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Kattalan

2026-05-08T15:54:04Z

Raunak Shankhwar: Started a article

{{Short description|Upcoming Indian Malayalam-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kattalan: The Hunter
| image = Kattalan_First_Look_Poster.png
| caption = Theatrical Release Poster
| director = Paul George
| writer = Paul George Joby Varghese Jero Jacob
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = [[Unni R.]]
}}
| producer = Shareef Muhammed
| starring = [[Antony Varghese]] [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] [[Jagadish]] [[Kabir Duhan Singh]] [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]
| cinematography = [[Renadive]] '''Additional Cinematography:''' [[Chandru Selvaraj]] [[Sudeep Elamon]]
| editing = [[Shameer Muhammed]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]] [[Ravi Basrur]] '''Score:''' Ravi Basrur
| studio = Cubes Entertainments
| distributor = Cubes Entertainments Release (India) Phars Films (Overseas)
| released = {{Film date|2026|05|28|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INR|50 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2025 |title=Antony Varghese's Kattalan goes on floors |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Sep/30/antony-vargheses-kattalan-goes-on-floors |website=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=15 April 2026}}</ref>
}}

'''''Kattalan''''' ({{Translation|Savage forest dweller}}) is an upcoming Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by Paul George and produced by Shareef Muhammed under the banner of Cubes Entertainments. The film stars [[Antony Varghese]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Jagadish]], [[Kabir Duhan Singh]] and [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]].<ref>{{Cite news |title='Kantara' fame Ajaneesh Loknath makes Malayalam debut with 'Kattalan'|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2025/05/24/kantara-musician-ajaneesh-loknath-makes-malayalam-debut-with-kattalan.html|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250604154112/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2025/05/24/kantara-musician-ajaneesh-loknath-makes-malayalam-debut-with-kattalan.html|archive-date=4 June 2025 |access-date=24 May 2025 |website=[[Onmanorama|Manorama]] |language=en}}</ref> The music is composed by [[Ravi Basrur]] and [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]<ref>https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/kattalan-brings-in-ravi-basrur-as-composer-after-last-minute-shake-up-82852.html</ref>, with cinematography by [[Renadive]] and editing by [[Shameer Muhammed]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Antony Varghese Pepe's fiery look in 'Kattalan' released|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/antony-varghese-pepes-fiery-look-in-kattalan-released-rlht3oe2|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251013172536/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/antony-varghese-pepes-fiery-look-in-kattalan-released-rlht3oe2|archive-date=13 October 2025 |access-date=11 October 2025 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=en}}</ref>

The film was officially announced on 2 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Antony Varghese's new actioner with Marco producer titled Kattalan|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Mar/03/antony-vargheses-new-actioner-with-marco-producer-titled-kattalan|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303174551/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Mar/03/antony-vargheses-new-actioner-with-marco-producer-titled-kattalan|archive-date=3 March 2025 |access-date=3 March 2025 |website=[[Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] began on 28 September 2025 in Thailand,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kattalan Movie Update: Antony Varghese Starrer Begins Thailand Schedule|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/south-cinema/kattalan-thailand-schedule-update-1803330|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251001154305/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/south-cinema/kattalan-thailand-schedule-update-1803330|archive-date=1 October 2025 |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=[[ABP News]] |language=en}}</ref> with additional shooting taking place in [[Vagamon]], [[Kollam]], [[Colombo]], [[Dhanushkodi]], [[Tirunelveli]] and [[Rameswaram]]. The film's music had the songs composed by [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]] and the background score by [[Ravi Basrur]]. It is scheduled for a theatrical release on 28 May 2026 in standard, [[IMAX]], and [[Qube Cinema Technologies#EPIQ|EPIQ]] formats.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kattalan First Look Poster Released: Antony Varghese Unveils a Fascinating, Unprecedented Character in Malayalam Action Film|url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/south/antony-varghese-kattalan-the-killer-first-look-article-152983752|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251013175402/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/south/antony-varghese-kattalan-the-killer-first-look-article-152983752|archive-date=13 October 2025 |access-date=11 July 2025 |website=[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom TV]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Antony Varghese]]
*[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as George D'peter
*[[Jagadish]]
*[[Kabir Duhan Singh]]
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]
*[[Dushara Vijayan]]
*Parth Tiwari
* Harishankar Narayanan as SP Nelson Nadar
* Hanan Shah as Malik
* [[Anson Paul]] as Stanley
* Hipster as Alokah
* Shonjoy as Mano
* Sandeep as Naadhu
* Shanood Ebrahim as Hakkim
* Shibin Raghav as Marudhu
* Shaji Shahid as MLA Ishwar
* Bibin Perumpilly as Eapen Mathew
* Vijay Jacob as Minister Ilavarasu
* Arun Sunny as Dr.Sanjay
* Ali Shifas as Aadhi
* Ferry as Naveen
* Yadhu Krishna as Amir
* Deepu G Panicker as Raghav Chandra IPS
* Binu Manambur as Kaiser
* Ajin John as SI Velraj
* Sabeer EH as Salim
* Hari Namboothiri as Alex Tharakan
* Chandran as Ilankovan
* Prathapan KS as Aravindan
* Raj Thirandasu as Maari 95'

==Production==
===Development===
On 22 August 2025, the production of ''Kattalan'' began with a traditional pooja ceremony held at Chakkolas Pavilion in [[Kochi]], [[Ernakulam]]. The event was attended by the film’s cast and crew, as well as members of the film industry.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mollywood News Update: Actor Antony Varghese suffers major accident during elephant fight sequence for 'Kattalan'|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2025/10/10/mollywood-news-update-actor-anthony-varghese-suffers-major-accident-during-elephant-fight-sequence-for-kattalan.html|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251013175930/https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2025/10/10/mollywood-news-update-actor-anthony-varghese-suffers-major-accident-during-elephant-fight-sequence-for-kattalan.html|archive-date=13 October 2025 |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |language=en}}</ref>

===Filming===
The [[principal photography]] began September 28, 2025. Major filming took place in [[Thailand]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Antony Varghese's Kattalan goes on floors|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Sep/30/antony-vargheses-kattalan-goes-on-floors|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251013181120/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Sep/30/antony-vargheses-kattalan-goes-on-floors|archive-date=13 October 2025 |access-date=30 September 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>, [[Kothamangalam, Kerala|Kothamangalam]]. The film is shot on Sony VENICE 2 8k camera.

===Marketing===
[[Antony Varghese]] plays the lead role in ''Kattalan''. The marketing for the film began with the release of the first look poster on 11 October 2025. Further promotional activities and updates about the cast and production continued in the following months leading up to the scheduled release.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Antony Varghese Pepe's Kattalan first look on the way|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Oct/10/antony-varghese-pepes-kattalan-first-look-on-the-way|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251013174412/https://www.instagram.com/reel/DPv3cxmk8ic/embed/captioned/?cr=1&v=14&wp=658&rd=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cinemaexpress.com&rp=%2Fmalayalam%2Fnews%2F2025%2FOct%2F13%2Fkalyani-priyadarashan-starrer-lokah-becomes-the-most-watched-malayalam-film-in-uae|archive-date=13 October 2025 |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Music==
The music original background score for Kattalan are composed by [[Ravi Basrur]] who replaced [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]] in April 2026. The song ''Majako Mallika'' composed by Ajaneesh Loknath released in February 2026<ref>https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/kattalan-brings-in-ravi-basrur-as-composer-after-last-minute-shake-up-82852.html</ref>

==Release==
''Kattalan'' is scheduled for release on 28 May 2026 in Malayalam, Hindi, Telugu, English, Kannada and Tamil.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kattalan First Look Poster OUT: Antony Varghese Dons Intriguing Never-Seen-Before Avatar For Malayalam Actioner|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/kattalan-first-look-poster-out-antony-varghese-dons-intriguing-never-seen-before-avatar-for-malayalam-actioner-article-152983195/amp|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251013180549/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/kattalan-first-look-poster-out-antony-varghese-dons-intriguing-never-seen-before-avatar-for-malayalam-actioner-article-152983195/amp|archive-date=13 October 2025 |access-date=11 October 2025 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt35668756}}

[[Category:Upcoming Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Upcoming IMAX films]]
[[Category:2026 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films set in Thailand]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]

Palakkad Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T06:41:52Z

Raunak Shankhwar:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Palakkad
| type = SLA
| state = Kerala
| constituency_no = 56
| map_image = [[File:Palakkad city Collage.jpg|200px]]
| map_caption = '''From top clockwise:''' IMA Junction, near KSRTC Bus Stand, Chandranagar roundabout, aerial view from [[Olavakkode]], Palakkad City night view
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors = 1,94,706 (2024)
| mla = '''[[Ramesh Pisharody]]'''
| party = [[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|20px]] [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| alliance = {{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|'''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]

| district = [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]
}}
'''Palakkad Assembly constituency''', formerly known as Palghat Assembly constituency, is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Palakkad Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/03-DELIMITATION/03-DELIMITED-LAC.pdf
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Kerala
}}</ref>

==Local self-governed segments==
Palakkad Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/palakkad.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Palakkad District
|access-date = 11 September 2019
|archive-date = 3 September 2019
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190903213246/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/palakkad.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat]]/[[municipality]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Palakkad]]
|Municipality
|Palakkad
|-
|2
|[[Kannadi]]
|Grama panchayat
|Palakkad
|-
|3
|[[Pirayiri]]
|Grama panchayat
|Palakkad
|-
|4
|[[Mathur (gram panchayat)|Mathur]]
|Grama panchayat
|Alathur
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented Palakkad Assembly constituency during the period of various assemblies:<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/kerala/palakkad-assembly-constituency-map.html
|website = www.mapsofindia.com
|title = Members of Kerala Legislative Assembly: Palakkad
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Niyama
Sabha
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
!Tenure
|-
| colspan=6 align="center" style="background-color:grey;"|[[Madras State|'''Madras State''']]
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| 1st
| K. Ramakrishnan
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
| 1952 – 1957
|-
| colspan=6 align="center" style="background-color:grey;"|[[Kerala|'''Kerala State''']]
|-
| [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| 1st
| rowspan="2" |R. Raghava Menon
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
| 1957 – 1960
|-
| [[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
| 2nd
| 1960 – 1965
|-
| [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| 3rd
| rowspan="2" |R. Krishnan
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 1967 – 1970
|-
| [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
| 4th
| 1970 – 1977
|-
| [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| 5th
| rowspan="5" |[[C. M. Sundaram]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Praja Socialist Party}}
| 1977 – 1980
|-
| [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| 6th
| 1980 – 1982
|-
| [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| 7th
| 1982 – 1987
|-
| [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| 8th
| 1987 – 1991
|-
| [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| 9th
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 1991 – 1996
|-
| [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| 10th
| T. K. Noushad
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 1996 – 2001
|-
| [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| 11th
| [[K. Sankaranarayanan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 2001 – 2006
|-
| [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| 12th
| K. K. Divakaran
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 2006 – 2011
|-
| [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| 13th
| rowspan="3" |[[Shafi Parambil]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=5|Indian National Congress}}
| 2011 – 2016
|-
| [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| 14th
| 2016 – 2021
|-
| [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| rowspan="2" |15th
| 2021 – 2024
|-
|[[2024 elections in India#Kerala|2024]]^
| [[Rahul Mamkootathil]]
| 2024 – 2026
|-
|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|16th
|[[Ramesh Pisharody]]
|2026 – present
|-
|}
^by-election
{{notelist}}

==Election history==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Election
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Votes polled
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan=4 |Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan=4 |Runner-up 1
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan=4 |Runner-up 2
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2"|Margin of victory
|-
! Year
!
! Name
! Party
! colspan="2"|Votes
! Name
! Party
! colspan="2"|Votes
! Name
! Party
! colspan="2"|Votes
! Votes
! Percent
|-
| colspan=17 align="center" style="background-color: darkgrey;"|[[Kerala|'''''Kerala State''''']]
|-
![[2024 elections in India#Kerala|2024]]*
|138120 (70.93%)
| [[Rahul Mamkootathil]]
|{{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|58389
|42.27%
|C. Krishnakumar
|{{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|39549
|28.63%
|P. Sarin
|{{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|37293
|24.52%
|18,840
|13.64 %
|-
![[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|142104
|[[Shafi Parambil]]
|{{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|54079
|38.06%
|[[E. Sreedharan]]
|{{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|50220
|35.34%
|C. P. Pramod
|{{legend2|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|36433
|25.64%
|3859
|2.71 %
|-
! [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| 137804 (77.25%)
| [[Shafi Parambil]]
| {{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 57559
| 41.77%
| [[Sobha Surendran]]
| {{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 40076
| 29.08%
| [[N. N. Krishnadas]]
| {{legend2|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 38675
| 28.07%
| 17483
| 12.69%<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 2016 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| 112347 (72.78%)
| [[Shafi Parambil]]
| {{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 47641
| 42.41%
| K. K. Divakaran
| {{legend2|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 40238
| 35.82%
| C. Udaybhaskar
| {{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 22317
| 19.86%
| 7403
| 6.59%<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 2011 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
| colspan =17|[[Delimitation Commission of India|'''''Major delimitation of constituency''''']]
|-
! [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| 111346 (71.60%)
| K. K. Divakaran
| {{legend2|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 41166
| 36.97%
| A. V. Gopinathan
| {{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 39822
| 35.76%
| [[O. Rajagopal]]
| {{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 27667
| 24.85%
| 1344
| 1.21%<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3762-kerala-2006/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 2006 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| 110964 (68.05%)
| [[K. Sankaranarayanan]]
| {{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 53831
| 48.51%
| T. K. Noushad
| {{legend2|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 43026
| 38.77%
| Rema Raghunandan
| {{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 12159
| 10.96%
| 10805
| 9.74%<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3760-kerala-2001/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 2001 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| 89872 (62.06%)
| T. K. Noushad
| {{legend2|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 39198
| 43.20%
| [[C. M. Sundaram]]
| {{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 38602
| 42.54%
| S. R. Balasubramanian
| {{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 11446
| 12.61%
| 596
| 0.66%<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3759-kerala-1996/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1996 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| 91895 (66.34%)
| [[C. M. Sundaram]]
| {{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 41432
| 45.09%
| M.S. Gopalakrishnan
| {{legend2|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 37925
| 41.27%
| T. M. P. Iyer
| {{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 10648
| 11.59%
| 3507
| 3.82%<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3758-kerala-1991/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1991 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| 87434 (76.18%)
| [[C. M. Sundaram]]
| {{legend2|{{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent politician|Ind.]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 38774
| 44.35%
| Girija Surendran
| {{legend2|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 32709
| 37.41%
| V. S. Muthuswamy
| {{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 12489
| 14.28%
| 6065
| 6.94%<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3756-kerala-1987/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1987 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| 65246 (68.47%)
| [[C. M. Sundaram]]
| {{legend2|{{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent politician|Ind.]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 29011
| 44.46%
| N. A. Kareem
| {{legend2|{{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent politician|Ind.]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 25841
| 39.61%
| [[O. Rajagopal]]
| {{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 9554
| 14.64%
| 3170
| 4.86%<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3755-kerala-1982/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1982 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| 62884 (60.57%)
| [[C. M. Sundaram]]
| {{legend2|{{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent politician|Ind.]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 35902
| 57.09%
| K. A. Chandran
| {{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress (U)}}|[[Indian National Congress (U)|INC(U)]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 25695
| 40.86%
| C. K. Chinnan Master
| {{legend2|{{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent politician|Ind.]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 1099
| 1.75%
| 10207
| 16.23%<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3754-kerala-1980/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1980 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| 60315 (74.92%)
| [[C. M. Sundaram]]
| {{legend2|{{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent politician|Ind.]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 30160
| 50.00%
| R. Krishnan
| {{legend2|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 27357
| 45.36%
| V. R. Purushothaman
| {{legend2|{{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent politician|Ind.]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 1121
| 1.86%
| 2803
| 4.65%<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3753-kerala-1977/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1977 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
| colspan =17|[[Delimitation Commission of India|'''''Major delimitation of constituency''''']]
|-
! [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
| 57068 (69.92%)
| R. Krishnan
| {{legend2|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 23113
| 40.50%
| A. Chandran Nair
| {{legend2|{{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent politician|Ind.]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 17653
| 30.93%
| [[O. Rajagopal]]
| {{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|BJS]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 15646
| 27.42%
| 5460
| 9.57%<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3752-kerala-1970/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1970 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| 45494 (68.75%)
| R. Krishnan
| {{legend2|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 24627
| 54.13%
| [[K. Sankaranarayanan]]
| {{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 14996
| 32.96%
| [[O. Rajagopal]]
| {{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|BJS]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 4649
| 10.22%
| 9631
| 21.17%<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3751-kerala-1967/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1967 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! [[1965 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1965]]
| 42804 (66.23%)
| M. V. Vasu
| {{legend2|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 17747
| 41.46%
| K. Pyarijan Sunna Saheb
| {{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 13260
| 30.98%
| P. K. Krishnaswamy
| {{legend2|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|[[Independent (politician)|Ind.]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 5279
| 12.33%
| 4487
| 10.48%<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3749-kerala-1965/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1965 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
| colspan =17|[[Delimitation Commission of India|'''''Major delimitation of constituency''''']]
|-
! [[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
| 51334 (80.64%)
| R. Raghava Menon
| {{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 26546
| 51.71%
| K. C. Gopalanunni
| {{legend2|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 24788
| 48.29%
| colspan=4|''Only two candidates contested''
| 1758
| 3.42%<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3748-kerala-1960/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1960 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| 35179 (59.31%)
| R. Raghava Menon
| {{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 14873
| 42.28%
| M. P. Kunhiraman
| {{legend2|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 14248
| 40.50%
| C. K. Moosath
| {{legend2|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|[[Independent (politician)|Ind.]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 6058
| 17.22%
| 625
| 1.78%<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3746-kerala-1957/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1957 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
| colspan=17 align="center" style="background-color: darkgrey;"|[[Madras State|'''''Madras State''''']]
|-
! [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| 45555 (59.29%)
| K. Ramakrishnan
| {{legend2|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|[[Independent (politician)|Ind.]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 26469
| 58.10%
| P. Vasu Menon
| {{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 14342
| 31.48%
| V. Echara Menon
| {{legend2|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|[[Independent (politician)|Ind.]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 2484
| 5.45%
| 12127
| 26.62%<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4100-madras-1951/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Madras State election 1952 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|}

==Detailed election results==

=== Local body elections ===

=== 2025 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|Segments
|LDF
|NDA
|UDF
|IND
|SDPI
|WPI
|AAP
|
|Leading alliance
|-
|Palakkad
|18941
|26933
|26316
|3685
|461
|1499
|12
|77847
|NDA
|-
|Kannadi
|7750
|2986
|6013
|406
|0
|0
|238
|17393
|LDF
|-
|Pirayiri
|10504
|5189
|10936
|2603
|0
|128
|0
|27510
|UDF
|-
|Mathur
|8040
|2894
|6309
|460
|0
|0
|0
|17703
|LDF
|-
|Total
|43385
|38002
|49574
|7154
|461
|1627
|250
|140453
|
|-
|%
|30.88933665
|27.05673784
|35.2957929
|5.093518828
|0.3282236762
|1.158394623
|0.177995486
|}

=== Assembly elections ===

Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Palakkad}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Ramesh Pisharody]]|votes=62199|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|candidate=N.M.R. Razaq|votes=33931|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Sobha Surendran]]|votes=49052|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Udayan Sukumaran|votes=437|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 by-election ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
There were 1,94,706 eligible voters in Palakkad Assembly constituency for the 2024 by-election.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://prdlive.kerala.gov.in/news/367043|website = prdlive.kerala.gov.in|title = Kerala Niyamasabha By Election Palakkad 2024|access-date = 19 November 2024}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 elections in India#Kerala|2024 Kerala Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Palakkad<ref name="Palakkad Assembly Constituency By Poll Result 2024">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Palakkad Assembly Constituency By Poll Result 2024 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S1156.htm |access-date=25 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125124925/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S1156.htm |archive-date=25 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="Kerala bypoll results 2024: UDF cadre celebrate Palakkad win with trolleys">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Kerala bypoll results 2024: UDF cadre celebrate Palakkad win with trolleys |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-bypoll-results-2024-udf-cadre-celebrate-palakkad-win-with-trolleys/article68902243.ece |access-date=23 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123152534/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-bypoll-results-2024-udf-cadre-celebrate-palakkad-win-with-trolleys/article68902243.ece |archive-date=23 November 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Rahul Mamkootathil]]
|votes = 58,389
|percentage = 44.27
|change = {{increase}} 6.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = C. Krishnakumar
|votes = 39,549
|percentage = 28.63
|change = {{decrease}} 6.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Left Democratic Front (Kerala)
|candidate = P. Sarin
|votes = 37,156
|percentage = 25.44
|change = {{decrease }} 1.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,262
|percentage = 0.91
|change = {{increase }} 0.54
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 18,840
|percentage = 13.64
|change = {{increase}} 10.93
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,38,120
|percentage = 70.93
|change = {{decrease}} 4.51
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{increase}} 6.21
}}
{{Election box end}}

By local self-governed segment:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="3" |Status ([[Gram panchayat]]/[[municipality]])
! colspan="3" |Votes
|-
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}"|
|style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |
|-
!UDF
!NDA
!LDF
|-
|[[Palakkad]]
|31,787
|27,197
|16,719
|-
|[[Pirayiri]]
|13,464
|5,342
|6,846
|-
|[[Mathur (gram panchayat)|Mathur]]
|6,529
|3,089
|6,926
|-
|[[Kannadi]]
|6,272
|3,618
|6,665
|-
|}

=== 2021 ===

There were 1,88,789 eligible voters in Palakkad Assembly constituency for the 2021 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13827-kerala-general-legislative-election-2021/
|website = eci.gov.in
|title = Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2021, Election commission of India
|access-date = 25 March 2020
}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Palakkad]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Shafi Parambil]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 54,079
|percentage = 38.06
|change = {{decrease}}3.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[E. Sreedharan]]
|party = BJP
|votes = 50,220
|percentage = 35.34
|change = {{increase}} 6.26}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = C. P. Pramod
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 36,433
|percentage = 25.64
|change = {{decrease}}2.43}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 528
|percentage = 0.37
|change = {{decrease}}0.15}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 3,859
|percentage = 2.71
|change = {{decrease}}12
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,42,104|percentage=75.44|change={{decrease}}1.81}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{decrease}}3.71
}}
{{Election box end}}

By local self-governed segment:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="3" |Status ([[Gram panchayat]]/[[municipality]])
! colspan="3" |Votes
|-
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}"|
|style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |
|-
!UDF
!NDA
!LDF
|-
|[[Palakkad]]
|27,905
|34,143
|16,455
|-
|[[Pirayiri]]
|12,815
|6,355
|6,614
|-
|[[Mathur (gram panchayat)|Mathur]]
|6,445
|3,960
|6,475
|-
|[[Kannadi]]
|5,965
|4,697
|6,078
|-
|}

===2016===
There were 1,78,387 eligible voters in Palakkad Assembly constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016
|website = eci.gov.in
|title = Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India
|access-date = 25 March 2020
}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Palakkad]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Shafi Parambil]]
|votes = 57,559
|percentage = 41.77
|change = {{decrease}}0.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sobha Surendran]]
|votes = 40,076
|percentage = 29.08
|change = {{increase}}9.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[N. N. Krishnadas]]
|votes = 38,675
|percentage = 28.07
|change = {{decrease}}7.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 719
|percentage = 0.52
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Hari Arumbil
|votes = 411
|percentage = 0.30
|change = {{decrease}}0.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Dr. M. N. Anwarudheen
|votes = 364
|percentage = 0.26
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 17,483
|percentage = 12.69
|change = {{increase}}6.10
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,37,804
|percentage = 77.25
|change = {{increase}}4.47
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{decrease}}0.64
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,54,374 eligible voters in Palakkad Assembly constituency for the 2011 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011
|website = eci.gov.in
|title = Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India
|access-date = 25 March 2020
}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Palakkad]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Shafi Parambil]]
|votes = 47,641
|percentage = 42.41
|change = {{increase}}6.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = K. K. Divakaran
|votes = 40,238
|percentage = 35.82
|change = {{decrease}}1.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = C. Udaybhaskar
|votes = 22,317
|percentage = 19.86
|change = {{decrease}}4.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Shaji Abraham
|votes = 637
|percentage = 0.57
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Hari Arumbil
|votes = 490
|percentage = 0.44
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Muhammed Shafi
|votes = 377
|percentage = 0.34
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = C. Sampath
|votes = 337
|percentage = 0.30
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Divakaran
|votes = 310
|percentage = 0.28
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 7,403
|percentage = 6.59
|change = {{increase}}5.38
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,12,347
|percentage = 72.78
|change = {{increase}}1.2
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = {{increase}}6.65
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2006 ===
There were 155,550 eligible voters in Palghat Assembly constituency for the 2006 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3762-kerala-2006/
|website = eci.gov.in
|title = Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2006, Election commission of India
|access-date = 18 October 2024
}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Palghat]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = K. K. Divakaran
|votes = 41,166
|percentage = 36.97
|change = {{decrease}}1.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = A. V. Gopinathan
|votes = 39,822
|percentage = 35.76
|change = {{decrease}}12.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = O. Rajagopal
|votes = 27,667
|percentage = 24.84
|change = {{increase}}13.88
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Adv. Vijaya Sarathy
|votes = 765
|percentage = 0.68
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = A. K. Saleem Aamayur
|votes = 490
|percentage = 0.44
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = A. Gopinathan
|votes = 442
|percentage = 0.39
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ravi Ezhavan
|votes = 409
|percentage = 0.36
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = V. V. Gopinath
|votes = 329
|percentage = 0.29
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = M. J. Joseph
|votes = 256
|percentage = 0.22
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 1,344
|percentage = 1.21
|change = {{decrease}}8.53
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 111,346
|percentage = 71.58
|change = {{increase}}3.53
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{decrease}}1.8
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2001 ===
There were 163,131 eligible voters in Palghat Assembly constituency for the 2001 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3760-kerala-2001/
|website = eci.gov.in
|title = Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2001, Election commission of India
|access-date = 18 October 2024
}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Palghat]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = K. Sankara Narayanan
|votes = 53,831
|percentage = 48.51
|change = {{increase}}5.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = T. K. Noushad
|votes = 43,026
|percentage = 38.77
|change = {{decrease}}4.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Adv. Rema Regunandan
|votes = 12,159
|percentage = 10.96
|change = {{decrease}}1.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = G. Balu
|votes = 847
|percentage = 0.76
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = K. Aruchamy
|votes = 765
|percentage = 0.69
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = M. J. Joseph
|votes = 336
|percentage = 0.30
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 10,805
|percentage = 9.74
|change = {{increase}}9.08
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 110,964
|percentage = 68.05
|change = {{increase}}6.57
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = {{increase}}5.97
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1996 ===
There were 149,171 eligible voters in Palghat Assembly constituency for the 1996 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3759-kerala-1996/
|website = eci.gov.in
|title = Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 1996, Election commission of India
|access-date = 18 October 2024
}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Palghat]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = T. K. Noushad
|votes = 39,198
|percentage = 43.20
|change = {{increase}}1.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = C. M. Sundaram
|votes = 38,602
|percentage = 42.54
|change = {{decrease}}2.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = S. R. Balasubramanian
|votes = 11,446
|percentage = 12.61
|change = {{increase}}1.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Peoples Democratic Party (India)
|candidate = C. G. Mani
|votes = 400
|percentage = 0.44
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = S. V. Iyer
|votes = 414
|percentage = 0.45
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = M. Sivanarayanan
|votes = 296
|percentage = 0.33
|change = {{increase}}0.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = P. P. Memon
|votes = 229
|percentage = 0.25
|change = {{increase}}0.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = G. P. Ganapathi Tharakan
|votes = 157
|percentage = 0.17
|change = {{steady}}
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = P. V. Chidambareswaran
|votes = 75
|percentage = 0.08
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 596
|percentage = 0.66
|change = {{decrease}}3.16
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 90,735
|percentage = 61.48
|change = {{decrease}}4.86
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{increase}}1.93
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1991 ===
There were 140,683 eligible voters in Palghat Assembly constituency for the 1991 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3758-kerala-1991/
|website = eci.gov.in
|title = Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 1991, Election commission of India
|access-date = 18 October 2024
}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Palghat]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = C. M. Sundaram
|votes = 41,432
|percentage = 45.09
|change = {{increase}}0.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = M. S. Gopalakrishnan
|votes = 37,925
|percentage = 41.27
|change = {{increase}}3.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = T. M. P. Iyer
|votes = 10,648
|percentage = 11.59
|change = {{decrease}}2.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = A. K. Ponnan
|votes = 846
|percentage = 0.92
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = S. V. Iyer
|votes = 414
|percentage = 0.45
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = M. Sivanarayanan
|votes = 278
|percentage = 0.30
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = K. Appukuttan
|votes = 193
|percentage = 0.21
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = P. P. Memon
|votes = 159
|percentage = 0.17
|change = {{increase}}0.08
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 3,507
|percentage = 3.82
|change = {{decrease}}3.12
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 91,895
|percentage = 66.34
|change = {{decrease}}9.84
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = {{increase}}0.74
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1987 ===
There were 115,949 eligible voters in Palghat Assembly constituency for the 1987 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3756-kerala-1987/
|website = eci.gov.in
|title = Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 1987, Election commission of India
|access-date = 18 October 2024
}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Palghat]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = C. M. Sundaram
|votes = 38,774
|percentage = 44.35
|change = {{decrease}}0.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Girija Sundaram
|votes = 32,709
|percentage = 37.41
|change = {{Steady}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = V. S. Muthuswamy
|votes = 12,489
|percentage = 14.28
|change = {{decrease}}0.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = V. Krishnadas
|votes = 2,530
|percentage = 2.89
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = P. Ramakrishnan Nair
|votes = 304
|percentage = 0.35
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = P. Velayudhan
|votes = 233
|percentage = 0.27
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = P. K. T. Kuttan
|votes = 171
|percentage = 0.20
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = P. P. Memon
|votes = 76
|percentage = 0.09
|change = {{decrease}}0.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = S. Raveendran Pillai
|votes = 71
|percentage = 0.08
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = K. Anpunathan
|votes = 40
|percentage = 0.05
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = P. M. Abdul Rahiman
|votes = 37
|percentage = 0.04
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 6,065
|percentage = 6.94
|change = {{increase}}2.08
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 87,433
|percentage = 76.18
|change = {{increase}}7.71
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Independent (politician)
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = {{decrease}}0.11
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1982 ===
There were 96,367 eligible voters in Palghat Assembly constituency for the 1982 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3755-kerala-1982/
|website = eci.gov.in
|title = Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 1982, Election commission of India
|access-date = 18 October 2024
}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Palghat]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = C. M. Sundaram
|votes = 29,011
|percentage = 44.46
|change = {{decrease}}12.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = N. A. Kareem
|votes = 25,841
|percentage = 39.61
|change = {{Steady}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = O. Rajagopal
|votes = 9,554
|percentage = 14.64
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = K. Narayanakutty
|votes = 147
|percentage = 0.23
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = P. P. Menon
|votes = 121
|percentage = 0.19
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = K. K. A. Razack
|votes = 118
|percentage = 0.18
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Mani
|votes = 112
|percentage = 0.17
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sivanandan Panickar
|votes = 100
|percentage = 0.15
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = A. T. Antony Thoma
|votes = 97
|percentage = 0.15
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Manikkath Krishna Menoon
|votes = 75
|percentage = 0.11
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = P. Parvathy Subbaraman
|votes = 70
|percentage = 0.11
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 3,170
|percentage = 4.86
|change = {{decrease}}11.37
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 65,246
|percentage = 68.47
|change = {{increase}}7.9
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Independent (politician)
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing = {{decrease}}12.63
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1980 ===
There were 104,428 eligible voters in Palghat Assembly constituency for the 1980 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3754-kerala-1980/
|website = eci.gov.in
|title = Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 1980, Election commission of India
|access-date = 18 October 2024
}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Palghat]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = C. M. Sundaram
|votes = 35,902
|percentage = 57.09
|change = {{increase}}7.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress (U)
|candidate = K. A. Chandran
|votes = 25,695
|percentage = 40.86
|change = {{Steady}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = C. K. Chinnan Master
|votes = 1,099
|percentage = 1.75
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = K. Appukuttan
|votes = 118
|percentage = 0.30
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 10,207
|percentage = 16.23
|change = {{increase}}11.58
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 62,884
|percentage = 60.57
|change = {{decrease}}15.13
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Independent (politician)
|loser = Indian National congress (U)
|swing = {{increase}}7.09
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1977 ===
There were 84,546 eligible voters in Palghat Assembly constituency for the 1977 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3753-kerala-1977/
|website = eci.gov.in
|title = Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 1977, Election commission of India
|access-date = 18 October 2024
}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Palghat]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = C. M. Sundaram
|votes = 30,160
|percentage = 50.00
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = R. Krishnan
|votes = 27,357
|percentage = 45.36
|change = {{increase}}4.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = V. P. Purushothaman
|votes = 1,121
|percentage = 1.86
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Josepaul
|votes = 739
|percentage = 1.23
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 2,803
|percentage = 4.65
|change = {{decrease}}4.92
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 60,315
|percentage = 75.70
|change = {{increase}}5.78
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent (politician)
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1970 ===
There were 83,098 eligible voters in Palghat Assembly constituency for the 1970 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3752-kerala-1970/
|website = eci.gov.in
|title = Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 1970, Election commission of India
|access-date = 18 October 2024
}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Palghat]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = R. Krishnan
|votes = 22,113
|percentage = 40.50
|change = {{decrease}}13.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = A. Chandran Nair
|votes = 17,653
|percentage = 30.93
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Jan Sangh
|candidate = O. Rajagopal
|votes = 15,646
|percentage = 27.42
|change = {{increase}}17.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = M. P. Narayana Menon
|votes = 656
|percentage = 1.15
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 5,460
|percentage = 9.57
|change = {{decrease}}11.6
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 57,068
|percentage = 69.92
|change = {{increase}}1.17
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing = {{decrease}}13.63
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===
There were 69,273 eligible voters in Palghat Assembly constituency for the 1967 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3751-kerala-1967/
|website = eci.gov.in
|title = Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 1967, Election commission of India
|access-date = 18 October 2024
}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Palghat]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = R. Krishnan
|votes = 24,627
|percentage = 54.13
|change = {{increase}}12.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = K. Sankaranarayanan
|votes = 14,996
|percentage = 32.96
|change = {{increase}}1.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Jan Sangh
|candidate = O. Rajagopalan
|votes = 4,649
|percentage = 10.22
|change = {{increase}}3.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Swatantra Party
|candidate = A. R. Rajagopalan
|votes = 1,222
|percentage = 2.69
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 9,631
|percentage = 21.17
|change = {{increase}}10.69
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 45,494
|percentage = 68.75
|change = {{increase}}2.52
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{increase}}12.67
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1965 ===
There were 65,960 eligible voters in Palghat Assembly constituency for the 1965 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3749-kerala-1965/
|website = eci.gov.in
|title = Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 1965, Election commission of India
|access-date = 18 October 2024
}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1965 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Palghat]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = M. V. Vasu
|votes = 17,747
|percentage = 41.46
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = K. Pyarijan Sunna Sahib
|votes = 13,260
|percentage = 30.98
|change = {{decrease}}20.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = P. K. Krishnaswamy
|votes = 5,279
|percentage = 12.33
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = O. Rajagopalan
|votes = 2,879
|percentage = 6.73
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = C. K. Gopalanunni
|votes = 2,251
|percentage = 5.26
|change = {{decrease}}43.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = R. G. Narayana Iyer
|votes = 1,388
|percentage = 3.24
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 4,487
|percentage = 10.48
|change = {{increase}}7.06
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 42,804
|percentage = 66.23
|change = {{decrease}}14.41
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{Steady}}
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1960 ===
There were 64,542 eligible voters in Palghat Assembly constituency for the 1960 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3748-kerala-1960/
|website = eci.gov.in
|title = Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 1960, Election commission of India
|access-date = 18 October 2024
}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Palghat]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = R. Raghava Menon
|votes = 26,546
|percentage = 51.71
|change = {{increase}}9.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = C. K. Gopalanunni
|votes = 24,788
|percentage = 48.29
|change = {{decrease}}7.79
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 1,758
|percentage = 3.42
|change = {{increase}}1.64
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 51,334
|percentage = 80.64
|change = {{increase}}21.33
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India
|swing = +9.43
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1957 ===
There were 59,314 eligible voters in Palghat Assembly constituency for the 1957 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3746-kerala-1957/
|website = eci.gov.in
|title = Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 1957, Election commission of India
|access-date = 18 October 2024
}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Palghat]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = R. Raghava Menon
|votes = 14,873
|percentage = 42.28
|change = {{increase}}10.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = M. P Kunhiraman
|votes = 14,248
|percentage = 40.50
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = C. K Moosath
|votes = 6,058
|percentage = 17.22
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 625
|percentage = 1.78
|change = {{decrease}}24.84
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 35,179
|percentage = 59.31
|change = {{increase}}0.02
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing = {{increase}}10.8
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1952 ===
There were 76,828 eligible voters in Palghat Assembly constituency for the 1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4100-madras-1951
|website = eci.gov.in
|title = Madras state election 1952
|access-date = 14 March 2020
}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Palghat]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = K. Ramakrishnan
|votes = 26,469
|percentage = 58.10
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = P. Vasu Menon
|votes = 14,342
|percentage = 31.48
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = M. Echara Menon
|votes = 2,484
|percentage = 5.45
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = R. V. Sarma
|votes = 2,260
|percentage = 4.96
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 12,127
|percentage = 26.62
|change = {{steady}}
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 45,555
|percentage = 59.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Independent (politician)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Palakkad]]
* [[Palakkad district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Palakkad]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Bengali Muslims

2026-05-04T15:19:36Z

Raunak Shankhwar: added info

{{Short description|Ethno-linguistic and religious population in Bangladesh and India}}
{{For|the people of Bangladesh, who are overwhelmingly Bengali Muslims|Bangladeshis|Islam in Bangladesh}}
{{redirect|Islam in Bengal}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox religious group
| name = Bengali Muslims 
{{hlist|{{lang|bn|বাঙ্গালী মুসলমান}}|{{lang|bn|বাঙালি মুসলিম}}}}
| image = Sholakia Eidgah Maidan 03.jpg
| caption = Bengali Muslim men performing [[Eid prayer]] at [[Sholakia]] [[Eidgah]] in [[Bangladesh]]
| langs = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and its [[Bengali dialects|dialects]] [[Arabic]] (liturgical)
| pop = '''{{Circa|215-220 million}}''' (2025 est.)
| populace =
| region1 = {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| pop1 = ~160 million (2025 est.){{efn|2022 census & 2025 IMF Report<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethnic population in 2022 census |url=https://sid.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/sid.portal.gov.bd/publications/01ad1ffe_cfef_4811_af97_594b6c64d7c3/PHC_Preliminary_Report_(English)_August_2022.pdf |access-date=13 October 2024 |archive-date=8 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708004426/https://sid.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/sid.portal.gov.bd/publications/01ad1ffe_cfef_4811_af97_594b6c64d7c3/PHC_Preliminary_Report_(English)_August_2022.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh and the IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/countries/bgd |access-date=4 May 2026 |website=IMF}}</ref>}}
| ref1 =
| region2 = {{flag|India}} (West Bengal, Assam, and Tripura)
| pop2 = ~36 million (2025 est.)
| ref2 = {{Efn|The estimated population of India in 2026 is about 1.48 billion,<ref>{{Cite web |title=India population 2026 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/263766/total-population-of-india/?srsltid=AfmBOooamdezfszPIjHhIIL1lMP9N5cS5LS6CHHcqlOGjZjOr8MGR2ib |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/ |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> of which approximately 8% are Bengalis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CENSUS OF INDIA (LANGUAGE) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260222053153/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf |archive-date=22 February 2026 |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=Census of India}}</ref> Approximately 30% of them are Bengali Muslims.<ref>[[2011 census of India]]</ref>}}<ref name="PopWestBengal" /><ref name="PopAssam" /><ref>{{cite news | url=https://theprint.in/politics/not-cows-to-be-milked-muslims-in-bengal-kerala-assam-are-now-assertive-want-recognition/635205/ | title='Not cows to be milked' — Muslims in Bengal, Kerala, Assam are now assertive, want recognition | work=ThePrint | date=7 April 2021 | access-date=26 March 2023 | archive-date=26 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326074534/https://theprint.in/politics/not-cows-to-be-milked-muslims-in-bengal-kerala-assam-are-now-assertive-want-recognition/635205/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Abhik |title=Museum To Display 'Miya' Culture In Assam Sealed, CM Says Only 'Lungi' Belongs To Them |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/museum-to-display-miya-culture-in-assam-sealed-cm-says-only-lungi-belongs-to-them-news-232546 |magazine=Outlook |date=26 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://scroll.in/article/1008662/explained-why-religious-fault-lines-are-emerging-in-tripura | title=Explained: Why religious fault lines are emerging in Tripura | work=scroll.in | access-date=26 March 2023 | archive-date=11 November 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111172246/https://scroll.in/article/1008662/explained-why-religious-fault-lines-are-emerging-in-tripura | url-status=live }}</ref>
| religions = Predominantly [[Sunni Islam]] with a [[Shia Islam|Shia]] minority
|pop3=~15-17 million|region3=Others|ref3=<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2025 |title=Bangladeshi migrant workers: Turning the focus to psychosocial issues |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/thoughts/bangladeshi-migrant-workers-turning-focus-psychosocial-issues-1142981 |access-date=20 April 2026 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the actual number of Bangladeshi migrant workers? |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/migration/333923/what-is-the-actual-number-of-bangladeshi-migrant |access-date=20 April 2026 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mirza |first=Ayesha |date=27 June 2025 |title=Pakistan's Forgotten Bengalis |url=https://thecontrapuntal.com/pakistans-forgotten-bengalis/ |access-date=20 April 2026 |website=The Contrapuntal |language=en}}</ref>|related-c=[[Bengali Hindus]], [[Bengali Buddhists]], [[Bengali Christians]]}}
{{Islam}}
{{Bengalis}}
'''Bengali Muslims''' ({{langx|bn|বাঙ্গালী মুসলমান}}; {{IPA|bn|baŋgali musɔlman|pron}})<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Sarkar |first=Benoy Kumar |author-link=Benoy Kumar Sarkar |title=Bengali Culture as a System of Mutual Acculturations  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SBcxAQAAMAAJ |date=April 1941 |magazine=Calcutta Review |volume=LXXIX |issue=1 |page=10}} [''Mussalman'' also used in this work.]</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book |last=Choudhury |first=A. K. |title=The Independence of East Bengal: A Historical Process |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LT5uAAAAMAAJ |year=1984 |publisher=A.K. Choudhury}} [''Mussalman'' also used in this work.]</ref> are adherents of [[Islam]] who ethnically, linguistically and genealogically identify as [[Bengalis]]. Comprising over 70% of the global Bengali population, they are the second-largest ethnic group among Muslims after [[Arab Muslims|Arabs]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Richard Eaton |editor=Barbara D. Metcalf |title=Islam in South Asia in Practice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pR0LzVCpfw8C |year=2009 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-3138-8 |page=275 |chapter=Forest Clearing and the Growth of Islam in Bengal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |title=The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics |author1=Meghna Guhathakurta |author2=Willem van Schendel |year=2013 |publisher=Duke University Press |access-date=7 November 2016 |isbn=978-0822353188 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092408/https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bengali Muslims make up the majority of [[Bangladesh]]'s citizens, and are the largest religious minority in the Indian states of [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]] and [[Assam]].<ref name="aj23Dec2016">{{cite news |last1=Andre |first1=Aletta |last2=Kumar |first2=Abhimanyu |title=Protest poetry: Assam's Bengali Muslims take a stand |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/12/protest-poetry-assam-bengali-muslims-stand-161219094434005.html |access-date=26 January 2017 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |date=23 December 2016 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202060836/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/12/protest-poetry-assam-bengali-muslims-stand-161219094434005.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

They speak or identify the [[Bengali language]] as their [[mother tongue]]. The majority of Bengali Muslims are [[Sunnis]] who follow the [[Hanafi]] school of jurisprudence.

Due to its extensive trade contacts, Bengal has had a Muslim presence in the region since the early 8th century CE, but conquest of the Bengal region by the Delhi Sultanate brought Muslim rule to Bengal. The governors of the region soon broke away to form a Bengal Sultanate, which was a supreme power of the medieval Islamic East.<ref name="books.google.com.bd">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAUBCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30 |title=Epigraphy and Islamic Culture: Inscriptions of the Early Muslim Rulers of ... |author=Mohammad Yusuf Siddiq |page=30 |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |access-date=7 November 2016 |isbn=9781317587460 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092434/https://books.google.com/books?id=nAUBCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30 |url-status=live }}</ref> European traders identified the Bengal Sultanate as "the richest country to trade with".<ref>{{cite book |author=Nanda, J. N |title=Bengal: the unique state |publisher=Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-8069-149-2 |quote=Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals, and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.}}</ref> The Sultans of Bengal promoted the development of Bengali as a language and the writing of Islamic literature in Bengali, paving the way for the development of a distinct Bengali Muslim culture, while many intellectuals and scholars from throughout the Muslim world migrated to Bengal.<ref name="banglalang" /><ref name=":1" />

Although Islamic culture had long developed in Bengal, it was after the Mughal Conquest of Bengal in the early 17th century and their subsequent attempt to expand cultivation in the still-forested eastern part of Bengal that a majority of Bengal would develop an Islamic identity. Mughal revenue policies encouraged Muslim adventurers to organise the development of agricultural societies among indigenous peoples with weak ties to Hinduism, who increasingly blended aspects of Islamic cosmology with folk religious worldviews and practices. Thus the majority of the rural population of central, northern and eastern Bengal would develop an Islamic identity, and the majority of Bengali Muslims today descend from these indigenous peoples.<ref name=":0" /> This expansion of cultivation also led to tremendous economic growth, and the increasingly-independent Bengal Subah would be one of the wealthiest regions in the world. Bengal viceroy [[Muhammad Azam Shah]] assumed the imperial throne. Mughal Bengal became increasingly independent under the [[Nawabs of Bengal]] in the 18th century.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wyoxDAAAQBAJ|title=Transitions – History and Civics – 8|first=Shiladitya|last=Ghosh|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|via=Google Books|isbn=9789325993969}}</ref>

After the East India Company conquered Bengal from the Mughals in the 18th century, they implemented the Permanent Settlement, which led to the creation of a new class of mostly upper-caste Hindu Zamindars, while putting additional burdens on the peasants, who were largely Muslims. Inspired by increasingly available travel to Arabia, religious revivalists such as Titumir and Haji Shariatullah urged an abandonment of perceived non-Islamic folk practices among the lower class Bengali Muslims, and later organised them in agitations against the zamindars and the East India Company.<ref name=":0" />

In Bengal, the British Government organised the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|1905 Partition of Bengal]], which created a new Muslim-dominated province of [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]], although this would be reversed in 1911.<ref name=":3" /> Starting in the early 20th century, British efforts to bring what they considered 'waste' land under cultivation resulted in the large-scale immigration of Bengali Muslim peasants to [[Lower Assam division|Lower Assam]] and [[Arakan]] in what would become Myanmar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tonkin |first=Derek |title=Migration from Bengal to Arakan during British Rule 1826–1948 |url=https://www.toaep.org/purlResolver.php?collection=ops&psid=10-tonkin |series=Occasional Paper Series |publisher=Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher}}</ref> Increasingly in the early 20th century, tensions between Bengali Muslims and Hindus, particularly Bengali Muslim resentment of landowning Hindus, resulted in widespread support among Bengali Muslims for a separate Pakistan, which near Partition resulted in widespread communal violence.<ref name=":4" /> After the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, they comprised the demographic majority of Pakistan until the independence of [[East Pakistan]] (historic [[East Bengal]]) as Bangladesh in [[Bangladesh Liberation War|1971]].

==Identity==
A [[Bengalis|Bengali]] is a person of ethnic and linguistic heritage from the [[Bengal]] region in South Asia speaking the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] [[Bengali language]]. [[Islam]] arrived in the first millennium and influenced the native [[Bengali culture]]. The influx of Persian, Turkic, [[Arab]] and [[Mughal people|Mughal]] settlers contributed further diversity to the cultural development of the region.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 |first=Richard Maxwell |last=Eaton |year=1996 |publisher=University of California Press |via=Google Books |isbn=9780520205079 |access-date=21 July 2016 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116111746/https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC |url-status=live}}</ref> The Muslim population in Bengal further rose with the agricultural and administrative reforms during the Mughal period, particularly in eastern Bengal.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Mohammad Mohar |title=History of the Muslims of Bengal, Vol 1 |year=1988 |publisher=Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University |isbn=9840690248 |pages=683, 404 |edition=2 |url=http://www.bmri.org.uk/book_reviews/NEWLIGHT-MUSLIM-BENGAL.pdf |access-date=12 December 2016 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716042530/http://www.bmri.org.uk/book_reviews/NEWLIGHT-MUSLIM-BENGAL.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nfb13May2005" /> Today, most Bengali Muslims live in the modern country of Bangladesh, the world's fourth largest Muslim-majority country, along with the Indian states of West Bengal and Assam.<ref name="aj23Dec2016" />

The majority of Bengali Muslims are [[Sunni]]s who follow the [[Hanafi]] school of jurisprudence. There are also minorities of [[Shia]]s and [[Ahmadiya]]s, as well as people who identify as [[non-denominational Muslim|non-denominational]] (or "just a Muslim").<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=9 August 2012|website=Pewforum.org|access-date=26 July 2016|archive-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226113158/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
{{see also|History of Bengal}}

===Early contacts===
Rice-cultivating communities existed in Bengal since the second millennium BCE. The region was home to a large agriculturalist population, marginally influenced by [[Dharmic religions]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&q=rise+of+islam+and+the+bengal+frontier |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 |author=Richard Maxwell Eaton |year=1996 |publisher=University of California Press |access-date=7 November 2016 |isbn=9780520205079 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092411/https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&q=rise+of+islam+and+the+bengal+frontier |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Buddhism]] influenced the region in the first millennium. The Bengali language developed from [[Apabhramsa]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Magadhi Prakrit]] between the 7th and 10th centuries. It once formed a single Indo-Aryan branch with [[Assamese language|Assamese]] and [[Oriya language|Oriya]], before the languages became distinct.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://global.britannica.com/topic/Bengali-language |title=Bengali language |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=7 November 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304125807/https://global.britannica.com/topic/Bengali-language |url-status=live }}</ref>

Centuries prior to the advent of Islam into the region, Bengal was a major center of Buddhism on the Indian Subcontinent.<ref name="Sen, Sailendra Nath. 1999">{{Cite book |last=Sen, Sailendra Nath |title=Ancient Indian history and civilization |publisher=New Age International |year=1999 |isbn=81-224-1198-3 |edition=Second |location=New Delhi |oclc=133102415}}</ref> The area was under the rule of the Buddhist [[Pala Empire]] for several centuries until its collapse and subsequent conquest by the Hindu [[Sena Empire]] in the 1170s.<ref name="Sen, Sailendra Nath. 1999" /> This was an era of significant Buddhist-Brahmin religious conflict as they represented diametrically opposite camps in the Dharmic tradition with the Buddhist focus on equality threatening the Brahmin caste-based power structure.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harper |first=Francesca |date=12 May 2015 |title=The 1,000-year-old manuscript and the stories it tells |url=https://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/news/1000-year-old-manuscript-and-stories-it-tells |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208002327/https://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/news/1000-year-old-manuscript-and-stories-it-tells |archive-date=8 December 2019 |access-date=7 December 2019 |publisher=University of Cambridge |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=9 July 2018 |title=Monumental Absence: The Destruction of Ancient Buddhist Sites |url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reviews-and-essays/dn-jha-destruction-buddhist-sites |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709153810/http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reviews-and-essays/dn-jha-destruction-buddhist-sites |archive-date=9 July 2018 |access-date=8 December 2019 |magazine=The Caravan}}</ref> In the preceding centuries Buddhism underwent a slow decline as Hindu kingdom gradually enveloped Buddhists states in the area and began of process of "de-Buddification" manifested by the reframing of Buddhist figures as Hindu avatars and the reincorporation of resistant Buddhist subjects into lower castes in society. As the Pala Empire's base of power was in Northern and Eastern Bengal, it is likely that these were areas with large Buddhist majorities which were likely heavily subjugated the Sena Empire.

Historical evidences suggest the early Muslim traders and merchants visited Bengal while traversing the [[Silk Road]] in the first millennium.<ref name="Reza & Ahmed, 2018">{{cite book |editor1-last=Ahmed |editor1-first=Iftekhar |editor2-last=Reza |editor2-first=Mohammad Habib |last1=Reza |first1=Mohammad Habib |last2=Ahmed |first2=Iftekhar |year=2018 |title=Re-Imagining Bengal:Architecture, Built Environment and Cultural Heritage |chapter=Re-imagining Bengal: Critical thoughts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0iytAEACAAJ |language=en |location=Gaziabad |publisher=Copal Publishing |isbn=9789383419647 |access-date=10 February 2021 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092409/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0iytAEACAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> One of the earliest mosques in South Asia is under excavation in northern Bangladesh, indicating the presence of Muslims in the area around the lifetime of [[Muhammad]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/video/asia/2012/08/201281852948844588.html |title=Ancient mosque unearthed in Bangladesh |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=18 August 2012 |access-date=7 November 2016 |archive-date=21 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321160639/https://www.aljazeera.com/video/asia/2012/08/201281852948844588.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Starting in the 9th century, Muslim merchants increased trade with Bengali seaports.<ref name="banglapedia1">{{cite Banglapedia |article=Arabs, The}}</ref> Islam first appeared in Bengal during Pala rule, as a result of increased trade between Bengal and the Arab [[Abbasid Caliphate]].<ref name="kumar">{{cite book |author=Raj Kumar |year=2003 |title=Essays on Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qvnjXOCjv7EC |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |page=199 |isbn=978-81-7141-682-0}}</ref> Coins of the Abbasid Caliphate have been discovered in many parts of the region.<ref name="banglapedia2">{{cite Banglapedia |article=Coins}}</ref> The people of [[Samatata]], in southeastern Bengal, during the 10th-century were of various religious backgrounds. During this time, Arab geographer [[Al-Masudi]], who authored ''[[The Meadows of Gold]]'', travelled to the region and noticed a Muslim community of inhabitants.<ref>{{cite book |title=Les Prairies d'or [Murūj al-dhahab] |author=[[Al-Masudi]], trans. Barbier de Meynard and Pavet de Courteille |language=fr |editor=Pellat, Charles |location=Paris |publisher=Société asiatique |year=1962 |chapter=1:155}}</ref>

In addition to trade, Islam was also being introduced to the people of Bengal through the migration of Sufi missionaries prior to conquest. The earliest known Sufi missionaries were Syed Shah Surkhul Antia and his students, most notably [[Shah Sultan Rumi]], in the 11th century. Rumi settled in present-day [[Netrokona District|Netrokona, Mymensingh]] where he influenced the local ruler and population to embrace Islam.

===Early Islamic kingdoms===
[[File:Shait Gumbad Mosque (28116770771).jpg|thumb|alt=Exterior of a low mosque with many domes and entrances|The [[Mosque City of Bagerhat]] is a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]]]
While Bengal was under the [[Hindu]] [[Sena Empire]], subsequent Muslim conquests helped spread Islam throughout the region.<ref name=islambanglaped>{{cite Banglapedia|author=Abdul Karim|article=Islam, Bengal}}</ref> [[Bakhtiyar Khalji]], a [[Turkic people|Turkic]] Muslim general, defeated king [[Lakshman Sen]] in 1206 CE and annexed large parts of Bengal to the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. Khalji also mounted an [[Bakhtiyar Khalji's Tibet campaign|invasion of Tibet]]. Following this initial conquest, an influx of missionaries arrived in Bengal and many Bengalis began to adopt Islam as their way of life. [[Sultan Balkhi]] and [[Shah Makhdum Rupos]] settled in the present-day [[Rajshahi Division]] in northern Bengal, preaching to the communities there. A community of 13 Muslim families headed by [[Ghazi Burhanuddin|Burhanuddin]] also existed in the northeastern Hindu city of [[Sylhet|Srihatta (Sylhet)]], claiming their descendants to have arrived from [[Chittagong]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Qurashi, Ishfaq|script-title=bn:শাহজালাল(রঃ) এবং শাহদাউদ কুরায়শী(রঃ)|year=2012|language=bn|trans-title=Shah Jalal and Shah Dawud Qurayshi|chapter=বুরহান উদ্দিন ও নূরউদ্দিন প্রসঙ্গ|trans-chapter=Burhan Uddin and Nooruddin}}</ref> By 1303, hundreds of Sufi preachers led by [[Shah Jalal]] aided the Muslim rulers in Bengal to [[Conquest of Sylhet|conquer Sylhet]], turning the town into Jalal's headquarters for religious activities. Following the conquest, Jalal disseminated his followers across different parts of Bengal to spread Islam, and became a household name among Bengali Muslims.

===Sultanate of Bengal===
[[File:Sharafnama of Nizami, Bengal.jpg|thumb|A manuscript painting from the Bengal Sultanate depicting [[Alexander the Great]] in [[Nizami Ganjavi]]'s ''[[Iskandarnama (Nizami)|Iskandarnama]]''. The manuscript was produced during the reign of Sultan Nusrat Shah.]]
[[File:Faridpur PatrailMoshjid MG 2977.jpg|thumb|[[Pathrail Mosque]]]] [[File:ছোট সোনা মসজিদ 5.jpg|thumb|[[Choto Sona Mosque]]]]
[[File:Adina Mosque at Malda district of West Bengal 07.jpg|thumb|Ruins of [[Adina Mosque|Adina]], once the largest mosque in the Indian subcontinent]]
[[File:Tribute Giraffe with Attendant.jpg|thumb|The giraffe gifted by the Sultan of Bengal to China's emperor being presented by a Bengali envoy on 20 September 1414]]
[[File:Codice Casanatense Bengalis.jpg|thumb|"People of the Kingdom of [[Bengal]], gentiles, called [[Bengalis]]", 16th-century Portuguese illustration]]
The establishment of a single united [[Bengal Sultanate]] in 1352 by [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]] finally gave rise to a ''"Bengali"'' socio-linguistic identity.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia |article=Iliyas Shah |author=Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin}}</ref> The [[Ilyas Shahi dynasty]] acknowledged [[Ulama|Muslim scholarship]], and this transcended ethnic background. [[Usman Serajuddin]], also known as ''Akhi Siraj Bengali'', was a native of [[Gauḍa (city)|Gaur]] in western Bengal and became the Sultanate's court scholar during Ilyas Shah's reign.<ref>{{cite book |author=[['Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi]] |title=Akhbarul Akhyar}}</ref><ref>{{cite Banglapedia |article=Shaikh Akhi Sirajuddin Usman (R) |author=Abdul Karim}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Biographical Encyclopaedia of Sufis: South Asia |year=2000 |author=Hanif, N |publisher=Prabhat Kumar Sharma, for Sarup & Sons |page=35}}</ref> Alongside Persian and Arabic, the sovereign Sunni Muslim nation-state also enabled the language of the Bengali people to gain patronage and support, contrary to previous states which exclusively favoured [[Sanskrit]], [[Pali]] and [[Farsi|Persian]].<ref name=banglalang>"What is more significant, a contemporary Chinese traveler reported that although Persian was understood by some in the court, the language in universal use there was Bengali. This points to the waning, although certainly not yet the disappearance, of the sort of foreign mentality that the Muslim ruling class in Bengal had exhibited since its arrival over two centuries earlier. It also points to the survival, and now the triumph, of local Bengali culture at the highest level of official society." {{harvcol|Eaton|1993|p=60}}</ref><ref name=jol>{{cite journal |url=https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/DUJL/article/view/3344 |title=Politics and Literary Activities in the Bengali Language during the Independent Sultanate of Bengal |first=AKM Golam |last=Rabbani |date=7 November 2017 |journal=Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=151–166 |access-date=7 November 2017 |via=banglajol.info |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011123110/https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/DUJL/article/view/3344 |archive-date=11 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The converted Sultan [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]] funded the construction of Islamic seminaries as far as [[Mecca]] and [[Madina]] in the Middle East. The people of [[Arabia]] came to know these institutions as [[Banjaliyah Madrasah|al-Madaris al-Bangaliyyah]] (''Bengali madrasas'').

The Bengal Sultanate was a melting pot of Muslim political, mercantile and military elites. During the 14th century, Islamic kingdoms stretched from [[Muslim Spain]] in the west to Bengal in the east. Moroccan traveller [[Ibn Battuta]]'s diary is one of the best known accounts of the prelude to the Bengal Sultanate.<ref name="DunnIbn-Baṭṭūṭa2005">{{cite book |author1=Ross E. Dunn |author2=Muḥammad Ibn-ʿAbdallāh Ibn-Baṭṭūṭa |date=2005 |title=The Adventures of Ibn Battuta: A Muslim Traveler of the Fourteenth Century |publisher=University of California Press |pages=253 |isbn=978-0-520-24385-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7IwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA253 |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092409/https://books.google.com/books?id=h7IwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA253 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ibn Battuta visited Bengal during the reign of Sultan [[Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah]], a rebel governor of the Delhi Sultanate who established a city state in [[Sonargaon]]. At the time, Bengal was divided into the three city states of Sonargaon, [[Satgaon]] and [[Gauda (city)|Lakhnauti]]. In 1352, the three city states were united by Ilyas Shah into a single, unitary, independent Bengal Sultanate. The creation of the Bengal Sultanate sparked several [[Bengal Sultanate-Delhi Sultanate War|Bengal-Delhi Wars]], which resulted in Delhi recognising Bengal's independence. The [[Ilyas Shahi dynasty]] consolidated Bengali statehood, the economy and diplomatic relations. A network of Mint Towns - provincial capitals which produced the Sultan's sovereign currency called the ''[[History of the taka|taka]]'' - was established across Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Mint_Towns |title=Mint Towns |website=Banglapedia |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=5 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105030928/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Mint_Towns |url-status=live}}</ref> The Bengali state followed the Persian model of statecraft. Muslims from other parts of the world were imported for military, bureaucratic and household services.<ref name="Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica">{{Cite web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bengal |title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=5 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105030929/https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bengal |url-status=live}}</ref> These immigrants included Turks from upper India who were originally recruited in Central Asia; as well as Abyssinians imported via East Africa into the Bengali port of Chittagong.<ref name="Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica"/> A highly commercialised and monetised economy evolved. [[Islamic architecture]] was introduced on a major scale. A huge mosque called the [[Adina Mosque]] was built following the design of the [[Great Mosque of Damascus]]. A distinct Bengali Muslim architectural style developed, with [[terracotta]] and [[stone]] buildings showing a fusion of Persian and Bengali elements.<ref>Perween Hasan; Oleg Grabar (2007). Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh. Bloomsbury Academic. {{ISBN|978-1-84511-381-0}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-36880 |title=Royalty, aesthetics and the story of mosques |work=The Daily Star |date=17 May 2008 |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=5 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105030930/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-36880 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mosques included two categories, including multi-domed rectangular structures and single-domed square structures. A distinct style of Bengali ''[[mihrab]]s'', ''[[minbar]]s'', terracotta [[arabesque]], and ''[[do-chala]]'' roofs developed; this influence also spread to other regions.

The Bengal Sultanate was ruled by five dynastic periods, with each period have a particular ethnic identity. The Ilyas Shahi dynasty was of [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] origins. It was replaced by the Bengali-origin dynasty of [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]] and [[Shamsuddin Ahmad Shah]] for a few decades before being restored

[[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]] was born as Jadu, the son of Hindu King [[Raja Ganesha]]. He later ruled most of Bengal as a converted Muslim. He maintained a good rapport with non-Muslims in his kingdom. According to an interpretation of a Sanskrit [[Śloka|sloka]] by D. C. Bhattacharya, Jalaluddin appointed Rajyadhar, a Hindu, as the commander of his army. He gained support of [[Muslim]] scholars – ''[[Ulama]]'' and the ''[[Sheikh]]s''. He reconstructed and repaired the mosques and other religious architectures destroyed by Raja Ganesha.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate0006rcma/page/209/mode/1up |title=The Delhi Sultanate |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1980 |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=R. C. |editor1-link=R. C. Majumdar |edition=3rd |series=The History and Culture of the Indian People |volume=VI |location=Bombay |pages=206, 210 |oclc=664485 |orig-year=First published 1960}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Taher |first=MA |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |year=2012 |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |edition=Second |chapter=Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah |access-date=29 November 2020 |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Jalaluddin_Muhammad_Shah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707023341/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Jalaluddin_Muhammad_Shah |archive-date=7 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the 1490s, a series of [[Habesha people|Abyssinian]] generals took turns in becoming the Sultan of Bengal.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/african-rulers-of-india-that-part-of-our-history-we-choose-to-forget/#:~:text=The%20Bengal%20Sultanate%20was%20established,army%20of%20the%20Bengal%20Sultans.|title=African rulers of India: That part of our history we choose to forget|work=The Indian Express|date=23 January 2022|access-date=5 January 2022|archive-date=28 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728090645/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/african-rulers-of-india-that-part-of-our-history-we-choose-to-forget/#:~:text=The%20Bengal%20Sultanate%20was%20established,army%20of%20the%20Bengal%20Sultans.|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/882764/the-forgotten-history-of-the-african-slaves-who-were-brought-to-the-deccan-and-rose-to-great-power|title=The forgotten history of the African slaves who were brought to the Deccan and rose to great power|work=Scroll.in|access-date=5 January 2022|archive-date=5 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105030929/https://scroll.in/article/882764/the-forgotten-history-of-the-african-slaves-who-were-brought-to-the-deccan-and-rose-to-great-power|url-status=live}}</ref> They were succeeded by the [[Hussain Shahi dynasty]] which was of [[Arab]] origin. They were in turn replaced by the [[Pashtun]] rulers of the [[Sur Empire|Suri dynasty]], who first acted as regional governors before restoring Bengali independence. The last dynasty, the [[Karrani dynasty]], was also of Pashtun origin. The sultanate period saw a flourishing of Islamic scholarship and the development of [[Bengali literature]]. Scholars, writers and poets of sultanate-era Bengal included [[Usman Serajuddin]], [[Alaul Haq]], [[Nur Qutb Alam|Sheikh Nur Qutb Alam]], [[Alaol]], [[Shah Muhammad Sagir]], [[Abdul Hakim (poet)|Abdul Hakim]], [[Syed Sultan]], Qadi Ruknu'd-Din Abu Hamid Muhammad bin Muhammad al-'Amidi, Abu Tawwama, [[Ibrahim Danishmand|Syed Ibrahim Danishmand]], Syed Arif Billah Muhammad Kamel and Syed Muhammad Yusuf among others. Bengal's tradition of [[Persian literature|Persian prose]] was acknowledged by [[Hafez]]. The ''[[Dobhashi]]'' tradition saw [[Bengali language|Bengali]] transliteration of [[Arabic]] and Persian words in Bengali texts to illustrate Islamic epics and stories.

During the independent sultanate period, Bengal forged strong diplomatic relations with empires outside the subcontinent. The most notable of these relationships was with [[Ming China]] and its emperor [[Yongle]]. At least a dozen embassies were exchanged between China and Bengal.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/097194580400700101 |doi=10.1177/097194580400700101 |title=The Giraffe of Bengal: A Medieval Encounter in Ming China |year=2004 |last1=Church |first1=Sally K. |journal=The Medieval History Journal |volume=7 |pages=1–37 |s2cid=161549135 |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=9 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109100228/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/097194580400700101 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Sultan of Bengal even gifted an East African giraffe to the Emperor of China as a tribute to China-Bengal relations. The Chinese Muslim admiral [[Zheng He]] visited Bengal as an envoy of the Emperor of China. Bengali ships transported the embassies of [[Aceh Sultanate|Sumatra]], [[Bruneian Empire|Brunei]] and [[Malacca Sultanate|Malacca]] to the port of [[Guangzhou|Canton]]. China and the [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] ruler of [[Herat]] mediated an end to the [[Bengal Sultanate-Jaunpur Sultanate War]]. The Sultan of Bengal also acknowledged the nominal authority of the [[Abbasid]] caliph in [[Cairo]]. [[Portuguese India]] was the first European state entity to establish relations with the Bengal Sultanate. The Bengal Sultan permitted the opening of the [[Portuguese settlement in Chittagong]].

====Conquests and vassal states====
Soon after its creation, the Bengal Sultanate sent the first Muslim army into [[Nepal]]. Its forces reached as far as [[Varanasi]] while pursuing a retreating Delhi Sultan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Iliyas_Shah|title=Iliyas Shah|website=Banglapedia|access-date=7 January 2022|archive-date=6 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106060514/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Iliyas_Shah|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Tabori, Paul (1957). "Bridge, Bastion, or Gate". Bengali Literary Review. 3–5: 9–20.</ref>

[[Arakan]] was the most volatile neighbour of the Bengal Sultanate. In 1428, the forces of Bengal restored [[Min Saw Mun]] as the king of Arakan after he fled to the court of Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah. According to traditional Arakanese history, Arakan became a tributary state of Bengal and its kings adopted Muslim titles to fashion themselves after Bengali Sultans.<ref name="Chowdhury2004">{{cite book | author = Mohammed Ali Chowdhury | date = 2004 | title = Bengal-Arakan Relations, 1430-1666 A.D. | publisher = Firma K.L.M. | pages = | isbn = 9788171021185 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rohuAAAAMAAJ | access-date = 5 January 2022 | archive-date = 4 April 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230404212649/https://books.google.com/books?id=rohuAAAAMAAJ | url-status = live }}</ref> Arakan later shrugged off Bengali hegemony and restored full independence. It later invaded southeastern Bengal several times, sometimes with success and sometimes unsuccessfully. Arakan continued to mint its coins following the model of Bengali tanka for 300 years, even after the dissolution of the Bengal Sultanate. A total of 16 Arakanese kings used Muslim titles.<ref name="Chowdhury2004"/> Arakan forcefully deported thousands of Bengali Muslims and Hindus during its invasions and collusion with the Portuguese. Deportees included the poet [[Alaol]]. As a result, the Bengali minority in Arakan developed a distinct Arakanese identity and became influential elites in Arakanese society. Arakanese Muslims, known today as [[Rohingya people]], trace their ancestry to the period of Bengali influence in Arakan.

The Bengal Sultanate also counted Tripura as a vassal state. Bengal restored the throne of Tripura by helping [[Ratna Manikya I]] to assume the throne.<ref name="Eaton1996p64">{{cite book |author=Richard M. Eaton |year=1996 |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760 |publisher=University of California Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/riseofislambenga00eato/page/64 64–] |isbn=978-0-520-20507-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/riseofislambenga00eato/page/64 }}.</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Mukherjee |first=Rila |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xeqhnYtrKcC&pg=PA34 |title=Pelagic Passageways: The Northern Bay of Bengal Before Colonialism |publisher=Primus Books |year=2011 |isbn=978-93-80607-20-7 |pages=34– |quote=The ''Sri Rajmala'' indicates that the periodic invasions of Tripura by the Bengal sultans were part of the same strategy [to control the sub-Himalayan routes from the south-eastern delta]. Mines of coarse gold were found in Tripura. |author-link=Rila Mukherjee |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092412/https://books.google.com/books?id=7xeqhnYtrKcC&pg=PA34 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Perween Hasan |year=2007 |title=Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh |publisher=I.B.Tauris |page=16 |isbn=978-1-84511-381-0 |quote="[Husayn Shah] reduced the kingdoms of ... Tripura in the east to vassalage."}}</ref> The Bengal Sultanate controlled [[Odisha]] at various points since the reign of [[Ilyas Shah]].<ref>Perween Hasan (2007). Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh. I.B.Tauris. p. 13. {{ISBN|978-1-84511-381-0}}. [Ilyas Shah] extended his domain in every direction by defeating the local Hindu rajas (kings)—in the south to Jajnagar (Orissa).</ref> During the reign of [[Alauddin Hussain Shah]], Bengal became an expanding regional empire. Under Hussain Shah, Bengali territory covered Arakan, Assam, Tripura, Orissa, Bihar and Jaunpur.<ref>David Lewis (2011). Bangladesh: Politics, Economy and Civil Society. Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–45. {{ISBN|978-1-139-50257-3}}.</ref><ref name="Hasan2007p16-17">{{cite book |author=Perween Hasan |year=2007 |title=Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uunyz4qFZwEC&pg=PA16 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |pages=16–17 |isbn=978-1-84511-381-0 |quote="[Husayn Shah pushed] its western frontier past Bihar up to Saran in Jaunpur ... when Sultan Husayn Shah Sharqi of Jaunpur fled to Bengal after being defeated in battle by Sultan Sikandar Lodhi of Delhi, the latter attacked Bengal in pursuit of the Jaunpur ruler. Unable to make any gains, Sikandar Lodhi returned home after concluding a peace treaty with the Bengal sultan." |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092411/https://books.google.com/books?id=Uunyz4qFZwEC&pg=PA16 |url-status=live }}</ref> Hussain Shah minted coins with the proclamation "conqueror of Kamrupa, Kamata, Jajnagar and Orissa".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Kamata-Kamatapura|title=Kamata-Kamatapura|website=Banglapedia|access-date=5 January 2022|archive-date=5 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105030938/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Kamata-Kamatapura|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Pratapgarh Kingdom]] came under Bengali [[suzerainty]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |script-title=bn:শ্রীহট্রের ইতিবৃত্ত: উত্তরাংশ |title=Srihattar Itibritta: Uttarrangsho |wslink=পাতা:শ্রীহট্টের_ইতিবৃত্ত_-_উত্তরাংশ.pdf/৪৮৪ |wslanguage=bn |last=Choudhury |first=Achyut Charan |author-link=Achyut Charan Choudhury |year=1917 |location=Calcutta |publisher=Katha |page=484}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Motahar |first1=Hosne Ara |editor-last1=Ahmed |editor-first1=Sharif Uddin |chapter=Museum Establishment and Heritage Preservation: Sylhet Perspective |title=Sylhet: History and Heritage |year=1999 |publisher=Bangladesh Itihas Samiti |isbn=984-31-0478-1 |pages=714–715}}</ref> The Hindu kingdom of [[Chandradwip]] was annexed by the Hussain Shahi dynasty.<ref name="Hasan1987">{{cite book |author=Sayed Mahmudul Hasan |title=Muslim monuments of Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9vdtAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Islamic Foundation Bangladesh |year=1987 |edition=2nd |access-date=5 January 2022 |oclc=21044013 |page=196}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Population Census of Bangladesh, 1974: District census report |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cE7C3wpNgX4C |year=1979 |publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092905/https://books.google.com/books?id=cE7C3wpNgX4C |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1498, the Hussain Shahi dynasty dispatched an army under [[Shah Ismail Ghazi]] to conquer the [[Kamata Kingdom]]. The Bengal forces overthrew the [[Khen dynasty]]. Bengali control of Assam extended into the [[Brahmaputra Valley]] and up to [[Hajo]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=R. C. |editor1-link=R. C. Majumdar |title=The Delhi Sultanate |url=https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate0006rcma/page/217/mode/1up |year=1980 |orig-year=First published 1960 |series=The History and Culture of the Indian People |volume=VI |edition=3rd |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |location=Bombay |oclc=664485 |page=217}}</ref> The invasions of the Bengal Sultanate into Assam provided the basis for the formation of Assamese Muslims.

====Maritime trade====
[[File:Maritime links of the Sultanate of Bengal.png|thumb|Maritime links of the Bengal Sultanate]]
Bengali ships dominated the [[Bay of Bengal]] and were the largest ships in the [[Indian Ocean|Indian]] and [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] oceans. A royal vessel from Bengal could accommodate three tribute missions- from Bengal, Brunei and Sumatra- and was evidently the only vessel capable of such a task. European travellers like [[Ludovico di Varthema]], [[Duarte Barbosa]] and [[Tomé Pires]] wrote about the presence of a large number of wealthy Bengali merchants and shipowners in Malacca.<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Tapan Raychaudhuri |editor1-link=Tapan Raychaudhuri |editor2=Irfan Habib |editor2-link=Irfan Habib |year=1982 |title=The Cambridge Economic History of India |volume=I |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=130 |isbn=978-0-521-22692-9}}</ref> The trade between Bengal and the [[Maldives]], based on rice and [[shell currency|cowry shells]], was probably done on Arab-style [[baghlah]] ships.

The Chinese Muslim envoy [[Ma Huan]] wrote about a flourishing shipbuilding industry and Bengal's significant seaborne trade. The [[muslin trade in Bengal]], the production of silk and the development of several other crafts were indicated in Ma Huan's list of items exported from Bengal to China. Bengali shipping co-existed with Chinese shipping until the latter withdrew from the Indian Ocean in the mid-15th-century. Bengali port cities like [[Chittagong]] and [[Satgaon]] were possibly [[entrepot]]s for importing and re-exporting goods to China.<ref name="Mukherjee2011">{{cite book |author=Rila Mukherjee |year=2011 |title=Pelagic Passageways: The Northern Bay of Bengal Before Colonialism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xeqhnYtrKcC&pg=PA30 |publisher=Primus Books |page=30 |isbn=978-93-80607-20-7 |quote="some of them [items exported from Bengal to China] were probably re-exports. The Bengal ports possibly functioned as entrepots in Western routes in the trade with China." |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092905/https://books.google.com/books?id=7xeqhnYtrKcC&pg=PA30 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Mughal period===
The [[Mughal Empire]] eventually controlled the region under its [[Bengal Subah]] viceregal province. The [[Mughal Emperor]]s considered Bengal their most prized province. [[Emperor Akbar]] redeveloped the [[Bengali calendar]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Shoaib Daniyal |url=http://scroll.in/article/720351/bengali-new-year-how-akbar-invented-the-modern-bengali-calendar |title=Bengali New Year: how Akbar invented the modern Bengali calendar |work=Scroll.in |access-date=7 November 2016 |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426190803/https://scroll.in/article/720351/bengali-new-year-how-akbar-invented-the-modern-bengali-calendar |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 16th-century, many ''[[Ulama]]'' of the Bengali Muslim intelligentsia migrated to other parts of the subcontinent as teachers and instructors of [[Ilm (Arabic)|Islamic knowledge]] such as Sheikh Ali Sher Bengali to [[Ahmedabad]], Usman Bengali to [[Sambhal]] and Yusuf Bengali to [[Burhanpur]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Culture of Bengal: Through the Ages: Some Aspects|pages=210–215|year=1988|publisher=[[University of Burdwan]]|author=Chattopadhyay, Bhaskar}}</ref>

The process of Islamization of eastern Bengal, now Bangladesh, is not fully understood due to limited documentation from the 1200s to 1600s, the period during which Islamization is believed to have occurred.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Al-Ahsan |first=Abdullah |year=1994 |title=Spread of Islam in Pre-Mughal Bengal |s2cid=55737704 |journal=Intellectual Discourse |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=41–45}}</ref> There are numerous theories about how Islam spread in region; however, the overwhelming evidence is strongly suggestive of a gradual transition of the local population from Buddhism, Hinduism and other indigenous religions to Islam starting in the thirteenth century facilitated by Sufi missionaries (such as Shah Jalal in Sylhet for example) and later by Mughal agricultural reforms centered around Sufi missions.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99v9;brand=ucpress |year=1993 |publisher=University of California Press |access-date=7 December 2019 |archive-date=28 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128203546/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view%3FdocId%3Dft067n99v9;brand%3Ducpress |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Pir Gazi and his tiger in Sundarbans.jpg|thumb|A scene from the Gazi scrolls ([[Patachitra|Gazir Pat]]). Pir Gazi was a Sufi preacher. Sufi-led villages were centers of Islamic conversion during the Mughal period.]]
The factors facilitating conversion to Islam from Buddhism, Hinduism and indigenous religions, again is not fully understood. Lack of primary sources from that era have resulted in various hypotheses.<ref name=":2" /> Generally modern prevailing hypotheses about the early stages of Islamification of East Bengal focus on Sufi missionaries capitalising on disaffected Buddhists and other indigenous groups following the initial conquest of the area by the Brahmin and Kshatriya dominated Sena Empire followed a few decades later by the arrival of [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji|Bakhtiyar Khalji]] of the Delhi Sultanate in the early 1200s and the later agrarian reforms of the Mughal Empire in the 1500s.<ref name="Rahman2019">{{Cite book |last=Rahman |first=Mahmadur |year=2019 |title=The Dawn of Islam in Eastern Bengal |url=https://www.cambridgescholars.com/download/sample/65022 |publisher=[[Cambridge Scholars Publishing]] |pages=8–10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208002317/https://www.cambridgescholars.com/download/sample/65022 |archive-date=8 December 2019}}</ref>

A few decades following the Sena Conquest of the region, the Sena, themselves, were conquered by Bakhtiyar Khalji opening up the region to a greater influx of Sufi missionaries. This hypothesis would explain why the Islam spread faster in East Bengal than West Bengal.<ref name="Rahman2019" /> Essentially, East Bengal had a large Buddhist population compared to West Bengal.<ref name="Rahman2019" /> The conquest of the area by Hindu kingdoms lead to the subjugation of Buddhists in the region. With the Turkic conquest, came the arrival of Sufi missionaries who were more successful at converting the largely disaffected Buddhist East Bengal versus the largely Hindu regions of West Bengal.<ref name="Rahman2019" />

A few centuries later the [[agrarian reform]]s of the Mughal Empire accelerated conversion and population growth across Bangladesh by creating a system of farming villages centered around Sufi missions.<ref name="Richard Eaton 276">{{cite book|author=Richard Eaton|editor=Barbara D. Metcalf|title=Islam in South Asia in Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pR0LzVCpfw8C|year=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-3138-8|page=276|chapter=Forest Clearing and the Growth of Islam in Bengal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bea-bd.org/site/images/pdf/015.pdf|title=Agrarian Relations in Bengal: Ancient to British Period|last=Alam|first=Muhammad Nur|access-date=8 December 2019|archive-date=8 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008203616/http://bea-bd.org/site/images/pdf/015.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The Mughals granted landless peasants land around these missions in order to accelerate development of the fertile Ganges plain. This lead to greater concentrations of people in the area with more opportunities for Sufi missionaries to preach Islam.<ref name="Richard Eaton 276" /><ref name="star">{{cite news |last=Khandker |first=Hissam |date=31 July 2015 |title=Which India is claiming to have been colonised? |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/politics/which-india-claiming-have-been-colonised-119284 |newspaper=The Daily Star |type=Op-ed |access-date=7 November 2016 |archive-date=28 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328220449/https://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/politics/which-india-claiming-have-been-colonised-119284 |url-status=live }}</ref> The projects were most evident in the [[Bhati (region)|Bhati]] region of East Bengal, the most fertile part of the delta.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 |author=Richard Maxwell Eaton |year=1997 |publisher=University of California Press |access-date=7 November 2016 |isbn=9780520205079 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116111746/https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC |url-status=live }}</ref>

Although the timeline is still debated, a popular theory posed by historian Richard Eaton poses that the Islamization of northern and eastern Bengal occurred in earnest after the Mughal conquest. At the time of the Mughal conquest of Bengal, most of East and North Bengal was still covered by dense forests and inhabited by indigenous communities who were marginally influenced by Dharmic religions and practised shifting cultivation. The Hindu descendants of these indigenous communities are today called [[Namasudra]]s and [[Poundra (caste)|Poundras]] in central and eastern Bengal, and [[Rajbanshi people|Rajbanshis]] in north Bengal.<ref name="ReferenceB" /> The Ganga River had just shifted to its present course along the Padma River channel, opening up these jungles for economic and agricultural development. To exploit this newfound opportunity, the Mughals made large numbers of land grants to individuals to develop the land. Although some of these pioneers were Hindu, the vast majority were Muslims. These pioneers would go into the forests and organise the indigenous inhabitants to clear the land and practice wet rice cultivation. Thus the economic centre of Bengal shifted from the drier western part to the more fertile east, and East Bengal became the economic engine of the province.<ref name="ReferenceB" />

Since most of these pioneers were Muslim, who often were subcontracted by Hindu merchants, the communities they formed developed around village mosques and the indigenous communities became more and more influenced by Islam.<ref name="ReferenceB" /> And often after the deaths of these pioneers, they were revered as ''pirs'' and their shrines became associated with mystical powers. Moreover Islamic literature which told Islamic stories in settings reminiscent of East Bengal made it easier for the locals to identify with Islamic figures. Thus gradually indigenous communities slowly began to identify more and more with Islamic culture, but blended it with their original folk culture to a great extent as very few literate Muslims were giving them instruction on Islamic practice. Thus the majority of East Bengal began to identify as Muslims, and their spiritual culture became a mixture of Islamic and indigenous folk traditions which was very distinct from the Islam practised by the aristocracy. However the southwestern, northern and eastern eges of Bhati were still largely ruled by Hindu kings, and so a significant fraction of the indigenous population here became more influenced by Hindu ideals and developed into a variety of caste groups.<ref name="ReferenceB" />

According to historian Richard M. Eaton, Islam became the religion of the [[plough]] in the [[Bengal delta]].<ref name="books.google.com.bd" /> Islam's emergence in the region was intimately tied with agriculture.<ref name="Richard Eaton 276" /> The delta was the most fertile region in the empire. Mughal development projects cleared forests and established thousands of Sufi-led villages, which became industrious farming and crafting communities.

This made East Bengal a thriving [[melting pot]] with strong trade and cultural networks. It was the most prosperous part of the subcontinent.<ref name="star"/><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&q=bengal+most+fertile+salma+farooqi&pg=PA366 |title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century |author=Farooqui Salma Ahmed |page=366 |access-date=7 November 2016 |isbn=9788131732021 |year=2011 |publisher=Pearson Education India |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092905/https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Comprehensive_History_of_Medieval_Indi/sxhAtCflwOMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=bengal+most+fertile+salma+farooqi&pg=PA366&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref> East Bengal became the center of the Muslim population in the eastern subcontinent and corresponds to modern-day Bangladesh.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

According to the 1881 Census of Bengal, Muslims constituted a bare majority of the population of Bengal proper (50.2 per cent compared with the Hindus at 48.5 per cent). However, in the eastern part of Bengal, Muslims were thick on the ground. The proportions of Muslims in Rajshahi, Dhaka and Chittagong divisions were 63.2, 63.6 and 67.9 per cent respectively. The debate draws on the writings of some late nineteenth-century authors, but in its current form was initially formulated in 1963 by M.A. Rahim. Rahim suggested that a significant proportion of Bengal's Muslims were not Hindu converts but were descendants of 'aristocratic' immigrants from various parts of the Muslim world. Specifically, he estimated that in 1770, of about 10.6 million Muslims in Bengal, 3.3 million (about 30 per cent) had 'foreign blood'.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00856400802192952?scroll=top&needAccess=true&journalCode=csas20|doi = 10.1080/00856400802192952|title = Hindu–Muslim separateness in Bengal: A review of some historical issues from a contemporary Bangladesh Muslim standpoint|year = 2008|last1 = Hossain|first1 = Akhand Akhtar|journal = South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies|volume = 31|issue = 2|pages = 364–382|s2cid = 144040355|access-date = 6 April 2021|archive-date = 31 March 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220331080518/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00856400802192952?scroll=top&needAccess=true&journalCode=csas20|url-status = live|url-access = subscription}}</ref> In the late 1980s Richard Eaton, in a book and a series of papers, raised awkward questions about the social liberation theory of conversion from Hinduism to Islam that have yet to be fully addressed, further endorsing Rahim's argument.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232823424 |doi=10.1080/00856400802192952|title=Hindu–Muslim separateness in Bengal: A review of some historical issues from a contemporary Bangladesh Muslim standpoint |year=2008 |last1=Hossain |first1=Akhand Akhtar |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=364–382 |s2cid=144040355 }}</ref> In the late 19th century, when the first census was conducted on [[Bengal region]] in the year of (1872), it was found that the number of Hindus are at (18m) and Muslims at (17.5m) were almost the same.<ref name="thedailystar.net">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/news/bengali-muslims-and-their-identity-fusion-confusion-2072357|title=Bengali Muslims and their identity: From fusion to confusion|work=The Daily Star|date=5 April 2021|access-date=25 June 2021|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625170643/https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/news/bengali-muslims-and-their-identity-fusion-confusion-2072357|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the 1872 Census, only 1.52% or say 2.66 lakhs of the Bengali Muslim population claimed foreign ancestry.<ref name="thedailystar.net"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Rafiuddin |year=1988 |orig-year=First published 1981 |title=The Bengal Muslims 1871-1906: A Quest for Identity |publisher=Oxford University Press |edition=2nd |page=17 |sbn=19-562203-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Jones |first=Reece |date=June 2008 |title=Searching for the greatest Bengali: The BBC and shifting identity categories in South Asia |url=http://www2.hawaii.edu/~reecej/Jones%202008%20National%20Identities.pdf |journal=National Identities |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=149–165 |doi=10.1080/14608940801997218 |bibcode=2008NatId..10..149J |s2cid=145390085 |access-date=30 November 2021 |archive-date=30 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630154609/https://www2.hawaii.edu/~reecej/Jones%202008%20National%20Identities.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

===British colonial period===
{{See also|East India Company|Nawabs of Bengal|Bengal Renaissance}}
[[File:Auguste Borget's oil on canvas painting 'An Indian Mosque on the Hooghly River near Calcutta', 1846.jpg|thumb|A mosque on the banks of the [[Hooghly River]] near [[Kolkata]].]]
[[File:Bengal PMs.png|thumb|The [[Prime Minister of Bengal|Prime Ministers of British Bengal]] were from the Muslim community of the [[Bengal Presidency]]]]
The Bengal region was [[Bengal Presidency|annexed]] by the [[East India Company]] (EIC) in 1757. In the following decades, Bengalis led numerous revolts against [[Company rule in India|Company rule]]. In the early 19th century, [[Titumir]] led a peasant uprising against the East India Company. Meanwhile, the Bengali Muslim [[Haji Shariatullah]] led the [[Faraizi movement]], which advocated [[Islamic revivalism]].<ref name="bp-faraizi">{{cite book |last=Khan |first=Muin-ud-Din Ahmed |year=2012 |chapter=Faraizi Movement |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Faraizi_Movement |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=13 August 2016 |archive-date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402150629/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Faraizi_Movement |url-status=live }}</ref> The Faraizis sought to create a [[caliphate]] and cleanse the region's Muslim society of what they deemed "un-Islamic practices". They were successful in galvanising the Bengali peasantry against the EIC. However, the movement experienced a crackdown after the suppression of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Campo |first=Juan Eduardo |year=2009 |title=Encyclopedia of Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA226 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |pages=226– |isbn=978-1-4381-2696-8}}</ref> and lost impetus after the death of Haji Shariatullah's son [[Dudu Miyan]].<ref name="bp-faraizi" />

After 1870, Muslims began a seeking British-style education in increasingly larger numbers. Under the leadership of [[Sir Syed Ahmed Khan]] the promotion the English language among [[Indian Muslims|Muslims of India]] also influenced Bengali Muslim society.<ref name="nfb13May2005">{{cite news |last1=Mukhapadhay |first1=Keshab |date=13 May 2005 |title=An interview with prof. Ahmed sharif |url=http://www.bangladesh-web.com/view.php?hidRecord=44486 |url-status=dead |work=News from Bangladesh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204080757/http://www.bangladesh-web.com/view.php?hidRecord=44486 |archive-date=4 February 2015 |access-date=12 December 2016}}</ref> Social and cultural leaders among Bengali Muslims during this period included [[Munshi Mohammad Meherullah]], who countered Christian missionaries,<ref>{{cite news |last=Kabir |first=Nurul |date=1 September 2013 |title=Colonialism, politics of language and partition of Bengal PART XV |url=http://old-archives.newagebd.net/special.php?spid=31&id=153 |url-status=dead |work=New Age |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506092343/http://old-archives.newagebd.net/special.php?spid=31&id=153 |archive-date=6 May 2016 |access-date=2 January 2014}}</ref> writers [[Ismail Hossain Siraji]] and [[Mir Mosharraf Hossain]]; and feminists [[Nawab Faizunnesa]] and [[Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain]].

