]
| diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dharmapuri|Dharmapuri]]
| episcopalarea = [[Catholic Bishops' Conference of India|TNBC]]

| archbishop = [[Francis Kalist]]
| bishop = Lawrence Pius Dorairaj
| priest = Fr. D. Devasagayam
}}
'''Our Lady of Mt. Carmel Church''' is catholic parish church in B. Pallipatti village near Bommidi in Dharmapuri district in Tamil Nadu, India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://catholicchurches.in/directory/dharmapuri-churches/our-lady-of-mtcarmel-bpallipatti.htm|title=Our Lady of Mt.Carmel – B.pallipatti -Dharmapuri Churches- catholic churches.in|date=April 6, 2009|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=April 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415170015/http://catholicchurches.in/directory/dharmapuri-churches/our-lady-of-mtcarmel-bpallipatti.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> This parish is famous for its Jesus life story open theater drama Maasattra Ratham performed every second Friday after Easter. Also this is one of the oldest parish in Dharamapuri Diocese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dharmapuridiocese.org/parishes/|title=Dharmapuridiocese.org|website=dharmapuridiocese.org|access-date=2022-03-16|archive-date=2022-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316193142/http://dharmapuridiocese.org/parishes/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Fr. Calvin's Burial Place B.Pallipatti.jpg|thumb|190 px|left|Fr. Charles Devin's Graveyard with Statue]]

In the records, before 1750 Catholics lived in this village, probably because of missionaries from Mysore.<ref>History of Dharamapuri Diocesis - Fr. S.Susairaj</ref> This village is also under the service of [[Kovilur, Dharamapuri|Kovilur]] priest Fr. Timothy Xavier S.J., who served in [[Laligam]] during his time<ref>https://www.ucanews.com/directory/parishes-stations/india-dharmapuri/62/30</ref> Fr. Marian Fransic, MEP and parish priest of [[St. Francis Xavier Church, Kovilur|Kovilur Church]], mentioned in his diary that in 1850 there were 288 Christ followers around Pallipatti village. In 1858, Fr. Gouyon baptized seven families in this village. From 1861 to 1864, Kovilur Parish priest Fr. Thiriyon baptized 23 disciples in this village.

As [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Salem|Salem diocese]] was separated from [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kumbakonam|Kumbakonam diocese]] in 1930, Pallipatti became a [[parish]] and '''Fr. Charles Devin''' became the first parish priest. During his period, around 102 catholic families were lived around this village. Catholics of Bommidi, [[Pappireddipatti]], Kurubarahalli and [[Tangrakottai|Thenkaraikottai]] are comes under this parish. Fr. Devin started and completed the construction of the Church around 1938; he also began an elementary school in 1932 because of his commitment to education to the local people. With 15 years of service in this village, Fr. Devin died in Pallipatti on March, 11th 1945. His graveyard can be found to the right of the church.<ref>https://salemdiocese.org/history/</ref>

The parish priest Fr. M. Arulsamy started building a new church and priest house for B.Pallipatti parish and the construction begin in January 18, 2001 this is due to the insufficient space of the old church. Later on December 16, 2001 the new and the present parish church were dedicated to public.<ref>https://dharmapuridiocese.org/priests/lists/diocesan_priests.html</ref>

==Lourde Grotto==
[[File:Old Church - B.Pallipatti.jpg|thumb|200 px|left|Old Church]]
As an act of commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the [[Lourdes apparitions|apparition of Our Lady of Lourdes]] in 1958, Parish Priest Fr. T.C. Joseph erected a grotto on the west side of '''Mallikarjuna mountain''' with a statue of St. Mary the Virgin standing four feet high. This was blessed and opened by bishop of Salem.<ref>https://newsin.co.in/tag/mt-carmel-church-b-pallipatti-tamil-nadu/</ref>

Fr. Mathew Pulickal was the next parish priest to put many Jesus crucifixion statues on this mountain, which is still used during Lenten days for praying the "[[Stations of the Cross|way of the cross]]". He also built a [[Rosary]] staircase for the mountain. February 11, 1969 with the approval of district collector and Salem bishop, Fr. Thomas Seerangsira developed a residential area next to the mountain and named it as '''Lourdepuram'''.<ref>https://pincodearea.in/LOURUDHUPURAM-Pincode-PO-B-Pallipatti-BO</ref> The famous Jesus life story open theater drama '''Maasattra Ratham''' has been performed near this mountain since 1970. Later in 2008 as [[Jubilee | Jubilee year]] a chapel was built down front of this mountain and masses are conduction here ever saturday.<ref>{{cite news |date=April 16, 2023 |title=பி.பள்ளிப்பட்டியில் கெபித்திருவிழா: ஏப்.21-ல் 55 மேடைகளில் 555 பேர் நடிக்கும் நாடகம் |trans-title= |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/life-style/976537-kebi-truvizha-at-b-pallipatti-555-people-performing-on-55-stages-on-april-21st.html |url-status= |language=ta |series=Lifestyle |location= Tamilnadu|archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |publisher=The Hindu Tamil}}</ref>

==Education==
Founded by Fr. Charles Devin in 1932, St. Mary Primary School was converted into a middle school in 1952 and a high school in 1992.<ref>https://schools.org.in/dharmapuri/33050701403/st-mary-s-matric-school-b-pallipatti.html</ref> Due to insufficient space, a new school was built opposite the church under the name Mount Carmel High School.<ref>https://schools.org.in/dharmapuri/33050701402/carmel-hr-sec-school-aided.html</ref> In 2008, the school became Mount Carmel High Secondary School. In 2003, SMMI sisters opened an English Medium School in Lourdepuram near B.Pallipatti.<ref>https://www.studyapt.com/school-st-marys-mat-school-b-palli-dharmapuri-tn</ref> In 2005, they built a convent next to the school and started a medical clinic for the villagers.

==See also==
* [[B Pallipatti]]
* [[St. Francis Xavier Church, Kovilur]]
* [[Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church, Thenkaraikottai]]
* [[Our Lady of Mount Carmel]]
* [[Our Lady of Lourdes]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Roman Catholic Diocese of Dharmapuri}}

[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Churches in Dharmapuri district]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in the Diocese of Dharmapuri]]

Sanjay Kumar Mishra

2025-12-03T11:36:34Z

RaushanYoganta:

{{Short description|Member of Economic Advisory Council of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sanjay Kumar Mishra
|honorific_suffix = [[Indian Revenue Service|IRS]] (Retd.)
| caption =
| occupation = [[Bureaucrat]]
| image = Shri Sanjay Kumar Mishra IRS.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1960|05|30}}
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]], [[India]]
| office1 = [[Director (business)|Director of]] [[Enforcement Directorate]]
| predecessor1 = Karnal Singh
|successor1 = [[Rahul Navin]]
|appointer1 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| term_start1 = 19 November 2018
|term_end1 = 15 September 2023
| office = [[Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister#Organisation|Full Time Member of]] [[Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister]]
| term_start = 1 April 2025
|appointer = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| office2 = [[Chief Commissioner of Income Tax|Chief Commissioner of Income Tax of Delhi]]
|appointer2 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| alma_mater = ([[Master of Science|MS]]) [[University of Lucknow]]
}}
'''Sanjay Kumar Mishra''' (born on 30 May 1960) is a [[retired]] [[Indian Revenue Service|Indian Revenue Service officer]] of 1984 batch who is currently serving as the [[Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister#Organisation|Full Time Member]] of [[Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister]] since April 2025. He previously served as [[Director (business)|Director of]] [[Enforcement Directorate]] from 2018 to 2023 where his tenure saw multiple controversial investigations and extradition requests on many popular Indian economic fugitives.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date= 11 July 2023|title= Who is Sanjay Kumar Mishra, ED chief whose third extension is now struck down by SC|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/who-is-sanjay-kumar-mishra-the-enforcement-directorate-chief-who-got-a-third-extension-15201981.htm|access-date= 21 November 2025|website= [[CNBC-TV18]]|language=en}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|date = 1 April 2025|url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Mar/26/bugbear-for-opposition-leaders-ex-ed-chief-sanjay-mishra-now-dons-new-hat-as-economic-advisor|access-date = 19 November 2025|website = The New Indian Express|title = Bugbear for opposition leaders, ex-ED chief Sanjay Mishra now dons new hat as economic advisor }}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|website = [[Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister]]|url = https://eacpm.gov.in/team/sanjay-kumar-mishra/#:~:text=Sanjay%20Kumar%20Mishra%20is%20currently,Secretary%20to%20Government%20of%20India.|title = Sanjay Kumar Mishra}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Sanjay Kumar Mishra was born on 30 May 1960 in [[Lucknow]] in a middle class family. He completed his [[Master of Science]] degree in [[Biochemistry]] from [[University of Lucknow]].<ref>{{cite web|date = 12 July 2023|url =https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/enforcement-directorate-chief-sanjay-kumar-mishra-the-man-who-investigated-many-vips-4201105|title = SK mishra who investigated many VIPs|access-date = 19 November 2025|website = [[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date= 29 November 2022|title= SK Mishra the long hand of ED |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sanjay-kumar-mishra-journey-long-hand-of-the-enforcement-directorate-8291728/ |access-date= 19 November 2025|website= [[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref>

==Civil Service career==
Before joining [[Indian Revenue Service]], Mishra after graduating with a biochemistry degree from the [[University of Lucknow]], worked as an [[immunology]] researcher at the [[Central Drug Research Institute]] in Lucknow and published more than 10 research papers in International and National Science Journals.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/>

Mishra passed the [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC]] [[Civil Services Examination]] on his first attempt and went on to join the [[Indian Revenue Service]] of [[Indian Revenue Service (Income Tax)|Income Tax]] cadre in 1984.<ref name="auto"/>