====Eastern Bengal and Assam (1905–1912)====
A precursor to the modern state of Bangladesh was the province of [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]] in [[British India]]. The province was created on 16 October 1905 by the [[Viceroy of India]] [[Lord Curzon]]. The province covered present-day Bangladesh, [[northeastern India]] and a part of West Bengal. It had a [[Bengali Muslim]] majority. [[Dacca]], the former Mughal capital of Bengal, was declared by the British as the capital of Eastern Bengal and Assam. The province was established through the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|first partition of Bengal]]. The British government cited administrative reasons for the creation of the new province. It promised increased investment in education and the economy of the new province. The partition galvanised [[Muslim nationalism in South Asia]] and led to the formation of the [[All India Muslim League]] in Dacca in 1906. It also stoked anti-Muslim sentiment and anti-British sentiment among Hindus. Growing opposition from the [[Indian National Congress]], which accused the British of a [[divide and rule]] policy, caused the British government to reconsider the new provincial geography. During the [[Delhi Durbar]] in 1911, King [[George V]] announced that provinces would once again be reorganised. The first partition of Bengal was annulled; while Calcutta lost its status as the imperial capital of India. The imperial capital was shifted to New Delhi; while Calcutta became the capital of a reunited, albeit smaller, Bengal province. Assam was made a separate province. Orissa and Bihar were also separated from Bengal. As a compensation for Dacca, the British government established a [[University of Dhaka|university]] for the city in 1921.

During the short lifespan of the province, school enrolment increased by 20%. New subjects were introduced into the college curriculum, including Persian, Sanskrit, mathematics, history and algebra. All towns became connected by an inter-district road network. The population of the capital city Dacca rose by 21% between 1906 and 1911.<ref name=":3">{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam|title=Eastern Bengal and Assam|encyclopedia=[[Banglapedia: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh]]|access-date=7 January 2022|archive-date=7 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107060825/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the British promoted the settlement of Muslim cultivators from densely populated East Bengal to farm untilled lands in Assam and other places. Therefore large numbers of Bengali Muslims from Mymensingh, Pabna and Rangpur districts were incentivised to come to lower Assam where there was cheap land available.<ref name="zaman">{{cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Shahiuz Zaman |year=2006 |title=Identity Issue, Foreigner's Deportation Movement and Erstwhile East Bengal (Present Bangladesh) Origin People of Assam |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |publisher=Indian History Congress |volume=67 |issue=2006–2007 |pages=624–639 |jstor=44147982}}</ref>

===1947 Partition and Bangladesh===
{{See also|Partition of Bengal (1947)|Bengali Language Movement|History of Bangladesh}}
[[File:Awami League leaders after the 1970 Pakistani General Election.webp|thumb|Awami League leaders [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], [[Tajuddin Ahmad]], [[Syed Nazrul Islam]] and others in 1970]]
An important moment in the history of Bengali [[self-determination]] was the [[Lahore Resolution]] in 1940, which was promoted by politician [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]]. The resolution initially called for the creation of a [[sovereign state]] in the "Eastern Zone" of [[British Raj|British India]].<ref name=":4">{{cite news |author= |url=http://www.alarabiya.net/views/2009/03/24/69098.html |title=Do we know anything about Lahore Resolution? |publisher=Al Arabiya |date=24 March 2009 |access-date=7 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230104/http://www.alarabiya.net/views/2009/03/24/69098.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> However, its text was later changed by the top leadership of the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]]. The Prime Minister of Bengal [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]] proposed an independent, undivided, sovereign "Free State of Bengal" in 1947.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://scroll.in/article/907754/why-did-british-prime-minister-attlee-think-bengal-was-going-to-be-an-independent-country-in-1947 |title=Why did British prime minister Attlee think Bengal was going to be an independent country in 1947? |work=scroll.in |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=17 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517102749/https://scroll.in/article/907754/why-did-british-prime-minister-attlee-think-bengal-was-going-to-be-an-independent-country-in-1947 |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite calls from liberal Bengali Muslim League leaders for an independent [[United Bengal]], the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] moved forward with the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|Partition of Bengal]] in 1947. The [[Radcliffe Line]] made [[East Bengal]] a part of the [[Dominion of Pakistan]]. It was later renamed as [[East Pakistan]], with [[Dhaka]] as its capital.

The [[East Pakistan Awami Muslim League]] was formed in Dhaka in 1949.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Molla |first1=Gyasuddin |editor1-last=Mitra |editor1-first=Subrata K. |editor2-last=Enskat |editor2-first=Mike |editor3-last=Spiess |editor3-first=Clement |year=2004 |chapter=The Awami League: From Charismatic Leadership to Political Party |title=Political Parties in South Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dObxI9xahSYC&pg=PA216 |publisher=Praeger |page=216 |isbn=978-0-275-96832-8 |access-date=11 March 2023 |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311153448/https://books.google.com/books?id=dObxI9xahSYC&pg=PA216 |url-status=live }}</ref> The organisation's name was later secularised as the [[Awami League]] in 1955 with the support o [[Maulana Bhasani]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Harun-or-Rashid |year=2012 |chapter=Bangladesh Awami League |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Awami_League |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=21 August 2016 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307034056/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Awami_League |url-status=live }}</ref> The party was supported by the Bengali [[bourgeoisie]], agriculturalists, the middle class, and the [[intelligentsia]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Molla |first1=Gyasuddin |editor1-last=Mitra |editor1-first=Subrata K. |editor2-last=Enskat |editor2-first=Mike |editor3-last=Spiess |editor3-first=Clement |year=2004 |chapter=The Awami League: From Charismatic Leadership to Political Party |title=Political Parties in South Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dObxI9xahSYC&pg=PA217 |publisher=Praeger |page=217 |isbn=978-0-275-96832-8 |access-date=27 September 2016 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092905/https://books.google.com/books?id=dObxI9xahSYC&pg=PA217 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sir [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]], [[Mohammad Ali of Bogra]], and [[H. S. Suhrawardy]], all of whom were Bengali Muslims, each served as Pakistan's prime minister during the 1950s; however, all three were deposed by the military-industrial complex in West Pakistan. The [[Bengali language movement]] in 1952 received strong support from Islamic groups, including the [[Tamaddun Majlish]]. [[Bengali nationalism]] increased in East Pakistan during the 1960s, particularly with the [[Six point movement]] for autonomy. The rise of pro-democracy and pro-independence movements in East Pakistan, with [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] as the principal leader, led to the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] in 1971.

Bangladesh was founded as a secular Muslim majority nation.<ref name="Baxter2018">{{cite book |author=Craig Baxter |author-link=Craig Baxter |title=Bangladesh: From A Nation To A State |year=2018 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-429-98176-0 |page=70}}</ref> In 1977, however, President [[Ziaur Rahman]], trying to consolidate his power under martial law, removed secularism from the constitution and replaced it with "a commitment to the values of Islam."<ref name="Lewis">{{cite book |last=Lewis |first=David |author-link=David Lewis (academic) |year=2011 |title=Bangladesh: Politics, Economy and Civil Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5lH40gT7xvYC |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=75, 83 |isbn=978-0-521-71377-1 |access-date=21 July 2016 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116112820/https://books.google.com/books?id=5lH40gT7xvYC |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010, the [[Bangladesh Supreme Court]] reaffirmed secular principles in the constitution.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/171752.pdf |title=Bangladesh |website=U.S. State Department |access-date=7 November 2016 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323231455/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/171752.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Science and technology==
[[File:বায়তুর রউফ মসজিদ.jpg|thumb|The award-winning modernist [[Bait Ur Rouf Mosque]]]]
Historical Islamic kingdoms that existed in Bengal employed several clever technologies in numerous areas such as architecture, agriculture, civil engineering, water management, etc. The creation of canals and reservoirs was a common practice for the sultanate. New methods of irrigation were pioneered by the Sufis. Bengali mosque architecture featured terracotta, stone, wood and bamboo, with curved roofs, corner towers and multiple domes. During the Bengal Sultanate, a distinct regional style flourished which featured no minarets, but had richly designed [[mihrab]]s and [[minbar]]s as niches.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Perween Hasan |author2=Oleg Grabar |year=2007 |title=Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uunyz4qFZwEC |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-84511-381-0}}</ref>

Islamic Bengal had a long history of textile weaving, including export of [[muslin]] during the 17th and 18th centuries. Today, the weaving of [[Jamdani]] is classified by [[UNESCO]] as an [[intangible cultural heritage]].<ref name=britannica-muslin>{{citation |title=Muslin |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/399430/muslin |access-date=2 June 2022 |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504222807/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/399430/muslin |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Fairchild-Dictionary-Textiles>{{citation |title=The Fairchild Books Dictionary of Textiles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LTYfAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA404 |year=2013 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-60901-535-0 |pages=404– |access-date=21 December 2020 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092905/https://books.google.com/books?id=LTYfAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA404 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Modern science was begun in Bengal during the period of British colonial rule. Railways were introduced in 1862, making Bengal one of the earliest regions in the world to have a rail network.<ref name=history>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway.gov.bd/history.asp |title=History |website=Bangladesh Railway |access-date=10 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071115201005/http://www.railway.gov.bd/history.asp |archive-date=15 November 2007 }}</ref> For the general population, opportunities for formal science education remained limited. The colonial government and the Bengali elite established several institutes for science education. The [[Nawabs of Dhaka]] established Ahsanullah School of Engineering which later became the [[Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology]].<ref name="about_BUET">{{cite web|url=http://www.buet.ac.bd/?page_id=2|title=About BUET|website=BUET|access-date=15 September 2016|archive-date=29 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929021510/http://www.buet.ac.bd/?page_id=2|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Qazi Azizul Haque]] pioneered [[Henry Classification System|fingerprint classification]].

In the second half of the 20th century, the Bengali Muslim American [[Fazlur Rahman Khan]] became one of the most important structural engineers in the world, helping design the world's tallest buildings.<ref name="ebKhan">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/316259/Fazlur-R-Khan |title=Fazlur R. Khan (American engineer) |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=22 December 2013}}</ref> Another Bengali Muslim German-American, [[Jawed Karim]], was the co-founder of YouTube.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006-10-11-youtube-karim_x.htm |title=Surprise! There's a third YouTube co-founder |access-date=22 July 2017 |work=USA Today |archive-date=5 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805161152/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006-10-11-youtube-karim_x.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2016, the modernist Bait-ur-Rouf Mosque, inspired by the Bengal Sultanate-style of buildings, won the [[Aga Khan Award for Architecture]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/oct/3/china-denmark-projects-among-architecture-award-wi/|title=China, Denmark projects among architecture award winners|work=The Washington Times|language=en-US|access-date=30 December 2019|archive-date=15 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215092531/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/oct/3/china-denmark-projects-among-architecture-award-wi/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{See also|Islam in Bangladesh|Ahmadiyya in Bangladesh|Shia Islam in Bangladesh|Islam in West Bengal|Islam in Assam|Bangladeshi diaspora}}
[[File:Madhhab Map3.png|thumb|Areas of the [[Hanafi]] school are shaded in light green]]
[[File:East Bengal religion map.jpg|thumb|East Bengal's Muslim majority areas highlighted in green on a religious demography map of British India, 1909]]
Bengali Muslims constitute the world's second-largest Muslim ethnicity (after the Arab world) and the largest Muslim community in South Asia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irfi.org/articles2/articles_2751_2800/Understanding%20the%20Bengal%20Muslims.HTM |title=Understanding the Bengal Muslims Interpretative Essays Hardcover |website=Irfi.org |access-date=7 November 2016 |archive-date=27 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327205419/http://www.irfi.org/articles2/articles_2751_2800/Understanding%20the%20Bengal%20Muslims.HTM |url-status=live}}</ref> An estimated 153{{nbsp}}million Bengali Muslims live in [[Bangladesh]] as of 2020, where Islam commands the demographic majority.<ref name="pew">{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/bangladesh/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=16&affiliations_year=2020|title=Religions in Bangladesh {{pipe}} PEW-GRF|access-date=23 January 2022|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409172932/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/bangladesh/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=16&affiliations_year=2020|url-status=live}}</ref> The Indian state of [[West Bengal]] is home to an estimated 23-24 million Bengali Muslims as per 2021 estimation, rest 6-7 million Muslims are Urdu and Surjapuri speaking Muslims.<ref name="PopWestBengal">{{bulletedlist|{{Cite magazine |date=19 April 2021|first=Jayanta|last=Ghosal|title=Decoding the Muslim vote in West Bengal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/news-analysis/story/decoding-the-muslim-vote-in-west-bengal-1792723-2021-04-19|access-date=22 January 2022|magazine=India Today|language=en}}|{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiacensus.net/states/west-bengal|title=West Bengal Population 2021|access-date=4 May 2021|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502112611/https://www.indiacensus.net/states/west-bengal|url-status=live}}|{{Cite web|last=hajarduar|date=22 October 2013|title=The curious case of the Surjapuri people|url=https://alalodulal.org/2013/10/22/the-curious-case-of-the-surjapuri-people/|access-date=22 January 2022|website=আলাল ও দুলাল {{!}} Alal O Dulal|language=en|archive-date=22 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122132658/https://alalodulal.org/2013/10/22/the-curious-case-of-the-surjapuri-people/|url-status=live}}}}</ref> Two districts in West Bengal{{snd}}[[Murshidabad]] and [[Malda district|Maldah]] have a Muslim majority and [[North Dinajpur]] has a plurality.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bengal-beats-India-in-Muslim-growth-rate/articleshow/48675987.cms |title=Bengal beats India in Muslim growth rate |work=The Times of India |access-date=7 November 2016 |archive-date=21 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721165614/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bengal-beats-India-in-Muslim-growth-rate/articleshow/48675987.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The Indian state of [[Assam]] has over 9{{nbsp}}million Bengali Muslims out of 13 million Muslim population in Assam.<ref name="PopAssam">{{bulletedlist|{{cite news |last1=PTI |date=10 February 2020 |title=Assam plans survey to identify indigenous Muslim population |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assam-plans-survey-to-identify-indigenous-muslim-population/article30780667.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=21 April 2022 |language=en-IN |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416195642/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assam-plans-survey-to-identify-indigenous-muslim-population/article30780667.ece |url-status=live }}|{{cite news |last1=Hazarika |first1=Myithili |date=12 February 2020 |title=BJP wants to segregate Assamese Muslims from Bangladeshi Muslims, but some ask how |url=https://theprint.in/india/bjp-wants-to-segregate-assamese-muslims-from-bangladeshi-muslims-but-some-ask-how/363736/?amp |work=ThePrint |access-date=21 April 2022 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227034321/https://theprint.in/india/bjp-wants-to-segregate-assamese-muslims-from-bangladeshi-muslims-but-some-ask-how/363736/?amp |url-status=live }}}}</ref> Nine out of thirty-three districts in Assam have a Muslim majority.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/assamese-muslims-plan-mini-nrc/article34292248.ece|title=Assamese Muslims plan 'mini NRC'|newspaper=The Hindu|date=10 April 2021|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420102353/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/assamese-muslims-plan-mini-nrc/article34292248.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2012|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Muslim-majority-districts-in-Assam-up/articleshow/48682463.cms|title=Muslim majority districts in Assam up|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 August 2015 |access-date=23 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104231940/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Muslim-majority-districts-in-Assam-up/articleshow/48682463.cms|archive-date=4 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/assam-muslim-growth-is-higher-in-districts-away-from-border/|title=Assam Muslim growth is higher in districts away from border|access-date=23 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223192413/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/assam-muslim-growth-is-higher-in-districts-away-from-border/|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live|work=The Indian Express|date=31 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/census-2011-data-rekindles-demographic-invasion-fear-in-assam/story-oZUhBaXPNupGBmGQirjV0I.html|title=Census 2011 data rekindles 'demographic invasion' fear in Assam|access-date=23 December 2015|work=Hindustan Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104231940/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/census-2011-data-rekindles-demographic-invasion-fear-in-assam/story-oZUhBaXPNupGBmGQirjV0I.html|archive-date=4 January 2016|url-status=live|date=26 August 2015}}</ref> [[Tripura]], a north-eastern state of India has around 3.8 lakh Bengali Muslim population, or say 9% as of 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-59047517|title = Tripura: Anti-Muslim violence flares up in Indian state|work = BBC News|date = 28 October 2021|access-date = 4 November 2021|archive-date = 3 November 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211103183713/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-59047517|url-status = live}}</ref> The [[Rohingya]] community in western [[Myanmar]] have significant Bengali Muslim heritage.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=woblBsJsmZQC|title=The History of Myanmar|first1=William J.|last1=Topich|first2=Keith A.|last2=Leitich|year=2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313357244}}</ref>

A large Bengali Muslim [[Bangladeshi diaspora|diaspora]] is found in the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf]], which are home to several million expatriate workers from South Asia. A more well-established diaspora also resides in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and [[Pakistan]]. The first Bengali Muslim settlers in the United States were ship jumpers who settled in [[Harlem]], New York and [[Baltimore]], Maryland in the 1920s and 1930s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dizikes |first1=Peter |title=The hidden history of Bengali Harlem |url=https://news.mit.edu/2013/vivek-bald-hidden-history-of-bengali-harlem-0107 |website=MIT News Office |date=7 January 2013 |publisher=MIT |access-date=23 November 2016 |archive-date=10 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510120612/http://news.mit.edu/2013/vivek-bald-hidden-history-of-bengali-harlem-0107 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Culture==
{{See also|Culture of Bangladesh|Culture of Bengal|Islamic culture}}
[[File:Ostad Alauddin Khan at Karjon Hall 1955.png|thumb|[[Ustad Alauddin Khan]] (centre), one of the greatest maestros of South Asian classical music, performing with his ensemble at [[Curzon Hall]] in Dhaka, 1955]]
[[File:Lalon shah majar's.jpg|thumb|[[Mausoleum of Lalon Shah]], a [[Syncretism|syncretic]] [[Baul]] poet inspired by [[Sufism]]]]

===Surnames===
{{Main|Bengali Muslim Surname}}

Surnames in Bengali Muslim society reflect the region's cosmopolitan history. They are mainly of [[Arabic]] and [[Farsi|Persian]] origin, with a minority of Bengali surnames.

====Art====
{{see also|Art of Bangladesh}}
[[File:Weaving_jamdani_at_BSCIC_Jamdani_palli,_Narayanganj_113.jpg|thumb|[[Jamdani]] weaving]]

Zainul Abedin, who's better known as '''Shilpacharya''' (Master of Art) was a prominent painter. His famine sketches of the 1940s are his most remarkable works of all time.

The unique trend of [[Rickshaw painting of Bangladesh|rickshaw art]] started from major cities of Bangladesh like [[Rajshahi]] and [[Dhaka]] and took its own style in each district. [[Chittagong]] being a more pious city than Dhaka mostly had floral or scenery art whereas [[Cumilla]] has plain rickshaws with beautiful blue and green hoods, on which are sewn an appliqué of a minaret or floral design enshrining the word "[[Allah]]" which means "God" in Arabic. Rickshaw and rickshaw painting of Bangladesh are listed as '[[Intangible cultural heritage|intangible heritage]]' by UNESCO. As a people's craft, of Bengal cloth architecture has seen transformation in the past decade for open-air public functions such as melas and religious gatherings like ''urs'' and ''waz-mahfil'' and [[Eidgah]]s for Eid prayers.
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Art_and_Crafts |title=Art and Crafts |website=Banglapedia}}</ref>

The [[Patua]] of Bangladesh are a unique community, in that their traditional occupation is the painting which is known as [[Patachitra]] and modelling of Hindu idols, yet many of them are Muslims. Gazir Pata (scroll of [[Gazi Pir]]) is the most famous scroll painting made by Bengali [[Patua]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Gazir_Pat |title=Gazir Pat |website=Banglapedia}}</ref>

The weaving industry of Bengal has prospered with the help of the Muslims natives. The Bengali origin [[Jamdani]] is believed to be a fusion of the ancient cloth-making techniques of Bengal with the muslins produced by Bengali Muslims of Dhaka since the 14th century. Jamdani is the most expensive product of traditional Bengali looms since it requires the most lengthy and dedicated work. The traditional art of weaving jamdani was declared a [[UNESCO]] [[Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity|Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity]] in 2013<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/299805/jamdani |title=jamdani |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=4 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/jamdani-recognised-as-intangible-cultural-heritage-by-unesco/ |title=Jamdani recognised as intangible cultural heritage by Unesco |work=The Daily Star |access-date=4 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="Jamdani">{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00879 |title=Traditional art of Jamdani weaving |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |access-date=4 December 2013}}</ref> and Bangladesh received [[geographical indication]] (GI) status for Jamdani Sari in 2016.

[[Sheikh Zainuddin]] was a prominent Bengali Muslim artist in the 18th century during the colonial period. His works were inspired by the style of Mughal courts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Zainuddin,_Sheikh|title=Zainuddin, Sheikh|website=Banglapedia|language=en|access-date=23 August 2017|archive-date=26 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926124543/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Zainuddin,_Sheikh|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Architecture===
An indigenous style of Islamic architecture flourished in Bengal during the medieval Sultanate period.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hasan |first=Perween |year=2007 |title=Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh |publisher=I.B. Tauris |page=34 |isbn=978-1-84511-381-0 |quote=The Sultanate mosques ... all had in common a remarkable uniformity of design ... features familiar from the Islamic architecture of the central Islamic lands and north India reappear here; others are totally new.}}</ref> Traditional Bengali Islamic architecture includes elements like brick, [[Terracotta|floral terracotta]] and [[stone]] craftsmanship. Mosques with multiple domes are proliferated in the region. Bengali Islamic architecture emerged as a synthesis of Bengali, Persian, Byzantine, and Mughal elements.

The [[Indo-Saracenic]] style influenced Islamic architecture in South Asia during the British Raj. Notable examples of this style is [[Curzon Hall]] and [[High Court Division, Supreme Court of Bangladesh|High Court Building]] in Dhaka.

[[East Pakistan]] was the center of the Bengali modernist movement started by [[Muzharul Islam]]. Many renowned global architects worked in the region during the 1960s, which are still prevalent in modern-day [[Architecture of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]].

===Sufism===
{{See also|Sufism in Bangladesh}}
[[File:Ektara 2.jpg|thumb|293x293px|Ektara - An instrument used by Baul singers]]
[[Sufi]] spiritual traditions are central to the Bengali Muslim way of life. The most common Sufi ritual is the [[Dhikr]], the practice of repeating the names of God after prayers. Sufi teachings regard the [[Muhammad]] as the primary perfect man who exemplifies the morality of God.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc-clio.com/ABC-CLIOCorporate/product.aspx?pc=A3880C |title=Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God |website=Abc-Clio.com |access-date=7 November 2016 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220072701/http://www.abc-clio.com/ABC-CLIOCorporate/product.aspx?pc=A3880C |url-status=live }}</ref> Sufism is regarded as the individual internalisation and intensification of the Islamic faith and practice. The Sufis played a vital role in developing Bengali Muslim society during the medieval period. Historic Sufi missionaries are regarded as [[saint]]s, including [[Shah Jalal]], [[Khan Jahan Ali]], [[Shah Amanat]], [[Shah Makhdum Rupos]] and Khwaja Enayetpuri. Their [[mausoleum]]s are focal points for charity, religious congregations, and festivities.

'''Baul''' is a Bengali mendicant folk sect influenced by concepts of [[Sufism]]. Baul songs may be sung at Baul akhdas or in the open air. At akhdas, songs are sung in the style of ''hamd'' (song in praise of God), ''ghazal'' or ''nat'' (song in praise of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]]). Baul singers often play instruments such as ''ektara'', ''dugdugi'', ''khamak'', ''dholak'', ''sarinda'', and ''dotara'''.'''''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baul |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Baul |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=Banglapedia |language=en}}</ref>

====Syncretism====
As part of the [[Conversion to Islam|conversion]] process, a [[Syncretism#Religious syncretism|syncretic version]] of mystical Sufi Islam was historically prevalent in medieval and early modern Bengal. The Islamic concept of [[tawhid]] was diluted into the veneration of [[Deva (Hinduism)|Hindu folk deities]], who were now regarded as [[Pir (Sufism)|pirs]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Banu|first1=U.A.B. Razia Akter|title=Islam in Bangladesh|year=1992|publisher=BRILL|location=New York|isbn=90-04-09497-0|pages=34–35|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XyzqATEDPSgC&q=%22Islam+Prochar+Samity%22&pg=PA51|access-date=22 November 2016|archive-date=7 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707093406/https://books.google.com/books?id=XyzqATEDPSgC&q=%22Islam+Prochar+Samity%22&pg=PA51|url-status=live}}</ref> Folk deities such as [[Shitala]] (goddess of [[smallpox]]) and [[Oladevi]] (goddess of [[cholera]]) were worshipped as pirs among the poorer sections of Muslim society. These practices have almost entirely died out with the spread of Islamic revivalism throughout regions where Bengali Muslims live.<ref name=":0"/>

===Language===
[[File:Shaheed Minar on 21st February.jpg|alt=Abstract outdoor monument, reminiscent of a prison|thumb|[[Shaheed Minar, Dhaka|Shaheed Minar]] (Martyr Monument), at the [[University of Dhaka]] in Bangladesh, commemorates those who were killed on 21 February 1952 Bengali [[Bengali language movement|Language Movement]] demonstration.]]
Bengali Muslims maintain their indigenous language with its native [[Bengali alphabet|script]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Milam |first=William B. |date=4 July 2014 |title=The tangled web of history |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2014/07/03/the-tangled-web-of-history |newspaper=Dhaka Tribune |access-date=30 July 2015 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707093407/https://archive.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2014/07/03/the-tangled-web-of-history |url-status=live }}</ref> This tradition is similar to that of Central Asian and [[Chinese Muslims]].

[[Bengali language|Bengali]] evolved as the most easterly branch of the [[Indo-European languages]].{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} The [[Bengal Sultanate]] promoted the literary development of Bengali over Sanskrit, apparently to solidify their political legitimacy among the local populace. Bengali was the primary vernacular language of the Sultanate.{{sfn|Eaton|1993|p=67}} Bengali borrowed a considerable amount of vocabulary from [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]]. Under the Mughal Empire, considerable autonomy was enjoyed in the Bengali literary sphere.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Versteegh |first1=C. H. M. |last2=Versteegh |first2=Kees |title=The Arabic Language |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OHfse3YY6NAC&pg=PA237 |year=2001 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |page=237 |isbn=978-0-7486-1436-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bengal |title=BENGAL – Encyclopaedia Iranica |publisher=Iranicaonline.org |access-date=30 July 2015 |archive-date=3 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103102347/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bengal |url-status=live }}</ref> The Bengali Language Movement of 1952 was a key part of East Pakistan's nationalist movement. It is commemorated annually by UNESCO as [[International Mother Language Day]] on 21 February.

===Literature===
[[File:Kazi nazrul islam with Setar.jpg|thumb|[[Kazi Nazrul Islam]], the national poet of Bangladesh]]
While proto-Bengali emerged during the pre-Islamic period, the Bengali literary tradition crystallised during the Islamic period. As Persian and Arabic were prestige languages, they significantly influenced [[vernacular]] Bengali literature. The first efforts to popularise Bengali among Muslim writers was by the Sufi poet [[Nur Qutb Alam]].<ref name="blogs.edgehill.ac.uk">{{cite web |url=https://blogs.edgehill.ac.uk/sacs/files/2012/07/Document-6-Billah-A.-M.-M.-A-The-Development-of-Bengali-Literature-during-Muslim-Rule.pdf |title=The development of Bengali literature during Muslim rule |website=Blogs.edgehill.ac.uk |access-date=7 November 2016 |archive-date=9 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809050525/https://blogs.edgehill.ac.uk/sacs/files/2012/07/Document-6-Billah-A.-M.-M.-A-The-Development-of-Bengali-Literature-during-Muslim-Rule.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Karim |first=Abdul |year=2012 |chapter=Nur Qutb Alam |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Nur_Qutb_Alam |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=1 September 2016 |archive-date=18 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718014603/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Nur_Qutb_Alam |url-status=live}}</ref> The poet established the ''Rikhta'' tradition which saw poems written in half Persian and half colloquial Bengali. The invocation tradition saw Bengali Muslim poets re-adapting Indian epics by replacing invocations of Hindu gods and goddesses with figures of Islam. The romantic tradition was pioneered by [[Shah Muhammad Sagir]], whose work on ''[[Yusuf and Zulaikha]]'' was widely popular among the people of Bengal.<ref name="Rizvi1965">{{cite journal |last1=Rizvi |first1=S.N.H. |title=East Pakistan District Gazetteers |journal=Government of East Pakistan Services and General Administration Department |year=1965 |issue=1 |page=353 |url=http://dl.nlb.gov.bd/greenstone/collect/admin-books/index/assoc/HASHe169/d1b0804f.dir/EAST%20PAKISTAN%20DISTRICT%20GAZETTEER%20CHITTAGONG%20-%20page%201.pdf |access-date=7 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107155623/http://dl.nlb.gov.bd/greenstone/collect/admin-books/index/assoc/HASHe169/d1b0804f.dir/EAST%20PAKISTAN%20DISTRICT%20GAZETTEER%20CHITTAGONG%20-%20page%201.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Other notable romantic works included ''Layla Madjunn'' by Bahram Khan and ''Hanifa Kayrapari'' by Sabirid Khan.<ref name="blogs.edgehill.ac.uk"/> The ''[[Dobhashi]]'' tradition features the use of Arabic and Persian vocabulary in Bengali texts to illustrate Muslim contexts.<ref name="blogs.edgehill.ac.uk"/> Medieval Bengali Muslim writers produced [[epic poetry]] and elegies, such as ''Rasul Vijay'' of Shah Barid, ''Nabibangsha'' of [[Syed Sultan]], ''Janganama'' of [[Abdul Hakim (poet)|Abdul Hakim]] and ''Maktul Hussain'' of Mohammad Khan. [[Cosmology]] was a popular subject among Sufi writers.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Wakil |year=2012 |chapter=Sufi Literature |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sufi_Literature |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=1 September 2016 |archive-date=11 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911195841/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sufi_Literature |url-status=live}}</ref> In the 17th century, Bengali Muslim writers such as such as [[Alaol]] found refuge in [[Rakhine State|Arakan]] where he produced his epic, ''Padmavati''.<ref name="Rizvi1965" />

Bengal was also a major center of [[Persian literature]]. Several newspapers and thousands of books, documents and manuscripts were published in Persian for 600 years. The Persian poet [[Hafez]] dedicated an ode to the literature of Bengal while corresponding with [[Sultan]] Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah.<ref>{{cite book |last=Billah |first=Abu Musa Mohammad Arif |year=2012 |chapter=Persian |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Persian |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=29 August 2016 |archive-date=11 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911055911/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Persian |url-status=live }}</ref>

The first Bengali Muslim novelist was [[Mir Mosharraf Hossain]] in the 19th century. The highly acclaimed poetry of Kazi Nazrul Islam espoused spiritual rebellion against fascism and oppression. Nazrul also wrote Bengali [[ghazal]]s. [[Begum Rokeya]] was a pioneering Bengali female writer who published [[Sultana's Dream]], one of the earliest examples of [[feminist science fiction]]. The Muslim Literary Society of Bengal was founded by free-thinking and progressive teachers of Dacca University under the chairmanship of Dr.{{nbsp}}[[Muhammad Shahidullah]] on 19 January 1926. The [[Freedom of Intellect Movement]] was championed by the society.<ref>{{cite book |last=Huq |first=Khondkar Serajul |year=2012 |chapter=Muslim Sahitya-Samaj |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Muslim_Sahitya-Samaj |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=25 August 2016 |archive-date=3 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203131546/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Muslim_Sahitya-Samaj |url-status=live }}</ref> When Bengal was partitioned in 1947, a distinct literary culture evolved in East Pakistan and modern Bangladesh. [[Shamsur Rahman (poet)|Shamsur Rahman]] was regarded as the country's poet laureate. [[Jasimuddin]] became noted for poems and songs reflecting life in rural Bengal and was given the title "''Polli Kobi''". [[Al Mahmud]] was considered one of the greatest [[Bengali people|Bengali]] poets to have emerged in the 20th century.<ref name="thedailystar1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-193948|title=Al Mahmud turns 75|date=13 July 2011|work=The Daily Star|language=en|access-date=15 February 2019|archive-date=16 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216035441/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-193948|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Humayun Ahmed]] promoted the Bangladeshi field of [[magical realism]]. [[Akhtaruzzaman Elias]] was noted for his works set in Old Dhaka. [[Tahmima Anam]] has been a noted writer of [[Bangladeshi English literature]].

====Literary societies====
* [[Kendriyo Muslim Sahitya Sangsad]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Kendriyo_Muslim_Sahitya_Sangsad|title=Kendriyo Muslim Sahitya Sangsad|website=Banglapedia|access-date=12 January 2020|archive-date=31 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092833/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Kendriyo_Muslim_Sahitya_Sangsad|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Muslim Sahitya-Samaj]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Muslim_Sahitya-Samaj|title=Muslim Sahitya-Samaj|website=Banglapedia|access-date=12 January 2020|archive-date=3 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203131546/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Muslim_Sahitya-Samaj|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Bangiya Mussalman Sahitya Samiti]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangiya_Mussalman_Sahitya_Samiti|title=Bangiya Mussalman Sahitya Samiti|website=Banglapedia|access-date=12 January 2020|archive-date=3 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203114337/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangiya_Mussalman_Sahitya_Samiti|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Bangiya Sahitya Bisayini Mussalman Samiti]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangiya_Sahitya_Bisayini_Mussalman_Samiti|title=Bangiya Sahitya Bisayini Mussalman Samiti|website=Banglapedia|access-date=12 January 2020|archive-date=28 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628153250/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangiya_Sahitya_Bisayini_Mussalman_Samiti|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Mohammedan Literary Society]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mohammedan_Literary_Society|title=Mohammedan Literary Society|website=Banglapedia|access-date=12 January 2020|archive-date=26 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126134942/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mohammedan_Literary_Society|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Purba Pakistan Sahitya Sangsad]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Purba_Pakistan_Sahitya_Sangsad|title=Purba Pakistan Sahitya Sangsad|website=Banglapedia|access-date=12 January 2020|archive-date=30 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630052748/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Purba_Pakistan_Sahitya_Sangsad|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Pakistan Sahitya Sangsad]], 1952<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Pakistan_Sahitya_Sangsad,_1952|title=Pakistan Sahitya Sangsad, 1952|website=Banglapedia|access-date=12 January 2020|archive-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129104615/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Pakistan_Sahitya_Sangsad,_1952|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Uttar Banga Sahitya Sammilani]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Uttar_Banga_Sahitya_Sammilani|title=Uttar Banga Sahitya Sammilani|website=Banglapedia|access-date=12 January 2020|archive-date=2 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202070639/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Uttar_Banga_Sahitya_Sammilani|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Rangapur Sahitya Parisad]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Rangapur_Sahitya_Parisad|title=Rangapur Sahitya Parisad|website=Banglapedia|access-date=12 January 2020|archive-date=2 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202070641/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Rangapur_Sahitya_Parisad|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Literary magazines ====
* [[Begum (magazine)|Begum]]
* Mussalman Sahitya Patrika<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangiya_Mussalman_Sahitya_Patrika|title=Bangiya Mussalman Sahitya Patrika|website=Banglapedia|access-date=12 January 2020|archive-date=28 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628153426/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangiya_Mussalman_Sahitya_Patrika|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Saogat]]

===Music===
[[File:হাসন রাজা (ঊর্ধাংশ).jpg|thumb|[[Hason Raja]] was a mystic Muslim poet whose songs are widely popular in the region]]
A notable feature of Bengali Muslim music is the syncretic [[Baul]] tradition. The leading iconic practitioner of Baul tradition was [[Fakir Lalon Shah]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Urban|first1=Hugh B.|title=Songs of ecstasy tantric and devotional songs from colonial Bengal|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-513901-3|page=18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivG6mAEACAAJ|access-date=21 May 2019|archive-date=7 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707093407/https://books.google.com/books?id=ivG6mAEACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Baul music is included in the [[UNESCO]] [[Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]].

[[Nazrul Sangeet]] is the collection of 4,000 songs and [[ghazal]]s written by Kazi Nazrul Islam.

[[Indian classical music|South Asian classical music]] is widely prevalent in the region. [[Alauddin Khan]], [[Ali Akbar Khan]], and [[Gul Mohammad Khan]] were notable Bengali Muslim exponents of classical music.

In the field of modern music [[Runa Laila]] became widely acclaimed for her musical talents across South Asia.<ref name=Sharma>{{cite web |last=Sharma |first=Devesh |title=Beyond borders Runa Laila |url=http://www.filmfare.com/interviews/beyond-borders-runa-laila-1479.html |website=Filmfare.com |publisher=Times Internet Limited |access-date=21 May 2019 |archive-date=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306200531/http://www.filmfare.com/interviews/beyond-borders-runa-laila-1479.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Cuisine===
{{see also|Bangladeshi cuisine|Bengali Cuisine|Mughlai Cuisine}}
[[File:Bangladeshi_cuisine.png|thumb|Iconic [[List of Bangladeshi dishes|Bengali dishes]] from Bangladesh. [[Shorshe Ilish]], Kacchi [[Biryani]] and [[Pitha]]]]
The Mughal influence in Bengali Cuisine led to an increase in the use of milk and sugar in sweet dishes like [[Rasmalai]] of [[Cumilla]], [[Sandesh (confectionery)|Sandesh]] of [[Shatkhira]], Malai [[Chomchom]] of [[Tangail]], [[Mishti Doi]] of [[Bogra]], Muktagachhar monda, [[Roshkodom]] of [[Rajshahi]] and [[Chhanamukhi]] of [[Brahmanbaria]]. Uses of Cream ([[Malai]]), Mutton, chicken and ghee and spices like cardamon and saffron has increased due to the heavy Mughal influence.

[[Dhaka]], the capital of [[Bengal Subah|Mughal Bengal]] and present day capital of Bangladesh, has been the epitome of Perso-Bengali and Arab-Bengali cuisines. Within [[Bengali cuisine]], Muslim dishes include the serving of meat curries, [[pilaf|pulao]] rice, various [[biryani]] preparations, and dry and dairy-based desserts alongside traditional fish and vegetables. [[Bakarkhani]] breads from Dhaka were once immensely popular in the imperial court of the Mughal Empire. Other major breads consumed today include [[naan]] and [[paratha]]. In present-day Bangladesh the Mughal-influenced foods are immensely popular such as Shuti Kabab, [[Kala bhuna]], [[Korma]], Rôst, [[Mughlai Paratha]], Jali Kabab, [[Shami Kabab]], [[Akhni]], Tehari, [[Tandoori Chicken|Tanduri Chicken]], [[Kofta]], Firni and [[Samosa|Shingara]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tbsnews.net/features/food/mughlai-cuisine-how-16th-century-empire-food-found-its-way-our-tables-293797?amp | title=Mughlai cuisine: How 16th century empire food found its way to our tables | date=27 August 2021 }}</ref>
Different types of Bengali [[biryani]] and [[pilaf]] include the ''Kachi'' ([[mutton]]), ''Illish pulao'' ([[hilsa]]), ''Tehari'' (beef), and ''Murg Pulao'' (chicken). ''[[Mezban]]'' is a renowned spicy beef curry from Chittagong. Regional varieties include delicacies like [[Bakarkhani]], [[Shahi jilapi]], [[Haji biryani]], [[Borhani]] of [[Dhaka]], [[Kala bhuna]], [[Gosht]], [[Durus kura]], [[Nakshi Pitha]] of [[Chittagong]] and [[Akhni]], [[Duck Bamboo Curry]], [[Hutki shira]] of [[Sylhet]]. [[Halwa]], [[Falooda]], [[Kulfi]], [[pitha]]s, [[Curd (India)|yogurt]] (such as [[Curd of Bogra]] and [[Mishti Doi]]), and [[shemai]] are typical Muslim desserts in [[Bengali cuisine]]. In the Bengali majority country of Bangladesh, people prefers to eat more spicy food rather than sweet comparing to West Bengal. Iconic Bengali dishes like [[Shorshe Ilish]], [[Kala bhuna]], [[Bhurta]], [[Shutki Shira]], [[Chingri Malaikari]], [[Machher Jhol]], Machher Paturi and Kacchi [[Biryani]] has their origins in Bangladesh. [[List of Bangladeshi dishes|Bengali dishes]] like [[Shemai]], [[Chotpoti]], [[Handesh]], Nunbora and [[Pitha]]s are part of the [[Festivals of Bangladesh|Bengali celebration]] of [[Eid Al Fitr]]. [[Bangladeshi cuisine]] is a great example of Muslim culture of [[Bengali cuisine]] as meat is more common among [[Bangladeshis]].

===Festivals===
{{Main|Public holidays in Bangladesh|Festivals in Bangladesh}}

[[File:জাতীয় ঈদগাহ ময়দান.jpg|thumb|right|National [[Eidgah]] of Bangladesh decorated in the occasion of [[Islamic holidays|Eid]]]]

According to a famous Bengali proverb, there are thirteen festivals in twelve months ({{Langx|bn|বারো মাসে তেরো পার্বণ|translit=Bārō māsē tērō pārbaṇa}}).
[[Eid-ul-Fitr]] at the end of [[Ramadan]] is the largest religious festival among Bengali Muslims. The festival of sacrifice takes place during [[Eid-al-Adha]], with cows and goats as the main sacrificial animals. [[Muharram]] and [[Mawlid|Muhammad's birthday]] are national holidays in Bangladesh. During Muharram, Bengali Muslims enjoys the [[Jari gan]] and [[Lathi Khela]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Muharram |title=Muharram |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> The biggest Jashne Julus happens in [[Chittagong]].<ref>50th "Jashne Julus" to be held in Ctg tomorrow - The Daily Star https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/50th-jashne-julus-be-held-ctg-tomorrow-3138246?amp</ref>
After [[Mawlid|Milad]] [[mehfil]], Bengali Muslims distribute sweets such as [[Pantua]], [[Chomchom]], kalojam, Moa, Naru and [[Roshogolla]]. Other festivals like [[Shab-e-Barat]] feature prayers and exchange of [[List of Bangladeshi sweets and desserts|Bengali sweets]] such as [[Sandesh (confectionery)|Sandesh]], [[Barfi]] and [[Halwa]] and many other festivities especially by [[Dhakaiyas]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Shab-e-Barat and Old Dhaka foods |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/shab-e-barat-and-old-dhaka-foods-90946 |work=The Daily Star |date=1 June 2015}}</ref> [[Pohela Boishakh]] is the biggest celebration in [[Bangladesh]] which was founded by the Bengali Muslim [[Mahifarash]] community in [[Old Dhaka]]. The day marked by [[Mangal Shobhajatra]], [[Boishakhi Mela]], Borshoboron celebration by [[Chhayanaut]] in Ramna Batamul and tradition meals like [[Panta Bhat|Panta Ilish]] and [[Bhurta]]. [[Dhaka]] has this kite festival called [[Shakrain]]. Other festivals like [[Pohela Falgun]], [[Nouka Baich]], [[Barsha Utsab|Borsha Mongol]], [[Haal Khata]], [[Nabanna]], [[Rabindra Jayanti]] and [[Nazrul Jayanti]] are celebrated with great care.

====Bishwa Ijtema====
The [[Bishwa Ijtema]], organised annually in Bangladesh, is the second-largest Islamic congregation after the [[Hajj]]. It was founded by the orthodox [[Sunni]] [[Tablighi Jamaat]] movement in 1954.

==Leadership==
[[File:Bayt al Mukarram.jpg|thumb|[[Baitul Mukarram]], the national mosque of Bangladesh and the headquarters of the nation's [[Islamic Foundation Bangladesh|Islamic Foundation]]]]
There is no single governing body for the Bengali Muslim community, nor a single authority with responsibility for religious doctrine. However, the semi-autonomous [[Islamic Foundation Bangladesh|Islamic Foundation]], a government institution, plays an important role in Islamic affairs in Bangladesh, including setting festival dates and matters related to [[zakat]]. The general Bengali Muslim clergy remains deeply orthodox and conservative. Members of the clergy include [[Mawlānā]]s, [[Imams]], [[Ulama]]s, and [[Muftis]].

The clergy of the Bengali Muslim [[Shia]] minority have been based in the old quarter of Dhaka since the 18th century.

==Notable individuals==
{{See also|List of Bangladeshis|List of Bengalis}}
[[File:Muhammad Yunus 2.jpg|thumbnail|[[Muhammad Yunus]], winner of the 2006 [[Nobel Peace Prize]]]]
[[Muhammad Yunus]] is the first Bengali Muslim Nobel laureate who was awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for founding the [[Grameen Bank]] and pioneering the concepts of [[microcredit]] and [[microfinance]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2006/press.html |title=The Nobel Peace Prize for 2006 |date=13 October 2006 |publisher=Nobel Foundation |access-date=13 October 2006 |archive-date=19 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061019130920/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2006/press.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Begum Rokeya]] was one of the world's first Muslim feminists. [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] was renowned as the ''Rebel Poet'' of British India and the National Poet of Bangladesh. [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] was the first [[President of Bangladesh]]. On 14 April, the final day, which was also the [[Pohela Boishakh]], the BBC announced [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], as the ''Greatest Bengali of All Time'' voted by Bengalis worldwide.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 April 2004 |title=Listeners name 'greatest Bengali' |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3623345.stm |access-date=14 December 2017}}</ref> [[Iskander Mirza]] was the first president of the [[Islamic Republic of Pakistan]]. [[Khwaja Salimullah]] was one of the founders of the [[All-India Muslim League]]. [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]] was the first [[Prime Minister of Bengal|Prime Minister of undivided Bengal]], [[Chief Minister of East Bengal]], [[Interior Minister of Pakistan]]. [[Rushanara Ali]] was the amongst the first Muslim [[Member of parliament|MPs]] in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]]. [[Fazlur Rahman Khan]] was a prominent American Bengali Muslim engineer who brought in spectacular changes in design of modern skyscraper construction.<ref name="ebKhan" /> [[Jawed Karim]] is one of the co-founders of YouTube. [[Sal Khan]] is a co-founder of [[Khan Academy]]. [[Humayun Rashid Choudhury]] served as [[President of the United Nations General Assembly]]. [[M. A. G. Osmani]] was a [[four star general]] who founded the Bangladesh Armed Forces. [[Altamas Kabir]] was the [[Chief Justice of India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Altamas Kabir to become CJI on Sept 29 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/altamas-kabir-to-become-cji-on-sept-29/story-YLPrM76n3bQ4VcQ2T4zRwO.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=4 September 2012 |access-date=2 September 2020 |archive-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515075627/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/altamas-kabir-to-become-cji-on-sept-29/story-YLPrM76n3bQ4VcQ2T4zRwO.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Nafisa Ali]] are prominent Bengali Muslims who act in [[Indian cinema]]. [[Alaol]] was a medieval Bengali Muslim poet who worked in the royal court of Arakan.<ref name="Rizvi1965" /> [[Mohammad Ali Bogra]] served as the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]. [[Begum Sufia Kamal]] was a leading Bengali Muslim feminist, poet, and civil society leader. [[Zainul Abedin]] was the pioneer of modern [[Bangladeshi art]]. [[Muzharul Islam]] was the grand master of South Asian modernist terracotta architecture.

==See also==
* [[Culture of Bengal]]

'''Other Bengali religious groups'''
* [[Bengali Hindus]]
* [[Bengali Buddhists]]
* [[Bengali Christians]]

==References==

===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citation===
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book|first=Rafiuddin |last=Ahmed|title=The Bengal Muslims, 1871–1906: a quest for identity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=43QwAQAAIAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-563919-3}}
* {{cite book|first=Rafiuddin |last=Ahmed|title=Understanding the Bengal Muslims: interpretative essays|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8ZuAAAAMAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-565520-9}}
* {{cite book|first=Ashoke Kumar |last=Chakraborty|title=Bengali Muslim literati and the development of Muslim community in Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j4JuAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study|isbn=9788179860120}}
* {{cite book|first=Pradip Kumar |last=Lahiri|title=Bengali Muslim thought, 1818–1947: its liberal and rational trends|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCVuAAAAMAAJ|year= 1991|publisher=K.P. Bagchi & Co.|isbn=978-81-7074-067-4}}
* {{cite book|first=Mohammad |last=Shah|title=In search of an identity: Bengali Muslims, 1880–1940|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YWZuAAAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=K.P. Bagchi & Co.|isbn=978-81-7074-184-8}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}

{{refend}}
{{Ethnic groups in Bangladesh}}
{{Indian Muslim}}

[[Category:Bengali Muslims| ]]
[[Category:Bengali people|*]]
[[Category:Islam in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Islam in India by location]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi diaspora]]
[[Category:Bengali diaspora]]
[[Category:Muhajir communities]]

Alagappan N.

2026-04-27T19:47:38Z

Raunak Shankhwar: Created New Stub

{{Short description|Indian cinematographer (born 1957)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Like resume|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Alagappan N
| image =
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* Cinematographer
* film director
}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1957|11|30}}
| birth_place = [[Nagercoil]], [[India]]
| parents = Narayana Pillai Pankajam
| spouse = Uma Alagappan
| yearsactive = 1977–present
| alma mater = [[M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute]] [[Chennai]] [[University of Mysore]]
| children = Sreenath siva.A(son)
.

}}
'''Alagappan N''' is an Indian cinematographer who works primarily in [[Malayalam Cinema|Malayalam]] films. He received [[graduate diploma]] in [[cinematography]] from the [[M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute]] in [[Chennai]].

==Career==
He started his career at ''[[Doordarshan Kendra, Jalandhar]], Doordarshan Kendra, [[Thiruvananthapuram]]'' and [[Agartala]] in [[Tripura]], India.
In 1997 he made his debut film as a [[Cinematographer]] in ''[[Sammanam (1997 film)|Sammanam]].<ref name="malayalachalachithram">{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=3079|title=Sammaanam (1997)|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com|access-date=2014-09-26}}</ref><ref name="msidb">{{cite web|url=http://en.msidb.org/m.php?5780 |title=Sammaanam [1998] |publisher=en.msidb.org |access-date=2014-09-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913061137/http://en.msidb.org/m.php?5780 |archive-date=13 September 2014 }}</ref>'' Then he worked in [[Agnisakshi (1999 film)|''Agnisakshi'']]'','' directed by [[Shyamaprasad]]. His notable works are ''[[Ore Kadal]], [[Vasanthiyum Lakshmiyum Pinne Njaanum]], Salute, [[Soothradharan]], [[Nandanam (film)|Nandanam]], [[Thilakkam]], [[Mizhi Randilum]], [[Gaurisankaram]], [[Manassinakkare]], [[Kaazhcha]], [[Achuvinte Amma]], [[Chandrolsavam]], [[Chanthupottu]], [[Rasathanthram]], [[Prajapathi]], [[Photographer (film)|Photographer]] [[Chotta Mumbai]], [[Irumbukkottai Murattu Singam]], [[Chocolate (2007 film)|Chocolate]], [[Thalappavu]], [[Bumm Bumm Bole]], [[Arike (film)|Arike]], [[Oru Marubhoomikkadha]], [[Ozhimuri]], [[Pattam Pole]]'' and ''[[Welcome to Central Jail]].''

==Awards==

;Awards for Best Cinematography for Movies
* Kerala State Award for Best Cinematography 1998 – [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Film]] – ''[[Agnisakshi (1999 film)|Agnisakshi]]''
* Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Cinematography 1999 – [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Film]] – ''[[Agnisakshi (1999 film)|Agnisakshi]]''
* Mathrubhumi-Medimix Award 2000 for Best Cinematography 2000 – [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Film]] – ''[[Vasanthiyum Lakshmiyum Pinne Njaanum]]''
* Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Cinematography 2002 – [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Film]] – ''[[Nandanam (film)|Nandanam]]''
* Mathrubhumi-Medimix Award 2000 for Best Cinematography 2002 – [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Film]] – ''[[Nandanam (film)|Nandanam]]''
* Asianet Award 2004 for Best Cinematography 2004 – [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Film]] – ''[[Kaazhcha]]''
* Vanitha Award 2006 for Best Cinematography 2006 – [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Film]] – ''[[Rasathanthram]]''
* Mathrubhumi Award 2006 for Best Cinematography 2006 – [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Film]] – ''[[Rasathanthram]]''
* Kala Keralam Award 2006 for Best Cinematography 2006 – [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Film]] – ''[[Rasathanthram]]''
* Malayalam Movie Award 2007 AMMA held in Dubai for Best Cinematography 2007 – [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Film]] – ''[[Ore Kadal]]''
* Jeevan TV film Award 2007 for Best Cinematography 2007 – [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Film]] – ''[[Photographer (film)|Photographer]]''
* Film Critics Award for Best Cinematography 2007 – [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Film]] – ''[[Ore Kadal]]''
* SICA Award for Best Cinematography 2007 – [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Film]] – ''[[Ore Kadal]]''
* Film Critics Award for Best Cinematography 2012 – [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Film]] – ''[[Ozhimuri]]''

;Awards for Television
;Kerala State Government Awards for Best Cameraman
* Uyarthezhunnelppu- 1993<ref>{{cite news|title=Uyirthezhunnelpu|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QhOlzgAVFzg |publisher=[[Doordarshan]], 7 July 2021}} </ref>
* Maratam Durbalam - 1996
* Ganitham - 1997
* Thottagal - 1998

;Onida Pinnacle National Awards for Best Cameraman
* Nilavariyunnu - 1995

;Centre for Media Studies Awards for Best Cameraman
* Maratam Durbalam - 1997

;Film Critics Awards for Best Cameraman
* ANNA - 2000

;Kerala State Television Awards for Best Director
*ANNA - 2000

==Jury Chairman==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No !! Year !! Title
|-
| 1 || 2012 || 5th International Documentary and Short film festival Kerala
|-
| 2 || 2013 || Kerala State Govt Television Awards
|-
| 3 || 2017 || Kerala State,Kerala Calling Photography Competition
|-
| 4 || 2017 || Information Public Relations of Kerala, Online video film Competition MIZHIV
|-
| 5 || 2019 || Kerala State Children Educational Film Festival Awards
|-
| 6 || 2019 || Jury Member of Flowers Television Awards
|-
| 7 || || All India Press Photographers Award,Press Club Trivandrum
|}

==Guest interactive faculty==
*GRD College Coimbatore
*C DIT, Trivandram
*LV Prasad Film Institute, Trivandram and Chennai
*Revathy Kalamandir Film Academy, Trivandram
*Asianet News Trainees
*Flowers Academy Media Science
*KR Narayan National Institute of Visual Science
*Elements of Cinema Film School, Kochi

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Notes
|-
|1997 || ''[[Sammanam (1997 film)|Sammanam]]''||
|-
|1998 || ''[[Meenakshi Kalyanam]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1999 || ''[[Agnisakshi (1999 film)|Agnisakshi]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Vasanthiyum Lakshmiyum Pinne Njaanum]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2001 || ''Jeevan Masai''||
|-
| ''[[Soothradharan]]''||
|-
|2002 || [[Nandanam (film)|''Nandanam'']]||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2003 || ''[[Thilakkam]]''||
|-
| ''[[Mizhi Randilum]]''||
|-
| ''[[Meerayude Dukhavum Muthuvinte Swapnavum]]''||
|-
| ''[[Gaurisankaram]]''||
|-
| ''[[Manassinakkare]]''||
|-
|2004 || ''[[Kaazhcha]]''||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2005 || ''[[Achuvinte Amma]]''||
|-
| ''[[Chandrolsavam]]''||
|-
| ''[[Chanthupottu]]''||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2006 || ''[[Rasathanthram]]''||
|-
| ''[[Prajapathi]]''||
|-
| [[Photographer (film)|''Photographer'']]||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2007 || ''[[Chotta Mumbai]]''||
|-
|''[[Ore Kadal]]''||
|-
| [[Chocolate (2007 film)|''Chocolate'']]||
|-
|2008 || ''[[Thalappavu]]''||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2010 || ''[[Irumbukkottai Murattu Singam]]''||
|-
| ''[[Bumm Bumm Bole]]''||
|-
| ''[[Paattinte Palazhy]]''||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011 || [[China Town (2011 film)|''China Town'']]||
|-
| ''[[Oru Marubhoomikkadha]]''||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2012 || [[Arike (film)|''Arike'']]||
|-
| ''[[101 Weddings]]''||
|-
| ''[[Ozhimuri]]''||
|-
|2013 || ''[[Pattam Pole]]''|| Also director
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015 || ''[[To Noora with Love]]''||
|-
| [[The Reporter (film)|''The Reporter'']]||
|-
|2016 || ''[[Welcome to Central Jail]]''||
|-
|2017||''[[Aakashamittayee]]''||
|-
|2018 || [[Drama (2018 film)|''Drama'']]||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019 ||''[[Ganagandharvan]]''||
|-
|''Swarna Malsyangal''||
|-
|2020 ||''[[Varthamanam]]''||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|url=http://www.archives.deccanchronicle.com/131013/entertainment-movie-reviews/article/malayalam-movie-review-pattam-pole|title=Malayalam Movie Review: 'Pattam Pole'|work=deccanchronicle|access-date=13 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129175520/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/131013/entertainment-movie-reviews/article/malayalam-movie-review-pattam-pole|archive-date=29 January 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/pattam-pole-review-malayalam-pcmbc1ficagbd.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827014119/http://www.sify.com/movies/pattam-pole-review-malayalam-pcmbc1ficagbd.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 August 2016|title=Malayalam Movie Review: 'Pattam Pole'|work=Review : Pattam Pole - Sify.com|access-date=13 October 2013}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Malayalam film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Malayalam film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Film directors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from Kerala]]
[[Category:1957 births]]

Bari Sadri Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:23:59Z

Raunak Shankhwar: Created Details

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bari Sadri
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-171-Bari Sadri.svg
| mla = [[Gautam Kumar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Chittorgarh district|Chittorgarh]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chittorgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Chittorgarh]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:274987}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 171
}}
'''Bari Sadri Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It comprise [[Bari Sadri tehsil]], [[Dungla tehsil]], and parts of [[Bhadesar tehsil]], all in [[Chittorgarh district]].<ref name=delimitation2008/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|Prakash Chandra Chaudhary<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| Gautam Kumar<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Lalit Kumar (politician)|Lalit Kumar]]<ref name=election2018/>
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| Gautam Kumar<ref name=election2023 name="election2023-1">{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Bari Sadri<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Gautam Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:103940}}
|percentage = 47.54
|change = -0.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Badri Lal Jat
|votes = {{formatnum:92108}}
|percentage = 42.13
|change = -1.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharat Adivasi Party
|candidate = Phoji Lal
|votes = {{formatnum:11833}}
|percentage = 5.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3580}}
|percentage = 1.64
|change = -0.13
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:11832}}
|percentage = 5.41
|change = +1.03
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:218644}}
|percentage = 79.51
|change = -0.13
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Bari Sadri<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Lalit Kumar
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:97111}}
|percentage = 48.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Prakash Choudhary
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:88301}}
|percentage = 43.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Chaman Pal Singh
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:3704}}
|percentage = 1.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mahendra Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2951}}
|percentage = 1.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vinod Kumar Bhoi
|votes = {{formatnum:2181}}
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Anjuman Party
|candidate = Dilip Kumar Soni
|votes = {{formatnum:1901}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3563}}
|percentage = 1.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:8810}}
|percentage = 4.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:201578}}
|percentage = 79.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Chittorgarh district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|24.42|74.47|display=title}}

[[Category:Chittorgarh district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Rajeev Sivshankar

2026-04-16T20:16:59Z

Raunak Shankhwar: done...

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}

{{Infobox writer 
| name = Rajeev Sivashankar
| image = Rajeev self.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Rajeev Sivshankar in 2022
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1967}}
| birth_place = Konni, Pathanamthitta, India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation = Journalist, Novelist
| language = Malayalam
| nationality = Indian
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks =
''Thamovedam'', ''Pranasancharam'', ''kalpramanam'',''Putrasooktham'', ''Karal marx Kailasamveedu'', ''Maraporul'' , ''Kalipakam'' ,''Pennarasu'' ,''Divyam,'' ''kunjalithira,'' ''Nagaphanam'',''Rebecca'', ''Padam,''(Novels)
''Daivamarathile ila, 'goodam,''prethasavary'' (Short story Collections) '' ''Maranavaridhi''(Novelite Collection), ''Meesamahathmyam (Novek Study)''
| spouse = Rajasree P.S
| children = Nila Rajeev
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| module =
| website = 
}}

'''Rajeev Sivashankar''' (born 1967 in Konni, [[Pathanamthitta]]) is an Indian [[novelist]] and [[short story]] writer in [[Malayalam]] language. He is from Konni, Pathanamtitta district of the south Indian state of [[Kerala]].

== Early life ==

At age 12 he won the [[Mathrubhoomi]] story writing competition. His story was published in ''Mathrubhoomi weekly''.

== Career ==

He works in [[Malayala Manorama]] ([[Kottayam]]) as assistant editor.

At age 45 he resumed writing, producing five novels and a short story collection. His novels are ''Thamovedam, Pranasancharam, Kalpramanam, Puthrasooktha'' are his novels. ''Daivamarathile Ila'' is his story collection. His notable stories are "Samadhanathinte Vazhikal,kailasanadhan" (published in ''Samakalika Malayalam''), "[[Reality Show]]{{dn|date=April 2026}}' (Kalakaumudi) and "Daivavicharam, Vivahavarhikam"(Bhashaposhini).

== ''Novels'' ==

* ''Thamoveadam'', published in April 2013 by [[D. C. Books]], is Rajeev's first [[novel]].<ref name="Thehindu">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/faith-at-the-crossroads/article4650570.ece |title=FAITH at the crossroads – The Hindu |newspaper=The Hindu |date= 8 November 2013 |last= |accessdate=2013-11-19}}</ref> The novel is based on the growing anarchist cult in the state of [[Kerala]]. Set in an imaginary village called Kavathy, the novel discusses the issue through the eccentric main character Viswanathan.<ref name="Pressclubofindia">{{cite web |url=http://pressclubofindia.co.in/faith-at-the-crossroads/ |title=FAITH at the crossroads – Press Club of India |newspaper=Press Club of India |date=24 April 2013 |last= |accessdate=2013-11-19 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202230534/http://pressclubofindia.co.in/faith-at-the-crossroads/ |archivedate=2 December 2013 }}</ref> He came to kochi and took charge of [[Satanism|satanic worship]].The first part of the book deals with Viswanathan's childhood and early youth and is set in the fictitious village of Kavathy in Central [[Travancore]]. It forms the core of the novel. In the second part, the arena shifts to [[Cochin]] and to the world of [[Black Mass]] and its followers.
* ''Pranasancharam –''Rajeev's second novel, ''Pranasancharam'', was published in October 2013 by DC books. It discusses the other side of material life and travels through a fantasy-like world.
* ''Kalpramanam–''Rajeev's third novel, published in November 2014 by NBS (SPCS)an in November 2018 by Logos. It discusses environmental issues in Kerala.
* ''Putrasooktham–''Rajeev's fourth novel, published in November 2015 by Green Books.
* ''Karal Marx's'' ''Kailasam veedu–S''atirical account of village life. Published in August 2016 by Poorna Publication and re publishe by Saikatha Books in March 2021.
* ''Maraporul–''fiction based on the life of Sri Sankaracharya.Published By DC Books in May 2016.
* ''Kalipakam–''fiction based on [[Kali|Kali's]] story in the ''[[Mahabharata|Mahabharatha]]''.Published By DC Books in May 2018.
* ''Pennarasu–''Celebration of womanhood, statement against the patriarchy. Published By DC Books in May2018.
* ''Divyam–''magical realism fantasy happening in Kerala-Tamil Nadu border. Published in February 2019 by Saikatham Books.
* ''Kunjalithira–'' Kunjalithira portrays the life of Kunjali maraykkar who made fear in the heart of Portuguese. It depicts the history of a centuries-old battle, betrayal, and atrociousness.Published By DC Books in May 2019.
* ''Nagaphanam–''Nagaphanam is the voyage through the mystic realms of the nagaclan/race ranging from Ananthan to Kaliyan. It further explores the secret of life, death, and rebirth through the legendary figure Parikshith's being. Published By DC Books in June 2020.
* ''Rebecca–''Rebecca is an intriguing murder mystery in Malayalam. It is based on a real incident that evoked terror in Kerala. It is a metafiction, where the writer juxtaposes a novel within the novel. Fear, mystery and suspicion in the work will engross the readers from the beginning till the end. The novel belongs to the genre of crime fiction. Published By DC Books in September 2021.
* ''Padam–''Aa interesting life of an old lady who lived her life with the Malayalam Film industry.Published By DC Books in January 2022.
* ''Daivamarathile Ila–''story collection published in 2015 by DC Books. Includes "Daivavicharam", "Samadhanthinte vazhikal" and "Kailasanadhan"
* ''Goodam–''Eleven story collection published in October 2017.{{Citation needed|date=November 2018}}
* ''Prethasavary–''eleven story collection. Published By DC Books in June 2022.
* ''Maranavaridhi–''It is a collection of five novelites that depict the uniqueness imparted to one's life by the juxtaposition of fate and coincidence at critical junctures.Published By Saikatha Books in October 2020.
* ''Meesamahathmyam–'' Detailed study about S.Hareesh's Novel MEESA.Published By DC Books in February 2021.

== Recognition ==

Received the Thoppil Ravi Memorial award for best novel(Prana Sancharam) in 2013.

Manoraj Award for best Shortstories collection (Daiivamarathile Ila) in 2016

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web|author=K. Pradeep |url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/faith-at-the-crossroads/article4650570.ece |title=FAITH at the crossroads |work=The Hindu |date=2013-04-24 |accessdate=2014-05-26}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.dcbooks.com/thamovedam-new-novel-by-rajeev-sivashankar.html |title=Thamovedam new novel by Rajeev Sivashankar |publisher=Dcbooks.com |date=2013-04-25 |accessdate=2014-05-26}}
* {{cite web|url=http://onlinestore.dcbooks.com/books/thamovedam |title=Thamovedam | By Rajeev Sivasankar | DC Books |publisher=Onlinestore.dcbooks.com |date=2013-04-30 |accessdate=2014-05-26}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://pressclubofindia.co.in/faith-at-the-crossroads/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202230534/http://pressclubofindia.co.in/faith-at-the-crossroads/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 December 2013|title=FAITH at the crossroads - Press Club of India|date=2 December 2013}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://www.marunadanmalayali.com/literature/book-review/rajiv-shiv-sankar-s-new-novel-kalpramanam-released-5202|title=ഭൂമാഫിയകൾക്കും രാഷ്ട്രീയ പൊള്ളത്തരത്തിനുമെതിരെ കൽപ്രമാണം വരുന്നു; സർക്കാരിനും പ്രതിപക...|website=www.marunadanmalayali.com}}
*{{Cite web|url=http://origin.mangalam.com/print-edition/sunday-mangalam/245949|title=Technology For All|website=origin.mangalam.com}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://www.marunadanmalayali.com/column/pusthaka-vich-ram/book-review-by-shaji-jacob-thamovedam-by-rajeev-sivasankar-7890|title=ആത്മാവിന്റെ അധോലോകങ്ങൾ|website=www.marunadanmalayali.com}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/life/interview-with-noted-malayalam-author-rajeev-shivasankar-part-one-rv-525252.html |script-title=ml:‘നോവൽ ഫാക്ടറി’ അല്ല; ഒരുപാട് സമയമെടുത്ത് എഴുതിയാൽ മികച്ചതാവുമെന്ന് ‍വിചാരിക്കുന്നില്ല |language=ml |website=news18.com |date=2022-04-08 |access-date=2024-08-24}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/life/exclusive-interview-with-noted-malayalam-author-rajeev-shivasankar-part-two-rv-525259.html |script-title=ml:'ഏതു ചൂടിൽനിന്നും ആശ്വാസം തേടി ഓടിയെത്താനുള്ള തണലും തുരുത്തുമാണ് എഴുത്ത്; ഔദ്യോഗിക ജോലി, എഴുത്തുജോലി വിഭജിക്കാനറിയില്ല' |language=ml |website=news18.com |date=2022-04-16 |access-date=2024-08-24}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sivshankar, Rajeev}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Pathanamthitta]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]

Pune Cantonment Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:25:31Z

Raunak Shankhwar: stub...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pune Cantonment
| constituency_no = 214
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 214-Pune Cantonment.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Pune Lok Sabha constituency|Pune]]
| district = [[Pune district|Pune]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Sunil Kamble]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| incumbent_image =
| alliance =
| electors =295,520
}}
'''Pune Cantonment Assembly constituency''' is one of the twenty one constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha located in [[Pune district]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> and one of eight in [[Pune]] City.<ref>{{cite web |title= Pune District|url=http://www.pune.gov.in/election/election-maps.html|accessdate=15 December 2009}}</ref>

It is a part of [[Pune Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other assembly constituencies, viz [[Kasba Peth]], [[Parvati]], [[Shivajinagar, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar]], [[Kothrud Assembly constituency|Kothurd]], and [[Vadgaon Sheri]] from [[Pune]].
[[Sunil Kamble]], the current MLA of Pune Cantonment Assembly Constituency is from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pune Cantonment Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/pune-cantonment.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Vitthal Shivarkar
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="2"| Krishnarao Girme
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Shivajirao Dhere
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Vitthal Tupe]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Balasaheb alias Chandrakant Shivarkar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| [[Suryakant Lonkar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
|[[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|rowspan="2" | Balasaheb alias Chandrakant Shivarkar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|Ramesh Bagwe
|-
|[[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|[[Dilip Kamble]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Sunil Kamble]]
|-
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pune Cantonment<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Pune Cantonment">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Pune Cantonment |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13214.htm |access-date=5 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105060918/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13214.htm |archive-date=5 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="Pune Cantonment Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Pune Cantonment Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/pune-cantonment |access-date=5 January 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105060927/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/pune-cantonment |archive-date=5 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sunil Kamble]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 76,032 |percentage = 49.00% |change={{increase}}7.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Ramesh Anandrao Bagwe|party=Indian National Congress |votes = 65,712 |percentage = 42.35% |change={{increase}}4.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Nilesh Suresh Alhat|party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 8,869 |percentage = 5.72% |change={{decrease}}2.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,815 |percentage = 1.17% |change={{decrease}}0.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mahesh Jagtap (Alias) Maharaj |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,023 |percentage = 0.66% |change={{decrease}}1.01 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,320 |percentage = 6.65% |change= {{increase}}2.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 156,967 |percentage = 53.12% |change= {{increase}}9.89 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 155,152}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 295,520|ref = |change= {{increase}}1.40 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}7.00 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pune Cantonment<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sunil Kamble]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 52,160 |percentage = 42.00% |change={{increase}}1.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Ramesh Anandrao Bagwe|party=Indian National Congress |votes = 47,148 |percentage = 37.97% |change={{increase}}8.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Laxman Arde |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 10,026 |percentage = 8.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Heena Shafique Momin |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 6,142 |percentage = 4.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manisha Satish Sarode (Bhise) |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 3,075 |percentage = 2.48% |change={{decrease}}8.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,388 |percentage = 1.92% |change={{increase}}0.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chalwadi Hulgesh Mariappa |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,069 |percentage = 1.67% |change={{decrease}}0.53 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,012 |percentage = 4.04% |change= {{decrease}}6.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 126,611 |percentage = 43.44% |change= {{decrease}}3.99 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 124,186}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 291,454|ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.23 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}1.82 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pune Cantonment<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Dilip Kamble]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 54,692 |percentage = 40.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Ramesh Anandrao Bagwe|party=Indian National Congress |votes = 39,737 |percentage = 29.19% |change={{decrease}}28.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Parshuram Balkrushna Wadekar|party=Shiv Sena |votes = 16,508 |percentage = 12.13% |change={{decrease}}12.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ajay Maganlal Tayade |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 14,642 |percentage = 10.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhagwan Shivram Vairat |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 5,295 |percentage = 3.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ahire Milind Datta |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,994 |percentage = 2.20% |change={{decrease}}1.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,818 |percentage = 1.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,955 |percentage = 10.99% |change= {{decrease}}21.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 138,000 |percentage = 47.24% |change= {{increase}}10.66 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 136,114}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 292,125|ref = |change= {{decrease}}8.24 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}17.20 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pune Cantonment<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate= Ramesh Anandrao Bagwe|party=Indian National Congress |votes = 65,638 |percentage = 57.38% |change={{increase}}0.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sadanand Krishna Shetty |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 28,313 |percentage = 24.75% |change={{decrease}}13.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Rohidas Gajanan Gaikwad |party=Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 5,093 |percentage = 4.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vivek Bansode |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,950 |percentage = 4.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Oval Kailash Baban |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,749 |percentage = 3.28% |change={{increase}}0.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bapusaheb Sadashiv Bhosale |party=Republican Party of India (Democratic) |votes = 1,938 |percentage = 1.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lakhan Alias Laxman Baban Jawale |party=Independent politician |votes = 953 |percentage = 0.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 37,325 |percentage = 32.63% |change= {{increase}}14.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 114,395 |percentage = 35.93% |change= {{decrease}}6.32 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 114,386}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 318,346|ref = |change= {{decrease}}25.14 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}0.73 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pune Cantonment}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Balasaheb Alias Chandrakant Shivarkar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 101,802 |percentage = 56.66% |change={{increase}}14.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Leelavati Vithal Tupe |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 68,984 |percentage = 38.39% |change={{increase}}13.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kureshi Abdul Bari |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,762 |percentage = 2.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 32,818 |percentage = 18.26% |change= {{increase}}9.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 179,718 |percentage = 42.26% |change= {{decrease}}7.62 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 179,684}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 425,267|ref = |change= {{increase}}48.13 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}14.92 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pune Cantonment<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Balasaheb Alias Chandrakant Shivarkar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 59,755 |percentage = 41.74% |change={{decrease}}1.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kailasrao Kodre |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 46,617 |percentage = 32.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Suryakant Lonkar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 35,390 |percentage = 24.72% |change={{decrease}}19.40 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,138 |percentage = 9.18% |change= {{increase}}7.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 148,968 |percentage = 51.89% |change= {{decrease}}14.80 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 143,172}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 287,085|ref = |change= {{increase}}5.01 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}2.38 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pune Cantonment<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Suryakant Lonkar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 78,000 |percentage = 44.12% |change={{increase}}35.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Balasaheb Alias Chandrakant Shivarkar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 75,580 |percentage = 42.75% |change={{decrease}}10.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ram D. Tupe |party=Janata Dal |votes = 8,693 |percentage = 4.92% |change={{decrease}}32.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Irani Sheriyar Behram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,585 |percentage = 2.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kureshi Asifali Khairatali |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 2,414 |percentage = 1.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shaikh Ismail Shaikh Ibrahim Machhiwale |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,589 |percentage = 0.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lt. Col. Gulabrao Dadoba Jadhav |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,364 |percentage = 0.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,420 |percentage = 1.37% |change= {{decrease}}15.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 180,427 |percentage = 66.00% |change= {{increase}}2.43 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 176,806}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 273,394|ref = |change= {{increase}}26.71 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pune Cantonment<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Balasaheb Alias Chandrakant Shivarkar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 71,789 |percentage = 53.46% |change={{increase}}5.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vitthal Tupe]] |party=Janata Dal |votes = 49,797 |percentage = 37.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prakash Devale |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 11,793 |percentage = 8.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,992 |percentage = 16.38% |change= {{increase}}16.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 135,945 |percentage = 63.01% |change= {{decrease}}1.46 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 134,291}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 215,760|ref = |change= {{increase}}47.36 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}5.21 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pune Cantonment<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vitthal Tupe]] |party=Janata Party |votes = 44,997 |percentage = 48.25% |change={{increase}}7.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Balasaheb Alias Chandrakant Shivarkar|party=Indian National Congress |votes = 44,820 |percentage = 48.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ambedkar Gangadhar Govind |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,788 |percentage = 1.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 177 |percentage = 0.19% |change= {{decrease}}3.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 94,614 |percentage = 64.62% |change= {{increase}}8.90 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 93,263}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 146,417|ref = |change= {{increase}}17.75 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}7.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pune Cantonment<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vitthal Tupe]] |party=Janata Party |votes = 27,860 |percentage = 40.89% |change={{decrease}}11.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Shivajirao Krishnaji Ghule|party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 25,546 |percentage = 37.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jaysingh Sasane |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 12,631 |percentage = 18.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Anantrao Bajirao Tupe|party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,101 |percentage = 3.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,314 |percentage = 3.40% |change= {{decrease}}3.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 69,235 |percentage = 55.68% |change= {{decrease}}10.45 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 68,138}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 124,345|ref = |change= {{increase}}22.13 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}11.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pune Cantonment<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vitthal Tupe]] |party=Janata Party |votes = 34,737 |percentage = 52.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Jaisingh Ganpat Sasane|party=Indian National Congress |votes = 30,251 |percentage = 45.54% |change={{decrease}}13.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chavan Chandrakant Narayan |party=Independent politician |votes = 914 |percentage = 1.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,486 |percentage = 6.75% |change= {{decrease}}25.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 67,782 |percentage = 66.57% |change= {{increase}}5.92 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 66,428}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 101,813|ref = |change= {{increase}}16.25 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}6.72 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pune Cantonment<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shivajirao Dhere |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 30,661 |percentage = 59.02% |change={{increase}}22.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ram D. Tupe |party=Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 13,773 |percentage = 26.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Shankar Malanna Yadav|party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 4,241 |percentage = 8.16% |change={{decrease}}2.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Salave Rajmurti |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 3,278 |percentage = 6.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,888 |percentage = 32.51% |change= {{increase}}27.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 52,920 |percentage = 60.42% |change= {{decrease}}1.05 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 51,953}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,580|ref = |change= {{increase}}29.08 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}22.58 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pune Cantonment<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Krishnarao Tukaram Girme |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 14,924 |percentage = 36.44% |change={{decrease}}16.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ram D. Tupe |party=Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 12,972 |percentage = 31.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=A. Sangtani |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,949 |percentage = 16.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shankar Malanna Yadav |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 4,176 |percentage = 10.20% |change={{increase}}3.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. B. Alhat |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,227 |percentage = 3.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=K. R. Koshiti |party=Swatantra Party |votes = 421 |percentage = 1.03% |change={{decrease}}4.29 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,952 |percentage = 4.77% |change= {{decrease}}28.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 44,037 |percentage = 64.90% |change= {{increase}}9.03 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 40,960}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,851|ref = |change= {{increase}}5.48 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}16.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pune Cantonment<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Krishnarao Tukaram Girme |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 17,529 |percentage = 53.08% |change={{increase}}14.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jaysing Ganpat Sasane |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 6,474 |percentage = 19.61% |change={{decrease}}27.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ambaram Shivram Kambale |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 2,494 |percentage = 7.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Keshavdeo Shankarlal Agarwal |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,275 |percentage = 6.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manilal Bhaichand Parekh |party=Swatantra Party |votes = 1,756 |percentage = 5.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dashrath Sawalaram Gaikwa |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,600 |percentage = 4.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramchandra Sadashiv Gaikwad |party=Independent politician |votes = 771 |percentage = 2.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,055 |percentage = 33.48% |change= {{increase}}24.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 34,542 |percentage = 53.70% |change= {{decrease}}13.78 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 33,021}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,323|ref = |change= {{increase}}47.33 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing= {{increase}}6.02 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Pune Cantonment<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate= Vithal Namdeo Shivarkar|party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 13,380 |percentage = 47.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Popattlal Ramchand Shah|party=Indian National Congress |votes = 10,944 |percentage = 38.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Siddiqui Habibuddin Sabahuddin |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,104 |percentage = 14.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,436 |percentage = 8.57% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 28,428 |percentage = 65.12% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 28,428}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 43,658|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Pune topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|18.4974826|73.8776156|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Pune district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Pune]]
[[Category:Politics of Pune district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Begunia Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:53:55Z

Raunak Shankhwar: Created A Pg

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Begunia|its eponymous town|Begunia}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Begunia
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 116
| type = SLA
| map_image = 116-Begunia.svg
| map_caption = Begunia Assembly constituency in [[Khordha district]]
| map_alt =
| division = Central Division
| district = [[Khordha district|Khordha]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bhubaneswar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhubaneswar]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Pradip Kumar Sahu]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,20,052{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Begunia''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Khordha district]], [[Odisha]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=116|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140422040258/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=116|url-status=usurped|archive-date=22 April 2014|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2009|work=empoweringindia.org|accessdate=22 April 2014|quote=Constituency: Begunia (116) District: Khordha}}</ref> This constituency includes Begunia block and Bologarh block.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf|title=Assembly Constituencies and their Extent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls|title=Seats of Odisha}}</ref>

[[Begunia]] is a block of [[Khordha district]] of the Indian state of [[Odisha]]. The distance from district headquarters is 18 km.

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp60.htm|title= 60 - Begunia Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 22 April 2014}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|57.45}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|47.06}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|51.46}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|38.73}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|47.71}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|42.70}}
{{bar percent|1995 (bypoll)|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|59.79}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|45.85}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|58.80}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|59.99}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|47.08}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|34.49}}
}}

Since its formation in 1951, 18 elections were held till date including one bypoll in 1995.

List of members elected from Begunia constituency are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |accessdate=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archivedate=2013-12-17 }}</ref><ref name=Candidate>{{cite web|title= Begunia Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/begunia.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 22 April 2014}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Begunia Assembly Election Results 2024: Begunia Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/begunia-constituency-result-18116 |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Pradip Kumar Sahu]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |accessdate=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|[[Rajendra Kumar Sahoo]]
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name="Candidate" />
|[[Prasanta Kumar Jagadev]]
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":1" />
|[[Prashanta Nanda]]
|{{full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|[[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|[[Prashanta Nanda]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|1995 (bypoll){{efn|Resignation of Harihara Sahoo}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Bye Election: Begunia 1995 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/1460 |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|[[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Harihara Sahoo
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Surendranath Mishra
|{{full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |Kailash Chandra Mohapatra
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Chintamani Panigrahi
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Satyananda Champatiray
|{{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Gangadhar Paikaray]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|-
|[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Satyananda Champatiray
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|[[Gangadhar Paikaray]]
|{{full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 25 May 2024 in 3rd phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 6th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Pradip Kumar Sahu]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Prakasha Chandra Bijuli by a margin of 47,814 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Begunia}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Pradip Kumar Sahu]]
|votes = 90,964
|percentage = 57.45
|change = {{increase}}10.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Prakasha Chandra Bijuli
|votes = 43,150
|percentage = 27.25
|change = {{increase}}10.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Pruthvi Ballav Patnaik
|votes = 18,144
|percentage = 11.46
|change = {{decrease}}22.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 998
|percentage = 0.63
|change = {{increase}}0.05
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 47,814
|percentage = 30.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,58,346
|percentage = 71.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Rajendra Kumar Sahoo]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Pradeep Kumar Sahoo by a margin of 20,048 votes.<ref name="election2019" />

{{Election box begin|
| title=[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Begunia<ref name="TP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-III) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase3/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%283rd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf|website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=21 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Rajendra Kumar Sahoo]]
|votes = 73,178
|percentage = 47.06
|change = {{decrease}}4.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Pradeep Kumar Sahoo
|votes = 53,130
|percentage = 34.16
|change = {{increase}}19.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rhishav Nanda
|votes = 26,321
|percentage = 16.93
|change = {{increase}}9.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 909
|percentage = 0.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 20,048
|percentage = 12.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,55,511
|percentage = 72.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Prasanta Kumar Jagadev]] defeated [[Aama Odisha Party]] candidate Pradeep Kumar Sahoo by a margin of 43,425 votes.<ref name="Candidate" />

{{Election box begin |
| title=[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Begunia<ref>{{cite web|title=Constituency: Begunia (116)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=116|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203161941/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=116|url-status=usurped|archive-date=3 February 2015|publisher=EmpoweringIndia|accessdate=3 February 2015}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Prasanta Kumar Jagadev]]
|votes = 73,984
|percentage = 51.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aama Odisha Party
|candidate = Pradeep Kumar Sahoo
|votes = 30,559
|percentage = 21.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Debasis Patnaik
|votes = 20,689
|percentage = 14.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jatin Kumar Mohanty
|votes = 10,611
|percentage = 7.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 767
|percentage = 0.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 43,425
|percentage = 30.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,43,761
|percentage = 73.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,93,920
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Nationalist Congress Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Nationalist Congress Party]] candidate [[Prashanta Nanda]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Pradeep Kumar Sahoo by a margin of 10,617 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=10617 |accessdate=16 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Begunia<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the LEgislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = [[Prashanta Nanda]]
|votes = 45,355
|percentage = 38.73
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Pradeep Kumar Sahoo
|votes = 34,738
|percentage = 29.66
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kailash Chandra Mahapatra
|votes = 13,074
|percentage = 11.16
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Prafulla Kumar Jati
|votes = 12,171
|percentage = 10.39
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Surendranath Mishra
|votes = 6,692
|percentage = 5.71
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 10,617
|percentage = 9.07{{efn|%of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,17,113
|percentage = 61.98{{efn|2004 Voter turnout was 65.51%}}
|change = {{down}}3.53
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,88,949
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Nationalist Congress Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Khordha district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}
{{coord|20.20|85.45|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Khordha district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Orissa]]

Ashish Sood

2026-04-13T08:56:58Z

Raunak Shankhwar: Created A Article...

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1966)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ashish Sood
| image = 1N8A2310.jpg
| office = [[Rekha Gupta ministry|Cabinet Minister, Government of Delhi]]
| lieutenant_governor = [[Vinai Kumar Saxena]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Rekha Gupta]]
| subterm = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice =
| 2blankname = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata = {{Collapsible list|
* Home
* Power
* Education
* Higher Education
* Training & Technical Education}}
| term_start = 20 February 2025
| term_start1 = 8 February 2025
| predecessor = [[Kailash Gahlot]]
| constituency1 = [[Janakpuri Assembly constituency|Janakpuri]]
| office1 = [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Member of Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor1 = [[Rajesh Rishi]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|9|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}{{More citations needed|date=April 2026}}
'''Ashish Sood''' (born 2 September 1966) is an Indian politician from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Delhi]]. He is currently serving as the home, power and education minister of Delhi. He was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] in the [[8th Delhi Assembly]] from [[Janakpuri Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Janakpuri Election Result 2025: BJPs Ashish Sood Registers Victory Vs AAPs Praveen Kumar |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/live-updates/janakpuri-election-result-2025-vote-counting-live-janakpuri-vidhan-sabha-chunav-natije-winner-and-looser-candidate-pravin-kumar-ashish-sood-harbani-kaur-votes-margin-bjp-aap-congress-delhi-assembly-election-2855332.html |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=Janakpuri, Delhi Assembly Election Results 2025 Highlights: BJP's Ashish Sood with 64155 defeats AAP's Parveen Kumar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/janakpuri-delhi-assembly-election-results-2025-live-updates-aap-bjp-congress-daelb-2676399-2025-02-08 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Janakpuri Constituency Election Results 2025">{{cite news |date=8 February 2025 |title=Janakpuri Constituency Election Results 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/janakpuri |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220081418/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/janakpuri |archivedate=20 February 2025 |accessdate=20 February 2025 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Janakpuri">{{cite news |date=8 February 2025 |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Janakpuri |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0530.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220081357/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0530.htm |archivedate=20 February 2025 |accessdate=20 February 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=en}}</ref> He is also serving as Prabhari Goa and Seh Prabhari Jammu & Kashmir BJP.