His initial appointment came as an Assistant Director of the Income Tax department in [[Gorakhpur]]. Within 4 years in this post his first stint with [[Enforcement Directorate]] came when he got the charge of its [[Agra]] and [[Jaipur]] operation handling cases under [[Foreign Exchange Regulation Act]].<ref>{{Cite web |date= 14 June 2025 |title= Meet Sanjay Kumar Mishra, the Bureaucrat Who Reshaped the ED |url=https://indianmasterminds.com/feature-stories-on-bureaucrats-changemakers/meet-sanjay-kumar-mishra-the-bureaucrat-who-reshaped-the-ed-11-years-of-government-122621/ |access-date= 20 November 2025|website= India Masterminds |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>

In 1994, he was posted back to his [[Indian Revenue Service (Income Tax)|Income Tax]] cadre under which he served in [[Ahemdabad]] for 9 years. He then worked in [[ Kolhapur]] Maharashtra before being transferred back to Delhi in 2006. He then served as [[Joint Secretary to the Government of India|Joint Secretary]] in the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] which was then followed by a stint in the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]].<ref name="auto"/>

In October 2018, he was given an additional incharge as [[Director (business)|Director]] of [[Enforcement Directorate]] for three months which was then converted into full appointment of 2 years based on the notification issued by [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] headed by the Prime Minister of India.<ref>{{Cite web |date= 18 November 2018|title= IRS officer SK Mishra appointed full-time director of ED|url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/irs-officer-sk-mishra-appointed-full-time-director-of-ed/151165/ |access-date= 20 November 2025|website=[[The Print]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Controversy==
Mishra's tenure as [[Director (business)|director]] of [[Enforcement Directorate|ED]] involved multiple extensions beyond the normal 2 year term appointment with first being granted in 2020 when the Central Government retrospectively modified the norm.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2022|title= Govt extends tenure of ED director Sanjay Mishra for one more year|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/govt-extends-tenure-of-ed-director-sanjay-mishra-for-one-more-year-101668711043498.html |access-date=20 November 2025|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}</ref> Subsequently he was granted more extensions in 2021 with [[Supreme Court of India]] uphelding his extension of 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2021|title= Supreme Court upholds extension of tenure of ED director SK Mishra|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/supreme-court-upholds-extension-of-tenure-of-ed-director-sk-mishra-7496040/ |access-date= 20 November 2025|website= [[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= 17 November 2021|title= ED Director Sanjay Mishra gets one year extension|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=894813 |access-date=20 November 2025|website= Daiji World |language=en}}</ref>

On November 18, 2022 the Modi government again extended the tenure of SK Mishra until November 2023. But in July 2023 the [[Supreme Court of India]] declared his third extension as illegal and ordered he would serve until 31 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date= 11 July 2023|title= Supreme Court says extension granted to ED director Sanjay Mishra is illegal sets July 31 as deadline for ji term|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/supreme-court-says-extension-granted-to-ed-director-sanjay-mishra-illegal-sets-july-31-deadline-for-his-term/articleshow/101664429.cms |access-date= 20 November 2025|website= [[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

However, at the request of the Central Government the Court finally extended his tenure until September 15, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date= 27 July 2023 |title= Supreme Court Extends Tenure of Incumbent ED Director Sanjay Mishra till September|url=https://www.scobserver.in/reports/supreme-court-extends-tenure-of-incumbent-ed-director-sanjay-mishra-till-september/ |access-date=20 November 2025|website= Supreme Court Observer|language=en}}</ref>
==As the director of ED==
Mishra's 5 year tenure was considered one of the longest and controversial. Under his tenure the agency allegedly targeted political opponents of [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]. Notable examples were the raid against Former Finance Minister of India [[P Chidambaram]] and his son, Jharkhand Chief Minister [[Hemant Soren]], Karnataka Congress chief [[DK Shivakumar]], former Maharashtra minister [[Anil Deshmukh]] and [[Aam Admi Party]] leaders like [[Manish Sisodia]] and [[Satyendra Jain]].<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |date= 30 July 2023|title= SK Mishra-Thr indispensable director |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sk-mishra-the-indispensable-director/article67136710.ece |access-date= 20 November 2025|website= [[The Hindu]]|language=en}}</ref>

Under five year tenure the agency took around 4000 cases and conducted 3000 searches. He also hired outside experts and professionals for the implementation of [[Prevention of Money Laundering Act]].<ref name="auto2"/>

Under Mishra's tenure [[Enforcement Directorate]] got the approval from the government to initiate extradition actions against economic fugitives like [[Nirav Modi]], [[Vijay Mallya]] and arms dealer [[Sanjay Bhandari]].<ref name="auto3"/>

==Member of Economic Advisory Council==
In March 2025, the Modi Government appointed Sanjay Mishra as the full time member of the [[Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister]].<ref>{{Cite web |date= 26 March 2025 |title=Ex-ED Boss Sanjay Mishra Makes A Comeback In PM's Advisory Council |url= https://thesecretariat.in/article/ex-ed-boss-sanjay-mishra-makes-a-comeback-in-pm-s-advisory-council|access-date= 20 November 2025|website= The Secretariat|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Lucknow]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:Indian government officials]]
[[Category:Indian Revenue Service officers]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Sanjay Kumar}}

Gudigunta

2025-11-23T20:39:05Z

RaushanYoganta: refined references further

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gudigunta
| native_name = Jogannapalem
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.48405|N|81.10054|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Eluru district|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Denduluru mandal|Denduluru]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - West Godavari|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2815_PART_B_DCHB_WEST%20GODAVARI.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=6 January 2016|page=22,284|format=PDF}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 9.22
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 15
| population_total = 2988
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=census />
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 534 475
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Gudigunta''' is a village in [[Eluru district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in [[Denduluru mandal]] of [[Eluru revenue division]].<ref name=census /><ref>{{cite web|title=District Level Mandal wise List of Villages in Andhra Pradesh |url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/WestGodavari.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=12 January 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214094218/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/WestGodavari.pdf|archivedate=14 December 2014|page=11|format=PDF}}</ref> The nearest railway station is Ontimitta (VNM) located at a distance of {{Convert|40.96|km|abbr=on}}.

==Demographics==
At the 2011 [[Census of India]], Gudigunta had a population of 2,988 (1,499 males and 1,489 females with a sex ratio of 993 females per 1000 males). 170 children were in the age group of 0–6 years, with a child sex ratio of 1,152 girls per 1,000 boys. The average literacy rate stood at 79.95% with 2253 literates.<ref name=census />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Eluru district]]

Zainuddin Makhdoom

2025-10-21T22:02:10Z

RaushanYoganta:

'''Zainuddin Makhdoom''' may refer to:
*[[Zainuddin Makhdoom I]], Indian Islamic jusrist
*[[Zainuddin Makhdoom II]], Indian Islamic scholar, writer and religious leader, grandson of the former

{{hndis|Makhdoom, Zainuddin}}

Bharat

2025-10-16T03:38:14Z

RaushanYoganta:

{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Wiktionary|Bharat|भारत}}
'''Bharat''', or '''Bharath''', may refer to:
* [[Bharat (term)]], the name for India in various Indian languages
** [[India]], a country
** [[Bharata Khanda]], the Sanskrit name for the Indian subcontinent
** [[Bharatavarsha]], another Sanskrit name for the Indian subcontinent
* [[Bharat (given name)]], a contemporary given name (including a list of people with the name)
** [[Bharath (actor)]] (born 1983), Indian actor in Tamil cinema
* [[Bharat (film)|''Bharat'' (film)]], a 2019 Indian Hindi-language drama by Ali Abbas Zafar
* "Bharat", a song by A. R. Rahman and Hariharan from the 1992 Indian film [[Roja (film)|''Roja'']]
** "Bharat", a remake of the song from the 2025 Indian film [[The Diplomat (2025 film)|''The Diplomat'']]
* [[Bharat Biotech]], an Indian biotechnology company
* [[Bharat Electronics]], an Indian aerospace and defence company
* [[Bharat FC]], a former Indian professional football team
* [[Bharat Petroleum]], an Indian oil and gas company
* [[Bharat stage emission standards]], a set of Indian emissions standards
* [[Barat, Bannu]], also Bharat, a village in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
* [[Bharath University]], in Chennai, India
* [[Bharatpol]], Indian crime monitoring portal under the Central Bureau of Investigation
* [[Pakpak Bharat Regency|Pakpak Bharat]], a regency in North Sumatra, Indonesia

==See also==
* {{lookfrom|Bharat}}
* [[Bharata (disambiguation)]]
* [[Barat (disambiguation)]]
* [[Bharati (disambiguation)]]
* [[Bharti (disambiguation)]]
* ''[[Bharatham]]'', a 1991 Indian Malayalam-language musical-drama film directed by Sibi Malayil
* [[Bharatvarsh (TV series)|''Bharatvarsh'' (TV series)]], Indian television documentary about the history of India
* ''[[Bhārata Mātā]]'', the national personification of India as a mother goddess
* [[Bharathar]], a Tamil caste in Tamil Nadu, India
* [[Bharathan (disambiguation)]]
* [[Bharatha people]], Bharathar in Sri Lanka
* ''[[Bharatiana]]'', a genus of Asian plant lice
* [[Baratha (moth)|''Baratha'' (moth)]], a synonym of genus ''Mocis''
* ''[[Mahābhārata]]'', a Sanskrit epic of ancient India
* ''[[Baharat]]'', the Arabic word for "spices"