== Early life and education ==
Ashish Sood's political journey began during his college days at [[Atma Ram Sanatan Dharma College]] (DU). He pursued a degree in Commerce and actively took part in student politics. Sood was associated with [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad|ABVP]], the nationalist student organisation in India. He was first elected Secretary of the college, after which he rose to the post of Joint Secretary of [[Delhi University Students Union|DUSU]] and later became the President of DUSU in 1988–89. He then went on to work as a full-time worker of ABVP from 1989 to 1993. As a student leader, he spearheaded several movements against corruption in the high offices of the then Central Government, including the most infamous ‘[[Bofors scandal|Bofors Scam]]’ of the 80s. {{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

== Political career ==
In 2002, he joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]] (BJYM), first as the Vice President of its Delhi unit and then went on to become its General Secretary in 2003, and finally, the National Vice President, in 2005. In 2008, he was inducted as Secretary of [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Delhi|BJP Delhi]], and in 2009, he became the General Secretary of BJP Delhi. In 2012, he was elected as a councillor of [[South Delhi Municipal Corporation|South MCD]]. In 2013, he was appointed the Vice President of BJP Delhi, and in 2014, as its General Secretary. In 2016, he was chosen as the Leader of House, [[South Delhi Municipal Corporation]]. He was made the In-charge of Publicity Department, Delhi BJP (appointed by the then-Delhi BJP President [[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]]) and also the BJP In-charge of [[Chandni Chowk]] District in 2018. {{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

Sood became the BJP's [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Candidate for [[Janakpuri Assembly constituency|Janakpuri constituency]] in 2020. The same year he was appointed the Co-Incharge of BJP, [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir State]] Unit. {{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

In 2025, Sood was elected as the MLA for Janakpuri constituency, regaining the seat from the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].

==Public works and service==

He also acted as the Chairperson of the Remunerative Project (RP) Cell of SDMC twice, where he has also served as the Leader of the House and a member of the Standing Committee. As the Chairperson of RP Cell, he reformed advertising and parking policy of the corporation, under which only registered vendors were allowed to participate in the tender process. He also worked towards improving street lighting in Janakpuri. {{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

In his tenure, Janakpuri received basic amenities – roads & primary schools were constructed, and infrastructure like boundary walls and berms were renovated. He is also known for his work for senior citizens, sending them on [[Tirtha (Hinduism)|Teertha Yatras]] and starting free diabetes check-up facilities at recreational centres. He was also appointed the Chairperson of the Education Committee in 2014, and launched several beneficiary projects like NEEV or the Lenovo Tablet Yojana. {{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sood, Ashish}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Delhi]]
[[Category:1966 births]]

Johnson John

2026-04-05T17:03:52Z

Raunak Shankhwar: Started new bio

{{Short description|Indian judge (born 1965)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Johnson John
| image = 
| office = Additional Judge of the Kerala High Court
| term_start = 25 October 2023
| term_end = Present
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1965|04|29}}
| birth_place = 
| alma_mater = [[Cochin University of Science and Technology]] ([[Master of Laws|LL.M.]])
| profession = [[Judge]], [[Lawyer]]
}}

'''Johnson John''' is an Indian judge serving a judge of the [[Kerala High Court]] since 25 October 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/three-additional-judges-appointed-to-kerala-high-court/article67464845.ece|title=Three Additional Judges Appointed to Kerala High Court|publisher=The Hindu|access-date=28 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hckerala.gov.in/judges.php|title=Kerala High Court Judges List|publisher=Kerala High Court|access-date=28 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.barandbench.com/topic/justice-johnson-john|title=Justice Johnson John - Kerala High Court|publisher=Bar & Bench|access-date=28 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kochi centre clears three judges to Kerala High Court from the list of five|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/centre-clears-three-judges-to-kerala-high-court-from-the-list-of-five/article67435038.ece|date=18 October 2023|access-date=31 December 2024 |publisher=The Hindu}}</ref>

Previously serving as an additional judge of Kerala High Court, he was appointed as a permanent judge of that high court from 1 September 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Order of appointment of Shri Justice Johnson John and 02 other, Additional Judges of the Kerala High Court as Permanent Judges of that High Court (01.09.2025) {{!}} Department of Justice {{!}} India |url=https://doj.gov.in/document/order-of-appointment-of-shri-justice-johnson-john-and-02-other-additional-judges-of-the-kerala-high-court-as-permanent-judges-of-that-high-court-01-09-2025/ |access-date=2025-10-04 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Kerala High Court]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://hckerala.gov.in/judges.php Kerala High Court Official Website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:John, Johnson}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Indian judges]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Dileep Ahirwar

2026-04-04T20:26:56Z

Raunak Shankhwar: added basic info with sources!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dilip Ahirwar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1976
| citizenship = India
| office1 = Minister of State for Forest & Environment, [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata1 = [[Mohan Yadav]]
| term_start1 = 25 December 2023
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Kunwar Vijay Shah]]
| office2 = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| term_end2 =
| constituency2 = [[Chandla Assembly constituency|Chandla]]
| predecessor2 = Rajesh Kumar Prajapati
| education =
| alma_mater =
| profession = [[Politician]] ,Farmer
| footnotes =
| party = [[Bhartiya janta party]]
| spouse =
}}
'''Dileep Ahirwar''' is an Indian politician, currently a tourism minister of the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/row-over-mp-ministers-remark-against-ex-cm/articleshow/106583682.cms|title='Would adopt, but do nothing': Row over MP minister's remark against 'ex-CM'|first=Suchandana|last=Gupta|date=6 January 2024|newspaper=The Times of India|accessdate=1 August 2024}}</ref> He was elected as a Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in 2023, from [[Chandla Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dubey |first=Manish |date=2023-10-22 |title=Dilip Ahirwar Biography: चंदला से Bjp ने दिलीप अहिरवार को मैदान में उतारा |url=https://npg.news/politics/dilip-ahirwar-biography-hindi-age-wife-children-family-biography-jivani-date-of-birth-party-education-father-spouse-religion-permanent-address-contact-number-1251509 |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=npg.news |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.myneta.info/MadhyaPradesh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=1422|title=Ahirwar Dileep(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- CHANDLA (SC)(CHHATARPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

He has been serving as the Minister of Forest and Environment in the [[Mohan Yadav ministry]] since 25 December 2023.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahirwar, Dileep}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Tikamgarh district]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Anurag Garg

2026-04-04T03:23:26Z

Raunak Shankhwar: Created A Post

{{Short description|Indian Police Service officer}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Anurag Garg
| office =
| term_start =
| term_end =
| appointer =
| nominator =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1967|07|13}}
| honorific_prefix =
| image =
| caption =
| preceded =
| alma_mater = [[IIT Delhi|Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi]], [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]], [[Delhi]]
| website =
}}

'''Anurag Garg''' (born 13 July 1967) is an [[Indian Police Service]] officer. He is serving as [[Director General]] of the [[Narcotics Control Bureau]] (NCB) from September 2024 onwards. He was earlier working as Additional Director General at the [[Border Security Force]] (BSF) headquarters in New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|title= IPS officer Anurag Garg appointed new NCB DG |url= https://www.deccanherald.com/india/ips-officer-anurag-garg-appointed-new-ncb-dg-3194636|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= Government of Himachal Pradesh |url=https://himachal.nic.in/WriteReadData/l892s/22_l892s/Anurag%20Garg%20IPS-69925263.pdf|website=Himachal NIC }}</ref>

== Life and career ==

Garg is from [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He is an IPS officer of the 1993 Batch of the [[Himachal Pradesh]] cadre. He studied [[Electrical Engineering]] at the [[IIT Delhi|Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi]] in 1988. He holds a PG Diploma in Public Policy and is also an alumnus of the [[National Defence College (India)|National Defense College, Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title= IPS Anurag Garg: Who is IPS Anurag Garg who has been appointed as the Director General of NCB, started his job as ACP|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/career/education/who-is-ips-anurag-garg-iit-alumnus-and-new-ncb-director-general/2436562|website=Zee News India}}</ref> He worked as an ASP in Shimla and ADC for the governor. He was also included in the important Kosovo mission of the United Nations.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Meet IPS Anurag Garg, IIT alumnus and new NCB Director General |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/education/report-meet-ips-anurag-garg-iit-alumnus-and-new-ncb-director-general-himachal-cadre-3108314|website=DNA India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= IPS Story: B.Tech from IIT Delhi, has served in BSF, CBI, now got this big responsibility|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/career/jobs-upsc-ips-story-anurag-garg-dg-ncb-b-tech-from-iit-delhi-served-in-bsf-cbi-now-got-this-big-responsibility-8701032.html|website=News 18}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Garg Anurag}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian police officers]]
[[Category:1967 births]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Subansiri Lower Dam

2026-03-25T05:54:01Z

Raunak Shankhwar:

{{Short description|Dam in Assam and Arunachal Pradesh}}
{{update|updated=2014|date=April 2021}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Subansiri Lower Project
| name_official = Subansiri Lower Hydroelectric Power Project (LSHEP)
| image = Subansiri Lower Dam Geruka mukh Lakhimpur Assam.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Lower Subansiri Dam, Arunachal Pradesh, and Assam Northeast India
| image_alt =
| location_map =
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption = Location of the Subansiri Lower Dam in Arunachal Pradesh and Assam
| coordinates = {{coord|27|33|13|N|94|15|31|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| location = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| status = UC
| construction_began = December 2007
| opening =
| demolished =
| cost = Rs. 62.9 billion (December 2002 est.)
| owner = [[NHPC Limited]]
| dam_type = Concrete gravity
| dam_height = {{Convert|116|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| dam_height_thalweg =
| dam_height_foundation= {{Convert|130|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| dam_length = {{Convert|284|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_width_base =
| dam_volume = {{Convert|2250000|m3|cuyd|0|abbr=on}}
| dam_elevation_crest =
| dam_crosses = Lower [[Subansiri River]]
| spillway_count =
| spillway_type = [[Spillway#Energy dissipation|Ski jump]]
| spillway_capacity = {{Convert|37500|m3/s|ft3/s|0|abbr=on}}
| res_name =
| res_capacity_total = {{Convert|1.37|km3|acre.ft|0|abbr=on|lk=out}}
| res_capacity_active = {{Convert|0.44|km3|acre.ft|0|abbr=on|lk=out}}
| res_capacity_inactive=
| res_catchment =
| res_surface = {{Convert|33.5|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}<ref name=register>{{cite web|title=India: National Register of Large Dams 2009|url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf|publisher=Central Water Commission|accessdate=10 July 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf|archivedate=21 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| res_elevation =
| res_max_depth =
| res_max_length =
| res_max_width =
| res_tidal_range =
| plant_operator = [[NHPC Limited]]
| plant_commission = 2016-2018 (est.)
| plant_decommission =
| plant_type =
| plant_turbines = {{nowrap|8 × 250 [[megawatt|MW]]}} [[Francis turbine|Francis-type]]
| plant_capacity = 2,000 MW (max. planned)
| plant_annual_gen = 7,421 GW·h
| website = [http://www.nhpcindia.com/Projects/English/Scripts/Prj_Introduction.aspx?Vid=23 Subansari (Lower) Project]
| extra =
}}
The '''Subansiri Lower Dam''', officially named '''Subansiri Lower Hydroelectric Project''' (SLHEP), is an under construction [[gravity dam]] on the [[Subansiri River]] in North Eastern India. It is located {{convert|2.3|km|abbr=on}} upstream of Subansiri River in [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. Described as a [[run-of-the-river]] project by [[NHPC Limited]], the project is expected to supply 2,000 MW of power when completed.<ref name=NHPCIndia/> The project has experienced several problems during construction, including landslides, re-design and opposition. As of now, three generating units of 250 MW each have been completed, while the remaining units are expected to be commissioned in phases by December 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=Status of Subansiri Lower Hydroelectric Project |url=https://pib.gov.in/ |website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref>

==Design==
{{Infobox bridge
| name = Subansiri Lower Dam bridge
| carries = vehicles
| width = {{Convert|150|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| length = {{Convert|150|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
}}
The concrete [[gravity dam]] is designed to be {{convert|116|m|abbr=on}} tall, measured from the river bed and {{convert|210|m|abbr=on}} from the deepest foundation. Its length became {{Convert|284|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} and the dam has a structural volume of {{Convert|2250000|m3|cuyd|0|abbr=on}}. The reservoir created by the dam now has a gross storage capacity of {{Convert|1.37|km3|acre.ft|0|abbr=on|lk=out}}, of which {{Convert|.44|km3|acre.ft|0|abbr=on|lk=out}} can be used for power generation or irrigation. At normal level, the reservoir's surface covered {{Convert|33.5|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}. The surface [[power station|powerhouse]], located on the right bank, will contain eight 250 MW [[Francis turbine]] generators using 86 m design head out of 91 m gross head available.<ref name=register/><ref name=NHPCIndia>{{cite web|title=Welcome to Subansiri (Lower) Project|url=http://www.nhpcindia.com/Projects/english/Scripts/Prj_Introduction.aspx?Vid=23|publisher=NHPC India|accessdate=12 March 2012}}</ref>

There will be eight horse shoe shaped [[Tailrace#Headrace.2C tailrace|head race]] tunnels, each being {{convert|9.5|m|abbr=on}} in diameter and having a length from {{convert|608|-|1168|m|abbr=on}}. There will be eight horse Shoe shaped surge tunnels, each being {{convert|9.5|m|abbr=on}} in diameter and having length from {{convert|400|-|485|m|abbr=on}}. There will be eight horse shoe/circular shaped [[penstock]]s with varying diameters of {{convert|7|-|9.5|m|abbr=on}} and lengths of{{convert|168|-|190|m|abbr=on}}. The [[Tailrace#Headrace.2C tailrace|tail race]] channel, which will transfer water discharged by the turbines back to the river, is {{convert|206|m|abbr=on}} wide and {{convert|35|m|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=NHPCIndia/>

When complete, the hydroelectric generators will begin generating 500 MW of electricity, gradually increasing to 2000 MW. <ref>{{cite web |last=Sarmah |first=Nitish |date=Aug 31, 2021 |title=Assam: Subansiri Dam To Generate Power Soon, Opposing Bodies Cry Foul |url=https://www.guwahatiplus.com/assam/assam-subansiri-dam-to-generate-power-soon-opposing-bodies-cry-foul |website=guhahatiplus}}</ref>

==Construction==
Construction of Subansiri Lower Project involves many challenges. These include land not being available when construction was scheduled to commence, a limited annual construction time because of monsoons (from mid-April to mid-October), the need to handle high flood flows and poor rock conditions. The design of the dam has undergone drastic and repeated revisions that have affected the schedule and planning of the construction work.<ref name="HW">{{cite web|url=http://www.hydroworld.com/index/display/article-display/9303458802/articles/hydro-review-worldwide/Vol-20/issue-1/articles/dam-design/Planning-and-Building.html|title=Planning and Building the Subansiri Lower Dam and Hydro Project|author= Biswajit Das|publisher=PennWell Corporation|accessdate=7 March 2012|work=HydroWorld|year=2011}}</ref>

In December 2003 the contract to build the dam and its associated structures was awarded to a consortium of Boguchandgesstroy, Soyuzgidrosptsstry and Soma Enterprise Ltd. Due to difficulties acquiring land around the site, construction could not begin in earnest until 13 months after the contract was awarded. Unexpected geological conditions at the dam site led to landslides and slower tunnel excavation. By November 2007, the river was successfully diverted and in April of the next year, the foundation was clear for construction. Before the foundation was fully prepared it was discovered that bedrock was reached {{Convert|10|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} sooner than expected. This led to an alteration in the dam's design for stability. While the dam was being re-designed, concrete was placed over the foundation to protect it from the upcoming monsoon floods as the [[cofferdam]]s stood a good chance of not protecting the foundation from the strong floods. The re-design was completed in October 2008 and soon after the foundation was once again cleared. In May 2009, work was suspended because of the monsoon season and re-commenced in November of that year.<ref name="HW"/>

As of November 2011, the dam reached an elevation of {{convert|138|m|abbr=on}}, just below the spillway elevation of {{convert|145|m|abbr=on}}. On 16 December 2011, construction equipment was halted by protests fueled by concerns of the project's environmental and social impacts on the downstream dwellers.<ref name="CD">
{{cite web
|url=http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/4799
|title=Fighting India's mega dams
|author=Tanmoy Sharma
|publisher=China Dialogue
|accessdate=7 March 2012
|work=The Third Pole
}}</ref>

The construction cost has gone up by about {{INR}}1,200 crore owing to forced suspension of work since December 2011. NHPC has already spent about {{INR}}6,600 crore, according to a status report prepared by the company.<ref name="bp">{{cite web|title=Subansiri Project dispute to be resolved through negotiations|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/07/subansiri-project-dispute-to-be-resolved-through-negotiations/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|accessdate=6 July 2014}}</ref>

By mid-2023, the elevation of the dam had reached 210m above sea level.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subansiri Lower Hydroelectric Project Achieves Construction of Dam till Top Level |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1936491 |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=www.pib.gov.in}}</ref>

In October 2023, another landslide impacted construction, as part of a hill collapsed into the reservoir, blocking a tunnel and stopping water flowing into the Subansiri river.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-08 |title=How ignored landslide warnings led to Subansiri running dry |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/how-ignored-landslide-warning-led-to-subansiri-river-running-dry-explained-9018295/ |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Environmental impact==
Some [[environmental impact of reservoirs|environmental impacts]] unique to very large dams will result from completion of the Subansiri Project, both upstream and downstream of the dam site. These impacts will include [[Hydroelectricity#Ecosystem damage though nominal and loss of land|ecosystem damage and loss of land]].

The reservoir of the Subansiri Project will submerge a {{convert|47|km|abbr=on}} length of the Subansiri river and occupy {{convert|37.5|-|40|km2|abbr=on}} which includes [[Himalayan subtropical pine forests]], [[Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests]], part of the Tale Valley Wildlife Sanctuary, an [[wildlife corridor|elephant corridor]] and some [[subsistence agriculture]] fields.<ref name="DRP">{{cite journal
|url=http://www.sandrp.in/drp/oct_nov_dec04.pdf
|title=Lower Subansiri: NHPC had to pay Rs 3 B for forestland
|publisher=SANDRP
|accessdate=9 March 2012
|journal=Dams, Rivers & People
|volume=2-issue 9-10-11
|page=12
|date=October–December 2004
|archive-date=4 March 2016
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040901/http://www.sandrp.in/drp/oct_nov_dec04.pdf
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

Thirty eight families will be displaced if the dam is completed, according to official data.<ref name="DV">
{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0t_CU9gmi8cC&q=Subansiri+dam+submerge+km2&pg=PA323
|title=The Indigenous World 2004
|author= Diana Vinding
|publisher=Eks-Skolens Trykkeri
|issn=0105-4503
|isbn= 87-90730-83-6
|location= Copenhagen
|accessdate=9 March 2012
|page=323
|year=2004
}}</ref>
;Downstream
Water flow downstream will be regulated by the dam which is expected to result in low releases (6 m3/s) during winter and very high releases (2,560 m3/s) when energy is being generated.<ref name="PW">{{cite web
|url=http://peakwater.org/tag/subansiri-dam/
|title=People's Power Blocks Dam Construction in Northeast India
|publisher=Peakwater
|accessdate=9 March 2012
|work=Tag Archive for 'Subansiri Dam'
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303053338/http://peakwater.org/tag/subansiri-dam/
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

The project has met stiff resistance from several groups including [[All Assam Students’ Union]] and the [[Krishak Mukti Sangram Samiti]], who are apprehensive about safety and the project’s downstream impact.<ref name="bp"/>

==References==
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{{Power Plants of North-east India}}

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Horseshoe crab

2026-03-23T18:07:53Z

Raunak Shankhwar: fix citations further and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Family of basal chelicerates}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{automatic taxobox
| name = Limulidae
| taxon = Limulidae
| authority = [[William Elford Leach|Leach]], 1819<ref name="Sekiguchi">{{cite book | vauthors = Sekiguchi K |year=1988 |title=Biology of Horseshoe Crabs |publisher=Science House |isbn=978-4-915572-25-8}}</ref><ref name="WoRMS">{{cite web |title=''Limulidae'' Leach, 1819 |url=https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=150511 |website=World Register of Marine Species |date=2023 |publisher=Flanders Marine Institute |access-date=17 January 2023 |archive-date=26 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426054957/https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=150511 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Early Triassic|Present|earliest=Carboniferous}}
| image2 = Feart-08-00098-g033.jpg
| image2_caption = Jurassic-aged limulids. ''[[Crenatolimulus]]'' (A,B), ''[[Limulus]]'' (C), ''[[Mesolimulus]]'' (D,E)
| image = Tachypleus gigas.JPG
| image_caption = ''[[Tachypleus gigas]]'', one of the four extant species
| subdivision_ranks = Living genera
| subdivision = *''[[Carcinoscorpius]]''
*''[[Limulus]]''
*''[[Tachypleus]]''
For fossil genera, see text
}}

{{good article}}
'''Horseshoe crabs''' are [[arthropod]]s of the family '''Limulidae''' and the only surviving [[xiphosura]]ns. Despite their name, they are not [[crab]]s or even [[crustaceans]]; they are [[Chelicerata|chelicerates]], more closely related to [[arachnid]]s like [[spider]]s, [[tick]]s, and [[scorpion]]s. The body of a horseshoe crab is divided into three main parts: the [[cephalothorax]], [[Opisthosoma|abdomen]], and [[telson]]. The largest of these, the cephalothorax, houses most of the animal's [[eye]]s, limbs, and [[Internal organs of arthropods|internal organs]]. It is also where the animal gets its name, as its shape somewhat resembles that of a [[horseshoe]]. Horseshoe crabs have been described as "[[living fossil]]s", having changed little since they first appeared in the [[Triassic]] around 250 million years ago, and similar-looking fossil xiphosurans extend back to the [[Ordovician]] around 445 million years ago.

Only four species of horseshoe crab are extant today, the [[Atlantic horseshoe crab]] (''Limulus polyphemus''), native to the eastern coast of North and Central America, as well as the [[mangrove horseshoe crab]] (''Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda''), [[tri-spine horseshoe crab]] (''Tachypleus tridentatus'') and [[Indo-Pacific horseshoe crab]] (''Tachypleus gigas''), which are native to South, South East, and East Asia.

Most horseshoe crabs are [[Marine life|marine]], though the mangrove horseshoe crab is often found in [[brackish water]], and the Atlantic horseshoe crab is resident in brackish estuarine ecosystems such as the [[Delaware Bay|Delaware]] and [[Chesapeake Bay|Chesapeake]] bays. Additionally, certain extinct species transitioned to living solely in [[Fresh water|freshwater]]. Horseshoe crabs primarily live at the [[Benthic zone|water's bottom]] but they can swim if needed.

Horseshoe crabs are often caught for their [[blood]], which contains [[Limulus amebocyte lysate]], a chemical used to detect bacterial [[endotoxin]]s. Additionally, the animals are used as fishing bait in the [[United States]] and eaten as a delicacy in some parts of [[Asia]]. In recent years, horseshoe crabs have experienced a population decline. This is mainly due to coastal [[habitat destruction]] and overharvesting. To ensure their continued existence, many areas have enacted regulations on harvesting and established captive breeding programs.

{{external media|video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6gydJh6rP50 Rendezvous with a Horseshoe Crab], August 2011, 4:34, [[WHYY-TV|NewsWorks]]|width=257px|float=right|headerimage=[[File:Limulus polyphemus horseshue crab on coast.jpg|210px]]|video2=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wA-NoH_G330 The Horseshoe Crab Spawn], June 2010, 5:08, HostOurCoast.com|video3=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-55qGCHx1lE&list=TLzuAKoEqoVX1TChQbCu_hh27r4Lw-bGmZ Horseshoe Crabs Mate in Massive Beach "Orgy"], June 2014, 3:29, National Geographic}}

== Phylogeny and evolution ==
[[File:20221117 Lunataspis.png|thumb|Life restoration of ''[[Lunataspis]]'', a [[Xiphosura|xiphosuran]] (early relative of horseshoe crabs) from the [[Ordovician]], around 445 million years ago, which already bears a close resemblance to living horseshoe crabs]]
The fossil record of [[Xiphosura]], the broader group that includes horseshoe crabs and their extinct relatives, extends back to the [[Early Ordovician]], around 480 million years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lamsdell|first=James C.|date=2025|title=The first Silurian horseshoe crab reveals details of the xiphosuran ground plan|journal=Proceedings. Biological Sciences|volume=292|issue=2049|article-number=20250874|doi=10.1098/rspb.2025.0874|issn=1471-2954|pmc=12173487|pmid=40527460}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Ordovician faunas of Burgess Shale type|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature09038|journal=Nature|date=May 2010|issn=0028-0836|pages=215–218|volume=465|issue=7295|doi=10.1038/nature09038|language=en|first=Peter|last=Van Roy|first2=Patrick J.|last2=Orr|first3=Joseph P.|last3=Botting|first4=Lucy A.|last4=Muir|first5=Jakob|last5=Vinther|first6=Bertrand|last6=Lefebvre|first7=Khadija el|last7=Hariri|first8=Derek E. G.|last8=Briggs|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ordovician xiphosurans, such as ''[[Lunataspis]]'', already bear a close resemblance to living horseshoe crabs.<ref name="Rudkin32">{{cite journal |author=David M. Rudkin, Graham A. Young & Godfrey S. Nowlan |year=2008 |title=The oldest horseshoe crab: a new xiphosurid from Late Ordovician Konservat-Lagerstätten deposits, Manitoba, Canada |journal=[[Palaeontology (journal)|Palaeontology]] |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00746.x |doi-access=free|bibcode=2008Palgy..51....1R }}</ref> For modern horseshoe crabs, their earliest appearance was approximately 250 million years ago during the [[Early Triassic]].<ref name="McKenzie20153">{{Cite journal |last1=Lamsdell |first1=James C. |last2=McKenzie |first2=Scott C. |date=1 August 2015 |title=''Tachypleus syriacus'' (Woodward)—a sexually dimorphic Cretaceous crown limulid reveals underestimated horseshoe crab divergence times |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13127-015-0229-3 |url-status=live |journal=Organisms Diversity & Evolution |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=681–693 |bibcode=2015ODivE..15..681L |doi=10.1007/s13127-015-0229-3 |s2cid=15196244 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030150728/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13127-015-0229-3 |archive-date=30 October 2022 |access-date=2 January 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Because they have seen little morphological change since then, extant (surviving) forms have been described as "[[living fossils]]".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kin |first1=Adrian |last2=Błażejowski |first2=Błażej |date=2014-10-02 |title=The Horseshoe Crab of the Genus Limulus: Living Fossil or Stabilomorph? |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=9 |issue=10 |article-number=e108036 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108036 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4183490 |pmid=25275563|bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j8036K }}</ref>

Horseshoe crabs resemble [[crustacean]]s but belong to a separate subphylum of the [[arthropod]]s, [[Chelicerata]]. Horseshoe crabs are closely related to the extinct [[eurypterid]]s (sea scorpions), which include some of the largest arthropods ever to have existed, and the two may be [[sister group]]s.<ref name="Garw3">{{cite journal |vauthors=Garwood RJ, Dunlop J |date=13 November 2014 |title=Three-dimensional reconstruction and the phylogeny of extinct chelicerate orders |journal=PeerJ |volume=2 |article-number=e641 |doi=10.7717/peerj.641 |pmc=4232842 |pmid=25405073 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The difficult-to-classify [[chasmataspidid]]s are also thought to be closely related to horseshoe crabs.<ref name="Garw3" /><ref name="GarwoodDunlop20173">{{cite journal |vauthors=Garwood RJ, Dunlop JA, Knecht BJ, Hegna TA |date=April 2017 |title=The phylogeny of fossil whip spiders |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=17 |issue=1 |article-number=105 |bibcode=2017BMCEE..17..105G |doi=10.1186/s12862-017-0931-1 |pmc=5399839 |pmid=28431496 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The [[Evolutionary radiation|radiation]] of horseshoe crabs resulted in 22 known species, of which only 4 remain.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lamsdell |first=James C. |date=2020-12-04 |title=The phylogeny and systematics of Xiphosura |journal=PeerJ |language=en |volume=8 |article-number=e10431 |doi=10.7717/peerj.10431 |issn=2167-8359 |pmc=7720731 |pmid=33335810 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] species is sister to the three Asian species, the latter of which are likely the result of two divergences relatively close in time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kin |first1=Adrian |last2=Błażejowski |first2=Błażej |date=2014-10-02 |title=The Horseshoe Crab of the Genus Limulus: Living Fossil or Stabilomorph? |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=9 |issue=10 |article-number=e108036 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j8036K |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108036 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4183490 |pmid=25275563 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The last common ancestor of the four extant species is estimated to have lived about 135 million years ago in the [[Cretaceous]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nong |first1=Wenyan |last2=Qu |first2=Zhe |last3=Li |first3=Yiqian |last4=Barton-Owen |first4=Tom |last5=Wong |first5=Annette Y. P. |last6=Yip |first6=Ho Yin |last7=Lee |first7=Hoi Ting |last8=Narayana |first8=Satya |last9=Baril |first9=Tobias |last10=Swale |first10=Thomas |last11=Cao |first11=Jianquan |last12=Chan |first12=Ting Fung |last13=Kwan |first13=Hoi Shan |last14=Ngai |first14=Sai Ming |last15=Panagiotou |first15=Gianni |date=2021 |title=Horseshoe crab genomes reveal the evolution of genes and microRNAs after three rounds of whole genome duplication |journal=Communications Biology |volume=4 |issue=1 |page=83 |doi=10.1038/s42003-020-01637-2 |pmc=7815833 |pmid=33469163 |last16=Qian |first16=Pei-Yuan |last17=Qiu |first17=Jian-Wen |last18=Yip |first18=Kevin Y. |last19=Ismail |first19=Noraznawati |last20=Pati |first20=Siddhartha |last21=John |first21=Akbar |last22=Tobe |first22=Stephen S. |last23=Bendena |first23=William G. |last24=Cheung |first24=Siu Gin |last25=Hayward |first25=Alexander |last26=Hui |first26=Jerome H. L.}}</ref>

Limulidae is the only extant [[Family (biology)|family]] of the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Xiphosura]], and contains all four living [[species]] of horseshoe crabs:<ref name="Sekiguchi3">{{cite book |title=Biology of Horseshoe Crabs |vauthors=Sekiguchi K |publisher=Science House |year=1988 |isbn=978-4-915572-25-8}}</ref><ref name="Vestbo20183">{{cite journal |last1=Vestbo |first1=Stine |last2=Obst |first2=Matthias |last3=Quevedo Fernandez |first3=Francisco J. |last4=Intanai |first4=Itsara |last5=Funch |first5=Peter |date=May 2018 |title=Present and Potential Future Distributions of Asian Horseshoe Crabs Determine Areas for Conservation |journal=Frontiers in Marine Science |volume=5 |issue=164 |pages=1–16 |article-number=164 |doi=10.3389/fmars.2018.00164 |bibcode=2018FrMaS...5..164V |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* ''[[Mangrove horseshoe crab|Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda]]'', the mangrove horseshoe crab, found in South and Southeast Asia
* ''[[Atlantic horseshoe crab|Limulus polyphemus]]'', the Atlantic or American horseshoe crab, found along the Atlantic coast of the United States and the Southeast Gulf of Mexico
* ''[[Tachypleus gigas]]'', the Indo-Pacific, Indonesian, Indian, or southern horseshoe crab, found in South and Southeast Asia
* ''[[Tachypleus tridentatus]]'', the Chinese, Japanese, or tri-spine horseshoe crab, found in Southeast and East Asia

=== Genera ===
After Bicknell et al. 2021 and Lamsdell et al. 2020<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Bicknell RD, Błażejowski B, Wings O, Hitij T, Botton ML |date= March 2021 | veditors = Zhang XG |title=Critical re-evaluation of Limulidae uncovers limited Limulus diversity |journal=Papers in Palaeontology|volume=7|issue=3|language=en|pages=1525–1556|doi=10.1002/spp2.1352|bibcode= 2021PPal....7.1525B |s2cid=233783546 }}</ref><ref name=":0" />

* ''[[Incertae sedis]]''
** †''[[Albalimulus]]''? Bicknell & Pates, 2019<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bicknell RD, Pates S | title = Xiphosurid from the Tournaisian (Carboniferous) of Scotland confirms deep origin of Limuloidea | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | article-number = 17102 | date = November 2019 | pmid = 31745138 | pmc = 6863854 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-019-53442-5 | bibcode = 2019NatSR...917102B }}</ref> [[Ballagan Formation]], Scotland, Early [[Carboniferous]] ([[Tournaisian]]) (Considered Xiphosura ''incertae sedis'' by Lamsdell, 2020<ref name=":0" />)
**†''[[Casterolimulus]]'' Holland, Erickson & O'Brien, 1975 Late Cretaceous ([[Maastrichtian]]) [[Fox Hills Formation]], North Dakota, USA (Inconsistently placed in this family)
** †''[[Heterolimulus]]'' gadeai Vıa & Villalta, 1966 [[Alcover Limestone]] Formation, Spain, [[Middle Triassic]] ([[Ladinian]])
** †''[[Limulitella]]?'' Størmer, 1952 Middle-Upper Triassic, France, Germany, Tunisia, Russia
** †''[[Sloveniolimulus]]'' Bicknell et al., 2019 [[Strelovec Formation]], Slovenia Middle Triassic ([[Anisian]])
** †''[[Tarracolimulus]]'' Romero & Vıa Boada, 1977 Alcover Limestone Formation, Spain, Middle Triassic (Ladinian)
** †''[[Victalimulus]]'' Riek & Gill, 1971 [[Early Cretaceous|Lower Cretaceous]] ([[Aptian]]) [[Korumburra Group]], NSW, Australia
** †''[[Yunnanolimulus]]'' Zhang et al., 2009 Middle Triassic (Anisian), [[Guanling Formation]], Yunnan, China
** †''[[Mesolimulus]]'' Middle Triassic-Late Cretaceous England, Spain, [[Siberia]], Germany, Morocco
**†''[[Ostenolimulus]]'' Lamsdell et al. 2021<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lamsdell JC, Teruzzi G, Pasini G, Garassino A|date=2021-04-29|title=A new limulid (Chelicerata, Xiphosurida) from the Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian) of Osteno, NW Italy|url=http://www.schweizerbart.de/papers/njgpa/detail/300/98376/A_new_limulid_Chelicerata_Xiphosurida_from_the_Low?af=crossref|journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen|language=en|volume=300|issue=1|pages=1–10|doi=10.1127/njgpa/2021/0974|bibcode=2021NJGPA.300....1L |s2cid=234814276|issn=0077-7749|access-date=2021-06-24|archive-date=2021-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628003437/https://www.schweizerbart.de/papers/njgpa/detail/300/98376/A_new_limulid_Chelicerata_Xiphosurida_from_the_Low?af=crossref|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Early Jurassic ([[Sinemurian]]) [[Moltrasio Formation|Moltrasio Limestone]], Italy
**†''[[Volanalimulus]]'' Lamsdell, 2020<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lamsdell JC | title = The phylogeny and systematics of Xiphosura | journal = PeerJ | volume = 8 | article-number = e10431 | date = 2020-12-04 | pmid = 33335810 | pmc = 7720731 | doi = 10.7717/peerj.10431 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Early Triassic, Madagascar.
* Subfamily Limulinae Leach, 1819
** †''[[Crenatolimulus]]'' Feldmann et al., 2011 Upper Jurassic (upper [[Tithonian]]) [[Kcynia Formation]], Poland. Lower Cretaceous ([[Albian]]) [[Glen Rose Formation]], Texas, USA
** ''[[Limulus]]'' [[Otto Friedrich Müller|O. F. Müller]], 1785 [[Pierre Shale]], [[United States]], Late Cretaceous ([[Maastrichtian]]), Atlantic North America, Recent
* Subfamily [[Tachypleinae]] Pocock, 1902
** ''[[Carcinoscorpius]]'' Pocock, 1902, Asia, Recent
** ''[[Tachypleus]]'' Leach, 1819 Upper Cretaceous ([[Cenomanian]]) Haqel and [[Sannine Formation|Hjoula Konservat-Lagerstatten]], Lebanon, Upper [[Eocene]] [[Domsen Sands]], Germany, Asia, Recent

=== Phylogeny ===
The horseshoe crab's position within [[Chelicerata]] is complicated. However, most morphological analyses have placed them outside the [[Arachnid]]a.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Briggs |first1=Derek E. G. |last2=Siveter |first2=Derek J. |last3=Siveter |first3=David J. |last4=Sutton |first4=Mark D. |last5=Garwood |first5=Russell J. |last6=Legg |first6=David |date=2012-09-25 |title=Silurian horseshoe crab illuminates the evolution of arthropod limbs |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=109 |issue=39 |pages=15702–15705 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1205875109 |doi-access=free |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=3465403 |pmid=22967511|bibcode=2012PNAS..10915702B }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lamsdell |first=James C. |date=18 January 2013 |title=Revised systematics of Palaeozoic 'horseshoe crabs' and the myth of monophyletic Xiphosura |url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/167/1/1/2420794 |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=167 |issue=1 |pages=1–27 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00874.x |via=Oxford Academic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Legg |first1=David A. |last2=Sutton |first2=Mark D. |last3=Edgecombe |first3=Gregory D. |date=30 September 2013 |title=Arthropod fossil data increase congruence of morphological and molecular phylogenies |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257205419 |journal=Nature Communications |language=English |volume=4 |issue=1 |page=2485 |doi=10.1038/ncomms3485 |pmid=24077329 |bibcode=2013NatCo...4.2485L |issn=2041-1723 |via=Research Gate}}</ref><ref name="Garw3" /><ref name="GarwoodDunlop20173" /> This assumption was challenged when a genetics-based [[Phylogenetic tree|phylogeny]] found horseshoe crabs to be the sister group to the [[ricinulei]]ds, thereby making them an [[arachnid]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Ballesteros |first1=Jesús A |last2=Sharma |first2=Prashant P |date=2019-03-27 |title=A Critical Appraisal of the Placement of Xiphosura (Chelicerata) with Account of Known Sources of Phylogenetic Error |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=68 |issue=6 |pages=896–917 |doi=10.1093/sysbio/syz011 |issn=1063-5157 |pmid=30917194 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In response, a more recent paper has again placed horseshoe crabs as separate from the arachnids. This new study utilized both new and more complete [[Nucleic acid sequence|sequencing data]] while also sampling a larger number of [[Taxon|taxa]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lozano-Fernandez |first1=Jesus |last2=Tanner |first2=Alastair R. |last3=Giacomelli |first3=Mattia |last4=Carton |first4=Robert |last5=Vinther |first5=Jakob |last6=Edgecombe |first6=Gregory D. |last7=Pisani |first7=Davide |date=2019-05-24 |title=Increasing species sampling in chelicerate genomic-scale datasets provides support for monophyly of Acari and Arachnida |journal=Nature Communications |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=2295 |doi=10.1038/s41467-019-10244-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=6534568 |pmid=31127117|bibcode=2019NatCo..10.2295L }}</ref>

Below is a [[cladogram]] showing the internal relationships of Limulidae (modern horseshoe crabs) based on morphology. It contains both extant and extinct members.<ref name=":0" />{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:85%;
|label1='''Limulidae'''
|1={{clade
|label1=''[[Yunnanolimulus]]''
|1={{clade
|1=† ''[[Yunnanolimulus henkeli]]''
|2=† ''[[Yunnanolimulus luopingensis]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=†'' [[Tarracolimulus rieki]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=† ''[[Keuperlimulus vicensis]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=† ''[[Allolimulus woodwardi]]''
|2={{clade
|1=† ''[[Casterolimulus|Casterolimulus kletti]]''
|2=† ''[[Victalimulus|Victalimulus mcqueeni]]''
}}
}}
|label2=''[[Mesolimulus]]''
|2={{clade
|1=† ''[[Mesolimulus|Mesolimulus crespelli]]''
|2={{clade
|1=† ''[[Mesolimulus|Mesolimulus sibiricus]]''
|2={{clade
|1=† ''[[Mesolimulus|Mesolimulus tafraoutensis]]''
|2=† ''[[Mesolimulus|Mesolimulus walchi]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=Limulinae
|1={{clade
|label1=''[[Crenatolimulus]]''
|1={{clade
|1=† ''[[Crenatolimulus darwini]]''
|2=† ''[[Crenatolimulus paluxyensis]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=† ''[[Limulus coffini]]''
|2=''[[Limulus polyphemus]]''
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=† ''[[Volanalimulus madagascarensis]]''
|2={{clade
|1=† ''[[Heterolimulus|Heterolimulus gadeai]]''
|label2=Tachypleinae
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda]]''
|label2=''[[Tachypleus]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=† ''[[Tachypleus decheni]]''
|2=''[[Tachypleus gigas]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=† ''[[Tachypleus syriacus]]''
|2=''[[Tachypleus tridentatus]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}

=== Whole genome duplication ===
The [[common ancestor]] of [[arachnid]]s and [[xiphosura]]ns (the group that includes horseshoe crabs) underwent a [[whole-genome duplication]] (WGD) event.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last1=Shingate |first1=Prashant |last2=Ravi |first2=Vydianathan |last3=Prasad |first3=Aravind |last4=Tay |first4=Boon-Hui |last5=Garg |first5=Kritika M. |last6=Chattopadhyay |first6=Balaji |last7=Yap |first7=Laura-Marie |last8=Rheindt |first8=Frank E. |last9=Venkatesh |first9=Byrappa |date=2020-05-08 |title=Chromosome-level assembly of the horseshoe crab genome provides insights into its genome evolution |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=2322 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.2322S |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-16180-1 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7210998 |pmid=32385269}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last1=Nong |first1=Wenyan |last2=Qu |first2=Zhe |last3=Li |first3=Yiqian |last4=Barton-Owen |first4=Tom |last5=Wong |first5=Annette Y. P. |last6=Yip |first6=Ho Yin |last7=Lee |first7=Hoi Ting |last8=Narayana |first8=Satya |last9=Baril |first9=Tobias |last10=Swale |first10=Thomas |last11=Cao |first11=Jianquan |last12=Chan |first12=Ting Fung |last13=Kwan |first13=Hoi Shan |last14=Ngai |first14=Sai Ming |last15=Panagiotou |first15=Gianni |date=2021-01-19 |title=Horseshoe crab genomes reveal the evolution of genes and microRNAs after three rounds of whole genome duplication |journal=Communications Biology |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |page=83 |doi=10.1038/s42003-020-01637-2 |issn=2399-3642 |pmc=7815833 |pmid=33469163}}</ref> This was followed by at least two, possibly three, WGDs in a common ancestor of the living horseshoe crabs.<ref name=":13" /> This gives them unusually large [[genome]]s for [[invertebrate]]s (the genomes of ''[[Mangrove horseshoe crab|C. rotundicauda]]'' and [[Tachypleus tridentatus|''T. tridentatus'']] being approximately 1.72 Gb each).<ref name=":13" /> Evidence for the duplication events includes similarity in structure between chromosomes ([[synteny]]), and clustering of [[homeobox genes]]. Over time, many of the duplicated [[gene]]s have changed through processes of [[neofunctionalization]] or [[subfunctionalization]], meaning their functions are different from what they originally were.<ref name=":13" />

=== Evolution of sexual size dimorphism ===
Several [[Hypothesis|hypotheses]] have been given as possible reasons why a size difference exists between male and female horseshoe crabs.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Matthew Denman |last2=Brockmann |first2=H. Jane |date=2014-10-01 |title=The evolution and maintenance of sexual size dimorphism in horseshoe crabs: an evaluation of six functional hypotheses |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000334721400308X |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=96 |pages=127–139 |doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.08.005 |issn=0003-3472|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This phenomenon is known as [[Sexual dimorphism|sexual size dimorphism]] and results in the females having a larger average size than males.<ref name=":5" /> The existence of this trend is likely due to a combination of two things:

# First, females take a year longer to mature and undergo an additional molt, giving them a larger average body size.<ref name=":5" />
# Second, larger female horseshoe crabs can house more eggs within their bodies. This lets them pass on more genetic material than smaller females during each mating cycle, making larger females more prevalent.<ref name=":5" />

== Anatomy and physiology ==

=== General body plan ===
[[File:Horseshoe Crab Dorsal Anatomy Cut Telson.png|thumb|350x350px|Generalized dorsal anatomy of a horseshoe crab]]
Like all [[arthropod]]s, horseshoe crabs have segmented bodies with jointed limbs, which are covered by a protective [[Arthropod exoskeleton|cuticle]] made of [[chitin]]. They have heads composed of several segments, which eventually fuse as an embryo.<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|pages=518–522}}

Horseshoe crabs are chelicerates, meaning their bodies are composed of two main parts ([[Tagma (biology)|tagmata]]): the [[cephalothorax]] and the [[opisthosoma]]. The first tagma, the cephalothorax or [[prosoma]], is a fusion of the [[Cephalon (arthropod head)|head]] and [[Thorax (arthropod anatomy)|thorax]].<ref name=":42">{{Cite book |last1=Ruppert |first1=Edward E. |url=http://archive.org/details/isbn_9780030259821 |title=Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach |last2=Fox |first2=Richard S. |last3=Barnes |first3=Robert D. |date=2004 |publisher=Belmont, CA : Thomson-Brooks/Cole |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-03-025982-1 |pages= |language=English}}</ref>{{Rp|page=555}} This tagma is also covered by a large, semicircular [[carapace]] that acts as a shield around the animal's body. It is shaped like the hoof of a horse, giving this animal its common name.<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=555}} In addition to the two main tagmata, the horseshoe crab also possesses a long tail-like section known as the [[telson]].<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=555}}

In total, horseshoe crabs have 6 pairs of appendages on their [[cephalothorax]]. The first of these are the [[chelicerae]], which give [[Chelicerata|chelicerates]] their name. In horseshoe crabs, these look like tiny pincers in front of the mouth.<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=555}} Behind the chelicerae are the [[pedipalp]]s, which are primarily used as legs. In the final molt of males, the ends of the pedipalps are modified into specialized, grasping claws used in mating.<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=555}} Following the pedipalps are three pairs of walking legs and a set of pusher legs for moving through soft sediment.<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=555}} Each of these pusher legs is [[biramous]] or divided into two separate branches. The branch closest to the front bears a flat end that looks like a leaf. This end is called the flabellum. The branch towards the back is far longer and looks similar to a walking leg. However, rather than ending in just a claw, the back branch has four leaf-like ends that are arranged like a [[petal]].<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=555}} The final segment of the cephalothorax was originally part of the abdomen but fused in the embryo. On it are two flap-like appendages known as [[chilaria]].<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=556}} If severed from the body, lost legs or the telson may slowly regenerate, and cracks in the body shell can heal.<ref>{{cite thesis |vauthors=Castillo Y, Garabedian LA |degree=B.S. |publisher=Worcester Polytechnical Institute |title=Limb Regeneration in Horseshoe Crabs |date=26 April 2007 |url=https://web.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-042607-102521/unrestricted/LimbRegenarationMQP2007LY.pdf |access-date=2 June 2019 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117133923/https://web.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-042607-102521/unrestricted/LimbRegenarationMQP2007LY.pdf }}</ref>
[[File:Limulus_polyphemus_ventral_male-female.png|left|thumb|315x315px|Difference between the pedipalps of male (right) and female (left) horseshoe crabs. Pedipalps are highlighted in grey.]]
The [[opisthosoma]] or abdomen of a horseshoe crab is composed of several fused segments.<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=556}} Similar to a [[trilobite]], the abdomen is made up of three lobes: a medial lobe in the middle, and a pleural lobe on either side.<ref name=":72">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bicknell RD, Błażejowski B, Wings O, Hitij T, Botton ML |date=March 2021 |title=Critical re-evaluation of Limulidae uncovers limited Limulus diversity |journal=Papers in Palaeontology |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=1525–1556 |bibcode=2021PPal....7.1525B |doi=10.1002/spp2.1352 |s2cid=233783546 |veditors=Zhang XG}}</ref> Attached to the perimeter of each pleural lobe is a flat, serrated structure known as the flange. The flange on either side is connected by the telson embayment, which itself is attached to the medial lobe.<ref name=":72" /> Along the line where these lobes meet are six sets of indentations known as [[apodeme]]. Each of these serves as a muscle attachment point for the animal's twelve movable spines.<ref name=":72" />

On the underside of the abdomen are several [[Arthropod leg|biramous]] limbs. The branches closest to the outside are flat and broad, while the ones on the inside are more narrow.<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=556}} Closest to the front is a plate-like structure made of two fused appendages. This is the genital operculum and is where horseshoe crabs keep their [[Gonad|reproductive organs]].<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=556}} Following the operculum are five pairs of [[book gill]]s. While mainly used for breathing, horseshoe crabs can also use their book gills to swim.<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=556}} At the end of a horseshoe crab's abdomen is a long, tail-like spine known as a [[telson]]. It is highly mobile and serves a variety of functions.<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=556}}

{{Clear}}

=== Nervous system ===

==== Eyes ====
[[File:Horseshoe_crab_eyes.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Horseshoe crabs have two primary compound eyes and seven secondary simple eyes. Two of the secondary eyes are on the underside.]]
Horseshoe crabs have a variety of [[eye]]s that provide them with useful visual information. The most obvious of these are two large [[compound eye]]s found on top of the [[carapace]]. This feature is unusual, as all other living [[Chelicerata|chelicerates]] have lost them in their [[evolution]].<ref name=":03">{{cite journal |vauthors=Battelle BA |date=December 2006 |title=The eyes of Limulus polyphemus (Xiphosura, Chelicerata) and their afferent and efferent projections |journal=Arthropod Structure & Development |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=261–274 |bibcode=2006ArtSD..35..261B |doi=10.1016/j.asd.2006.07.002 |pmid=18089075}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Anatomy: Vision – The Horseshoe Crab |url=http://www.horseshoecrab.org/anat/vision.html |access-date=23 July 2024 |website=Horseshoecrab.org}}</ref> In adult horseshoe crabs, the compound eyes comprise around 1,000 individual units known as [[Ommatidium|ommatidia]]. Each ommatidium is made up of a ring of [[Photoreceptor cell|retinal]] and [[Chromatophore|pigment cells]] that surround something known as the eccentric cell.<ref name=":03" /> This secondary visual cell gets its name from the way it behaves. The eccentric cell is coupled with the [[dendrite]]s of normal retinal cells so that when a normal cell [[Depolarization|depolarizes]] in the presence of [[light]], the eccentric cell does too.<ref name=":03" />

A horseshoe crab's [[compound eye]]s are less complex and organized than those of most other [[arthropod]]s. [[Ommatidium|Ommatidia]] are arranged messily in what's been deemed an "imperfect hexagonal array" and have a highly variable number of [[Photoreceptor cell|photoreceptors]] (between 4 and 20) in their [[retina]].<ref name=":03" /> Although each ommatidium typically has one eccentric cell, there are sometimes two, and occasionally more.<ref name=":03" /> All the eye's photoreceptors, both [[Rod cell|rods]] and [[Cone cell|cones]], have a single [[Photoreceptor protein|visual pigment]] with a peak absorption of around 525 nanometers. This differs from [[insects]] or [[Decapoda|decapod crustaceans]], as their photoreceptors are sensitive to different spectrums of light.<ref name=":03" /> Horseshoe crabs have relatively poor vision, and to compensate for that, have the largest rods and cones of any known animal, about 100 times the size of humans'.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{cite web |date=18 May 2017 |title=Horseshoe Crabs, Limulus polyphemus |url=https://marinebio.org/species/horseshoe-crabs/limulus-polyphemus/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304113942/https://www.marinebio.org/species/horseshoe-crabs/limulus-polyphemus/ |archive-date=4 March 2024 |access-date=8 March 2021 |website=MarineBio.org}}</ref> Furthermore, their eyes are a million times more sensitive to light at night than during the day.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LJApAgAAQBAJ&q=horseshoe+crab+eyes+are+a+million+times+more+sensitive+to+light&pg=PA25 |title=The Extreme Life of the Sea |vauthors=Palumbi SR, Palumbi AR |date=23 February 2014 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-4993-2 |access-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331133346/https://books.google.com/books?id=LJApAgAAQBAJ&q=horseshoe+crab+eyes+are+a+million+times+more+sensitive+to+light&pg=PA25 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |url-status=live |via=Google Books}}</ref>

At the front of the animal along the cardiac ridge are a pair of eyes known as [[Simple eye in invertebrates|median ocelli]].<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":2" /> Their retina is even less organized than those of the compound eyes having between 5 and 11 [[Photoreceptor cell|photoreceptors]] paired with one or two secondary visual cells called arhabdomeric cells. Arhabdomeric cells are equivalent to eccentric cells as they function identically.<ref name=":03" /> The median ocelli are unique due to having two distinct [[Photoreceptor protein|visual pigments]]. While the first functions similarly to the pigment in the compound eyes, the second has a peak absorption of around 360 nanometers, allowing the animal to see [[Ultraviolet|ultraviolet light]].<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":2" />

Other, more rudimentary eyes in horseshoe crabs include the endoparietal ocelli, the two lateral ocelli, two ventral ocelli, and a cluster of [[Photoreceptor cell|photoreceptors]] on the abdomen and telson.<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":2" /> The endoparietal, lateral, and ventral ocelli are very similar to the median ocelli, except like the compound eyes, they only see in visual light with a peak absorbance of around 525 nanometers.<ref name=":03" /> The endoparietal eye further differs due to being a fusion of two separate [[ocelli]].<ref name=":03" /> This eye is found not far behind the median eyes and sits directly on the cardiac ridge.<ref name=":72" /> The two ventral ocelli are located on the underside of the [[cephalothorax]] near the mouth and likely help to orient the animal when walking around or swimming.<ref name=":2" /> The lateral eyes can be found directly behind the [[compound eye]]s and become functional just before a horseshoe crab larvae hatch.<ref name=":2" /> The telson's photoreceptors are unique as they're spaced throughout the structure rather than located in a fixed spot. Together with [[Ultraviolet|UV]]-seeing median ocelli, these photoreceptors have been found to influence the animal's [[circadian rhythm]].<ref name=":03" />

=== Circulation and respiration ===
[[File:Tachypleus_tridentatus_Cat_ba_2.JPG|left|thumb|300x300px|Underside of two horseshoe crabs, showing the legs and book gills]]
Like all [[arthropod]]s, horseshoe crabs have an [[Open circulation|open circulatory system]].<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=558}} This means that instead of using a system of closed-off [[vein]]s and [[Artery|arteries]], gasses are transported through a [[Body cavity|cavity]] called the hemocoel.<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=558}} The hemocoel contains [[hemolymph]], a fluid that fills all parts of the cavity and serves as the animal's blood.<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=558}} Rather than using [[iron]]-based [[hemoglobin]], horseshoe crabs transport [[oxygen]] with a [[copper]]-based protein called [[hemocyanin]], giving its [[blood]] a bright blue color.<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=558}} The blood also contains two types of cells: [[amebocyte]]s that are utilized in clotting, and cyanocytes that create [[hemocyanin]].<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=558}}

Horseshoe crabs pump blood with a long, tubular [[heart]] located in the middle of their body.<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=558}} Like the hearts of [[vertebrate]]s, the hearts of these animals have two separate states: a state of contraction known as [[systole]], and a state of relaxation known as [[diastole]].<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=558}} At the beginning of systole, [[blood]] leaves the heart through a large artery known as the aorta and numerous arteries parallel to the heart.<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=558}} Next, the arteries dump blood into large [[Sinus (anatomy)|cavities of the hemocoel]] surrounding the animal's [[Tissue (biology)|tissues]]. Larger cavities lead to smaller cavities, allowing the [[hemocoel]] to oxygenate all the animal's tissues.<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=558}} During diastole, blood flows from the hemocoel to a cavity known as the pericardial sinus. From there, blood re-enters the heart and the cycle begins again.<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=558}}

Horseshoe crabs breathe through modified swimming appendages beneath their abdomen known as [[book gills]].<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=556}} While they appear smooth on the outside, the insides of these book gills are lined with several thin "pages" called lamellae.<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=558}} Each lamella is hollow and contains an extension of [[hemocoel]], allowing gasses to diffuse between a horseshoe crab's [[blood]] and external environment.<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=558}} There are roughly 80–200 lamellae present in each gill, with all ten of them giving the animal with a total breathing surface area of about two square meters.<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=558}} When underwater, the lamellae are routinely aerated by rhythmic movement of the book gills.<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=558}} These movements create a current that enters through two gaps between the [[cephalothorax]] and abdomen and exits on either side of the [[telson]].<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=558}}

=== Feeding, digestion, and excretion ===
[[File:Limulus_polyphemus_397145247.jpg|alt=Limulus_polyphemus_397145247|thumb|300x300px|[[Gnathobase|Gnathobases]], food groove, and [[chelicerae]]]]
Horseshoe crabs first break up their food using [[bristle]]s known as [[Gnathobase|gnathobases]] located at the coxa, or base, of their [[Arthropod leg|walking limbs]].<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=556}} Gnathobases on the right and left legs form a cavity known as the food groove that begins near the pusher legs and extends to the animal's [[mouth]].<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=556}} The end of the groove is closed off by the animal's [[chilaria]].<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=556}} To break up any [[food]], each pair of coxa moves in the opposite direction parallel to the ones in front of and behind it.<ref name=":4222">{{Cite book |last=Manton |first=Sidnie Milana |url=https://archive.org/details/arthropodahabits0000mant |title=The arthropoda: habits, functional morphology, and evolution |publisher=Oxford [Eng.] : Clarendon Press |others=Internet Archive |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-19-857391-3 |pages= |language=English}}</ref>{{Rp|page=93}} This motion happens while feeding and walking, pushing food towards the mouth.<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=|pages=556–557}} Horseshoe crabs catch soft prey with [[Chelae|claws]] on their second to fifth legs and place them in the food groove to be ground up.<ref name=":4222" />{{Rp|page=94}} For harder prey, horseshoe crabs use a pair of stout, cuspid gnathobases (informally known as "nutcrackers") on the back of their sixth legs.<ref name=":4222" />{{Rp|page=94}} After the food is sufficiently torn up, it is moved by the [[chelicerae]] into the [[mouth]] for further [[digestion]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=7 August 2024 |title=Digestion: The Digestive Tract |url=https://horseshoecrab.org/anat/gut.html |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=Horseshoecrab.org}}</ref>

Horseshoe crabs are some of the only living [[Chelicerata|chelicerates]] with guts that can process solid food.<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=556}} Its digestive system is J-shaped, lined with a [[cuticle]], and can be divided into three main sections: the foregut, midgut, and hindgut.<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=|pages=556–557}} The foregut is contained in the animal's [[cephalothorax]] and comprises the [[esophagus]], crop, and [[gizzard]].<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=557}} The esophagus moves food from the mouth to the crop where it is stored before entering the gizzard.<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=557}} The gizzard is a muscular, toothed organ that serves to pulverize the food from the crop and regurgitate any indigestible particles.<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=557}} The foregut terminates in the [[Pyloric sphincter|pyloric valve and sphincter]], a muscular door of sorts that separates it from the midgut.<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=557}}

The midgut is composed of a short [[stomach]], a long intestinal tube.<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=557}} Connected to the stomach are a pair of large, sack-like digestive ceca known as hepatopancreases.<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=557}} These ceca fill most of the [[Cephalothorax|cephalothoracic]] and abdominal hemocoel and are where most [[digestion]] and nutrient absorption takes place.<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=557}} Before and following digestion, the midgut lining ([[epithelium]]) secretes a [[Peritrophic matrix|peritrophic membrane]] made of [[chitin]] and [[mucoprotein]]s that surrounds the food and later the [[feces]].<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=557}}

Horseshoe crabs excrete waste through both their book gills and hindgut.<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=558}} Similar to many aquatic animals, horseshoe crabs have an [[Ammonotelic|ammonotelic metabolism]] and eliminate ammonia and other small toxins through diffusion with their gills.<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=558}} After being processed in the midgut, waste is passed into a muscular tube known as the hindgut or [[rectum]] and then excreted from a [[sphincter]] known as the anus.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=558}} Externally, this opening is located on the bottom side of the animal right below its telson.<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=558}}

== Distribution and habitat ==
[[File:Geographic_distribution_of_modern_and_fossil_horseshoe_crabs.png|alt=Geographic_distribution_of_modern_and_fossil_horseshoe_crabs|thumb|400x400px|Known distribution of modern and fossil horseshoe crabs]]
In the modern day, horseshoe crabs have a relatively limited distribution.<ref name=":02">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lamsdell JC |date=2020-12-04 |title=The phylogeny and systematics of Xiphosura |journal=PeerJ |volume=8 |article-number=e10431 |doi=10.7717/peerj.10431 |pmc=7720731 |pmid=33335810 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The three [[Asia]]n species mainly occur in [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]] along the [[Bay of Bengal]] and the coasts of [[Indonesia]]. A notable exception is the [[tri-spine horseshoe crab]], whose range extends northward to the coasts of [[China]], [[Taiwan]], and [[Kyushu|Southern Japan]].<ref name=":02" /> The American species lives from the coast of [[Nova Scotia]] to the northern [[Gulf of Mexico]], with another population residing around the [[Yucatán Peninsula]].<ref name=":02" /> Extant horseshoe crabs generally live in [[Saline water|salt water]], though one species, the [[mangrove horseshoe crab]] (''Carcinoscorpius'') is often found in more [[Brackish water|brackish]] environments.<ref name="SeaLifeBase">{{cite web |date=2010 |title=''Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda'', mangrove horseshoe crab |url=http://www.sealifebase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?ID=25 |access-date=April 23, 2011 |publisher=[[SeaLifeBase]]}}</ref>

As recently as the [[Early Pleistocene]], 2 million years ago, ''Limulus polyphemus'' inhabited the [[Kap Kobenhavn Formation]] of northern [[Greenland]], as demonstrated by [[environmental DNA]]. Around this time, the [[sea surface temperature]] would have been 8 °C warmer than the present.<ref name="Kjaer2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Kjær |first1=Kurt H. |last2=Winther Pedersen |first2=Mikkel |last3=De Sanctis |first3=Bianca |last4=De Cahsan |first4=Binia |last5=Korneliussen |first5=Thorfinn S. |last6=Michelsen |first6=Christian S. |last7=Sand |first7=Karina K. |last8=Jelavić |first8=Stanislav |last9=Ruter |first9=Anthony H. |last10=Schmidt |first10=Astrid M. A. |last11=Kjeldsen |first11=Kristian K. |last12=Tesakov |first12=Alexey S. |last13=Snowball |first13=Ian |last14=Gosse |first14=John C. |last15=Alsos |first15=Inger G. |date=December 2022 |title=A 2-million-year-old ecosystem in Greenland uncovered by environmental DNA |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=612 |issue=7939 |pages=283–291 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05453-y |pmid=36477129 |pmc=9729109 |bibcode=2022Natur.612..283K |issn=1476-4687}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pappas |first=Stephanie |title=World's Oldest DNA Discovered, Revealing Ancient Arctic Forest Full of Mastodons |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/worlds-oldest-dna-discovered-revealing-ancient-arctic-forest-full-of-mastodons/ |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=Scientific American |language=en}}</ref>

=== Past adaptation to freshwater ===
According to a phylogeny from 2015, now-extinct [[xiphosura]]ns traveled to [[Fresh water|freshwater]] at least five times throughout history.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Lamsdell |first=James C. |date=November 2015 |editor-last=Zhang |editor-first=Xi-Guang |title=Horseshoe crab phylogeny and independent colonizations of fresh water: ecological invasion as a driver for morphological innovation |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pala.12220 |journal=Palaeontology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=181–194 |bibcode=2016Palgy..59..181L |doi=10.1111/pala.12220 |issn=0031-0239}}</ref> This same transition happened twice in the horseshoe crabs ''[[Victalimulus]]'' and ''[[Limulitella]]'', with both inhabiting environments such as swamps and rivers.<ref name=":4" />

== Behavior and life history ==

=== Diet ===
Horseshoe crabs eat primarily [[Annelid|worms]] and [[Mollusca|mollusks]] living on the ocean floor. They may also feed on [[crustacean]]s and even small [[fish]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-18 |title=Horseshoe Crabs |publisher=MarineBio Conservation Society |url=https://www.marinebio.org/species/horseshoe-crabs/limulus-polyphemus/ |access-date=2022-01-23 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304113900/https://www.marinebio.org/species/horseshoe-crabs/limulus-polyphemus/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Foraging usually takes place at night.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Whitaker |first1=David |title=Horseshoe Crabs |url=https://www.dnr.sc.gov/marine/pub/seascience/horseshoecrab.html |website=South Carolina Department of Natural Resources |access-date=26 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Horseshoe Crab |url=https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Invertebrates/Horseshoe-Crab |website=National Wildlife Federation |access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref>

=== Locomotion ===
[[File:Limulus_swimming.png|thumb|300x300px|Horseshoe crab swimming position]]
Horseshoe crabs live a primarily [[Benthic zone|benthic]] lifestyle, preferring to stay at the water's bottom. However, they're also known to swim.<ref name=":05">{{cite journal |year=1970 |title=Observations on the Swimming, Righting, and Burrowing Movements of Young Horseshoe Crabs, Limulus Polyphemus |journal=The Ohio Journal of Science |volume=70 |issue=5 |pages=276–283 |editor=Vosatka |hdl=1811/5558}}</ref> This behavior is widespread in young individuals or those traveling to the shore to [[Reproduction|breed]].<ref name=":05" /> Horseshoe crabs swim upside-down with their bodies pointed downwards at an angle. They use their [[telson]] as a [[rudder]], changing direction towards where it moved.<ref name=":05" /> To swim, the animal's retracted legs move to the front of its [[cephalothorax]], extend, and stroke towards the back. This motion happens in unison with the genital operculum and the first three pairs of [[book gill]]s.<ref name=":05" /> While the front appendages reset, the back two book gills perform a smaller stroke.<ref name=":05" />

Horseshoe crabs have a variety of ways to right or flip themselves over.<ref name=":05" /> The most common method involves the animal arching its [[opisthosoma]] towards the [[carapace]] and balancing its [[telson]] on the substrate. The animal then moves the telson while beating its [[Arthropod leg|legs]] and [[Book gill|gills]]. This causes the animal to tilt and eventually flip over.<ref name=":05" /> Furthermore, horseshoe crabs can right themselves while swimming. This method involves the animal swimming to the bottom, rolling on its side, and touching the bottom with its pusher legs while still in the water column.<ref name=":05" />

=== Growth and development ===
[[File:Limulus_polyphemus_(YPM_IZ_076994)_003.jpeg|left|thumb|300x300px|Horseshoe crab "trilobite" larva]]
Baby horseshoe crabs begin their lives as a "trilobite larvae", a name given due to their resemblance to a [[trilobite]].<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=559}} Upon hatching, [[larva]] typically measure around {{convert|1|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} long. Their [[telson]] is small, and they lack three pairs of [[book gill]]s.<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=559}} In all other respects, the larvae appear like minuscule adults.<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=559}} Baby horseshoe crabs can swim and burrow in sediment after emerging from their [[egg]].<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=559}}

As the larvae [[Moulting|molt]] into juveniles, their telson gets longer and they gain their missing book gills. Juveniles can attain a [[carapace]] width of around {{convert|4|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} in their first year. For each molt, the juvenile will grow about 33% larger.<ref name=":07">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cartwright-Taylor L, Lee J, Hsu CC |year=2009 |title=Population structure and breeding pattern of the mangrove horseshoe crab ''Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda'' in Singapore |url=https://www.int-res.com/articles/ab2009/8/b008p061.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Aquatic Biology |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=61–69 |doi=10.3354/ab00206 |bibcode=2009AquaB...8...61C |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801193152/https://www.int-res.com/articles/ab2009/8/b008p061.pdf |archive-date=2020-08-01 |access-date=2020-01-27 |doi-access=free}}</ref> This process continues until the animal reaches its adult size.<ref name=":07" />

When mature, female horseshoe crabs are typically 20–30% larger than males.<ref name="Zaldivar20092">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/biologyconservat00tana |title=Biology and Conservation of Horseshoe Crabs |vauthors=Zaldívar-Rae J, Sapién-Silva RE, Rosales-Raya M, Brockmann HJ |publisher=Springer |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-387-89958-9 |editor1=J.T. Tanacredi |pages=[https://archive.org/details/biologyconservat00tana/page/n114 97]–113 |chapter=American horseshoe crabs, Limulus polyphemus, in México: open possibilities |editor2=M.L. Botton |editor3=D.R. Smith |url-access=limited}}</ref> The smallest species is the [[mangrove horseshoe crab]] (''C. rotundicauda'') and the largest is the [[Tachypleus tridentatus|tri-spine horseshoe crab]] (''T. tridentatus'').<ref name="AboutTheSpecies2">{{cite web |title=About the Species |url=http://www.horseshoecrab.org/nh/species.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212205702/http://www.horseshoecrab.org/nh/species.html |archive-date=12 February 2007 |access-date=26 June 2018 |publisher=The Horseshoe Crab}}</ref>

On average, males of ''C. rotundicauda'' are about {{convert|30|cm|in|0|abbr=off|sp=us}} long, including a [[telson]] that is about {{convert|15|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}, and a [[carapace]] about {{convert|15|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} wide.<ref name="Srijaya20102">{{cite journal |vauthors=Srijaya TC, Pradeep PJ, Mithun S, Hassan A, Shaharom F, Chatterji A |year=2010 |title=A New Record on the Morphometric Variations in the Populations of Horseshoe Crab (Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda Latreille) Obtained from Two Different Ecological Habitats of Peninsular Malaysia |journal=Our Nature |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=204–211 |doi=10.3126/on.v8i1.4329 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Some southern populations (in the [[Yucatán Peninsula]]) of ''L. polyphemus'' are somewhat smaller, but otherwise, this species is larger.<ref name="Zaldivar20092" /> In the largest species, ''T. tridentatus'', females can reach as much as {{convert|79.5|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} long, including their telson, and up to {{convert|4|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} in weight.<ref name="Manca20172">{{cite journal |vauthors=Manca A, Mohamad F, Ahmad A, Sofa MF, Ismail N |year=2017 |title=Tri-spine horseshoe crab, Tachypleus tridentatus (L.) in Sabah, Malaysia: the adult body sizes and population estimate |journal=Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=355–361 |doi=10.1016/j.japb.2017.04.011 |doi-access=free}}</ref> This is only about {{convert|10-20|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} longer than the largest females of ''L. polyphemus'' and ''T. gigas'', but roughly twice the weight.<ref name="WAZA2">{{cite web |title=Horseshoe Crab (Limulus polyphemus) |url=http://www.waza.org/en/zoo/choose-a-species/invertebrates/other-aquatic-invertebrates/limulus-polyphemus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703001436/http://www.waza.org/en/zoo/choose-a-species/invertebrates/other-aquatic-invertebrates/limulus-polyphemus |archive-date=3 July 2017 |access-date=26 June 2018 |publisher=[[World Association of Zoos and Aquariums|WAZA]]}}</ref><ref name="Jawahir20172">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jawahir AR, Samsur M, Shabdin ML, Rahim KA |year=2017 |title=Morphometric allometry of horseshoe crab, Tachypleus gigas at west part of Sarawak waters, Borneo, East Malaysia |journal=AACL Bioflux |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=18–24}}</ref>

=== Reproduction ===
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Horseshoe crab mating.jpg
| caption1 = Horseshoe crabs mating
| image2 = Horseshoe crab eggs in hand (4035580656).jpg
| caption2 = Horseshoe crab eggs
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During the breeding season (spring and summer in the [[Northeastern United States|Northeast US]], year-round in warmer locations) horseshoe crabs migrate to shallow coastal waters.<ref name=":062">{{cite web |title=Facts About Horseshoe Crabs and FAQ |url=https://myfwc.com/research/saltwater/crustaceans/horseshoe-crabs/facts/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604075903/https://myfwc.com/research/saltwater/crustaceans/horseshoe-crabs/facts/ |archive-date=4 June 2023 |access-date=19 January 2020 |publisher=[[Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission]]}}</ref> Nesting typically happens at [[high tide]]s around [[Full moon|full]] or [[new moon]]s.<ref name=":062" /> When nesting, they spawn on beaches and [[salt marsh]]es.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sasson |first1=Daniel A |last2=Chabot |first2=Christopher C |last3=Mattei |first3=Jennifer H |last4=Brunson |first4=Jeff F |last5=Hall |first5=Fletcher K |last6=Huber |first6=Jeanette H |last7=Kasinak |first7=Jo-Marie E |last8=McShane |first8=Cole |last9=Puckette |first9=Paul T |last10=Sundin |first10=Gary |last11=Kingsley-Smith |first11=Peter R |last12=Kendrick |first12=Michael R |date=April 2024 |title=The American horseshoe crab ( Limulus polyphemus ) spawns regularly in salt marshes |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment |language=en |volume=22 |issue=5 |article-number=e2738 |bibcode=2024FrEE...22E2738S |doi=10.1002/fee.2738 |issn=1540-9295 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

When mating, the smaller male clings to the back or [[opisthosoma]] of the larger female using specialized [[pedipalp]]s.<ref name=":062" /> This typically leaves scars, the absence of which allows younger females to be easily identified.<ref>{{cite web |date=2002 |title=The Horseshoe Crab, limulus polyphemus: 200 Millions Years of Existence, 100 Years of study |url=http://nsmn1.uh.edu/dgraur/popbio/horseshoe%20crab,%20Limulus%20polyphemus%20200%20million%20years%20of%20existence,%20100%20years%20of%20study.pdf/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111230436/http://nsmn1.uh.edu/dgraur/popbio/horseshoe%20crab,%20Limulus%20polyphemus%20200%20million%20years%20of%20existence,%20100%20years%20of%20study.pdf |archive-date=11 November 2020 |access-date=3 February 2020}}</ref> In the meantime, the female digs a hole in the [[sediment]] and lays between 2,000 and 30,000 large [[egg]]s.<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=559}} Unusual for [[arthropod]]s, fertilization is done externally.<ref name=":42" />{{Rp|page=559}} In most species, procreation is done by both the main and additional "satellite males".<ref name=":062" /> Satellite males surround the main pair and may have some success fertilizing eggs.<ref name=":062" /> In ''[[Limulus|L. polyphemus]]'', the eggs take about two weeks to hatch with shore birds eating many of them in the process.<ref name=":062" />

Natural breeding of horseshoe crabs in captivity has proven to be difficult.<ref name=":922">{{cite journal |vauthors=Funkhouser D |date=April 15, 2011 |title=Crab love nest |journal=[[Scientific American]] |volume=304 |issue=4 |page=29 |bibcode=2011SciAm.304d..29F |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0411-29}}</ref> Some evidence indicates that mating takes place only in the presence of the [[sand]] or [[mud]] in which horseshoe crab [[egg]]s have previously hatched.<ref name=":922" /> However, it is not known with certainty what the animals sense in the sand, how they sense it, or why they mate only in its presence.<ref name=":922" /> In contrast, [[artificial insemination]] and induced spawning have been done since the 1980s.<ref name=":422">{{Cite book |last1=Brown |first1=George Gordon |url=https://archive.org/details/marineinvertebra0000unse |title=Procedures for maintaining adults, collecting gametes, and culturing embryos and juveniles of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus L. |last2=Clapper |first2=David L. |date=1981 |publisher=Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn= 978-0-309-03134-9|pages= |language=English}}</ref> Additionally, [[egg]]s and juveniles collected from the wild can easily be raised to adulthood in a captive environment.<ref name="Chen201022">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen Y, Lau CW, Cheung SG, Ke CH, Shin PK |year=2010 |title=Enhanced growth of juvenile Tachypleus tridentatus (Chelicerata: Xiphosura) in the laboratory: a step towards population restocking for conservation of the species |journal=Aquatic Biology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=37–40 |doi=10.3354/ab00289 |bibcode=2010AquaB..11...37C |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Carmichael |first1=Ruth H. |last2=Brush |first2=Erik |date=2012 |title=Three decades of horseshoe crab rearing: a review of conditions for captive growth and survival |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1753-5131.2012.01059.x |journal=Reviews in Aquaculture |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=32–43 |doi=10.1111/j.1753-5131.2012.01059.x |bibcode=2012RvAq....4...32C |issn=1753-5123 |via=Wiley Online Library|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Relationship with humans ==

=== Consumption ===
[[File:Horseshoe_Crab_in_Si_Racha.jpg|thumb|Horseshoe crab being served in [[Thailand]] ([[Si Racha]], [[Chonburi province|Chonburi Province]], 2007)]]
Though they have little meat, horseshoe crabs are valued as a delicacy in some parts of [[East Asia|East]] and [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name=":22" /> The meat is white, has a rubbery texture similar to that of [[lobster]]s, and possesses a slightly salty aftertaste.<ref name=":22" /> Horseshoe crab can be eaten both raw and [[Cooking|cooked]], but must be properly prepared to prevent [[Food poisioning|food poisoning]].<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |date=2022-10-31 |title=Can You Eat Horseshoe Crab and How Does It Taste? - American Oceans |url=https://www.americanoceans.org/blog/can-you-eat-horseshoe-crab/ |access-date=2024-07-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> Furthermore, only certain species can be eaten. There have been numerous reports of poisonings after consuming [[mangrove horseshoe crab]]s (''Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda'') as its meat contains [[tetrodotoxin]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kanchanapongkul |first1=J. |last2=Krittayapoositpot |first2=P. |date=June 1995 |title=An epidemic of tetrodotoxin poisoning following ingestion of the horseshoe crab Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda |journal=The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=364–367 |issn=0125-1562 |pmid=8629077}}</ref>

While horseshoe crab meat is commonly prepared by [[grilling]] or [[stew]]ing, it can also be [[Pickling|pickled]] in vinegar or [[Stir frying|stir-fried]] with [[vegetable]]s.<ref name=":22" /> Many recipes involve the use of various [[spice]]s, [[herb]]s, and [[Chili pepper|chilies]] to give the dish more flavor.<ref name=":22" />

In addition to their [[meat]], horseshoe crabs are valued for their [[egg]]s.<ref name=":22" /> Much like the meat, only the eggs of specific species can be eaten. The eggs of [[mangrove horseshoe crab]]s contain [[tetrodotoxin]] and will result in [[Food poisioning|food poisoning]] if consumed.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kungsuwan A, Suvapeepan S, Suwansakornkul P, Shida Y, Suvapeepan S,Suwansakornkul P, Hashimoto K |year=1987 |title=Tetrodotoxin in the Horseshoe Crab ''Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda'' Inhabiting Thailand |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/suisan1932/53/2/53_2_261/_pdf |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=261–266 |doi=10.2331/suisan.53.261 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801180247/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/suisan1932/53/2/53_2_261/_pdf |archive-date=2020-08-01 |access-date=2014-04-21 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Use in fisheries ===
In the [[United States]], horseshoe crabs are used as bait to fish for [[eel]]s, [[whelk]], or [[conch]].<ref name=":11" /> Nearly 1 million crabs are harvested yearly for bait in the United States, dwarfing the biomedical mortality.<ref name=":11" /> However, fishing with horseshoe crab was banned indefinitely in [[New Jersey]] in 2008 with a moratorium on harvesting to protect the [[red knot]], a shorebird that eats the crabs' eggs.<ref name=":11">{{cite news |date=25 March 2008 |title=N.J. law protects horseshoe crabs |url=https://www.upi.com/NJ-law-protects-horseshoe-crabs/55701206482051/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727212137/https://www.upi.com/NJ-law-protects-horseshoe-crabs/55701206482051/ |archive-date=27 July 2018 |access-date=27 July 2018 |work=UPI |language=en}}</ref> A ban on catching female crabs was put in place in [[Delaware]], and a permanent moratorium is in effect in [[South Carolina]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Horseshoe crab sanctuary advocates say DNREC must enforce harvesting rules |url=https://www.delawarepublic.org/show/the-green/2024-04-05/horseshoe-crab-sanctuary-advocates-say-dnrec-must-enforce-harvesting-rules |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Delaware First Media |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Horseshoe crab |url=http://dnr.sc.gov/marine/mrri/acechar/speciesgallery/Invertebrates/HorseshoeCrab/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331011315/http://www.dnr.sc.gov/marine/mrri/acechar/speciesgallery/Invertebrates/HorseshoeCrab/index.html |archive-date=March 31, 2016 |access-date=2011-06-06 |work=SC DNR species gallery}}</ref>

=== Use in medicine ===
The blood of a horseshoe crab contains cells known as [[amebocyte]]s.<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |last1=Rupert |first1=Edward E. |url=http://archive.org/details/isbn_9780030259821 |title=Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach |last2=Fox |first2=Richard S. |last3=Barnes |first3=Robert D. |date=2004 |publisher=Belmont, CA : Thomson-Brooks/Cole |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-03-025982-1 |page=558}}</ref> These play a similar role to the [[white blood cell]]s of [[vertebrate]]s in defending the organism against [[pathogen]]s.<ref name=":7" /> Amebocytes from the [[blood]] of [[Atlantic horseshoe crab|''Limulus polyphemus'']] are used to make [[Limulus amebocyte lysate]] (LAL), which is used for the detection of [[bacteria]]l endotoxins in medical applications.<ref name=":7">{{cite web |url=http://www.horseshoecrab.org/med/med.html |title=The horseshoe crab and public health |website=HorseshoeCrab.org |access-date=2011-04-05 |archive-date=2001-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011021145232/http://www.horseshoecrab.org/med/med.html |url-status=live }}</ref> There is a high demand for blood, the harvest of which involves collecting the animals, bleeding them, and then releasing them back into the sea.<ref name="Hurton" /> Most of the animals survive the process; mortality is correlated with both the amount of blood extracted from an individual animal and the stress experienced during handling and transportation.<ref name=Hurton>{{cite thesis | vauthors = Hurton L |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36231 |title=Reducing post-bleeding mortality of horseshoe crabs (''Limulus polyphemus'') used in the biomedical industry |degree=[[Master of Science|M.Sc.]] |publisher=[[Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University]] |year=2003 |hdl=10919/36231 |access-date=2020-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622155603/http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-12172003-122534/unrestricted/HurtonThesis.pdf |archive-date=2013-06-22 }}</ref> Estimates of mortality rates following blood harvesting vary from 3–15%<ref name=pbsbenefits>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/crash-a-tale-of-two-species-the-benefits-of-blue-blood/595/|title=Crash: A Tale of Two Species – The Benefits of Blue Blood – Nature – PBS|website=[[PBS]]|date=10 June 2008|access-date=31 August 2017|archive-date=10 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010224324/https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/crash-a-tale-of-two-species/the-benefits-of-blue-blood/595/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Eisner 2023">{{cite web |last=Eisner |first=Chiara |title=Coastal biomedical labs are bleeding more horseshoe crabs with little accountability |website=NPR |date=2023-06-10 |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/06/10/1180761446/coastal-biomedical-labs-are-bleeding-more-horseshoe-crabs-with-little-accountabi |access-date=2023-06-10 |archive-date=2023-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610124711/https://www.npr.org/2023/06/10/1180761446/coastal-biomedical-labs-are-bleeding-more-horseshoe-crabs-with-little-accountabi |url-status=live }}</ref> to 10–30%.<ref>[https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/print/2014/02/the-blood-harvest/284078/ The Blood Harvest] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724234237/http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/print/2014/02/the-blood-harvest/284078/ |date=2014-07-24 }} [[The Atlantic]], 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite book| veditors = Carmichael RH, Botton ML, Shin PK, Cheung SG |title=Changing Global Perspectives on Horseshoe Crab Biology, Conservation and Management|date=2015|publisher=Springer International Publishing}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|vauthors=Chesler C|title=Medical Labs May Be Killing Horseshoe Crabs|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/medical-labs-may-be-killing-horseshoe-crabs/|website=Scientific American|access-date=10 May 2018|archive-date=9 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609171852/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/medical-labs-may-be-killing-horseshoe-crabs/|url-status=live}}</ref> Approximately 500,000 ''Limulus'' are harvested annually for this purpose.<ref>{{cite news|vauthors=Chesler C|title=The Blood of the Crab|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/health/a26038/the-blood-of-the-crab/|access-date=16 April 2017|work=[[Popular Mechanics]]|issue=13 April 2017|archive-date=4 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504032659/https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/health/a26038/the-blood-of-the-crab/|url-status=live}}</ref>
According to the biomedical industry, up to 30% of an individual's blood is removed. [[NPR]] disagrees with this claim, reporting that it "can deplete them of more than half their volume of blue blood".<ref name="Eisner 2023"/>
Bleeding may prevent female horseshoe crabs from being able to [[Spawn (biology)|spawn]] or may decrease the number of eggs they can lay.<ref name="Eisner 2023" />
It has been found that harvesting blood from horseshoe crabs drastically impacts their percent daily activity, decreasing their overall movement.<ref name="Anderson, Watson, & Chabot 2013 pp=137–151">{{cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=Rebecca L. |last2=Watson |first2=Winsor H. |last3=Chabot |first3=Christopher C. |title=Sublethal Behavioral and Physiological Effects of the Biomedical Bleeding Process on the American Horseshoe Crab, Limulus polyphemus |journal=The Biological Bulletin |volume=225 |issue=3 |date=2013 |issn=0006-3185 |pmid=24445440 |pmc=4079546 |doi=10.1086/BBLv225n3p137 |doi-access=free |pages=137–151}}</ref>

The horseshoe crabs spend between one and three days away from the ocean before being returned.<ref name=":9" /> As long as the gills stay moist, they can survive on land for four days.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |url=https://www.fws.gov/northeast/pdf/horseshoe.fs.pdf |title=The Horseshoe Crab - US Fish and Wildlife Service |access-date=2020-07-10 |archive-date=2020-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902081546/https://www.fws.gov/northeast/pdf/horseshoe.fs.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Some scientists are skeptical that certain companies return their horseshoe crabs to the ocean at all, instead suspecting them of selling the horseshoe crabs as [[fishing bait]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |vauthors=Chesler C |date=June 9, 2016 |title=Medical Labs May Be Killing Horseshoe Crabs |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/medical-labs-may-be-killing-horseshoe-crabs/ |magazine=Scientific American |access-date=2017-11-03 |archive-date=2016-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609171852/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/medical-labs-may-be-killing-horseshoe-crabs/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The harvesting of horseshoe crab blood in the pharmaceutical industry is in decline.<ref name=":10" /> In 1986, [[Kyushu University]] researchers discovered that the same test could be achieved by using isolated [[Limulus clotting factor C]] (rFC), an enzyme found in LAL, as by using LAL itself.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Iwanaga S, Morita T, Miyata T, Nakamura T, Aketagawa J |date=1986-08-01|title=The hemolymph coagulation system in invertebrate animals|journal=Journal of Protein Chemistry|language=en|volume=5|issue=4|pages=255–268|doi=10.1007/bf01025424|s2cid=84664449|issn=0277-8033}}</ref> Jeak Ling Ding, a [[National University of Singapore]] researcher, patented a process for manufacturing rFC; on 8 May 2003, synthetic isolated rFC made via her patented process became available for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nus.edu.sg/ilo/news%26events/newsletter0312.html|title=PyroGene: Licensing Success|date=8 May 2003|website=National University of Singapore|access-date=2018-09-01|archive-date=2018-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514164959/http://www.nus.edu.sg/ilo/news%26events/newsletter0312.html}}</ref> Industry at first took little interest in the new product, however, as it was patent-encumbered, not yet approved by regulators, and sold by a single manufacturer, [[Lonza Group]].<ref name="Eisner 2023" /> In 2013, however, Hyglos GmbH also began manufacturing its own rFC product.<ref name="Eisner 2023" /> This, combined with the acceptance of rFC by European regulators, the comparable cost between LAL and rFC, and support from [[Eli Lilly and Company]], which committed to using rFC in lieu of LAL,<ref name="Eisner 2023"/> is projected to all but end the practice of blood harvesting from horseshoe crabs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/05/blood-in-the-water/559229/|title=The Last Days of the Blue-Blood Harvest|vauthors=Zhang S|date=2018-05-09|work=The Atlantic|access-date=2018-09-01|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908095513/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/05/blood-in-the-water/559229/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Amgen and Abbott Laboratories announced in February 2026 that they’re transitioning away from horseshoe crab blood for biomedical testing.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.mongabay.com/short-article/2026/03/pharmaceutical-companies-move-away-from-horseshoe-crab-biomedical-testing/}}</ref>

[[History of COVID-19 vaccine development|Vaccine research and development]] during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]<ref name="Pavid 2020">{{cite web |last=Pavid |first=Katie |date=2020-12-03 |title=Horseshoe crab blood: the miracle vaccine ingredient that's saved millions of lives |url=https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/horseshoe-crab-blood-miracle-vaccine-ingredient.html |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=Natural History Museum}}</ref> has added an additional "strain on the American horseshoe crab."<ref name="Iovenko 2021">{{cite web |last=Iovenko |first=Chris |date=2021-12-17 |title=The fight to save horseshoe crabs from the biomedical industry |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/12/17/22840263/horseshoe-crab-blood-medical-industry-controversy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218140651/https://www.theverge.com/2021/12/17/22840263/horseshoe-crab-blood-medical-industry-controversy |archive-date=18 December 2021 |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=The Verge }}</ref><ref name="Eisner 2023" /> In December 2019, a report of the [[US Senate]] which encouraged the [[Food and Drug Administration]] to "establish processes for evaluating alternative pyrogenicity tests and report back [to the Senate] on steps taken to increase their use" was released;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/congressional-report/116th-congress/senate-report/110/1|title=S. Rept. 116-110 - Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 2020|website=United States Congress|access-date=2020-01-18|archive-date=2020-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415035937/https://www.congress.gov/congressional-report/116th-congress/senate-report/110/1|url-status=live}}</ref> [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals|PETA]] backed the report.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.peta.org/media/news-releases/peta-statement-u-s-spending-bill/|title=PETA Statement: U.S. Spending Bill|date=2019-12-20|website=PETA|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-18|archive-date=2020-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415025454/https://www.peta.org/media/news-releases/peta-statement-u-s-spending-bill/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2020, it was reported that [[U.S. Pharmacopeia]] had declined to give rFC equal standing with horseshoe crab blood.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fox|first=Alex|title=The Race for a Coronavirus Vaccine Runs on Horseshoe Crab Blood|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/race-coronavirus-vaccine-runs-horseshoe-crab-blood-180975048/|access-date=2020-06-09|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en|archive-date=2020-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608165805/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/race-coronavirus-vaccine-runs-horseshoe-crab-blood-180975048/|url-status=live}}</ref> Without the approval for the classification as an industry standard testing material, U.S. companies will have to overcome the scrutiny of showing that rFC is safe and effective for their desired uses, which may serve as a deterrent for usage of the horseshoe crab blood substitute.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-05-30|title=Drugs standards group nixes plan to kick pharma's crab blood habit|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lonza-crabs-idUSKBN2360MB|access-date=2020-06-09|archive-date=2020-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609031027/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lonza-crabs-idUSKBN2360MB|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Conservation status ==
Development along shorelines is dangerous to horseshoe crab [[Spawn (biology)|spawning]], limiting available space and degrading habitat. [[Bulkhead (barrier)|Bulkheads]] can block access to intertidal spawning regions as well.<ref>{{cite web |title=Conservation |url=http://www.horseshoecrab.org/con/con.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509012212/http://horseshoecrab.org/con/con.html |archive-date=2016-05-09 |access-date=2016-05-19 |publisher=ERDG}}</ref>

The population of [[Tachypleus gigas|Indo-Pacific horseshoe crabs]] (''Tachypleus gigas'') in [[Malaysia]] and [[Indonesia]] has decreased dramatically since 2010. This is primarily due to overharvesting, as horseshoe crabs are considered a delicacy in countries like [[Thailand]]. The individuals most likely to be targeted are [[Gravidity and parity|gravid]] females, as they can be sold for both their [[meat]] and [[egg]]s. This method of harvesting has led to an unbalanced sex ratio in the wild, something that also contributes to the area's declining population.<ref name=":12">{{cite journal |vauthors=John A, Shin PK, Botton ML, Gauvry G, Cheung SG, Laurie K |date=2021-01-01 |title=Conservation of Asian horseshoe crabs on spotlight |journal=Biodiversity and Conservation |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=253–256 |bibcode=2021BiCon..30..253J |doi=10.1007/s10531-020-02078-3 |pmc=7651794 |pmid=33191986 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Because of habitat destruction for shoreline development, use in fishing, [[plastic pollution]], status as a culinary delicacy, and use in research and medicine, the horseshoe crab faces both [[Endangered species|endangered]] and [[Extinction|extinct]] statuses. One species, the [[Tachypleus tridentatus|tri-spine horseshoe crab]] (''Tachypleus tridentatus''), has already been declared locally extinct in [[Taiwan]]. Facing a greater than 90% decrease in ''T. tridentatus'' juveniles, it is suspected that [[Hong Kong]] will be the next to declare tri-spine horseshoe crabs as extinct from the area. This species is listed as endangered on the [[IUCN Red List]], specifically because of the [[overexploitation]] and loss of critical habitat.<ref name=":12" />

To preserve and ensure the continuous supply of horseshoe crabs, a breeding center was built in [[Johor]], [[Malaysia]] where animals are bred and released back into the ocean in the thousands once every two years.<ref name=":732">{{cite news |date=13 December 2020 |title=Horseshoe crab business still a hit despite pandemic |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/12/13/horseshoe-crab-business-still-a-hit-despite-pandemic |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423154808/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/12/13/horseshoe-crab-business-still-a-hit-despite-pandemic |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=18 July 2021 |work=The Star}}</ref> It is estimated to take around 12 years before they are suitable for consumption.<ref name=":732" />

A low horseshoe crab population in [[Delaware Bay]] is hypothesized to endanger the future of the [[red knot]]. Red knots, long-distance [[Migration (ecology)|migratory]] shorebirds, feed on the protein-rich eggs during their stopovers on the beaches of New Jersey and Delaware.<ref>{{cite news |date=March 26, 2008 |title=Red knots get to feast on horseshoe crab eggs |url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/mar2008/2008-03-26-093.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924012046/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/mar2008/2008-03-26-093.html |archive-date=2015-09-24 |access-date=2011-01-19 |publisher=[[Environment News Service]]}}</ref> An effort is ongoing to develop adaptive-management plans to regulate horseshoe crab harvests in the bay in a way that protects migrating shorebirds.<ref>{{cite web |date=October 26, 2011 |title=Critter Class Hodge Podge (Horseshoe crabs and Wooly Bears) |url=http://wildlifecenter.org/sites/default/files/cam_archives/26OCT_Hodge-Podge.pdf |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402150616/http://wildlifecenter.org/sites/default/files/cam_archives/26OCT_Hodge-Podge.pdf |archive-date=2015-04-02 |access-date=2015-03-09 |publisher=The Wildlife Center}}</ref> In 2023, the [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service|US Fish and Wildlife Service]] halted the harvesting of horseshoe crabs in the [[Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge]], [[South Carolina]], from March 15 to July 15 to aid their reproduction.<ref name="Whittle 2023" /> This decision was influenced by the importance of horseshoe crab eggs as a food source for [[migratory bird]]s, the ongoing use of horseshoe crabs for bait, and the use of their [[blood]] in medical products.<ref name="Whittle 2023" /> The ban supports the conservation goals of the refuge, spanning 66,000 acres (26,700 hectares) of marshes, beaches, and islands near Charleston.<ref name="Whittle 2023">{{Cite web |last=Whittle |first=Patrick |date=August 10, 2023 |title=Harvest of horseshoe crabs, needed for blue blood, stopped during spawning season in national refuge |url=https://apnews.com/article/horseshoe-crab-blood-harvest-shutdown-refuge-1838caabdbd94d0d80a0c67f74a01caf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812194850/https://apnews.com/article/horseshoe-crab-blood-harvest-shutdown-refuge-1838caabdbd94d0d80a0c67f74a01caf |archive-date=August 12, 2023 |access-date=August 12, 2023 |publisher=AP News}}</ref>

== References ==

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
{{Portal|Arthropods}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=King-Crab|volume=15|pages=807–808|first=Reginald Innes|last=Pocock|author-link=R. I. Pocock}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links
|wikt=yes |c=yes |n=no |q=no |s=yes |b=no |v=no
|species=yes |d=yes
}}
* [https://horseshoecrab.org/ The Horseshoe Crab - Detailed information about horseshoe crabs]
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/16/opinion/drug-safety-horsehoe-crab.html When the Horseshoe Crabs Are Gone, We'll Be in Trouble. New York Times 2023]
* [http://www.acciusa.com/bet/update/index.html LAL Update]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100721002111/http://www.sciencefriday.com/program/archives/201007164 Science Friday Video: horseshoe crab season]
* [http://ocean.si.edu/blog/flu-season-thank-horseshoe-crab Horseshoe crab at the Smithsonian Ocean Portal]
* [http://www.horseshoecrab.org/med/med.html The Horseshoe Crab – Medical Uses; The Ecological Research & Development Group (ERDG)]
* [http://redknot.org/ RedKnot.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415233855/http://www.redknot.org/ |date=2014-04-15 }} links to shorebird recovery sites, movies, events & other info on Red Knot rufa & horseshoe crabs.
* [http://thefreaky.net/freaky-and-weird/crab-bleeders/ Crab Bleeders] Article about the men who bleed horseshoe crabs for science.
* [http://naturedocumentaries.org/96/horseshoe-crabs-mating-Maine/ Day time mating of horseshoe crabs in Maine]
* [https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/05/blood-in-the-water/559229/ Sarah Zhang, The Last Days of the Blue-Blood Harvest, The Atlantic, May 9, 2018]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1329239}}

[[Category:Extant Ordovician first appearances]]
[[Category:Xiphosura]]

Hari Hara Veera Mallu

2026-03-22T09:49:22Z

Raunak Shankhwar:

{{short description|2025 Indian film by Krish Jagarlamudi}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = HHVM - New release date.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = {{Plain list|
* [[A. M. Jyothi Krishna]]<ref>{{Cite web |date= 2 May 2024 |title= Hari Hara Veera Mallu: Pawan Kalyan's period drama has a new director; everything that happened with the film so far |url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/hari-hara-veera-mallu-pawan-kalyan-s-period-drama-new-director-krish-jyothi-krishna-101714636045893.html |website= [[Hindustan Times]] |access-date= 26 February 2025 |archive-date= 2 May 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240502105647/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/hari-hara-veera-mallu-pawan-kalyan-s-period-drama-new-director-krish-jyothi-krishna-101714636045893.html |url-status= live }}</ref>
* [[Krish Jagarlamudi]]
}}
| writer = {{Plain list|
* A. M. Jyothi Krishna
* Krish Jagarlamudi
}}
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{Ubl |[[Sai Madhav Burra]]}}
}}
| producer = {{Plain list|
* A. Dayakar Rao
* [[A. M. Rathnam]]
}}
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[Pawan Kalyan]]
* [[Nidhhi Agerwal]]
* [[Bobby Deol]]
}}
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cinematography = {{Plain list|
* [[Manoj Paramahamsa]]
* [[Gnana Shekar V. S.]]
}}
| editing = [[Praveen K. L.]]
| studio = [[A. M. Rathnam|Mega Surya Production]]
| distributor = [[#Distribution|see below]]
| released = {{Film date|2025|07|24|df=y}}
| runtime = 161 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/hari-hara-veera-mallu-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdmxntcz|title=Hari Hara Veera Mallu|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|access-date=23 July 2025|archive-date=3 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250903110617/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/hari-hara-veera-mallu-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdmxntcz|url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = [[India]]
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR|250–300 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=7 June 2025 |title=Hari Hara Veera Mallu - 'హ‌రిహ‌ర వీర‌మ‌ల్లు' బ‌డ్జెట్ రూ.250 కోట్లు : ద‌ర్శ‌కుడు జ్యోతికృష్ణ |url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/harihara-veeramallu-budget-is-rs-250-crores-director-jyothikrishna-2025196 |access-date=22 June 2025 |website=Namathe Telangana |language=en |archive-date=22 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622060054/https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/harihara-veeramallu-budget-is-rs-250-crores-director-jyothikrishna-2025196 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=27 July 2025 |title=Hari Hara Veera Mallu Box Office Collection Day 3: Saturday brings marginal relief for Pawan Kalyan movie; mints... |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/hari-hara-veera-mallu-box-office-collection-day-3-saturday-brings-marginal-relief-for-pawan-kalyan-movie-mints-11753578894956.html |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=en |archive-date=23 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250823172309/https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/hari-hara-veera-mallu-box-office-collection-day-3-saturday-brings-marginal-relief-for-pawan-kalyan-movie-mints-11753578894956.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|113.85 crore}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Hari Hara Veera Mallu on OTT: Pawan Kalyan period drama to stream on Prime Video |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/hari-hara-veera-mallu-on-ott-pawan-kalyan-period-drama-to-stream-on-prime-video-2773876-2025-08-20 |website=India Today |access-date=13 October 2025 |language=en |date=20 August 2025 |archive-date=16 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251016030423/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/hari-hara-veera-mallu-on-ott-pawan-kalyan-period-drama-to-stream-on-prime-video-2773876-2025-08-20 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
'''''Hari Hara Veera Mallu: Part 1''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[historical fiction|historical]] [[action-adventure film]] written and directed by [[A. M. Jyothi Krishna]] alongside [[Krish Jagarlamudi]]<ref name="ce" /> The film stars [[Pawan Kalyan]] in the titular role, alongside [[Nidhhi Agerwal]] and [[Bobby Deol]] in prominent roles. [[Sathyaraj]], [[Easwari Rao]], [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Subbaraju]], Ayyappa P. Sharma, [[Kabir Duhan Singh]], [[Raghu Babu]], Nihar Kapoor and others feature in supporting roles. It is set in the 17th century [[Mughal Empire]] and follows Veera Mallu, a celebrated warrior who is given the mission to recover the [[Koh-i-Noor]] to rescue a city from Mughal soldiers.

The film was officially announced in January 2020 with [[principal photography]] commencing in September 2020. The film, predominantly shot in [[Hyderabad]],<ref name=":5" /> experienced several delays due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and Kalyan's political commitments, concluding only in May 2025. Initial portions of the film were directed by Jagarlamudi, while the latter portions were helmed by Krishna under the former’s supervision. The dialogues were written by [[Sai Madhav Burra]] and the music was composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]].

''Hari Hara Veera Mallu'' was released on 24 July 2025 in standard and [[Qube Cinema Technologies|EPIQ]] formats,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pawan Kalyan's Hari Hara Veera Mallu Gets A New Release Date {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/south/telugu/news/pawan-kalyan-s-film-hari-hara-veera-mallu-new-release-date-is-here-74928.html |access-date=21 June 2025 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en |archive-date=22 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622012814/https://www.filmfare.com/south/telugu/news/pawan-kalyan-s-film-hari-hara-veera-mallu-new-release-date-is-here-74928.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2025 |title=Pawan Kalyan's Hari Hara Veera Mallu Release Date Out |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/pawan-kalyans-hari-hara-veera-mallu-release-date-out-1879218 |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en |archive-date=17 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517070904/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/pawan-kalyans-hari-hara-veera-mallu-release-date-out-1879218 |url-status=live }}</ref> and opened to negative reviews.<ref name="m212">{{cite web | last=Iqbal | first=Murtuza | title=Hari Hara Veera Mallu Box Office Collection Day 2 Prediction: After A Very Good Start, Pawan Kalyan Starrer To Show A Huge Drop On Friday | website=Free Press Journal | date=25 July 2025 | url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/hari-hara-veera-mallu-box-office-collection-day-2-prediction-after-a-very-good-start-pawan-kalyan-starrer-to-show-a-huge-drop-on-friday | access-date=26 July 2025 | quote=However, as the reviews were negative and even the word of mouth was not good, Hari Hara Veera Mallu is going to show a huge drop at the box office on its day 2, Friday. | archive-date=26 July 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250726161733/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/hari-hara-veera-mallu-box-office-collection-day-2-prediction-after-a-very-good-start-pawan-kalyan-starrer-to-show-a-huge-drop-on-friday | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/pawan-kalyans-big-screen-comeback-hari-hara-veera-mallu-review/cid/2114828|title='Disappointing': Pawan Kalyan's comeback film 'Hari Hara Veera Mallu' gets a thumbs down|website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]|access-date=24 July 2025|archive-date=24 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724092158/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/pawan-kalyans-big-screen-comeback-hari-hara-veera-mallu-review/cid/2114828|url-status=live}}</ref> While the action sequences and performances were praised, the visual effects and tonal inconsistencies received widespread criticism.<ref name="y172">{{cite web | last=Kodur | first=Swaroop | title=Hari Hara Veera Mallu review: Pawan Kalyan's epic is a long, loud misfire | website=The Indian Express | date=24 July 2025 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/hari-hara-veera-mallu-movie-review-pawan-kalyans-epic-is-a-long-loud-misfire-10146495/ | access-date=24 July 2025 | archive-date=24 July 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724092121/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/hari-hara-veera-mallu-movie-review-pawan-kalyans-epic-is-a-long-loud-misfire-10146495/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/telugu-cinema/hari-hara-veera-mallu-will-poor-vfx-scenes-be-removed-from-pawan-kalyans-film-ws-l-aa-aa-9462519.html|title=Hari Hara Veera Mallu: Will 'Poor' VFX Scenes Be Removed From Pawan Kalyan's Film?|website=[[News18]]|access-date=25 July 2025|archive-date=26 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250726141429/https://www.news18.com/movies/telugu-cinema/hari-hara-veera-mallu-will-poor-vfx-scenes-be-removed-from-pawan-kalyans-film-ws-l-aa-aa-9462519.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film became a box office disaster of 2025.<ref name="ntnews.com">{{Cite web |date=11 August 2025 |title=ప‌వ‌న్ క‌ళ్యాణ్ 'హ‌రిహ‌ర వీర‌మ‌ల్లు'కి రూ.100 కోట్ల న‌ష్టం.? |url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/hari-hara-veera-mallu-producer-lose-over-100-crores-2103758 |access-date=12 August 2025 |website=[[Namasthe Telangana]] |language=te |quote=....ఇప్ప‌టివరకు వ‌చ్చిన క‌లెక్ష‌న్లు రూ.106 కోట్లు |trans-quote=...so far the collections are {{INR|106 crore}} |archive-date=13 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813134951/https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/hari-hara-veera-mallu-producer-lose-over-100-crores-2103758 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
The story of Hari Hara Veera Mallu is set in [[Mughal Empire|17th-century Mughal India]], a period of immense political upheaval and power struggles. The film centers on the titular character, Hari Hara Veera Mallu (played by Pawan Kalyan), a legendary heroic warrior with a knack for robbing from the rich to help the poor—a true Robin Hood figure.

Veera Mallu's path crosses with a formidable [[Gang|gang leader]] known as Dora. Initially, their relationship is one of rivals, but they eventually form an unlikely alliance to steal a priceless collection of [[diamond]]s.

Meanwhile, the Mughal Empire is in a state of chaos. The ruthless prince [[Aurangzeb]] will stop at nothing to secure the throne. He orchestrates the murder of his own brother to eliminate a rival for power and publicly executes three other key figures by beheading them, sending a clear message of his tyrannical authority.

Back in his own world, Veera Mallu falls in love with Panchami, a beautiful and cunning woman. However, their romance is short-lived. After successfully acquiring the diamonds, Panchami betrays Veera Mallu, steals the gems, and leaves him for dead.

Veera Mallu is captured and brought before Qutb Shah, the Sultan of Golconda. Shah, recognising Veera Mallu's immense skills, offers him a chance at redemption: retrieve the legendary [[Koh-i-Noor|Koh-i-Noor diamond]] from the clutches of the tyrannical Aurangzeb.

Veera Mallu embarks on this dangerous mission with a small group of allies. As they journey toward Aurangzeb's court, one of his companions reveals a crucial piece of information to the rest of the group: Veera Mallu's true intention is not just to steal the diamond, but to confront and defeat Aurangzeb himself, fulfilling a much larger destiny. The film builds to a dramatic climax where Veera Mallu and Aurangzeb engage in a brutal, final confrontation, just as a powerful tornado descends upon them. The battle concludes with Veera Mallu hanging on tight to Aurangzeb as they are both caught in the storm hinting at a violent confrontation.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Pawan Kalyan]] as Veera Mallu
* [[Nidhhi Agerwal]] as Panchami
* [[Bobby Deol]] as [[Aurangzeb]]
* [[Sathyaraj]] as Sivananda
* [[Easwari Rao]] as Kousalya
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Subbanna
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Vissanna
* [[Subbaraju]] as Abbanna
* [[Ayyappa P. Sharma]] as Abdullah
* [[Kabir Duhan Singh]] as Gulfam Khan
* [[Raghu Babu]] as Munimanikhyam
* Nihar Kapoor as Balchi Pathan
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Peddha Dora
* [[Makarand Deshpande]] as Meera
* Benedict Garrett as Alphonse
* [[Kabir Bedi]] as Shahjahan
* [[Sachin Khedekar]] as Chinna Dora
* [[Chatrapathi Sekhar]] as Dasanna
* [[Salim Baig]] as Hakim Khan
* Pammi Sai as Chinna Poojari
* [[Ravi Prakash]]
* [[Redin Kingsley]]
* [[Adithya Menon]] as Nawab Commander
* [[Anasuya Bharadwaj]] as Vanaja
* [[Pujita Ponnada]] as Jalaja
* [[Himaja]] as Vishala
* Anil George as Moulan
* Aashit Chatterjee as Wazir
* Bobby Bedi as Osman Khan
* [[Govind Namdev]] as Guru
* Rajiv Kachroo as Dara Sikkoh
* [[Dalip Tahil]] as [[Abul Hasan Qutb Shah]]
* [[Subbaraya Sarma]] as Madanna
* [[Mir Sarwar]] as Jatt King
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Shiva
* [[Murali Sharma]] as Kasi Lingam
* [[Anudeep K. V.]]
* [[Vennela Kishore]]
}}

==Production==
===Development===
In September 2019, producer [[A. M. Rathnam]] approached [[Pawan Kalyan]], who semi-retired from films to pursue a career in politics, to star in a film directed by [[Krish Jagarlamudi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2019 |title=Pawan Kalyan to make his comeback with Krish Jagarlamudi's film? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pawan-kalyan-to-make-his-comeback-with-krish-jagarlamudi-s-film-1598327-2019-09-12 |access-date= |website=[[India Today]] |language= |archive-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829063438/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pawan-kalyan-to-make-his-comeback-with-krish-jagarlamudi-s-film-1598327-2019-09-12 |url-status=live }}</ref> Later in November, Jagarlamudi narrated Kalyan the script of a period film in which he would play a thief.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=Pawan Kalyan all set to play a thief in a period drama with director Krish? Find Out |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/pawan-kalyan-all-set-play-thief-period-drama-director-krish-find-out-494613 |access-date= |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language= |archive-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829063440/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/pawan-kalyan-all-set-play-thief-period-drama-director-krish-find-out-494613 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kalyan accepted the film in principle and underwent a look test in January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2020 |title=Pawan Kalyan does a look test for Krish Jagarlamudi directorial? Find Out |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/pawan-kalyan-does-look-test-krish-jagarlamudi-directorial-find-out-500623 |access-date= |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en |archive-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829070451/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/pawan-kalyan-does-look-test-krish-jagarlamudi-directorial-find-out-500623 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film was launched in the same month in [[Hyderabad]] at Rathnam's office. It was tentatively titled ''PSPK 27,'' intended to be Kalyan's 27th film as a lead actor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2020 |title=5 highly promising films lined up for Pawan Kalyan: PSPK27 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/5-highly-promising-films-lined-up-for-pawan-kalyan/photostory/73934690.cms |access-date= |website=The Times of India |archive-date=10 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410161122/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/5-highly-promising-films-lined-up-for-pawan-kalyan/photostory/73934690.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2020, Jagarlamudi officially confirmed through his [[Twitter]] account that a period film has been in production, marking the first collaboration between Jagarlamudi and Kalyan.<ref name="p1:ie">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/pspk-27-pawan-kalyan-film-krish-period-drama-6580039/|date=2 September 2020|title=PSPK 27: Pawan Kalyan's film with Krish is a period drama|access-date=11 March 2021|website=The Indian Express|archive-date=7 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407224606/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/pspk-27-pawan-kalyan-film-krish-period-drama-6580039/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film is set in 17th century with the backdrop of [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] and [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Qutb Shahis]]. Several titles including ''Virupaksha'', ''Hara Hara Mahadeva'' and ''Hari Hara Veeramallu'' were considered.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=12 February 2021 |title=Arjun Rampal to start shooting for PSPK 27 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/feb/12/arjun-rampal-to-start-shooting-for-pspk-27-22797.html |access-date= |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language= |archive-date=16 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216133004/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/feb/12/arjun-rampal-to-start-shooting-for-pspk-27-22797.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2021, the film's title is confirmed as ''Hari Hara Veera Mallu''.<ref name="vfx:ie" />

Initially marketed as a single film, in May 2024, the production house announced that the film would be released in two parts, with the first part titled as ''Hari Hara Veera Mallu: Part 1''.<ref>{{cite web |date=13 September 2023 |title=Hari Hara Veera Mallu: Producer AM Ratnam opens up about the film's delay and a two-part release for the film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/hari-hara-veera-mallu-producer-am-ratnam-opens-up-about-the-delay-in-the-pawan-kalyan-krish-starrer/ec5f39e63b979 |access-date=13 September 2023 |work=[[OTTPlay]] |archive-date=5 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005122422/https://www.ottplay.com/news/hari-hara-veera-mallu-producer-am-ratnam-opens-up-about-the-delay-in-the-pawan-kalyan-krish-starrer/ec5f39e63b979 |url-status=live }}</ref> The remaining portions of the film and post-production were handled by A. M. Rathnam's son, [[A. M. Jyothi Krishna]], due to the highly delayed production owing to the pandemic, Kalyan's political commitments, and Krish's directorial commitments.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2 May 2024 |title=Hari Hara Veera Mallu: హరిహర వీరమల్లు సినిమాకు కొత్త డైరెక్టర్.. క్రిష్‍ను పక్కనపెట్టేశారా..? |url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/pawan-kalyans-hari-hara-veeramallu-movie-director-krish-replaced-with-new-director-jyothi-krishna-1243845.html |website=TV9 Telugu |date=2 May 2024 |language=Telugu |archive-date=5 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005122953/https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/pawan-kalyans-hari-hara-veeramallu-movie-director-krish-replaced-with-new-director-jyothi-krishna-1243845.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film is produced under Rathnam's production banner Mega Surya Production. The film's score and soundtrack are composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]]. [[Gnana Shekar V. S.]] is signed as the cinematographer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2021 |title=Pawan Kalyan sports an unconventional look in Hari Hara Veeramallu |url=https://telanganatoday.com/pawan-kalyan-sports-an-unconventional-look-in-hari-hara-veeramallu |website=Telangana Today |access-date=10 April 2022 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322122208/https://telanganatoday.com/pawan-kalyan-sports-an-unconventional-look-in-hari-hara-veeramallu |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sai Madhav Burra]] is signed to write the film's dialogues.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kalyan |first1=Banda |title=Hari Hara Veera Mallu : గర్వంగా చెప్పుకునేలా ఉంటుంది.. అంచనాలు పెంచిన సాయి మాధవ్ బుర్రా |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/sai-madhav-burra-on-pawan-kalyan-hari-hara-veera-mallu/articleshow/90598043.cms |website=[[Samayam Telugu]] |language=te |date=1 April 2022 |access-date=10 April 2022 |archive-date=10 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410153436/https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/sai-madhav-burra-on-pawan-kalyan-hari-hara-veera-mallu/articleshow/90598043.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Ben Lock, who has supervised the graphic work in films like ''[[Aquaman (film)|Aquaman]]'', ''[[Warcraft (film)|Warcraft]]'', ''[[Star Wars: The Force Awakens]]'' is in charge of the [[Visual effects|VFX]] of this film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/aquaman-and-warcraft-vfx-supervisor-roped-pawan-kalyans-next-132762|title='Aquaman' and 'Warcraft' VFX supervisor roped in for Pawan Kalyan's next|website=The News Minute|date=10 September 2020|accessdate=11 March 2021|archive-date=5 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005121822/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/aquaman-and-warcraft-vfx-supervisor-roped-pawan-kalyans-next-132762|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="vfx:ie" />

===Casting===
The film was set to mark the Telugu debut of Hindi film actor [[Arjun Rampal]], who was supposed to play the role of the [[List of emperors of the Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]].<ref name=":4" /> However, he was replaced by [[Bobby Deol]] as Rampal dropped out of the film due to other commitments and production delays owing to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2022 |title=Bobby Deol to debut in Tollywood with PK |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/191122/bobby-deol-to-debut-in-tollywood-with-pk.html |access-date=29 December 2022 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |archive-date=5 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005122854/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/191122/bobby-deol-to-debut-in-tollywood-with-pk.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Deol joined the production in December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2022 |title=Bobby Deol joins Pawan Kalyan's Hari Hara Veera Mallu, to play Mughal emperor Aurangzeb |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bobby-deol-mughal-emperor-aurangzeb-pawan-kalyan-hari-hara-veera-mallu-8342456/ |access-date=29 December 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=29 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229175533/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bobby-deol-mughal-emperor-aurangzeb-pawan-kalyan-hari-hara-veera-mallu-8342456/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Actress [[Nidhhi Agerwal]] is cast in the role of Panchami, opposite Kalyan.<ref name="iebudget">{{cite web |title=Hari Hara Veeramallu: Nidhhi Agerwal becomes Panchami for Pawan Kalyan-starrer |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/hari-hara-veeramallu-nidhhi-agerwal-becomes-panchami-for-pawan-kalyan-starrer-7457983/ |website=The Indian Express |date=17 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |archive-date=17 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817121349/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/hari-hara-veeramallu-nidhhi-agerwal-becomes-panchami-for-pawan-kalyan-starrer-7457983/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2021, [[Jacqueline Fernandez]] was signed to play a crucial role in the film.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vyas |date=15 March 2021 |title=One heroine princess, One heroine thief |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/one-heroine-princess-one-heroine-thief-676934 |website=[[The Hans India]] |access-date=14 May 2021 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514173138/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/one-heroine-princess-one-heroine-thief-676934 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, she opted out of the project due to scheduling conflicts and she was replaced by [[Nargis Fakhri]] in December 2021. Fakhri plays the Mughal empress [[Roshanara Begum|Roshanara]], Aurangzeb's sister.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=16 December 2021|title=Was Jacqueline Fernandez dropped From Pawan Kalyan's film? Director Krish clarifies|url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/was-jacqueline-fernandez-dropped-from-pawan-kalyans-film-director-krish-clarifies-437305|access-date=|website=WION|archive-date=31 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231081106/https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/was-jacqueline-fernandez-dropped-from-pawan-kalyans-film-director-krish-clarifies-437305|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=22 December 2021|title=Nargis Fakhri to star in Pawan Kalyan's Hari Hara Veera Mallu: 'It's something new for me'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/nargis-fakhri-to-star-in-pawan-kalyans-hari-hara-veera-mallu-7685813/|website=The Indian Express|access-date=23 December 2021|archive-date=23 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223121122/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/nargis-fakhri-to-star-in-pawan-kalyans-hari-hara-veera-mallu-7685813/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Filming===
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Char Minar 1.jpg
| image2 = Delhi red fort.jpg
| direction = horizontal
| align = right
| total_width = 300
| width1 = 150
| width2 = 150
| footer = Historical monuments such as [[Charminar]] (''left'') and [[Red Fort]] (''right'') have been recreated for the film
}}

In September 2020, Jagarlamudi completed a 15-day shooting schedule with Kalyan before it was halted due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite news|title='PSPK 27' Pre-Look: Pawan Kalyan turns into a warrior for Krish's period drama|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pspk-27-pre-look-pawan-kalyan-turns-into-a-warrior-for-krishs-period-drama/articleshow/77886318.cms|access-date=11 March 2021|website=The Times of India|date=2 September 2020|language=en|archive-date=2 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102213944/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pspk-27-pre-look-pawan-kalyan-turns-into-a-warrior-for-krishs-period-drama/articleshow/77886318.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The shooting resumed in January 2021 in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=K.|first=Janani|date=12 January 2021|title=Pawan Kalyan resumes shooting of director Krish's period drama in Hyderabad. All pics|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pawan-kalyan-resumes-shooting-of-director-krish-s-period-drama-in-hyderabad-all-pics-1758357-2021-01-12|access-date=11 March 2021|website=India Today|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112143532/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pawan-kalyan-resumes-shooting-of-director-krish-s-period-drama-in-hyderabad-all-pics-1758357-2021-01-12|url-status=live}}</ref> Rampal joined the production in February 2021.<ref name="ce">{{Cite web|title=Arjun Rampal to start shooting for PSPK 27|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/feb/12/arjun-rampal-to-start-shooting-for-pspk-27-22797.html|access-date=11 March 2021|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=12 February 2021|archive-date=5 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005122855/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/feb/12/arjun-rampal-to-start-shooting-for-pspk-27-22797.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The production set up sets that mirrored the historical monuments of [[Charminar]], [[Red Fort]], and [[Machilipatnam Port]] for the film.<ref name="vfx:ie">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/hari-hara-veera-mallu-teaser-pawan-kalyan-promises-a-visual-treat-7224130/|date=11 March 2021|title=Hari Hara Veera Mallu teaser: Pawan Kalyan promises a visual treat|access-date=11 March 2021|website=India Express|archive-date=15 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315221758/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/hari-hara-veera-mallu-teaser-pawan-kalyan-promises-a-visual-treat-7224130/|url-status=live}}</ref> The shoot was suspended again in April 2021 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2021 |title=Telugu cinema on the horns of a dilemma |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/apr/20/telugu-cinema-on-the-horns-of-a-dilemma-24061.html |access-date= |website=[[Cinema Express]] |archive-date=5 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005122957/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/apr/20/telugu-cinema-on-the-horns-of-a-dilemma-24061.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Shooting of the film experienced delays due to Kalyan's other film commitments, namely, ''[[Bheemla Nayak]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 November 2021|title=Slight delay in shooting for Pawan Kalyan's 'Hari Hara Veera Mallu'|url=https://telanganatoday.com/slight-delay-in-shooting-for-pawan-kalyans-hari-hara-veera-mallu|access-date=|website=Telangana Today|archive-date=23 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223151516/https://telanganatoday.com/slight-delay-in-shooting-for-pawan-kalyans-hari-hara-veera-mallu|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2021, art director [[Rajeevan]] was replaced by [[Anand Sai]], who began working on the film's sets.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Art director changed for Hari Hara Veera Mallu!|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/art-director-changed-for-hari-hara-veera-mallu-news-telugu-vmbfwDbaifahc.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201123742/https://www.sify.com/movies/art-director-changed-for-hari-hara-veera-mallu-news-telugu-vmbfwDbaifahc.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 December 2021|access-date=23 December 2021|website=[[Sify]]|language=en}}</ref> A new schedule where a major part of the film would be shot, was expected to begin in January 2022, but was delayed.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 December 2021|title=Hari Hara Veera Mallu: Pawan Kalyan gears up to commence shooting in New Year|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hari-hara-veera-mallu-pawan-kalyan-gears-up-to-commence-shooting-in-new-year/articleshow/88404473.cms|access-date=|website=The Times of India|archive-date=5 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005121824/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hari-hara-veera-mallu-pawan-kalyan-gears-up-to-commence-shooting-in-new-year/articleshow/88404473.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Filming resumed in April 2022 with Kalyan joining the production.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2022 |title=Pawan Kalyan Resumes Shooting For 'Hari Hara Veera Mallu' |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/pawan-kalyan-resumes-shooting-for-hari-hara-veera-mallu-1524308 |access-date=10 April 2022 |website=ABP News |archive-date=5 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005122957/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/pawan-kalyan-resumes-shooting-for-hari-hara-veera-mallu-1524308 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nearly 60 per cent of the shoot was completed by September 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2022 |first=Roktim |last=Rajpal |title=Hari Hara Veera Mallu shoot to resume from Oct 17, Pawan Kalyan attends workshop |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/hari-hara-veera-mallu-shoot-to-resume-from-oct-17-pawan-kalyan-attends-workshop-2006768-2022-09-30 |access-date=1 October 2022 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001155253/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/hari-hara-veera-mallu-shoot-to-resume-from-oct-17-pawan-kalyan-attends-workshop-2006768-2022-09-30 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Filming resumed in the last week of October 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Hari Hara Veera Mallu': Pawan Kalyan resumes shooting for Krish Jagarlamudi's film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hari-hara-veera-mallu-pawan-kalyan-resumes-shooting-for-krish-jagarlamudis-film/articleshow/95113209.cms |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=27 October 2022 |language=en |archive-date=15 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215150127/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hari-hara-veera-mallu-pawan-kalyan-resumes-shooting-for-krish-jagarlamudis-film/articleshow/95113209.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> A large set was erected at [[Ramoji Film City]] for this purpose, with a crew of over 900 people.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2022 |title=Pawan Kalyan to shoot for Hari Hara Veera Mallu with 900 plus crew members: 'It will be a milestone movie…' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/pawan-kalyan-to-shoot-for-hari-hara-veera-mallu-with-900-plus-crew-members-8287773/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=15 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215150128/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/pawan-kalyan-to-shoot-for-hari-hara-veera-mallu-with-900-plus-crew-members-8287773/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However the shooting was subsequently delayed due to Kalyan's political commitments and [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=29 January 2023 |title=Pawan Kalyan's Hari Hara Veera Mallu to be delayed yet again, here's what we know |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/pawan-kalyans-hari-hara-veera-mallu-to-be-delayed-yet-again-heres-what-we-know/2bbc22646e906 |website=ottplay.com |archive-date=5 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005122857/https://www.ottplay.com/news/pawan-kalyans-hari-hara-veera-mallu-to-be-delayed-yet-again-heres-what-we-know/2bbc22646e906 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |access-date=13 September 2024 |title=Pawan Kalyan's film productions face delays, releases likely pushed to 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pawan-kalyans-film-productions-face-delays-releases-likely-pushed-to-2025/articleshow/113309356.cms |work=Times of India |date=13 September 2024 |archive-date=5 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005122857/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pawan-kalyans-film-productions-face-delays-releases-likely-pushed-to-2025/articleshow/113309356.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following his success campaign in 2024 election, Kalyan resumed filming in September 2024 in a set built in [[Vijayawada]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=23 September 2024 |title=Pawan Kalyan resumes shooting for the first time after victory in AP elections; joins set of Hari Hara Veera Mallu |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/pawan-kalyan-resumes-shooting-for-the-first-time-after-victory-in-ap-elections-joins-set-of-hari-hara-veera-mallu-101727075905150.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=23 September 2024 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923130326/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/pawan-kalyan-resumes-shooting-for-the-first-time-after-victory-in-ap-elections-joins-set-of-hari-hara-veera-mallu-101727075905150.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The last schedule of the shoot was commenced on 30 November 2024 in [[Vijayawada]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=28 November 2024 |title=Pawan Kalyan's Hari Hara Veera Mallu Part-1 Enters Last Phase of Shooting |url=https://www.ap7am.com/en/90767/pawan-kalyans-hari-hara-veera-mallu-part-1-enters-last-phase-of-shooting |work=AP7am |date=28 November 2024 |archive-date=3 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703063359/https://www.ap7am.com/en/90767/pawan-kalyans-hari-hara-veera-mallu-part-1-enters-last-phase-of-shooting |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2025, reports indicated that key scenes for Hari Hara Veera Mallu: Part 2 were filmed during an outdoor schedule in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=22 April 2025 |title=Fans await clarity as 'HHVM: Part 1' remains in limbo while sequel wraps up major schedule |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/fans-await-clarity-as-hhvm-part-1-remains-in-limbo-while-sequel-wraps-up-major-schedule-964904 |work=The Hans India |date=22 April 2025 |archive-date=23 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423035107/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/fans-await-clarity-as-hhvm-part-1-remains-in-limbo-while-sequel-wraps-up-major-schedule-964904 |url-status=live }}</ref> Although official confirmation was pending, social media posts from costume designers suggested the completion of this schedule.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=22 April 2025 |title=Pawan Kalyan's 'Hari Hara Veera Mallu' sequel nears completion even before part one hits screens |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pawan-kalyans-hari-hara-veera-mallu-sequel-nears-completion-even-before-part-one-hits-screens/articleshow/120511004.cms |work=Times of India |date=22 April 2025 |archive-date=22 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422115633/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pawan-kalyans-hari-hara-veera-mallu-sequel-nears-completion-even-before-part-one-hits-screens/articleshow/120511004.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> This led to speculation regarding the release timeline of Part 1, which is reportedly in its final post-production stages including dubbing and VFX work.<ref>{{cite web |title=Harihara Veeramallu Part 2 shooting update; Part 1 still awaits release |url=https://www.the2states.com/harihara-veeramallu-part2-shooting-done-part1-update/ |website=The2States.com |date=19 April 2025 |access-date=23 April 2025 |archive-date=21 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521172809/https://www.the2states.com/harihara-veeramallu-part2-shooting-done-part1-update/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The entire filming was wrapped up by May 2025, almost 5 years later.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=6 May 2025 |title=Pawan Kalyan Wraps Up Shooting For Hari Hara Veera Mallu After Multiple Delays; Makers Promise MASSIVE Trailer |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/pawan-kalyan-wraps-up-shooting-for-hari-hara-veera-mallu-after-multiple-delays-makers-promise-massive-trailer-article-151578120 |work=Times Now |date=6 May 2025 |archive-date=6 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506172601/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/pawan-kalyan-wraps-up-shooting-for-hari-hara-veera-mallu-after-multiple-delays-makers-promise-massive-trailer-article-151578120 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Post production ===
On 29 May 2025, Kalyan wrapped up the entire dubbing of his part in four hours.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pawan Kalyan wraps up dubbing for Hari Hara Veera Mallu |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pawan-kalyan-wraps-up-dubbing-for-hari-hara-veera-mallu-2732482-2025-05-29 |access-date=29 May 2025 |website=India Today |date=29 May 2025 |archive-date=31 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531131630/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pawan-kalyan-wraps-up-dubbing-for-hari-hara-veera-mallu-2732482-2025-05-29 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ben Lock served as the [[visual effects supervisor]] of the film.<ref>{{cite web | title='Aquaman' and 'Warcraft' VFX supervisor roped in for Pawan Kalyan's next | date=10 September 2020 | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/aquaman-and-warcraft-vfx-supervisor-roped-pawan-kalyans-next-132762 | access-date=24 July 2025 | archive-date=20 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120070730/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/aquaman-and-warcraft-vfx-supervisor-roped-pawan-kalyans-next-132762 | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Hari Hara Veera Mallu: Part 1
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2024{{ndash}}2025
| recorded = 2025
| venue =
| studio = [[Annapurna Studios]]
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 24:30
| label = [[Tips Industries|Tips]]
}}
The music of the film was composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]] in his fifth collaboration with Krish Jagarlamudi after ''[[Vedam (film)|Vedam]]'' (2010), ''[[NTR: Kathanayakudu]]'' (2019), ''[[NTR: Mahanayakudu]]'' (2019), and ''[[Konda Polam]]'' (2021); first collaboration with Pawan Kalyan.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=30 April 2022 |title=MM Keeravani spills the beans on romantic number featuring Pawan Kalyan and Nidhhi Agerwal in Hari Hara Veera Mallu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/mm-keeravani-spills-the-beans-on-romantic-number-featuring-pawan-kalyan-and-nidhhi-agerwal-in-hari-hara-veera-mallu/articleshow/91212477.cms |work=Times of India |date=30 April 2022 |archive-date=30 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430151303/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/mm-keeravani-spills-the-beans-on-romantic-number-featuring-pawan-kalyan-and-nidhhi-agerwal-in-hari-hara-veera-mallu/articleshow/91212477.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The audio rights of the film were purchased by [[Tips Industries|Tips]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=13 January 2022 |title=Tips Acquires Audio Rights of Pawan Kalyan's Hari Hara Veeramallu |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/tips-acquires-audio-rights-of-pawan-kalyans-hari-hara-veeramallu-4651967.html |work=News18 |archive-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113080428/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/tips-acquires-audio-rights-of-pawan-kalyans-hari-hara-veeramallu-4651967.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The first single titled "Maata Vinaali" was released on 17 January 2025.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=15 January 2025 |title='Maata Vinaali' Sung By Pawan Kalyan From 'Hari Hara Veera Mallu' To Be Out on January 17 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/maata-vinaali-sung-by-pawan-kalyan-from-hari-hara-veera-mallu-to-be-out-on-january-17-article-117251010 |work=Times Now |date=15 January 2025 }}</ref> The second single titled "Kollagottinadhiro" was released on 24 February 2025.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=24 February 2025 |title='Kollagottinadhiro' Second Single From Pawan Kalyan's Upcoming Film 'Hari Hara Veera Mallu' Is Out! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/kollagottinadhiro-second-single-from-pawan-kalyans-upcoming-film-hari-hara-veera-mallu-is-out-article-118529848 |work=Times Now |date=24 February 2025 |archive-date=24 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224101012/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/kollagottinadhiro-second-single-from-pawan-kalyans-upcoming-film-hari-hara-veera-mallu-is-out-article-118529848 |url-status=live }}</ref> The third single titled "Asura Hananam" was released on 21 May 2025.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=21 May 2025 |title='Asura Hananam' song launched grandly |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/asura-hananam-song-launched-grandly-973065 |work=The Hans India |date=21 May 2025 |archive-date=22 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522043041/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/asura-hananam-song-launched-grandly-973065 |url-status=live }}</ref> The fourth single titled "Taara Taara" was released on 28 May 2025.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=28 May 2025 |title='Taara Taara' song from Pawan Kalyan's 'Hari Hara Veera Mallu' features Nidhhi Agerwal's graceful performance - Watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/taara-taara-song-from-pawan-kalyans-hari-hara-veera-mallu-features-nidhhi-agerwals-graceful-performance-watch/articleshow/121459035.cms |work=Times of India |date=28 May 2025 |archive-date=28 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528081031/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/taara-taara-song-from-pawan-kalyans-hari-hara-veera-mallu-features-nidhhi-agerwals-graceful-performance-watch/articleshow/121459035.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 24:30
| title1 = Maata Vinaali
| extra1 = [[Pawan Kalyan]], Hymath Mohammed, Lokeshwar Edara, Maman Kumar
| lyrics1 = [[Penchal Das]]
| length1 = 2:30
| title2 = Kollagottinadhiro
| extra2 = [[Rahul Sipligunj]], [[Mangli]], [[Ramya Behara]], [[Yamini Ghantasala]]
| lyrics2 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| length2 = 4:29
| title3 = Asura Hananam
| extra3 = Airaa Udupi, Kaala Bhairava, Sai Charan Bhaskaruni, Lokeshwar Edara, Hymath Mohammed
| lyrics3 = Rambabu Gosala
| length3 = 4:06
| title4 = Taara Taara
| extra4 = Lipsika Bhashyam, Aditya Iyengar
| lyrics4 = Sri Harsha Emani
| length4 = 3:57
| title5 = Evaradi Evaradi
| extra5 = Sai Charan Bhaskaruni, Hymath Mohammed, Lokeshwar Edara, [[P V N S Rohit]]
| lyrics5 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| length5 = 1:35
| title6 = Puli, Meka - Game
| extra6 = Harika Narayan
| lyrics6 = Chandrabose
| length6 = 2:58
| title7 = Salasala Marige
| extra7 = Sai Charan Bhaskaruni, Lokeshwar Edara, Hymath Mohammed, P V N S Rohit, Lipsika Bhashyam, Harini Ivaturi, Nayana Nair, Harika Narayan, Gomathi Iyer
| lyrics7 = Chaitanya Prasad
| length7 = 4:55
}}

==Marketing==
The first-look poster of ''Hari Hara Veera Mallu: Part 1'' was unveiled on 10 April 2022 to coincide with the celebration of [[Rama Navami]], showcasing [[Pawan Kalyan]] in a fierce warrior avatar and generating considerable buzz on social media.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pawan Kalyan's Hari Hara Veera Mallu first glimpse out |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pawan-kalyan-s-hari-hara-veera-mallu-first-glimpse-out-watch-video-1936932-2022-04-11 |website=[[India Today]] |date=11 April 2022 |access-date=5 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411102000/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pawan-kalyan-s-hari-hara-veera-mallu-first-glimpse-out-watch-video-1936932-2022-04-11 |archive-date=11 April 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 2 May 2024, a teaser titled ''Sword vs Spirit'' was released, highlighting the grand scale, period production design, and a powerful score composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Pawan Kalyan's Hari Hara Veera Mallu teaser out now |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/020524/pawan-kalyans-hari-hara-veera-mallu-teaser-out-now.html |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=2 May 2024 |access-date=5 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502113000/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/020524/pawan-kalyans-hari-hara-veera-mallu-teaser-out-now.html |archive-date=2 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2025, the makers confirmed the film's theatrical release date as 12 June 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hari Hara Veera Mallu gets release date |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/pawan-kalyans-hari-hara-veera-mallu-gets-release-date-fans-excited-8907197.html |website=[[News18]] |date=16 May 2025 |access-date=5 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516113000/https://www.news18.com/movies/pawan-kalyans-hari-hara-veera-mallu-gets-release-date-fans-excited-8907197.html |archive-date=16 May 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2025, it was reported that [[Pawan Kalyan]] had returned ₹11 crore of his remuneration to support the film's completion and would lead promotional activities in person.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} The film's trailer was released on 3 July 2025,<ref>{{cite web |title= Hari Hara Veera Mallu trailer: Pawan Kalyan fights for dharma; to secure Koh-i-Noor from Bobby Deol's Aurangzeb. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/hari-hara-veera-mallu-trailer-pawan-kalyan-fights-for-dharma-to-secure-koh-i-noor-from-bobby-deols-aurangzeb-watch-101751521772949.html |website= Hindustan Times |date=3 July 2025 |access-date=3 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703172046/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/hari-hara-veera-mallu-trailer-pawan-kalyan-challenges-bobby-deols-aurangzeb-10103797/ |archive-date=3 July 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> the film's trailer features voice overs by [[Arjun Das]] in Telugu, [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Hindi]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}

==Release==

===Theatrical===
''Hari Hara Veera Mallu'' was initially slated for worldwide release on 14 January 2022 coinciding with [[Makar Sankranti|Sankranti]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sankranthi-2022-pawan-kalyans-period-drama-to-clash-with-mahesh-babus-sarkaru-vaari-paata/articleshow/81256892.cms|date=28 February 2021|title=Sankranthi 2022: Pawan Kalyan's period-drama to clash with Mahesh Babu's Sarkaru Vaari Paata|access-date=11 March 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=6 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306144653/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sankranthi-2022-pawan-kalyans-period-drama-to-clash-with-mahesh-babus-sarkaru-vaari-paata/articleshow/81256892.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=11 March 2021|title='Hari Hara Veera Mallu': Pawan Kalyan looks flamboyant as a heroic outlaw|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hari-hara-veera-mallu-pawan-kalyan-looks-flamboyant-as-a-heroic-outlaw/articleshow/81450766.cms|access-date=11 March 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=17 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317191930/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hari-hara-veera-mallu-pawan-kalyan-looks-flamboyant-as-a-heroic-outlaw/articleshow/81450766.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in September 2021, the release date was pushed to 29 April 2022.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Palisetty|first=Ramya|date=2 September 2021|title=Pawan Kalyan's first look from Hari Hara Veera Mallu is out, film to release on 29 April|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pawan-kalyan-s-first-look-from-hari-hara-veera-mallu-is-out-film-to-release-on-april-29-1848375-2021-09-02|access-date=2 September 2021|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902082925/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pawan-kalyan-s-first-look-from-hari-hara-veera-mallu-is-out-film-to-release-on-april-29-1848375-2021-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref> It was again postponed due to delays by the pandemic and Kalyan's political commitments.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=22 March 2022 |title=Here is when Hari Hara Veera Mallu will be released! |url=https://ntvenglish.com/here-is-when-hari-hara-veera-mallu-will-be-released/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220410070454/https://ntvenglish.com/here-is-when-hari-hara-veera-mallu-will-be-released/ |archive-date=10 April 2022 |access-date= |website=[[NTV (India)|NTV]] |url-status=live }}</ref> It was further delayed again as Kalyan remained unavailable due to his political commitments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hari Hara Mallu: Pawan Kalyan's political commitments cause the film more delay |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/pawan-kalyans-hari-hara-veera-mallu-to-be-delayed-yet-again-heres-what-we-know/2bbc22646e906 |access-date=6 February 2023 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206165236/https://www.ottplay.com/news/pawan-kalyans-hari-hara-veera-mallu-to-be-delayed-yet-again-heres-what-we-know/2bbc22646e906 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was later scheduled for release on 28 March 2025 but was postponed as many portions of the shoot were incomplete.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pawan Kalyan's 'Hari Hara Veera Mallu' gets a release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pawan-kalyans-hari-hara-veera-mallu-gets-a-release-date/article68673623.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923122430/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pawan-kalyans-hari-hara-veera-mallu-gets-a-release-date/article68673623.ece/amp/ |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=23 September 2024 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=14 March 2025 |title=Pawan Kalyan's "Hari Hara Veera Mallu" gets new release date |url=https://telanganatoday.com/pawan-kalyans-hari-hara-veera-mallu-gets-new-release-date |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=Telangana Today |language=en |archive-date=14 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250314043515/https://telanganatoday.com/pawan-kalyans-hari-hara-veera-mallu-gets-new-release-date |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film was scheduled to release on 9 May 2025, but was postponed again. It was later scheduled to release on 12 June 2025. The production team issued another update, clarifying that some post-production work regarding the visual effects and color grading was still pending, resulting in another postponement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2025 |title=Pawan Kalyan's Hari Hara Veera Mallu Release Date Out |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/pawan-kalyans-hari-hara-veera-mallu-release-date-out-1879218 |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en |archive-date=17 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517070904/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/pawan-kalyans-hari-hara-veera-mallu-release-date-out-1879218 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=HARI HARA VEERA MALLU - A Step Back for Bigger Strides Ahead - Official Statement on Release Date - idlebrain.com |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/hhmv-postponed.html |access-date=6 June 2025 |website=www.idlebrain.com |archive-date=6 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250606081635/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/hhmv-postponed.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Finally, after multiple delays the film was released worldwide on 24 July 2025 in standard and [[Qube Cinema Technologies|EPIQ]] formats. It was released in original [[Telugu language|Telugu]] alongside dubbed versions of [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]] and [[Malayalam]] languages.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 June 2025 |title='Hari Hara Veera Mallu': Pawan Kalyan's film locks a release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hari-hara-veera-mallu-pawan-kalyan-new-release-date-bobby-deol-telugu-movie/article69720631.ece |access-date=7 July 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |archive-date=6 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250706192605/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hari-hara-veera-mallu-pawan-kalyan-new-release-date-bobby-deol-telugu-movie/article69720631.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

After the film received criticism upon release for the VFX, it was updated with an edited version removing multiple scenes including 10–15 minutes of footage from the climax.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/hari-hara-veera-mallu-scenes-with-bad-vfx-tweaked-removed-from-pawan-kalyan-film-fans-wonder-why-it-wasnt-done-before-101753682465484.html|title=Hari Hara Veera Mallu scenes with bad VFX tweaked/removed from Pawan Kalyan film; fans wonder why it wasn't done before|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=28 July 2025|access-date=28 July 2025|archive-date=30 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250730054234/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/hari-hara-veera-mallu-scenes-with-bad-vfx-tweaked-removed-from-pawan-kalyan-film-fans-wonder-why-it-wasnt-done-before-101753682465484.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Distribution ===
The film's distribution rights in Nizam and [[Kerala]] were acquired by [[Mythri Movie Makers]] and [[Dulquer Salmaan]]'s Wayfarer Films respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dulquer Salmaan to release 'Hari Hara Veera Mallu' in Kerala |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/dulquer-salmaan-to-release-hari-hara-veera-mallu-in-kerala |work=[[Telugucinema.com]] |access-date=23 June 2025 |archive-date=17 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717223843/https://telugucinema.com/news/dulquer-salmaan-to-release-hari-hara-veera-mallu-in-kerala |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Tamil Nadu]] distribution rights of the film were acquired by Shakthi Film Factory.{{citation needed|date=October 2025}} The North India distribution rights of the film acquired by [[AA Films]].

===Home media===
The post-theatrical streaming rights of the film were acquired by [[Amazon Prime Video]] and was released on 20 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pawan Kalyan's Hari Hara Veera Mallu to Release on This OTT Platform in 2025: Deets Inside |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/pawan-kalyans-hari-hara-veera-mallu-to-release-on-this-ott-platform-in-2025-deets-inside-973330 |date=22 May 2025 |website=The Hans India |access-date=3 July 2025 |archive-date=23 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523105305/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/pawan-kalyans-hari-hara-veera-mallu-to-release-on-this-ott-platform-in-2025-deets-inside-973330 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=B. V. S. |date=21 August 2025 |title=Pawan Kalyan Fans Unhappy With 'Three Endings' of Hari Hara Veera Mallu |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/pawan-kalyan-fans-unhappy-with-three-endings-of-hari-hara-veera-mallu-1898788 |access-date=21 August 2025 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> However, this version was trimmed by 10 minutes and featured a new ending, which drew criticism from viewers as it had been altered for the third time since the theatrical release.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/pawan-kalyans-hari-hara-veera-mallu-streams-on-ott-with-tweaked-ending-fans-frustrated-by-3-different-climaxes-101755680366464.html|title=Pawan Kalyan's Hari Hara Veera Mallu streams on OTT with tweaked ending; fans frustrated by 3 different climaxes|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=20 August 2025|archive-date=20 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250820105418/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/pawan-kalyans-hari-hara-veera-mallu-streams-on-ott-with-tweaked-ending-fans-frustrated-by-3-different-climaxes-101755680366464.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Reception==

Jaya Dwivedie from ''[[India TV]]'' gave the film 3 stars out of 5, praising the action sequences and feeling that Pawan Kalyan's performance was the film's strongest aspect and M. M. Keeravani's music was the soul, but felt that Bobby Deol's Aurangzeb was a stereotypical villain and the VFX, while impressive in most scenes, was weak at times, affecting the immersion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/movie-review/hari-hara-veera-mallu-part-1-movie-review-pawan-kalyan-bobby-deol-s-film-mixes-history-with-action-1063|title=Pawan Kalyan's Hari Hara Veera Mallu review: Powerful ideals, flawed execution|website=[[India TV]]|date=24 July 2025|access-date=24 July 2025|archive-date=24 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724145439/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/movie-review/hari-hara-veera-mallu-part-1-movie-review-pawan-kalyan-bobby-deol-s-film-mixes-history-with-action-1063|url-status=live}}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo from ''[[The Hindu]]'' praised the action sequences and music, but criticised the VFX and writing, remarking that a second part would need far sharper writing and more assured filmmaking.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dundoo|first1=Sangeetha Devi|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hari-hara-veera-mallu-part-1-movie-review-this-ambitious-misfire-solely-relies-on-pawan-kalyans-star-power/article69846099.ece|title='Hari Hara Veera Mallu: Part 1' movie review: This ambitious misfire relies heavily on Pawan Kalyan's star power|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 July 2025|access-date=24 July 2025|archive-date=24 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724105747/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hari-hara-veera-mallu-part-1-movie-review-this-ambitious-misfire-solely-relies-on-pawan-kalyans-star-power/article69846099.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

Neeshita Nyayapati from ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave the film 2.5 stars out of 5, feeling that while the film had potential to be a fun story about a street smart outlaw, the VFX and writing were a massive letdown.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/hari-hara-veera-mallu-movie-review-pawan-kalyans-film-is-no-chhaava-just-one-elevation-scene-after-another-101753338608172.html|title=Hari Hara Veera Mallu movie review: Pawan Kalyan's film is no Chhaava, just one elevation scene after another|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=24 July 2025 |access-date=24 July 2025|archive-date=24 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724173717/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/hari-hara-veera-mallu-movie-review-pawan-kalyans-film-is-no-chhaava-just-one-elevation-scene-after-another-101753338608172.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Similarly, Paul Nicodemus from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 2.5 stars out of 5, and was critical of the VFX and storytelling, while praising the background score, production design and costumes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/hari-hara-veera-mallu/movie-review/122876583.cms|title=Hari Hara Veera Mallu: Part 1 - Sword vs Spirit Movie Review: Pawan Kalyan steals the spotlight in a patchy period drama|website=[[Times of India]]|access-date=24 July 2025|archive-date=24 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724092121/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/hari-hara-veera-mallu/movie-review/122876583.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Krish (director)}}
{{A. M. Jyothi Krishna}}

[[Category:2020s action adventure films]]
[[Category:2020s historical action films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Alternate history films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Aurangzeb]]
[[Category:D-Box motion-enhanced films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. M. Jyothi Krishna]]
[[Category:Films directed by Krish Jagarlamudi]]
[[Category:Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in the 17th century]]
[[Category:Films set in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian action adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:Works set in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Films set in 1650]]
[[Category:Fiction with multiple endings]]
[[Category:Films produced by A. M. Rathnam]]
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]

Ulhas River

2026-03-21T16:36:05Z

Raunak Shankhwar:

{{short description|River in Maharashtra, India}}
{{See also|Ulhas (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Ulhas River
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| name_other =
| name_etymology = 
| image = Ulhas-River.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| map = Geographybombay.png
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption = 
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 = Cities
| subdivision_name5 = [[Mumbai]], [[Thane]]
| length = {{convert|122|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location =
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max = 
| source1 = [[Western Ghats]]
| source1_location = [[India]]
| source1_coordinates =
| source1_elevation =
| mouth =
| mouth_location = [[Arabian Sea]], [[India]]
| mouth_coordinates =
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| progression =
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| custom_label =
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}}

The '''Ulhas River''' is a west-flowing river in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is in the [[Thane district|Thane]], [[Raigad district|Raigad]], and [[Pune district]]s of that state. The Ulhas River is approximately '''122 kilometres long'''. Its basin covers a densely populated and industrialized region, making it one of the most significant river systems in the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]] (MMR).

It flows north and west from it source to where it splits into [[Vasai Creek]] and [[Thane Creek]], near [[Thane]]. The Ulhas divides [[Salsette Island]] from the mainland, and is important for the water supply of [[Mumbai]].<ref name="moniterws">{{cite news|title=Greens: Monitor discharge in Ulhas river |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Greens-Monitor-discharge-in-Ulhas-river/articleshow/19027384.cms |first=Clara |last=Lewis |date=18 March 2013 |location=Mumbai|publisher=[[Times of India]] |access-date=14 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook Thane |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2721_PART_B_DCHB_THANE.pdf |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20201116160143/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2721_PART_B_DCHB_THANE.pdf |archive-date=2020-11-16 |website=[[Census of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2724_PART_B_DCHB_RAIGARH.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114063253/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2724_PART_B_DCHB_RAIGARH.pdf | archive-date=2016-11-14 | title=MAHARASHTRA - DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK }}</ref> It originates near the Tungarli Lake in [[Lonavala]], flows northwards through [[Karjat]] until it merges with the Poshir River at Nikhop. Further north, it merges with the Barvi River near Vasant Village. The largest tributary, Kalu River joins in the Ulhas north of Godrej Hill, [[Kalyan]]. The volume of the water is increased significantly. Finally at [[Thane]], it divides into two streams, one goes towards Vasai into the [[Arabian Sea]] and the other south into the [[Thane Creek]]. It flows through cities like Karjat, [[Dombivli]], Kalyan, and Thane.

The river is one of the major cause behind the floods observed in Mumbai each year during the monsoon season. Particularly, during the [[2005 Mumbai floods]] the Ulhas River overflowed following unprecedented rainfall, severely affecting the [[Kalyan–Dombivli|Kalyan–Dombivli region.]]

The Ulhas River has been an essential water source for centuries. It has supported agriculture, trade, and settlements along its banks. The river has a rich history, with its waters used extensively during the British colonial period for transporting goods. It continues to be vital for irrigation and domestic water supply in the Thane region.

Throughout the years, however, the rapid urbanisation and industrialisation in the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region|Mumbai Metropolitan region]] has changed the face of the river and wreaked havoc on the lives, humans and fauna, dependent on it. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shetty |first=Nithi |date=2023-02-20 |title=The destruction of the Ulhas river: can we reverse it? |url=https://citizenmatters.in/the-destruction-of-the-ulhas-river/ |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=Citizen Matters |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Ulhas River.jpg|Ulhas River at Kondhana village in [[Raigad district]]
File:Ghodbunder2.jpg|The Ulhas River, as seen from Ghodbunder
</gallery>

==See also==
{{portal|Environment|Ecology}}
*[[List of rivers of India]]
*[[List of major rivers of India|Rivers of India]]
*[[Seven Islands of Bombay]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Wikivoyage|Mumbai}}

{{Mumbai topics}}
{{Rivers of Mumbai}}
{{Hydrography of Maharashtra}}

{{coord|19|18|N|72|50|E|display=title|region:IN_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Rivers of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Geography of Thane district]]
[[Category:Geography of Raigad district]]
[[Category:Palghar district]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}
{{India-river-stub}}

Timeline of the Kashmir conflict

2026-03-20T12:18:40Z

Raunak Shankhwar: general enhanced article after review and updated info

{{short description|none}} 
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
The following is a timeline of the [[Kashmir conflict]], a territorial conflict between [[India]], [[Pakistan]] and, to a lesser degree, [[China]]. India and Pakistan have been involved in [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|four wars and several border skirmishes]] over the issue.



== 1846–1945: Princely state ==
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1846|3|16|df=y}}|event=[[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Princely state of Jammu and Kashmir]] was created with the signing of the Second Treaty of Amritsar between the British East India company and Raja [[Gulab Singh]] of Jammu. It was an addendum to the [[Treaty of Lahore]], signed one week earlier, which gave the terms of surrender of the Sikh Darbar at Lahore to the British. The Sikhs could not pay part of the demand made by the British; Gulab Singh paid Rs {{formatnum:7500000}} on their behalf, and in return received Kashmir Valley, part of the Sikh territories, to add to Jammu and Ladakh already under his rule. Gulab Singh accepted overall British sovereignty.}} Kashmir Valley was a Muslim-majority<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/basicfacts/tour/figures_ii.html|title=Figures II|publisher=jammu-kashmir.com|access-date=5 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221031949/http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/basicfacts/tour/figures_ii.html|archive-date=21 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kashmirstudygroup.net/awayforward05/p6_kj_popdist.html|title=2001 census|publisher=kashmirstudygroup.net|access-date=5 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928144924/http://www.kashmirstudygroup.net/awayforward05/p6_kj_popdist.html|archive-date=28 September 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> region speaking the Kashmiri language and had a distinct culture called [[Kashmiriyat]].
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1857|5|10|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1858|11|1|df=y}}|event= [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|India's First War of Independence]].}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1858|8|2|df=y}} |event= End of [[Company rule in India]].}}
*{{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1927|4|20|df=y}}|event=
[[Maharaja Hari Singh]] passed the [[state subject (Kashmir)|Hereditary State Subject order]], granting special privileges to the state subjects for jobs and residence in the state. According to the order an "outsider" could gain state subject status "after the age of 18 on purchasing immovable property under permission of an ijazatnama and on obtaining a rayatnama after ten years continuous residence in the Jammu and Kashmir State".<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Subject Rules |url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/jandk/documents/actsandordinances/State_Subject_Rules.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Centre mulling option of introducing residency norms for Jammu & Kashmir |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/centre-mulling-option-of-introducing-residency-norms-for-jammu-kashmir/articleshow/73087617.cms }}</ref>}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1931}}|event=The movement against the Maharaja [[Hari Singh]] began and was brutally suppressed by the State forces. Hari Singh was part of a Hindu [[Dogra dynasty]] which ruled over a majority Muslim State. The predominantly Muslim population was kept poor, illiterate and inadequately represented in the State's services.}}<ref>Prem Nath Bazaz, Struggle for Freedom in Kashmir, New Delhi 1954, pp.140-166</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1932|4}}|event=The Glancy Commission appointed by the Maharaja recommended the establishment of a legislative assembly, called the ''Praja Sabha''. It would have 75 members, with 15 official representatives, 33 elected representatives and the remaining seats held by the Maharaja's nominees. Of the 33 elected seats, 21 would be reserved for Muslims, 10 for Hindus and 2 for Sikhs.}}{{sfnp|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=18}}{{sfnp|Mridu Rai, Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects|2004|loc=Ch. 5, Sec. v (Constructing Kashmiriyat)}} The Maharaja accepted these recommendations but delayed implementation, leading to protests in 1934. The Maharaja granted a constitution providing a legislative assembly for the people, but it was powerless.
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1932|6}}|event=The [[All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference]] was founded by [[Sheikh Abdullah]] in collaboration with [[Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas]] to fight for the rights of the State's Muslims.}}{{sfnp|Guha, Opening a Window in Kashmir|2004|p=80}}{{sfnp|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=18}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1934|9}}|event=The [[1934 Jammu and Kashmir Praja Sabha election|first elections for the ''Praja Sabha'']] (the state's legislative assembly) were held. The Muslim Conference won 16 of the 21 seats reserved for Muslims, but lost two of them to the Liberal Group, which had the majority in the assembly.}}<ref>{{citation |last=Copland |first=Ian |title=Islam and Political Mobilization in Kashmir, 1931–34 |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=54 |pages=228–259 |number=2 |date=1981 |jstor=2757363|doi=10.2307/2757363 }}</ref> Soon afterwards, the younger leaders of the Muslim Conference pleaded for broadening the party to include all the people of the state.{{sfnp|Parashar, Kashmir and the Freedom Movement|2004|p=103}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1937}}|event=Sheikh Abdullah met with [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] for the first time.}}{{sfnp|Hiro, The Longest August|2015|loc=Chapter 6}}{{relevance inline|date=September 2017}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1938|5}}|event=The second election for the state's Legislative Assembly was held. The Muslim Conference won all 19 contested seats.}}{{sfnp|Parashar, Kashmir and the Freedom Movement|2004|p=114}} Two independent candidates that won were said to have joined the Muslim Conference afterwards.{{sfnp|Hussain, Sheikh Abdullah – A Biography|2016|p=248}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1939|6}}|event=Under Sheikh Abdullah's leadership, the Muslim Conference changed its name to [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]] and opened membership to people of all religions.}}{{sfnp|Guha, Opening a Window in Kashmir|2004|p=80}} At the same time, the National Conference joined the [[All India States Peoples Conference]], a [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]-allied group of movements in princely states.{{sfnp|Parashar, Kashmir and the Freedom Movement|2004|pp=142–143}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1940|3|23|df=y}}|event=The [[Pakistan Resolution]] was passed at [[Iqbal Park]], [[Lahore]]. The resolution demanded the establishment of an independent state comprising all regions with Muslim majorities. The letter "K" in the name "Pakistan" represented Kashmir.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1941}}|event=[[Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas]] left the National Conference and revived the old [[All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference|Muslim Conference]]. The Muslim Conference became a client of the Jinnah-led [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]].}}{{sfnp|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=327}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1941}}|event=71,667 Kashmiris joined the British Indian Army for World War II; seven-eighths of them were Muslim, mainly from the Poonch-Mirpur area.}}{{sfnp|Hiro, The Longest August|2015|loc=Chapter 6}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1944|4}}|event=Sheikh Abdullah proposed a [[Naya Kashmir]] (New Kashmir) programme to the Maharaja, calling for a constitutional monarchy.}}{{sfnp|Korbel, Danger in Kashmir|1966|p=203}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1944}}|event=[[Mohammad Ali Jinnah]] visited Kashmir during the summer, supporting the Muslim Conference in preference to the National Conference.}}{{sfnp|Hiro, The Longest August|2015|loc=Chapter 6}}

== 1946–1947: Kashmir unrest and accession ==
=== 1946 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1946|5}}|event=[[Sheikh Abdullah]] launched the [[Quit Kashmir]] movement against the Maharaja; he was arrested and charged with sedition. Jawaharlal Nehru attempted to go to Kashmir to defend Abdullah in court but was arrested and forced to leave the State.}}{{sfnp|Hiro, The Longest August|2015|loc=Chapter 6}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1946|6}}|event= Representatives of the Muslim Conference met Jinnah in Karachi and were told to capitalise on the failure of Sheikh Abdullah to unseat the Maharaja.}}{{sfnp|Jha, Rival Versions of History|1996|p=14}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1946|7}}|event=The Muslim Conference complained that Prime Minister [[Ram Chandra Kak]] was oppressing Muslims.}}{{sfnp|Jha, Rival Versions of History|1996|p=14}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1946|7}}|event=The Maharaja declared that Kashmiris would decide their own destiny without outside interference.}}{{sfnp|Guha, India after Gandhi|2011|p=xv}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1946|10}}|event=The Muslim Conference launched a "Campaign of Action" demanding the end of autocratic rule by the Maharaja. [[Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas]] was imprisoned.}}{{sfnp|Korbel, Danger in Kashmir|1966|p=23}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1946|11}}|event=The British Resident in Kashmir observed that the Maharaja and Prime Minister Ram Chandra Kak intended to stay away from the Indian Union (the proposed independent country, prior to the partition decision). The reason cited was "antagonism... displayed by a Congress Central Government" towards Kashmir.}}{{sfnp|Guha, India after Gandhi|2011|p=xv}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1946|12}}|event=The British Resident reported that the "new leaders" of the Muslim Conference, Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas and [[Agha Shaukat Ali]], were stirring anti-Hindu sentiments in the guise of Muslim unity.}}{{sfnp|Jha, Rival Versions of History|1996|p=14}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1946|12}}|event=Hindu and Sikh refugees from the [[Hazara District|Hazara district]] poured into [[Muzaffarabad]]. 2,500 of them were looked after by the state.}}{{sfnp|Jha, The Origins of a Dispute|2003|p=61}}

=== Early 1947 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|1}}|event= Elections were held for the State's legislative assembly. The National Conference boycotted the elections, and the Muslim Conference won 16 of the 21 Muslim seats.}}{{sfnp|Korbel, Danger in Kashmir|1966|p=23}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|3|2|df=y}} |event=[[Khizar Hayat Khan Tiwana]] resigned as the premier of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], representing a collapse of the [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist]] government of Punjab. Punjab was rocked by communal violence, culminating in [[1947 Rawalpindi massacres|massacres]] of Sikhs and Hindus in the [[Rawalpindi Division]]. Tens of thousands of refugees fled the area, with many seeking shelter in Jammu and Kashmir.}}{{sfnp|Jalal, Self and Sovereignty|2002|p=513}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|3}}|event=Reuters reported that Kashmir had reinforced its troops along the Kashmir–Punjab border to ensure that the communal violence of Punjab did not spill into Kashmir. The border was virtually sealed.}}{{sfnp|Jha, Rival Versions of History|1996|p=15}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|3}}|event=The British Resident reported that the [[Amin ul-Hasanat|Pir of Manki Sharif]], a Muslim League leader in the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North-West Frontier Province]], had sent agents to Kashmir to prepare the people for a "holy crusade".}}{{sfnp|Jha, Rival Versions of History|1996|p=15}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|3}}|event=[[Lord Mountbatten]] arrived in India as the last [[Viceroy of India]], amidst country-wide communal riots.}}

=== April 1947 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|4}}|event=Hindus and Sikhs of [[Sialkot]] fled to [[Jammu]] in the face of increasing tensions.}}{{sfnp|Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath|2009|p=162}} The exodus increased in June and continued until August.
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|4|21|df=y}} |event=The Maharaja was met by a gathering of 40,000 demobilised soldiers in [[Rawalakot]]. He was "specially impressed and alarmed", according to [[Azad Kashmir]] sources.}}{{sfnp|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=41}}

=== May 1947 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|5|1|df=y}} |event=The Maharani of Jammu and Kashmir along with Yuvraj [[Karan Singh]] initiated discussions with Justice [[Mehr Chand Mahajan]], a judge of the Punjab High Court with connections to the [[Indian National Congress]], to come in as the Prime Minister of Kashmir. Mahajan showed reluctance.}}{{sfnp|Jha, The Origins of a Dispute|2003|p=46}}<ref>{{citation |last=Jha |first=Prem Shankar |author-link=Prem Shankar Jha |title=Response (to the reviews of ''The Origins of a Dispute: Kashmir 1947'') |journal=Commonwealth and Comparative Politics |volume=36 |number=1 |date=March 1998|doi=10.1080/14662049808447762 |pages=113–123}}</ref>{{sfnp|Mahajan, Looking Back|1963|p=113}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|5|24|df=y}} |event=The Indian National Congress acting president [[Acharya Kripalani]] visited Kashmir to discuss democratic reforms and joining the Constituent Assembly of India.}}{{sfnp|Gupta, Kashmir: A Study in India-Pakistan Relations|1966|p=95}}<ref>
{{citation |last=Burke |first=S. M. |title=Landmarks of The Pakistan Movement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YktuAAAAMAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=Research Society of Pakistan, University of the Punjab |isbn=978-969-425-092-2 |page=457}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|5|28|df=y}} |event=Muslim Conference acting president Choudhary Hamidullah announced that the party had decided "to acquire independence for the State".}}<ref>{{harvp|Zaheer, Rawalpindi Conspiracy|1998|p=103}}; {{harvp|Zaheer, Rawalpindi Conspiracy|2007|pp=70–71}}; {{harvp|Puri, Across the Line of Control|2013|p=18}}</ref>

=== June 1947 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|6|3|df=y}} |event=Mountbatten proposed the [[Partition of India|partition plan]] to divide [[British India]] into independent dominions of [[Dominion of India|India]] and [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]].}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|6|13|df=y}} |event=At the Joint Defence Council meeting, [[Mohammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]] disagreed on the accession of [[princely state]]s, Jinnah asserting that it was for the rulers to decide and Nehru insisting that it was for the people.}}<ref name="Noorani UN resolutions">[[A. G. Noorani]], [http://www.frontline.in/the-nation/relevance-of-un-resolutions/article8123719.ece Relevance of U.N. resolutions], Frontline, 5 February 2016.</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|6|19|df=y}} |event=[[Lord Mountbatten]] visited Kashmir for 5 days to persuade the Maharaja to accede to India or Pakistan. The Maharaja showed reluctance.}}<ref name="Kak p.37">{{harvp|Ankit, Pandit Ramchandra Kak|2010}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|6}}|event=[[Poonch jagir|Poonchis]] started a 'No Tax' campaign against the Maharaja's administration.}}<ref>{{citation |last=Copland |first=I. |title=State, Community and Neighbourhood in Princely North India, c. 1900–1950 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=squHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA143 |year=2005 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-0-230-00598-3 |ref={{sfnref|Copland, State, Community and Neighbourhood in Princely North India|2005}} |page=143}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|6}}|event=The Maharaja met with Punjab businessman Rai Bahadur Gopal Das and expressed fears of ill-treatment at the hands of Congressmen. Gopal Das relayed this to Vallabhbhai Patel.}}{{sfnp|Jha, The Origins of a Dispute|2003|pp=43–44}}{{sfnp|Kapoor, Politics of Protests in Jammu and Kashmir|2014|p=307}}

=== July 1947 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|7}}|event=The Maharaja forced the disarming of demobilised soldiers in Poonch and Mirpur. Muslims complained that the arms they deposited with the police were distributed to Hindus and Sikhs for self-defence.}}{{sfnp|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=41}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|7|3|df=y}} |event=Vallabhbhai Patel wrote to the Maharaja to allay his fears of ill-will from the Indian National Congress. Patel encouraged him to visit Delhi for discussions. The receipt of the letter was followed by detailed discussions between the Maharaja and Gopal Das. By 14 July, the Maharaja is reported to have decided on declaring general amnesty to all political prisoners and dismissing the Prime Minister [[Ram Chandra Kak]].}}{{sfnp|Jha, The Origins of a Dispute|2003|pp=44–45}}{{sfnp|Zaheer, Rawalpindi Conspiracy|2007|pp=89–90}}<ref>{{citation |last=Dhar |first=D. N. |title=Dynamics of political change in Kashmir: from ancient to modern times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=niZuAAAAMAAJ |date=2001 |publisher=Kanishka Publishers, Distributors |isbn=978-81-7391-418-8 |page=81}}</ref>{{sfnp|Kapoor, Politics of Protests in Jammu and Kashmir|2014|p=307}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|7|11|df=y}} |event=Muhammad Ali Jinnah advised the Muslim Conference acting president Choudhry Hamidullah to support the Maharaja's wish for independence.<ref>
{{citation |last=Khan |first=Aamer Ahmed |chapter=Look Back in Anger |title=The Herald, Volume 25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qby_oTLRi40C |year=1994 |publisher=Pakistan Herald Publications |page=53}}: 'After the meeting, Qureshi and Chaudhry Hamidullah rushed to Delhi where they held a press conference to advocate an independent and sovereign Kashmir, "Our statements were reported in detail in ''Dawn'' and the ''Pakistan Times''".'
</ref> Jinnah also issued a press statement to the effect that, if Kashmir opted for independence, Pakistan would have friendly relations with it.}}<ref name=Puri>{{citation |first=Balraj |last=Puri |author-link=Balraj Puri |title=The Question of Accession |journal=Epilogue |volume=4 |number=11 |pages=4–6 |date=November 2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TMxJzb7N_8wC&pg=PA4}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|7|19|df=y}} |event=At a convention of the Muslim Conference workers in Srinagar, followers of Acting President Choudhry Hamidullah supported independence for the state, and those of Mirwaiz Yousuf Shah supported accession to Pakistan. The eventual compromise resolution requested the Maharaja to declare the "internal autonomy" of the state and accede to Pakistan for defence, foreign affairs and communications. Jinnah's personal secretary [[K. H. Khurshid]] assured the Maharaja that Pakistan would not "take away an iota of his power".}}<ref name=Puri/>{{sfnp|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=25}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|7|23|df=y}} |event=State's Prime Minister [[Ram Chandra Kak]] visited Delhi for 5 days, meeting Mountbatten and the political leaders of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]]. He explained that the State had decided not to accede to either Dominion.}}<ref name="Kak p.37"/>

=== August 1947 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|8|1|df=y}} |event=[[Mahatma Gandhi]] visited the Maharaja and impressed upon him the need to be prompt in deciding on the State's accession based on the people's wishes. In discussions with Ram Chandra Kak, Gandhi pointed out Kak's lack of popularity among the people and Kak offered to resign.}}<ref>{{citation |last=Bhattacharjea |first=Ajit |title=Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah: Tragic Hero of Kashmir |publisher=Roli Books |year=2008 |page=99}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Gandhi |first=Mahatma |title=Collected Works, Volume 89 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=enRDAAAAYAAJ |year=1983 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |pages=6–8}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|8|1|df=y}} |event=The [[Gilgit Agency]] was transferred by the British to the Maharaja. British Political Agent Colonel Roger Bacon handed over power to Major Ghansara Singh, the appointed Governor of Gilgit. Major William Brown was appointed the commander of [[Gilgit Scouts]].}}{{sfnp|Brown, Gilgit Rebellion|2014|loc=Preface}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|8|11|df=y}} |event=The Maharaja dismissed Prime Minister Ram Chandra Kak and replaced him with retired Major [[Janak Singh]]. A second invitation was made to Justice Mahajan to become Prime Minister. Due to floods and partition violence, the message reached him on 25 August.}}{{sfnp|Mahajan, Looking Back|1963|p=123}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|8|11|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1947|8|13|df=y}}|event=Partition violence erupted in Sialkot, and drove the surviving Hindus and Sikhs to Jammu.}}{{sfnp|Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath|2009|pp=166–167}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|8|14|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1947|8|15|df=y}}|event=Independence and [[Partition of British India]] into [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. Kashmir signed the [[Standstill agreement (India)|Standstill Agreement]] with Pakistan. India requested further discussions for a standstill agreement.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|8|18|df=y}} |event=In one of the worst train massacres of the Partition, [[Lohar (caste)|Lohar]]s and 'Kashmiris' of [[Nizamabad (Pakistan) railway station|Nizamabad]] killed all the Hindu and Sikh passengers of a Wazirabad–Jammu train.}}{{sfnp|Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath|2009|pp=144–149}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|8|20|df=y}} |event=Pakistan Army formulated [[Operation Gulmarg]] to organise a tribal invasion of Kashmir.}}{{sfnp|Jasbir Singh, Roar of the Tiger|2013|p=4}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|8|23|df=y}} |event=Rebels under the command of [[Sardar Abdul Qayyum]] fired on the State Forces at [[Bagh, Azad Kashmir|Bagh]].}}<ref name="Cheema p.57">{{harvp|Cheema, The Crimson Chinar|2015|p=57}}</ref> According to Major General [[Henry Lawrence Scott]], the Chief of Staff of State Forces, they had been incited by 30 Muslims from West Punjab that entered the State a few days earlier.{{sfnp|Ankit, Henry Scott|2010|p=47}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|8|25|df=y}} |event=The Maharani's emissary delivered an invitation to Justice Mahajan, with a repeated request on 7 September.}}{{sfnp|Mahajan, Looking Back|1963|p=123}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|8|25|df=y}} |event=The Muslim Conference wrote to Pakistani Prime Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] and claimed that the state's government and the National Conference were intriguing. "If, God forbid, the Pakistan Government or the Muslim League do not act, Kashmir might be lost to them and the responsibility would be theirs," warned the communication.}}{{sfnp|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|p=103}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|8|28|df=y}} |event=Colonel [[Akbar Khan (Pakistani general)|Akbar Khan]], who would later operate as 'General Tariq' commanding Pakistani irregulars, arrived in Rawalpindi.{{sfnp|Zaheer, Rawalpindi Conspiracy|2007|p=115}} The [[21st Prince Albert Victor’s Own Cavalry (Frontier Force)|Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry]] (later 11th Cavalry) was briefed on Pakistan's "invasion plans" by Akbar Khan, along with Colonels Sher Khan and Khanzadeh.{{sfnp|Effendi, Punjab Cavalry|2007|pp=151–153}}{{sfnp|Joshi, Kashmir, 1947–1965: A Story Retold|2008|p=59–}}<ref name="Wajahat review">{{citation |last=Amin |first=Agha Humayun |chapter=Memories of a Soldier by Major General Syed Wajahat Hussain (Book Review) |title=Pakistan Military Review, Volume 18 |date=August 2015 |isbn=978-1516850235 |publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform}}</ref>}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|8|28|df=y}} |event=The Muslim Conference leader in Poonch, [[Sardar Ibrahim]], arrived in Lahore to seek Pakistan's assistance for a rebellion. He was ignored by officials, but entertained by the provincial Muslim League leader [[Mian Iftikharuddin]]. Ibrahim headed to [[Murree]] to set up a base for the rebellion.{{sfnp|Ibrahim Khan, The Kashmir Saga|1990|pp=68–70}}}}

=== September 1947 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|9}} |event=Pakistan deputed [[Mian Iftikharuddin]] to visit Kashmir to assess Pakistan's prospects for its accession. En route, Iftikharuddin introduced [[Sardar Ibrahim]] to Colonel [[Akbar Khan (Pakistani general)|Akbar Khan]] in Murree. Sardar Ibrahim requested arms for the rebels.}}{{sfnp|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|p=105}}{{sfnp|Zaheer, Rawalpindi Conspiracy|2007|p=115}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|9|4|df=y}} |event=Henry Lawrence Scott informed the Maharaja that 400 armed Muslims infiltrated from [[Kahuta Tehsil|Kahuta]] into the state to terrorise the Hindu and Sikh minorities. Kashmir reported the information to Pakistan and urged it to control the infiltration.}}{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|1968|pp=90–91}}{{sfnp|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=43}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|9|4|df=y}} |event=''[[Civil & Military Gazette]]'' reported that there was an [[1947 Poonch Rebellion|uprising in the Poonch]] area.}}{{sfnp|Hiro, The Longest August|2015|p=115}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|9|9|df=y}} |event=Pakistan blocked supplies of petrol, sugar, salt and kerosene and stopped trade in timber, fruits, fur and carpets in violation of the standstill agreement.}}<ref name="October 1947">{{harvp|Ankit, October 1947|2010|p=9}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|9|12|df=y}} |event=Liaquat Ali Khan approved the plan for "Armed Revolt inside Kashmir" prepared by Colonel [[Akbar Khan (Pakistani general)|Akbar Khan]] and another plan prepared by Sardar [[Shaukat Hayat Khan]]. Khurshid Anwar of the Muslim League National Guard was dispatched to the [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas|Frontier]] to mobilise the Pashtun tribes for an armed attack.}}{{sfnp|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|pp=105–106}}{{sfnp|Nawaz, First Kashmir Revisited|2008|p=120}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|9|13|df=y}} |event=Pakistan accepted the accession of the [[Junagadh State]]. The Poonch rebels in [[Murree]] began to lobby [[Mohammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]] with telegrams: "Atrocious military oppression in Poonch.... Kindly intervene."{{sfnp|Hajari, Midnight's Furies|2015|p=182}}{{sfnp|Zaidi, Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah Papers|2001|p=594}}}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|9|13|df=y}} |event=Vallabhbhai Patel approved the request from Jammu and Kashmir for the secondment of Col. Kashmir Singh Katoch. He was intended to head the State forces upon the departure of General Henry Lawrence Scott. However, in the event, he was only appointed as the military advisor to the Maharaja.}}{{sfnp|Jha, The Origins of a Dispute|2003|p=43}}<ref>{{citation |last=Narain |first=Partap |title=Subedar to Field Marshal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zRPfAAAAMAAJ |date=1999 |publisher=Manas Publications |isbn=978-81-7049-072-2 |ref={{sfnref|Narain, Subedar to Field Marshal|1999}}|page=237}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|9|13|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1947|9|18|df=y}}|event=Justice [[Mehr Chand Mahajan]] visited Kashmir and accepted the Maharaja's invitation to be the prime minister of the state.}}{{sfnp|Jha, The Origins of a Dispute|2003|p=47}}{{sfnp|Mahajan, Looking Back|1963|pp=124–125}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|9|19|df=y}} |event=The Muslim Conference acting president Choudhri Hamidullah and general secretary Ishaque Qureshi were summoned by Pakistani prime minister Liaquat Ali Khan and briefed about Pakistan's invasion plans.}}<ref>{{citation |last=Khan |first=Aamer Ahmed |chapter=Look Back in Anger |title=The Herald, Volume 25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qby_oTLRi40C |year=1994 |publisher=Pakistan Herald Publications |page=54}}: 'Once past Kahuta, the two leaders were apparently whisked away to Liaquat Ali Khan by military personnel. The meeting was a hush-hush affair, attended by Sardar Shaukat Hayat, Mian Iftikharuddin, Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan and General Sher Khan besides some other officers. "We were told about the plan to attack Kashmir. Liaquat Ali Khan said that it would all be over within hours. The Frontier government was to mastermind the attack from Garhi Abdullah while the Punjab government would control the attack from Kahuta to Jammu."'</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|9|19|df=y}} |event=Mahajan met [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] in Delhi and apprised them of the situation in the state. He indicated the Maharaja's willingness to accede to India but asked for political reforms to be delayed. Nehru demanded the release of Sheikh Abdullah.}}<ref name="Raghavan p.106">{{harvp|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|p=106}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|9|20|df=y}} |event=According to [[Sardar Ibrahim]], a people's militia of 50,000 ex-servicemen had been raised to form an 'Azad Army'.}}{{sfnp|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=44}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|9|22|df=y}} |event=Muslim Conference convention at Srinagar took a decision favouring accession to Pakistan.}}<ref>{{citation |last=Grover |first=Verinder |title=The Story of Kashmir: Political development, terrorism, militancy and human rights, efforts towards peace, with chronology of major political events |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5zNuAAAAMAAJ |year=1995 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |page=474|isbn=9788171006779 }}: "It was only on September 22 that the Muslim conference convention which met at Srinagar under the presidency of Chaudri Hamidullah Khan, took a decision favouring accession to Pakistan."</ref><ref>{{harvp|Pampori, Kashmir in Chains|1992|p=185}}: "On 22nd September (1947) a convention of the prominent workers of the J&K Muslim Conference held in Srinagar under the presidency of Hamidullah Khan (again) adopted a resolution demanding that the State should accede to Pakistan. Hamidullah presented a memorandum to General Janak Singh - Prime Minister, impressing upon him 'the desirability of taking a speedy decision about the accession issue in accordance with the desire of the overwhelming population of the people'."</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|9|26|df=y}} |event=The ''Pakistan Times'' reported that the Maharaja had decided to accede to India two weeks previously.}}{{sfnp|Jha, The Origins of a Dispute|2003|p=50}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|9|26|df=y}} |event=''[[Civil & Military Gazette]]'' reported on the 'Exodus of Muslims from Jammu'. 50,000 Muslims were said to have migrated to West Punjab, halving Jammu city's Muslim population.}}{{sfnp|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=51}}{{sfnp|Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath|2009|p=182}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|9|27|df=y}} |event=Nehru wrote to [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] predicting a Pakistani incursion into Kashmir. He recommended that the Maharaja "make friends" with the [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]].}}{{sfnp|Guha, India after Gandhi|2011|p=xvi}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|9|29|df=y}} |event=[[Sheikh Abdullah]] was released from prison.}}<ref name="Raghavan p.106"/> [[Henry Lawrence Scott]], the Chief of Staff of the State Forces left his position. About 100,000 Muslims from East Punjab and an equal number of non-Muslims from West Punjab were safely escorted through Jammu by the State Forces.{{sfnp|Ankit, Henry Scott|2010|p=44}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|9|30|df=y}} |event=Nehru proposed using [[plebiscite]] as a means of settling disputes regarding princely states. It was discussed in the Indian Cabinet and then communicated to Pakistani Prime Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] in Delhi. Khan's eyes were said to have "sparkled" at the proposal, though he made no response.}}{{sfnp|Dasgupta, War and Diplomacy in Kashmir|2014|pp=28–29}}