{{disambiguation}}

Prozone Mall, Coimbatore

2025-10-09T04:22:07Z

RaushanYoganta: Adding initial article more to come - done

{{More citations needed|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox shopping mall
| name = Prozone Mall, Coimbatore
| image =
| image_width = 250px
| caption =
| location = [[Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.0552|N|76.9939|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| address = Sivanandhapuram, Saravanampatti
| opening_date = July 2017<ref name='Prozone Coimbatore'/>
| closing_date =
| developer = Prozone Enterprises Pvt. Ltd
| manager =
| owner =
| architect = Bentel Associates International
| number_of_stores = 160
| number_of_anchors =
| floor_area = {{convert|500000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}<ref name='Prozone Malls'/><ref name='Prozone Coimbatore'/>
| parking = 2,500 vehicles
| floors = Ground+1
| website = {{url|https://prozonemalls.com/coimbatore}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Prozone Mall, Coimbatore''' is one of the largest horizontally designed [[shopping malls]] in India, covering over {{cvt|500000|sqft}}.<ref name='Prozone Malls'>{{cite web|title=Prozone Malls|url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/specials/prozone-enters-race-to-buy-malls-in-mumbai-delhi-pune-other-big-cities-118040500038_1.html}}</ref> It was opened on 19 July 2017 at [[Sivanandapuram]], [[Saravanampatti]] Road, [[Coimbatore]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.prozoneintu.com/prozone_coimbatore_retail|title=Top real estate developer Coimbatore, Nagpur|website=www.prozoneintu.com|language=en|access-date=2017-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616154112/http://www.prozoneintu.com/prozone_coimbatore_retail|archive-date=16 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> It has some attracting places like Inox, Fun unlimited, etc.<ref name="Prozone Coimbatore">{{Cite news|date=2017-07-19|title=Prozone Mall ready in Coimbatore|language=en|work=The Hindu Business Line|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/prozone-enters-coimbatore/article9779025.ece|access-date=2017-09-30}}</ref>

== Facilities ==
The mall has:

* Outlets from major clothing and apparel brands.
* 09 screens [[INOX Leisure Limited|INOX]]
* A food court
* A CRA SPEEDWAY Go-[[Go-kart|kart]] track on the roof.

The mall is located near [[Saravanampatti]], one of Coimbatore's faster-growing neighborhoods due to an influx of IT companies. It covers {{cvt|12|acre}} of land on [[Sathy Road]]. The mall's large tenants include [[H&M]] and [[Spar (retailer)|Spar]] stores.

== History ==
The mall was constructed by Prozone Intu Pvt. Ltd. and designed by Bentel Architects of South Africa. It is promoted by the UK-based Intu Properties Plc and Prozone.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://prozoneintu.com/|title=Home|website=Prozone Intu|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-22}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Commons category|Shopping malls in Coimbatore}}
{{Coimbatore}}
{{Shopping malls in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prozone Mall-Coimbatore}}
[[Category:Shopping malls in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Shopping malls established in 2017]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

{{India-company-stub}}

Hara hara

2025-10-04T10:43:16Z

RaushanYoganta: started!

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Erethistes hara Day 102.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn |author=Ng, H.H. |year=2010 |title=''Hara hara'' |volume=2010 |article-number=e.T166647A6254863 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T166647A6254863.en |access-date=31 August 2025}}</ref>
| taxon = Hara hara
| authority = ([[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|F. Hamilton]], 1822)
| synonyms =
* ''Pimelodus hara'' Hamilton, 1822
* ''Erethistes hara'' (Hamilton, 1822)
* ''Pimelodus asperus'' McClelland, 1844
* ''Glyptothorax asperus'' (McClelland, 1844)
* ''Laguvia asperus'' (McClelland, 1844)
* ''Hara buchanani'' [[Edward Blyth|Blyth]], 1860
* ''Hara saharsai'' Datta Munshi & Srivastava, 1988
* ''Erethistes serratus'' (Vishwanath & Kosygin, 2000)
* ''Hara serrata'' Vishwanath & Kosygin, 2000
}}

'''''Hara hara''''' is a species of [[South Asian river catfish]] that occurs in [[Bangladesh]], [[China]], [[India]],<ref>{{CiteQ|Q122968839}}</ref> [[Myanmar]] and [[Nepal]]. This species grows to a length of {{convert|13.0|cm|in}} [[fish measurement|TL]].

== References ==
* {{FishBase |genus= Hara|species= hara| month = December| year = 2011}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q5396733}}

[[Category:Erethistidae]]
[[Category:Fish of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Freshwater fish of China]]
[[Category:Freshwater fish of India]]
[[Category:Fish of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Fish of Nepal]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1822]]

{{siluriformes-stub}}

Rameshwar Nath Koul Bamezai

2025-09-24T23:16:10Z

RaushanYoganta: Adding the entry nd citations - done

{{Short description|Indian geneticist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = R.N.K. Bamezai
|image =
|image_size =
|caption = R.N.K. Bamezai in 2011
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1951|12|26}}
|birth_place = [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
|alma_mater = [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]]
|work_institution = [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]], [[National Centre of Applied Human Genetics]], [[Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University]]
|known_for = [[Human genetics]], [[Oncogenomics|cancer genomics]], [[bioinformatics]], [[RNA interference]]
|awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2012)
|website = [http://www.ncahg.org/ National Centre of Applied Human Genetics]
}}