=== October 1947 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|1|df=y}} |event=[[Dwarkanath Kachru]], the secretary general of the [[All-India States Peoples' Conference]], visited Kashmir for four days. He reported to Nehru that the National Conference had decided in favour of accession to India.}}<ref name="Snedden p.67">{{harvp|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=67}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|3|df=y}} |event=[[Khwaja Ghulam Nabi Gilkar]], under the assumed name "Mr. Anwar", issued the proclamation of a provisional 'Azad Kashmir' government in [[Muzaffarabad]]. This government failed with the arrest of Gilkar in Srinagar.}}<ref name="Snedden p.59">{{harvp|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=59}}</ref>{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|1968|p=233}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|6|df=y}} |event=An [[1947 Poonch Rebellion|armed rebellion]] began in Poonch.}}<ref>{{citation |last=ul-Hassan |first=Syed Minhaj |title=Qaiyum Khan and the War of Kashmir, 1947-48 AD. |journal=FWU Journal of Social Sciences |volume=9 |number=1 |year=2015 |pages=1–7 |url=http://www.sbbwu.edu.pk/journal/Journal%20June%202015/1.%20Qaiyum%20Khan%20and%20the%20War%20of%20Kashmir,%20proof%20reading%20and%20APA.pdf |ref={{sfnref|ul Hassan, Qaiyum Khan and the War of Kashmir|2015}} |access-date=8 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309063114/http://www.sbbwu.edu.pk/journal/Journal%20June%202015/1.%20Qaiyum%20Khan%20and%20the%20War%20of%20Kashmir,%20proof%20reading%20and%20APA.pdf |archive-date=9 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation |first=Sumit |last=Ganguly |title=Wars without End: The Indo-Pakistani Conflict |journal=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science |volume=541 |pages=167–178 |date=September 1995 |publisher=Sage Publications |jstor=1048283 |doi=10.1177/0002716295541001012 |s2cid=144787951 |ref={{sfnref|Ganguly, Wars without End|1995}}}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|6|df=y}} |event=The Maharaja replaced Chief of State Forces Banbury and Police Chief Powell with Hindu officers.}}{{sfnp|Ankit, October 1947|2010|p=9}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|7|df=y}} |event=The Maharaja imposed rigorous precensorship of the press, especially of all views regarding the State's accession.}}{{sfnp|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=40}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|8|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1947|10|9|df=y}}|event=The [[Azad Pattan|Owen Pattan]] post on Jhelum river was captured by rebels. [[Sehnsa]] and [[Throchi]] were abandoned by State Forces after attack.}}<ref name="Cheema p.57"/>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|8|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1947|10|9|df=y}}|event=Pakistani raids on the borders of [[Jammu district|Jammu]] and [[Kathua district|Kathua]] districts began.}}{{sfnp|Brahma Singh, History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|1990|p=226}}{{sfnp|Palit, Jammu and Kashmir Arms|1972|p=246}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|10|df=y}} |event=Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel expedited Justice Mahajan's leave from Punjab High Court, which enabled him to accept the Prime Ministership. Mahajan visited Indian leaders and Lord Mountbatten in Delhi before proceeding to Srinagar.}}{{sfnp|Mahajan, Looking Back|1963|pp=127–128}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|12|df=y}} |event=[[K. H. Khurshid]], Jinnah's private secretary, was sent to Kashmir to mobilise support for Pakistan, and reported: "Muslim Conference is now practically a dead organisation." He advocated Pakistan to use force, and "supply arms and foodstuff to the tribes within and without the state."}}{{sfnp|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|p=106}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|14|df=y}} |event=Some activists of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] and the [[Akali Dal|Akalis]] mounted attacks on villages of the [[Jammu district]], which killed Muslims and set houses on fire}},{{sfnp|Puri, Across the Line of Control|2013|pp=25–26}} stated to be the beginning of the [[1947 Jammu massacres|1947 Jammu violence]].{{sfnp|Talbot, Pakistan: A Modern History|1998|loc=p. 116, footnote 90.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|15|df=y}} |event=Mehr Chand Mahajan took charge as Prime Minister of the state. Concentration of tribesmen reported at [[Abbottabad]]-[[Mansehra]].}}<ref name="Cheema p.57"/>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|17|df=y}} |event=Brigadier N.S. Rawat given the charge of the Jammu Brigade of the State Forces, and Brigadier Khuda Baksh made Chief of Staff, second in command.}}{{sfnp|Brahma Singh, History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|2010|p=227}}{{sfnp|Jha, The Origins of a Dispute|2003|pp=54–55}}{{sfnp|Mahajan, Looking Back|1963|p=144}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|17|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1947|10|18|df=y}} |event=A battalion of [[Patiala State|Patiala State Forces]] arrives in Jammu and a mountain battery (artillery regiment) is stationed in Srinagar.}}{{sfnp|Lamb, Incomplete Partition|1997|p=130}}{{sfnp|Palit, Jammu and Kashmir Arms|1972|p=197}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|18|df=y}} |event=Sheikh Abdullah attended the meeting of the Standing Committee of [[All India States Peoples Conference]] in Delhi.}}<ref>{{citation |last1=Kaula |first1=Prithvi Nath |last2=Dhar |first2=Kanahaya Lal |title=Kashmir Speaks |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkI_AAAAMAAJ |year=1950 |publisher=S. Chand |page=62}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|19|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1947|10|22|df=y}} |event=The Maharaja and the new prime minister travelled to [[Jammu Division|Jammu province]] and investigated the Pakistani border raids, visiting [[Jammu]] (19 October), [[Bhimber]] (20 October), [[Kathua]] (21 October) and returning to Srinagar on 22 October.}}{{sfnp|Mahajan, Looking Back|1963|pp=144–147}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|20|df=y}} |event=Lorries carrying 900 Mahsud tribesmen departed the [[Federally Administered Tribal Area|Frontier tribal region]] heading to Kashmir. Governor [[George Cunningham (governor)|George Cunningham]] sent a letter to Indian Army Chief Gen. [[Rob Lockhart]] warning him about the invasion; the letter was received on 23 or 24 October.}}{{sfnp|Ankit, The Cunningham Contribution|2010|p=34}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|21|df=y}} |event=The Maharaja appointed [[Bakshi Tek Chand]], a retired judge of the Punjab High Court, to frame a constitution for the state.}}<ref name=Puri/> This stalled due to the impending invasion.
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|21|df=y}} |event=Dak Bungalow at [[Bhimber]] was attacked by rebels. There were accusations that this was an effort to kill or abduct the Maharaja, who was scheduled to visit that day.}}<ref name="Cheema p.57"/>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|21|df=y}} |event=Journalist [[G. K. Reddy]], working for [[Associated Press of India]] (API) in Lahore, received a telephone call from the Pakistan Army Headquarters in Rawalpindi, stating that the Ramkot post was being attacked that night, and the news should be published as coming from [[Palandri]].}}{{sfnp|Jasbir Singh, Roar of the Tiger|2013|pp=4–5}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|21|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1947|10|22|df=y}}|event=Pakistan precipitated the first [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistani War]] when it launched a tribal ''lashkar'' (levy) from [[Waziristan]] to overthrow the Maharaja's government.}}<ref>[http://www.princeton.edu/~jns/publications/Understanding%20Support%20for%20Islamist%20Militancy.pdf Pakistan Covert Support] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912114721/http://www.princeton.edu/~jns/publications/Understanding%20Support%20for%20Islamist%20Militancy.pdf |date=12 September 2014 }}</ref> Thousands of Pashtuns from Pakistan's [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|North West Frontier Province]], recruited covertly by the Pakistani Army, invaded [[Kashmir]] along with the Poonch rebels, allegedly incensed by atrocities against fellow Muslims in Poonch and Jammu. The tribesmen engaged in looting and killing along the way.{{sfnp|kashmirlibrary.org, Timeline|2010|loc=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150216090621/http://kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_references.htm#fn17 note 17]}} Pro-Pakistan members of the Maharaja's army rebelled at Domel (Muzaffarabad) and took control of the Jhelum river bridge.<ref name="Snedden p.59"/>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|22|df=y}} |event=All the Muslim members of the State Police in Jammu City were disarmed and ordered to go to Pakistan.}}{{sfnp|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=53}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|24|df=y}} |event=[[Government of India|New Delhi]] received the news of tribal invasion via two channels, from General Gracey of Pakistan Army communicated to General Lockhart and from R.L. Batra, the Deputy Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir, to Nehru.}}{{sfnp|Cheema, The Crimson Chinar|2015|p=58}} Batra carried a message from the Maharaja which requested military assistance and proposed accession to India.{{sfnp|Hajari, Midnight's Furies|2015|p=189}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|24|df=y}} |event=A second provisional government of [[Azad Kashmir]] was established under the leadership of [[Sardar Ibrahim]] with nominal headquarters at [[Palandri]].}}{{sfnp|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=61}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|24|df=y}} |event=[[Bhimber]] fell to rebels after an attack by armoured vehicles of the [[Pakistan Army]].}}<ref name="Cheema p.57"/><ref>{{harvtxt|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom|1977}} quoted at [http://www.pakarmymuseum.com/exhibits/actions-of-kashmir-war/ Valorous Actions of Kashmir War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130042034/http://www.pakarmymuseum.com/exhibits/actions-of-kashmir-war/ |date=30 November 2016 }}, Pak Army Museum, retrieved 16 March 2017.</ref>{{sfnp|Suharwardy, Tragedy in Kashmir|1983|p=142}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|25|df=y}} |event=A Defence Committee meeting in Delhi, headed by Lord Mountbatten, considered the Maharaja's request. Ministers were unanimous in sending military assistance, but disagreed on whether to accept Kashmir's accession. The secretary of the States Department, [[V. P. Menon]], was sent to Kashmir to assess the situation.}}{{sfnp|Hajari, Midnight's Furies|2015|p=189|loc=Chapter 8}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|26|df=y}} |event=V. P. Menon brought news that the situation in Kashmir was critical and that the Maharaja was ready to agree to "any terms". The accession was accepted on the condition of a future ratification by the people and the appointment Sheikh Abdullah to the government. The Maharaja moved from Srinagar to [[Jammu]], his winter capital.}}{{sfnp|Hajari, Midnight's Furies|2015|p=189|loc=Chapter 8}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|26|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1947|10|27|df=y}}|event=The Maharaja signed the [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|Instrument of Accession]] (IOA), acceding the state to the Indian Union. India accepted the accession, regarding it provisional}}{{sfnp|kashmirlibrary.org, Timeline|2010|loc=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150216090621/http://kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_references.htm#fn19 note 19]}} until such time as the will of the people could be ascertained.
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|27|df=y}} |event=The Indian army entered the state to repel the invaders. Sheikh Abdullah endorsed the accession but termed it ''ad hoc'' and to be ultimately decided by the people of Jammu and Kashmir. He was appointed head of the emergency administration.}}{{sfnp|kashmirlibrary.org, Timeline|2010|loc=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150216090621/http://kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_references.htm#fn19 note 19]}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|27|df=y}} |event=Mohammad Ali Jinnah ordered General [[Douglas Gracey]] to send Pakistani troops into Kashmir. Gracey declined, pointing out the fact of Kashmir's accession to India. Gracey had a 'stand down order' from Supreme Commander [[Claude Auchinleck]] to the effect that, in the event of an inter-Dominion war, all the British officers in both the armies must stand down.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|27|df=y}} |event=The Kashmir Liberation Committee was formed to manage Pakistan's conduct of the war. It was headed by Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan, with Colonel [[Akbar Khan (Pakistani general)|Akbar Khan]] as the military member, [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad|Ghulam Muhammad]], the finance minister, and [[Sardar Ibrahim]], the president of the provisional Azad Kashmir government.}}{{sfnp|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|p=54}}{{sfnp|Zaheer, Rawalpindi Conspiracy|1998|p=105}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|28|df=y}} |event=Field Marshal Auchinleck flew to Lahore to explain the stand down order to Jinnah. Upon his suggestion, Jinnah invited the Indian leaders for a conference in Lahore but the Indian Cabinet declined the invitation.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|29|df=y}} |event=Jinnah and Liaquat Ali Khan entered the war officially by deciding to maintain a force of at least 5,000 tribesmen in Kashmir.}}{{sfnp|Hajari, Midnight's Furies|2015|p=196}} Tribesmen again poured into Kashmir.{{sfnp|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|p=55}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|31|df=y}} |event=Sheikh Abdullah was appointed as the head of the Emergency Administration in Kashmir.}}{{sfnp|Brecher, The Struggle for Kashmir|1953|loc=119, footnote 5}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|31|df=y}} |event=Major William Brown, the commander of the [[Gilgit Scouts]], led a coup against the governor of [[Gilgit]] and imprisoned him. A provisional government was declared by the rebels.}}{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|1968|pp=113–114}}<ref name=Bangash>{{citation |first=Yaqoob Khan |last=Bangash |title=Three Forgotten Accessions: Gilgit, Hunza and Nagar |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |volume=38 |pages=117–143 |number=1 |doi=10.1080/03086530903538269 |year=2010 |s2cid=159652497 }}</ref>

=== November 1947 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|1|df=y}} |event=[[Lord Mountbatten]] and [[Mohammad Ali Jinnah]] met in Lahore, as the Governors General of India and Pakistan. Mountbatten offered India's proposal that the accession of [[Junagadh state|Junagadh]], [[Hyderabad state|Hyderabad]] and Kashmir should be decided by an impartial reference to the will of the people in the form of a [[plebiscite]]. Jinnah rejected the offer.}}<ref>{{citation |last=Noorani |first=A. G. |author-link=A. G. Noorani |title=The Kashmir Dispute, 1947–2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hdGkoAEACAAJ |year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-940018-8 |orig-year=first published in 2013 by [[Tulika Books]] |pages=13–14}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date=Early November |event=Sheikh Abdullah recommended that India give an ultimatum and declare war against Pakistan upon the expiry of the ultimatum. Nehru did not favour a broader war.}}{{sfnp|Dasgupta, War and Diplomacy in Kashmir|2014|p=97}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|3|df=y}} |event=Tribesmen broke through to within {{convert|5|mi}} of the Srinagar airport and were beaten back. Indians suffered heavy casualties. Indian Home Minister [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] argued for the army to be reinforced; two more battalions were air-lifted, and a squadron of armoured cars and field artillery were dispatched from [[Pathankot]].}}{{sfnp|Hajari, Midnight's Furies|2015|loc=Chapter 8}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|3|df=y}} |event=[[Mendhar Tehsil|Mendhar]], in the eastern part of the [[Poonch jagir|Poonch district]] fell to rebels; [[Bagh, Azad Kashmir|Bagh]] and [[Rawalakot]] followed in quick succession. Hindu and Sikh refugees from these areas took shelter in [[Nowshera, Jammu and Kashmir|Nowshera]], [[Mirpur, Azad Kashmir|Mirpur]], [[Kotli]] and [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]], which were all surrounded by rebels.}}{{sfnp|Bajwa, Jammu and Kashmir War|2003|p=142}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|5|df=y}} |event=Most of the tribesmen withdrew to [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]] in the face of the Indian assault. Many returned home, sensing that the fight was lost.}}{{sfnp|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|p=56}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|5|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1947|11|6|df=y}}|event=Convoys of Muslim refugees from [[Jammu]] going to West Punjab were attacked by armed bands supported by State troops; very few survived.}}{{sfnp|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|pp=53–54}} 6 November became a remembrance day in Pakistan and Azad Kashmir.{{sfnp|Puri, Across the Line of Control|2013|p=31}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|7|df=y}} |event=Reinforced Indian troops in the Kashmir Valley engaged the tribesmen at [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947#Indian operation in the Kashmir Valley|Shalateng]] and inflicted heavy casualties. The defeated tribal forces were pursued and [[Baramulla]] and [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]] were recaptured.}}{{sfnp|Hajari, Midnight's Furies|2015|loc=Chapter 8}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|7|df=y}} |event=[[Rajouri]] was captured by Azad rebels. 30,000 Hindus and Sikhs gathered there were killed in the [[1947 Rajouri Massacre]] before it was relieved, with the exception of 1,500 who escaped to the hills.}}{{sfnp|V. K. Singh, Leadership in the Indian Army|2005|p=160}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|9|df=y}} |event=An attack on a convoy of Muslim refugees from Jammu was repelled by Indian troops, killing 150 of the attackers. No further attacks on convoys were reported after this incident.}}{{sfnp|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|pp=53–54}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|13|df=y}} |event=Major General Kalwant Singh issued an order to the 50 Para Brigade to relieve [[Nowshera, Jammu and Kashmir|Nowshera]], [[Jhangar]], [[Mirpur, Azad Kashmir|Mirpur]], [[Kotli]] and [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]] in seven days. The ambitious plan was criticised by General [[Roy Bucher]].}}{{sfnp|V. K. Singh, Leadership in the Indian Army|2005|p=160}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|16|df=y}} |event=Pakistan's Political Agent, Khan Mohammad Alam Khan, arrived in [[Gilgit]] and took over the administration. The provisional government was dismissed.}}<ref name=Bangash/>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|17|df=y}} |event=The [[Jammu Praja Parishad]] was formed with Hari Wazir as party president and Hansraj Pangotra as general secretary. [[Pandit Prem Nath Dogra]] and [[Balraj Madhok]] were also major founding members.}}<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://jknewsline.com/jammu-praja-parishad-the-first-party-to-oppose-article-370/ |title=Jammu Praja Parishad: The first party to oppose Article 370 |date=2020-11-21 |publisher=JK Newsline |access-date=2022-03-06 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220306101840/https://jknewsline.com/jammu-praja-parishad-the-first-party-to-oppose-article-370/ |archive-date=2022-03-06}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|18|df=y}} |event=50 Para Brigade relieved Nowshera.}}{{sfnp|V. K. Singh, Leadership in the Indian Army|2005|p=161}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|25|df=y}} |event=Mirpur fell to rebels. 20,000 Hindus and Sikhs taking shelter at the town were killed in the [[1947 Mirpur Massacre]] during the rebel occupation.}}{{sfnp|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=56}} The day is remembered as the "Mirpur day" in Indian-administered Jammu.{{sfnp|Puri, Across the Line of Control|2013|p=30}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|26|df=y}} |event=50 Para Brigade relieved Kotli, but evacuated it the next day due to the difficulty of defending it against the surrounding rebels.}}{{sfnp|V. K. Singh, Leadership in the Indian Army|2005|pp=161–162}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|26|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1947|11|27|df=y}}|event=During Liaquat Ali Khan's visit to Delhi for a Joint Defence Council meeting, the two countries reached an agreement on the sharing of sterling balances. A tentative agreement on Kashmir was reached; Pakistan agreed to use its influence on the raiders to withdraw, India to scale back its troops, and the UN to be approached for holding a plebiscite.}}{{sfnp|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|p=116–117}}{{sfnp|Dasgupta, War and Diplomacy in Kashmir|2014|p=78–80}} However, the agreement was vetoed by Jinnah: "No commitments should be made without my approval of terms of settlement. Mr. Liaquat has agreed and promised to abide by this understanding," read his note to the ministers.{{sfnp|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|p=119}} The next day, India's Defence Committee was informed that Pakistan was reinforcing the tribesmen.{{sfnp|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=65}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|28|df=y}} |event=[[Horace Alexander]] estimated that 200,000 Muslims had been affected by the anti-Muslim violence in Jammu. [[Mahatma Gandhi]] spoke about it in his prayer meeting, and reproached Sheikh Abdullah for not curtailing the Maharaja's powers.}}{{sfnp|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=55}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|30|df=y}} |event=Large concentrations of insurgents were reported at [[Sialkot]], [[Gujrat City|Gujrat]] and [[Jhelum]].}}{{sfnp|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|p=119}}

=== December 1947 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|12|df=y}} |event=Liaquat Ali Khan visited the Azad staging areas in the [[Sialkot District]] and was enraged by the reports of atrocities narrated by the Azad rebels. He issued a renewed call to arms.}}{{sfnp|Hajari, Midnight's Furies|2015|loc=Chapter 9}}{{sfnp|Dasgupta, War and Diplomacy in Kashmir|2014|p=81–82}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|12|4|df=y}} |event=The British Commander-in-Chief of the [[Pakistan Army]] sanctioned military involvement in the Kashmir War. One million rounds of ammunition and twelve volunteer officers were provided.}}{{sfnp|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|pp=56–57}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|12|8|df=y}} |event=A meeting between Nehru and Liaquat Ali Khan, along with ministers and Lord Mountbatten, was deadlocked. Mountbatten proposed that the UN be invited to break the deadlock.}}{{sfnp|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|p=120}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|12|15|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1947|12|20|df=y}}|event=Indian forces lost ground and Nehru contemplated escalating the war across the international border to strike against the raider's bases, but decides against it.}}{{sfnp|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|p=121}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|12|20|df=y}} |event=Mountbatten recommended India take the matter to the UN, where he says it would have a "cast-iron case". He believed the UN would promptly direct Pakistan to withdraw. The proposal was discussed in the Indian Cabinet.}}{{sfnp|Dasgupta, War and Diplomacy in Kashmir|2014|p=100}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|12|22|df=y}} |event=Nehru handed Liaquat Ali Khan a formal letter demanding that Pakistan deny assistance to the raiders.}}{{sfnp|Dasgupta, War and Diplomacy in Kashmir|2014|p=101}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|12|24|df=y}} |event=Indian forces were evicted from [[Jhangar]]{{coord|33.2361|N|74.0167|E|name=Jhangar|display=none}} by rebels. However, they repelled the attack on [[Nowshera, Jammu and Kashmir|Nowshera]] by 27 December. India reinforced Kashmir by an additional brigade.}}{{sfnp|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|p=123}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|12|27|df=y}} |event=British Commonwealth Minister [[Philip Noel-Baker]] considered it a "political miscalculation" by India that the [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]] would condemn Pakistan as an aggressor. The events before Kashmir's accession would also come into play. He predicted that the question of plebiscite would be the focus of the Security Council.}}{{sfnp|Dasgupta, War and Diplomacy in Kashmir|2014|p=110}}{{sfnp|Ankit, Britain and Kashmir|2013|p=277}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|12|28|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1947|12|30|df=y}}|event=Mountbatten urged Nehru "to stop the fighting and to stop it as soon as possible". Exchanges between Mountbatten and Nehru were passed on to the British government, which was advised that any Indian defeat in the Kashmir valley would immediately lead to a broader war. Prime Minister Attlee warned Nehru that opening a broader war would jeopardise India's case in the UN. Britain alerted the US, which requested clarifications from the Indian government.}}{{sfnp|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|p=123}}{{sfnp|Dasgupta, War and Diplomacy in Kashmir|2014|p=101–106}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|12|31|df=y}} |event=India referred the Kashmir problem to the UN Security Council.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|12|31|df=y}} |event=The British [[Commonwealth Relations Office]] (CRO) asked its permanent representative at the UN, [[Alexander Cadogan]], about the validity of Indian claims. Cadogan responded that India was entitled to charge Pakistan as an aggressor under [[Chapter VI of the United Nations Charter|Article 35]] and to take measures for self-defence under [[Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter#Article 51|Article 51]], including "pursuing invaders into Pakistan".}}{{sfnp|Ankit, Britain and Kashmir|2013|p=276}}

== 1948: War and diplomacy ==
=== January 1948 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1948|1|1|df=y}} |event=UN Security Council considered the Kashmir problem.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1948|1}} |event='Balawaristan' insurrection in Gilgit by the local people. It was put down by the Gilgit forces.}}{{sfnp|Cheema, The Crimson Chinar|2015|p=86}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1948|1|2|df=y}} |event=The British Cabinet decided to send a special delegation to handle the Kashmir issue in the Security Council, sidestepping Alexander Cadogan. [[Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs|Commonwealth Relations]] Minister [[Philip Noel-Baker]]}}{{clarify|date=September 2017|reason=text seems to cut off}}{{sfnp|Ankit, Britain and Kashmir|2013|p=276}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1948|1|10|df=y}} |event=Noel-Baker put forward the British proposals to the [[US Department of State|US State Department]]: Kashmir to be put under an "impartial administration" headed by a UN-appointed chairman; India–Pakistan joint military forces, along with UN troops, to operate under a UN-appointed commander-in-chief. He failed to win US support for these proposals.}}{{sfnp|Dasgupta, War and Diplomacy in Kashmir|2014|pp=115–116}}{{sfnp|Schaffer, Limits of Influence|2009|pp=15–16}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1948|1|15|df=y}} |event=India and Pakistan made presentations to the UN Security Council. While India reiterated its demands in the original referral, Pakistan made wide-ranging allegations against India including 'genocide' against Muslims in various places in India, unlawful occupation of [[Junagadh State|Junagadh]] and other issues. Pakistan demanded the withdrawal of ''both'' the raiders and the Indians from Kashmir.}}{{sfnp|Dasgupta, War and Diplomacy in Kashmir|2014|p=117}}{{sfnp|Schaffer, Limits of Influence|2009|p=17}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1948|1|17|df=y}} |event=UN Security Council passed [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 38|Resolution 38]] which called upon India and Pakistan to refrain from aggravating the situation and requested they inform the Council of any "material changes" in the situation.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1948|1|20|df=y}} |event=UN Security Council passed [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 39|Resolution 39]] which announced a 3-member commission to investigate the Kashmir dispute. However the Commission did not come into fruition until May 1948.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1948|1|28|df=y}} |event=[[Sheikh Abdullah]], as a member of the Indian delegation to the Security Council, met US delegate [[Warren Austin]] and raised the possibility of independence for Kashmir. At this stage, the US showed no interest in further fragmentation of India.}}{{sfnp|Schaffer, Limits of Influence|2009|pp=19, 217–218}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1948|1}} |event=Noel-Baker won the support of the Western powers in the Security Council—the US, Canada and France—for the Pakistani position that the raiders cannot be withdrawn without a change of government in Kashmir. Draft resolutions were formulated along the lines of the 10 January proposals.}}{{sfnp|Dasgupta, War and Diplomacy in Kashmir|2014|pp=119–120}}

=== February–April 1948 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1948|2|3|df=y}} |event=India requested an adjournment of the Security Council discussions. The Indian Cabinet was said to be in favour of withdrawing the UN referral unless greater consideration was shown to India's complaints.}}{{sfnp|Dasgupta, War and Diplomacy in Kashmir|2014|p=120}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1948|2|9|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1948|2|11|df=y}}|event=Gilgit rebels attacked [[Skardu]]. The State forces at Skardu defended it for almost six months afterwards.}}{{sfnp|Cheema, The Crimson Chinar|2015|p=86}} No reinforcements were possible due to closure of the [[Zoji La]] pass by winter snows. The Ladakhis appealed to Nehru for help.{{sfnp|Bajwa, Jammu and Kashmir War|2003|p=206}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1948|2|12|df=y}} |event=Security Council discussions were adjourned.}}{{sfnp|Dasgupta, War and Diplomacy in Kashmir|2014|p=120}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1948|2|27|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1948|2|28|df=y}}|event=Serious differences arose between the US and UK delegations in their approach to the Kashmir resolution. The US insisted on Pakistan's obligation to stop the assistance to the raiders, favoured keeping the interim government of Kashmir in place, and limited the role of the UN commission to the conduct of the plebiscite. However, the US refrained from making its views public.}}{{sfnp|Dasgupta, War and Diplomacy in Kashmir|2014|pp=120–121}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1948|2|27|df=y}} |event=The Commonwealth Affairs Committee of the British Cabinet discussed the Kashmir question for the first time. [[Patrick Gordon Walker]], the Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Commonwealth Relations, disagreed with Noel-Baker and proposed a 'completely neutral' attitude on the part of the UK. The committee formulated a new approach, overriding Noel-Baker.}}{{sfnp|Dasgupta, War and Diplomacy in Kashmir|2014|pp=122–126}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1948|3|7|df=y}} |event=A small group of Indian troops crossed through the treacherous Zoji La pass, reaching [[Leh]] with guns and ammunition to raise a local volunteer force.}}{{sfnp|Bajwa, Jammu and Kashmir War|2003|p=206}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1948|3|10|df=y}} |event=: Security Council deliberations resumed.}}{{sfnp|Dasgupta, War and Diplomacy in Kashmir|2014|p=126}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1948|3|18|df=y}} |event=The [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]], as the current Chair of the Security Council, tabled a resolution in three parts: restoration of peace by calling upon Pakistan to withdraw the raiders, request that India appoint a plebiscite administration with UN-nominated directors, and a request that India broaden the interim government with representatives from all major political groups.}}{{sfnp|Dasgupta, War and Diplomacy in Kashmir|2014|pp=126–127}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1948|3|21|df=y}} |event=UN Security Council passed [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 47|Resolution 47]] which called for a three-step process for the resolution of the dispute: Pakistani withdrawal of its nationals, India to reduce its troops to minimum level, and arrangements for a plebiscite. The UN Commission, which was proposed in January, was enlarged from three to five members under the name of [[United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan]] (UNCIP). Both India and Pakistan rejected the resolution but promised to work with the Commission.}}{{sfnp|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|pp=131–132}}

=== May 1948 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1948|5|10|df=y}} |event=Operation Sledge – Four columns of insurgents struck Indian lines of communication at [[Gund, Jammu and Kashmir|Gund]]{{coord|34.2583|N|75.0884|E|name=Gund|display=none}}, [[Pandras, Jammu and Kashmir|Pandras]]{{coord|34.411718|N|75.6326|E|name=Pandras|display=none}}, [[Dras]]{{coord|34.4281|N|75.7512|E|name=Dras|display=none}} and [[Kargil]]{{coord|34.56|N|76.13|E|name=Kargil|display=none}}, and all except Gund were captured. The Indian land route to [[Skardu]] and [[Leh]] was severed.}}{{sfnp|Bajwa, Jammu and Kashmir War|2003|p=23}}{{sfnp|Cheema, The Crimson Chinar|2015|pp=101–103}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1948|5|22|df=y}} |event=India established an air link to Leh.}}{{sfnp|Bajwa, Jammu and Kashmir War|2003|p=23}}

=== July 1948 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1948|7|5|df=y}} |event=UNCIP arrived in the subcontinent. In [[Karachi]], it was told by Pakistan that three brigades of regular Pakistan Army were operating in Kashmir, a "bombshell" of news according to [[Josef Korbel]]. In Delhi, the Commission was told that it needed to recognize the aggression by Pakistan. The Commission broached the possibility of partition, considered favourably by India but rejected by Pakistan.}}{{sfnp|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|pp=135–136}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1948|7|6|df=y}} |event=In response to an appeal by the UNCIP, India limited its operations to clearing the land route to [[Leh]] and relieving [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]].}}{{sfnp|Bajwa, Jammu and Kashmir War|2003|p=24}}

=== August–December 1948 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1948|8|13|df=y}} |event=UNCIP adopted its first resolution on Kashmir, fine-tuning the April resolution of the Security Council to take into account objections by both India and Pakistan. Pakistan's aggression was indirectly acknowledged by asking for its withdrawal as the first step. The resolution was accepted by India, but effectively rejected by Pakistan.}}{{sfnp|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|pp=136–137}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1948|8|14|df=y}} |event=State forces at [[Skardu]] fell after eight months of siege.}}{{sfnp|Cheema, The Crimson Chinar|2015|p=103}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1948|9|21|df=y}} |event=After sustained negotiations with India and Pakistan, UNCIP left for Zurich to write an interim report to the UN Security Council.}}{{sfnp|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|p=137}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1948|11|1|df=y}} |event=[[Zoji La]] pass was recaptured by India.}}{{sfnp|Bajwa, Jammu and Kashmir War|2003|p=24}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1948|11|15|df=y}} |event=[[Dras]] was recaptured.}}{{sfnp|Bajwa, Jammu and Kashmir War|2003|p=24}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1948|11|20|df=y}} |event=Two Indian columns linked at [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]], relieving the pressure on the garrison.}}{{sfnp|Bajwa, Jammu and Kashmir War|2003|p=24}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1948|11|23|df=y}} |event=[[Kargil]] was recaptured.}}{{sfnp|Bajwa, Jammu and Kashmir War|2003|p=24}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1948|12|14|df=y}} |event=A major attack was made by the regular Pakistan army on the Indian line of communications at Beripattan-Nowshera.}}{{sfnp|Bajwa, Jammu and Kashmir War|2003|p=24}}

== 1949–1962: Plebiscite conundrum ==
=== 1949 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1949|1|1|df=y}} |event=A ceasefire between Indian and Pakistani forces left India in control of the [[Kashmir Valley]], most of the [[Jammu Division|Jammu]] province and [[Ladakh]], while Pakistan gained control of the western districts comprising the present day [[Azad Kashmir]], the [[Gilgit Agency]] and [[Baltistan]].}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1949|1|5|df=y}} |event=UNCIP stated that the question of the accession of the State of Jammu and Kashmir to India or Pakistan would be decided through a free and impartial plebiscite.}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/uncom2.htm|title=Resolution adopted at the meeting of the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan on 5 January, 1949.|access-date=5 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214234518/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/uncom2.htm|archive-date=14 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> As per the 1948<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/uncom1.htm|title=Resolution adopted by the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan on 13 August 1948.|access-date=5 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902172823/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/uncom1.htm|archive-date=2 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> and 1949 UNCIP Resolutions, both countries accepted the principle that Pakistan would secure the withdrawal of Pakistani intruders followed by withdrawal of Pakistani and Indian forces, as a basis for the formulation of a truce agreement, the details of which were to be determined, followed by a plebiscite. However, the countries failed to arrive at a truce agreement due to differences in interpretation of the procedure for and extent of demilitarisation, one of them being whether the Azad Kashmiri army was to be disbanded during the truce stage or the plebiscite stage.<ref name="UNCIP Resolution, 1951">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/kashun91.htm|title=Kashmir, UN Security Council Resolution 91|access-date=5 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214225034/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/kashun91.htm|archive-date=14 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2018}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1949|df=y}} |event=[[Jammu Praja Parishad]] launched an agitation calling for the full integration of Jammu and Kashmir with India. 294 members of the party were arrested.}}{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|1968|p=195}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1949|4|28|df=y}} |event=[[Azad Kashmir]] signed the [[Karachi Agreement (Azad Kashmir)|Karachi Agreement]] with Pakistan, which ceded control over defence and foreign affairs and complete control over [[Gilgit-Baltistan]]. The agreement was kept secret until 1990.}}{{sfnp|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|pp=90, 342}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1949|6|16|df=y}} |event=Nominated by the Maharaja, Sheikh Abdullah and his colleagues joined the [[Constituent Assembly of India]]}}<ref>{{citation |last=Pandey |first=Gyanendra |title=Hindus and Others: The question of identity in India today |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h-JtAAAAMAAJ |year=1993 |publisher=Viking |page=205|isbn=9780670854851 }}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1949|6|20|df=y}} |event=Maharaja Hari Singh announced his decision to abdicate and appointed his son [[Karan Singh]] as the Prince Regent.}}{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|1968|p=185}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1949|10|17|df=y}} |event=The [[Constituent Assembly of India|Indian Constituent Assembly]] adopted [[Article 370]] of the Constitution, ensuring a special status and internal autonomy for Jammu and Kashmir, with Indian jurisdiction in Kashmir limited to the three areas agreed in the Instrument of Accession: defence, foreign affairs and communications.}}

=== 1950 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1950|5|df=y}} |event=UN mediator, Sir [[Owen Dixon]], arrived in the subcontinent.}}<ref name=Noorani>[[A. G. Noorani]], [http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl1921/stories/20021025002508200.htm The Dixon Plan], Frontline, 12 October 2002.</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1950|7|df=y}} |event=India–Pakistan summit in the presence of Owen Dixon failed to make progress. After the summit, Dixon received a tentative proposal from Nehru for a "partition cum plebiscite": a plebiscite to be held in the Kashmir Valley and the remaining state to be partitioned as per prevailing control.}}<ref name=Noorani/>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1950|8|df=y}} |event=Liaquat Ali Khan accepted the partition-cum-plebiscite principle provided India agreed to put the state under neutral administration. India rejected any idea of replacing the National Conference administration. Dixon reported failure.}}<ref name=Noorani/>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1950}} |event=At the end of the year, [[Jihadism|Jehadist]] rhetoric inflamed Pakistan and continued into 1951.}}{{sfnp|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|pp=191–217}}

=== 1951 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1951|6|df=y}} |event=India moved troops to the India–Pakistan border in response to the rhetoric from Pakistan. A military stand-off ensued. Pakistan regarded India's behaviour as "aggressive".}}{{sfnp|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|pp=191–217}} Liaquat Ali Khan displayed a clenched fist in defiance.{{sfnp|Jalal, The Struggle for Pakistan|2014|p=84}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1951|9|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1951|10|df=y}}|event=Elections were held for the [[Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir]], with 75 seats allocated to the Indian-administered part of Kashmir and 25 seats reserved for the Pakistan-administered part. Sheikh Abdullah's National Conference won all 75 seats in a [[1951 Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly election#The election|rigged election]].}}{{sfnp|Bose, Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|pp=55–57}} The UN Security Council passed [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 91|Resolution 91]] to the effect that such elections did not substitute a plebiscite.<ref name="UNCIP Resolution, 1951"/>{{primary source inline|date=October 2016}}

=== 1952 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1951|10|df=y}} |event=[[Jammu Praja Parishad]] became an affiliate of the newly founded [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]], the precursor of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].}}{{sfnp|Baxter, The Jana Sangh|2015|p=87}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1951|11|df=y}} |event=The Constituent Assembly passed legislation stripping the Maharaja of all powers and making the government answerable to the Assembly.}}{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|1968|p=186}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1952|1|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1952|6|df=y}}|event=[[Jammu Praja Parishad]] renewed agitation and called for the full integration of the state with India. The army was called to impose order and several hundred activists were imprisoned. Jana Sangh and other Hindu nationalist parties staged a demonstration outside the Indian Parliament in support of the Praja Parishad.}}{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|1968|p=196}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1952|1|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1952|6|df=y}} |event=[[Sheikh Abdullah]] veers around to the position of demanding self-determination for Kashmiris, having previously endorsed accession to India (c.1947). In his Ranbirsinghpura speech in April, he questioned the state's continued accession to India.}}{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|1968|p=196}}{{sfnp|Kumar & Puri, Jammu and Kashmir: Negotiating Peace|2009|p=258}}{{sfnp|kashmirlibrary.org, Timeline|2010|loc=[https://web.archive.org/web/20101002041652/http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_references.htm#fn16 note 16], [https://web.archive.org/web/20101002041652/http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_references.htm#fn23 note 23]}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1952|6|df=y}} |event=State Constituent Assembly considered a proposal for abolishing the hereditary monarchy.}}{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|1968|p=197}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1952|7|df=y}} |event=Sheikh Abdullah signed the [[1952 Delhi Agreement|Delhi Agreement]] with the Indian government on Centre-State relationship}},{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|1968|pp=197–200}} which provided for the autonomy of the State within India and the autonomy for regions within the State.{{sfnp|Kumar & Puri, Jammu and Kashmir: Negotiating Peace|2009|p=258}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1952|11|df=y}} |event=The Constituent Assembly adopted a resolution which abolished the monarchy and replaced it with an elected ''Sadar-i-Riyasat'' (Head of State). The Prince Regent [[Karan Singh]] was elected to the position.}}{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|1968|p=200}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1952|11|df=y}} |event=[[Jammu Praja Parishad]] relaunched its agitation campaign for a third time. The [[Jana Sangh]] and other Hindu nationalist parties launched a parallel agitation in Delhi, which supported the Praja Parishad.{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|1968|pp=197–203}}{{sfnp|Baxter, The Jana Sangh|2015|pp=86–87}} Two days after a Hartal (Voluntary shutdown protest) in Jammu, Praja Parishad president [[Prem Nath Dogra]] and general secretary Sham Lal Sharma were arrested.}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Raju G.C. |author-link= |date=28 May 2019 |title=Perspectives On Kashmir The Roots Of Conflict In South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZqiaDwAAQBAJ&dq=jammu+praja+parishad+1953+killed&pg=PT148 |location= |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page= |isbn=9781000301366}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Malhotra |first=Iqbal Chand |author-link= |date=28 January 2022 |title=Dark Secrets Politics, Intrigue and Proxy Wars in Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iu1WEAAAQBAJ&dq=jammu+praja+parishad+1953+killed&pg=PT242 |location= |publisher=Bloomsbury USA |page= |isbn=9789354355455}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1952|12|14|df=y}} |event=A "Satyagrahi" named Mela Ram was shot and killed by police in Chhamb while attempting to hoist the Indian national flag. It is estimated over 30,000 individuals came to his funeral in mourning and in support of the movement.}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Anand |first=Arun |author-link= |date=29 November 2021 |title=THE FORGOTTEN HISTORY OF INDIA |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0VBREAAAQBAJ&dq=mela+ram+jammu+1952&pg=PT149 |location= |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |page= |isbn=9789355211866}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Talrejā |first=Kanaʼiyālālu Manghandāsu |author-link= |date=22 October 2008 |title=Secessionism in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KLiNAAAAMAAJ |location= |publisher=Rashtriya Chetana Prakashan |page=300 |isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Chander |first1=Harish |first2=K |last2=Padmini |author-link= |date=2000 |title=Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee, a Contemporary Study |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4T5uAAAAMAAJ |location= |publisher=Noida News |page=262 |isbn=9788190099110}}</ref>

=== 1953 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1953|5|df=y}} |event=Jana Sangh leader [[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]] made a bid to enter Jammu and Kashmir, citing his rights as an Indian citizen. He was promptly arrested at the Jammu border. In a widespread agitation in Jammu, Punjab and Delhi, 10,000 activists were imprisoned.}}{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|1968|pp=197–203}}{{sfnp|Baxter, The Jana Sangh|2015|pp=86–87}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1953|5|df=y}} |event=Abdullah headed a subcommittee of the National Conference which recommended four options for the state's future, all involving a plebiscite or independence. Abdullah remained firm in negotiations with the central government regarding centre–state relations.}}{{sfnp|Bose, Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|p=64}}{{sfnp|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|p=223}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1953|6|2|df=y}} |event=Pakistani prime minister [[Muhammad Ali Bogra]] and Nehru meet in London.}}{{sfnp|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=85}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1953|6|23|df=y}} |event=Syama Prasad Mukherjee died in prison.}} Large protests were held in Delhi and other parts of the country.{{sfnp|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|p=224}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1953|7|25|df=y}} |event=Bilateral talks between Pakistan and India in Karachi.}}<ref name=Koithara/>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1953|8|df=y}} |event=The National Conference working committee recommendations were opposed by three of Abdullah's five-member cabinet, including Deputy Prime Minister [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]]. They were further strengthened by the communist faction led by [[G. M. Sadiq]]. They informed ''Sadr-i-Riyasat'' [[Karan Singh]] that Abdullah had lost the majority within the cabinet.}}{{sfnp|Bose, Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|p=65}}{{sfnp|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|p=224}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1953|8|8|df=y}} |event=Sheikh Abdullah was dismissed by ''Sadr-i-Riyasat'' and later arrested. Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed was appointed as the new [[List of Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|prime minister]].}}{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|1968|p=181}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1953|8|16|df=y}} |event=Bilateral talks between Pakistan and India in Delhi. The two countries agreed to appoint a Plebiscite Administrator within six months. A plebiscite was to be held in all regions and the state partitioned on the basis of the results.}}<ref name=Koithara>{{citation |last=Koithara |first=Verghese |title=Crafting Peace in Kashmir: Through A Realist Lens |date=2004 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-0-7619-3294-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5C8XbYepfUC |page=36}}</ref>{{sfnp|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|p=225}}{{sfnp|Shankar, Nehru's Legacy in Kashmir|2016|p=7}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1953|9|df=y}} |event=Following reports of a US-Pakistan alliance, Nehru warned Pakistan that it had to choose between winning Kashmir through plebiscite and forming a military alliance with the United States.}}{{sfnp|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|p=226}}{{sfnp|Shankar, Nehru's Legacy in Kashmir|2016|p=11}}

=== 1954 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1954|2|df=y}} |event=The [[Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir|Constituent Assembly]], under the leadership of [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]], passed a resolution ratifying the accession of Kashmir to India.}}<ref>
{{harvp|Hiro, The Longest August|2015|loc=p. 151: "Led by him (Bakshi Ghulam Muhammad), 64 of 74-strong Constituent Assembly members ratified the state's accession to India on February 15, 1954. "We are today taking the decision of final and irrevocable accession to India and no power on earth could change it", declared Bakshi Muhammad."}}
</ref><ref>
{{Cite news |title=Kashmir's accession |newspaper=The Hindu |date=17 February 1954 |publication-date=17 February 2014 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/02/17/stories/2004021700320900.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310181154/https://www.thehindu.com/2004/02/17/stories/2004021700320900.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-03-10|quote=The report of the Drafting Committee "ratifying the accession" of the Jammu and Kashmir State to India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly in Jammu on February 15 before it was adjourned sine die. Earlier, Premier Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed, speaking on the report, declared amidst cheers: "We are today taking the decision of final and irrevocable accession to India and no power on earth could change it."}}
</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1954|5|df=y}} |event=Pakistan and US signed a mutual defence assistance agreement. Nehru withdrew the plebiscite offer to Pakistan.}}{{sfnp|Shankar, Nehru's Legacy in Kashmir|2016|p=11}} He stated his concerns about the cold-war alignments and that such an alliance affects the Kashmir issue. India resisted plebiscite efforts from this point.<ref name="kashmirlibrary.org Plebiscite">{{cite web |title=Plebiscite Conundrum |publisher=kashmirlibrary.org |access-date=5 December 2014 |url=http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_chapters/plebiscite.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216123304/http://kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_chapters/plebiscite.shtml |archive-date=16 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=unreliable web site|date=October 2016}}

=== 1955–1957 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1955|2|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1956||df=y}}|event=The violent [[1955 Poonch uprising]] erupted in [[Poonch Division]] in Pakistan administered Jammu and Kashmir as a result of the dismissal of Sardar Ibrahim Khan. The uprising was most severe in [[Rawalakot]] and [[Pallandri]].}}{{sfnp|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013}}{{page needed|date=September 2021}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1955|8|df=y}} |event=Sheikh Abdullah's lieutenant Mirza Afzal Beg formed the [[Plebiscite Front]] to fight for the plebiscite demand and the unconditional release of Sheikh Abdullah who was arrested after his dismissal.}}<ref>Sheikh Abdullah; M.Y.Taing (1985), p711-717</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1956|11|17|df=y}} |event=The state Constituent Assembly adopted a constitution for the state which declared it an integral part of the Indian Union.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1957|1|24|df=y}} |event=The UN Security Council passed [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 122|Resolution 122]] which stated that the state constitution was not a final legal disposition of the State.}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/kasun122.htm|title=Kashmir, UN Security Council Resolution 122|access-date=5 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112071415/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/kasun122.htm|archive-date=12 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> India's Home Minister, [[Pandit]] Govind Ballabh Pant, during his visit to Srinagar, declared that the State of Jammu and Kashmir was an integral part of India and there can be no question of a plebiscite to determine its status afresh. India continued to resist plebiscite efforts.{{sfnp|Puri, Kashmir Towards Insurgency|1993}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1957|df=y}} |event=Elections were held for the first Legislative Assembly. National Conference won 69 of the 75 seats, where 47 seats were unopposed. Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad continued as prime minister.}}{{sfnp|Bose, Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|p=75}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1958|8|8|df=y}} |event=Sheikh Abdullah was arrested in the [[Kashmir Conspiracy Case]].}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Negotiations on Kashmir: A concealed story |website=Foreign Policy Journal |date=5 August 2010 |url=https://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2010/08/05/negotiations-on-kashmir-a-concealed-story/?wpmp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314154947/https://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2010/08/05/negotiations-on-kashmir-a-concealed-story/?wpmp |archive-date=14 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 1959–1962 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1959|df=y}} |event=China annexed Tibet. Tensions rose between China and India on the issue of the boundary between Tibet and India, especially in [[Aksai Chin]].}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1962|df=y}} |event=Elections were held for the second Legislative Assembly. The National Conference won 68 of the 74 seats.}}{{sfnp|Bose, Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|p=77}}

== 1963–1987: Rise of Kashmiri nationalism ==
=== 1963–1969 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1963|3|df=y}} |event=The Chinese government signed an agreement with Pakistan on the boundary between the [[Northern Areas]] and the [[Xinjiang]] province, ceding the [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]].}}{{sfnp|Bose, Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|p=76}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1963|12|27|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1964|1|4|df=y}}|event=A mass uprising occurred in the Kashmir Valley when the [[Theft of the Holy Relic from the Hazratbal Shrine|holy relic was found missing]] from the [[Hazratbal Shrine]]; the lost relic was recovered after a few days.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1963|12|30|df=y}} |event=The [[Jammu Praja Parishad]] officially merged with the [[Bharatiya Jan Sangh]], who continued to push the original demands of the Parishad.}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Anand |first=Arun |author-link= |date=29 November 2021 |title=THE FORGOTTEN HISTORY OF INDIA |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0VBREAAAQBAJ&dq=jammu+praja+parishad+30+december+1963&pg=PT151 |location= |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |page= |isbn=9789355211866}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1964|4|8|df=y}} |event=The government dropped all charges in the Kashmir Conspiracy Case.}} [[Sheikh Abdullah]] was released after 11 years.<ref name=":62">{{Cite book|title=Abdullah, Sheikh; Taing, M. Y. (1985), Atish-e-Chinar (in Urdu). Often referred to as Sheikh Abdullah's autobiography.|publisher=Shaukat Publications. It has not been copyrighted in deference to Sheikh Abdullah's wishes.|location=Srinagar|pages=774–825}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1964|11|21|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1964|11|24|df=y}}|event=[[President's rule|Articles 356 and 357]] of the Indian Constitution were extended to the State, by virtue of which the Central Government can assume the government of the State and exercise its legislative powers. The State Assembly then amended the State Constitution, changing the posts of ''Sadr-i-Riyasat'' and "prime minister" to Governor and "chief minister", consistent with the Indian Constitution. Scholar [[Sumantra Bose]] regarded it the "end of the road" for Article 370 and the constitutional autonomy guaranteed by it.}}{{sfnp|Bose, Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|pp=81–82}}<ref>[[A. G. Noorani]], [http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1719/17190890.htm Article 370: Law and Politics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620074036/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1719/17190890.htm |date=20 June 2014 }}, Frontline, 16 September 2000.</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1965|1|3|df=y}} |event=The Jammu and Kashmir National Conference dissolved itself and merged into the Indian National Congress, a centralising strategy.}}{{sfnp|Bose, Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|p=82}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1965|8|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1965|9|23|df=y}}|event=[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]: Pakistan took advantage of the discontent in the Kashmir Valley and sent a few thousand armed Pakistani infiltrators across the cease-fire line in [[Operation Gibraltar]]. Incidents of violence increased in Kashmir Valley, and a full Indo-Pakistani war broke out until a ceasefire was made.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1966}} |event=On 10 January, the [[Tashkent Declaration]] was signed by both countries, agreeing to revert to their pre-1965 positions under Russian mediation. Pakistan-supported guerrilla groups in Kashmir increased their activities after the ceasefire. Kashmiri nationalists Amanullah Khan and [[Maqbool Bhat]] formed another Plebiscite Front with an armed wing called the Jammu and Kashmir National Liberation Front (NLF) in Azad Kashmir, with the objective of freeing Kashmir from Indian occupation.}}{{sfnp|Puri, Kashmir Towards Insurgency|1993|pp=31–32}}

=== 1970–1979 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1972|df=y}} |event=India and Pakistan agreed to respect the cease-fire as [[Line of Control]] (LOC).}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1972|7|2|df=y}} |event=India and Pakistan signed the [[Simla Agreement]] which stated that the final settlement of Kashmir would be decided bilaterally in the future and that both sides would respect the LOC.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1974|df=y}} |event=The 1927 State Subject law was officially abolished in Gilgit Baltistan, allowing Pakistanis to settle and buy land.}}<ref name="DawnGilgitBaltistan">
{{Cite web |title=GB's aspirations |website=Dawn |date=16 June 2015 |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1188410 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210612122116/https://www.dawn.com/news/1188410 |archive-date=12 June 2021 |url-status=live}}
</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1975|2|24|df=y}} |event=The [[1974 Indira-Sheikh accord|Indira-Sheikh accord]] was reached in February between Indian Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] and Sheikh Abdullah.}}<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=Abdullah, Sheikh; Taing, M. Y. (1985), Atish-e-Chinar (in Urdu). Often referred to as Sheikh Abdullah's autobiography.|publisher=Shaukat Publications. It has not been copyrighted in deference to Sheikh Abdullah's wishes.|location=Srinagar|pages=827–838}}</ref>{{primary source inline|date=September 2021}} The [[All Jammu and Kashmir Plebiscite Front|Plebiscite Front]] was dissolved and renamed the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]]. Sheikh Abdullah assumed the position of [[List of Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]] after an 11-year gap.<ref name="Noorani2000">
{{citation |last=Noorani |first=A. G. |title=Article370: Law and Politics |date=16 September 2000 |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1719/17190890.htm |number=19 |newspaper=Frontline |volume=17 |access-date=14 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620074036/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1719/17190890.htm |archive-date=20 June 2014 |url-status=live}}
</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1976|df=y}} |event=Maqbool Bhat was arrested on his return to Kashmir.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1977|6|17|df=y}} |event=Mid-term elections were called by the government. Sheikh Abdullah's National Conference won a majority in what was regarded as the first [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|"free and fair" election]] in the State. Abdullah was re-elected as the [[List of Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|chief minister]] on 9 July.}}<ref name="Noorani2000" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/recalling-1975-accord/135149.html|title=Recalling 1975 Accord|website=Greater Kashmir|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313221148/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/recalling-1975-accord/135149.html|archive-date=13 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1977|5|df=y}} |event=[[Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front]] (JKLF) was founded in the United Kingdom by converting the UK chapter of the [[Plebiscite Front (Azad Kashmir)|Plebiscite Front]].}} [[Amanullah Khan (JKLF)|Amanullah Khan]] was elected as its General Secretary the following year.{{sfnp|Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad|2007|pp=129–130}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1979|df=y}} |event=The USSR invaded Afghanistan. The US and Pakistan became involved in training, recruiting, arming, and unleashing the [[Mujahideen]] on Afghanistan.}}<ref name="US and Pak">{{citation |title=India: Arms and Abuses in Indian Punjab and Kashmir |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=September 1994 |url=http://www.hrw.org/campaigns/kashmir/1994/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040312221731/http://www.hrw.org/campaigns/kashmir/1994/index.htm |archive-date=12 March 2004 |at=Introduction}}</ref> The Mujahideen so recruited would, in the late 1980s, take on their own agenda of establishing Islamic rule in Kashmir.

=== 1980–1986 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1980|df=y}} |event=Pakistani President [[Zia ul-Haq]] sought help from the chief of [[Jamaat-e-Islami AJK|Jamaat-e-Islami in Azad Kashmir]] for raising an [[Kashmir insurgency|insurgency]] in Indian-administered Kashmir. He promised to divert funds and resources from the American-sponsored insurgency in Afghanistan. The chief Maulana Abdul Bari travelled to Indian-administered Kashmir and conferred with the [[Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir]], telling them "you will have to do the fighting and they [Pakistan] will provide all assistance."}}<ref>
{{harvp|Sirrs, Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate|2016|p=157}}; {{harvp|Riedel, Deadly Embrace|2012|p=26}}; {{harvp|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|pp=109–112}}
</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1982|9|8|df=y}} |event=Sheikh Abdullah died. His son, [[Farooq Abdullah]], later assumed office as Chief Minister of J&K.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1983|05|df=y}} |event=The chief of [[Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir]], Maulana Saaduddin Tarabali, struck a deal with Pakistani president Zia ul-Haq for conducting an armed insurgency. The first group of volunteers were sent to Pakistan-administered Kashmir for training in militancy.}}<ref>
{{harvp|Sirrs, Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate|2016|loc=p. 157}}; {{harvp|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|loc=pp.113–115}}
</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1983|9|df=y}} |event=[[Ansarul Islam (Kashmir)|Ansarul Islam]], possibly the first Islamist militant group in Kashmir and a precursor to the [[Hizbul Mujahideen]], was founded by Hilal Ahmed Mir. In 1985–86, it started sending members to Pakistan and Afghanistan for armed training.}}{{sfnp|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|pp=120–121}}{{sfnp|Garner, Chechnya and Kashmir|2013|p=423}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1984|02|06|df=y}} |event=The Indian consul general in [[Birmingham, UK|Birmingham]], Ravindra Mhatre, was abducted by JKLF militants and murdered. India hanged [[Maqbool Bhat]] soon afterward. }}{{sfnp|Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad|2007|pp=132–133}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1984|04|df=y}} |event=Prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]] appointed [[Jagmohan]] as the Governor of Jammu and Kashmir. She apprehended that the security situation in the state was due to turn to worse.<ref>Rahul Pandita, [https://openthemagazine.com/cover-stories/the-jagmohan-myth/ The Jagmohan Myth], OPEN Magazine, 15 April 2022.</ref>}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1984|04|13|df=y}} |event=The Indian Army captured the [[Siachen Glacier]] region of [[Kashmir]] during [[Operation Meghdoot]].}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1984|07|df=y}} |event=Farooq Abdullah's government in Jammu and Kashmir was toppled by engineering defections. His brother-in-law [[Ghulam Mohammad Shah|G. M. Shah]] became the chief minister with the support of the Congress party.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1984|09|df=y}} |event=Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]], frustrated with the sluggishness of Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir, sought a relationship with JKLF. Negotiations continued till 1986–87.}}<ref>
{{harvp|Sirrs, Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate|2016|pp=167–168}}; {{harvp|Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad|2007|p=163}}; {{harvp|Behera, Demystifying Kashmir|2007|p=148}}; {{harvp|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|pp=123–124}}
</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1986|df=y}} |event=JKLF's [[Farooq Haider (JKLF)|Farooq Haider]] and Raja Muzaffar agreed to partner with Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] to start an [[Kashmir insurgency|armed insurgency]] in Kashmir. Rauf Kashmiri was sent to Kashmir to explore opportunities.}}<ref name="ReferenceA">{{harvp|Sirrs, Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate|2016|p=157–158}}; {{harvp|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|pp=124–125}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1986|2|df=y}} - {{End date|1986|3|df=y}} |event=The [[1986 Anantnag riots]] broke out. Properties and homes of [[Kashmiri Hindus]] were attacked and numerous Hindu Temples were vandalised and set on fire.}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://apnews.com/article/7aace3ff6f33b7ee0fd67aa2cc54b66a |title=Hindu-Moslem riots reported in Kashmir, Calcutta |website=AP News |date=February 22, 1986 |access-date=March 7, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201006081342/https://apnews.com/article/7aace3ff6f33b7ee0fd67aa2cc54b66a |archive-date=October 6, 2020}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1986|03|df=y}} |event=G. M. Shah's government was dismissed due to deteriorating law and order situation in Jammu and Kashmir and [[Governor's Rule]] was declared, to be headed by Jagmohan.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1986|12|df=y}} |event=Amanullah Khan and Hashim Qureshi were expelled from the UK and returned to Pakistan.{{sfnp|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=138}}{{sfnp|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|p=123}} Amanullah Khan approved the partnership with ISI in May 1987.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{harvp|Sirrs, Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate|2016|p=157–158}}; {{harvp|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|pp=124–125}}</ref>}}

== 1987–present: Kashmir Insurgency ==
=== 1987–1989 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1987|df=y}} |event=Farooq Abdullah won the Assembly elections. The [[Muslim United Front]] (MUF) alleged that the elections had been rigged. The [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|insurgency in the Kashmir Valley]] increased in momentum following this event.}}<ref name="Elections in Kashmir">{{cite web |title=Kashmir - Elections |publisher=kashmirlibrary.org |access-date=5 December 2014 |url=http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_chapters/kashmir-elections.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201045510/http://kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_chapters/kashmir-elections.shtml |archive-date=1 February 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The MUF candidate, Mohammad Yousuf Shah, a victim of the rigging and state's mistreatment, took the name Syed Salahuddin and would become chief of the militant outfit Hizb-ul-Mujahideen. His election aides called the HAJY group - Abdul Hamid Shaikh, Ashfaq Majid Wani, Javed Ahmed Mir and Mohammed [[Yasin Malik]] - would join the JKLF.{{sfnp|Puri, Kashmir Towards Insurgency|1993|p=52}}<ref>
{{cite news |title=Contours of militancy |newspaper=Frontline |date=30 September 2000 |url-status=usurped |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1720/17200800.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020602025403/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1720/17200800.htm |archive-date=2 June 2002}}
</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1988|5|16|df=y}} - {{End date|1988|5|18|df=y}} |event=Multiple groups of radical Sunnis, led by [[Osama bin Laden]] (supported by [[Pervez Musharraf]], [[Zia-ul Haq|General Zia-ul Haq]] and [[Mirza Aslam Beg]]) massacre hundreds of Shias in the [[1988 Gilgit Massacre]].}}<ref name="Undaunted">
{{citation |last1=Levy |first1=Adrian |last2=Scott-Clark |first2=Catherine |title=Deception: Pakistan, the United States, and the Secret Trade in Nuclear Weapons |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bvRyTJjiBoAC |year=2010 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-8027-1860-0 |at=Chapter 13}}: "Undaunted, Musharraf had in 1988 been called on by General Beg to put down a Shia riot in Gilgit, in the north of Pakistan. Rather than get the Pakistan army bloodied, he inducted a tribal band of Pashtun and Sunni irregulars, many from the SSP which had recently put out a contract on Bhutto, led by the mercenary Osama bin Laden (who had been hired by Hamid Gul to do the same four years earlier)."</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1988|7|31|df=y}} |event=''De facto'' launch of the [[Kashmir insurgency]] by the [[Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front]] (JKLF) with four attempted bombings in the Kashmir Valley. Two were successful. The group that carried out was ''Al-Hamza''.}}{{sfnp|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|p=130}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1989|df=y}} |event=The end of the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan released a great deal of militant energy and weapons to Kashmir. Pakistan provided arms and training to both indigenous and foreign militants in Kashmir.}}<ref name="US and Pak"/><ref>
{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1881669.stm |title=BBC News - SOUTH ASIA - Pakistan admission over Kashmir |date=19 March 2002 |access-date=5 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112043514/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1881669.stm |archive-date=12 November 2014 |url-status=live}}
</ref>{{sfnp|kashmirlibrary.org, Timeline|2010|loc=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150216090621/http://kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_references.htm#fn48 note 48]}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1989|df=y}} |event=Mass [[Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus]] started in Kashmir Valley}}<ref name="exodus">
{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/25/world/kashmir-massacre-may-signal-the-coming-of-widespread-violence.html |title=Kashmir Massacre May Signal the Coming of Widespread Violence |last=Waldman |first=Amy |date=2003-03-25 |work=The New York Times |access-date=2019-05-19 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}
</ref>

=== 1990–1999 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1990|1|df=y}} |event=Jagmohan was appointed Governor. Farooq Abdullah resigned.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1990|1|21|df=y}} |event=An estimated 50 people were killed when a large group of unarmed protesters were fired upon by Indian troops at the [[1990 Gawkadal massacre|Gawkadal bridge]].}}<ref name="IE">Mir Ehsan, [https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/kashmirs-first-blood/ Kashmir's first blood], The Indian Express, 1 May 2005.</ref><ref name="KL">{{Cite news |last=Life |first=Kashmir |date=2013-01-21 |title=Gawkadal A Massacre, A Case |url=https://kashmirlife.net/gawkadal-a-massacre-a-case-17813/ |access-date=2024-12-17 |newspaper=Kashmir Life}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1990|3|1|df=y}} |event=An estimated one million took to the streets and more than 40 people were killed in police firing.}}{{sfnp|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=150}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1990|2|13|df=y}} |event=Lassa Kaul, director of Srinagar Doordarshan, was killed by the militants for implementing pro-Indian media policy.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1990|2|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1990|3|df=y}}|event=Though the JKLF tried to explain that the killings of Pandits were not communal, the murders caused a scare among the minority Hindu community. The rise of new militant groups and unexplained killings of members of the community contributed to an atmosphere of insecurity for the Kashmiri Pandits. Joint reconciliation efforts by members from Muslim and Pandit communities were actively discouraged by Jagmohan.}}{{sfnp|Puri, Kashmir Towards Insurgency|1993|pp=64–67}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1990}} |end_date=present|event=An officially estimated 10,000 Kashmiri youths crossed into Pakistan for training and procurement of arms. Indigenous and foreign militant groups besides pro-India renegade militants proliferated through the 1990s with an estimated half a million Indian security forces deployed in the Kashmir Valley. Increasing violence and human right violations by all sides led to tens of thousands of civilian casualties.}}<ref>
{{cite web|title=Who are the Militants? |publisher=kashmirlibrary.org |url=http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_chapters/kashmir-militants.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102031909/http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_chapters/kashmir-militants.shtml |archive-date=2 November 2014 |url-status=dead}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web |title=Human Rights in Kashmir |publisher=kashmirlibrary.org |url=http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_chapters/human-rights.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218210204/http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_chapters/human-rights.shtml |archive-date=18 December 2014 |url-status=dead}}
</ref>{{sfnp|kashmirlibrary.org, Timeline|2010|loc=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150216090621/http://kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_references.htm#fn51 note 51]}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1991|12|28|df=y}} |event=The [[Kashmiri Hindu]] organisation [[Panun Kashmir]] adopts the Margdarshan resolution in Jammu for the establishment of a separate [[Union Territory]] in Kashmir for Kashmiri Hindus, known as [[Panun Kashmir]]. The day is referred to as Homeland Day.}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/india/panun-kashmir-renews-demand-for-homeland-for-kps-in-kashmir/790279/ |title=Panun Kashmir renews demand for 'homeland' for KPs in Kashmir |website=The Print |date=December 28, 2021 |access-date=March 7, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220307062830/https://theprint.in/india/panun-kashmir-renews-demand-for-homeland-for-kps-in-kashmir/790279/ |archive-date=March 7, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/panun-kashmir-reiterates-demand-for-separate-homeland-in-valley-932564.html |title=Panun Kashmir reiterates demand for separate homeland in valley |website=Deccan Herald |date=December 28, 2020 |access-date=March 7, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230331072557/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/panun-kashmir-reiterates-demand-for-separate-homeland-in-valley-932564.html |archive-date=March 31, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/separate-homeland-would-satisfy-aspirations-of-kashmiri-pandits-panun-kashmir/articleshow/28052075.cms |title=Separate homeland would satisfy aspirations of Kashmiri Pandits: Panun Kashmir |website=The Economic Times |date=December 28, 2013 |access-date=March 7, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220307064211/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/separate-homeland-would-satisfy-aspirations-of-kashmiri-pandits-panun-kashmir/articleshow/28052075.cms |archive-date=March 7, 2022}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1998|df=y}} |end_date=present|event= [[Operation Sadbhavana (Goodwill)]] launched officially by the Indian army in Jammu and Kashmir.}}<ref>
{{Cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/feacontent.aspx?relid=93711 |title=Operation Sadbhavana |last=Defense |first=Ministry of |website=Public Information Bureau |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220033357/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/feacontent.aspx?relid=93711 |archive-date=2018-02-20 |url-status=dead |access-date=2018-03-10}}
</ref><ref>
{{Cite journal |first1=Mudera P. |last1=Cariappa |first2=Eugene V. |last2=Bonventre |first3=Bikash K. |last3=Mohanti |date=2008-08-01 |title=Operation Sadbhavana: Winning Hearts and Minds in the Ladakh Himalayan Region |journal=Military Medicine |language=en |volume=173 |issue=8 |pages=749–753 |doi=10.7205/MILMED.173.8.749 |pmid=18751591 |issn=0026-4075 |doi-access=}}
</ref><ref>
{{Cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/community/how-successful-has-sadbhavana-been-in-kashmir/233100.html |title=How successful has Sadbhavana been in Kashmir |date=7 May 2016 |work=The Tribune |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220033614/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/community/how-successful-has-sadbhavana-been-in-kashmir/233100.html |archive-date=20 February 2018 |url-status=live}}
</ref><ref>
{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/The-violence-of-compassion/article11542295.ece |title=The violence of compassion |last=Qanungo |first=Nawaz Gul |date=2014-02-18 |work=The Hindu |access-date=2018-03-10}}
</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1999|5|3|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1999|7|26|df=y}}|event= [[Kargil War]]}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1999|7|13|df=y}} |event=Terrorist entered to a residential complex of the [[Border Security Force|Indian Border Security Forces]] and taken 12 hostages, after killing three officials. The hostages were freed at the next day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=199907130001|title=GTD ID:199907130001|work=Global Terrorism Database|accessdate=2024-03-28}}</ref>}}

=== 2001–2009 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2001|7|14|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|2001|7|16|df=y}}|event=General [[Pervez Musharraf]] and [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] met for peace talks.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2001|10|df=y}} |event=: Kashmiri assembly in [[Srinagar]] was attacked, 38 fatalities.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2001|12|df=y}} |event=The Indian Parliament in New Delhi was attacked.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2002|9|11|df=y}} |event=: Mushtaq Ahmed Lone, the Kashmir Law Minister was shot dead at an election rally in Kupwara, India, by armed terrorist diseguised with burkas, killing two of the minister´s bodyguardas and wounding five people more, for the attack, [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], Al Barq and Al-Arifeen each claimed the attack.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/election/2002/sep/11jk.htm|title=J&K minister Mushtaq Ahmed Lone shot dead by militants|work=Rediff.com|accessdate=2024-03-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/2002/09/12/internacional/1031781631_850215.html?outputType=amp|title=Los separatistas asesinan a un ministro en Cachemira en plena campaña electoral|work=El País (in Spanish)|date=12 September 2002 |accessdate=2024-03-23}}</ref> Eight days later, militants shot a civilian worker Azad Ahad Khan in [[Srinagar]], died from his wounds in a hospital.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=200209190005|title=GTD ID:200209190005|work=Global Terrorism Database|accessdate=2024-03-23}}</ref>}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2003|4|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|2003|5|df=y}} |event=[[Operation Sarp Vinash]] launched by the Indian army. The largest network of terrorist hideouts covering 100 square kilometers in [[Pir Panjal]] found and more than 60 terrorists killed.}}<ref>
{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/operation-sarp-vinash-army-clears-hill-kaka/articleshow/47305413.cms |title=Operation Sarp Vinash: Army clears Hill Kaka |last=Kumar |first=Devesh |date=2003-05-24 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=2018-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308044308/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/operation-sarp-vinash-army-clears-hill-kaka/articleshow/47305413.cms |archive-date=8 March 2018 |url-status=live}}
</ref><ref>
{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2003/07/31/stories/2003073102911200.htm |title=Fernandes reveals 'Sarp Vinash' toll |access-date=2018-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051105210943/http://www.thehindu.com/2003/07/31/stories/2003073102911200.htm |archive-date=5 November 2005 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2003-07-31 |url-status=dead}}
</ref><ref>
{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/may/23josy1.htm |title=Operation 'Sarp Vinash': Over 60 terrorists killed |website=www.rediff.com |access-date=2018-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613172236/http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/may/23josy1.htm |archive-date=13 June 2017 |url-status=live}}
</ref><ref>
{{Cite news |last=Swami |first=Praveen |title=Reassessing Operation Sarp Vinash |work=Outlook India |date=16 June 2003 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/reassessing-operation-sarp-vinash/220439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308042028/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/reassessing-operation-sarp-vinash/220439 |archive-date=8 March 2018 |url-status=dead}}
</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2003|5|2|df=y}} |event=India and Pakistan restored diplomatic ties.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2003|7|11|df=y}} |event=: [[Delhi]]-[[Lahore]] bus service resumed.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2004|4|1|df=y}} |event=An explosive device blats at a government building in Srinagar, wounding one employer, trying to boycott the [[2004 Indian general election|coutrywide elections]] in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=200404010002|title=GTD ID:200404010002|website=Global Terrorism Database|accessdate=2024-03-23}}</ref>}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2004|9|24|df=y}} |event=Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] and President [[Musharraf]] met in New York during UN General Assembly.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2005|11|16|df=y}} |event=Four civilians were killed and forty five were wounded, when a car bomb blasts near a bank branch in [[Lal Chowk]], Srinagar. Al-Arifeen claimed the attack in a telephone call to the Kashmir News Service.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/11/16/india.bombing/|title=Srinagar car bombing kills three|work=CNN Edition|accessdate=2024-03-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=200504060002|title=GTD ID:200511160001|website=Global Terrorism Database|accessdate=2024-03-23}}</ref>}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2006|7|df=y}} |event=Second round of Indo-Pakistani peace talks were held.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2008|08|22|df=y}} |event=Following [[2008 Kashmir unrest]], hundreds of thousands of Muslims marched in Srinagar for independence, the largest protest against Indian rule in over a decade.}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20080823-kashmiris-march-independence-kashmir-india-pakistan|title=Kashmiris march for independence|date=2008-08-22|website=France 24|language=en|access-date=2019-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214003015/https://www.france24.com/en/20080823-kashmiris-march-independence-kashmir-india-pakistan|archive-date=14 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2010–2018 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2010|6|df=y}} |event=Following the killing of a young Kashmiri, Tufail Ahmad Mattoo, [[2010 Kashmir unrest|protest demonstrations]] continued in Kashmir for months.}}<ref name="Matoo">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/12/world/asia/12kashmir.html |title=A Youth's Death in Kashmir Renews a Familiar Pattern of Crisis |last=POLGREEN |first=LYDIA |date=2010-07-11 |work=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020062538/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/12/world/asia/12kashmir.html |archive-date=20 October 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2012|8|df=y}} |event=The Chief Minister of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir, [[Omar Abdullah]], said that the security situation was not yet conducive to the revoking of the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) in the state.}}<ref name="AFSPA">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Situation-in-Jammu-and-Kashmir-not-conducive-to-revoking-AFSPA-Omar-Abdullah/articleshow/15503465.cms |title=Situation in Jammu and Kashmir not conducive to revoking AFSPA: Omar Abdullah |last=PTI |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=2012-08-15 |location=[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816064519/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Situation-in-Jammu-and-Kashmir-not-conducive-to-revoking-AFSPA-Omar-Abdullah/articleshow/15503465.cms |archive-date=16 August 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2012|9|df=y}} |event=Indian President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] visited Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir within two months of taking office. Despite the threat of protests from separatists (see [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]) there were no security incidents.}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-16069078|title=BBC News - Kashmir profile - Timeline|work=BBC News|date=5 January 2012 |access-date=5 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210100706/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-16069078|archive-date=10 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2014|11|25|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|2014|12|20|df=y}} |event=Despite boycott calls by separatist [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference|Hurriyat leaders]], the [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014 state election]] saw the highest voter turnout in the 25 years since insurgency erupted in the region.}} Indian authorities claimed that this was a vote of the [[Kashmiri people]] in favour of democracy of India.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/syed-ali-shah-geelanis-jk-election-boycott-call-resonates-in-his-hometown-sopore/516279-37-64.html|title=Syed Ali Shah Geelani's J&K election boycott call resonates in his hometown Sopore|work=IBNLive|access-date=1 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204035903/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/syed-ali-shah-geelanis-jk-election-boycott-call-resonates-in-his-hometown-sopore/516279-37-64.html|archive-date=4 February 2015|url-status=dead}}
</ref><ref name="ndtv.com">
{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/assembly/jammu-and-kashmir-registers-highest-voter-turnout-in-25-years-jharkhand-breaks-records-715845|title=Jammu and Kashmir Registers Highest Voter Turnout in 25 Years, Jharkhand Breaks Records|date=20 December 2014|work=NDTV.com|access-date=1 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402171902/http://www.ndtv.com/assembly/jammu-and-kashmir-registers-highest-voter-turnout-in-25-years-jharkhand-breaks-records-715845|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141223/nation-current-affairs/article/jammu-and-kashmir-registers-highest-voter-turnout-25-years|title=Jammu and Kashmir registers highest voter turnout in 25 years, Jharkhand breaks records|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=23 December 2014|access-date=1 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123747/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141223/nation-current-affairs/article/jammu-and-kashmir-registers-highest-voter-turnout-25-years|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/jk-polls-76-per-cent-voter-turnout-recorded-in-the-final-phase/519066-3-245.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150315203847/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/jk-polls-76-per-cent-voter-turnout-recorded-in-the-final-phase/519066-3-245.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 March 2015|title=J&K polls: 76 per cent voter turnout recorded in the final phase|work=IBNLive|access-date=1 April 2015}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-28/news/56540384_1_jammu-and-kashmir-prime-minister-narendra-modi-nc-congress|title=People of Jammu and Kashmir have rejected bullet for ballot: PM Narendra Modi|work=timesofindia-economictimes|access-date=1 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402182424/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-28/news/56540384_1_jammu-and-kashmir-prime-minister-narendra-modi-nc-congress|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead}}
</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2016|7|8|df=y}} |event=Following the killing of [[Burhan Muzaffar Wani]] on 8 July, [[2016–17 Kashmir unrest|violent protests]] broke out in Kashmir Valley. An imposed curfew continued, and more than 90 people were killed. Subsequently [[Operation All Out (Kashmir)|Operation All-Out]] was launched by the Indian security forces.}}<ref>
{{Cite news|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/story/235512.html|title=2016 Unrest: Not even one probe into killings completed|work=Greater Kashmir|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202065157/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/story/235512.html|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=live}}
</ref><ref>
{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/25-injured-in-fresh-clashes-in-kashmir-death-toll-rises-to-68/article9040670.ece |title=25 injured in fresh clashes in Kashmir, death toll rises to 68 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=27 August 2016 |access-date=28 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827162700/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/25-injured-in-fresh-clashes-in-kashmir-death-toll-rises-to-68/article9040670.ece |archive-date=27 August 2016 |url-status=live}}
</ref><ref>
{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37211760 |title=Viewpoint: Living in the shadow of curfew in Kashmir |date=2016-09-05 |access-date=2019-02-14 |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214174224/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37211760 |archive-date=14 February 2019 |url-status=live}}
</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2017|07|df=y}} |end_date=present: [[Operation All Out (Kashmir)|Operation All-Out]] is an intensified offensive against the separatists, after the protests across the Valley. More than 50 civilians were killed, allegedly by Indian security forces in 2017.}}<ref>
{{Cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/kashmir-in-2017-operation-all-out-was-a-success-but-will-force-alone-win-hearts-in-the-valley-4275529.html |title=Kashmir in 2017: Operation All-Out was a success, but will force alone win hearts in the Valley? |website=Firstpost |date=26 December 2017 |access-date=2019-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312201604/http://www.firstpost.com/india/kashmir-in-2017-operation-all-out-was-a-success-but-will-force-alone-win-hearts-in-the-valley-4275529.html |archive-date=12 March 2018 |url-status=live}}
</ref>


===2019–present===
{{See also|2019–2021 Jammu and Kashmir lockdown}}

* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2019|08|05|df=y}} |event=The [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|special status]] enjoyed by Jammu and Kashmir was [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|revoked]] by the Government of India through Presidential orders backed by parliamentary resolutions. Simultaneously, the state was converted into a [[union territory]], with [[Ladakh]] separated into a separate union territory, through the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act]].}}<ref name="VoA">
{{cite news |title=US Senator Barred From Kashmir as Lockdown Enters 3rd Month |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/south-central-asia_us-senator-barred-kashmir-lockdown-enters-3rd-month/6177108.html |work=Voice of America |date=5 October 2019}}
</ref><ref>
{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/children-among-minors-detained-kashmir-article-370-abrogation-reports-1605322-2019-10-01 |title=9-year-olds among 144 minors detained in Kashmir since Article 370 abrogation|date=October 2019 }}
</ref><ref>
{{cite magazine |title=At Least 2,300 People Have Been Detained During the Lockdown in Kashmir |url=https://time.com/5657293/india-kashmir-detention-security-lockdown/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821182839/https://time.com/5657293/india-kashmir-detention-security-lockdown/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 August 2019 |magazine=Time |date=21 August 2019}}
</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2019|08|05|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|2021|02|05|df=y}} |event=The entire state of Jammu and Kashmir was placed in a [[2019–2021 Jammu and Kashmir lockdown|lockdown]] along with a communication blackout, ostensibly to prevent militant activity but also to prevent public protests according to commentators. At least 627 people were detained, including former chief ministers and other leaders.}}<ref>
{{cite news |title=Kashmir city on lockdown after calls for protest march |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/23/kashmir-city-srinagar-india-lockdown-calls-protest-march |work=The Guardian |date=23 August 2019}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news |title=Inside Kashmir's lockdown: 'Even I will pick up a gun' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49294301 |work=BBC |date=10 August 2019}}
</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Restrictions eased as Kashmir enters Day 22 of lockdown |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/restrictions-eased-as-kashmir-enters-day-22-of-lockdown/articleshow/70839690.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=26 August 2019 |access-date=18 February 2020 |archive-date=26 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826101759/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/restrictions-eased-as-kashmir-enters-day-22-of-lockdown/articleshow/70839690.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>
{{cite news |title=627 persons detained in Jammu-Kashmir since August 2019: Govt in Lok Sabha |url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/627-persons-detained-in-j-k-since-august-2019-government-in-lok-sabha-121031000122_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=10 March 2021}}
</ref>
*According to a 6 September 2019 report of the Indian government, nearly 4,000 people have been arrested and many were tortured. The report also claimed children were detained, which was later found to be false in December 2019. More than 200 politicians, including two former [[Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir|chief ministers]] of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), along with more than 100 leaders and activists from [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference]] were detained in the disputed region.<ref name="reuters">
{{cite news |title=Thousands detained in Indian Kashmir crackdown, official data reveals |work=Reuters |date=12 September 2019 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-detentions/thousands-detained-in-indian-kashmir-crackdown-official-data-reveals-idUSKCN1VX142 }}
</ref><ref>
{{Cite news |title=Young boys tortured in Kashmir clampdown as new figures show |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=25 September 2019 |last1=Wallen |first1=Joe |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/09/25/young-boys-tortured-kashmir-clampdown-new-figures-show-13000/ }}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news |title=627 persons detained in Jammu-Kashmir since August 2019: Govt in Lok Sabha |work=Business Standard |date=10 March 2021 |url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/627-persons-detained-in-j-k-since-august-2019-government-in-lok-sabha-121031000122_1.html }}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news |title=Supreme Court says no minors were held in Jammu and Kashmir |work=The Hindu |date=13 December 2019 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-throws-out-plea-alleging-minors-illegally-detained-in-kashmir-valley/article30299684.ece}}
</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir]]
** [[Rape during the Kashmir conflict]]
** [[Women's rights in Jammu and Kashmir]]
** [[Stone Pelting in Kashmir]]
** [[Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus]]
* [[Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
** [[Elections in Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[History of Kashmir]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts]]
** [[Kashmir conflict]]
** [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]]
** [[Sino-Indian War]]
** [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]
** [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
** [[Kargil War]]
** [[2001–02 India–Pakistan standoff]]
** [[Siachen conflict]]
** [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]
** [[India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015)]]
** [[India–Pakistan military confrontation (2016–present)]]
** [[2016–17 Kashmir unrest]]
* [[Timeline of the Kashmir conflict (1846–1946)]]
* [[List of topics on the land and the people of "Jammu and Kashmir"]]
* [[List of massacres in Jammu and Kashmir]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
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* {{citation |last=Sherwani |first=Latif Ahmed |title=The Partition of India and Mountbatten |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ac4oqDNFzVcC |publisher=Council for Pakistan Studies |year=1986 |id=GGKEY:0KUG6RJYNX6 |ref={{sfnref|Sherwani, Partition of India and Mountbatten|1986}} }}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=K. Brahma |title=History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles, 1820–1956: The State Force Background |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=psTeAAAAMAAJ |year=1990 |publisher=Lancer International |isbn=978-81-7062-091-4 |ref={{sfnref|Brahma Singh, History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|1990}} }}
** {{citation |last=Singh |first=K. Brahma |title=History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles, 1820–1956: The State Force Background |url=http://www.brahmasingh.co.nf/books/history%20of%20jammu%20and%20kashmir%20rifles.pdf |publisher=brahmasingh.co.nf |year=2010 |orig-year=first published Lancer International 1990 |isbn=978-81-7062-091-4 |ref={{sfnref|Brahma Singh, History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|2010}} }}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Sm Jasbir |title=Roar of the Tiger - Illustrated History of Operations in Kashmir by 4th Battalion The Kumaon Regt in 1965 War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mcXVjswUrcC |date=2013 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-82652-03-8 |ref={{sfnref|Jasbir Singh, Roar of the Tiger|2013}} }}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=V. K. |title=Leadership in the Indian Army: Biographies of Twelve Soldiers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJDsk_g6tXUC&pg=PA160 |year=2005 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-0-7619-3322-9 |pages=160– |ref={{sfnref|V. K. Singh, Leadership in the Indian Army|2005}} }}
* {{citation |last=Sirrs |first=Owen L. |title=Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate: Covert Action and Internal Operations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_S-TDAAAQBAJ |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-19609-9 |ref={{sfnref |Sirrs, Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate |2016}} }}
* {{citation |last=Snedden |first=Christopher |author-link=Christopher Snedden |title=Kashmir: The Unwritten History |publisher=HarperCollins India |year=2013 |isbn=978-9350298985 |orig-year=first published as ''The Untold Story of the People of Azad Kashmir'', 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0cPjAAAAQBAJ |ref={{sfnref|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013}} }}
* {{citation |last=Suharwardy |first=Abdul Haq |title=Tragedy in Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wjRuAAAAMAAJ |year=1983 |publisher=Wajidalis |ref={{sfnref|Suharwardy, Tragedy in Kashmir|1983}} }}
* {{citation |last=Swami |first=Praveen |author-link=Praveen Swami |title=India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: The covert war in Kashmir, 1947–2004 |series=Asian Security Studies |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vrl8AgAAQBAJ |isbn=978-0-415-40459-4 |ref={{sfnref|Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad|2007}} }}

* {{citation |last=Talbot |first=Ian |title=Pakistan: A Modern History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBs0HdpKuaQC |year=1998 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-312-21606-1 |ref={{sfnref|Talbot, Pakistan: A Modern History|1998}} }}

* {{citation |last1=Zaidi |first1=Z. H. |title=Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah Papers: Pakistan : pangs of birth, 15 August-30 September 1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgRuAAAAMAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=Quaid-i-Azam Papers Project, National Archives of Pakistan |isbn=978-969-8156-09-1 |ref={{sfnref |Zaidi, Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah Papers |2001}} }}
* {{citation |last=Zaheer |first=Hasan |title=The Times and Trial of the Rawalpindi Conspiracy, 1951: The First Coup Attempt in Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rjNuAAAAMAAJ |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-577892-2 |ref={{sfnref|Zaheer, Rawalpindi Conspiracy|1998}} }}
** {{citation |last=Zaheer |first=Hasan |title=The Times and Trial of the Rawalpindi Conspiracy, 1951: The First Coup Attempt in Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rjNuAAAAMAAJ |year=2007 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publishers |orig-year=first published by Oxford University Press Pakistan in 1998 |isbn=978-969-35-1992-1 |ref={{sfnref|Zaheer, Rawalpindi Conspiracy|2007}} }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/SSEAL/SouthAsia/kashmir.html '''Conflict in Kashmir: Selected Internet Resources by the Library, University of California, Berkeley, USA''']; [[University of California at Berkeley]] Library Bibliographies and Web-Bibliographies list
* [http://www.kashmirlibrary.org Kashmir Historical Timeline]
* [http://www.kashmirnewz.com/history.html A peep into Kashmir History and timeline]

{{Kashmir conflict}}

[[Category:Kashmir conflict|*]]
[[Category:Indian history timelines|Kashmir]]
[[Category:Pakistani history timelines|Kashmir]]
[[Category:Regional timelines|Kashmir]]
[[Category:Timelines of 20th-century military conflicts|Kashmir]]
[[Category:Timelines of 21st-century military conflicts|Kashmir]]

G20

2026-03-20T11:24:24Z

Raunak Shankhwar: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Short description|Intergovernmental forum}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = G20
| full_name = Group of Twenty
| logo =
| logo_caption = G20 official logo during the [[2025 G20 Johannesburg summit|2025 South Africa chairmanship]]
| image = 2025 G20 Johannesburg summit Family Photo.jpg
| caption = Group photo at the [[2025 G20 Johannesburg summit|2025 G20 Johannesburg summit]] in [[ Johannesburg]], [[South Africa]]
| map = G20 2023 map.svg
| mcaption = {{Legend|#FE6F5E|Member countries of the G20}}
{{Legend|#B284BE|Countries represented through membership of the European Union}}
{{Legend|#90BE84|Countries represented through membership of the African Union}}
{{Legend|#EFCC00|Countries permanently invited ([[Spain]])}}
| motto =
| formation = {{Start date and age|1999|9|26|df=y|p=y}} {{Start date|1999|df=yes}}
| predecessor =
| successor =
| type = [[International organization]]
| status =
| purpose = Bring together systemically important [[developed country|industrialized]] and [[developing country|developing economies]] to discuss key issues in the [[world economy|global economy]].<ref name="g20faq">[http://www.g20.org/about_faq.aspx#5_What_are_the_criteria_for_G-20_membership "FAQ #5: What are the criteria for G-20 membership?"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216194340/http://g20.org/about_faq.aspx#5_What_are_the_criteria_for_G-20_membership |date=16 February 2009 }}. G20.org. Retrieved 21 February 2013.</ref>
| headquarters =
| location =
| region_served =
| membership = {{Collapsible list
|titlestyle = background:transparent;line-height:normal;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
|title = 21 members{{efn|19 countries, the [[European Union]] (EU) and [[African Union]] (AU)}}
|{{ARG}}||{{AUS}}||{{BRA}}|| {{CAN}}||{{CHN}}||{{FRA}}||{{DEU}}||{{IND}}||{{INA}}||{{ITA}}||{{JAP}}||{{MEX}}||{{RUS}}||{{KSA}}||{{RSA}}||{{KOR}}||{{TUR}}||{{UK}}||{{USA}}||{{flag|African Union}}||{{EU}}||
}}
| leader_title = Chairman (Incumbent)
| leader_name = {{flagicon|United States}} [[Donald Trump]], [[President of the United States]]
| main_organ =
| affiliations =
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| website = {{official URL}}
}}

The '''G20''' or '''Group of 20''' is an [[Intergovernmental organization|intergovernmental]] forum comprising 19 sovereign countries, the [[European Union]] (EU), and the [[African Union]] (AU).<ref>{{Cite journal |first=Thomas |last=Pogge |title=The African Union - Rising |url=https://zenodo.org/records/10014908 |journal=[[Academics Stand Against Poverty|Journal of Academics Stand Against Poverty]] |issn=2690-3431 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.10014908 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=57–60 |date=17 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2024 |language=en |location=Department of Philosophy and Global Justice Program, [[Yale University]], USA}}</ref><ref name="aug20">{{Cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/09/09/1198619865/g20-african-union-permanent-member |title=The G20 has agreed to make the African Union a permanent member, Indian PM Modi says |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=2023-09-09 |access-date=2023-09-09 |language=en-US |department=World |publisher=[[NPR]] |archive-date=9 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909084834/https://www.npr.org/2023/09/09/1198619865/g20-african-union-permanent-member |url-status=live }}</ref> It works to address major issues related to the [[World economy|global economy]], such as international [[financial stability]], [[climate change mitigation]] and [[sustainable development]], through annual meetings of [[head of state|heads of state]] and [[head of government|heads of government]].<ref name="IPS">{{cite web|title=G20 Finance Ministers Committed to Sustainable Development|date=9 September 2015|url=https://www.ipsnews.net/2015/09/g20-finance-ministers-committed-to-sustainable-development/|access-date=4 December 2015|publisher=IPS News|archive-date=30 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730185219/https://www.ipsnews.net/2015/09/g20-finance-ministers-committed-to-sustainable-development/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The 19 member states of the G20 account for around 85% of [[gross world product]] (GWP),<ref name="r118">{{cite web | title=About | website=Rio Capital do G20 | date=17 October 2024 | url=https://www.g20.rio/en/about | access-date=19 October 2024}}</ref> 75% of [[international trade]], 56% of the [[world population|global population]],<ref name="r118"/> and 60% of the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|world's land area]]; including the EU and AU, the G20 comprises 78.9% of global population and 83.9% of global [[CO2 emissions|CO2 emissions]] from [[fossil energy]].<ref name="b035">{{cite web | title=Internationale Statistik: G20 | website=Statistisches Bundesamt | date=23 November 2022 | url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Laender-Regionen/Internationales/Thema/allgemeines-regionales/G20/_inhalt.html | language=de | access-date=19 October 2024}}</ref>

The G20 was founded in 1999 in response to several world economic crises.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About The G20 – G20 Presidency of Indonesia |url=https://g20.org/about-the-g20/ |access-date=2022-08-09 |language=en-GB |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809140933/https://g20.org/about-the-g20/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Since [[2008 G20 Washington summit|2008]], it has convened at least once a year, with summits involving each member's [[head of government]] or [[Head of state|state]], [[finance minister]], or [[foreign minister]], and other high-ranking officials; the EU is represented by the [[European Commission]] and the [[European Central Bank]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.g20-insights.org/think_tanks/|title=Think Tanks|website=G20 Insights|access-date=10 October 2020|archive-date=12 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212045828/https://www.g20-insights.org/think_tanks/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20140203221850/http://www.g20.org/about_g20/past_summits Past Summits]"</ref>{{efn|[[List of G20 summits|Summits]] were biannual in 2009 and 2010; since the [[2011 G20 Cannes summit|November 2011 Cannes summit]], G20 summits have been annual.}} Other countries, [[international organization]]s, and [[Non-governmental organization|nongovernmental organizations]] are invited to attend the summits, some permanently. The [[African Union]] joined as the 21st member at the [[2023 G20 New Delhi summit|2023 summit]] in [[India]] and was officially represented at the [[2024 G20 Rio de Janeiro summit|2024 summit]] in [[Brazil]].

In its [[2009 G20 London summit|2009 summit]], the G20 declared itself the primary venue for international economic and financial cooperation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/09/24/us.g.twenty.summit/index.html|title=Officials: G-20 to supplant G-8 as international economic council|publisher=CNN|date=25 September 2009|access-date=25 September 2009|archive-date=6 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106233009/http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/09/24/us.g.twenty.summit/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The group's stature has risen during the subsequent decade, and it is recognised by analysts as exercising considerable global influence;<ref name="AH">{{cite book|title=Global Politics| date=11 March 2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9BFuEAAAQBAJ|publisher=Andrew Heywood| isbn=978-1-137-34926-2 |access-date=4 December 2015}}</ref> it is also criticised for its limited membership,<ref name="setback" /> lack of enforcement powers,<ref name="FPNoArgentina">{{cite news|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/04/19/who-would-replace-argentina-on-the-g20/|title=Who would replace Argentina on the G20?|work=[[Foreign Policy]]|first=David|last=Bosco|date=19 April 2012|access-date=24 April 2012|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031172225/https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/04/19/who-would-replace-argentina-on-the-g20/|url-status=live}}</ref> and for the alleged undermining of existing international institutions.<ref name="setback" /> Summits are often met with protests, particularly by [[Anti-globalization movement|anti-globalization groups]].<ref name="G20Protests2010">{{cite news|last=French|first=Cameron|author2=Pav Jordan|url=https://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCATRE65E4RB20100617?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0|title=Toronto G20 protest hints at more to come|work=Reuters|date=17 June 2010|access-date=11 June 2020|location=Toronto|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027001725/https://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCATRE65E4RB20100617?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="G20Protests2017">{{cite news|last=Abedi|first=Maham|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/3576435/g20-summit-why-people-protest/|title=G20 protests: Why the international summit attracts so much anger|date=7 July 2017|access-date=11 June 2020|location=Hamburg|archive-date=11 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511180420/https://globalnews.ca/news/3576435/g20-summit-why-people-protest/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
The G20 is the latest in a series of post–[[World War II]] initiatives aimed at international coordination of economic policy, which include institutions such as the "[[Bretton Woods twins]]", the [[International Monetary Fund]] and the [[World Bank]], and what is now the [[World Trade Organization]].<ref>See, e.g., {{harvnb|Woods|2006}}; {{harvnb|Gilpin|2001}}; {{harvnb|Markwell|2006}}.</ref>

The G20 was foreshadowed at the [[Cologne]] summit of the [[G7]] in June 1999, and formally established at the G7 Finance Ministers' meeting on 26 September 1999 with an inaugural meeting on 15–16 December 1999 in Berlin. Canadian finance minister [[Paul Martin]] was chosen as the first chairman and German finance minister [[Hans Eichel]] hosted the
meeting.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/g20whatisit.html|title=What is the G20?|publisher=University of Toronto|year=2010|access-date=12 November 2014|archive-date=1 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901032607/http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/g20whatisit.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

A 2004 report by Colin I. Bradford and [[Johannes F. Linn]] of the [[Brookings Institution]] asserted the group was founded primarily at the initiative of Eichel, the concurrent chair of the G7.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Colin I. Bradford|author2=[[Johannes F. Linn]]|url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-economic-governance-at-a-crossroads-replacing-the-g-7-with-the-g-20/|title=Global Economics|publisher=Brookings Institution|year=2004|access-date=12 November 2014|archive-date=11 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511181704/https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-economic-governance-at-a-crossroads-replacing-the-g-7-with-the-g-20/|url-status=live}}</ref> However, Bradford later described then-[[Finance Minister of Canada]] (and future [[Prime Minister of Canada]]) Paul Martin as "the crucial architect of the formation of the G20 at finance minister level", and as the one who later "proposed that the G20 countries move to leaders level summits".<ref name="Bradford2010">{{cite web|last1=Bradford|first1=Colin I.|title=Web Chat: Previewing the G-20 Summit|url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2010/06/23/web-chat-previewing-the-g-20-summit/|publisher=[[Brookings Institution]]|access-date=7 July 2017|date=23 June 2010|archive-date=25 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225153718/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2010/06/23/web-chat-previewing-the-g-20-summit/|url-status=live}}</ref> Canadian academic and journalistic sources have also identified the G20 as a project initiated by Martin and his American counterpart then-[[Secretary of the Treasury (United States)|Treasury Secretary]] [[Larry Summers]].<ref name="Kirton">{{cite web|last1=Kirton|first1=John|title=Explaining G20 Summit Success|url=http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/biblio/kirton-aiia-2013.html|website=G20 Information Centre|publisher=[[Munk School of Global Affairs]], [[University of Toronto]]|access-date=7 July 2017|date=17 December 2013|archive-date=25 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225154045/http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/biblio/kirton-aiia-2013.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Kilpatrick">[http://www.macleans.ca/2010/07/01/who-gets-to-rule-the-world/ "Who gets to rule the world"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221071945/http://www2.macleans.ca/2010/07/01/who-gets-to-rule-the-world/ |date=21 December 2013 }}. Sean Kilpatrick. ''[[Maclean's]]'' magazine (Canada). 1 July 2010</ref><ref name="IbbitsonPerkins">{{cite news|last1=Ibbitson|first1=John|last2=Perkins|first2=Tara|title=How Canada made the G20 happen|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/how-canada-made-the-g20-happen/article4322767/?page=all|access-date=7 July 2017|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|date=18 June 2010|archive-date=6 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906200524/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/how-canada-made-the-g20-happen/article4322767/?page=all|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="EightNotEnough">Thomas Axworthy. [https://www.thestar.com/opinion/eight-is-not-enough-at-summit/article_06b16fe1-c6a9-5359-ab12-210c978e12fb.html "Eight is not enough at summit."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329015901/https://www.thestar.com/opinion/eight-is-not-enough-at-summit/article_06b16fe1-c6a9-5359-ab12-210c978e12fb.html |date=29 March 2024 }} ''Toronto Star''. 8 June 2007. Retrieved 16 April 2011.</ref> All acknowledge, however, that Germany and the United States played a key role in bringing their vision into reality.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

Martin and Summers conceived of the G20 in response to the series of massive [[debt crisis|debt crises]] that had spread across [[emerging market]]s in the late 1990s, beginning with the [[Mexican peso crisis]] and followed by the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]], the [[1998 Russian financial crisis]], and eventually impacting the United States, most prominently in the form of the collapse of the prominent hedge fund [[Long-Term Capital Management]] in the autumn of 1998.<ref name="Kirton"/><ref name=Kilpatrick/><ref name="IbbitsonPerkins"/> It illustrated to them that in a rapidly globalizing world, the G7, [[G8]], and the [[Bretton Woods system]] would be unable to provide financial stability, and they conceived of a new, broader permanent group of major world economies that would give a voice and new responsibilities in providing it.<ref name="Kirton"/><ref name="IbbitsonPerkins"/>

The G20 membership was decided by Eichel's deputy [[Caio Koch-Weser]] and Summers's deputy [[Timothy Geithner]]. According to the [[political economy|political economist]] [[Robert Wade (scholar)|Robert Wade]]:

{{Blockquote|"Geithner and Koch-Weser went down the list of countries saying, Canada in, Portugal out, South Africa in, Nigeria and Egypt out, and so on; they sent their list to the other G7 finance ministries; and the invitations to the first meeting went out."{{sfn|Wade|2009|p=553}}}}

===Early topics===
The G20's primary focus has been governance of the [[global economy]]. Summit themes have varied from year to year. The theme of the [[2006 G20 ministerial meeting]] was "Building and Sustaining Prosperity". The issues discussed included domestic reforms to achieve "sustained growth", global energy and resource commodity markets, reform of the World Bank and IMF, and the impact of demographic changes.

In 2007, South Africa hosted the secretariat with [[Trevor A. Manuel]], South African Minister of Finance as chairperson of the G20.

In 2008, [[Guido Mantega]], Brazil's Minister of Finance, was the G20 chairman and proposed dialogue on competition in financial markets, [[clean energy]], economic development and fiscal elements of growth and development.

On 11 October 2008 after a meeting of G8 finance ministers, [[US President]] [[George W. Bush]] stated that the next meeting of the G20 would be important in finding solutions to the burgeoning [[Great Recession|economic crisis of 2008]].

==Summits==
{{main|List of G20 summits}}

{{Location map+|Earth|places={{Location map~|Earth|position=right|lat=38.907815|long=-77.033800|label='''[[2008 G20 Washington summit|2008]]'''}}
{{Location map~|Earth|position=left|lat=51.509508|long=-0.129088|label='''[[2009 G20 London summit|Apr 2009]]'''}}
{{Location map~|Earth|position=left|lat=40.440691|long=-79.998361|label='''[[2009 G20 Pittsburgh summit|Sep 2009]]'''}}
{{Location map~|Earth|position=right|lat=43.653314|long=-79.378170|label='''[[2010 G20 Toronto summit|Jun 2010]]'''}}
{{Location map~|Earth|position=left|lat=37.547350|long=125.986772|label='''[[2010 G20 Seoul summit|Nov 2010]]'''}}
{{Location map~|Earth|position=left|lat=43.552242|long=7.016323|label='''[[2011 G20 Cannes summit|2011]]'''}}
{{Location map~|Earth|position=right|lat=23.063230|long=-109.702773|label='''[[2012 G20 Los Cabos summit|2012]]'''}}
{{Location map~|Earth|position=right|lat=59.850013|long=30.034831|label='''[[2013 G20 Saint Petersburg summit|2013]]'''}}
{{Location map~|Earth|position=right|lat=-27.473660|long=153.026010|label='''[[2014 G20 Brisbane summit|2014]]'''}}
{{Location map~|Earth|position=right|lat=36.863455|long=31.059269|label='''[[2015 G20 Antalya summit|2015]]'''}}
{{Location map~|Earth|position=right|lat=30.288661|long=120.149777|label='''[[2016 G20 Hangzhou summit|2016]]'''}}
{{Location map~|Earth|position=right|lat=53.550086|long=9.993717|label='''[[2017 G20 Hamburg summit|2017]]'''}}
{{Location map~|Earth|position=right|lat=-34.604351|long=-58.378397|label='''[[2018 G20 Buenos Aires summit|2018]]'''}}
{{Location map~|Earth|position=right|lat=34.69372|long=135.5022|label='''[[2019 G20 Osaka summit|2019]]'''}}
{{Location map~|Earth|position=right|lat=24.686952411999155|long=46.7138671875|label='''[[2020 G20 Riyadh summit|2020]]'''}}
{{Location map~|Earth|position=right|lat=41.883333|long=12.5|label='''[[2021 G20 Rome summit|2021]]'''}}
{{Location map~|Earth|position=right|lat=-8.491108|long=116.880592|label='''[[2022 G20 Bali summit|2022]]'''}}
{{Location map~|Earth|position=right|lat=28.6139|long=77.2090|label='''[[2023 G20 New Delhi summit|2023]]'''}}
{{Location map~|Earth|position=right|lat=-22.911111|long=-43.205556|label='''[[2024 G20 Rio de Janeiro summit|2024]]'''}}
{{Location map~|Earth|position=right|lat=-26.2056|long=28.0337|label='''[[2025 G20 Johannesburg Summit|2025]]'''}}|width=900|float=center|caption=Host cities of G20 summit}}
The Summit of G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, who prepare the leaders' summit and implement their decisions, was created as a response both to the [[2008 financial crisis]] and to a growing recognition that key [[emerging power]]s were not adequately included in the core of global economic discussion and governance. Additionally, G20 summits of [[head of state|heads of state]] or [[head of government|government]] were held.

After the 2008 debut summit in Washington, DC, G20 leaders met twice a year: in [[London]] and [[Pittsburgh]] in 2009, and in [[Toronto]] and [[Seoul]] in 2010.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8072894.stm "US to host next G20 world meeting"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531160335/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8072894.stm |date=31 May 2022 }}. BBC News. 28 May 2009. Retrieved 9 December 2012.</ref>

Since 2011, when France chaired and hosted the G20, the summits have been held only once a year.<ref>[http://www.g20.org/Documents/pittsburgh_summit_leaders_statement_250909.pdf "Leaders' statement, the Pittsburgh Summit," p. 19 §50 (PDF)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612200227/http://www.g20.org/Documents/pittsburgh_summit_leaders_statement_250909.pdf |date=12 June 2010 }}. G20.org. 25 September 2009.</ref> The 2016 summit was held in [[Hangzhou]], China,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bond.org.uk/pages/g20.html|title=G20|publisher=Bond.org.uk|access-date=16 June 2013|archive-date=24 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624160605/http://www.bond.org.uk/pages/g20.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> the 2017 summit was held in [[Hamburg]], Germany, the 2018 summit was held in [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina, the 2019 summit was held in [[Osaka]], Japan, the 2020 summit was scheduled in [[Riyadh]], Saudi Arabia but it was held virtually due to COVID-19, the 2021 summit was held in [[Rome]], Italy, the 2022 summit was held in [[Bali]], Indonesia, the 2023 summit was held in [[New Delhi]], India, the 2024 summit was held in [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil<ref>{{Cite web |title=Summit Rio 2024 |url=https://www.g20.org/en/about-the-g20/summit-rio-2024 |access-date= |website=www.g20.org |language=en}}</ref>, and the 2025 summit was held in [[Johannesburg]], South Africa. The 2026 summit will be held in [[Miami]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.state.gov/releases/2025/12/united-states-hosts-first-g20-sherpa-meeting#:~:text=President%20Trump%20will%20host%20the%20G20%20Leaders%E2%80%99%20Summit%20from%20December%2014%2D15%2C%202026%2C%20at%20Trump%20National%20Doral%20Miami. |title=United States Hosts First G20 Sherpa Meeting |author=Office of the Spokesperson |website=U.S. Department of State |date=December 18, 2025}}</ref>

Several other ministerial-level G20 meetings have been held since 2010. Agriculture ministerial meetings were conducted in 2011 and 2012; meetings of foreign ministers were held in 2012 and 2013; trade ministers met in 2012 and 2014, and employment ministerial meetings have taken place annually since 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=G20 Ministerial Meetings|url=http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/other.html|publisher=G20 Research Group|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-date=21 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821105143/http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/other.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2012, the G20 Ministers of Tourism and Heads of Delegation of G20 member countries and other invited States, as well as representatives from the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and other organisations in the Travel & Tourism sector met in Mérida, Mexico, on May 16 at the 4th G20 meeting and focused on 'Tourism as a means to Job Creation'. As a result of this meeting and The World Travel & Tourism Council's Visa Impact Research, later on the Leaders of the G20, convened in Los Cabos on 18–19 June, would recognise the impact of Travel & Tourism for the first time. That year, the G20 Leaders Declaration added the following statement: "We recognise the role of travel and tourism as a vehicle for job creation, economic growth and development, and, while recognizing the sovereign right of States to control the entry of foreign nationals, we will work towards developing travel facilitation initiatives in support of job creation, quality work, poverty reduction and global growth."<ref>{{Cite web|title=G20 Los Cabos 2012: G20 Leaders Declaration|url=http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/2012/2012-0619-loscabos.html|website=www.g20.utoronto.ca|access-date=2020-05-19|archive-date=31 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831233607/http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/2012/2012-0619-loscabos.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2014, the former Australian foreign minister [[Julie Bishop]], when Australia was hosting the 2014 G20 summit in [[Brisbane]], proposed to ban [[Russia]] from the summit over its [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation of Ukrainian Crimea]].<ref>[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/policy/canberra-considers-barring-vladimir-putin-from-g20-in-brisbane-over-crimea-crisis/story-fn59nm2j-1226859923271 "Canberra considers barring Vladimir Putin from G20 in Brisbane over Crimea crisis"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326165708/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/policy/canberra-considers-barring-vladimir-putin-from-g20-in-brisbane-over-crimea-crisis/story-fn59nm2j-1226859923271 |date=26 March 2014 }}. ''[[The Australian]]''. 20 March 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2015.</ref> The [[BRICS]] foreign ministers subsequently reminded Bishop that "the custodianship of the G20 belongs to all Member States equally and no one Member State can unilaterally determine its nature and character."

The 2015 G20 Summit in [[Antalya]], Turkey, focused on "Inclusiveness, Investment, and Implementation," gathering leaders to address global economic challenges, development, [[climate change]], and urgent issues like terrorism and refugees. Key outcomes included the Antalya Action Plan and commitments to [[financial stability]], tax regulation, and [[energy policy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Previous Summits |url=https://www.g20.org/en/about-the-g20/previous-summit |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=www.g20.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=G20 Leaders' Summit was held in Antalya |url=https://www.mfa.gov.tr/g20-leaders_-summit-was-held-in-antalya.en.mfa |access-date=7 April 2024 |website=www.mfa.gov.tr}}</ref>

In 2016, the G20 framed its commitment to the 2030 Agenda, [[Sustainable Development Goals]] in three key themes; the promotion of strong sustainable and balanced growth; protection of the planet from degradation; and furthering co-operation with low-income and [[Developing country|developing countries]]. At the G20 Summit in Hangzhou, members agreed on an action plan and issued a high level principles document to member countries to help facilitate the agenda's implementation.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Observer Research Foundation|first=Tanu M. Goyal and Prateek Kukreja|date=4 November 2020|title=The Sustainable Development Agenda: Evaluating the G20 as a Stage for National and Collective Goals|url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/the-sustainable-development-agenda/|access-date=11 November 2020|website=Observer Research Foundation|archive-date=25 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425162351/https://www.orfonline.org/research/the-sustainable-development-agenda/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=8 September 2016|title=G20 Action Plan on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development|url=http://www.g20chn.org/English/Documents/Current/201609/P020160908661601548463.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226061510/http://www.g20chn.org/English/Documents/Current/201609/P020160908661601548463.pdf|archive-date=26 February 2021|access-date=11 November 2020|website=G20 - 2016 China Summit}}</ref>

Japan hosted the 2019 summit.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/G-20-summit/Japan-to-host-G-20-summit-in-2019-for-1st-time| title=Japan to host G-20 summit in 2019 for 1st time| date=9 July 2017| work=[[The Nikkei]]| access-date=8 July 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807155420/https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/G-20-summit/Japan-to-host-G-20-summit-in-2019-for-1st-time| archive-date=7 August 2017| url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, Saudi Arabia held the Presidency and, in advance of the Summit, convened an [[2020 extraordinary G20 summit on COVID-19|extraordinary meeting of the heads of state]] online in March 2020, which served as an important political gathering to coordinate an international response to COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web |title=G20 Leaders Pledge Cooperation to Address Pandemic's Health, Economic and Trade Implications |url=https://sdg.iisd.org/news/g20-leaders-pledge-cooperation-to-address-pandemics-health-economic-and-trade-implications/ |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=SDG Knowledge Hub |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[2020 G20 Riyadh summit|2020 summit]] set for Saudi Arabia later that year<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/mena/saudi-arabia-to-host-g20-summit-in-2020-1.382504| title=Saudi Arabia to host G20 summit in 2020| date=8 July 2017| work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]| access-date=8 July 2017| archive-date=28 March 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328152444/https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/saudi-arabia-to-host-g20-summit-in-2020-1.382504| url-status=live}}</ref> was instead held virtually on 21–22 November 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. [[2021 G20 Rome summit]] which was held in Rome, the capital city of [[Italy]], on 30–31 October 2021.

Indonesia held the [[2022 G20 Bali Summit|2022 summit]] in November 2022. During its presidency, Indonesia focused on the global COVID-19 pandemic and how to collectively overcome the challenges related to it. The three priorities of Indonesia's G20 presidency were global health architecture, digital transformations, and sustainable energy transitions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=G20 summit, 15-16 November 2022 |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/international-summit/2022/11/15-16/ |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=www.consilium.europa.eu |language=en |archive-date=19 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119042132/https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/international-summit/2022/11/15-16/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The G20 Presidency of Indonesia, in partnership with the Pandemic Fund secretariat, also officially launched the Pandemic Fund at a high-level event. The Pandemic Fund expected to be as a key part of the solution for reducing risks from epidemics and pandemics in the most vulnerable parts of the world and contributing to a healthier and safer world .<ref>{{Cite web|title=G20 hosts Official Launch of The Pandemic Fund|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/11/12/g20-hosts-official-launch-of-the-pandemic-fund|access-date=2024-03-05|website=www.worldbank.org|language=en|archive-date=14 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114052331/https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/11/12/g20-hosts-official-launch-of-the-pandemic-fund|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:G20 2023 summit assoumani modi.jpg|thumb|Azali Assoumani, President of the African Union, is greeted by Narendra Modi, G20 Chairman, at the G20 summit in 2023.]]
India held the [[2023 G20 New Delhi summit|2023 summit]] in September 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=P |first=Rajesh |date=2023-08-26 |title=G20 Summit to Address Pressing Global Issues-2023 |url=https://newsvaadi.com/g20-summit-to-address-pressing-global-issues-2023/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826142915/https://newsvaadi.com/g20-summit-to-address-pressing-global-issues-2023/ |archive-date=26 August 2023 |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=newsvaadi.com }}</ref> The presidency's theme was {{transliteration|sa|ISO|[[Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam]]}} ({{langx|sa|वसुधैव कुटुम्बकम्}}; [[English language|English]]:"One Earth, One Family, One Future"{{efn|literally mean 'The World Is One Family'}}).<ref>{{cite news |title='One Earth, One Family, One Future' will be theme of G-20 Presidency: PM Modi |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/one-earth-one-family-one-future-will-be-india-s-theme-of-g-20-presidency-pm-modi-11668581666777.html |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|mint]] |date=16 November 2022 |language=en |access-date=9 August 2023 |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227111522/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/one-earth-one-family-one-future-will-be-india-s-theme-of-g-20-presidency-pm-modi-11668581666777.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Ghoshal">{{cite web |first1=Devjyot |last1=Ghoshal |title=Explainer: India G20 presidency 2023: what does it mean and what can we expect |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-g20-presidency-2023-what-does-it-mean-what-can-we-expect-2022-12-02/ |website=reuters.com |date=2 December 2022 |publisher=Reuters |access-date=18 September 2023 |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530103644/https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-g20-presidency-2023-what-does-it-mean-what-can-we-expect-2022-12-02/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In an interview on 26 August 2023, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] expressed optimism about the G20 countries' evolving agenda under India's presidency, shifting toward a human-centric development approach that aligns with the concerns of the [[Global South]], including addressing [[climate change]], [[debt restructuring]] through the G20's Common Framework for debt, and a strategy for regulation of global [[cryptocurrencies]]. G20 expanded by the inclusion of [[African Union]], it is also the first inclusion since 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-26 |title=PM Narendra Modi interview highlights: From G20 presidency to India as a manufacturing destination, PM lays out his expansive vision for the country |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/in-focus/story/pm-narendra-modi-interview-highlights-from-g20-presidency-to-india-as-a-manufacturing-destination-pm-lays-out-his-expansive-vision-for-the-country-395743-2023-08-26 |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=Business Today |language=en |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828052845/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/in-focus/story/pm-narendra-modi-interview-highlights-from-g20-presidency-to-india-as-a-manufacturing-destination-pm-lays-out-his-expansive-vision-for-the-country-395743-2023-08-26 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive {{!}} PM Modi calls for global framework on cryptocurrency. Here's what he said |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/exclusive-pm-modi-global-framework-cryptocurrency-here-what-he-said-2426908-2023-08-26 |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=India Today |date=26 August 2023 |language=en |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828062356/https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/exclusive-pm-modi-global-framework-cryptocurrency-here-what-he-said-2426908-2023-08-26 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-26 |title='G20 की अध्यक्षता कर पूरी दुनिया को नई राह दिखा रहा भारत', Exclusive इंटरव्यू में बोले पीएम मोदी |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/news/story/exclusive-interview-of-pm-narendra-modi-chairmanship-of-g-20-talks-on-russia-ukraine-war-and-china-ntc-1765996-2023-08-26 |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=आज तक |language=hi |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828062357/https://www.aajtak.in/india/news/story/exclusive-interview-of-pm-narendra-modi-chairmanship-of-g-20-talks-on-russia-ukraine-war-and-china-ntc-1765996-2023-08-26 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[2024 G20 Rio de Janeiro summit]] in Brazil included the first G20 Social, a "broad space" for including civil society in developing policies related to the summit.<ref name="official-ebook-g20brazil">{{Cite web|title=Understand what the G20 is and what Brazil's responsibilities are|url=https://www.g20.org/en/about-the-g20/e-book-brasil-na-presidencia-do-g20|date=1 December 2023|website=G20 org|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=1 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201191944/https://www.g20.org/en/about-the-g20/e-book-brasil-na-presidencia-do-g20|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Chair rotation===
To decide which member nation should hold to chair the G20 leaders' meeting for a given year, all country members are assigned to one of five groupings, with all but one group having four members, the other having three. States from the same region are placed in the same group, except Group 1 and Group 2. All countries within a group are eligible to take over the G20 Presidency when it is their group's turn. Therefore, the states within the relevant group need to negotiate among themselves to select the next G20 President. Each year, a different G20 member country assumes the presidency starting from 1 December until 30 November. This system has been in place since 2010, when South Korea, which is in Group 5, held the G20 chair. The table below lists the nations' groupings:<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cigionline.org/publications/2010/11/future-g20-process |title=The Future of the G20 Process |publisher=[[Centre for International Governance Innovation]] |first=Barry |last=Carin |date=4 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415001621/https://www.cigionline.org/publications/2010/11/future-g20-process |archive-date=15 April 2012 |access-date=19 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boell.de/en/2016/11/30/rotating-g20-presidency-how-do-member-countries-take-turns |title=The Rotating G20 Presidency: How do member countries take turns? |website=boell.de |date=30 November 2016 |access-date=3 March 2019 |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323212338/https://www.boell.de/en/2016/11/30/rotating-g20-presidency-how-do-member-countries-take-turns |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Group 1 !! Group 2 !! Group 3 (Latin America) !! Group 4 (Western Europe) !! Group 5 (East/Southeast Asia)
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| {{Plainlist|
* {{flag|Australia}} ([[2014 G20 Brisbane summit|2014]])
* {{flag|Canada}} ([[2010 G20 Toronto summit|2010-1]])
* {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} ([[2020 G20 Riyadh summit|2020]])
* {{flag|United States}} ([[2008 G20 Washington summit|2008]], [[2009 G20 Pittsburgh summit|2009-2]])
}}
| {{Plainlist|
* {{flag|India}} ([[2023 G20 New Delhi summit|2023]])
* {{flag|Russia}} ([[2013 G20 Saint Petersburg summit|2013]])
* {{flag|South Africa}} ([[2025 G20 Johannesburg Summit|2025]])
* {{flag|Turkey}} ([[2015 G20 Antalya summit|2015]])
}}
| {{Plainlist|
* {{flag|Argentina}} ([[2018 G20 Buenos Aires summit|2018]])
* {{flag|Brazil}} ([[2024 G20 Rio de Janeiro summit|2024]])
* {{flag|Mexico}} ([[2012 G20 Los Cabos summit|2012]])
}}
| {{Plainlist|
* {{flag|France}} ([[2011 G20 Cannes summit|2011]])
* {{flag|Germany}} ([[2017 G20 Hamburg summit|2017]])
* {{flag|Italy}} ([[2021 G20 Rome summit|2021]])
* {{flag|United Kingdom}} ([[2009 G20 London summit|2009-1]])
}}
| {{Plainlist|
* {{flag|China}} ([[2016 G20 Hangzhou summit|2016]])
* {{flag|Indonesia}} ([[2022 G20 Bali summit|2022]])
* {{flag|Japan}} ([[2019 G20 Osaka summit|2019]])
* {{flag|South Korea}} ([[2010 G20 Seoul summit|2010-2]])
}}
|}

To ensure continuity, the presidency is supported by a "troika" made up of the current, immediate past and next host countries.<ref name=g20members/>

==Organization==
The G20 operates without a permanent secretariat or staff. The group's chair (the presidency) rotates annually among the members and is selected from a different regional grouping of countries. The incumbent chair establishes a temporary secretariat for the duration of its term, which coordinates the group's work and organizes its meetings. Together with the previous and following presidency a so-called ''troika'' is formed, to provide a smooth transition of secretariat functions.<ref name="q891">{{cite web | title=National Portal of India | website=National Portal of India | date=1 December 2022 | url=https://www.india.gov.in/spotlight/group-twenty-g20 | access-date=19 October 2024}}</ref>

The [[2022 G20 Bali summit|2022 summit]] was held in [[Bali]], [[Indonesia]]. [[India]] was the chair in 2023 and hosted the [[2023 G20 New Delhi summit|2023 summit]]. [[South Africa]] is the current chair and will host the 2025 [[Johannesburg]] Summit.<ref name="G20 21-25">{{Cite web|title=India to host G20 summit in 2023 after Italy, Indonesia; Brazil to hold presidency in 2024|website=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-to-host-g20-summit-in-2023-after-italy-indonesia-brazil-to-hold-presidency-in-2024-1743128-2020-11-23|date=22 November 2020|access-date=23 November 2020|archive-date=26 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426000703/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-to-host-g20-summit-in-2023-after-italy-indonesia-brazil-to-hold-presidency-in-2024-1743128-2020-11-23|url-status=live}}</ref>

Additionally, the lack of a permanent secretariat has led to the G20 relying on the [[OECD]] fulfilling such functions.{{sfn|Wouters|Van Kerckhoven|2011}}

===Proposed permanent secretariat===
In 2010, [[President of France]] [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] proposed the establishment of a permanent G20 secretariat, similar to the [[United Nations]]. Seoul and [[Paris]] were suggested as possible locations for its [[headquarters]].<ref name="secretariat">[http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/11/15/2010111500563.html "Who Would Host a G20 Secretariat?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116195846/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/11/15/2010111500563.html |date=16 November 2010 }} ''Chosun Ilbo''. 15 November 2010. Retrieved 14 March 2013.</ref> [[Brazil]] and [[China]] supported the establishment of a secretariat, while Italy and [[Japan]] expressed opposition to the proposal.<ref name="secretariat"/> [[South Korea]] proposed a "cyber secretariat" as an alternative.<ref name="secretariat"/>

==Members==
{{As of|2023}}, there are 21 members in the group: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, the [[European Union]] and the [[African Union]]. Guest invitees include, among others, The Netherlands, Spain, the United Nations, the [[World Bank]] and [[ASEAN]].<ref name=g20members>{{cite web |title=G20 Members|year=2015|url=http://g20.org.tr/about-g20/g20-members/ |website=G20 2015 Turkey|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122160634/http://g20.org.tr/about-g20/g20-members/ |archive-date=22 January 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=G20 2017 countries: Who are the members of the G20? |url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/825533/G20-2017-who-are-members-summit-Hamburg-Germany-nations |author=Joe Tambini |date=7 July 2017 |website=Express |access-date=2018-12-04 |archive-date=3 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703132218/https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/825533/G20-2017-who-are-members-summit-Hamburg-Germany-nations |url-status=live }}</ref>

Representatives include, at the leaders' summits, the leaders of nineteen countries, the African Union and of the European Union, and, at the ministerial-level meetings, the finance ministers and central bank governors of nineteen countries, the African Union and of the European Union.

In addition, each year, the G20's guests include Spain;<ref name="Henley">{{cite journal |last1=Henley|first1=Peter H.|last2=Blokker|first2=Niels M.|title=The Group of 20: A Short Legal Anatomy |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MelbJIL/2013/18.pdf |journal=Melbourne Journal of International Law |volume=14|pages=568|access-date=23 October 2018 |quote=Spain's peculiar but seemingly secure position within the G20 also appears to have facilitated their greater participation in the G20's work: Spain is the only outreach participant to have made policy commitments comparable to those of G20 members proper at summits since Seoul. Spain therefore appears to have become a de facto member of the G20. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517045501/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MelbJIL/2013/18.pdf |archive-date=17 May 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> the Chair of ASEAN; a representative of the [[New Partnership for Africa's Development]] (NEPAD) and a country (sometimes more than one) invited by the presidency, usually from its own region.<ref name=g20members/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.g20.org/g20_priorities/g20_and_world |title=The G20 and the world |website=G20 Australia 2014 |access-date=12 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211194954/https://www.g20.org/g20_priorities/g20_and_world |archive-date=11 February 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.g20.org/about_what_is_g20.aspx |title=What is the G-20 |publisher=G20.org |access-date=27 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131120040653/http://www.g20.org/about_what_is_g20.aspx |archive-date=20 November 2013 |df=dmy}}</ref>

The first of the tables below lists the member entities and their leaders, finance ministers and [[central bank]] governors. The second table lists relevant statistics such as population and GDP figures for each member, as well as detailing memberships of other international organizations, such as the [[Group of Seven|G7]], [[BRICS]] and [[MIKTA]]. Total GDP figures are given in millions of US dollars.

In September 2023, at the [[2023 G20 New Delhi summit|18th G20 Summit]], Indian PM [[Narendra Modi]] announced that the [[African Union]] has been included as a member of the G20, making it the 21st member.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Inaugural Session Of The G20 Summit (English Audio) | date=8 September 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pcY-J-o_w1U |access-date=2023-09-09 |language=en |archive-date=10 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230910051825/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pcY-J-o_w1U |url-status=live }}</ref>{{clear}}

===Member of head of state and head of government===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
!Member
!Leader(s)
!Finance portfolio
!Portfolio minister
!Central bank
!Central bank governor
|-
| {{Flag|Argentina}}
|{{sortname|Javier|Milei}}
|[[Ministry of Economy (Argentina)|Minister of Economy]]
|{{sortname|Luis|Caputo}}
|[[Central Bank of Argentina|Central Bank of the Argentine Republic]]
|{{sort|Bausili, Santiago|[[Santiago Bausili]]}}
|-g
| {{Flag|Australia}}
|{{sortname|Anthony|Albanese}}
|[[Treasurer of Australia|Treasurer]]
|{{sortname|Jim|Chalmers}}
|[[Reserve Bank of Australia]]
|{{sortname|Michele|Bullock}}
|-
| {{Flag|Brazil}}
|{{sortname|Luiz Inácio|Lula da Silva}}
|[[Ministry of Finance (Brazil)|Minister of Finance]]
|{{sortname|Dario|Durigan}}
|[[Central Bank of Brazil]]
|{{sortname|Gabriel|Galípolo}}
|-
| {{Flag|Canada}}
|{{sortname|Mark|Carney}}
|[[Minister of Finance (Canada)|Minister of Finance]]
|{{sortname|François-Philippe|Champagne}}
|[[Bank of Canada]]
|{{sortname|Tiff|Macklem}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| {{Flag|China}}
|{{sortname|Xi|Jinping|Xi Jinping|Xi Jinping}}<ref>{{cite web |date=2024-11-18 |title=Chinese President Xi arrives in Brazil for G20 summit talks with Lula |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/chinese-president-xi-arrives-brazil-g20-summit-talks-with-lula-2024-11-18/ |access-date=18 November 2024 |website=Reuters}}</ref>
| rowspan="2"|[[Minister of Finance (China)|Minister of Finance]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Lan Fo'an]]
| rowspan="2"|[[People's Bank of China]]
| rowspan="2"|{{sortname|Pan|Gongsheng|Pan Gongsheng|Pan Gongsheng}}
|-
|{{sortname|Li|Qiang|Li Qiang|Li Qiang}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40261405|title=China Premier Li Qiang to attend G20 Sept 9-10|work=Business Recorder|date=2023-09-04|access-date=4 September 2023|archive-date=4 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904073039/https://www.brecorder.com/news/40261405|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/headlines/2580876-china-premier-li-qiang-to-attend-g20-sept-9-10---foreign-ministry|title=China Premier Li Qiang to attend G20 Sept 9-10 - foreign ministry|work=Devdiscourse|date=2023-09-04|access-date=4 September 2023|archive-date=4 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904073042/https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/headlines/2580876-china-premier-li-qiang-to-attend-g20-sept-9-10---foreign-ministry|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|France}}
|{{sortname|Emmanuel|Macron}}
|[[Ministry of Economics and Finance (France)|Minister of Economics and Finance]]
|{{sortname|Roland|Lescure}}
|[[Bank of France]]
|{{nowrap|{{sortname|François|Villeroy de Galhau}}}}
|-
| {{Flag|Germany}}
|{{sortname|Friedrich|Merz}}
|[[Federal Ministry of Finance (Germany)|Minister of Finance]]
|{{sortname|Lars|Klingbeil}}
|[[Deutsche Bundesbank]]
|{{sortname|Joachim|Nagel}}
|-
| {{Flag|India}}
|{{sortname|Narendra|Modi}}
|[[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]
|{{sortname|Nirmala|Sitharaman}}
|[[Reserve Bank of India]]
|{{sortname|Sanjay|Malhotra}}
|-
| {{Flag|Indonesia}}
|{{sortname|Prabowo|Subianto|Prabowo Subianto|Prabowo Subianto}}
|[[Minister of Finance (Indonesia)|Minister of Finance]]
|{{sort|Yudhi Sadewa, Purbaya|[[Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa]]}}
|[[Bank Indonesia]]
|{{sortname|Perry|Warjiyo|Perry Warjiyo|Perry Warjiyo}}
|-
| {{Flag|Italy}}
|{{sortname|Giorgia|Meloni}}
|[[Italian Minister of Economy and Finance|Minister of Economy and Finance]]
|{{sortname|Giancarlo|Giorgetti}}
|[[Bank of Italy]]
|{{sortname|Fabio|Panetta}}
|-
| {{Flag|Japan}}
|{{sortname|Sanae|Takaichi}}
|[[Minister of Finance (Japan)|Minister of Finance]]
|{{sortname|Satsuki|Katayama}}
|[[Bank of Japan]]
|{{sortname|Kazuo|Ueda}}
|-
| {{Flag|Mexico}}
|{{sortname|Claudia|Sheinbaum}}
|[[Secretariat of Finance and Public Credit|Secretary of Finance and Public Credit]]
|{{sort|Amador Zamora, Edgar|[[Edgar Amador Zamora]]}}
|[[Bank of Mexico]]
| {{sort|Rodríguez Ceja, Victoria|[[Victoria Rodríguez Ceja]]}}
|-
| {{Flag|Russia}}
|{{sortname|Vladimir|Putin}}
|[[Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation|Minister of Finance]]
|{{sortname|Anton|Siluanov}}
|[[Bank of Russia]]
|{{sortname|Elvira|Nabiullina}}
|-
| {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|{{sortname|Salman|bin Abdulaziz Al Saud|Salman of Saudi Arabia|Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud}}
|[[Ministry of Finance (Saudi Arabia)|Minister of Finance]]
|{{sortname|Mohammed|Al-Jadaan|Mohammed Al-Jadaan|Mohammed Al-Jadaan}}
|[[Saudi Central Bank]]
|{{sortname|Fahad|Almubarak|Fahad Almubarak|Fahad Almubarak}}
|-
| {{Flag|South Africa}}
|{{sortname|Cyril|Ramaphosa}}
|[[Minister of Finance (South Africa)|Minister of Finance]]
|{{sortname|Enoch|Godongwana}}
|[[South African Reserve Bank]]
|{{sortname|Lesetja|Kganyago}}
|-
| {{Flag|South Korea}}
|{{sortname|Lee|Jae Myung}}
|[[Ministry of Economy and Finance (South Korea)|Minister of Economy and Finance]]
|{{sortname|Koo|Yun-cheol}}
|[[Bank of Korea]]
|{{sortname|Rhee|Chang-yong}}
|-
| {{Flag|Turkey}}
|{{sortname|Recep Tayyip|Erdoğan}}
|[[Ministry of Finance and Treasury (Turkey)|Minister of Treasury and Finance]]
|{{sortname|Mehmet|Şimşek}}
|[[Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey]]
|{{sortname|Fatih|Karahan}}
|-
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
|{{Sortname|Keir|Starmer}}
|[[Chancellor of the Exchequer]]
|{{Sortname|Rachel|Reeves}}
|[[Bank of England]]
|{{sortname|Andrew|Bailey|dab=banker}}
|-
| {{Flag|United States}}
|{{sortname|Donald|Trump}}
|[[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]]
|{{sortname|Scott|Bessent}}
|[[Federal Reserve]]
|{{sortname|Jerome|Powell}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| {{nowrap|{{Flag|European Union}}}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Van Rompuy and Barroso to both represent EU at G20|url=https://euobserver.com/news/29713|website=EUobserver|date=19 March 2010|language=en|access-date=2020-05-19|archive-date=12 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212045746/https://euobserver.com/news/29713|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{sortname|António|Costa}}
| rowspan="2"|[[European Commissioner for Economy|Commissioner for Economy]]
| rowspan="2"|{{sortname|Valdis|Dombrovskis}}
| rowspan="2"|[[European Central Bank]]
| rowspan="2"|{{sortname|Christine|Lagarde}}
|-
|{{sortname|Ursula|von der Leyen}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| {{Flag|African Union}}
|{{sortname|João|Lourenço}}
| rowspan="2"|Commissioner for Economic Affairs<ref name="AU" />
| rowspan="2"|{{sortname|Victor|Harison|nolink=1}}<ref name="AU">{{cite web |title=About Economic Development, Integration and Trade |url=https://au.int/pt/taxonomy/term/1011 |access-date=9 September 2023 |archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021201153/https://au.int/pt/taxonomy/term/1011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| rowspan="2"|[[African Central Bank]] (yet to be established)
| rowspan="2"|TBA
|-
|{{sortname|Mahamoud|Ali Youssouf}}
|}

===Member country data===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; line-height:1.5; text-align:right"
|-
! Member
! Trade {{nowrap|bil. USD}} (2022)<ref name="WTO Trade">{{cite web |title=WTO Stats |url=https://stats.wto.org/?idSavedQuery=062b87c0-a3cf-4395-ac1b-4e9bbc327ba9 |publisher=World Trade Organization |access-date=15 April 2023 |archive-date=9 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109215410/https://stats.wto.org/?idSavedQuery=062b87c0-a3cf-4395-ac1b-4e9bbc327ba9 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|{{nowrap|Nom. GDP}}]] {{nowrap|mil. USD}} (2025)<ref name="IMF Data">{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0)|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: October 2025|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|website=imf.org}}</ref>
! [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|{{nowrap|PPP GDP}}]] {{nowrap|mil. USD}} (2025)<ref name="IMF Data" />
! style="font-size:85%" | [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|{{nowrap|Nom. GDP}} per capita]] USD (2025)<ref name="IMF Data" />
! style="font-size:85%" | [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|{{nowrap|PPP GDP}} per capita]] USD (2025)<ref name="IMF Data" />
! [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=7 July 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref>
! Population (2022)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/population/country-comparison|title=Country Comparisons - Population|date=November 2022|website=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=CIA|archive-date=1 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901213913/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/population/country-comparison/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
! Area km2
! [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|P5]]
! [[G4 nations|G4]]
! [[G7]]
! [[BRICS]]
! [[MIKTA]]
![[CPTPP]]
! [[Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership|RCEP]]
! [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation|APEC]]
! [[OECD]]
! [[Development Assistance Committee|DAC]]
! [[Commonwealth of Nations|C'wth]]
![[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|SCO]]
! [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] economy classification<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/groups.htm|title=World Economic Outlook Database: WEO Groups and Aggregates Information|publisher=International Monetary Fund|date=April 2017|access-date=10 October 2017|archive-date=1 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901093925/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/groups.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/faq.htm#q4b|title=World Economic Outlook: Frequently Asked Questions. Q. How does the WEO categorize advanced versus emerging market and developing economies?|publisher=International Monetary Fund|date=29 July 2017|access-date=10 October 2017|archive-date=30 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430142026/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/faq.htm#q4b|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{left}} {{Flag|Argentina}}
| 170.1
| 683,371
| 1,490,164
| 14,359
| 31,311
| 0.865
| 46,300,000
| 2,780,400
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{nowrap|{{No}}}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/12/29/argentina-formally-rejects-invitation-to-join-brics_6386345_4.html|title=Argentina formally rejects invitation to join BRICS|date=29 December 2023|via=Le Monde}}</ref>
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{nowrap|{{maybe|[[OECD#Negotiating membership|negotiating]]}}}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
|{{left}} Emerging
|-
|{{left}} {{Flag|Australia}}
| 721.4
| 1,829,508
| 1,981,672
| 65,946
| 71,431
| 0.958
| 26,141,369
| 7,692,024
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|{{left}} Advanced
|-
|{{left}} {{Flag|Brazil}}
| 626.4
| 2,256,910
| 4,973,385
| 10,578
| 23,310
| 0.786
| 217,240,060
| 8,515,767
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{nowrap|{{maybe|[[OECD#Negotiating membership|negotiating]]}}}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
|{{left}} Emerging
|-
|{{left}} {{Flag|Canada}}
| 1,179.1
| 2,283,599
| 2,722,795
| 54,935
| 65,500
| 0.939
| 38,743,000
| 9,984,670
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|{{left}} Advanced
|-
|{{left}} {{Flag|China}}
| 6,309.6
| 19,398,577
| 41,015,824
| 13,806
| 29,191
| 0.797
| 1,411,750,000
| 9,596,960
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{nowrap|{{Maybe|[[Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership#Applicants|applicant]]}}}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{nowrap|{{maybe|[[OECD#Participating partners|participant]]}}}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|{{left}} Emerging
|-
|{{left}} {{Flag|France}}
| 1,435.8
| 3,361,557
| 4,533,633
| 48,982
| 66,061
| 0.920
| 68,305,148
| 640,679
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
|{{left}} Advanced
|-
|{{left}} {{Flag|Germany}}
| 3,226.9
| 5,013,574
| 6,153,741
| 59,925
| 73,553
| 0.959
| 84,316,622
| 357,114
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
|{{left}} Advanced
|-
|{{left}} {{Flag|India}}
| 1,176.8
| 4,125,213
| 17,714,186
| 2,818
| 12,101
| 0.685
| 1,406,632,000
| 3,287,263
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{nowrap|{{maybe|[[OECD#Participating partners|participant]]}}}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|{{left}} Emerging
|-
|{{left}} {{Flag|Indonesia}}
| 529.4
| 1,443,256
| 5,015,762
| 5,074
| 17,634
| 0.728
| 279,088,893
| 1,904,569
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{nowrap|{{Maybe|[[Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership#Applicants|applicant]]}}}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{nowrap|{{maybe|[[OECD#Negotiating membership|negotiating]]}}}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
|{{left}} Emerging
|-
|{{left}} {{Flag|Italy}}
| 1,346.4
| 2,543,677
| 3,720,271
| 43,161
| 63,126
| 0.915
| 61,095,551
| 301,336
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
|{{left}} Advanced
|-
|{{left}} {{Flag|Japan}}
| 1,644.2
| 4,279,828
| 6,758,231
| 34,713
| 54,815
| 0.925
| 125,592,404
| 377,930
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
|{{left}} Advanced
|-
|{{left}} {{Flag|Mexico}}
| 1,204.5
| 1,862,740
| 3,436,930
| 13,967
| 25,770
| 0.789
| 131,541,424
| 1,964,375
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
|{{left}} Emerging
|-
|{{left}} {{Flag|South Korea}}
| 1,415.0
| 1,858,572
| 3,363,419
| 35,962
| 65,080
| 0.937
| 51,844,834
| 100,210
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
|{{left}} Advanced
|-
|{{left}} {{Flag|Russia}}
| 772.3
| 2,540,656
| 7,143,093
| 17,446
| 49,049
| 0.832
| 145,807,429
| 17,098,242
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|{{left}} Emerging
|-
|{{left}} {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}
| 598.8
| 1,268,535
| 2,688,520
| 35,231
| 74,668
| 0.900
| 36,168,000
| 2,149,690
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{nowrap|{{Maybe|[[BRICS#Potential candidates for future membership|invited]]}}}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{nowrap|{{maybe|participant}}}}
| {{No}}
| {{nowrap|{{maybe|[[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation#Dialogue partners|partner]]}}}}
|{{left}} Emerging
|-
|{{left}} {{Flag|South Africa}}
| 259.1
| 426,383
| 1,026,500
| 6,667
| 16,050
| 0.741
| 61,060,000
| 1,221,037
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{nowrap|{{maybe|[[OECD#Participating partners|participant]]}}}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|{{left}} Emerging
|-
|{{left}} {{Flag|Turkey}}
| 617.9
| 1,565,471
| 3,766,766
| 18,198
| 43,786
| 0.853
| 85,551,932
| 783,562
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{nowrap|{{maybe|[[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation#Dialogue partners|partner]]}}}}
|{{left}} Emerging
|-
|{{left}} {{nowrap|{{Flag|United Kingdom}}}}
| 1,353.3
| 3,958,780
| 4,454,716
| 56,661
| 63,759
| 0.946
| 68,492,933
| 242,495
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|{{left}} Advanced
|-
|{{left}} {{Flag|United States}}
| 5,441.0
| 30,615,743
| 30,615,743
| 89,599
| 89,599
| 0.938
| 337,341,954
| 9,833,517
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
|{{left}} Advanced
|-
|{{left}} ''{{nowrap|{{Flag|European Union}}}}''
| {{efn|group=n|Excluding intra-EU trade. The complete number according to [https://stats.wto.org/dashboard/merchandise_en.html WTO stats dashboard: Total merchandise, Exports, 2023] in 2022 is 14,610.4 bil. USD}}5,858.4
| 21,096,780
| 29,239,754
| 46,804
| 64,870
| 0.900
| 446,828,803
| 4,233,262
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{nowrap|{{maybe|[[OECD#Participating partners|participant]]}}}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{left}} {{nowrap|Advanced (majority){{efn|group=n|23 out of 27 EU states are classified as advanced}}}}
|-
|{{left}} ''{{nowrap|{{Flag|African Union}}}}''
| 1,379.0
| 3,057,762
| 11,579,393
| {{efn|group=n|[https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPDPC@WEO/AFQ International Monatary Fund: GDP per capita, current prices – U.S. dollars per capita]}}2,075
| {{efn|group=n|[https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPPC@WEO/AFQ International Monatary Fund: GDP per capita, current prices – Purchasing power parity; international dollars per capita]}}7,858
| 0.577{{efn|group=n|2020}}
| 1,393,676,444{{efn|group=n|2021}}
| 29,922,059
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{No}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|{{left}} Emerging
|-
|}

In addition to these 21 members, the [[chief executive officers]] of several other international forums and institutions participate in meetings of the G20.<ref name="g20members" /> These include the managing director and Chairman of the [[International Monetary Fund]], the [[World Bank#Leadership|President]] of the [[World Bank]], and the Chairman of the [[Development Assistance Committee]].

The G20's membership does not reflect exactly the 21 largest economies of the world in any given year; as the organization states:<ref name="g20faq" />
{{Blockquote|In a forum such as the G20, it is particularly important for the number of countries involved to be restricted and fixed to ensure the effectiveness and continuity of its activity. There are no formal criteria for G20 membership and the composition of the group has remained unchanged since it was established. Because of the objectives of the G20, it was considered important that countries and regions of systemic significance for the international financial system be included. Aspects such as geographical balance and population representation also played a major part.}}

===Role of Asian countries===
A 2011 report released by the [[Asian Development Bank]] (ADB) predicted that large Asian economies such as China and India would play a more important role in global economic governance in the future. The report claimed that the rise of emerging market economies heralded a new world order, in which the G20 would become the global economic steering committee.<ref name="The People's Daily, PRC">{{cite news|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90778/98506/7361425.html|title=Asia to play bigger role on the world stage, G20: ADB report|work=The People's Daily|date=26 April 2011|access-date=26 April 2011|archive-date=12 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112101150/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90778/98506/7361425.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The ADB furthermore noted that Asian countries had led the global recovery following the [[late-2000s recession]]. It predicted that the region would have a greater presence on the global stage, shaping the G20's agenda for balanced and sustainable growth through strengthening intraregional trade and stimulating domestic demand.<ref name="The People's Daily, PRC"/>

==Invitees==
[[File:G20 members and invited states 2024.svg|thumb|upright=2|right|G20 members (dark blue), countries represented through the European Union and African Union (light blue) and previously invited states (pink) as of 2024.]]
Typically, several participants that are not full members of the G20 are extended invitations to participate in the summits. Permanent guest invitees are: the government of [[Spain]]; the Chair of the [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] and a representative of the [[New Partnership for Africa's Development]] are invited in their capacities as leaders of their organisations and as heads of government of their home states. In addition, the leaders of the [[Financial Stability Board]], the [[International Labour Organization]], the [[International Monetary Fund]], the [[Group of 24]], the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]], the [[United Nations]], the [[World Bank Group]] and the [[World Trade Organization]] are invited and participate in pre-summit planning within the policy purview of their respective organisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.g20australia.org/about_g20/g20_members/international_organisations|title=International Organisations|publisher=G-20 Australia|year=2014|access-date=22 December 2014|archive-date=3 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703122350/http://www.g20australia.org/about_g20/g20_members/international_organisations|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Henley" /><ref name="G20 World">[https://g20.org/about-g20/g20-members/g20-world/ "G20 and the world"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316051048/http://g20.org/about-g20/g20-members/g20-world/ |date=16 March 2015 }}. G20.org. 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2015.</ref>

Other invitees are chosen by the host country, usually one or two countries from its region;<ref name="G20 World"/> for example, South Korea invited Singapore. International organisations which have been invited in the past include the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC), the [[Basel Committee on Banking Supervision]] (BCBS), the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] (CIS), the [[Eurasian Economic Community]] (EAEC), the [[European Central Bank]] (ECB), the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO), the [[Global Governance Group]] (3G) and the [[Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf|Gulf Cooperation Council]] (GCC). Previously, the [[Netherlands]] had a similar status to Spain while the [[Presidency of the Council of the European Union|rotating presidency]] of the [[Council of the European Union]] would also receive an invitation, but only in that capacity and not as their own state's leader (such as the Czech premiers [[Mirek Topolánek]] and [[Jan Fischer (politician)|Jan Fischer]] during the 2009 summits).

==Permanent guest invitees==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Invitee
! Officeholder
! State
! Official title
|-
| [[International Labour Organization]] (ILO)
| [[Gilbert Houngbo]]
| {{n/a}}
| Director General
|-
| [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF)
| [[Kristalina Georgieva]]
| {{n/a}}
| [[Chief executive officer|Managing Director]]
|-
| [[Group of 24|Intergovernmental Group of Twenty-Four (G-24)]]
| [[Iyabo Masha]]
| {{n/a}}
| [[Director and Head of Secretariat of The Group of 24|Director]]
|-
| [[Spain]]<ref name="Henley" />
| [[Pedro Sánchez]]
| {{Flag|Spain}}
| [[Prime Minister of Spain|Prime Minister]]
|-
| [[New Partnership for Africa's Development]] (AUDA-NEPAD)
| [[Abdel Fattah El-Sisi]]
| {{Flag|Egypt}}
| [[List of Presidents of Egypt|President]] (chair)
|-
| [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD)
| [[Mathias Cormann]]
| {{n/a}}
| Secretary-General
|-
| [[United Nations]] (UN)
| [[António Guterres]]
| {{n/a}}
| [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|Secretary-General]]
|-
| [[World Bank Group]] (WBG)
| [[Ajay Banga]]
| {{n/a}}
| President
|-
| [[World Health Organization]] (WHO)
| [[Tedros Adhanom]]
| {{n/a}}
| [[Director-General of the World Health Organization|Director General]]
|-
| [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO)
| [[Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala]]
| {{n/a}}
| [[Director-General of the World Trade Organization|Director General]]
|}

==Agenda==
===Financial focus===
The initial G20 agenda, as conceived by US, Canadian and German policymakers, was very much focused on the sustainability of [[Government debt|sovereign debt]] and global financial stability, in an inclusive format that would bring in the largest developing economies as equal partners. During a summit in November 2008, the leaders of the group pledged to contribute trillions to international financial organizations, including the World Bank and IMF, mainly for re-establishing the global financial system.<ref name="IbbitsonPerkins"/><ref name="FA">{{cite journal|title=The End of the G-20|journal=[[Foreign Affairs]]|date=September 2016|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2016-09-14/end-g-20|last1=Liao|first1=Rebecca|access-date=20 July 2017|archive-date=12 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512185414/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2016-09-14/end-g-20|url-status=live}}{{subscription required|via=Foreign Affairs}}</ref>

Since inception, the recurring themes covered by G20 summit participants have related in priority to global [[economic growth]], [[international trade]] and [[financial market]] regulation.<ref name="auto">{{cite news |url=https://www.g20.org/Webs/G20/EN/G20/Agenda/agenda_node.html |work=G20.org |location=Berlin |title=The G20 Presidency 2017 at a Glance |first=of Germany |last=The Federal Government |date=1 December 2016 |access-date=6 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706224916/https://www.g20.org/Webs/G20/EN/G20/Agenda/agenda_node.html |archive-date=6 July 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The G20 has led the [[Debt Service Suspension Initiative]], through which official bilateral creditors suspended debt repayments of 73 of the poorest debtor countries.<ref name=":Chen2">{{Cite book |last=Chen |first=Muyang |title=The Latecomer's Rise: Policy Banks and the Globalization of China's Development Finance |date=2024 |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |isbn=9781501775857 |location=Ithaca and London |jstor=10.7591/jj.6230186}}</ref>{{Rp|page=134}}

===Growth and sustainability===
The G20 countries account for almost 75% of global carbon emissions.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-07-20|title='Reckless': G20 states subsidised fossil fuels by $3tn since 2015, says report|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jul/20/g20-states-subsidised-fossil-fuels-2015-coal-oil-gas-cliamte-crisis|access-date=2021-07-20|website=the Guardian|language=en|archive-date=3 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903200917/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jul/20/g20-states-subsidised-fossil-fuels-2015-coal-oil-gas-cliamte-crisis|url-status=live}}</ref> After the adoption of the [[Sustainable Development Goals|UN Sustainable Development Goals]] and the [[Paris Agreement|Paris Climate Agreement]] in 2015, more "issues of global significance"<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1">{{cite news |url=http://amnt.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/G20-Nations-Shifting-the-Trillions__RAF__Q3-2017.pdf |work=Revue Analyse Financière |location=Paris |title=G20 Nations Shifting the Trillions: Impact Investing, Green Infrastructure and Inclusive Growth |first=M. Nicolas J. |last=Firzli |date=7 July 2017 |access-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802004444/http://amnt.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/G20-Nations-Shifting-the-Trillions__RAF__Q3-2017.pdf |archive-date=2 August 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> were added to the G20 agenda: migration, [[digitisation]], employment, healthcare, the economic empowerment of women, [[development aid]]<ref>[https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/gzwanzig-ergebnisse-105.html ''Abschlusserklärung steht – Dissens bleibt.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711040608/http://www.tagesschau.de/inland/gzwanzig-ergebnisse-105.html |date=11 July 2017 }} ''tagesschau.de''. 8 July 2017, retrieved 12 July 2017.</ref> and stopping [[climate change]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Andersen |first1=Inger |title=The G20 is a global force for sustainability |url=https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/speech/g20-global-force-sustainability |website=UN environment programme |date=28 July 2023 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=12 September 2023 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918105201/https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/speech/g20-global-force-sustainability |url-status=live }}</ref>

The G20 countries promised in 2009 to phase out 'inefficient subsidies'. Despite these promises G20 members have subsidised fossil fuel companies over $3.3 trillion between 2015 and 2021,<ref name=":1" /> with several states increasing subsidies; Australia (+48.2%), the US (+36.7%), Indonesia (+26.6%), France (+23.8%), China (+4.1%), Brazil (+3.0%), Mexico (+2.6%).<ref name=":1" /> China alone generates over half of the coal-generated electricity in the world.<ref>{{cite news |title=China generated over half world's coal-fired power in 2020: study |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-china-coal/china-generated-over-half-worlds-coal-fired-power-in-2020-study-idUSKBN2BK0PZ |access-date=14 September 2021 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=28 March 2021 |quote=China generated 53% of the world's total coal-fired power in 2020, nine percentage points more than five years earlier |archive-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901092323/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-china-coal/china-generated-over-half-worlds-coal-fired-power-in-2020-study-idUSKBN2BK0PZ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Interrelated themes===
[[Wolfgang Schäuble]], German [[Federal Ministry of Finance (Germany)|Federal Minister of Finance]], had insisted on the interconnected nature of the issues facing G20 countries, be they purely financial or developmental, and the need to reach effective, [[cross-cutting cleavage|cross-cutting]] policy measures: "Globalization has lifted hundreds of millions out of poverty, but there is also a growing rise in frustration in some quarters […] development, [national] security and migration are all interlinked".<ref name="auto1"/>

== G20 engagement groups ==
The G20 engagement groups and pre-conferences are independent collectives that are led by organisations of the host country. They represent a diverse group of stakeholders and work collectively to develop non-binding policy recommendations formally submitted to the G20 leaders for consideration.

For the 2022 G20 hosted by Indonesia, there were [[2022 G20 Bali summit|10 engagement groups]] formed to facilitate independent stakeholders in developing proposals and policy recommendations for G20 leaders.

Startup20 and other engagement groups were initiated under the G20 India Presidency of 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.startup20india2023.org/ |title=Startup20 India Initiative by G20 India 2023 | Startup20 |access-date=9 April 2023 |archive-date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409145058/https://www.startup20india2023.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Influence and accountability==
The G20's prominent membership gives it a strong input on global policy despite lacking any formal ability to enforce rules. There are disputes over the legitimacy of the G20,<ref>{{cite web |first1=Kathrin |last1=Berensmann |first2=Thomas |last2=Fues |first3=Ulrich |last3=Volz |date=January 2011 |url=http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/184899/index.en.shtml |website=D+C |title=Informal power centre |access-date=3 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101160942/http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/184899/index.en.shtml |archive-date=2011-01-01}}</ref> and criticisms of its organisation and the efficacy of its declarations.<ref>{{cite web |first=Sachin |last=Chaturvedi |url=http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/190338/index.en.shtml |website=D+C |title=Mainstream Heiligendamm |date=January 2011 |access-date=3 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101160819/http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/190338/index.en.shtml |archive-date=2011-01-01}}</ref>

The G20's transparency and accountability have been questioned by critics, who call attention to the absence of a formal charter and the fact that the most important G20 meetings are closed-door.<ref>Daniele Archibugi. [http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/email/the-g20-ought-to-be-increased-to-6-billion "The G20 ought to be increased to 6 Billion"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121165534/http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/email/the-g20-ought-to-be-increased-to-6-billion |date=21 January 2010 }}. OpenDemocracy.net. 31 March 2009. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</ref> In 2001, the economist [[Frances Stewart (economist)|Frances Stewart]] proposed an Economic Security Council within the United Nations as an alternative to the G20. In such a council, members would be elected by the [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]] based on their importance to the world economy, and the contribution they are willing to provide to world economic development.<ref>[[Frances Stewart (economist)|Stewart, Frances]] and Daws, Sam. [http://www3.qeh.ox.ac.uk/RePEc/qeh/qehwps/qehwps68.pdf "An Economic and Social Security Council at the United Nations"] (PDF). {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040304135933/http://www3.qeh.ox.ac.uk/RePEc/qeh/qehwps/qehwps68.pdf |date=4 March 2004 }}. [[Oxford University]]. March 2001. Retrieved 8 January 2013.</ref>

The cost and extent of summit-related security is often a contentious issue in the hosting country, and G20 summits have attracted protesters from a variety of backgrounds, including [[information activist]]s, opponents of [[fractional-reserve banking]] and [[Anti-capitalism|anti-capitalists]]. In 2010, the Toronto G20 summit sparked [[2010 G20 Toronto summit protests|mass protests and rioting]], leading to the largest mass arrest in Canada's history.<ref name="Mahoney">{{cite news|last=Mahoney|first=Jill|author2=Ann Hui|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/g8-g20/news/g20-related-mass-arrests-unique-in-canadian-history/article1621198/ |title=G20-related mass arrests unique in Canadian history |publisher=The Globe and Mail|date=2010-06-29|access-date=2022-03-17|location=Toronto| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100728172459/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/g8-g20/news/g20-related-mass-arrests-unique-in-canadian-history/article1621198/| archive-date= 28 July 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref>

In 2025, the G20 was hosted for the first time on the African Continent under the South African presidency.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-13 |title=Africa hosts G20 for the first time: what the summit means for global influence |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/11/13/africa-hosts-g20-for-the-first-time-what-the-summit-means-for-global-influence/ |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=Africanews |language=en}}</ref> Donald Trump, however, declared that South Africa "should not even be" in the G20 and boycotted the summit, accusing South Africa of "[[White genocide conspiracy theory|white genocide]]."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mhaka |first=Tafi |title=Trump's war on South Africa betrays a sinister threat |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2025/11/18/trumps-war-on-south-africa-betrays-a-sinister-threat |date=2025-11-18|website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref name="lowyinstitute.org">{{Cite web |title=The G20 faces a test of meaning as major powers stay away |first=Isel|last=van Zyl|url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/g20-faces-test-meaning-major-powers-stay-away |date=19 November 2025|website=The Interpreter|publisher=Lowy Institute|language=en}}</ref> The President of Argentina, Javier Milei, likewise joined the boycott.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maromo |first=Jonisayi |title=Argentina's President Javier Milei withdraws from G20 summit in Joburg, supporting Donald Trump's boycott |url=https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2025-11-12-argentinas-president-javier-milei-withdraws-from-g20-summit-in-joburg-supporting-donald-trumps-boycott/ |date=2025-11-12 |website=IOL |language=en}}</ref> The additional absence of leaders from China, Mexico, and Russia led to questions about the forum's influence going into the first and only African-hosted G20 summit.<ref name="lowyinstitute.org"/>

==Views on the G20's exclusivity of membership==
Although the G20 has stated that the group's "economic weight and broad membership gives it a high degree of legitimacy and influence over the management of the global economy and financial system",<ref>[http://www.g20.org/about_what_is_g20.aspx "About G-20"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205130140/http://g20.org/about_what_is_g20.aspx |date=5 February 2009 }}. G20.org. Retrieved 11 December 2012.</ref> its legitimacy has been challenged. A 2011 report for the [[Danish Institute for International Studies]] criticised the G20's exclusivity, particularly highlighting its underrepresentation of African countries and its practice of inviting observers from non-member states as a mere "concession at the margins", which does not grant the organisation representational legitimacy.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Vestergaard|first=Jakob|url=http://www.diis.dk/graphics/publications/reports2011/rp2011-04-g20-and-beyond_web.pdf|title=The G20 and Beyond: Towards Effective Global Economic Governance|journal=DIIS Report|date=April 2011|access-date=25 June 2013|archive-date=9 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509063916/http://www.diis.dk/graphics/publications/reports2011/rp2011-04-g20-and-beyond_web.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Concerning the membership issue, U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] noted the difficulty of balancing the interests of different states: "Everybody wants the smallest possible group that includes them. So, if they're the 21st largest nation in the world, they want the G-21, and think it's highly unfair if they have been cut out."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/obama-to-usher-in-new-world-order-at-g-20|title=Obama to Usher In New World Order at G-20|last=Chernenkoff|first=Kelly|date=25 September 2009|publisher=[[Fox News]]|access-date=24 December 2015|archive-date=16 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116084947/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/obama-to-usher-in-new-world-order-at-g-20|url-status=live}}</ref> Others stated in 2011 that the exclusivity is not an insurmountable problem and proposed mechanisms by which it could become more inclusive.{{sfn|Cooper|2011}}

===Norwegian perspective===

In line with Norway's emphasis on inclusive international processes, the United Nations, and the UN system, in a 2010 interview with ''[[Der Spiegel]]'', the current prime minister of Norway [[Jonas Gahr Støre]] called the G20 "one of the greatest setbacks since World War II"<ref name="setback">{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,702104,00.html|title=Norway Takes Aim at G-20: 'One of the Greatest Setbacks Since World War II'|work=[[Der Spiegel]]|date=22 June 2010|access-date=27 June 2010|archive-date=29 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129164309/http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,702104,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> as 173 states who are all members of the UN are not among the G20. This includes Norway, a major developed economy and the seventh-largest contributor to UN international development programs,<ref name="real donor">{{cite news |url=http://www.norway.org/aboutnorway/government-and-policy/peace/un/ |title=Norway and the UN |publisher=Norway.org |date=12 May 2012 |access-date=12 May 2012 |archive-date=3 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603191120/http://www.norway.org/aboutnorway/government-and-policy/peace/un/ |url-status=live }}</ref> which is not a member state of the EU, and thus is not represented in the G20 even indirectly.<ref name="setback" /> Norway, like other such states, has little or no voice within the group. Støre argued that the G20 undermines the legitimacy of international organizations set up in the aftermath of World War II, such as the IMF, World Bank and United Nations:

{{Blockquote|The G20 is a self-appointed group. Its composition is determined by the major countries and powers. It may be more representative than the G7 or the G8, in which only the richest countries are represented, but it is still arbitrary. We no longer live in the 19th century, a time when the major powers met and redrew the map of the world. No one needs a new [[Congress of Vienna]].<ref name="setback" />}}

However, Norway, has moderated this position in practice, and has contributed to a number of G20-work streams for years, in particular on health, energy and climate. Under the government of [[Erna Solberg]], Norway attended the [[2017 G20 Hamburg summit|2017 G20 summit in Hamburg, Germany]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newsinenglish.no/2017/07/07/solberg-eager-to-speak-up-at-g20/ |title=Solberg eager to speak up at G20 |work=News in English.no |date=7 July 2017 |access-date=7 July 2017 |archive-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707134514/http://www.newsinenglish.no/2017/07/07/solberg-eager-to-speak-up-at-g20/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The country was formally invited by Brazil as a guest to the 2024 G20 summit in Rio de Janeiro and was reinvited by South Africa to the 2025 summit in Johannesburg.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Norway to continue as guest country in G20|url=https://www.regjeringen.no/en/whats-new/norway-to-continue-as-guest-country-in-g20/id3077605/|website=Government.no|date=2024-12-03|access-date=2025-12-01|language=en-GB|first=Office of the Prime|last=Minister}}</ref> Støre attended both summits as prime minister of Norway and expressed support for the G20.<ref name=":3" />

===Spanish participation===
Spain is the world's [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|twelfth largest economy]] by [[nominal GDP]] and the [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|fifteenth largest]] by [[purchasing power parity]]; it also ranks fourth in the European Union and the second among [[Spanish-speaking countries]]. In addition, since the 1990s several Spanish companies have gained multinational status, and Spain is an important foreign investor worldwide. Spain's economic size and performance exceed those of several current G20 members, such as Argentina and South Africa,<ref name=bridesmaid>{{Cite journal|title=Spain: Always the G20 bridesmaid, never the bride?|journal=Global Policy Journal|url=https://www.globalpolicyjournal.com/blog/20/11/2024/spain-always-g20-bridesmaid-never-bride|date=2024-11-20|language=en}}</ref> and the country has been a "permanent guest" at every G20 summit since 2008.<ref name=bridesmaid /> Consequently, Spain is considered by some analysts to be a ''de facto'' member of the G20.<ref name="Henley" /> As of 2025, Spain has not requested official membership.<ref name=bridesmaid />

===Polish aspirations===
In contrast with the Spanish position, [[Poland]] has repeatedly asked to join the G20. Before the [[2009 G20 London summit]], the Polish government expressed interest in joining Spain and the Netherlands and condemned an "organisational mess" in which a few European leaders spoke in the name of the collective EU without legitimate authorisation in cases which belong to the [[European Commission]].{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

During a 2010 meeting with foreign diplomats, Polish president [[Lech Kaczyński]] said:
{{Blockquote|The Polish economy is according to our data the 18th world economy. The place of my country is among the members of the G20. This is a very simple postulate: firstly – it results from the size of the [[Economy of Poland|Polish economy]], secondly – it results from the fact that Poland is the biggest country in its region and the biggest country that has experienced a certain story. That story is a political and economic transformation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gospodarka.dziennik.pl/news/artykuly/110121,polska-w-g-20-warto-sie-bic.html |title=Polska w G-20 – warto się bić? |language=pl |trans-title=Poland in the G-20 – is it worth the fight? |date=2 March 2010 |author=Kamila Wronowska |website=dziennik.pl |access-date=23 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402193959/http://gospodarka.dziennik.pl/news/artykuly/110121,polska-w-g-20-warto-sie-bic.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}}


Several commentators and analysts have supported Poland's position. In 2012, Tim Ferguson wrote in ''[[Forbes]]'' that swapping Argentina for Poland should be considered, claiming that the Polish economy was headed toward a leadership role in Europe and its membership would be more legitimate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/timferguson/2012/04/09/g20-boot-argentina-include-poland/ |title=G20: Boot Argentina, Include Poland |first=Tim |last=Ferguson |website=[[Forbes]] |access-date=28 August 2017 |archive-date=29 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729125842/https://www.forbes.com/sites/timferguson/2012/04/09/g20-boot-argentina-include-poland/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="FPNoArgentina" /> A similar opinion was expressed by Marcin Sobczyk in the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/emergingeurope/2010/02/03/g20-needs-poland/ |title=G20 Needs Poland |first=Marcin |last=Sobczyk |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=3 February 2010 |access-date=1 June 2017 |archive-date=9 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709190225/https://blogs.wsj.com/emergingeurope/2010/02/03/g20-needs-poland/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Mamta Murthi from the World Bank said: "To be in 'a club', what Poland can do is to continue working as if it already is in the club it wants to join."<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Bank in the Krynica Economic Forum – the 'Davos for Eastern Europe'|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2014/09/17/world-bank-in-the-krynica-economic-forum---the-davos-for-eastern-europe|access-date=2021-04-08|website=World Bank|language=en|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813184650/https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2014/09/17/world-bank-in-the-krynica-economic-forum---the-davos-for-eastern-europe|url-status=live}}</ref> A 2014 report by consulting firm [[Ernst & Young]] described Poland as one of the "optimal members" to join the G20 based on an analysis of trade, institutional and investment links.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polskieradio.pl/42/3306/Artykul/1232256,Polska-w-grupie-G20-jesli-tam-nie-bedziemy-inni-beda-decydowac-za-nas|title=Polska w grupie G20: jeśli tam nie będziemy, inni będą decydować za nas|work=Polskie Radio|language=pl|access-date=23 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402130148/http://www.polskieradio.pl/42/3306/Artykul/1232256,Polska-w-grupie-G20-jesli-tam-nie-bedziemy-inni-beda-decydowac-za-nas|url-status=live}}</ref>

G20 membership has been an explicit priority of Poland's [[Law and Justice (Poland)|Law and Justice]] party since 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wyborcza.pl/1,75478,17465365,Andrzej_Duda__Trzeba_wzmacniac_armie__zwiekszyc_obecnosc.html|title=Wyborcza.pl|website=wyborcza.pl|access-date=25 November 2015|archive-date=16 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716024208/http://wyborcza.pl/1,75478,17465365,Andrzej_Duda__Trzeba_wzmacniac_armie__zwiekszyc_obecnosc.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2017, Deputy Prime Minister of Poland [[Mateusz Morawiecki]] took part in a meeting of G20 financial ministers in [[Baden-Baden]] as the first Polish representative.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://tvn24bis.pl/ze-swiata,75/rzeczy-ktore-musisz-wiedziec-o-szczycie-g20,724315.html|title=Rzeczy, które musisz wiedzieć o szczycie G20|work=TVN24 BiS|access-date=31 March 2017|language=pl|archive-date=17 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317125653/http://tvn24bis.pl/ze-swiata,75/rzeczy-ktore-musisz-wiedziec-o-szczycie-g20,724315.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rp.pl/Gospodarka/303169812-Morawiecki-wsrod-ministrow-finansow-G20.html#ap-1|title=Morawiecki wśród ministrów finansów G20 – Gospodarka|work=rp.pl|access-date=31 March 2017|archive-date=20 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620110849/https://www.rp.pl/Gospodarka/303169812-Morawiecki-wsrod-ministrow-finansow-G20.html#ap-1|url-status=live}}</ref>

In September 2025, Polish President [[Karol Nawrocki]] announced that he had received an invitation from American President [[Donald Trump]] to attend the G20 Summit taking place in 2026 in [[Miami]], Florida. The statement was made following a meeting between the two presidents at the [[White House]]. According to the Head of the International Policy Bureau of the [[Chancellery of the President of the Republic of Poland|Chancellery of the President of Poland]], Minister [[Marcin Przydacz]], Nawrocki's invitation to the G20 Summit marks the beginning of the process of Poland's accession to the group of G20 countries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Polska |first=Grupa Wirtualna |date=2025-09-03 |title=Polska gościem na szczycie G20. Nawrocki potwierdza |url=https://wiadomosci.wp.pl/trump-zaprosil-polske-na-szczyt-g20-7196363332615104a |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=WP Wiadomości |language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-03 |title=Nawrocki: dostałem zaproszenie od Donalda Trumpa na szczyt G20 |url=https://tvn24.pl/biznes/z-kraju/karol-nawrocki-dostalem-zaproszenie-od-donalda-trumpa-na-szczyt-g20-st8630502 |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=TVN24 Biznes |language=pl}}</ref>

===Global Governance Group (3G) response===
In June 2010, Singapore's representative to the United Nations warned the G20 that its decisions would affect "all countries, big and small", and asserted that prominent non-G20 members should be included in financial reform discussions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/overseasmission/newyork/nyemb_statements/global_governance_group/2010/201006/press_201006_3.html|title=Statement by Ambassador Vanu Gopala Menon, Permanent Representative of Singapore to the United Nations|publisher=Singapore UN Mission|date=8 June 2010|access-date=16 November 2013|archive-date=3 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403123118/http://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/overseasmission/newyork/nyemb_statements/global_governance_group/2010/201006/press_201006_3.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Singapore thereafter took a leading role in organizing the [[Global Governance Group]] (3G), an informal grouping of 30 non-G20 countries (including several [[microstates]] and many [[Third World]] countries) to collectively channel their views into the G20 process more effectively.<ref name="Press Statement by the Global Governance Group (3G) on its Ninth Ministerial Meeting in New York on 22 September 2016">{{cite web|title=Press Statement by the Global Governance Group (3G) on its Ninth Ministerial Meeting in New York on 22 September 2016|url=https://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/media_centre/press_room/pr/2016/201609/press_20160923.html|website=mfa|access-date=23 July 2017|language=en-us|date=22 September 2016|archive-date=30 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730082557/https://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/media_centre/press_room/pr/2016/201609/press_20160923.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.siiaonline.org/?q=programmes/insights/siia-welcomes-new-3g-initiative-small-states "SIIA welcomes new 3G initiative for small states"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107035407/http://www.siiaonline.org/?q=programmes%2Finsights%2Fsiia-welcomes-new-3g-initiative-small-states |date=7 November 2021 }}. Singapore Institute of International Affairs. 12 February 2010. Retrieved 16 November 2013.</ref><ref>[https://www.un.org/esa/ffd/events/2010GAWGFC/7/Stmt_Singapore.pdf "Statement by Singapore on behalf of the Global Governance Group"] (PDF). {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514061208/https://www.un.org/esa/ffd/events/2010GAWGFC/7/Stmt_Singapore.pdf |date=14 May 2011 }}. United Nations. 2 June 2010. Retrieved 12 February 2013.</ref> Singapore's chairing of the 3G was cited as a rationale for inviting Singapore to the November 2010 G20 summit in South Korea,<ref>[http://uk.ibtimes.com/articles/65543/20100925/singapore-global-governance-group-invited-to-g20-seoul-summit.htm "Singapore among five non-G20 nations to attend Seoul Summit"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120722142500/http://uk.ibtimes.com/articles/65543/20100925/singapore-global-governance-group-invited-to-g20-seoul-summit.htm |date=22 July 2012 }}. ''[[International Business Times]]''. 25 September 2010. Retrieved 12 February 2013.</ref> as well as 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017 summits.{{Citation needed|date=October 2019}}

===''Foreign Policy'' critiques===
The American magazine ''[[Foreign Policy]]'' has published articles condemning the G20, in terms of its principal function as an alternative to the supposedly exclusive G8. It questions the actions of some of the G20 members and advances the notion that some states should not have membership in the first place. Furthermore, with the effects of the [[Great Recession]] still ongoing, the magazine has criticized the G20's efforts to implement reforms of the world's financial institutions, branding such efforts as failures.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/04/12/the_g_20_is_failing|title=The G-20 Is Failing|work=[[Foreign Policy]]|first=Edwin M.|last=Truman|date=12 April 2012|access-date=24 April 2012|archive-date=29 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729024016/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/04/12/the_g_20_is_failing|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Calls for removing Russia===
In March 2022, following the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], U.S. President [[Joe Biden]] called for the removal of Russia from the group. Alternatively, he suggested that Ukraine be allowed to attend the G20 2022 summit, despite its lack of membership.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=25 March 2022 |title=What is the G20 and could Russia be expelled? |last=Sommerlad |first=Joe |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/g20-biden-russia-expelled-ukraine-b2043971.html |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=The Independent |language=en |archive-date=25 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325140134/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/g20-biden-russia-expelled-ukraine-b2043971.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Canadian Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau]] also said the group should "re-evaluate" Russia's participation.<ref>{{cite news |first=Nick |last=Boisvert |date=31 March 2022 |title=Trudeau calls on G20 to reconsider Russia's seat at the table |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/russia-g20-trudeau-1.6404249 |work=[[CBC News]] |access-date=31 March 2022 |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705201848/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/russia-g20-trudeau-1.6404249 |url-status=live }}</ref> Russia claims it would not be a significant issue, as most G20 members are already fighting Russia economically due to the war.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biden says allies must stay united against Russia, expel it from the G-20 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/biden-says-allies-must-stay-united-russia-expel-g20-rcna21381 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=25 March 2022 |date=24 March 2022 |first=Shannon |last=Pettypiece |language=en |archive-date=25 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325000753/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/biden-says-allies-must-stay-united-russia-expel-g20-rcna21381 |url-status=live }}</ref> China suggested that expelling Russia would be counterproductive.<ref name=":2" /> In November 2022, Indonesia and Russia stated that Vladimir Putin would not attend the G20 summit in person, but may attend virtually.<ref name="russia2022">{{Cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/russias-putin-will-not-attend-g20-summit-bali-indonesian-official-2022-11-10/ |title=Russia's Putin will not attend G20 summit in Bali in person |last=Teresia |first=Ananda |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=2022-11-10 |access-date=2022-11-12 |language=en-US |archive-date=10 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110214553/https://www.reuters.com/world/russias-putin-will-not-attend-g20-summit-bali-indonesian-official-2022-11-10/ |url-status=live }}</ref> During the 2022 summit, Ukrainian president [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] appeared in a video statement and repeatedly addressed the assembly as the 'G19' as a means of indicating his viewpoint that Russia should be removed from the group.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-63632161/ |title=Ukraine: Zelensky snubs Russia as he addresses 'G19' at G20 |last=Wong |first=Tessa |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=2022-11-15 |access-date=2022-11-15 |language=en-US |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115142312/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-63632161 |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite the group refusing criticism on Russia directly in 2023 for the war, Putin was not present at the G20 summit due to the arrest warrant issued by the ICC in 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-10 |title=G20: How Russia and West agreed on Ukraine language |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-66768145 |access-date=2025-01-17 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Russia's Putin says presence at G20 in Brazil will 'wreck' summit |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/18/russias-putin-says-presence-at-g20-in-brazil-will-wreck-summit |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Model G20]]
*[[G8]]
*[[G7]]
*[[Regional Power]]
*[[League of Nations]]
*[[MIKTA]]
*[[BRICS]]
*[[United Nations]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin|35em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite journal
|last=Cooper
|first=Andrew F.
|author-link=Andrew F. Cooper
|year=2011
|title=The G20 and Its Regional Critics: The Search for Inclusion
|journal=Global Policy
|volume=2
|issue=2
|pages=203–209
|issn=1758-5899
|doi=10.1111/j.1758-5899.2011.00081.x
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Gilpin
|first=Robert
|author-link=Robert Gilpin
|year=2001
|title=Global Political Economy: Understanding the International Economic Order
|location=Princeton, New Jersey
|publisher=Princeton University Press
|isbn=978-0-691-08676-7
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Markwell
|first=Donald
|author-link=Donald Markwell
|year=2006
|title=John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|isbn=978-0-19-829236-4
|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198292364.001.0001
}}
* {{cite journal
|last=Wade
|first=Robert
|author-link=Robert Wade (scholar)
|year=2009
|title=From Global Imbalances to Global Reorganisations
|journal=Cambridge Journal of Economics
|volume=33
|issue=4
|pages=539–562
|issn=1464-3545
|doi=10.1093/cje/bep032
|doi-access=
|hdl=10.1093/cje/bep032
|hdl-access=free
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Woods
|first=Ngaire
|author-link=Ngaire Woods
|year=2006
|title=The Globalizers: The IMF, the World Bank, and Their Borrowers
|series=Cornell Studies in Money
|location=Ithaca, New York
|publisher=Cornell University Press
|isbn=978-0-8014-4424-1
|jstor=10.7591/j.ctt1ffjpgn
|url-access=registration
|url=https://archive.org/details/globalizersimfwo00wood
}}
* {{cite journal
|last1=Wouters
|first1=Jan
|author1-link=Jan Wouters (legal scholar)
|last2=Van Kerckhoven
|first2=Sven
|date=2011
|title=OECD and the G20: An Ever Closer Relationship
|url=http://docs.law.gwu.edu/stdg/gwilr/PDFs/43-2/6-%20Wouters%20Van%20Kerckhoven.pdf
|journal=George Washington International Law Review
|volume=43
|issue=2
|pages=345–374
|issn=1534-9977
|access-date=7 July 2017
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812093640/http://docs.law.gwu.edu/stdg/gwilr/PDFs/43-2/6-%20Wouters%20Van%20Kerckhoven.pdf
|archive-date=12 August 2017
|url-status=dead
}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|35em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite journal |last=Haas |first=Peter M. |author-link=Peter M. Haas |year=1992 |title=Introduction: Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination |url=https://www.unc.edu/~fbaum/teaching/articles/IO-1992-Haas.pdf |journal=International Organization |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=1–35 |issn=1531-5088 |jstor=2706951 |doi=10.1017/S0020818300001442 |s2cid=145360263 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906050617/https://www.unc.edu/~fbaum/teaching/articles/IO-1992-Haas.pdf |archive-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book |last=Hajnal |first=Peter I. |year=2007 |title=The G8 System and the G20: Evolution, Role and Documentation |series=Global Finance Series |location=Aldershot, England |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=978-0-7546-4550-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Kirton |first=John J. |author-link=John Kirton |year=2013 |title=G20 Governance for a Globalized World |series=Global Finance Series |location=Abingdon, England |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-4094-2829-9}}
* {{cite book |year=1998 |editor1-last=Reinalda |editor1-first=Bob |editor2-last=Verbeek |editor2-first=Bertjan |title=Autonomous Policy Making by International Organizations |series=Routledge/ECPR Studies in European Political Science |volume=5 |location=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-16486-3}}
* {{cite book |year=2007 |editor1-last=Samans |editor1-first=Richard |editor2-last=Uzan |editor2-first=Marc |editor3-last=Lopez-Claros |editor3-first=Augusto |title=The International Monetary System, the IMF and the G-20: A Great Transformation in the Making? |location=Basingstoke, England |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-52495-8}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Firzli |first1=Nicolas J. |author1-link=World Pensions & Investments Forum |date=2017 |title=G20 Nations Shifting the Trillions: Impact Investing, Green Infrastructure and Inclusive Growth |url=http://amnt.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/G20-Nations-Shifting-the-Trillions__RAF__Q3-2017.pdf |journal=Revue Analyse Financière |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=15–18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802004444/http://amnt.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/G20-Nations-Shifting-the-Trillions__RAF__Q3-2017.pdf |archive-date=2 August 2017 |url-status=live}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|G20}}
* {{Official website}}
* [http://www.oecd.org/g20 G20 website of the OECD]
* [http://www.g20.utoronto.ca G20 Information Centre] from the [[University of Toronto]]
* [http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/groups.htm A Guide To (International Economic and Financial) Committees, Groups, And Clubs] from the [[International Monetary Fund]]

{{International power}}
{{G20}}
{{List of Current Heads of State of G20}}
{{List of Current Heads of Government of G20}}
{{Current G20 Leaders}}
{{G20-Foreign}}
{{G20-Finance}}
{{G20-Justice}}
{{G20-CBGovernors}}
{{G-20 leaders' summits}}
{{Portal bar|Politics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:G-20}}
[[Category:G20| ]]
[[Category:Economic country classifications]]
[[Category:Intergovernmental organizations]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1999]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of Argentina]]
[[Category:Multilateral relations of Australia]]
[[Category:Multilateral relations of Brazil]]
[[Category:Multilateral relations of Canada]]
[[Category:Multilateral relations of China]]
[[Category:Multilateral relations of France]]
[[Category:Multilateral relations of Germany]]
[[Category:Multilateral relations of India]]
[[Category:Multilateral relations of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Multilateral relations of Italy]]
[[Category:Multilateral relations of Japan]]
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[[Category:Multilateral relations of Russia]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia]]
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Valla Sadhya

2026-03-19T16:27:21Z

Raunak Shankhwar: refined layout further and updated info

{{Short description|Celebration in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
[[File:Valla Sadhya - വള്ളസദ്യ - Wiki Loves Onam 2024.webm|thumb|right|Valla Sadhya Video]]
[[File:Sadhya Items.jpg|thumb|[[Sadya]] items ready to be served, clockwise from top: [[paayasam]], bittergourd [[thoran]], [[aviyal]], [[kaalan]], lime pickle, [[sambar (dish)|sambar]]; buttermilk with boiled rice in the center]]

'''Valla Sadya''' is a celebration in the Hindu temple at [[Aranmula]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]. During the festival, the village conducts a [[Vallam Kali|snake boat race]] in the [[Pampa River]], and there is a feast at the temple. The Valla Sadhya is conducted on Ashtamirohoni day. During Valla Sadhya, [[Krishna]], the main deity worshipped in the temple, will come to take the offerings from people. The legend is that in a Valla Sadya all dishes asked for must be given to the people in order to please the lord.