'''Rameshwar Nath Koul Bamezai''' is an Indian scientist in the field of human genetics and cancer biology. He is the coordinator of the National Centre of Applied Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]] (New Delhi). He has served as the Vice chancellor of [[Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University]]. He was honoured with the [[Padma Shri]] Award by the [[President of India]] for his contributions to the fields of science and technology in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=79881|title= Padma Awards|publisher=pib|date= 27 January 2013 |access-date= 27 January 2013 }}</ref> An elected fellow of the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]],<ref name="List of Fellows - NAMS">{{cite web | url=http://www.nams-india.in/downloads/fellowsmembers/ZZ.pdf | title=List of Fellows - NAMS | publisher=National Academy of Medical Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=19 March 2016}}</ref> he has published many articles on his research.<ref>{{citation | url = http://smvdu.net.in/images/stories/pdf/cv/24032011_cv.pdf | title = Ex-SUMMARY of Curriculum Vitae: R.N.K. BAMEZAI | publisher = Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University | access-date = 15 October 2011 | archive-date = 20 January 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130120225259/http://smvdu.net.in/images/stories/pdf/cv/24032011_cv.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.groundreport.com/World/Prof-Bamezai-as-the-new-VC-of-Mata-Vaishno-Devi-Un_5/2915851 |title=Prof. Bamezai as the new VC of Mata Vaishno Devi University |publisher=GroundReport |date=2010-01-10 |access-date=2012-01-25 |archive-date=24 January 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130124211130/http://www.groundreport.com/World/Prof-Bamezai-as-the-new-VC-of-Mata-Vaishno-Devi-Un_5/2915851 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jnu.ac.in/Faculty/bamezai/ |title=Prof. R.N.K. Bamezai |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru University |access-date=2012-01-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.insaindia.org.in/detail.php?id=P10-1505 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813011017/http://www.insaindia.org.in/detail.php?id=P10-1505 | url-status=usurped | archive-date=13 August 2016 | title=INSA | publisher=Indian National Science Academy | access-date=2012-01-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncahg.org/coordinator.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040809024441/http://www.ncahg.org/coordinator.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 August 2004 |title=COORDINATOR's |publisher=National Centre of Applied Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University |access-date=2012-01-25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.allbookstores.com/Voices-Genes-Bamezai-Vai-ara/9788189901844 |title=Voices and Genes | edition = 1st |first1 = R. N. K. |last1 = Bamezai | first2= Vaiâsnĺa |last2=Nĺaraçnga |isbn=9788189901844 |publisher=Academic Excellence |date=1 January 2008 |access-date=2012-01-25}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}
{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bamezai, Rameshwar Nath Koul}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Indian geneticists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences]]
[[Category:Scientists from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:People from Srinagar]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]

Jawaharpur Super Thermal Power Station

2025-09-07T07:27:49Z

RaushanYoganta: updated details

{{Short description|Upcoming power plant in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox power station
| name = Jawaharpur Super Thermal Power Station at Etah District in Uttar Pradesh
| name_official = Jawaharpur Super Thermal Power
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| country = India
| location = [[Etah]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| status = Under construction by Doosan Power Systems India (DPSI)
| construction_began = December 2016
| commissioned = 2021
| decommissioned =
| cost = Approx INR 10500 Crore
| ps_site_area = {{convert|350|hectare}}
| owner = Jawaharpur Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Limited
| operator = UP Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Limited ([[UPRVUNL]])
| th_fuel_primary = [[Coal]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.uprvunl.org/jawaharpur-vidyut-unl.htm}}
| extra =
}}
'''Jawaharpur Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Ltd''' is an upcoming thermal power plant coming up at Town Malawan district [[Etah]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Jawaharpur_Thermal_Project|title=Jawaharpur Thermal Project - SourceWatch|website=www.sourcewatch.org|access-date=7 January 2019|archive-date=7 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107233418/https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Jawaharpur_Thermal_Project|url-status=live}}</ref> The power plant is one of the [[coal]]-based power plants of Jawaharpur Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Ltd. (JVUNL), a 100% subsidiary of UP Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Limited ([[UPRVUNL]])<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://apps.uprvunl.org/uprvunltender/tender/HeadOffice/HeadOffice20721c.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=9 April 2016 |archive-date=12 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512173051/http://apps.uprvunl.org/uprvunltender/tender/HeadOffice/HeadOffice20721c.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Contract was awarded to Doosan Power Systems India (DPSI).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mengnews.joins.com/view.aspx?aId=3027886 |title=Doosan seals deal to build generators in India-INSIDE Korea JoongAng Daily |access-date=28 December 2016 |archive-date=27 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227074828/http://mengnews.joins.com/view.aspx?aId=3027886 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Capacity==
The planned capacity of the power plant is 1320 MW (2x660MW). Expected commissioning in year 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/news/2016/12/26/0200000000AEN20161226005000320.html|title=Doosan Heavy lands 2.7 tln-won deal to build power plants in India|newspaper=Yonhap News Agency|language=en|access-date=2016-12-28|archive-date=28 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228200031/http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/news/2016/12/26/0200000000AEN20161226005000320.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Stage !! Unit Number !! power ([[Megawatt|MW]]) !! Date of Commissioning !! Status
|-
| 1st || 1 || 660 ||29.04.2023 || Completed
|-
| 1st || 2 || 660 || || Construction ongoing.
|}

== Media ==
[[File:Office Etah.jpg|thumb]]

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Energy}}
* [[Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Power Plants of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Coal-fired power stations in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Etah district]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 2021]]
[[Category:2021 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

{{Etah-geo-stub}}
{{India-powerstation-stub}}

Mandher Devi temple stampede

2025-08-15T08:41:02Z

RaushanYoganta: improved structure and corrected details

{{Short description|2005 stampede in Wai, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