==Common offerings==
The {{Transliteration|hi|sadya}} is a feast of vegetarian food of the ayurvedic tradition. Each meal consists of 10 to 20 dishes served on banana or plantain leaves, and up to 64 dishes on Ashtami Rohini Day, the birthday of Krishna.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Griffiths|first=Chris|title=An Indian meal with more than 60 dishes|language=en|url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/gallery/20200901-an-indian-meal-with-more-than-60-dishes|access-date=2021-08-04}}</ref>

Some of the dishes and foods include:
* [[Parippu]] - A thick [[lentil]] dish eaten with rice, [[papadum]] and [[ghee]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Paitandy|first=Priyadarshini|date=2020-08-26|title=Want a traditional Onam sadhya? Here's what you can order this year|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/want-your-traditional-onam-sadhya-heres-what-you-can-order-this-year/article32447159.ece|access-date=2021-08-04|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*Pulisserry - Curry prepared with thick and sour buttermilk<ref name=":0" />
*Banana chips<ref name=":0" />
*''Shakara varatti'' and ''poovan palam<ref name=":0" />''
*Aravana payasam. (Pudding made from rice, jaggery and ghee)<ref name=":0" />
*Kaalipazham payasam (Pudding made of banana)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=In search of Sadhya|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2020/aug/27/in-search-of-sadhya-2188675.html|access-date=2021-08-04|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
*Unniappam<ref name=":1" />
* [[Sambar (dish)|Sambar]]
* [[Rasam (dish)|Rasam]]
* [[Aviyal]]<ref name=":1" />
* [[Kaalan]]
* [[Olan (dish)|Olan]]
* [[Koottukari]]
* [[Kichadi]]
* [[Pachadi]]<ref name=":1" />
* [[Injipuli]]
* [[Thoran]]
* [[Indian pickle|Achar]]: Spicy pickled raw mango, [[Preserved lemon|lemon]], or lime

==Valla Sadhya==

Valla sadya is conducted by the devotees as a "Vazhipadu" to Parthasarathy(another name for [[Krishna]]). The Valla sadya is dedicated to any of the boats. On the Valla sadya day, the oarsmen will come to the Temple in the boat through the river. The oarsmen offer Nirapara to the presiding deity at the Nadappanthal in front of the gold plated temple mast and go around the temple chanting Krishna bhajans (Vanchi pattu). The entire atmosphere is charged with the rhythmic Vanchi pattu, songs in praise of Parthasarathy. The `vallasadya' begins immediately after the uccha pooja (noon worship) at the temple. They circumambulate the temple, chanting the `vanchi pattu', verses in praise of Krishna, before partaking of the Valla sadya.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

On the day of Krishna's birthday – Ashtami Rohini day, the Valla sadya is conducted for all the devotees of Parthasarathy. Around 1 lakh people attend this event every year. Most of the palliodams attend this feast.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

[[[[File:Aranmula valla sadhya -- Melukara Palliyodam -- Snake Boat.jpg|thumb|Gliding through the Pampa River, the Palliodam from Melukkara heads towards the Aranmula Parthasarathy temple to receive the offerings of devotees, and attend the Vallasdhya.-- front view]]|thumb]]

== Events ==
During the Kerala floods in 2018, the temple remained open for the celebration and 92 offerings were performed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uncertainty looms over 'Valla Sadhya' at Aranmula temple due to COVID crisis|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/offbeat/uncertainty-looms-over-valla-sadhya-at-aranmula-temple-due-to-covid-crisis-1.4925295|access-date=2021-08-04|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Aranmula]]
* [[Palliyodam]]
* [[Snake boat]]
* [[Aranmula Boat Race]]
* [[Trivandrum Sadhya]]

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
{{commons category|Sadya}}
* http://www.aranmula.net
* http://www.aranmulavallamkali.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718011708/http://aranmulavallamkali.com/ |date=18 July 2019 }}
* https://www.templespedia.com/aranmula-vallasadya-dishes/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020191850/https://www.templespedia.com/aranmula-vallasadya-dishes/ |date=20 October 2017 }}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Hindu festivals in Kerala]]
[[Category:Festivals in Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Aranmula]]

Nikhil Paramjit Sharma

2026-03-18T14:45:38Z

Raunak Shankhwar: done...

{{Infobox writer
| name = Nikhil Sharma
| birth_name = Nikhil Paramjit Sharma
| image = NikhilParamjitSHWC.jpg
| image_size = 200
| caption = Nikhil Sharma at the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1982|5|5}}
| birth_place = [[Chandigarh]], [[Punjab, India]]
| occupation = Author, sports commentator, sports management professional
| language = English
| education = [[Bharati Vidyapeeth]] [[Pune]], [[MICA (institute)|MICA]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| genre = [[Non-fiction]]
| notableworks = India's Football Dream
| website = {{url|www.zlait.com}}
}}
'''Nikhil Sharma''' is an Indian author, [[sports commentator]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Supreme Court Orders Dissolution Of CoA; Will FIFA Lift The Ban On AIFF Now?| date=22 August 2022 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/supreme-court-orders-dissolution-of-coa;-will-fifa-lift-the-ban-on-aiff-now--the-urban-debate-datasource=-times-now-video-93715303|publisher=Times Now|accessdate=22 August 2022}}</ref> and a [[Sports agent|sports management professional]] known for his knowledge about [[Sports-based youth development|player development]], [[Sport psychology|player psychology]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Sorry Serena, this one time it isn't about discrimination !|url=http://www.zlait.com/2018/09/11/sorry-serena-this-one-time-it-isnt-about-discrimination/|publisher=zlait|accessdate=11 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How Paul Pogba started fulfilling his potential under new leadership|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/61H7EzjpEKCUpIuU7WW7yJ/How-Paul-Pogba-started-fulfilling-his-potential-under-new-le.html|publisher=livemint|accessdate=17 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How Darren Cahill helped Simona Halep overcome mental fragility|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/zI0i7ELhrvnnu2numQHw2N/How-Darren-Cahill-helped-Simona-Halep-overcome-mental-fragil.html|publisher=livemint|accessdate=5 July 2018}}</ref> league structures<ref>{{cite web|title=Marquee players in Indian Super League: minute by minute|url=https://khelnow.com/news/article/marquee_players_in_indian_super_league_minute_by_minute|publisher=Khel Now|accessdate=1 September 2016}}</ref> and sustainability in sports.<ref>{{cite web|title=Thanks to ISL, business is booming but India's football agents need the professional touch|date=17 November 2017 |url=https://scroll.in/field/858199/thanks-to-isl-business-is-booming-but-indias-football-agents-need-the-professional-touch|publisher=Khel Now|accessdate=17 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Growing investments & global attention to Indian football are creating the perfect storm to transform football into a dominant sport in India|url=http://www.businessworld.in/article/Sports-Football-Fury/03-07-2018-153742/|publisher=Businessworld|accessdate=3 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Financial sustainability crucial for taking Indian football forward: a blueprint|url=http://www.catchnews.com/football-news/financial-sustainability-crucial-for-taking-indian-football-forward-a-blueprint-1464178031.html|publisher=catchnews|accessdate=25 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The future of Sports: Will we get to see major sporting events and tournaments in 2021?|date=2 January 2021 |url=https://www.edexlive.com/news/2021/jan/02/the-future-of-sports-will-we-get-to-see-major-sporting-events-and-tournamentsin-2021-16979.html|publisher=edexlive}}</ref> He co-authored his first book India's Football Dream along with Indian author and [[political analyst]] [[Shantanu Gupta]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Inspirational and informative books for young readers|date=20 November 2020 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/ht-school/inspirational-and-informative-books-for-young-readers/story-smMDqdmJ8fCYBaiuhCk1pM.html|publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Cup of Convergence|date=18 November 2022 |url=https://openthemagazine.com/cover-stories/the-cup-of-convergence/|publisher=Open}}</ref>

He is the founder and [[chief executive officer]] of a [[New Delhi]]-based sports management company, {{Proper name|zlait Sports Management}} that specialises in sports infrastructure, player representation, technical consultancy, marketing and sponsorship and media advisory.<ref>{{cite web|title=Is Badminton still a hard sell in India?|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/storyboard18/is-badminton-still-a-hard-sell-in-india/76453/1|work=Forbes India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=After losing out on the BCCI broadcast rights, what next for Disney Star?|url=https://www.campaignindia.in/article/after-losing-out-on-the-bcci-broadcast-rights-what-next-for-disney-star/491327|work=Campaign India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Is badminton still a hard sell in India?|date=19 May 2022 |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/sports-trends/storyboard18-x-just-sports-is-badminton-still-a-hard-sell-in-india-8536041.html|publisher=Money Control}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nikhil Sharma Founder-CEO zlait Sports Management|url=http://www.zlait.com/people/|publisher=zlait}}</ref> He is also an [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]], [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] and [[FIFA]] licensed football coach.<ref>{{cite web|title=FIFA Youth Course Starts in Kolkata|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=7386|publisher=All India Football Federation|accessdate=6 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=FIFA Youth Course Starts in Kolkata|date=11 November 2016 |url=https://wifa.in/afc-gk-level-1-course-results-10th-till-15th-september-2016/|publisher=Western India Football Association|accessdate=11 November 2016}}</ref> Sharma also serves as a faculty for sports communication at Pillai Institute of Management Studies and Research (FIFA/CIES Executive Programme).<ref>{{cite web|title=Nikhil Sharma Faculty Sports Communication|url=https://fifacies.pimsr.ac.in/faculty/nikhil-sharma/|publisher=fifacies.pimsr.ac.in}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Born in [[Chandigarh]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] to Professor Paramjit Sharma and Ragini Sharma, both of whom hail from Chandigarh. He spent the first few years of his childhood in Chandigarh before his family moved to [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]. He did his schooling from Vidya Bhavan High School and Loyola Junior College. He has a degree in Production Engineering from [[Bharati Vidyapeeth]], Pune and is an MBA in Marketing from [[MICA (institute)|MICA]], [[Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{cite web|title=MICA hosts a reunion for batch of 2007|url=http://www.mbaclubindia.com/news/mica-hosts-a-reunion-for-batch-of-2007-7708.asp|publisher=MBAclubindia|accessdate=27 November 2017}}</ref>

==Career==

===Corporate career===
Sharma served as the [[chief operating officer]] and later as the chief executive officer at Anglian Management Group, a sports advisory branch of Anglian Omega Group.<ref>{{cite web|title=NBA Sets Out to Conquer Next Big Market: India|url=https://adage.com/article/global-news/nba-sets-sights-potential-market-india/243606|publisher=AdAge|accessdate=13 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Star Sports India Football Forum 2015 makes grand debut in Mumbai|date=31 October 2015 |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2015/star-sports-india-football-forum-2015-makes-grand-debut-in-mumbai/|publisher=Football Counter|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Highlights from Star Sports India Football Forum '15|url=http://everythingexperiential.businessworld.in/article/Highlights-from-Star-Sports-India-Football-Forum-15/01-11-2015-103460/|publisher=ee everything experential|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=India Football Forum 2016: Realising The Long-Term Vision!|date=28 October 2016 |url=http://www.arunfoot.com/india-football-forum-2016-realising-long-term-vision/|publisher=arunfoot|accessdate=28 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=India Football Forum 2016 to discuss game's potential and growth; Vijay Goel to deliver inaugural speech|date=2 November 2016 |url=https://thefangarage.com/articles/7904-india-football-forum-2016-to-discuss-games-potential-and-growth-vijay-goel-to-deliver-inaugural-speech|publisher=The Fan Garage|accessdate=2 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Super League's struggles to cope with its own brainchild - the marquee player|date=8 September 2016 |url=http://www.espn.in/football/indian-super-league/story/2945964/indian-super-league-struggles-to-find-balance-between-signing-quality-marquee-players-and-managing-finances|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=8 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Poorna Malavat, the world's youngest girl from Telangana to scale Mount Everest aims to scale 7 Summits by the end of June 2018|date=27 August 2017 |url=https://cityairnews.com/content/poorna-malavat-worlds-youngest-girl-telangana-scale-mount-everest-aims-scale-7-summits-end|publisher=cityair News|accessdate=27 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sandeep Narang: The coalition entrepreneur|date=8 September 2016 |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/EWtmC2ayTvPoVCBqJdqO1H/Sandeep-Narang-The-coalition-entrepreneur.html|publisher=livemint|accessdate=9 September 2016}}</ref> He represented the group with interests in [[Shillong]]-based [[I-League]] side [[Shillong Lajong F.C.]] on the board of directors.

In [[2014 Indian Super League|2014]] during the inception of the [[Indian Super League]], Sharma in his capacity of director of Shillong Lajong was part of the consortium to bid for the [[Guwahati]]-based franchise of the ISL. The consortium successfully won the bid for the franchise which was named [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]].<ref>{{cite web|title='It will be a treat for Indian football to have Capdevila' - Ricki Herbert|url=https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2014/08/21/5049993/it-will-be-a-treat-for-indian-football-to-have-capdevila|publisher=Goal|accessdate=21 August 2014}}</ref>

In April 2018, Nikhil went on to form his own representation and sports consultancy start-up zlait.<ref>{{cite web|title="zlait" The Idea|url=http://www.zlait.com/2018/06/29/zlait-the-idea/|publisher=zlait|accessdate=29 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Visual & Cultural Transformation Of An Iconic Matunga Basketball Court|url=https://homegrown.co.in/article/803212/st-art-india-s-visual-transformation-of-a-matunga-basketball-court-is-amazing|publisher=Homegrown|accessdate=11 December 2018}}</ref>

===Literary career===
Nikhil co-authored his first book ‘India’s Football Dream’ along with [[Shantanu Gupta]] which was published by [[SAGE Publishing|SAGE Publications India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=India's Football Dream|url=https://www.amazon.in/Indias-Football-Dream-Shantanu-Gupta-ebook/dp/B07NL7MTYY|publisher=amazon}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=India's Football Dream|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/43998852-india-s-football-dream|publisher=good reads|accessdate=4 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=India's Football Dream|url=https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/india%E2%80%99s-football-dream/book269116|publisher=SAGE Publishing}}</ref> The foreword for the book was written by India's most decorated footballer [[Sunil Chhetri]]. The book opened to favorable reviews in several media outlets including reviews from [[Praful Patel]], President of the AIFF and [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]], [[India national football team]] goalkeeper and first Indian to play in the [[UEFA Europa League]].<ref>{{cite web|title=State of Play|date=20 March 2019 |url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/books/state-of-play|publisher=OPEN|accessdate=20 March 2019}}</ref> The book is a modern-day guidebook to Indian football that extensively covers the journey Indian football has made from its inception till the biggest event till date, the [[2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup]].

==Bibliography==
*India's Football Dream (February 2019)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Nikhil}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]

Geeta Basra

2026-03-13T18:29:46Z

Raunak Shankhwar: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|English actress (born 1984)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Geeta Basra
| image = File:Geeta Basra During Promotion of Mehar.jpg
| caption = Basra during promotion of ''Mehar'' in 2025
| birth_name = Geeta Basra
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1984|03|13}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Harbhajan Singh's wife Geeta Basra celebrates birthday with India cricket team |work=The Indian Express |date=12 March 2016 |access-date=4 June 2016 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/harbhajan-singhs-wife-geeta-basra-celebrates-birthday-with-indian-team/ |archive-date=12 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612032328/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/harbhajan-singhs-wife-geeta-basra-celebrates-birthday-with-indian-team/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="InComBio">{{cite web |url=http://www.in.com/geeta-basra/biography-100677.html |title=Geeta Basra Biography on In.Com |publisher=In.com |access-date=13 February 2013 |archive-date=10 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710012623/http://www.in.com/geeta-basra/biography-100677.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Portsmouth, Hampshire]], England
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2006-2025
| height =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Harbhajan Singh]]|2015}}
| parents = 2
| children = 2
}}

'''Geeta Basra''' (born 13 March 1984) is an English former actress who has appeared in [[Bollywood]] films.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Geeta-Basra-denies-marrying-Harbhajan-Singh/etarticleshow/17612326.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227060541/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-15/news-interviews/35820823_1_geeta-basra-rani-hoon-main-zilla-ghaziabad |url-status=live |archive-date=27 February 2013 |title=Geeta Basra denies marrying Harbhajan Singh |date=15 December 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/geeta-basra-to-do-item-number-in-sanjay-dutt-starrer-zilla-ghaziabad/819055/ |title=Geeta Basra to do item number in Sanjay Dutt starrer 'Zilla Ghaziabad' - Indian Express |website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.mid-day.com/amp/articles/geeta-basra-on-refusing-films-decided-my-focus-was-my-relationship-with-harbhajan-singh-and-our-family/22718264 |title=Geeta Basra on refusing films Decided my focus was my relationship with Harbhajan Singh and our family - entertainment |access-date=18 July 2021 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523052822/https://m.mid-day.com/amp/articles/geeta-basra-on-refusing-films-decided-my-focus-was-my-relationship-with-harbhajan-singh-and-our-family/22718264 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/South-Indians-and-Punjabis-like-their-girls-voluptuous-Geeta/articleshow/19507862.cms |title=South Indians and Punjabis like their girls voluptuous: Geeta - Times of India |website=The Times of India|date=12 April 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-harbhajan-singh-is-special-to-me-geeta-basra-1680453 |title=Harbhajan Singh is special to me: Geeta Basra |first=Aakanksha |last=Naval-Shetye |date=25 April 2012 |website=DNA India}}</ref><ref name="Bollywood Hungama 1">{{cite news |last1=Tuteja |first1=Joginder |title=Geeta Basra joins Narmada in Second Hand Husband |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7618/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210064434/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7618 |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 December 2014 |access-date=14 January 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=9 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gippy Grewal and Geeta Basra back in Lock, releasing on 14 October 2016 |url=http://punjabitoday.com/punjabi-movies/lock-new-punjabi-movie-gippy-grewal-geeta-basra/ |access-date=18 July 2021 |archive-date=27 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827010445/http://punjabitoday.com/punjabi-movies/lock-new-punjabi-movie-gippy-grewal-geeta-basra/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Basra was born to [[Indian Punjabis|Indian Punjabi]] parents in [[Portsmouth, Hampshire]], on the south coast of England.<ref name="InComBio" /> She has one younger brother, Rahul, and sister Ruby.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaeveryday.in/celebs/geeta-basra-i425.htm |title=Geeta Basra Biography on IndiaEveryday |publisher=IndiaEveryday.com |work=Geeta Basra Biography |access-date=13 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706014036/http://www.indiaeveryday.in/celebs/geeta-basra-i425.htm |archive-date=6 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

She studied acting at the [[Kishore Namit Kapoor]] Acting Institute.<ref name="InComBio" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Geeta Basra Biography |url=http://bollywoodcelebfacts.com/geeta-basra/ |website=Bollywood Celebrity Facts |access-date=13 October 2017 |archive-date=12 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012201710/http://bollywoodcelebfacts.com/geeta-basra/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==
She was first seen in the [[Emraan Hashmi]]-starrer ''[[Dil Diya Hai]]'' in 2006 in which she played a girl who is sold into prostitution by her lover. Her second release, ''[[The Train (2007 film)|The Train]]'' (2007), was also opposite Hashmi. She played Roma, a working woman who gets caught up in an extramarital affair.

Basra was also seen in the [[music video]] for the [[Sukshinder Shinda]] and [[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]] song "Ghum Sum Ghum Sum", playing the love interest of the male protagonist played by [[Rahul Bhat]].

== Personal life ==
[[File:Harbhajan Singh & Geeta Basra at Rakesh Roshan’s birthday bash.jpg|thumb|200px|Basra with husband [[Harbhajan Singh]] at [[Rakesh Roshan]]'s birthday bash in 2017]]
Basra married Indian cricketer [[Harbhajan Singh]] on 29 October 2015 in [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Harbhajan-Singh-Geeta-Basra-tie-the-knot/articleshow/49579495.cms |title=Harbhajan Singh-Geeta Basra tie the knot |publisher=Times of India |date=29 October 2015 |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-date=1 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101015439/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Harbhajan-Singh-Geeta-Basra-tie-the-knot/articleshow/49579495.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/harbhajan-singh-ties-the-knot-with-geeta-basra-jalandhar-wedding-pictures-270396-2015-10-29 |title=Harbhajan Singh ties the knot with Geeta Basra, Sachin-Anjali bless the newlyweds |magazine=India Today |date=29 October 2015}}</ref> They have a daughter, Hinaya Heer Plaha, born on 27 July 2016 in Portsmouth, [[Hampshire]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/harbhajan-singh-geeta-basra-pregnant-baby-girl-child-london-331917-2016-07-28 |title=Harbhajan Singh and Geeta Basra welcome baby girl in London |date=28 July 2016 |access-date=1 August 2016 |archive-date=31 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731211402/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/harbhajan-singh-geeta-basra-pregnant-baby-girl-child-london/1/726207.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and a son, Jovan Veer Singh Plaha, born on 10 July 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/harbhajan-singh-geeta-basra-baby-boy-pregnancy-journey-prenatal-yoga-maternity-fashion-7398261/lite/ |title=Harbhajan Singh, Geeta Basra welcome a baby boy: A look at the new mom's pregnancy journey |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=10 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive: Actress Geeta Basra Gets Candid About Her Two Pregnancies & Postpartum Body Struggles |url=https://www.idiva.com/health-wellness/body-confidence/geeta-basra-opens-up-about-her-two-pregnancies/18032013 |work=iDiva |date=30 March 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref> They reside in [[Mumbai]], India.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Role(s)
! scope="col"| Director(s)
! scope="col"| Language(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Dil Diya Hai]]'' || Neha Mehra || [[Aditya Datt]] || rowspan="5"| [[Hindi]] || Debut film || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20060522-geeta-basra-make-bollywood-debut-with-emraan-hashmi-in-dil-diya-hai-783046-2006-05-22 |title=Geeta Basra make Bollywood debut with Emraan Hashmi in Dil Diya Hai |website=India Today |date=22 May 2006 |access-date=30 January 2020 |archive-date=30 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130172025/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20060522-geeta-basra-make-bollywood-debut-with-emraan-hashmi-in-dil-diya-hai-783046-2006-05-22 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2007 || ''[[The Train (2007 film)|The Train]]'' || Roma Kapoor / Richa Malhotra || Hasnain Hyderabadwala Raksha Mistry || || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/kissing-is-a-part-of-your-job-geeta-basra/story-O88ib3VDGi2cpRwVc4neYI.html |title=Geeta Basra, who made her Bollywood debut with Dil Diya Hai, is all excited about her forthcoming film, The Train |website=Hindustan Times |date=3 May 2007 |access-date=30 January 2020 |archive-date=30 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130172024/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/kissing-is-a-part-of-your-job-geeta-basra/story-O88ib3VDGi2cpRwVc4neYI.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Zila Ghaziabad]]'' || {{---}} || [[Anand Kumar (director)|Anand Kumar]] || Special Appearance in song "Baap Ka Maal" || <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/item-numbers-are-like-special-appearances-geeta-basra-610698 |title=Item numbers are like special appearances: Geeta Basra |newspaper=NDTV.com |date=10 February 2013 |access-date=30 January 2020 |archive-date=30 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130172021/https://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/item-numbers-are-like-special-appearances-geeta-basra-610698 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Mr Joe B. Carvalho]]'' || Gehna || Samir Tewari || || <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/calling-mr-joe-b-carvalho-a-mad-movie-says-geeta-basra-113042400202_1.html |title='Calling Mr Joe B Carvalho' a mad movie, says Geeta Basra |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=24 April 2013 |access-date=30 January 2020 |archive-date=30 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130172020/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/calling-mr-joe-b-carvalho-a-mad-movie-says-geeta-basra-113042400202_1.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Second Hand Husband]]'' || Neha Kaur Grewal || rowspan="2"|[[Smeep Kang]] || || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/geeta-basra-my-second-hand-husband-role-like-sridevis-in-judaai-736419 |title=Geeta Basra: My Second Hand Husband Role like Sridevi's in Judaai |website=NDTV |date=2 February 2015 |access-date=30 January 2020 |archive-date=30 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130172025/https://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/geeta-basra-my-second-hand-husband-role-like-sridevis-in-judaai-736419 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Lock (film)|Lock]]'' || Pammi || rowspan="2" | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] || || <ref>{{cite news |title=Geeta Basra follows Anushka Sharma's 'NH10′ in 'Lock' |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/lifestyle/showbiz/geeta-basra-follows-anushka-sharmas-nh10-in-lock/56228/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810055703/http://www.financialexpress.com/article/lifestyle/showbiz/geeta-basra-follows-anushka-sharmas-nh10-in-lock/56228/ |archive-date=10 August 2015 }}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''Mehar''
|
|Rakesh Mehta
|
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{DNA India|geeta-basra}}
* {{BH person|geeta-basra}}
* {{Twitter}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basra, Geeta}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century English actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Portsmouth]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:British expatriate actresses in India]]
[[Category:English emigrants to India]]
[[Category:English film actresses]]
[[Category:English people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:English people of Punjabi descent]]

Jagjit Singh (activist)

2026-03-09T04:33:15Z

Raunak Shankhwar: slightly expand article for clarity also

{{short description|Indian activist in America}}
{{Other uses|J. J. Singh (disambiguation){{!}}J. J. Singh|Jagjit Singh (disambiguation)}}
{{use mdy dates |date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jagjit Singh
| birth_name = Jagjit Singh
| birth_date = October 5, 1897
| birth_place = Rawalpindi, [[British India]] (now in Pakistan)
| death_date = 1976 (aged 78–79)
| death_place = [[United States]]
| other_names = J. J. Singh
| occupation = [[activist]]
| known_for = [[lobbying]] for the [[Luce–Celler Act of 1946]]
| years_active = 1926–1959
| organization = [[India League of America]]
}}

[[File:TRUMANLUCECELLER.jpg|thumb|right|Singh, third from right, observing President [[Harry S. Truman]] signing the Luce-Celler Act of 1946.]]
'''Jagjit Singh''', better known as '''J. J. Singh''' (October 5, 1897 – 1976), was an [[Indian Americans|Indian-American]] activist and president of the [[India League of America]].<ref name=atlantic>{{cite news |accessdate=October 8, 2020 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/10/kamala-harris-india-politics-singh/616624/ |title=Kamala Harris and the 'Other 1 Percent' |first=Dinyar |last=Patel |date=October 7, 2020 |work=The Atlantic }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |accessdate=October 8, 2020 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1951/03/24/one-man-lobby |title=One-Man Lobby |date=March 17, 1951 |first=Robert |last=Shaplen |work=New Yorker }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |url=https://scholarship.tricolib.brynmawr.edu/bitstream/handle/10066/14442/2014ShahN_thesis.pdf |title=The Luce-Celler Act of 1946: White Nationalism, Indian Nationalism and the Cosmopolitan Elite |first=Neilay |last=Shah |date=April 25, 2014 |publisher=Haverford College }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Singh was born in [[Rawalpindi]], [[British India]], on October 5, 1897.<ref>{{cite news |accessdate=October 8, 2020 |title=The Man Who Fought to Bring Indian-American Dreams and Hopes to Life |date=September 19, 2020 |first=Rajnish |last=Wattas |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the-man-who-fought-to-bring-indian-american-dreams-and-hopes-to-life/articleshow/77925045.cms |work=India Times }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://scroll.in/global/968375/the-story-of-one-mans-efforts-to-bring-indian-american-dreams-and-hopes-to-life |title=JJ Singh: The story of one man's efforts to bring Indian-American dreams and hopes to life |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=July 30, 2020 |first=Anu |last=Kumar |accessdate=October 8, 2020 }}</ref>

From 1926 to 1959, he lived in the United States; he ran a successful textile import business in New York City and [[lobbying|lobbied]] for the passage of the [[Luce–Celler Act of 1946]], which permitted [[Indian people|Indians]] to [[naturalize]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal |accessdate=October 8, 2020 |doi=10.5406/jamerethnhist.31.2.0068 |title=J. J. Singh and the India League of America, 1945-1959: Pressing at the Margins of the Cold War Consensus |first=Robert |last=Shaffer |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jamerethnhist.31.2.0068 |journal=Journal of American Ethnic History |year=2012 |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=68–103 |jstor=10.5406/jamerethnhist.31.2.0068 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/3636886|jstor=3636886|title=The "Hindu" in America: Immigration and Naturalization Policies and India, 1917-1946|year=1969|last1=Hess|first1=Gary R.|journal=Pacific Historical Review|volume=38|issue=1|pages=59–79}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Singh married Malti Saksena, daughter of [[Ramji Saksena]], a diplomat with Indian Consulate.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1951-09-20 |title=TROTH ANNOUNCED OF MALTI SAKSENA; Daughter of India Ex-Official Here Will Become Bride of Sirdar J.J. Singh |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1951/09/20/archives/troth-announced-of-malti-saksena-daughter-of-india-exofficial-here.html |access-date=2024-05-29 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
His granddaughter [[Sabrina Singh]] has served as the Deputy [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] [[Press Secretary]] in the [[United States Department of Defense]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sing, Jagjit}}
[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:1976 deaths]]
[[Category:American activists]]
[[Category:Emigrants from British India to the United States]]
[[Category:American people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]
[[Category:American Sikhs]]

{{India-activist-stub}}

List of Indian independence activists

2026-03-07T18:22:43Z

Raunak Shankhwar: Content refreshed with new edits

{{Short description|none}} 
{{more citations needed|date=January 2022}}
{{List scope|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{dynamic list}}
The [[Indian independence movement]] consisted of efforts by individuals and organizations from a wide spectrum of society to obtain political independence from the British, French and Portuguese rule through the use of many methods. This is a list of individuals who notably [[political campaign|campaign]]ed against or are considered to have campaigned against colonial rule on the [[Indian sub-continent]].

Post-independence, the term "freedom fighter" was officially recognized by the [[Government of India|Indian government]] for those who took part in the movement; people in this category (which can also include dependent family members)<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/pension-of-freedom-fighters-hiked-by-rs-5000/article9003109.ece|title=Pension of freedom fighters hiked by Rs 5,000|last=PTI|date=18 August 2016|newspaper=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=23 February 2017|language=en|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127123249/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/pension-of-freedom-fighters-hiked-by-rs-5000/article9003109.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> receive pensions and other benefits such as Special Railway Counters.<ref name="Mitchell2009">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fBchTO0NS0EC&pg=PA193|title=Language, Emotion, and Politics in South India: The Making of a Mother Tongue|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-253-35301-6|page=193|first=Lisa|last=Mitchell}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| perrow = 3
| total_width = 300
| image1 = Bhagat Singh 1929.jpg
| width1 = 500
| height1 = 600
| image2 = Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak_(1856-1920).webp
| width2 = 500
| height2 = 600
| image3 = Chandrasekhar Azad.jpg
| width3 = 500
| height3 = 600
| image4 = Subhas Chandra Bose NRB.jpg
| width4 = 500
| height4 = 600
| image5 = V._O._Chidambaram_Pillai.jpg
| width5 = 500
| height5 = 600
| image6 = Rani of jhansi.jpg
| width6 = 500
| height6 = 600
| footer =
| caption1 = [[Bhagat Singh]]
| caption2 = [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]]
| caption3 = [[Chandra Shekhar Azad]]
| caption5 = [[V.O. Chidambaram Pillai]]
| caption4 = [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]
| caption6 = [[Rani of Jhansi]]
}}

==List==

=== A ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! Name !! Activity
|-
|[[Ambika Chakrabarty]]
|| A revolutionary, he took part in the Chittagong armory raid.
|-
|[[Alluri Sitarama Raju]]
||He led the [[Rampa Rebellion of 1922]].
|-
|[[Amarendranath Chatterjee]]
|| A revolutionary, he raised funds and took part in the [[Indo-German Conspiracy]].
|-
|[[Anant Laxman Kanhere]]
||A revolutionary assassin, he was executed by the colonial government for the murder of a British officer [[A.&nbsp;M.&nbsp;T. Jackson]].
|-
|[[Anant Maral Shastri]]
||He participated in the [[Quit India Movement]] and used his writings to inspire nationalistic sentiments. As a journalist, he worked with several newspapers to spread awareness against British rule.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://newsroom24x7.com/2017/08/09/quit-india-movement-and-the-life-and-times-of-anant-maral-shastri/ |title=Quit India Movement and the life and times of Anant Maral Shastri |date=9 August 2017 |access-date=5 June 2023 |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331040132/https://newsroom24x7.com/2017/08/09/quit-india-movement-and-the-life-and-times-of-anant-maral-shastri/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Ananta Singh]]
||A revolutionary, he participated in the Chittagong armoury raid.
|-
|[[Anjana Devi Chaudhary|Anjana Devi Chaudhry]]
|She was the first woman from Rajasthan state to be arrested during freedom struggle. She was also involved in [[Bijolia movement]] and led a procession of 500 women in Bijolia
|-
|[[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]]
|A prominent revolutionary from Bihar known as Bihar Vibhuti. He was a [[Gandhian philosophy|Gandhian]] and participated in [[Champaran Satyagraha]] in 1917.
|-
|[[Atulkrishna Ghosh]]
||A revolutionary, he took part in the Indo-German Conspiracy.
|-
|[[Abdur Rauf Danapuri]]
||He was involved in India's independence movement and opposed British rule. In 1921, he was arrested along with [[Maulana Azad]] and [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] and was imprisoned for six months.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shamsi |first=Abul Kalam Qasmi |author-link=Abul Kalam Qasmi Shamsi |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/tazkira-ulama-e-bihar-volume-001-abul-kalam-qasmi-shamsi-ebooks |title=Tazkira-e-Ulama-e-Bihar |publisher=Department of Publishing and Publications, Jamia Islamia Qasmia |year=1995 |edition=1st |volume=1 |location=Balasath, [[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]] |page=165 |language=ur |trans-title=Biographical Dictionary of the Scholars of Bihar}}</ref>
|}

=== B ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Activity
|-
|[[Babu Bhoop Singh]]
|Ruler of [[Kohra (estate)]] and leader in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].
|-
|[[Badal Gupta]]
|A revolutionary, he died in an attack on police at [[Writers' Building]].
|-
|[[Bagha Jatin]]
|A founding member of [[Anushilan Samiti]], convicted in the [[Howrah-Sibpur conspiracy case]] and a participant in the [[Indo-German Conspiracy]].
|-
|[[Baldev Ram Mirdha]]
|He mobilised farmers against british colonial and feudal policies through the Kisan Sabha
|-
|[[Baikuntha Shukla]]
|A revolutionary, he was executed for murdering a government witness.
|-
|[[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]]
|A nationalist, he campaigned for [[Swaraj]] (self-rule).
|-
|[[Begum Hazrat Mahal]]
|Also known as the [[Begum]] of [[Awadh]], she was the second wife of [[Nawab of Awadh]] [[Wajid Ali Shah]], and the regent of Awadh in 1857–1858. She is known for the leading role she had in the rebellion against the [[British East India Company]] during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].
|-
|[[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]]
|A nationalist, he wrote ''[[Vande Mataram]]'' which inspired many activists and became the national song of India.
|-
|[[Barindra Kumar Ghosh]]
|A revolutionary organizer, he was convicted in the Alipore bomb case.
|-
|[[Basawon Singh]]
|An activist, he was convicted in the [[Lahore Conspiracy Case trial]].
|-
|[[Batukeshwar Dutt]]
|An Indian revolutionary participating in an armed struggle against British rule in India, he threw a bomb in the [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence#Central Assembly Bomb Case .281929.29|Central Assembly in 1929]].
|-
|[[Benoy Basu]]
|A revolutionary, he died following an attack on police at Writers' Building.
|-
|[[Bhabini Mahato]]
|A freedom fighter and activist who participated in the Quit India Movement of 1942 and the Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)
|-
|[[Bhagat Singh]]
|A socialist, anarchist and Marxist revolutionary who worked with several revolutionary organisations and became prominent in the [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]] (HSRA).
|-
|[[Bhagwati Charan Vohra]]
|A revolutionary ideologue and bomb-maker, he wrote the article "[[Delhi Conspiracy Commission|The Philosophy of Bomb]]".
|-
|[[Bhavabhushan Mitra]]
|[[Ghadar Mutiny]]{{citation needed|date=September 2020|reason=Not in either article}}
|-
|[[Bhikaiji Cama]]
|Bhikaiji Cama was born in [[Bombay]] (now [[Mumbai]]) in a large, affluent [[Parsi]] [[Zoroastrian]] family.<ref name="YājñikaSheth2005">{{cite book |last1=Yājñika |first1=Acyuta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmKIiAPgnF0C&pg=PA152 |title=The Shaping of Modern Gujarat: Plurality, Hindutva, and Beyond |last2=Sheth |first2=Suchitra |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-14-400038-8 |pages=152–}}</ref> While in London recovering from the plague, she met [[Dadabhai Naoroji]], then [[president (corporate title)|president]] of the [[History of the Indian National Congress|British Committee of the Indian National Congress]], and for whom she came to work as private secretary. Together with Naoroji and [[Sardar Singh Rana|Singh Rewabhai Rana]], Cama supported the founding of Varma's [[Indian Home Rule Society]] in February 1905. She was denied re-entry to India after refusing to sign a statement pledging she would not participate in nationalist activities and, while in exile, Cama wrote, published (in the Netherlands and Switzerland) and distributed revolutionary literature for the movement, including ''[[Bande Mataram (Paris publication)|Bande Mataram]]'' (founded in response to the [[The Crown|Crown]] ban on the poem ''[[Vande Mataram]]'') and later ''[[Talvar|Madan's Talwar]]'' (in response to the execution of [[Madan Lal Dhingra]]).<ref>{{citation |title=Concise Encyclopaedia of India |volume=3 |page=1015 |year=2006 |editor-last=Gupta |editor-first=K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dNOT9iYxcMC |location=New Delhi |publisher=Atlantic |isbn=81-269-0639-1 |editor2-last=Gupta |editor2-first=Amita}}.</ref> These weeklies were smuggled into India through the French colony of [[Pondicherry district|Pondichéry]].{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} On 22 August 1907, Cama attended the [[International Socialist Congress, Stuttgart 1907|second Socialist Congress at Stuttgart]], [[Germany]], where she described the devastating effects of a famine that had struck the Indian subcontinent. In her appeal for human rights, equality and for autonomy from Great Britain, she unfurled what she called the "Flag of Indian Independence".<ref group="n">"This flag is of India's [[independence]]. Behold, it is born. It is already sanctified by the blood of martyred Indian youth. I call upon you, gentlemen, to rise and salute the flag of Indian independence. In the name of this flag, I appeal to lovers of freedom all over the world to cooperate with this flag in freeing one-fifth of the human race."</ref>
|-
|[[Bhupendranath Datta]]
|A revolutionary, he was editor of newspaper ''[[Jugantar Patrika]]''.
|-
|[[Bhupendra Kumar Datta]]
|A revolutionary, editor of the publications of [[Anushilan Samiti]].
|-
|[[Bina Das]]
|A revolutionary, she attempted to assassinate Bengal Governor [[Stanley Jackson (cricketer)|Stanley Jackson]].
|-
|[[Binod Bihari Chowdhury]]
|A revolutionary, he took part in the Chittagong armoury raid.
|-
|[[Bipin Chandra Pal]]
|A staunch nationalist, he was a founding member of the swadeshi movement and campaigned for complete [[Swaraj]] [[Swadeshi movement]]. Pal is known as the Father of Revolutionary Thoughts in India and was one of the freedom fighters of India.Bipin Chandra Pal made a strong plea for repeal of the Arms Act which was discriminatory in nature. Along with Lala Lajpat Rai and Bal Gangadhar Tilak he belonged to the Lal-Bal-Pal trio that was associated with revolutionary activity. Sri Aurobindo Ghosh and Pal were recognised as the chief exponents of a new national movement revolving around the ideals of Purna Swaraj, Swadeshi, boycott and national education. His programme consisted of Swadeshi, boycott and national education. He preached and encouraged the use of Swadeshi and the boycott of foreign goods to eradicate poverty and unemployment. He wanted to remove social evils from the form and arouse the feelings of nationalism through national criticism.
|}

=== C ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Activity
|-
|[[Chandrashekhar Azad ]]
|Indian revolutionary who reorganised the [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association|Hindustan Republican Association]] (HRA) under its new name of [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]] (HSRA) after the death of its founder, Ram Prasad Bismil, and three other prominent party leaders, Roshan Singh, Rajendra Nath Lahiri and Ashfaqulla Khan.
|-
|[[Charan Singh|Chaudhary Charan Singh]]
|Singh followed Gandhi in non-violent struggle for independence from the British government and was imprisoned several times and later founded his own party [[Lokdal|Lok Dal]].
|-
|[[Chaudhary Mohar Singh]]
|He was a rebel in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. He along with Thana Bhawan Saiyed Pathans captured the Shamli tehsil from British rule for six months
|-
|[[Chittaranjan Das]]
|He founded the [[Swaraj Party]] and became the leader of the [[Non-cooperation movement (1909–22)|Non-cooperation Movement]] in Bengal.
|-
|[[Chowdary Satyanarayana]]
|He was an Indian freedom fighter, anti-colonial nationalist, politician, legislature in Andhra Pradesh Assembly (1955–62, 1967–72) and a human rights activist.
|}

=== D ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Activity
|-
|[[Dadabhai Naoroji]]
|Known as the Grand Old Man of India, Dadabhai Naoroji was born in [[Navsari]], Gujarat within a [[Parsi]] [[Zoroastrian]] family. He was an Indian political leader, merchant, scholar and writer who was a Liberal Party Member of Parliament in the United Kingdom House of Commons between 1892 and 1895 and the first Asian to be a British MP, other than the Anglo-Indian MP David Ochterlony Dyce Sombre, who was disenfranchised for corruption after nine months in office. Naoroji is renowned for his work in the Indian National Congress, of which he was one of the founding members and thrice — in 1886, 1893, and 1906 — elected president. Dadabhai Naoroji is regarded as one of the most important Indians during the birth of the nascent independence movement. In his writings, he came to the conclusion that the exertion of foreign rule over India was not favourable for the nation, and that independence (or at the very least, responsible government) would be the better path for India.
|-
|[[Dhan Singh Gurjar]]
|He was the police chief of Meerut, who participated in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 rebellion]] and led initial actions against the British East India Company in Meerut.
|-
|[[Dheeran Chinnamalai]]
|An indigenous governor, he took part in guerrilla warfare against the British East India Company.
|-
|[[Dinesh Gupta]]
|A revolutionary, he was executed following an attack on police at Writers' Building.
|-
|[[Durgawati Devi]]
|A revolutionary, she helped operate a bomb factory.
|}

=== G ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Activity
|-
|[[Ganesh Damodar Savarkar]]
|Founder of the [[Abhinav Bharat Society]]. He led an armed movement against the British colonial government in India, he was sentenced to transportation for life as a result. Was the brother of [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]].
|-
|[[Ganesh Ghosh]]
|A revolutionary, he participated in the Chittagong armoury raid.
|-
|[[Gopinath Bordoloi]]
|He met Jawaharlal Nehru in England in 1925. He joined the Indian National Congress and actively participated in the Indian Freedom Movement. In 1942 he was arrested during the Quit India Movement and sentenced to 3+1⁄2 years imprisonment. He was the first Chief Minister of undivided Assam. He died in 1950.
|}

=== H ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Activity
|-
|[[Habib ur Rahman (Indian National Army officer)|Habib ur Rahman]]
|He was an army officer in the Indian National Army (INA) who was charged with "waging war against His Majesty the King Emperor". He served as Subhas Chandra Bose's chief of staff in Singapore, and accompanied Bose on his last fatal flight from Taipei to Tokyo, sharing the last moments of his life.
|-
|[[Harchandrai Vishandas|Seth Harchandrai Vishandas]]
|A [[Sindhi Hindus|Sindhi]] politician and influential mayor of Karachi, he fought for Muslim-Hindu unity and the independence movement, particularly in opposing the [[Simon Commission]] of 1912. He died while travelling (against doctor's advice) to vote for its boycott.
|-
|[[Hare Krishna Konar]]
|A revolutionary, founder of [[Communist Consolidation]] in [[Cellular Jail|Andaman Cellular Jail]]. It is a Nationalist organisation to uproot [[British Raj]] from [[India]].
|-
|[[Hemchandra Kanungo]]
|A nationalist, convicted in the Alipore bomb case.
|-
|[[Hemu Kalani]]
|A student revolutionary who was executed for attempted [[rail sabotage]].
|}

=== I ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Activity
|-
|[[Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi]]
|He founded the [[Khaksars|Khaksar]] Movement in British India.
|}

=== J ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Activity
|-
|[[Jagjivan Ram]]
|Babuji, as he was commonly called, was a politician and Indian independence activist from Bihar. After playing a key role in the establishment of the All India Depressed Classes League in 1935, he went on to develop the rural labour movement and was elected to the Bihar Legislative Assembly in 1937. The league was devoted to achieving equality for untouchables.
|-
|[[Jatindra Nath Das]]
|An activist and revolutionary, he died during a hunger strike while awaiting trial for the [[Bhagat Singh#Hunger strike and Lahore conspiracy case|Lahore conspiracy case]].
|-
|[[Jawahar Lal Nehru]]
|An activist, he campaigned for independence and became India's first [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]].
|-
|[[Jayi Rajaguru]]
|A prominent figure of the Indian independence movement in the state of Odisha.
|-
|[[Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee]]
|A revolutionary, he was imprisoned for the [[Kakori conspiracy]].
|}

=== K ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Activity
|-
|[[Kali Charan Banerjee]]
|A [[Bengali Christians|Bengali Christian]] politician, he regularly addressed the [[Indian National Congress]] annual sessions in moulding the policy of national movement.{{relevance inline|date=September 2020|How is he an independence activist?}}
|-
|[[Kalpana Datta]]
|Involved in the Indian Independence Movement; also part of the [[Chittagong armoury raid]] planning.
|-
|[[Kamal Nath Tewari]]
|He was a freedom fighter and after independence he was elected as Member of Parliament from Bagaha (Now Valmikinagar) and Bettiah (Now Paschimi Champaran) Constituency respectively he was also in the panel of LokSabha Speaker and was the president of Estimate Committee.
|-
|[[Kamla Beniwal]]
|She participated in [[Quit India Movement]] at the age of 15. She was awarded with the [[Indian copper plate inscriptions|Tamra Patra]] by former prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=15 की उम्र में भारत छोड़ो आंदोलन का रही हिस्सा, गुजरात में मोदी से टकराईं, जानिए कौन हैं कमला बेनीवाल |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/rajasthan/jaipur/who-is-kamla-beniwal-who-passed-away-fought-with-pm-modi-in-gujarat/articleshow/110154775.cms |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kanneganti Hanumanthu]]
|A freedom fighter and farmer leader who spearheaded the [[Palnadu district|Palnadu]] Rebellion.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kanneganti Hanumanthu |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?2843 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410092834/https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?2843 |archive-date=10 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-08 |website= |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture, Government of India]] |language=English}}</ref> As a part of the [[Non-cooperation movement (1909–22)|non-cooperation movement]], Hanumanthu mobilised people to not pay the Pullari tax and organised a [[Boycott|social boycott]] of British officials.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Regani |first=Sarojini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W58sAAAAMAAJ&q=Kanneganti+hanumanthu |title=Highlights of the Freedom Movement in Andhra Pradesh |date=1972 |publisher=Ministry of Cultural Affairs, Government of Andhra Pradesh |pages=20 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=I. Mallikarjuna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tx1uAAAAMAAJ&q=Kanneganti+hanumanthu |title=In Retrospect: Part. 1. Andhra Pradesh: Heroes and Heroines of Telangana Armed Struggle |date=2003 |publisher=Ravi Sasi Enterprises |isbn=978-81-88151-01-1 |pages=206, 329 |language=en}}</ref> Under the leadership of Hanumanthu, the [[Chenchu people|Chenchus]] of [[Nallamala Hills|Nallamalla Hills]] fought against the British as a part of Palnadu forest satyagraha in 1921-22.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=దుర్గరాజు |first=శాయి ప్రమోద్‌ |date=2022-08-05 |title=జైహింద్‌ స్పెషల్‌: వీళ్లంతటివాడు పుల్లరి హనుమంతుడు |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/andhra-pradesh/azadi-ka-amrit-mahotsav-freedom-fighter-kanneganti-hanumanthu-1476201 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817004353/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/andhra-pradesh/azadi-ka-amrit-mahotsav-freedom-fighter-kanneganti-hanumanthu-1476201 |archive-date=17 August 2022 |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |language=te}}</ref> [[Execution by firing squad|Executed by a firing squad]] of British Indian police.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=7 April 2022 |title=పుల్లరిపై పల్నాటి బహిష్కరణ బాణం నీళ్లు కూడా దొరకకుండా చేసి |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/telugu/telangana/bharat/the-story-of-kanneganti-hanumanthu-in-indian-independence/na20220407050941814 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411161038/https://www.etvbharat.com/telugu/telangana/bharat/the-story-of-kanneganti-hanumanthu-in-indian-independence/na20220407050941814 |archive-date=11 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=[[ETV Network|ETV Bharat]] |language=te}}</ref>
|-
|[[K. Kamaraj]]
|He was a freedom fighter and after independence he became as chief minister of Tamil Nadu and his rule for 9 years was the golden rule of Tamil Nadu.
|-
|[[Kartar Singh Sarabha]]
|A revolutionary, he helped with the [[Ghadar Party]] paper and the attempted [[Ghadar Mutiny]].
|-
|[[Khudiram Bose]]
|One of the youngest revolutionary martyrs, he was executed following an attempted assassination bombing which accidentally killed two bystanders instead of his intended target, the Viceroy of Bengal.
|-
|[[Kittur Chennamma]]
|An Indian freedom fighter and [[rani]] of the [[Kittur]], a former princely state in [[Karnataka]]. She led an armed force against the British East India Company in 1824 in defiance of the [[doctrine of lapse]] in an attempt to maintain Indian control over the region, but was defeated in the third war and died in prison.
|-
|[[Komaram Bheem]]
|A [[India tribal belt|tribal leader]], he fought for the [[Annexation of Hyderabad|liberation of Hyderabad]].
|-
|[[Krishnaji Gopal Karve]]
|A revolutionary, he was executed as an accomplice to the murder of A.&nbsp;M.&nbsp;T. Jackson.
|-
|[[Kunwar Singh|Babu Kunwar Singh]]
|A [[Singh|Rajput]] military commander in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].
|-
|[[Kushal Konwar]]
|An organizer of the Quit India movement, he was judged the mastermind of a troop train derailment and hanged.
|}

=== L ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Activity
|-
|[[Lala Lajpat Rai]]
|A staunch nationalist, he was a founding member of the swadeshi movement and campaigned for complete [[Swaraj]] [[Swadeshi movement]].
|-
|[[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]
|He studied in East Central Railway Inter college and Harish Chandra High School, which he left to join the [[non-cooperation Movement]]. He worked for the betterment of the [[Harijan]] at [[Muzaffarpur]] and dropped his caste-derived surname of "Srivastava". Shastri's thoughts were influenced by reading about [[Swami Vivekanand]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Annie Besant]]. Deeply impressed and influenced by Gandhi, he joined the [[Indian Independence movement]] in the 1920s. He served as the president of [[Servants of the People Society]] (Lok Sevak Mandal), founded by [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] and held prominent positions in the [[Indian National Congress]]. Following independence in 1947, he joined the Indian government and became one of [[Prime Minister]] Nehru's key cabinet colleagues, first as [[Railways Minister]] (1951–56), and then in numerous other prominent positions, including the [[Home Minister]].
|-
|[[Lokenath Bal]]
|A revolutionary, he participated in the Chittagong armoury raid.
|}

=== M ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Activity
|-
|[[Madhusudan Das]]
|A leader, popularly known as "Utkal Gourab". He was the first graduate and advocate of [[Odisha]].{{relevance inline|date=September 2020|How is he an independence activist? Needs citation.}}
|-
|[[Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi]]
|Left studies on call of Mahatma Gandhi and joined the [[Non-Cooperation Movement]] in the year 1921. Founded [[All India Jamhur Muslim League]] in 1940 to counter the Lahore resolution, passed by the All-India Muslim League, for a separate Pakistan based on Muhammad Ali Jinnah's [[Two nation theory]].<ref name="Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav">{{cite web |last1=Ministry of Culture |first1=Government of India |title=Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi: Unsung Hero of India's freedom struggle |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?138 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123094444/https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?138 |archive-date=23 January 2022 |access-date=23 January 2022 |website=amritmahotsav.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]]
|He and his students launched the [[Silk Letter Movement]] and laid the foundation of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] on 29&nbsp;October 1920.<ref name="asiradrawi">{{cite book |last1=Adrawi |first1=Asir |author-link1=Asir Adrawi |title=Hazrat Shaykh al-Hind: Hayat awr Karname |publisher=Shaykh al-Hind Academy, [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] |edition=April 2012 |location=[[Deoband]] |language=ur |trans-title=Shaykh al-Hind: Life and works}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mangal Pandey]]
|He [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|rebelled]] against his [[British Indian army]] commanders and was executed.
|-
|[[Manmath Nath Gupta]]
|A member of the HRA, he took part in the [[Kakori conspiracy]].
|-
|[[Matangini Hazra]]
|An activist with the [[Quit India Movement]], she was fatally shot by British Indian police.
|-
|[[Maulvi Liaquat Ali]]
|A leader of the [[Sepoy Mutiny]], he captured [[Khusro Bagh]] in [[Allahabad]] and declared the independence of India.
|-
|[[Maveeran Alagumuthu Kone]]
|He is the First Freedom Fighter from Kattalankulam in Thoothukudi District, was an early Chieftain and freedom fighter against the British presence in Tamil Nadu. Born into a yadav community family, he became a military leader in the town of Ettayapuram, and was defeated in battle there against the British and Maruthanayagam's forces. He was executed in 1759
In his memory, the government of Tamil Nadu conducts a Pooja ceremony every year on 11 July. A documentary film based on his life was released in 2012.
|-
|[[Mohammad Farooq Chishti]]
|Coming from an affluent [[Zamindar]] family, a leading Independence Activist from Eastern part of Uttar Pradesh. Mr. Chishti fought for the independence of India, actively participated in Quit India Movement and was jailed many times. He strongly opposed Jinnah's two nation theory and rejected his offer many times for ministerial positions in Pakistani Government brought by Raja of Salempur, he dedicated his life to help the underprivileged and economically backward people of India.
|-
|[[Maulana Mazharul Haque]]
|He was an educator, lawyer, independence activist and freedom fighter of the [[Indian National Movement]]. A stamp was issued in his honour by the Indian Postal Service in 1981 and in 1998.
|-
|[[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]]
|He was a lawyer, independence activist and freedom fighter of the [[Indian National Movement]].He is known as Father of Nation.
|-
|[[Mithuben Petit]]
|Hailing from the Parsi Zoroastrian community, [[Mithuben Petit]] was a female activist in the [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] movement,<ref name="google">{{cite book |last=Mody |first=Nawaz B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8RFuAAAAMAAJ&q=Mithuben+Petit |title=Women in India's freedom struggle |date=2000 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=9788177640700 |access-date=30 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430025227/https://books.google.com/books?id=8RFuAAAAMAAJ&q=Mithuben+Petit |archive-date=30 April 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Mankekar2002">{{cite book |author=Mankekar |first=Kamla |author-link=Kamla Mankekar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2P8pAAAAYAAJ&q=Mithuben+ |title=Women pioneers in India's renaissance, as I remember her: contributions from eminent women of present-day India |publisher=National Book Trust, India |year=2002 |isbn=978-81-237-3766-9 |access-date=30 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430025223/https://books.google.com/books?id=2P8pAAAAYAAJ&q=Mithuben%20 |archive-date=30 April 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> who famously participated in [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s [[Salt March|Dandi March]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahatma Gandhi, Sarojini Naidu and Mithuben Petit |url=https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/photosdetail/MTU5/audio |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430025235/https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/photosdetail/MTU5/audio |archive-date=30 April 2021 |access-date=2017-07-02 |publisher=gandhiheritageportal.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Jain |first=Simmi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-vDiqxmuQmIC&pg=PA143 |title=women pioneers in India's resistance |publisher=Kalpaz Publications |year=2003 |isbn=9788178351742}}</ref> Petit along with [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s wife, [[Kasturba Gandhi]], and [[Sarojini Naidu]] played a major part in the [[Salt March]],<ref name="hindu">{{cite news |last1=Gandhi |first1=Gopalkrishna |date=5 April 2010 |title=The Great Dandi March – eighty years after |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/The-Great-Dandi-March-mdash-eighty-years-after/article16364352.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321153211/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/The-Great-Dandi-March-mdash-eighty-years-after/article16364352.ece |archive-date=21 March 2018 |access-date=2017-07-02 |work=thehindu.com}}</ref> with Kasturba Gandhi beginning the march at [[Sabarmati]], Sarojini Naidu lifting the salt for the first time at Dandi on 6 April 1930 and Petit standing behind [[Mahatma Gandhi]] when he repeated the violation at Bhimrad on 9 April 1930. The march was one of the most important event in the Indian independence movement.<ref name="google" /> In a time when women were required to take a back seat (due to the patriarchal culture at that time in India), Petit was one of the three women who played a pivotal role in the march and the [[civil disobedience]] against tax on salt.<ref name="hindu" /> Petit participated in the [[Bardoli Satyagraha]] of 1928 which was a no-tax campaign against the [[British Raj]] where she worked under the guidance of [[Sardar Patel]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Simmi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-vDiqxmuQmIC&pg=PA143 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Women Through the Ages: Period of freedom struggle |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |year=2003 |isbn=9788178351742 |page=143}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mufti Abdul Razzaq]]
|He participated in the freedom struggle taking part in a fight against the British near Bhopal's Qazi camp.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Abdul Mabood Qasmi |title=Mufti Abdur Razzāq Khān, Halāt-o-Khidmāt m'a Tārīkh Tarjuma wāli Masjid |publisher=Jamia Islamia Arabia |edition=June 2010 |location=Bhopal |pages=241–242 |language=ur |trans-title=Mufti Abdur Razzāq Khān, Life and services; and the history of Tarjuma wāli Masjid}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari]]
|During the Indian Independence Movement, he served as the president of both the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League. He was a political figure and patriot from India. He was one of Jamia Millia Islamia University's founders.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-03-07 |title=Dr M A Ansari |url=http://www.congresssandesh.com/AICC/history/presidents/dr_m_a_ansari.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020307133839/http://www.congresssandesh.com/AICC/history/presidents/dr_m_a_ansari.htm |archive-date=2002-03-07 |access-date=2024-02-05}}</ref>
|}

=== P ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Activity
|-
|[[Pazhassi Raja]]
|He used [[guerrilla warfare]] to fight the British in the [[Cotiote War]] (Kottayathu war, 1793–1805) to preserve the independence of his kingdom. He was killed at Mavila Thodu at the present [[Kerala]]-[[Karnataka]] border.<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Nileena M. |date=2011-10-24 |title=Remembering a warrior regent |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/remembering-a-warrior-regent/article2567368.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929105426/https://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/remembering-a-warrior-regent/article2567368.ece |archive-date=29 September 2021 |access-date=2020-08-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|[[Pir of Pagaro VI]]
|A spiritual leader of the [[Hurs]] during the Indian independence movement
|-
|[[Prabhavati Devi]]
|A [[Gandhism|Gandhian]] leader, she was the wife of activist [[Jayaprakash Narayan]].
|-
|[[Prafulla Chaki]]
|A revolutionary, he killed two innocents in a mistargetted assassination bombing.
|-
|[[Pravanalini Bhandari]]
|A revolutionary, she participated in the [[Salt March]].
|-
|[[Pritilata Waddedar]]
|A Bengali revolutionary, she led the attack on the European Club in [[Pahartali Thana|Pahartali]] and committed suicide to avoid capture.
|-
|[[Puli Thevar]]
|He is notable for leading a revolt against Company rule at 1757 in India.he was the first Indian to fight against the British.
|}

=== R ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Activity
|-
|[[Radhanath Rath]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ghuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA20 |title=Freedom Fighters Remember |date=1997 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |isbn=978-81-230-0575-1 |language=en}}</ref>
|He played a vital role in the freedom struggle by creating public opinion against the British government through his writings in 'samaja'.

|-
|[[Raja Nahar Singh]]
|A Great [[Jat]] Ruler of the princely state of [[Ballabhgarh]], he had secured the road from Delhi Gate (Delhi) to Bhadrapur (Bharatpur), who drove the British away from the parganas of Pali (Rajasthan), Palwal and Fatehpur.<ref>[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=May 2021}}
|-
|[[Rajendra Lahiri]]
|A revolutionary, he participated in the Kakori conspiracy.
|-
|[[Rambriksh Benipuri]]
|He was a writer in Hindi, an editor for Socialist Leader, and a liberation fighter.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rai |first=Ram Bachan |title=Ramvriksh Benipuri |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1995 |isbn=81-7201-974-2 |page=66}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ram Lakhan Singh Yadav]]
|A veteran freedom fighter, Shri Yadav participated in India's freedom struggle.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Regarding Passing Away Of Shri Ram Lakhan Singh Yadav, Member 10 Th Lok ... on 2 March, 2006 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/859615/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929105433/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/859615/ |archive-date=29 September 2021 |access-date= |website=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ram Prasad Bismil]]
|The founder of the HRA, he led the [[Kakori conspiracy]] in an attempt to raise funds for revolutionary operations.
|-
|[[Ramesh Chandra Jha]]
|A poet and veteran freedom fighter, he actively participated and fought for independence during Quit India movement of 1942.
|-
|[[Rani of Jhansi]]
|One of the Pivotal Leaders of the First war of Independence of 1857.
|-
|[[Rash Behari Bose]]
|A revolutionary, he helped form the [[Indian National Army]] in Imperial Japan.
|-
|[[Rosamma Punnoose]]
|An activist, she campaigned for independence.
|-
|[[Roshan Singh]]
|A revolutionary who was among those executed for the [[Kakori conspiracy]], though he had not taken part in it.
|}

=== S ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Activity
|-
|[[Subhas Chandra Bose]]
|A nationalist, he founded the [[Indian Legion]] in [[Nazi Germany]] and revamped the [[Indian National Army]] in [[Imperial Japan]].
|-
|[[S. Satyamurti]]
|A politician, he campaigned for independence.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 March 1943 |title=S, SATYAMURTI; Indian Political Leader, 56, Long Active in Civil Disobedience |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1943/03/28/83911189.html?pageNumber=24 |newspaper=The New York Times}} {{Subscription required}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sachindra Bakshi]]
|A member of the HRA, he took part in the [[Kakori conspiracy]].
|-
|[[Sangolli Rayanna]]
|The army chief of [[Kittur]], who fought the British East India Company until his death.
|-
|[[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]]
|The Iron man of India, he fought for independence and Unified India into one sovereign Nation .
|-
|[[Sarojini Naidu]]
|An activist, she called for independence in her writing and was a major figure of the civil disobedience movement.
|-
|[[Shambhu Dutt Sharma]]
|A former British Indian Army officer, he joined the Quit India Movement in 1942.
|-
|[[Shivaram Rajguru]]
|A revolutionary, he was an HSRA member and assassinated a British police officer in the [[Indian Imperial Police]].
|-
|[[Shyamji Krishna Varma]]
|A nationalist, he founded the [[Indian Home Rule Society]], [[India House]] and ''[[The Indian Sociologist]]'' in London.
|-
|[[Sri Aurobindo]]
|A nationalist, he was arrested for leading the [[Alipore bomb conspiracy]].
|-
|[[Subodh Roy]]
|A revolutionary, he took part in the Chittagong armoury raid and later the [[Tebhaga movement]].
|-
|[[Subramania Bharati]]
|A writer and activist who created many patriotic and nationalistic songs during the independence movement.
|-
|[[Sukhdev Thapar]]
|A revolutionary, he was a senior member of HSRA and participated in several actions before his execution.
|-
|[[Surendranath Tagore]]
|A nationalist, he served as treasurer of the Anushilan Samiti.
|-
|[[Surya Sen]]
|President of INC [[Chittagong]] Branch, he led the [[Chittagong armoury raid]].
|-
|[[Sushila Chain Trehan]]
|An activist, she was a leading member of [[Arya Samaj]] and also fought for women's rights.
|-
|[[Sushila Didi]]
|A revolutionary, participated in the [[Civil Disobedience Movement]] under the pseudonym of 'Indumati' and was arrested.
|-
|[[Swami Shraddhanand]]
|An activist, he started a protest in front of a posse of Gurkha soldiers at the Clock Tower in [[Chandni Chowk]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=G.S.Chhabra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e08-yhBFfpAC&pg=PA227 |title=Advance Study in the History of Modern India (Volume-3: 1920-1947) |date=2005 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=978-81-89093-08-2 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== T ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Activity
|-
|[[Tanguturi Prakasam Pantulu]]
|An Indian politician, he became known as "Andhra Kesari" (lion of Andhra) for leading protests against the Simon Commission in Madras.
|-
|[[Tara Rani Srivastava]]
|An activist, she was part of the Quit India movement.
|-
|[[Tatya Tope]]
|A notable commander in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].
|-
|[[Titumir]]
|A freedom fighter who led a campaign against British rule during the 19th century, he eventually built a bamboo fort in Narikelberia village which became the subject of [[Bangladeshi folk literature|Bengali folk legend]]. Titumir died of wounds following the storming of the fort by British soldiers.
|-
|[[Titusji]]
|An activist, he was among the 78 marchers selected by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] to take part in the 1930 [[Salt March]].
|-
|[[T. V. Thomas]]
|One of the first generation [[Trade unions in India|trade union leaders]] in Kerala and was actively involved in the [[Indian independence movement]].{{relevance inline|date=September 2020|It is a very minor note in the subject's article, does not appear notable for inclusion on this list – otherwise this list would quickly become cluttered.}}
|-
|[[U. Muthuramalingam Thevar|Pasumpon Muthuramalinga Thevar]]
|A leader of the socialist [[All India Forward Bloc]], he was arrested and jailed by the British.
|}

=== U ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Activity
|-
|[[Ubaidullah Sindhi]]
|An activist, he sought independence through foreign alliance in the [[Silk Letter Movement]].
|-
|[[Udham Singh]]
|A revolutionary assassin, he was executed for the Caxton Hall shooting.
|-
|[[Ullaskar Dutta]]
|A revolutionary bomb-maker, he was convicted in the Alipore bomb case.
|-
|[https://books.google.com/books?id=3ghuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA16 Ulloor Gopi]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ghuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA16 |title=Freedom Fighters Remember |date=1997 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |isbn=978-81-230-0575-1 |language=en |access-date=11 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409051139/https://books.google.com/books?id=3ghuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA16 |archive-date=9 April 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|A freedom fighter from [[kerala]]. Born in a rich aristocratic family, Ulloor gopi was drawn towards the national struggle by socialist thoughts. He was arrested five times by the British, in [[Quit India Movement]] his contributions could be called historical.
|-
|[[Umaji Naik Khomane]]
|Umaji was the first Ramoshi Freedom Fighter who fought against British Council. Umaji Naik, known honorifically as Vishwa Krantiveer Narveer Raje Umaji Naik (7 September 1791 – 3 February 1832), was an Indian [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence|revolutionary]] who challenged the [[British Raj|British rule]] in India around 1826 to 1832. He was one of the earliest freedom fighter of India. He fought against [[East India Company|East India company]] and [[Company rule in India|company rule]]
|-
|[[Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy]]
|He led an uprising in [[Andhra Pradesh]] in 1846 and was executed by the British.<ref name="Ramachandran2008">{{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=D. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Q7EiZmcMPMC&q=Uyyalawada+Narasimha+Reddy&pg=PA121 |title=Empire's First Soldiers |date=2008 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=9780979617478 |pages=121 |language=en |access-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929105433/https://books.google.com/books?id=6Q7EiZmcMPMC&q=Uyyalawada+Narasimha+Reddy&pg=PA121 |archive-date=29 September 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Uzair Gul Peshawari]]
|An activist, he was imprisoned for the Silk Letter Movement.<ref name="asiran">{{cite book |author1=Muhammad Miyan Deobandi |author-link1=Muhammad Miyan Deobandi |title=Asiran-e-Malta |publisher=Naimia Book Depot |edition=January 2002 |location=[[Deoband]] |pages=367–376 |language=ur |trans-title=Prisoners of Malta |chapter=Mawlana Uzair Gul}}</ref>
|}

=== V ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Activity
|-
|[[V. O. Chidambaram Pillai]]
|A hardline politician of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), he launched the [[Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company]] in defiance of the British trade monopoly.<ref>{{Cite report |last=Duraichi |first=Paul |date=2019-09-05 |title=Parturition of V.O. Chidambaram Pillai Steam Navigation Company in Indian Freedom Struggle Movement |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336374219}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vanchinathan]]
|A revolutionary assassin, he committed suicide after killing a British colonial administrator and tax collector, [[Robert Ashe (administrator)|Robert Ashe]].
|-
|[[Vasakha Singh Dadehar]]
|A [[Ghadar Movement|Gadhari]] revolutionary played a role in organizing [[Ghadar Mutiny|armed rebellion]] against British rule. Arrested in [[Lahore Conspiracy Case trial|Lahore Conspiracy case]]
|-
|[[Vasudev Balwant Phadke]]
|A Ramoshi revolutionary, he organized an insurgent group against British rule
|-
|[[Variyan Kunnathu Kunjahammed Haji]]
|He seized control of a large area from the British rule and set up a parallel government of his Malayalam State in [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]], named '[[:ml:മലയാള രാജ്യം|Malayala Rajyam]]' and now part of the [[Kerala State]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2020 |title=Trouble with being a Muslim freedom fighter in India: The story of Variyan Kunnathu Kunjahammed Haji |url=https://gulfnews.com/opinion/op-eds/trouble-with-being-a-muslim-freedom-fighter-in-india-the-story-of-variyan-kunnathu-kunjahammed-haji-1.73731307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909123538/https://gulfnews.com/opinion/op-eds/trouble-with-being-a-muslim-freedom-fighter-in-india-the-story-of-variyan-kunnathu-kunjahammed-haji-1.73731307 |archive-date=9 September 2021 |access-date=11 September 2021 |website=gulfnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2020 |title=Variyamkunnathu Kunjahammed Haji: Freedom fighter or religious fanatic? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2020/jun/28/variyamkunnathu-kunjahammed-haji-freedom-fighter-or-religious-fanatic-2162403.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911131714/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2020/jun/28/variyamkunnathu-kunjahammed-haji-freedom-fighter-or-religious-fanatic-2162403.html |archive-date=11 September 2021 |access-date=11 September 2021 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 June 2020 |title=100 years later, Malabar Rebellion fights for screen space |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/100-years-later-malabar-rebellion-fights-for-screen-space/article31901037.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911131708/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/100-years-later-malabar-rebellion-fights-for-screen-space/article31901037.ece |archive-date=11 September 2021 |access-date=11 September 2021 |newspaper=The Hindu |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Velu Nachiyar]]
|She was a queen of Sivaganga estate from c. 1780–1790. She was the first Indian queen to wage war with the East India Company in India.She is known by Tamils as Veeramangai ("brave woman").
|-
|[[Veerapandiya Kattabomman]]
|He refused to accept the sovereignty of the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] and waged a war against the British.<ref name="Kumar2017">{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Madhan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XJ8rDwAAQBAJ&q=thevar+army&pg=PA107 |title=Thamizh Is Not Just A Language: The Valour |date=2017 |publisher=Educreation Publishing |language=en |access-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929105434/https://books.google.com/books?id=XJ8rDwAAQBAJ&q=thevar+army&pg=PA107 |archive-date=29 September 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]]
|He was an Independence activist, politician and a [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu Nationalist]]. He published books advocating complete Indian independence by revolutionary means. One of the books he published called [[The Indian War of Independence (book)|The Indian War of Independence]] about the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian rebellion of 1857]]. In 1910, Savarkar was arrested and ordered to be extradited to India for his connections with the revolutionary freedom group [[India House]]. He was sentenced to a total 50 years imprisonment at the [[Cellular Jail]] but later released on the promise of renouncing violence.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 May 2002 |title=Savarkar had begged the British for mercy. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Savarkar-had-begged-the-British-for-mercy/articleshow/8792427.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522131912/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Savarkar-had-begged-the-British-for-mercy/articleshow/8792427.cms |archive-date=22 May 2023 |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
*[[:Category:Indian revolutionaries]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=n}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Independence Activists}}
[[Category:Lists of Indian people]]
[[Category:India history-related lists]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists|*]]
[[Category:Lists of activists]]
[[Category:British India-related lists]]

Sundari (Tamil TV series)

2026-02-26T18:50:24Z

Raunak Shankhwar: started initial entry nd citations

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{About|2021 Tamil soap opera|2021 Malayalam soap opera|Sundari (Malayalam TV series)|2021 Marathi soap opera|Sundari (Marathi TV series)}}
{{Paid contributions|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Sundari serial.jpg
| caption =
| alt_name = Oru Sarasari Pennin Porattam
| genre = [[Drama]]
| executive_producer =
| director = Azhagar Saamy<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/popular-tv-show-sundari-completes-600-episodes-heres-what-actress-gabriella-sellus-and-director-azhagar-have-to-say/articleshow/98328050.cms|title=Popular TV show 'Sundari' completes 600 episodes;here's what actress Gabriella Sellus and director Azhagar have to say|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=March 1, 2023|language=en}}</ref>
| starring = {{Plainlist|
Gabriella Sellus Jishnu Menon [[Krishna (TV actor)|Krishna]] Shreegopika Neelanath Lithanya Sivabalan
}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 1158<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/popular-tamil-tv-show-sundari-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/114507624.cms|title=TV show 'Sundari' to go Off-air after almost 1200 episodes|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=October 23, 2024|language=en}}</ref>
| list_episodes =
| producer = Cinematographer Karaikudi Balasubramaniem (KT.Balu _ Manonmani Stores )
| company = [[Sun Network|Sun Entertainment]] Miracle Media
| opentheme = "Aathangara Kaatre" [[Shweta Mohan]] (Vocals)
| cinematography = Banumurugan Vijayapaandi
| editor =
| camera =
| runtime = 22-24 minutes
| channel = [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2021|02|22}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2024|12|01}}
| related =
}}

'''''Sundari''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Tamil-language]] [[Drama (film and television)|dramatic]] series having two seasons. The first season of the series stars Gabriella Sellus in the title role along with Jishnu Menon<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/jishnu-menon-is-excited-about-his-new-show-sundari/articleshow/81086515.cms|title=Jishnu Menon is excited about his new show Sundari|newspaper=The Times of India|date=18 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> and Shreegopika Neelanath. It premiered on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] on 22 February 2021 and ended on 26 August 2023. After a 7-year leap, it continued the second season of the series starring Gabriella Sellus in the lead role along with Jishnu Menon, [[Krishna (TV actor)|Krishna]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/actor-krishna-lead-in-sundari-season-2-rzykxv|title=சுந்தரி சீசன் 2 சீரியலில் என்ட்ரி கொடுக்கும் புதிய ஹீரோ! யார் தெரியுமா? வெளியான தகவல்..!|newspaper=tamil.asianetnews.com|date=25 August 2023|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/television-actor-krishna-joins-the-cast-of-sundari/articleshow/103100120.cms|title=Television actor Krishna joins the cast of Sundari|newspaper=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=27 August 2023|language=en}}</ref> and Lithanya Sivabalan. It Started airing from 28 August 2023 onwards and ended on 1 December 2024 and is replaced by Annam serial. It is available for worldwide streaming on [[Sun NXT]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-daily-soap-sundari-premieres-from-february-22/articleshow/80974012.cms|title=New daily soap Sundari premieres from February 22|newspaper=The Times of India|date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Series overview==
{{series overview

| color1 = #FEA530 
| link1 = #Season 1
| episodes1 = 762
| start1 = {{start date|df=yes|2021|02|22}}
| end1 = {{end date|df=yes|2023|08|26}}

| color2 = #30B39F 
| link2 = #Season 2
| episodes2 = 382
| start2 = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|8|28}}
| end2 = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|12|01}}
}}

==Plot==
===Season 1===
Sundari Devi alias Sundari is the story of a girl who faces discrimination for her dark complexion, yet she fights against adversities in life. She has a kind heart but struggles to find the right man to marry. Undeterred, she strives to become an IAS officer. Her journey towards achieving her goal faces many challenges, strengthening her belief that inner beauty is more important than physical appearance, which forms the crux of the story.

Karthick, who is from Sundari's village and her relative, marries her due to pressure from his family but desires to marry a fair-skinned woman for life. It also features the fair-skinned urban girl, Anupriya alias Anu, who is modern, empowered, and waiting for a loving and sincere partner. Karthick marries Anu and abandons Sundari.

Anu is made a scapegoat by Karthik and she's not allowed to make her own decisions by scapegoating her over her health issues. However, Karthick is shown in a better light of wanting to have a family with Anu for her skin complexion that he also falls for her sincere love. Yet he is perverse and manipulates her for his selfish desires because of his fantasies. As a result, Anu becomes pregnant with Karthik's child. Sundari learns the truth but chooses to remain silent as she has a great respect for Anu and wants to protect her and the unborn child. After many twists and turns, Anu gives birth to a daughter named Thamizh.

At last, Anu and Sundari's family come to know about the true face of Karthick. Anu finally leaves the house to an unknown location after giving her child Thamizh to Sundari to take full responsibility as mother of Thamizh. It shown that Karthick committed suicide and Sundari is going abroad to pursue her training along with Thamizh and grandmother Gandhimathi.

===Season 2===
Seven years Later, Sundari Devi alias Sundari is an IAS officer and she lives with her grandmother Gandhimathi, her adopted daughter Thamizh (who is Anu and Karthick's daughter), Krishna and Malini. It is also the story of Vetriselvan alias Vetri, a former IAS officer who lives with his son, Akhilan alias Akhil. Vetri and Sundari fall in love with each other.

Anu is presumed to be dead. It also shows that after Anu's death, Karthick is still alive and works as PT Master in the school where his daughter Thamizh and Akhilan study. Meanwhile, Rajappan a ruthless village president and Porkodi, his mother-in-law create problems for Sundari and Vetri. Karthick enters to create complications in Sundari's life and tries to get Thamizh back. How the protagonists emerge from his devious schemes forms the crux of the story.

In the end, Anu is revealed to be alive. Karthick has realized his mistakes, asks forgiveness from Sundari and reunites with Anu. Finally, Sundari and Vetri get married and live happily along with Thamizh and Akhilan.