The '''Mandher Devi temple stampede''' occurred on Tuesday, 25 January 2005 at [[Mandher Devi temple]] near [[Wai, Maharashtra|Wai]] in [[Satara district]] in [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]]. The [[stampede]] broke out as 300,000 people converged on the Mandher Devi temple to undertake the annual pilgrimage on the full moon day of [[Shakambhari Purnima]],<ref>Mandher Devi temple deadly stampede[https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl2204/stories/20050225002803400.htm]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-deadliest-stampedes-of-recent-times.html][https://www.drikpanchang.com/navratri/shakambari/shakambari-purnima-date-time.html?year=2005][https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/mandher-devi-temple-stampede-report-never-tabled-in-state-assembly-ex-bombay-high-court-judge][http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-01/26/content_412448.htm][https://www.irishtimes.com/news/stampede-fire-kill-hundreds-near-indian-temple-1.1296489][https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jan/26/india.randeepramesh]</ref> in January and for participation in a 24-hour-long festival that includes ritual animal sacrifices to the goddess. Festivities also include the devotees breaking coconuts at Mangirbaba temple near the entrance and dancing with the Goddess Kalubai's idol held high.

Witnesses said the rush started around midday after some pilgrims slipped on the temple's steep stone steps, which were wet with coconut water spilled from fruit presented as offerings to the goddess Kalubai. A fire then broke out in shops nearby and gas cylinders exploded. Scores were crushed to death on the steep and narrow hill path leading to the temple and many others were charred. It was alleged that some drunk people had created the chaos which led to the disaster, as also mentioned by Justice (retd.) Rajan Kochar of [[Bombay High Court]], in his report. 291 pilgrims died in the stampede.<ref name="DNA 20131015">{{cite web|last1=Patil|first1=Gangadhar|title=Madhya Pradesh temple stampede: 27 of 29 stampedes in country in last five years at religious places|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-madhya-pradesh-temple-stampede-27-of-29-stampedes-in-country-in-last-five-years-at-religious-places-1904000|website=dnaIndia.com|publisher=[[Diligent Media Corporation]]|accessdate=6 July 2014|location=New Delhi, India|date=15 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jan/26/india.randeepramesh | location=London | work=The Guardian | title=Hundreds die in pilgrimage crush}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050208015128/http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/27/stories/2005012707961100.htm The Hindu Jan. 27, 2005]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4210169.stm BBC News Jan 26, 2005]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050207105620/http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/26/stories/2005012609100100.htm The Hindu Jan 26, 2005]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070208231002/http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=41187 Express India Jan 26, 2005]
*[https://archive.today/20061124091112/http://www.newsindia.com/editorial/01-26-05.asp News India Jan 26, 2005]

{{Human stampedes}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Human stampedes in India]]
[[Category:2005 disasters in India]]
[[Category:History of Maharashtra (1947–present)]]
[[Category:Disasters in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Human stampedes in 2005]]

{{disaster-stub}}
{{india-hist-stub}}

Aalot

2025-08-10T03:48:50Z

RaushanYoganta: added the post basic info...

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Aalot
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Aalot Allote
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.7621400|N|75.5599100|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ratlam district|Ratlam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 439
| population_total = 24115
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Alot''' is a town and [[Nagar Panchayat|nagar panchayat]] in the [[Ratlam district]] of Madhya Pradesh, India. The name is derived from King Alia Bhil who established the region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Luard C. E.captain |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206907 |title=Central India State Gazetteer Series Malwa Vol-v Part-a |date=1908}}</ref>

==Demographics==
Alot had a population of 24,115 as of the 2011 census.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alot Nagar Panchayat City Population Census 2011-2024 {{!}} Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/802218-alot-madhya-pradesh.html |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Kharwa Kala]], a villa under Alot taluka
{{Wiktionary|Alot}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ujjain Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Ratlam district]]

Shri Ganganagar–Jammu Tawi Express

2025-06-29T05:57:14Z

RaushanYoganta: New Basic Article Nd Citations

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Shri Ganganagar–Jammu Tawi Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2014|09|24}}
| last =
| operator = [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Shri Ganganagar Junction}} (SGNR)
| stops = 12
| end = {{stnlnk|Jammu Tawi}} (JAT)
| distance = {{convert|548|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 11 hrs 50 mins
| frequency = Weekly.{{efn|Runs one day in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 14713 / 14714
| speed = {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 14713 / 14714 '''Shri Ganganagar–Jammu Tawi Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[North Western Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Shri Ganganagar Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Jammu Tawi}} in India. It is currently being operated with 14713/14714 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref name="profile">{{cite web|title=List of the trains announced in the Railway Budget 2014-15 which would serve the State of Jammu & Kashmir and status of implementation|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=126640|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|date=4 September 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=4191&id=0,4,268 PERMANENT AUGMENTATION OF SHRIGANGANAGAR- JAMMU TAWI- SHRIGANGANAGAR EXPRESS TRAIN]</ref><ref>[http://www.nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=2947&id=0,4,268 Permanent Augmentation in Sriganganagar-Jamutavi-Sriganganagar Exp. with 02 AC Coaches]</ref>

== Service==

The 14713/Shri Ganganagar–Jammu Tawi Express has an average speed of 46 km/h and covers 548 km in 11h 50m. The 14714/Jammu Tawi–Shri Ganganagar Express has an average speed of 43 km/h and covers 548 km in 12h 50m.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{stnlnk|Shri Ganganagar Junction}}
* Abohar Junction
* {{stnlnk|Bathinda Junction}}
* Barnala
* {{stnlnk|Dhuri Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ludhiana Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Jalandhar Cantonment Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Pathankot Cantonment}}
* {{stnlnk|Kathua}}
* {{stnlnk|Jammu Tawi}}

==Coach composition==

The train has standard ICF rakes with max speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 20 coaches:

* 2 AC II Tier
* 4 AC III Tier
* 7 Sleeper coaches
* 6 General Unreserved
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Tughlakabad railway station|Tughlakabad Loco Shed]]-based [[WDM-3A]] diesel locomotive from Shri Ganganagar to Jammu Tawi and vice versa.

==Direction reversal==

The train reverses its direction once:

* {{stnlnk|Dhuri Junction}}

==Rake sharing==

The train shares its rake with 12485/12486 [[Hazur Sahib Nanded–Shri Ganganagar Express]]

== See also ==

* [[Shri Ganganagar Junction railway station]]
* [[Jammu Tawi railway station]]
* [[Hazur Sahib Nanded–Shri Ganganagar Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/23660 14713/Shri Ganganagar–Jammu Tawi Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/23662 14714/Jammu Tawi–Shri Ganganagar Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shri Ganganagar-Jammu Tawi Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Jammu]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2014]]
[[Category:Transport in Sri Ganganagar]]

Kailash Pandya

2025-05-28T14:45:54Z

RaushanYoganta: new

{{Short description|American theatre artist}}
{{Advert|date=February 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}

'''Kailash Pandya''' (1923 – 24 December 2007) was an Indian theatre artist and winner of several national awards in India.

== Biography ==
Pandya was born in [[Bhavnagar]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. He was active with the [[Indian People’s Theatre Association]], Mumbai from 1943 to 1948.<ref>{{Citation |last=Lal |first=Ananda |title=Pandya, Kailash |date=2004 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195644463.001.0001/acref-9780195644463-e-0460 |work=The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre |access-date=2023-09-28 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195644463.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-564446-3|url-access=subscription }}</ref> From 1949 to 1957, he worked with [[Jaishankar Bhojak]] (AKA Jaishankar Sundari) at Nat Mandal, Ahmedabad. In 1958 he attended the Asian Theatre Institute in Delhi (which later grew into the [[National School of Drama]]). He also learned [[Kathakali]] from [[Vazhenkada Kunchu Nair|Guru Vazhenkada Kunchu Nair]], and [[Bhavai]], a popular folk theatre form from Gujarat, from [[Guru Chimanlal Nayak]].

He headed the Theatre Department of [[Mrinalini Sarabhai]]’s [[Darpana Academy of Performing Arts]], [[Ahmedabad]] from 1959 until he died in 2007.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lynton |first=Harriet Ronken |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6iPK00HesY8C&q=kailash+pandya+darpana&pg=PA141 |title=Born to Dance |date=1995 |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=978-81-250-0268-0 |language=en}}</ref> During his career, Kailash produced a variety of Indian and Western plays by [[Bhasa]], [[Nikolai Gogol]], [[Bertolt Brecht]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and [[Vijay Tendulkar]]. He was deeply interested in folk theatre and experimented with Bhavai in some of his productions. Kailash also worked with theatre veterans like [[Dina Pathak]] and [[Chandravadan Mehta]]. In 1983, he received the Gujarat Sangeet Natak Akademi Award and the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] Award in 1993 for Direction. Kailash also frequented theatre seminars and workshops in India and abroad such as the ones at the University of California, Los Angeles, California State University, Los Angeles High School for the Performing Arts, Redlands University, and [[Pomona College]], Claremont. Pomona College invited him to direct a Sanskrit production of [[Mṛcchakatika]] in classical [[Natyashastra]] in 1994.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite book |last=Lynton |first=H. Ronken |title=Born to Dance |publisher=Orient Longman, Hyderabad |year=1995 |isbn=978-0863115479 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6iPK00HesY8C&q=kailash+pandya+darpana&pg=PA141 |ref=Br}}
* {{cite book |last=Usmani |first=Zeeshan-ul-Hassan |title=Beyond Boundaries: Reflections of Indian and U.S. Scholars |publisher=iUniverse |year=2007 |isbn=978-0595436446 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8RgFGu9PH-cC&q=kailash+pandya+darpana&pg=PA442 |ref=Br}}

==External links==
* {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}
*[http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/16021944?selectedversion=NBD24001793- 1994, English, Video edition:Taking a ride on the Clay Cart]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandya, Kailash}}
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Gujarat academics]]
[[Category:Gujarati actors]]
[[Category:Gujarati theatre]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Male actors from Delhi]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:National School of Drama alumni]]
[[Category:People from Bhavnagar]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]