==Cast==
===Season 1===
====Main====
* Gabriella Sellus as IAS Sundari Devi
** Deepthi Sri as Child Sundari
* Jishnu Menon as Karthikeyan
* Shreegopika Neelanath as Anupriya "Anu"
** Baby Ahana as Child Anu
====Recurring====
*[[P. R. Varalakshmi]] as Gandhimathi
*Deepthi Rajendran as Malini
*Aravish Kumar as Krishnakanthan aka Krishna
* Manohar Krishnan as Murugan
*Niharika Harshu / Premi Venkat as Mallika Devi
* Minnal Deepa as Lakshmi Murugan: Murugan's wife
* Lakshmi Vasudevan / J.Lalitha as Selvi
* Vigneshwaran as Arun
* Jay Srinivas Kumar as Siddharth aka Siddhu
* Soundarajan as Ramasubbu
* Arumpon Balaji as Kurangu Kumar
* Lailaa as Sudha
* Sangeetha Balan as Janaki alias Jaanu
* Arunkumar Padmanathan as Pazhani (Dead)
* Indumathy Manikandan as Valliamma (Dead)
* Hariharan as Dilli
* Prithiksha Sankar as Nila
* Murali Kumar as Manimaaran alias Mani
* Nivedha Pankaj as Meena
* Vj Ayub as Dr. Shiva
* [[L. Raja]] as Sankarapandian alias "Shankar" (Dead)
* Gracy Thangavel as Viji

====Special appearances====
* [[Mime Gopi]] as Kalyana Sundaram (Dead) (2021)
* [[Vaiyapuri]] as Kattam Kandhaswamy (2021)
* Krithika Annamalai as ACP Geetha (2021)
* Sandhya Jagarlamudi as Radha: (2021)
* Tharani Suresh Kumar as Periyanayaki aka Berry (2021)
* Swetha Khelge as Thulasi (2021)
* VJ Aswath as Himself (2022)
* Swetha Senthilkumar as Herself (2022)
* Rakesh KM as Himself (2022)
* Nila Gracy as Devi (2022)
* [[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]] as Nandan Bharathi (2022)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-kausalya-joins-the-cast-of-sundari-latest-news/articleshow/107877535.cms|title=Actress Kausalya joins the cast of Sundar|newspaper=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=21 February 2024|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Pondy Ravi]] as Murugan's friend (2023)

===Season 2===
====Main====
*Gabriella Sellus as IAS Sundari Devi
*Jishnu Menon as Karthikeyan/KS Master (Main Antagonist)
*[[Krishna (TV actor)|Krishna]] as Ex-Collector Vetriselvan
*Lithanya Sivabalan as Thamizh

====Recurring====
*[[P. R. Varalakshmi]] as Gandhimathi
*Deepthi Rajendran as Malini
*Aravish Kumar as Krishnakanthan aka Krishna
* Manohar Krishnan in dual role as:
**Murugan
**Ayyapan
*[[Papri Ghosh]] as Usha
* Arunraja as Rajappan (Dead)
*[[Vadivukkarasi]] as Porkkodi (Dead)
* Bharatha Naidu as Chinnaponnu
* Sarvesh Raghav as Akhilan alias "Akhil"
* Archana as Latha Ayyapan: Ayyapan's wife
* Minnal Deepa as Lakshmi Murugan: Murugan's wife
* Revathy Sankar/ Dharani as Umaiyaal
* J.Lalitha as Selvi (Dead)
* Vigneshwaran as Arun
* Soundarajan as Ramasubbu
* Manikantan as Shekhar
* Nanditha as Thangam
* Hariharan as Dilli
* Ravivarman as Vasudevan
* Krishna Kumar as Police Officer Penner
====Special Appearances====
* [[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]] as Nandan Bharathi (2024)
* Shreegopika Neelanath as Anupriya alias Anu / Radha (2024)
* Anu Sulash as Mythili (2023, Dead)
* Premi Venkat as Mallika Devi (2023/2024)
* Murali Kumar as Manimaaran alias Mani (2024)
* Arumpon Balaji as Kurangu Kumar (2024)
* Jay Srinivas Kumar as Siddharth aka Siddhu (2024)
* [[Lavanya (actress)|Lavanya]] as Malar Sister (2024)
* Gayatri Shastri as Saranya (2024)

==Casting==
===Season 1===
The series is a family melodrama that airs on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]. Gabriella Sellus<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/popular-tik-tok-star-gabrella-debuts-with-sun-tv-serial-sundari.html|title=Popular Tik-Tok Star debuts with Sun Tv Serial|website=www.behindwoods.com|date=3 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> was cast in the female lead role of Sundari. Jishnu Menon was cast for the male lead role of Karthik. Shreegopika Neelanath was cast as second female lead role. Indumathy Manikandan was cast in a supporting role of Sundari's Mother. Minnal Deepa was cast in a supporting role. Manohar Krishnan, Aravish Kumar, [[P. R. Varalakshmi]], Premi Venkat and others were also selected for supporting roles.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

===Season 2===
Some cast members from the first season were retained except Shreegopika. Additionally, new characters were introduced in the new season, like Master Sarvesh Raghav and few others. [[Krishna (TV actor)|Krishna Raghunandan]] was cast in the main role in the serial,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/actor-krishna-lead-in-sundari-season-2-rzykxv|title=சுந்தரி சீசன் 2 சீரியலில் என்ட்ரி கொடுக்கும் புதிய ஹீரோ! யார் தெரியுமா? வெளியான தகவல்..!|newspaper=tamil.asianetnews.com|date=25 August 2023|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/television-actor-krishna-joins-the-cast-of-sundari/articleshow/103100120.cms|title=Television actor Krishna joins the cast of Sundari|newspaper=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=27 August 2023|language=en}}</ref> making his comeback to Tamil television after ''[[Thalattu (TV series)|Thalattu]]''. Actress [[Vadivukkarasi]] was cast in October 2023.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/senior-tv-actress-vadivukkarasi-joins-the-cast-of-sundari/articleshow/104038812.cms|title=Senior TV actress Vadivukkarasi joins the cast of Sundari|newspaper=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=29 September 2023|language=en}}</ref>

==Adaptations==
===Season 1===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:Yellow; width:15%;"| Language
! style="background:Yellow; width:24%;"| Title
! style="background:Yellow; width:22%;"| Original release
! style="background:Yellow; width:12%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:Yellow; width:12%;"| Last aired
! style="background:Yellow; width:42%;"| Notes
! style="background:Yellow; width:42%;"| Ref.
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''Sundari'' ಸುಂದರಿ
| 11 January 2021
| [[Udaya TV]]
| 12 August 2023
| Original
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/daily-soap-sundari-goes-off-air-after-three-years-of-successful-run-team-wraps-the-shoot/articleshow/102300221.cms|title=Daily Soap Sundari Goes Off-Air After Three Years Of Successful Run; Team Wraps The Shoot|date=5 August 2023|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''Sundari'' சுந்தரி
| 22 February 2021
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| 26 August 2023
| rowspan="6"| Remake
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/newly-launched-kannada-show-sundari-to-have-its-tamil-remake-soon/articleshow/80645057.cms|title=Newly Launched Kannada Show 'Sundari' To Have Its Tamil Remake Soon - Times of India|date=2 February 2021|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''Sundari'' সুন্দরী
| 19 July 2021
| [[Sun Bangla]]
| 11 June 2023
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kannada-show-sundari-to-have-its-bengali-remake-soon/articleshow/84136946.cms|title=Kannada show 'Sundari' to have its Bengali remake soon - Times of India|date=1 July 2021|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''Sundari'' సుందరి
| 23 August 2021
| [[Gemini TV]]
| 17 August 2024
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kannada-show-sundari-to-have-its-telugu-remake-soon/articleshow/84606155.cms|title=Kannada show 'Sundari' to have its Telugu remake soon - Times of India|date=21 July 2021|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Sundari (Marathi TV series)|Sundari]]'' सुंदरी
| 17 October 2021
| [[Sun Marathi]]
| 29 June 2024
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/popular-kannada-tv-show-sundari-to-be-remade-in-marathi/articleshow/86986801.cms|title=Popular Kannada TV show Sundari to be remade in Marathi - Times of India|date=13 October 2021|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''[[Sundari (Malayalam TV series)|Sundari]]'' സുന്ദരി
| 15 November 2021
| [[Surya TV]]
| 11 February 2024
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/serials/sundari-serial-latest-episode-promo-out/articleshow/93295414.cms|title=സുന്ദരി ഇതൊന്നും മനപൂർവം ചെയ്യുന്നതല്ലല്ലോ, ഇങ്ങനെ കുറ്റപ്പെടുത്തിയാൽ എങ്ങനെയാ ശരിയാകുന്നത്!!!|language=ml|work=Samayam|access-date=5 August 2022}}</ref>
|}

===Season 2===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:Violet; "| Language(s)
! style="background:Violet; "| Title(s)
! style="background:Violet; "| Original release
! style="background:Violet; "| Network(s)
! style="background:Violet; "| Last aired
! style="background:Violet; "| Notes
! style="background:Violet; "| Ref.
|-
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|''Sundari 2'' சுந்தரி
|28 August 2023
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|1 December 2024
|Original
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/popular-tamil-tv-show-sundari-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/114507624.cms|title=Popular Tamil TV show 'Sundari 2' to go off-air soon|newspaper=The Times of India|date=23 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Malayalam]]
|''[[Sundari (Malayalam TV series)|Sundari 2]]'' സുന്ദരി
|12 February 2024
|[[Surya TV]]
|21 July 2024
|Rowspan=2|Remake
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/serials/sundari-serial-latest-episode-promo-out/articleshow/93295414.cms|title=സുന്ദരി ഇതൊന്നും മനപൂർവം ചെയ്യുന്നതല്ലല്ലോ, ഇങ്ങനെ കുറ്റപ്പെടുത്തിയാൽ എങ്ങനെയാ ശരിയാകുന്നത്!!! |language=ml|work=Samayam|publisher=The Times of India|access-date=5 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kannada]]
|''Anu Pallavi'' ಅನು ಪಲ್ಲವಿ
|16 February 2025
|[[Udaya TV]]
|Ongoing
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.southmoviez.com/kannada/kannada-tv/anupallavi-new-kannada-serial-promo-cast-story/|title="Anupallavi" – A Tale of a Mother's Duty and Love|website=southmoviez.com|date=22 January 2025|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt15079796}}

{{Sun TV shows}}

[[Category:Sun TV original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television series based on Kannada-language television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television series by Sun Entertainment]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Charanjit Ahuja

2026-02-23T14:25:50Z

Raunak Shankhwar:

{{Short description|Indian composer (1953–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Charanjit ahuja
| image =
| landscape =
| native_name =
| birth_date = {{date of birth|1953|11|29|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|2025|09|21|1953|11|29|df=y}}
| death_place = Mohali, Punjab, India
| occupation = [[Record producer|Music producer]] [[Composer|Music composer]]
| years_active =
| module =
| spouse =
| label_name =
| awards =
| children = [[Sachin Ahuja]]
}}
'''Charanjit Ahuja''' (29 November<ref>{{Cite news |title=CHECK OUT HOW STARS OF PUNJABI MUSIC INDUSTRY WISHED CHARANJIT AHUJA ON HIS BIRTHDAY |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/check-out-how-stars-of-punjabi-music-industry-wished-charanjit-ahuja-on-his-birthday |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251001025035/https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/check-out-how-stars-of-punjabi-music-industry-wished-charanjit-ahuja-on-his-birthday |archive-date=1 October 2025 |access-date=1 October 2025 |work=PTC Punjabi |language=en-US}}</ref> 1953 – 21 September 2025) was an Indian Punjabi music composer, producer and mentor. He worked across albums and films in the [[Punjabi language]], and his career spanned from the [[LP record|LP]] and [[Cassette tape|cassette]] era into modern recording formats.

== Career ==
Ahuja is credited with composing musical tracks for a number of Punjabi films and albums. Among his better-known compositions are “Kee Banu Duniyan Da” (1986), “Gabhroo Punjab Da” (1986) and “Dushmani Jattan Di” (1993).<ref name=indiatoday>{{cite news |title=Charanjit Ahuja, Punjabi music legend, dies at 74; CM Bhagwant Mann leads tributes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/charanjit-ahuja-punjabi-music-legend-dies-at-74-in-mohali-cm-bhagwant-mann-diljit-dosanjh-pay-tributes-2791053-2025-09-21 |work=India Today |date=21 September 2025 |access-date=30 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Musical maestro Charanjit Ahuja, who turned Amar Singh into Chamkila, dies at 72 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/musical-maestro-charanjit-ahuja-who-turned-amar-singh-chamkila-dies-72-10263957/ |work=The Indian Express |date=22 September 2025 |access-date=30 September 2025}}</ref> He collaborated with prominent singers and stage artists, including [[Amar Singh Chamkila]], [[Gurdas Maan|Gurdas Mann]], [[Sardool Sikander]], and others.<ref>{{cite news |title=Musical maestro Charanjit Ahuja, who turned Amar Singh into Chamkila, dies at 72 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/musical-maestro-charanjit-ahuja-who-turned-amar-singh-chamkila-dies-72-10263957/ |work=The Indian Express |date=22 September 2025 |access-date=30 September 2025}}</ref> In later years, Ahuja remained active; in 2015 he collaborated with [[Durga Rangila]] on a track titled “Khalsa Aid,” aimed at supporting humanitarian efforts.<ref>{{cite news |title=Charanjit Ahuja & Durga Rangila– Khalsa Aid |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/charanjit-ahuja-durga-rangila-khalsa-aid/articleshow/46118314.cms |work=The Times of India |date=3 February 2015 |access-date=30 September 2025}}</ref>

== Illness and death ==
According to media reports, Ahuja had been suffering from cancer (some accounts refer to throat cancer or liver cancer) and was receiving medical care at [[PGI Chandigarh]].<ref name=indiatoday/><ref>{{cite news |title=Punjabi music composer Charanjit Ahuja dies at 72 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/pollywood/music-composer-charanjit-ahuja-dies-at-72/ |work=The Tribune |date=22 September 2025 |access-date=30 September 2025}}</ref> He died on 21 September 2025 at his residence in [[Mohali]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Veteran Punjabi music composer Charanjit Ahuja passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/veteran-punjabi-music-composer-charanjit-ahuja-passes-away/articleshow/124029158.cms |work=The Times of India |date=21 September 2025 |access-date=30 September 2025}}</ref> He was survived by his wife, Sangeeta Ahuja, and his sons, including [[Sachin Ahuja]], who also is a music producer.<ref>{{cite news |title=Musical maestro Charanjit Ahuja, who turned Amar Singh into Chamkila, dies at 72 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/musical-maestro-charanjit-ahuja-who-turned-amar-singh-chamkila-dies-72-10263957/ |work=The Indian Express |date=22 September 2025 |access-date=30 September 2025}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
His passing elicited tributes from the Punjabi music community and public officials.<ref>{{cite news |title=Music industry pays tributes to composer Charanjit Ahuja |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/music-industry-pays-tributes-to-composer-charanjit-ahuja-503879 |work=The Tribune |date=22 September 2025 |access-date=30 September 2025}}</ref> He is remembered in coverage as having contributed to Punjabi music’s stylistic evolution, and as a figure who supported emerging talent.<ref>{{cite news |title=Veteran Punjabi music composer Charanjit Ahuja passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/veteran-punjabi-music-composer-charanjit-ahuja-passes-away/articleshow/124029158.cms |work=The Times of India |date=21 September 2025 |access-date=30 September 2025}}</ref>

== Selected works ==
* “Kee Banu Duniyan Da” (1986)<ref name=indiatoday/>
* “Gabhroo Punjab Da” (1986)<ref name=indiatoday/>
* “Dushmani Jattan Di” (1993)<ref name=indiatoday/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Discogs artist|id=123456|name=Charanjit Ahuja}}

* {{imdb name|1409700}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ajuja, Charanjit}}
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Punjabi musicians]]
[[Category:Indian male composers]]

67th Filmfare Awards

2026-02-12T18:18:36Z

Raunak Shankhwar:

{{Short description|2022 awards for Hindi cinema}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film awards
|number = 67
|award = Filmfare Awards
|image = 67th Filmfare Awards.jpeg
|image_size =
|caption = 67th Filmfare Awards
|presented_date = 30 August 2022
|site = Jio World Centre, [[Mumbai]]
|host = [[Ranveer Singh]], [[Arjun Kapoor]] [[Akshay Kumar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/filmfare-awards-2022-ranveer-singh-arjun-kapoor-turn-host-kartik-aaryan-vicky-kaushal-to-perform-on-stage/articleshow/93201964.cms|title=Filmfare Awards 2022: Ranveer Singh & Arjun Kapoor turn host; Kartik Aaryan & Vicky Kaushal to perform on stage|publisher=Economic Times|location=India|date=2022-07-29|access-date=2022-07-30|archive-date=13 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513180353/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/filmfare-awards-2022-ranveer-singh-arjun-kapoor-turn-host-kartik-aaryan-vicky-kaushal-to-perform-on-stage/articleshow/93201964.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|organizer = [[The Times Group]]
|website = {{URL|https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2022/|Filmfare Awards 2022}}
|best_film = ''[[Shershaah]]''
|most_wins = ''[[Sardar Udham]]'' (9)
|most_nominations = ''Shershaah'' (19)
|best_critic = ''Sardar Udham''
|network = [[Colors TV]]
|last = 66th
|next = [[68th Filmfare Awards|68th]]
}}

The '''67th Filmfare Awards''' ceremony, presented by [[The Times Group]], honored the best Indian [[Hindi cinema|Hindi-language films]] that were released in [[List of Hindi films of 2021|2021]].

''[[Shershaah]]'' led the ceremony with 19 nominations, followed by ''[[Sardar Udham]]'' and ''[[83 (film)|83]]'' with 14 nominations each, ''[[Rashmi Rocket]]'' with 11 nominations and ''[[Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar]]'' with 10 nominations.

''Sardar Udham'' won 9 awards, including [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film|Best Film (Critics)]] and [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor|Best Actor (Critics)]] (for [[Vicky Kaushal]]), thus becoming the most-awarded film at the ceremony.

''Shershaah'' and ''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]'' won multiple awards at the ceremony, with the former winning [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (for [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]]), and the latter winning [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (for [[Kriti Sanon]]), [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] (for [[Pankaj Tripathi]]) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] (for [[Sai Tamhankar]]).

For a second consecutive year, Pankaj Tripathi received dual nominations for Best Supporting Actor for his performances in ''83'' and ''Mimi'', winning the award for the latter.

==Ceremony==
Held at Jio World Centre, the 67th Filmfare Awards honored the films released in 2021. At a press conference helmed by editor of ''[[Filmfare]]'' magazine, Jitesh Pillai revealed Wolf777news as the title sponsor. Actors [[Ranveer Singh]] and [[Arjun Kapoor]] were announced as the co-hosts, while actors [[Nora Fatehi]], [[Vicky Kaushal]], [[Kartik Aaryan]], [[Disha Patani]], [[Janhvi Kapoor]], [[Varun Dhawan]] and [[Kiara Advani]] were announced to be performing during the event. The ceremony took place on August 30, 2022, and was broadcast on September 9, 2022 on [[Colors TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/ranveer-singh-launches-filmfare-awards-to-turn-host-alongside-arjun-kapoor-vicky-disha-and-more-to-perform-article-93194472/amp|title=Ranveer Singh launches Wolf777 News 67th Filmfare Awards, to turn host alongside Arjun Kapoor|publisher=Times Now|location=India|date=2022-07-29|access-date=2022-07-30|archive-date=30 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730141411/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/ranveer-singh-launches-filmfare-awards-to-turn-host-alongside-arjun-kapoor-vicky-disha-and-more-to-perform-article-93194472/amp|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Winners and nominees==
The nominations were announced by Filmfare on 18 August 2022 and the winners were announced on 30 August 2022.<ref>{{cite news|title=67th Filmfare Awards 2022: Press conference|url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/mumbai/67th-filmfare-awards-2022-press-conference/amp_etarticleshow/93194769.cms|access-date=30 July 2022|work=The Times of India|date=28 July 2022|language=en|archive-date=30 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730060611/https://m.photos.timesofindia.com/events/mumbai/67th-filmfare-awards-2022-press-conference/amp_etarticleshow/93194769.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 500
| image_style =
| perrow = 5/5
| caption_align = left
| image1 = Director Vishnuvardhan at the Grahanam Movie Launch.jpg
| caption1 = [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]], Best Director
| image2 = Kriti Sanon at Adipurush pre release event (2).jpg
| caption2 = [[Kriti Sanon]], Best Actress
| image3 = Ranveer at filmfare (cropped).jpg
| caption3 = [[Ranveer Singh]], Best Actor
| image4 = Vidya Balan in 2013.jpg
| caption4 = [[Vidya Balan]], Best Actress Critics
| image5 = Vicky Kaushal snapped promoting Zara Hatke Zara Bach Ke on the sets of The Kapil Sharma Show (cropped).jpg
| caption5 = [[Vicky Kaushal]], Best Actor Critics
| image6 = Pankaj Tripathi World Premiere Newton Zoopalast Berlinale 2017 06.jpg
| caption6 = [[Pankaj Tripathi]], Best Supporting Actor
| image7 = Sai Tamhankar 1.jpg
| caption7 = [[Sai Tamhankar]], Best Supporting Actress
| image8 = National Awards B Praak (cropped).jpg
| caption8 = [[B Praak]], Best Male Playback Singer
| image9 = Asees Kaur at the 66th Filmfare Awards (cropped).jpg
| caption9 = [[Asees Kaur]], Best Female Playback Singer
| image10 = Subhash Ghai in 2017.jpg
| caption10 = [[Subhash Ghai]], Lifetime Achievement Awardee
}}

===Popular awards===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|-
|colspan=3|
*'''''[[Shershaah]]'' – [[Dharma Productions]], Kaash Entertainment, [[Amazon Prime Video]]'''
**
**''[[Ramprasad Ki Tehrvi]] '' – [[Drishyam Films]], Jio Studios
**''[[Rashmi Rocket]]'' – [[RSVP Movies]], Mango People Media Network, [[ZEE5]]
**''[[Sardar Udham]]'' – [[Rising Sun Films]], Kino Works, Amazon Prime Video
|colspan=3|
*'''[[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]] – ''[[Shershaah]]'''''
**[[Akarsh Khurana]] – ''[[Rashmi Rocket]]''
**[[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]] – ''[[83 (film)|83]]''
**[[Seema Pahwa]] – ''[[Ramprasad Ki Tehrvi]]''
**[[Shoojit Sircar]] – ''[[Sardar Udham]]''
|-
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|-
|colspan=3|
*'''[[Ranveer Singh]] – ''[[83 (film)|83]]'' as [[Kapil Dev]]'''
**[[Dhanush]] – ''[[Atrangi Re]]'' as S. Venkatesh Vishwanath 'Vishu' Iyer
**[[Sidharth Malhotra]] – ''[[Shershaah]]'' as [[Vikram Batra|Captain Vikram Batra]]
**[[Vicky Kaushal]] – ''[[Sardar Udham]]'' as [[Udham Singh]]
|colspan=3|
*'''[[Kriti Sanon]] – ''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]'' as Mimi Rathore'''
**[[Kiara Advani]] – ''[[Shershaah]]'' as Dimple Cheema
**[[Parineeti Chopra]] – ''[[Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar]]'' as Sandeep Kaur
**[[Taapsee Pannu]] – ''[[Rashmi Rocket]]'' as Rashmi Chibbar
**[[Vidya Balan]] – ''[[Sherni (2021 film)|Sherni]]'' as Vidya Vincent
|-
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
|colspan=3|
*'''[[Pankaj Tripathi]] – ''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]'' as Bhanu Pratap Pandey'''
**[[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]] – ''[[Rashmi Rocket]]'' as Eeshit Mehta
**[[Manav Kaul]] – ''[[Saina (film)|Saina]]'' as Coach Sarvadhamaan Rajan
**Pankaj Tripathi – ''[[83 (film)|83]]'' as [[PR Man Singh]]
**[[Paran Bandopadhyay]] – ''[[Bob Biswas]]'' as Kali Krishna Paul
**[[Raj Arjun]] – ''[[Thalaivii]]'' as R. N. Veerappan
|colspan=3|
*'''[[Sai Tamhankar]] – ''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]'' as Shama Anand'''
**[[Kirti Kulhari]] – ''[[The Girl on the Train (2021 film)|The Girl on the Train]]'' as Inspector Dalbir Kaur Bagga
**[[Konkona Sen Sharma]] – ''[[Ramprasad Ki Tehrvi]]'' as Seema
**[[Meghna Malik]] – ''[[Saina (film)|Saina]]'' as Usha Rani Nehwal
**[[Neena Gupta]] – ''[[Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar]]'' as Aunty "Meenu" Singh
|-
! style="background:#FFAA00;" colspan=6|Debut Awards
|-
! colspan=2 style="background:#EEDD82;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]]
! colspan=2 style="background:#EEDD82;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
! colspan=2 style="background:#EEDD82;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Debut Director|Best Debut Director]]
|-
|colspan=2|
*'''[[Ehan Bhat]] – ''[[99 Songs]]'' as Jay'''
|colspan=2|
*'''[[Sharvari Wagh]] – ''[[Bunty Aur Babli 2]]'' as Sonia Rawat / Jasmine "Jazz"'''
|colspan=2|
*'''[[Seema Pahwa]] – ''[[Ramprasad Ki Tehrvi]]'''''
|-
! style="background:#FFAA00;" colspan=6|Writing Awards
|-
! colspan=2 style="background:#EEDD82;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
! colspan=2 style="background:#EEDD82;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
! colspan=2 style="background:#EEDD82;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]
|-
|colspan=2|
*'''[[Abhishek Kapoor]], Supratik Sen and Tushar Paranjape – ''[[Chandigarh Kare Aashiqui]]'''''
**[[Dibakar Banerjee]] and [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]] – ''[[Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar]]''
**[[Kanika Dhillon]] – ''[[Haseen Dilruba]]''
**[[Nandha Periyasamy]] – ''[[Rashmi Rocket]]''
**[[Seema Pahwa]] – ''[[Ramprasad Ki Tehrvi]]''
|colspan=2|
*'''Shubendu Bhattacharya and [[Ritesh Shah]] – ''[[Sardar Udham]]'''''
**Aastha Tiku – ''[[Sherni (2021 film)|Sherni]]''
**[[Aniruddha Guha]] – ''[[Rashmi Rocket]]''
**[[Dibakar Banerjee]] and [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]] – ''[[Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar]]''
**[[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]], [[Sanjay Puran Singh Chauhan]] and Vasan Bala – ''[[83 (film)|83]]''
**Sandeep Shrivastava – ''[[Shershaah]]''
|colspan=2|
*'''[[Dibakar Banerjee]] and [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]] – ''[[Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar]]'''''
**[[Amit V. Masurkar]], Yashasvi Mishra – ''[[Sherni (2021 film)|Sherni]]''
**[[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]] and Sumit Arora – ''[[83 (film)|83]]''
**[[Kanika Dhillon]] – ''[[Rashmi Rocket]]''
**[[Ritesh Shah]] – ''[[Sardar Udham]]''
**Sandeep Shrivastava – ''[[Shershaah]]''
|-
! style="background:#FFAA00;" colspan=6|Music Awards
|-
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|-
|colspan=3|
*'''[[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[B Praak]], Jaani, [[Jasleen Royal]], Javed-Mohsin And Vikram Montrose{{snd}}''[[Shershaah]]'''''
**[[A. R. Rahman]] – ''[[Atrangi Re]]''
**A. R. Rahman – ''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]''
**[[Amaal Malik]] – ''[[Saina (film)|Saina]]''
**[[Amit Trivedi]] – ''[[Haseen Dilruba]]''
**[[Sachin–Jigar]] – ''[[Chandigarh Kare Aashiqui]]''
|colspan=3|
*'''[[Kausar Munir]] – "Lehra Do" – ''[[83 (film)|83]]'''''
**[[Irshad Kamil]] – "Rait Zara Si" – ''[[Atrangi Re]]''
**[[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]] – "Mann Bharrya 2.0" – ''[[Shershaah]]''
**[[Manoj Muntashir]] – "Parinda" – ''[[Saina (film)|Saina]]''
**[[Tanishk Bagchi]] – "Raataan Lambiyaan" – ''Shershaah''
|-
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Playback Singer – Male]]
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Playback Singer – Female]]
|-
|colspan=3|
*'''[[B Praak]] – "Mann Bharrya" – ''[[Shershaah]]'''''
**[[Arijit Singh]] – "Lehra Do" – ''[[83 (film)|83]]''
**Arijit Singh – "Rait Zara Si" – ''[[Atrangi Re]]''
**Devendrapal Singh – "Lakeeran" – ''[[Haseen Dilruba]]''
**[[Jubin Nautiyal]] – "Raataan Lambiyaan" – ''Shershaah''
|colspan=3|
*'''[[Asees Kaur]] – "Raataan Lambiyaan" – ''[[Shershaah]]'''''
**Asees Kaur – "Lakeeran" – ''[[Haseen Dilruba]]''
**[[Neha Kakkar]] – "Matlabi Yariyan" – ''[[The Girl on the Train (2021 film)|The Girl on the Train]]''
**[[Priya Saraiya]] – "Kalle Kalle" – ''[[Chandigarh Kare Aashiqui]]''
**[[Shreya Ghoshal]] – "Chaka Chak" – ''[[Atrangi Re]]''
**Shreya Ghoshal – "Param Sundari" – ''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]''
|}

===Critics' awards===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan=2 style="background:#EEDD82;"|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|-
|colspan=2|
*'''[[Shoojit Sircar]] – ''[[Sardar Udham]]'''''
**[[Amit V. Masurkar]] – ''[[Sherni (2021 film)|Sherni]]''
**[[Dibakar Banerjee]] – ''[[Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar]]''
**[[Seema Pahwa]] – ''[[Ramprasad Ki Tehrvi]]''
|-
!style="background:#EEDD82;"|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
!style="background:#EEDD82;"|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|-
|
*'''[[Vicky Kaushal]] – ''[[Sardar Udham]]'' as [[Udham Singh]]'''
**[[Abhishek Bachchan]] – ''[[Bob Biswas]]'' as Bob Biswas
**[[Pratik Gandhi]] – ''[[Bhavai (film)|Bhavai]]'' as Raja Ram Joshi
**[[Ranveer Singh]] – ''[[83 (film)|83]]'' as [[Kapil Dev]]
**[[Vikrant Massey]] – ''[[Haseen Dilruba]]'' as Rishabh Saxena
|
*'''[[Vidya Balan]] – ''[[Sherni (2021 film)|Sherni]]'' as Vidya Vincent'''
**[[Supriya Pathak]] – ''[[Ramprasad Ki Tehrvi]]'' as Amma
**[[Taapsee Pannu]] – ''[[Haseen Dilruba]]'' as Rani Kashyap
|}

===Special awards===
{|class="wikitable"
! style="background:#EEDD82;" colspan="2"|[[Filmfare Special Award]]
|-
|
*''Not awarded''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;"|[[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award]]
|-
|
*[[Subhash Ghai]]
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;"|[[Filmfare R. D. Burman Award]]
|-
|
*''Not awarded''
|}

===Technical awards===
Nominations for the Technical awards were announced on 30 July 2022.<ref>{{cite news|title=67th Filmfare Awards 2022|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2022/|access-date=30 July 2022|work=Filmfare|date=|language=en|archive-date=30 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730075034/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2022/|url-status=live}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
! style="background:#EEDD82;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Art Direction|Best Production Design]]
! style="background:#EEDD82;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
|-
|
*'''[[A. Sreekar Prasad]] – ''[[Shershaah]]'''''
**Ajay Sharma, Shweta Venkat Mathew – ''[[Rashmi Rocket]]''
**Bakul Baljeet Matiyani – ''[[Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar]]''
**Chandrashekhar Prajapati – ''[[Sardar Udham]]''
**Dipika Kalra – ''[[Sherni (2021 film)|Sherni]]''
**Nitin Baid – ''[[83 (film)|83]]''
|
*'''Mansi Dhruv Mehta and Dmitrii Malich – ''[[Sardar Udham]]'''''
**Acropolis, Rajnish Hedao and Paul Rowan – ''[[83 (film)|83]]''
**Amit Ray and Subrata Chakraborty – ''[[Shershaah]]''
**Aparna Sud and Garima Mathur – ''[[Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar ]]''
**Devika Dave – ''[[Sherni (2021 film)|Sherni]]''
**Durga Prasad Mahapatra – ''[[Rashmi Rocket]]''
|
*'''[[Vijay Ganguly]] – "Chaka Chak" – ''[[Atrangi Re]]'''''
**[[Farah Khan]] – "Tip Tip" – ''[[Sooryavanshi]]''
**[[Ganesh Acharya]] – "Param Sundari" – ''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]''
**Piyush–Shazia – "Nadiyon Paar" – ''[[Roohi (2021 film)|Roohi]]''
**Vijay Ganguly – "Little Little" – ''Atrangi Re''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematography]]
! style="background:#EEDD82;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Sound Design|Best Sound Design]]
! style="background:#EEDD82;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]]
|-
|
*'''[[Avik Mukhopadhyay]] – ''[[Sardar Udham]]'''''
**[[Anil Mehta]] – ''[[Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar]]''
**[[Aseem Mishra]] – ''[[83 (film)|83]]''
**Kamaljeet Negi – ''[[Shershaah]]''
**Neha Parti Matiyani – ''[[Rashmi Rocket]]''
**Rakesh Haridas – ''[[Sherni (2021 film)|Sherni]]''
|
*'''Dipankar Chaki, Nihar Ranjan Samal – ''[[Sardar Udham]]'''''
**Anish John – ''[[Sherni (2021 film)|Sherni]]''
**Ganesh Gangadharan – ''[[83 (film)|83]]''
**Sanjay Maurya, Allwin Rego – ''[[Chandigarh Kare Aashiqui]]''
|
*'''[[Shantanu Moitra]] – ''[[Sardar Udham]]'''''
**[[A. R. Rahman]] – ''[[99 Songs (film)|99 Songs]]''
**Amar Mangrulkar – ''[[Haseen Dilruba]]''
**Clinton Cerejo, Bianca Gomes, Shor Police – ''[[Bob Biswas]]''
**John Stewart Eduri – ''[[Shershaah]]''
**[[Julius Packiam]] – ''[[83 (film)|83]]''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
! style="background:#EEDD82;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Action|Best Action]]
! style="background:#EEDD82;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]]
|-
|
*'''Veera Kapur EE – ''[[Sardar Udham]]'''''
**Eka Lakhani – ''[[Shershaah]]''
**[[Neeta Lulla]], Deepali Noor – ''[[Thalaivii]]''
**Rohit Chaturvedi – ''[[Rashmi Rocket]]''
**Rohit Chaturvedi – ''[[Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar]]''
|
*'''Stefan Richter, Sunil Rodrigues – ''[[Shershaah]]'''''
**Allan Amin – ''[[Toofaan]]''
**Rob Miller, Amar Shetty – ''[[83 (film)|83]]''
**Sunil Rodrigues – ''[[Sooryavanshi]]''
**Vikram Dahiya – ''[[Antim: The Final Truth]]''
|
*'''VFXwaala, Edit FX Studios – ''[[Sardar Udham]]'''''
**NY VFXwaala – ''[[Sooryavanshi]]''
**Red Chillies VFX – ''[[Shershaah]]''
**ReDefine – ''[[83 (film)|83]]''
**Unifi Media – ''[[Thalaivii]]''
|}

===Short film awards===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#FFAA00;" colspan=6|Best Short Film
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;" colspan=2|Fiction
! style="background:#EEDD82;" colspan=2|Non-fiction
! style="background:#EEDD82;" colspan=2|People's Choice
|-
|colspan=2|''[[Sorry Bhaisaab]]''
|colspan=2|''[[Varsa]]''
|colspan=2|''[[Masterji (short film)|Masterji]]''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;" colspan=3|Best Actor – Male (Short Film)
! style="background:#EEDD82;" colspan=3|Best Actor – Female (Short Film)
|-
|colspan=3|[[Kumud Mishra]] - ''[[Itwaar]]''
|colspan=3|[[Sampa Mandal]] - ''[[Sapna (film)|Sapna]]''
|}

==Controversy==
[[Kangana Ranaut]] shared a message through her [[Instagram]] story stating that the [[Filmfare Awards]] were corrupt and accused them of handing out the awards just for attending the ceremony, and thus decided to sue them.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 August 2022 |title=Kangana Ranaut to sue Filmfare Awards after they send her an invite: 'They want to give me award for Thalaivii' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kangana-ranaut-has-decides-to-sue-filmfare-after-they-invite-her-to-awards-night-101661075925991. |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |publisher= }}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=21 August 2022 |title=Kangana Ranaut slams film magazine for nomination, says she is 'pitted against mediocre work' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kangana-ranaut-to-sue-a-film-magazine-for-inviting-her-to-an-award-function-8103505 |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |publisher= |archive-date=28 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828041627/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kangana-ranaut-to-sue-a-film-magazine-for-inviting-her-to-an-award-function-8103505/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Initially, she was nominated for Best Actress for her performance in the film ''[[Thalaivii]]'', but post her allegations, Filmfare revoked her nomination and rejected her allegations in their Instagram story.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 August 2022 |title=Filmfare withdraws Kangana's best actress nomination after she calls them 'corrupt' |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2022/08/22/filmfare-withdraws-kangana-best-actress-nomination-she-calls-corrupt. |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref>

==Superlatives==
{|class="wikitable" style="display:inline-table;"
|+Multiple nominations
! Nominations !! Film
|-
!19
|''[[Shershaah]]''
|-
!rowspan="2"|14
|''[[83 (film)|83]]''
|-
|''[[Sardar Udham]]''
|-
!11
|''[[Rashmi Rocket]]''
|-
!10
|''[[Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar]]''
|-
!9
|''[[Sherni (2021 film)|Sherni]]''
|-
!8
|''[[Haseen Dilruba]]''
|-
!7
|''[[Ramprasad Ki Tehrvi]]''
|-
!6
|''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]''
|-
!5
|''[[Atrangi Re]]''
|-
!rowspan="2"|4
|''[[Chandigarh Kare Aashiqui]]''
|-
|''[[Saina (film)|Saina]]''
|-
!rowspan="3"|3
|''[[Bob Biswas]]''
|-
|''[[Sooryavanshi]]''
|-
|''[[Thalaivii]]''
|-
!2
|''[[The Girl on the Train (2021 film)|The Girl on the Train]]''
|}

{|class="wikitable" style="display:inline-table;"
|+Multiple wins
! Awards !! Film
|-
! scope=row|9
|''[[Sardar Udham]]''
|-
! 7
|''[[Shershaah]]''
|-
! 3
|''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]''
|-
! 2
|''[[83 (film)|83]]''
|}

==See also==
*[[Filmfare Awards]]
*[[List of Hindi films of 2021]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Filmfare Awards}}

[[Category:Filmfare Awards by year]]
[[Category:2022 Indian film awards]]
[[Category:August 2022 in India]]

Amazon

2026-02-10T17:33:43Z

Raunak Shankhwar: basic update layout for clarity further and improved wording

{{wiktionary|Amazon|amazon}}
'''Amazon''' most often refers to:
* [[Amazon (company)]], an American multinational technology company
* [[Amazon rainforest]], a rainforest covering most of the Amazon basin
* [[Amazon River]], in South America
* [[Amazons]], a tribe of female warriors in Greek mythology
'''Amazon''' or '''Amazone''' may also refer to:
{{TOC right}}

== Arts and entertainment ==
=== Fictional characters ===
* [[Amazon (Amalgam Comics)]]
* Amazon, an alias of the Marvel supervillain [[Man-Killer]]
* [[Amazons (DC Comics)]], a group of superhuman characters
* The Amazon, a ''[[Diablo II]]'' character
* The Amazon, a ''[[Pro Wrestling (NES video game)|Pro Wrestling]]'' character
* [[Amazon (Dragon's Crown)|Amazon (''Dragon's Crown'')]], a character from the ''Dragon's Crown'' game
* ''[[Kamen Rider Amazon]]'', title character in the fourth installment of the ''Kamen Rider'' series

=== Film and television ===
{{anchor|Film|Television}}

* [[The Amazons (1917 film)|''The Amazons'' (1917 film)]], an American silent tragedy film
* [[The Amazon (film)|''The Amazon'' (film)]], a 1921 German silent film
* ''[[War Goddess]]'', also known as ''The Amazons'', a 1973 Italian adventure fantasy drama
* [[Amazons (1984 film)|''Amazons'' (1984 film)]], an American thriller
* [[Amazons (1986 film)|''Amazons'' (1986 film)]], an Argentine adventure fantasy
* [[Amazon (1990 film)|''Amazon'' (1990 film)]], a 1990 drama
* [[Amazon (1997 film)|''Amazon'' (1997 film)]], a short documentary
* [[Amazon (1999 TV series)|''Amazon'' (1999 TV series)]], a Canadian drama
* [[Amazon (2000 film)|''Amazon'' (2000 film)]], a 2000 French film
* [[Amazon (2008 TV series)|''Amazon'' (2008 TV series)]], a British documentary series

=== Gaming ===
* [[Amazon (chess)]], a fairy chess piece
* [[Amazons (solitaire)]], a card game
* [[Amazon (video game)|''Amazon'' (video game)]], a 1984 interactive fiction graphic adventure game
* ''[[Amazon: Guardians of Eden]]'', a 1992 video game
* ''[[Game of the Amazons]]'', a board game

=== Literature ===
* ''[[Amazons!]]'', a 1979 fantasy anthology edited by Jessica Amanda Salmonson
* [[Amazons (novel)|''Amazons'' (novel)]], a 1980 novel co-written by Don DeLillo, published under the pseudonym Cleo Birdwell
* [[Swallows and Amazons series|''Swallows and Amazons'' series]], twelve children's novels by Arthur Ransome
* [[The Amazon (novella)|''The Amazon'' (novella)]], by Nikolai Leskov
* [[The Amazons (play)|''The Amazons'' (play)]], by Arthur Wing Pinero

=== Music ===
* [[The Amazons (band)]], a British indie band from Reading, Berkshire
**[[The Amazons (album)|''The Amazons'' (album)]]
* [[Amazons (Japanese group)]], a female group formed in 1985

== Businesses and organizations ==
* [[Amazon Bookstore Cooperative]], a feminist bookstore (1970–2012)
* [[Amazonen-Werke]], a German agricultural machinery manufacturer (founded 1883)
* [[Café Amazon]], Thai coffee chain
* [[Takembeng]], or les Amazones des SDF, a 1990s women's social movement in Cameroon

== Military units ==
* [[Amazonian Guard]], or "the Amazons", a bodyguard unit of Muammar Gaddafi
* [[Amazons Company]], a Greek ceremonial female battalion
* [[Dahomey Amazons]], a Fon regiment

== People ==
* [[Amazon Eve]] (born 1979), American model, fitness trainer, and actress
* [[Lesa Lewis]] (born 1967), American professional bodybuilder nicknamed "Amazon"

== Places ==
* [[Amazon Basin (sedimentary basin)]], a sedimentary basin at the middle and lower course of the river
* [[Amazon basin]], the part of South America drained by the river and its tributaries
* [[Amazon Creek]], a stream in Oregon, U.S.
* [[Amazon Reef]], at the mouth of the Amazon basin
* [[1042 Amazone]], an asteroid

== Sports ==
* [[COD United Amazons F.C.]], a women's association football club in Lagos State, Nigeria
* [[Los Angeles Amazons]], a women's semi-professional American football team (2002–2012)
* [[Nasarawa Amazons F.C.]], a women's association football club in Nasarawa State, Nigeria
* [[Vancouver Amazons]], a Canadian women's ice hockey team of the 1920s

== Transportation ==
=== Land vehicles ===
* [[Amazon (automobile)]], a 1920s British cyclecar
* ''Amazon'', a [[GWR 3031 Class]] locomotive operating 1892–1908
* ''Amazon'', a [[GWR Iron Duke Class]] locomotive operating 1851–1877
* [[Volvo Amazon]], a 1956–1970 mid-size car

=== Ships ===
* [[Amazon (1780 ship)|''Amazon'' (1780 ship)]], launched in France in 1775 under another name
* [[Mary Celeste|''Amazon'' (brigitane)]], a Canadian brigantine launched 1861, later more famously named ''Mary Celeste''
* [[Amazon (yacht)|''Amazon'' (yacht)]], a British screw schooner built 1885
* [[Amazon-class frigate|''Amazon''-class frigate]], four classes of frigate of the British Royal Navy
* [[Amazon-class sloop|''Amazon''-class sloop]], of the British Royal Navy
* [[French submarine Amazone (1916)|French submarine ''Amazone'' (1916)]], an Armide-class diesel-electric attack submarine
* [[HMS Amazon|HMS ''Amazon'']], nine ships of the Royal Navy
* [[RMS Amazon|RMS ''Amazon'']], two ships of the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company
* [[SMS Amazone (1843)|SMS ''Amazone'' (1843)]], a 3-masted sail corvette of the Prussian Navy
* [[SMS Amazone|SMS ''Amazone'']], a 1900 2,700 ton ''Gazelle''-class light cruiser
* [[USS Amazon (1861)|USS ''Amazon'' (1861)]], a US Navy bark

== Other uses ==
* [[Amazon (color)]], a variant of jungle green
*[[.amazon]], an Amazon.com-operated internet top-level domain

== See also ==
* {{lookfrom|Amazon}}
* {{intitle|Amazon}}
* [[Amason (disambiguation)]]
* [[Amazonas (disambiguation)]]
* [[Amazonia (disambiguation)]]
* [[Amazonian (disambiguation)]]
* [[Amyzon (disambiguation)]]
* ''[[Amazonka]]'', a 2008 album by Ruslana
* [[Amazon parrot]], a bird genus
* [[Amazonis Planitia]], on Mars
* ''[[Amazonsaurus]]'', a dinosaur genus

{{disambiguation|ship|geo}}

Sabyasachi Mohapatra

2026-02-10T03:13:59Z

Raunak Shankhwar: quick updated formatting for clarity additionally after review

{{Short description|Indian film director, writer, and producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sabyasachi Mohapatra
| image = Sabyasachi Mohapatra.jpg
| caption = Mohapatra during [[Odisha State Film Awards]] ceremony 2014, Utkal Mandap, Bhubaneswar
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1950|08|27}}
| birth_place = [[Subarnapur district|Lehedi]], [[Orissa]], India
| occupation = [[Director (film)|Director]], [[Producer (film)|Producer]], [[Screenwriter]]
| height =
| parents = Kapileswar Prasad Mohapatra (father) Bishnupriya Mohapatra (mother)
| imagesize = 200px
| yearsactive = 1974-now
| spouse =
| children = Kumar C Dev Mohapatra (son)
Madhubala Mohapatra
Rajashree Mohapatra
| birthname =
}}

'''Sabyasachi Mohapatra''' (born 27 August 1950 in [[Subarnapur district|Lehedi]], India) is an Indian film director, writer, and producer in [[Odia cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/odiya-cinema-making-remakes-of-south-indian-films-sabyasachi-mohapatra-ians-interview-115050800201_1.html|title=Odiya cinema making remakes of South Indian films: Sabyasachi Mohapatra (IANS Interview)|last=IANS|date=2015-05-08|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-03-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ollywoodlife.com/sabyasachi-mohapatra-odia-film-director-writer-producer-biography/|title=Sabyasachi Mohapatra - Odia Film Director, Writer, And Producer Biography|date=2017-04-06|website=ollywoodlife.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-02}}</ref> He owns a production house named ''Mohapatra Movie Magic''.<ref name="csagar">
{{cite web |url= http://cinemasagar.com/biography/sabyasachi-mohapatra/ |title= Sabyasachi Mohapatra|date= May 3, 2012 |publisher= cinemasagar.com |accessdate= April 15, 2012 }}</ref>

==Career==
Mohapatra made his directorial debut in film [[Bhukha]] in [[Kosli language|Sambalpuri Language]] that won International Jury award at Gijon Film festival in [[Spain]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/director-upbeat-over-sequel/cid/1464432|title=Director upbeat over sequel|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-03-02}}</ref>

His movie [[Jai Jagannatha]] released in 2006, a [[mythological]] film, was a mega-budget released in 15 different [[Languages of India|Indian languages]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/entertainment-all-in-the-lord-s-name/cid/503765|title=Entertainment, all in the Lord's name|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-03-02}}</ref>

After 25 years, director Sabyasachi Mohapatra is back with [[Sala Budha]] in 2012. The film is based on a novel by renowned author Kapilesh Prasad Mohapatra (his father), the film was screened at the [[International Film Festival of India|International Film Festival]] of in [[Goa]], [[India]] in 2013 and the film won seven awards, including the best actor award, at the [[Odisha State Film Awards|Odisha state film awards]].<ref name="telegraphindia.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/adim-vichar-sweeps-state-film-honours/cid/1459384|title=Adim Vichar sweeps state film honours|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-03-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orissadiary.com/salabudha-is-a-tribute-to-senior-citizens-sabyasachi-mohapatra/|title=Salabudha is a tribute to senior citizens: Sabyasachi Mohapatra|last=bureau|first=Odisha Diary|date=2017-03-22|website=OdishaDiary|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-02}}</ref>

He directed another [[Sambalpuri language]] film [[Aadim Vichar]] released in 2014 and the film won [[62nd National Film Awards]] in [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Odia|Best Feature Film in Odia]] and also won Best director and Best actor award at [[Odisha State Film Awards|26th Odisha State Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/National-award-for-Odia-film-Adim-Vichar/articleshow/46688226.cms|title=National award for Odia film 'Adim Vichar' - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-03-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2015/state-editions/odia-film-aadim-vichar-wins-national-award.html|title=Odia film 'Aadim Vichar' wins national award|last=Pioneer|first=The|website=The Pioneer|language=en|access-date=2019-03-02}}</ref>

In 2015, he worked on his next project '[[Pahada Ra Luha]]' and which earned him back-to-back [[National Film Awards]]. The film won [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Odia|Best Feature Film in Odia]] at [[63rd National Film Awards]] in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishatv.in/odisha/body-slider/sabyasachi-mohapatra-receives-national-award-for-pahadara-luha-140297|title=Sabyasachi Mohapatra receives national award for Pahadara Luha {{!}} OTV|website=odishatv.in|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishasuntimes.com/25-year-old-dream-come-true-pahada-ra-luha-director-sabyasachi-mohapatra/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111348/https://odishasuntimes.com/25-year-old-dream-come-true-pahada-ra-luha-director-sabyasachi-mohapatra/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 March 2019|title=25-year-old dream come true for 'Pahada Ra Luha' director Sabyasachi Mohapatra {{!}} OdishaSunTimes.com|last=Flora|date=28 March 2016|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishatv.in/odisha/body-slider/aadim-vichar-receives-national-award-80581|title='Rajat Kamal' for Sabyasachi Mohapatra {{!}} OTV|website=odishatv.in|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-03}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! Year !! Film !! Director !! Producer !! Screenwriter !! Language !! Notes !! Ref
|-
| 1987 || [[Sabu Mayare Baya]] || {{Yes}} || || {{Yes}} || Odia || Debut Film as Director || <ref>{{Citation|title=Sabu Mayare Baya|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1431310/|access-date=2019-01-01}}</ref>
|-
| 1989 || [[Bhukha]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Sambalpuri|| This is the first Oriya film to get an International Jury Award at the [[Gijón International Film Festival]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/sala-budha-s-goa-trip-director-elated-with-film-s-selection/cid/254478|title=Sala Budha's Goa trip - Director elated with film's selection|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-01-01}}</ref>
|-
| 1996 || [[Jhili (film)|Jhili]] || {{Yes}} || || {{Yes}} || Odia || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/state-editions/sala-budha-tells-you-how-to-treat-the-elderly.html|title='Sala Budha' tells you how to treat the elderly|last=Pioneer|first=The|website=The Pioneer|language=en|access-date=2019-03-03}}</ref>
|-
| 1998 || [[Bou (1998 film)|Bou]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || [[Odia language|Odia]] || Won 1998 Orissa State Film Awards in five Categories including Best Film ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orissadiary.com/salabudha-is-a-tribute-to-senior-citizens-sabyasachi-mohapatra/|title=Salabudha is a tribute to senior citizens: Sabyasachi Mohapatra|last=bureau|first=Odisha Diary|date=2017-03-22|website=OdishaDiary|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ollywoodlife.com/sabyasachi-mohapatra-odia-film-director-writer-producer-biography/|title=Sabyasachi Mohapatra - Odia Film Director, Writer, And Producer Biography|date=2017-04-06|website=ollywoodlife.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-03}}</ref>
|-
| 2003 || [[Bahudibe Mo Jaga Balia]] || {{Yes}} || || {{Yes}} || Odia || || <ref>{{Citation|title=Bahudibe Mo Jaga Balia|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1459833/|access-date=2019-01-01}}</ref>
|-
| 2007 || [[Jai Jagannatha]] || {{Yes}} || || {{Yes}} || [[Odia language|Odia]] || First Odia film to be dubbed in 15 different Languages ||
|-
| 2013 || [[Sala Budha]] || {{Yes}} || || {{Yes}} || [[Kosli language|Sambalpuri]] || Won 7 Categories at 25th [[Odisha State Film Awards]] 2015 including Best Film || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Mohapatras-Sala-Budha-bags-awards-in-7-categories/articleshow/45141405.cms|title=Mohapatra's 'Sala Budha' bags awards in 7 categories - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-01-01}}</ref>
|-
| 2014 || [[Aadim Vichar]] || {{Yes}} || || {{Yes}} || [[Kosli language|Sambalpuri]] || Won 62nd National Film Awards for Best Feature Film in Odia || <ref name="telegraphindia.com"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://incredibleorissa.com/adim-vichar-best-oriya-film-national-awards/|title=Adim Vichar won Best Oriya Film at 62nd National Film Awards|date=2015-03-24|website=Incredible Orissa|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-01}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || [[Pahada Ra Luha]] || {{Yes}} || || {{Yes}} || [[Kosli language|Sambalpuri]] || Won 63rd National Film Awards for Best Feature Film in Odia || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishatv.in/odisha/body-slider/pahada-ra-luha-wins-national-award-as-best-odia-film-133966|title='Pahada Ra Luha' wins National Award as Best Odia Film {{!}} OTV|website=odishatv.in|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-01}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| Sala Budhar Badla
| {{Yes}}
|
|
| [[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri]]
| Third movie in the Sala Budha movie series
|-
| 2025 || [[Anantaa]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || || Odia || based on novel Randi Pua Anantaa by [[Fakir Mohan Senapati]]
|}

==Awards==
* Ganakabi Samman awarded by Ganakabi Baishnab Pani Jayanti Committee in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.odisha360.com/2017/10/29/ganakabi-baishnaba-pani-samman-sabyasachi-mohapatra/|title=Ganakabi Baishnaba Pani Samman for Sabyasachi Mohapatra|last=Bureau|first=Odisha360 com|date=2017-10-29|website=Odisha 360 - News, Events and Complete Information About the State|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-02}}</ref>
* International Jury award
*[[Odisha Living Legend Award]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://odishabulletin.com/odisha-diary-announces-prestigious-odisha-living-legend-awards-2013/ |title=Odisha Diary announces prestigious Odisha Living Legend Awards 2013 - Odishabulletin |website=odishabulletin.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009194425/http://odishabulletin.com/odisha-diary-announces-prestigious-odisha-living-legend-awards-2013/ |archive-date=2017-10-09}}</ref>
* Sambhabana Oriya cinema award<ref name="csagar"/><ref>
{{cite web |url= http://cinemasagar.com/award/sabyasachi-mohapatra-awarded-in-sambhabana-oriya-cinema-award/ |title= Sabyasachi Mohapatra awarded in sambhabana oriya cinema award |date= March 11, 2011 |publisher= cinemasagar.com |accessdate= March 15, 2012 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb_name|nm1069867}}

{{Commons category|Sabyasachi Mohapatra}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Kosli Cinema|horiz}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohapatra, Sabyasachi}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Subarnapur district]]
[[Category:Odia film directors]]
[[Category:Odia film producers]]
[[Category:Odia screenwriters]]
[[Category:Film producers from Odisha]]
[[Category:Film directors from Odisha]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]

{{India-film-director-stub}}

Dilpreet Singh

2026-02-08T03:56:35Z

Raunak Shankhwar: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = Dilpreet Singh
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1999|11|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = Butala, [[Amritsar District]], [[Punjab, India]]<ref name= "Tribune1">{{cite news|last1=Grewal|first1=Indervir|title=The goal-getter|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sport/the-goal-getter/491197.html|accessdate=11 April 2018|work=The Hindu|date=1 November 2017}}</ref>
| height = 180 cm<ref>{{cite web |title=SINGH Dilpreet |url=https://www.worldcup2018.hockey/men/players/singh-dilpreet__70512__4212 |website=worldcup2018.hockey |publisher=International Hockey Federation |accessdate=7 February 2019}}</ref>
| position = Forward
| currentclub = [[Indian Oil Corporation]]
| clubs1 = Petroleum Sports Promotion Board
| years1 =
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| clubs2 = [[Indian Oil Corporation]]
| years2 =
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| nationalyears1 = 2017–2019
| nationalteam1 = [[India men's national under-21 field hockey team|India U21]]
| nationalcaps1 = 12
| nationalgoals1 =
| nationalyears2 = 2018–
| nationalteam2 = [[India men's national field hockey team|India]]
| nationalcaps2 = 115
| nationalgoals2 = 40
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Olympic Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2020 Summer Olympics|2020 Tokyo]]|[[Field hockey at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2018 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2018 Breda]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2018 Asian Games|2018 Jakarta]]|[[Field hockey at the 2018 Asian Games – Men's tournament|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Men's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2025 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2025 Rajgir]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Men's Asian Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2018 Asian Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2018 Muscat]]|}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2021 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2021 Dhaka]]|}}
| updated =
}}

'''Dilpreet Singh''' (born 12 November 1999)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dilpreet Singh - Hockey India |url=https://hockeyindia.org/players/dilpreet-singh-profile-1984 |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=hockeyindia.org}}</ref> is an Indian [[field hockey]] player who plays as a [[Field hockey#Positions|forward]] for the [[India men's national field hockey team|national team]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Grewal|first1=Indervir|title=Dilpreet, the tiger on prowl|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sport/dilpreet-the-tiger-on-prowl/566544.html|accessdate=11 April 2018|work=The Tribune|date=31 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Grewal|first1=Indervir|title=CWG: 18-year-old Dilpreet's 'big moment' arrives|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sport/cwg-18-year-old-dilpreet-s-big-moment-arrives/558615.html|accessdate=11 April 2018|work=The Tribune|date=16 March 2018}}</ref> He is registered with the Punjab Armed Police and plays for Hockey Punjab in the domestic tournaments. He plays for [[Kalinga Lancers|Vedanta Kalinga Lancers]] in the Hockey India League.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dilpreet Singh - Hockey India League - Hockey India |url=https://hockeyindialeague.com/players/dilpreet-singh-profile-1984 |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=hockeyindialeague.com}}</ref>

==Early life==
Singh belongs to Butala, [[Amritsar]] district, [[Punjab, India]]. He was born to Balwinder Singh, who was a hockey player in Army and it was due to his encouragement that Dilpreet started playing this sport. He initially trained in Khadur Sahib Academy of his father and later on took coaching from Maharaja Ranjit Singh Hockey Academy located in Amritsar, and then from Jalandhar's Surjit Academy.<ref name = "Tribune1" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Arvind|first1=S|title=Dilpreet Singh is the next big thing for India|url=https://www.mykhel.com/hockey/cwg-2018-dilpreet-singh-is-the-next-big-thing-indian-hockey-084431.html|accessdate=26 April 2018|work=My Khel|date=21 March 2018}}</ref>

== Career ==
After missing the [[2024 Summer Olympics|2024 Olympics]], Singh made a comeback to play the two-twst series against [[Germany men's national field hockey team|Germany]] in 2024 and was also selected in the final team<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest Hockey News and Updates - Hockey India |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/news/32-member-mens-team-announced-by-hockey-india-ahead-of-fih-pro-league-2024-25-matches-in-bhubaneswar |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=www.hockeyindia.org}}</ref> for the 2024-2025 FIH Hockey Pro League at Bhubaneswar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-02-20 |title=How Dilpreet Singh Has Made his National Comeback Count! |url=https://hockeypassion.in/how-dilpreet-singh-has-made-his-national-comeback-count/ |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=Hockey Passion |language=en-US}}</ref> He scored in the 2-0 win against [[Spain men's national field hockey team|Spain]] on 16 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-16 |title=FIH Pro League: Mandeep, Dilpreet shine as India secures 2-0 win over Spain |url=https://thebridge.in/hockey/fih-pro-league-india-secure-win-over-spain-52115 |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=The Bridge |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-17 |title=Craig Fulton's tweaks work, as India bounce back against Spain; women's team play another thriller |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/craig-fulton-tweaks-work-india-bounce-back-vs-spain-women-thriller-9839651/ |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Earlier, he played the Pro League in 2020-21, 2021-22 and 2022-23.<ref name=":0" />

He became an Olympic medalist taking part in the Indian team at the 2020 Paris Olympic Games where India won a bronze medal.<ref name=":0" />

He was part of the gold winning Indian team at the Hero Asian Champions Trophy Chennai 2023. Earlier, he also got a gold at the Hero Asian Champions Trophy 2018 at [[Muscat]] and a bronze at [[Dhaka]] in 2021. In 2018, he also participated and won a bronze in the 18th Asian Games at Jakarta and played the FIH Odisha Hockey Men's World Cup Bhubaneswar, where India finished sixth. He was part of the XXI [[Commonwealth Games]] 2018 at [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]], Australia, where India missed a medal finishing fourth.<ref name=":0" />

He made his Junior India debut at the [[2017 Sultan of Johor Cup]] winning a bronze and also played the [[2019 Sultan of Johor Cup]], at Johor Bahru, Malaysia, where India got a silver.<ref name=":0" /> He made his senior India debut at the age of 18 years, against Japan in the 4-nation invitational tournament at [[Tauranga]].<ref name=":1" />

He is employed with Punjab Police after a long stint with the Indian Oil Corporation team.<ref name=":1" />

== Awards ==

* Singh received the [[Arjuna Award]] in 2021.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/dilpreet-singh-profile-1984 Dilpreet Singh] at [[Hockey India]]
*{{Sports links}}

{{Navboxes
|title=India squads
| bg = #0077FF
| fg = #FFFF40
|list1=
{{India FH Squad 2018 Champions Trophy}}
{{India FH Squad 2018 World Cup}}
{{India FH Squad 2020 Summer Olympics}}
{{India FH Squad 2025 Asia Cup}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Dilpreet}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian male field hockey players]]
[[Category:Male field hockey forwards]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2020 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:2018 Men's Hockey World Cup players]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Olympic bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in field hockey]]

M. G. Sankar

2026-01-12T14:14:14Z

Raunak Shankhwar: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Short description|Indian philanthropist, entrepreneur and politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. G. Sankar Reddiyar
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_place = [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date|df=yes|1962|12|25}}
| death_place = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = Philanthropist, Entrepreneur, Politician
| known_for = Infrastructure development, education, agriculture initiatives in Nanguneri
| office = Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency = Nanguneri
| term_start = 1952
| term_end = 1962
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| parents = Kuruvaiya Reddiar (father), Subbammal (mother)
| alma_mater = Studied in [[Ceylon]] (now Sri Lanka)
}}

'''M. G. Sankar Reddiyar''' was an Indian philanthropist, entrepreneur and politician. He served as a Member of the Legislative Assembly thrice during his lifetime. He was elected to [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from Nanguneri constituency in 1952, 1957 and 1962 elections as an Indian National Congress candidate. Born to Shri. Kuruvaiya Reddiar and Smt. Subbammal, he went to [[Ceylon]] (now Sri Lanka) to pursue his studies. The entrepreneurial spirit within him inspired Shri. M G Sankarto venture into a soft beverages business. His beverages branded as "Vimto House" were popular with the [[British Army]] who were serving in the island during that time. His business grew and gathered roots in the island. On his return to India, he settled down near Nanguneri and continued his acts of entrepreneurship and philanthropy.

He played a key role in the construction of Manimuttar dam which was proposed by the British Government and was left untouched. Now Manimuttar dam feeds more than 30 thousand acres in Naguneri and Rathapuram taluks, without which the whole area would have been dry and unimproved.

Shri.Sankar was the key influence behind the ChittaruPattinangal Water Scheme that was developed in Rathapuram taluk by the then Government. His untiring efforts made this scheme happen which came as a boon to the erstwhile rain fed areas in the taluk, helping irrigation and human consumption.

He invested his time and resources in building schools for the economically deprived. He constructed a building for the school at Naguneri and donated it to the government. Today the school has grown to become a Higher Secondary School bearing his name. He also donated 26 acres of land to the government in construction of buildings in the name of Guru Sankar Government High School, and contributed 25 acres of land and constructed buildings for basic teachers training school, which is now functioning as District Institute of Education and Training.

On the social front, Shri. M G Sankar was instrumental in constructing link roads between villages. The drinking water wells were provided under rural development scheme under his leadership are still yielding.

He also created vast acres of farms to encourage agriculture in the region that helped the otherwise arid region become self-reliant. Thousands of families benefitted from the employment opportunities the farms provided. Shri.Sankar virtually brought about an economical revolution in the little town of Nanguneri in Tirunelveli district and the surrounding villages through his undaunted efforts and spirit of social consciousness.

He was elected to the Indian National Congress as the member of legislative assembly of the then Nanguneri Constituency thrice and worked tirelessly for the upliftment of the people and his constituency.<ref>
[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf 1951/52 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf 1957 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf 1962 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref> Sankar Reddiar died on 25 December 1962 while serving his third term.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sankar Reddiar, M. G.}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1962 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]

Malabar rainforests

2026-01-05T22:41:27Z

Raunak Shankhwar: entry

{{Short description|Ecoregions in India}}{{Tone|date=June 2025}}

The term '''Malabar rainforests''' refers to one or more distinct [[ecoregion]]s recognized by [[biogeography|biogeographers]]:<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2016-03-21 |title=India's Agasthyamala among 20 UNESCO world biosphere reserves |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/India%E2%80%99s-Agasthyamala-among-20-UNESCO-world-biosphere-reserves/article14169417.ece |access-date=2025-06-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
# the [[Malabar Coast moist forests]] formerly occupied the coastal zone to the 250 metre elevation (but 95% of these forests no longer exist)
# the [[South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests]] grow at intermediate elevations
# the [[South Western Ghats montane rain forests]] cover the areas above 1000 metres elevation

==Malabar Coast moist forests==
{{main|Malabar Coast moist forests}}
The [[Malabar Coast moist forests]] is a [[tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|tropical moist broadleaf forest]] [[ecoregion]] of southwestern [[India]]. It lies along India's [[Konkan]] and [[Malabar coast]]s, in a narrow strip between the [[Arabian Sea]] and the [[Western Ghats]] range, which runs parallel to the coast.<ref name=":0" /> It has an area of {{convert|35,500|km2|sqmi}}, and extends from northern [[Maharashtra]] through [[Goa]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]] to [[Kanyakumari district|Kanniyakumari]] in southernmost [[Tamil Nadu]]. In March 2016, the Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve was included in the Biosphere programme of UNESCO at the International Coordinating Council held in Peru.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Homegrown |date=2021-06-08 |title=When Agasthyamala Became Part Of UNESCO's Perfect Biosphere List |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-explore/lifestyle/unesco-names-indias-agasthyamala-in-their-worlds-perfect-biospheres-list |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Homegrown |language=en}}</ref>

==South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests==
{{Main|South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests}}This ecoregion in the south of the [[Western Ghats]] consists of [[moist deciduous forests]], spanning [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Southern Asia: Southern India {{!}} Ecoregions {{!}} WWF |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0150 |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=World Wildlife Fund |language=en-US}}</ref> It has an area of 9,200 square miles.<ref name=":1" /> Ecologically, it is home to genuses such as [[Adina (genus)|''Adina'']], ''[[Albizia]]'', ''[[Lagerstroemia]]'', ''[[Pterocarpus]]'', and [[Terminalia (plant)|''Terminalia'']].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-15 |title=South Western Ghats Moist Deciduous Forests |url=https://www.oneearth.org/ecoregions/south-western-ghats-moist-deciduous-forests/ |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=One Earth |language=en}}</ref>

==South Western Ghats montane rain forests==
{{Main|South Western Ghats montane rain forests}}{{Expand section|date=September 2025}}
The Malabar squirrel is also found in the Malabar rainforests.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bales |first=Rebecca |date=2021-06-13 |title=Indian Giant Squirrel |url=https://a-z-animals.com/animals/indian-giant-squirrel/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=A-Z Animals |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)]]
* [[North Malabar]]

== References ==
<references />{{India-geo-stub}}{{Navboxes
|title = [[North Malabar]]
|list =
{{North Malabar}}
{{Places of interest in North Malabar}}
}}
{{Ecoregions of India}}

{{coord missing|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malabar Rainforests}}
[[Category:Ecoregions of India]]

Satpal Jamba

2026-01-05T13:22:20Z

Raunak Shankhwar: started a stub initial version

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Pundri Assembly constituency|Pundri]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Randhir Singh Gollen]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Satpal Jamba''' or Satpal Kanyan from village Jamba is an Indian politician from Haryana. He is a [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Member of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]],<ref name="Haryana Elections Results: Full list of winners in Haryana Assembly polls 2024">{{cite news |date=8 October 2024 |title=Haryana Elections Results: Full list of winners in Haryana Assembly polls 2024 |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/haryana-elections-results-full-list-of-winners-9607858/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704165505/https://indianexpress.com/elections/haryana-elections-results-full-list-of-winners-9607858/ |archivedate=4 July 2025 |accessdate=4 July 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref> representing [[Pundri Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2024 |title=Pundri, Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Satpal Jamba with 42805 defeats Independent candidate Satbir Bhana |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/pundri-haryana-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612796-2024-10-08 |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2024 |title=BJP's Satpal Jamba Wins Haryana's Pundri Assembly Seat, Independent Satbir Bhana Stands Second |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/pundri-election-result-2024-live-update-9077304.html |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="A look at Haryana’s 40 first-time MLAs">{{cite news |date=2 December 2024 |title=A look at Haryana’s 40 first-time MLAs |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-first-time-mlas-9702131/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704171938/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-first-time-mlas-9702131/ |archivedate=4 July 2025 |accessdate=4 July 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jamba, Satpal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Haryana-BJP-politician-stub}}

Quechan

2026-01-03T08:25:31Z

Raunak Shankhwar: made some page from scratch - done

{{Short description|Ethnic group and federally-recognized tribe in Arizona, United States}}
{{about|the Yuma, the Native American people in the United States|their language|Quechan language|the South American language|Quechuan languages}}
{{redirect|Yuman|the settlement in Butte County, California|Yuman, California|the Italian singer-songwriter|Yuman (singer)}}
{{distinguish|Quecha (disambiguation){{!}}Quecha|Quechua (disambiguation){{!}}Quechua}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group=Quechan
|native_name=Kwatsáan
|image=
|total_year=2010
|total=10,089
|total_ref=<ref name="2010 Census">{{cite web|title=2010 Census CPH-T-6. American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2010|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2010/cph-t/t-6tables/TABLE%20(1).pdf|website=census.gov}}</ref>
|popplace= {{flag|Arizona}} {{flag|California}}
|rels=traditional tribal religion, [[Catholicism]]
|langs=[[Quechan language|Quechan]], [[English language|English]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
|related=[[Maricopa people|Maricopa]], [[Mohave people|Mojave]], [[Kumeyaay]], [[Yavapai]], [[Cocopah]]
}}
[[File:Emory-Yuma.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Yumas in "United States and Mexican Boundary Survey. Report of William H. Emory…" Washington, 1857, Volume I]]
The '''Quechan''' ([[Quechan language|Quechan]]: ''Kwatsáan'' 'those who descended'), or '''Yuma''', are a [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] [[tribe]] who live on the [[Fort Yuma Indian Reservation]] on the lower [[Colorado River]] in [[Arizona]] and [[California]] just north of the Mexican border.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us - Fort Yuma Quechan Indian Tribe|url=https://www.quechantribe.com/about-us.html|access-date=2022-01-12|website=www.quechantribe.com}}</ref> Despite their name, they are not related to the [[Quechua people]] of the Andes. Members are enrolled in the '''Quechan Tribe of the Fort Yuma Indian Reservation.''' The federally recognized Quechan tribe's main office is located in Winterhaven, California. Its operations and the majority of its reservation land are located in California, United States.

==History==
The historic Yuman-speaking people in this region were skilled warriors and active traders, maintaining exchange networks with the [[Pima people|Pima]] in southern Arizona, New Mexico, and with peoples of the Pacific coast.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Luebering |first=J. E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TnQVJ01VDisC&dq=Yuman-speaking+people+pima&pg=PA101 |title=Native American History |date=2010-08-15 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-1-61530-130-0 |language=en}}</ref>

The first significant contact of the Quechan with [[European colonization of the Americas|Europeans]] was with the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish]] explorer [[Juan Bautista de Anza]] and his party in the winter of 1774. Relations were friendly.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Herrera |first=Carlos R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lktBgAAQBAJ&dq=Quechan+the+yuma+colony+and+massacre&pg=PA67 |title=Juan Bautista de Anza: The King's Governor in New Mexico |date=2015-01-14 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-4963-9 |language=en}}</ref> On Anza's return from his second trip to [[Alta California]] in 1776, the [[Tribal chief|chief]] of the tribe and three of his men journeyed to [[Mexico City]] to petition the Viceroy of New Spain for the establishment of a [[Mission (station)|mission]]. The chief Palma and his three companions were [[baptized]] in Mexico City on February 13, 1777. Palma was given the Spanish baptismal name ''Salvador Carlos Antonio''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Santiago |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AZsDQAAQBAJ&dq=baptismal+name+Salvador+Carlos+Antonio&pg=PA52 |title=Massacre at the Yuma Crossing: Spanish Relations with the Quechans, 1779-1782 |date=2016-12-15 |publisher=University of Arizona Press |isbn=978-0-8165-3685-6 |language=en}}</ref>

Once the initial contact had been made, The Quechan people seemed inviting toward [[Juan Bautista de Anza]]. He promised them to set up a mission where all people would live together instead of in a hierarchy. Alongside the promise, de Anza gave Palma’s people horses, steel weapons, clothes, and iron as a token of allegiance.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Service |first=United States National Park |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RY1aAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA90 |title=The Spanish Missionary Heritage of the United States: Selected Papers and Commentaries from the November 1990 Quincentenary Symposium |date=1993 |publisher=United States Department of the Interior/National Park Service |language=en}}</ref>

This allegiance would soon sour as the bureaucracy of the Spanish Empire would cause major delays to the construction of the missions. When the Spanish’s first gifts arrived in 1780, they would be more of a bad omen than a sign of friendship as the livestock being herded to them would go and trample most of if not all the Quechan’s crops. That year there was severe lack of rain thus forcing the Quechan to raid another nearby tribe known as the [[Maricopa people|Maricopa]].<ref name=":2" />

The following year, two high members of the tribe were arrested for allegedly plotting to assassinate a high-ranking officer. One of the natives was placed in stocks to humiliate them and this caused Palma to finally turn his back on the Spanish.<ref name=":2" />

Spanish settlement among the Quechan did not go smoothly; the tribe rebelled from July 17–19, 1781 and killed four priests and thirty soldiers. They also attacked and damaged the Spanish mission settlements of [[Mission San Pedro y San Pablo de Bicuñer|San Pedro y San Pablo de Bicuñer]] and [[Mission Puerto de Purísima Concepción|Puerto de Purísima Concepción]], killing many. The following year, the Spanish retaliated with military action against the tribe.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lawrence |first1=Deborah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h6_xCwAAQBAJ&dq=Quechan+rebellion&pg=PT236 |title=Contesting the Borderlands: Interviews on the Early Southwest |last2=Lawrence |first2=Jon |date=2016-04-28 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-5509-8 |language=en}}</ref> After 1840, the Quechan people near La Frontera returned to their original ways of religious practice as soon as the mission priests left and no one replaced them.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Porcayo-Michelini |first=Antonio |date=2022-07-03 |title=Yuman Rebels of Antigua California: Colonial Resistance in a Hostile Environment? |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1947461x.2022.2121023 |journal=California Archaeology |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=103–132 |doi=10.1080/1947461x.2022.2121023 |s2cid=252324718 |issn=1947-461X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

After the United States annexed the territories after winning the [[Mexican–American War]], it engaged in the [[Yuma War]] from 1850 to 1853 in response to a conflict between the Quechan and [[Jaeger's Ferry]] and the [[Glanton Gang]], after the Quechan had established a rival ferry service on the Colorado River. During which, the historic Fort Yuma was built across the Colorado River from the present day [[Yuma, Arizona]].

== La Sierra de las Pintas ==
The Sierra de las Pintas was a mountain range that most Spanish expeditions would actively avoid. Spanish explorers were able to see the range, but avoided exploring due to the Quechan informing them that it was uninhabitable and had no drinkable water sources.<ref name=":0" />

When the Spanish had the Yumans guide them through the Sierra de las Pintas, they would take the Spanish to an area with little to no water in order to discourage further exploration.<ref name=":0" />

The Spanish later on attempted to explore the mountain range, searching for water in creative ways. Explorers would follow herds of [[Bighorn sheep|Bighorn Sheep]] up the mountain or by chance would find small patches of vegetation pointing toward a hidden water source.<ref name=":0" />

== The Yuma Route ==
The Yuma route was a trail that ran from Southern New Mexico and reached [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]] and [[Sonora]]. The trail branched out even further to reach the [[Los Angeles Basin]], [[San Diego]], [[Colorado River]] and the [[Gila River]]. This route was well established before the arrival of the Spanish, and used as a trade route amongst the tribes of the areas.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Forbes |first=Jack D. |date=1964-06-01 |title=The Development of the Yuma Route before 1846 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25155639 |journal=California Historical Society Quarterly |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=99–118 |doi=10.2307/25155639 |jstor=25155639 |issn=0008-1175|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

At first, the Spanish used minor portions of the trail. It was not until San Diego and Monterey were established that they needed a more reliable and faster path. The path was first walked by Sebastian Taraval, a [[Cochimí|Cochimi]] person who fled from San Gabriel. Sebastian was then followed by Captain Juan Bautista de Anza. Anza was only able to follow Sebastian to the Imperial Valley Kamia village, where he lost Sebastian and was forced to reach the Quechan people on his own.<ref name=":1" />

==Population==
[[File:Quechans c 1875.jpg|thumb|Two Quechans in about 1875]]
Estimates for the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially (see [[population of Native California]]). [[Alfred L. Kroeber]] (1925:883) put the 1770 population of the Quechan at 2,500.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quechan|title=Quechan}}</ref> Jack D. Forbes (1965:341–343) compiled historical estimates and suggested that before they were first contacted, the Quechan had numbered 4,000 or a few more.

Kroeber estimated the population of the Quechan in 1910 as 750. By 1950, there were reported to be just under 1,000 Quechan living on the reservation and more than 1,100 off it (Forbes 1965:343). The [[United States Census, 2000|2000 census]] reported a resident population of 2,376 persons on the Fort Yuma Indian Reservation. As of 2023, there are about 4,000 active members of the tribe living on or near the reservation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fort Yuma Quechan Indian Tribe |url=https://tentribespartnership.org/tribes/fort-yuma-quechan-indian-tribe/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Keepers of the River |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Language==
{{main|Quechan language}}
The Quechan language is part of the [[Yuman languages|Yuman language family]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cla.berkeley.edu/languages/quechan.html|title=Quechan (Yuma)}}</ref>

The Quechan tribe, in partnership with linguists, have created a fully detailed language guide. This guide includes sections about their alphabet along with the different words for actions, animals, the body, colors, directions, family and friends, house, money, nature and the environment, numbers, place names, plants, time, and shapes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Departments - Quechan Language Preservation - Fort Yuma Quechan Indian Tribe |url=https://www.quechantribe.com/departments-quechan-language-preservation.html |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=www.quechantribe.com}}</ref>

==Fort Yuma Native American Reservation==
{{main|Fort Yuma Indian Reservation}}
The Fort Yuma Indian Reservation is a part of the Quechan's traditional lands. Established in 1884, the reservation, at {{coord|32|47|N|114|39|W}}, has a land area of {{convert|178.197|km2|sqmi|3|abbr=on}} in southeastern [[Imperial County, California]], and western [[Yuma County, Arizona]], near the city of [[Yuma, Arizona]]. Both the county and city are named for the tribe.

==See also==
* [[Quechan traditional narratives]]
* [[Quechan language]]
* [[Fort Yuma]]
* [[Blythe geoglyphs]]
* [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas]]
* [[Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas]]
* [[Native Americans in the United States]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last1=Bryant |first1=George|last2=Miller|first2=Amy|title=Xiipúktan (First of All): Three Views of the Origins of the Quechan People|series=World Oral Literature Series |year=2013|volume=5 |publisher=Open Book Publishers|doi=10.11647/OBP.0037|doi-access=free |isbn=978-1-909254-40-4 }} {{open access}}
* {{cite book |last=Forbes |first=Jack D. |year=1965 |title=Warriors of the Colorado: The Yumas of the Quechan Nation and Their Neighbors |url=https://archive.org/details/warriorsofcolora0000forb |url-access=registration |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |location=Norman }}
* {{cite book |last=Kroeber |first=A. L. |year=1925 |title=Handbook of the Indians of California |series=Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin |volume=78 |location=Washington, DC|url=https://archive.org/details/bulletin781925smit }}
* {{cite book |last=Pritzker |first=Barry M. |title=A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-513877-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanen0000prit }}
* Zappia, Natale A. (2014). ''Traders and Raiders: The Indigenous World of the Colorado Basin, 1540–1859.'' Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
* {{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |title=Yuma Reservation, California/Arizona |work=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=2006-11-27 }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Quechan}}
* [http://www.quechantribe.com/ Quechan Tribal Council], official website
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070205123654/http://www.itcaonline.com/tribes_quechan.html Fort Yuma-Quechan Tribe], Inter Tribal Council of Arizona
{{Clear}}
{{Indigenous People of AZ}}
{{Indigenous peoples of California}}
{{Imperial County, California}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Quechan| ]]
[[Category:Native American tribes in California]]
[[Category:Native American tribes in Arizona]]
[[Category:Federally recognized tribes in the United States]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of Mexico]]
[[Category:Yuma, Arizona]]
[[Category:Winterhaven, California]]
[[Category:Geography of Yuma County, Arizona]]
[[Category:Geography of Imperial County, California]]

Bharat Sundar

2025-12-25T23:38:14Z

Raunak Shankhwar: Created New Entry

{{short description|Indian singer}}
{{notability|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bharat Sundar
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|08|30|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2021 |title=Bharat Sundar Biography |url=https://www.bharatsundar.com/pdf/Bharat%20Sundar_Biography.pdf |format=PDF |website=bharatsundar.com |access-date=2025-10-27}}</ref>
| birth_place =
| other_names = K. Bharat Sundar<ref>{{cite web |author=G. Swaminathan |date=2019-01-04 |title=‘Balance’ was the watchword at Bharat Sundar’s concert |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/balance-was-the-watchword-at-bharat-sundars-concert/article25733209.ece |publisher=The Hindu |access-date=2025-10-27}}</ref>
| occupation = singer
| known_for = [[Carnatic music]]
}}
'''K. Bharat Sundar''' (born 30 August 1988) is an Indian singer from [[Chennai]] specialized in [[Carnatic music]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2024-12-08 |title=Vidwan Bharat Sundar Shines in Concert at Kalasagaram’s 57th Annual Festival |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/vidwan-bharat-sundar-shines-in-concert-at-kalasagarams-57th-annual-festival-1845230 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=2025-10-27}}</ref>

Bharat Sundar does not come from a family of musicians.<ref name="TIE">{{cite web |author=G. Pramod Kumar |date=2022-01-19 |title=The Bharat Sundar Interview: ’I like anything that’s abstract…’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/carnatic-musician-bharat-sundar-marghazhi-music-festival-in-chennai-7731196/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121043149/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/carnatic-musician-bharat-sundar-marghazhi-music-festival-in-chennai-7731196/ |archive-date=2022-01-21 |publisher=The Indian Express |access-date=2025-10-27}}</ref> Among others, he learned from [[P. S. Narayanaswamy]] and [[S. Sowmya]].<ref name="TIE" />

Bharat Sundar was awarded the [[Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar]] for 2020.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2022-11-25 |title=Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar 2020 |url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2022/nov/doc20221125136601.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715212634/https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2022/nov/doc20221125136601.pdf |archive-date=2024-07-15 |format=PDF |publisher=Press Information Bureau |access-date=2025-10-27}}</ref>

He performed at the annual concerts by the [[Madras Music Academy]] in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2024 |title=98th Annual Concerts 2024 |url=https://www.musicacademymadras.in/98th-annual-concerts-2024/ |publisher=The Music Academy |access-date=2025-10-27}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://bharatsundar.com/ Official website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sundar, Bharat}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Chennai]]

{{India-singer-stub}}

Banke Bihari Temple

2025-12-16T21:28:55Z

Raunak Shankhwar: Created A Place...

{{short description|Hindu temple dedicated to the combined form of Radha Krishna in Vrindavan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Banke Bihari Temple
| image = Banke Bihari Vrindavan.jpg
|caption= Banke Bihari, a combined form of [[Radha Krishna]] at Banke-Bihari temple, Vrindavan
| alt = Banke Bihari in Thakur Shri Banke Bihari Temple, Vrindavan
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh
| map_caption = Location in [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| coordinates = {{coord|27.57976|77.69051|type:landmark_region:IN-UP|display=inline,title}}
| native_name =Kunj Bihari Temple
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Mathura]]
| location = [[Vrindavan]]
| elevation_m = 169.77
| deity = [[Radha Krishna|Banke Bihari]] ([[Radha]] and [[Krishna]])
| festivals= [[Janmashtami]], [[Radhashtami]], [[Holi]], [[Sharad Purnima]], [[Karthik Purnima]]
| architecture = [[Rajasthani architecture|Rajasthani]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = 1862<ref>{{cite web|author=Glory project of Bihar, ISKCON PATNA, developed by Mahesh K Sanatan|title=Temple History & Bihari Ji Appearance in Nidhivan - Shri Shri Banke Bihari, Vrindavan Dham|website=www.bankeybihari.info|url=http://www.bankeybihari.info/banke-bihari-ji/|accessdate=2017-06-09|archive-date=27 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627174646/http://www.bankeybihari.info/banke-bihari-ji/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| website = {{url|bankeybihari.info}} 
{{url|bihariji.org}}
}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
'''Banke Bihari Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] situated in the town of [[Vrindavan]], [[Mathura district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. The temple is dedicated to '''Banke Bihari''' who is believed to be the combined form of [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]]. Banke Bihari was originally worshipped at [[Nidhivan, Vrindavan]]. Later, when Banke Bihari temple was constructed around 1864, the icon of Banke Bihari was moved to its present temple.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Visit Banke Bihari Temple |url=https://www.goibibo.com/destinations/vrindavan/places-to-visit-in-vrindavan/bankey-bihari-temple-7352795747623735679/ |access-date=18 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="Guide">{{cite book |author=Rājaśekhara Dāsa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1cvAAAAYAAJ |title=The Color Guide to Vṛndāvana: India's Most Holy City of Over 5,000 Temples |publisher=Vedanta Vision Publication |year=2000}}</ref>

In the Banke Bihari temple, the icon of [[Radha Krishna]]'s united form stands in the [[Tribhanga]] posture. [[Swami Haridas]] originally worshipped this [[murti]] under the name of '''''Kunj Bihari''','' which means the one who enjoys in the groves or ''Kunj'' of Vrindavan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Banke Bihari {{!}} District Mathura, Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://mathura.nic.in/tourist-place/shri-banke-bihari/ |access-date=2023-06-22 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Banke-Bihari-Mandir-Vrindavan.jpg|alt=Devotees taking darshan at Banke Bihari Mandir in Vrindavan|thumb|Devotees at Banke Bihari Mandir in Vrindavan]]
The icon of Banke Bihari was originally worshipped by [[Swami Haridas|Svāmī Haridās]] under the name Kuñjbihārī. His disciples bestowed the name Bānke Bihārī due to the image's ''[[Tribhanga|tribhaṅga]]'' posture. The icon's appearance is celebrated on Bihar Panchami. Formerly Bānke Bihārī was worshipped in [[Nidhivan, Vrindavan|Nidhivan]], but was moved to the present location in the 19th century due a dispute between the sādhu and gosvāmī followers of Haridās. The gosvāmī's built the current temple and reside behind it.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Entwistle |first=A.W. |title=Braj: Centre of Krishna Pilgrimage |publisher=Egbert Forsten |year=1987 |pages=403}}</ref>

== In scriptures ==
[[File:Govardhana-Mola-Ram1.jpg|thumb|190px| [[Krishna]] upholding the [[Govardhan]] mountain in the ''Tribhanga'' pose]]

'Bānke' means 'bent', and 'Bihāri' or 'Vihāri' means 'enjoyer'. This is how Kṛiṣhṇa, who is bent in three places, got the name "Bānke Bihāri". According to Śrī Brahma-saḿhitā (verse 5.31), [[Brahma]] says the following about Kṛishna

"I worship Govinda, the primeval Lord, round whose neck is swinging a garland of flowers beautified with the moon-locket, whose two hands are adorned with the flute and jewelled ornaments, who always revels in pastimes of love, whose graceful threefold-bending form of Śyāmasundara is eternally manifest."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vedabase.com/en/bs/5/31|title=Bs 5.31|last=pnd|date=2012-01-01|website=www.vedabase.com|language=en|access-date=2017-06-09|archive-date=21 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121172509/http://www.vedabase.com/en/bs/5/31|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/Brahma-Samhita |title=Brahma Samhita |language=Sanskrit}}</ref>

==Rituals==
In this temple, Banke Bihari is worshiped in the form of a small child.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-30 |title=Why the curtains are constantly opened and closed in Banke Bihari temple |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/soul-search/why-the-curtains-are-constantly-opened-and-closed-in-banke-bihari-temple/photostory/109717340.cms |access-date=2025-10-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Thus, to avoid disturbing the deity, an early morning [[Arti (Hinduism)|arti]] is not performed and bells are not hung anywhere inside the temple premises. Only on the occasion of [[Krishna Janmashtami]], mangala aarti (early morning aarti) is performed. There is a popular belief that uninterrupted darshan will cause Banke Bihari to accompany devotees to their home and leave the temple empty. Therefore, the curtains are drawn every five minutes to avoid the uninterrupted darshan of Banke Bihari.

Once a year, on the occasion of [[Sharad Purnima]] Banke Bihari holds the flute in His hands. Additionally, once in the month of Shravan Banke Bihari is placed in a swing.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bansal |first=Sunita Pant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lzPCOVQGP3wC&q=Banke+Bihari&pg=PT9 |title=Hindu Pilgrimage |date=2008 |publisher=Pustak Mahal |isbn=978-81-223-0997-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==Gallery==
<gallery size="4" mode="packed">
File:Bankebihari temple main gate Vrindavan.JPG|Entrance of Banke Bihari Temple
File:Nidhivana Vrindavan Prakatyasthala bankebihariji.JPG|Nidhivana
File:Bankebihari temple gate, sideview Vrindavana.JPG|Bankey Bihari Temple gate, sideview
File:Flower garland sellers outside Banke Bihari Temple, Vrindavan.jpg|Garland sellers outside Banke Bihari Temple
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Radha Vallabh Temple, Vrindavan]]
*[[Nidhivan, Vrindavan]]
*[[Radha Raman Temple, Vrindavan]]
*[[Radha Rani Temple]], [[Barsana]]
*[[Radha Damodar Temple, Vrindavan]]
*[[Radha Madan Mohan Temple, Vrindavan]]

==References==
{{Commons category|Banke Bihari Temple}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.bankeybihari.info Official website]
* [http://www.thedivineindia.com/shri-bankey-bihari-temple/5846 Shri Bankey Bihari Temple -thedivineindia.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801155654/http://www.thedivineindia.com/shri-bankey-bihari-temple/5846 |date=1 August 2015 }}
{{Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh |state=expanded}}

[[Category:Krishna temples]]
[[Category:Radha Krishna temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Mathura district]]
[[Category:Vrindavan]]

Princess Royal (1786 EIC ship)

2025-12-13T21:38:52Z

Raunak Shankhwar: put up...

{{other ships|Princess Royal (East Indiaman)|Princess Royal (ship)|French ship Duguay-Trouin}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
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|image=
|image_caption =
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|section2={{Infobox ship/career
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| name = ''Princess Royal''
| owner = Alexander Hume
| ordered =
| builder = Wells
| laid_down =
| launched = October 1786
| renamed =
| fate = Captured 1793
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=title
|country=France
|flag=[[File:Flag of French-Navy-Revolution.svg|45px|French Navy Ensign]]
|name= ''Duguay Trouin''
|namesake=[[René Duguay-Trouin]]
|owner=Pitot & Co of Mauritius
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|section4={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=title
|country={{nowrap|United Kingdom}}
|flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
| name = ''Princess Royal''
| owner =
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| acquired = By capture and purchase 1794
| commissioned =
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| fate = Captured October 1799
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|section5={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=<ref name=BL>[http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS045-001115589 British Library: ''Princess Royal'' (3).]</ref>
|class=
|type=East Indiaman
|tonnage=
|displacement=
|tons_burthen=805{{small|{{frac|48|94}}}}<ref name=Hackman/> ([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]])
|length={{convert|143|ft|7+1/2|in|m|1|abbr=on}} (overall); {{convert|116|ft|0+1/2|in|m|1|abbr=on}} (keel)
|beam={{convert|36|ft|1+1/2|in|m|1|abbr=on}}
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|complement=*1794: 403 men <ref name="Demerliac409" />
*1793:99<ref name=LoM>{{cite web|url=http://www.1812privateers.org/Great%20Britain/marque1793-1815.pdf|title=Letter of Marque, p.83 – Retrieved 25 July 2017.|access-date=27 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020052005/http://www.1812privateers.org/Great%20Britain/marque1793-1815.pdf|archive-date=20 October 2016|url-status=dead }}</ref>
*''Duguay Trouin'': 403
*1798:95<ref name=LoM/>
|crew=
|armament=*1793: 26 × 9- & 4-pounder guns<ref name=LoM/>
*''Duguay Trouin'': 26 × 12-pounder + 2 × 9-pounder + 4 × 6-pounder guns{{sfnp|Winfield|Roberts |2015|p=134}}{{efn|Captain Newcome of HMS ''Orpheus'', see text, reported that ''Duguay Truin'' carried twenty-six 18-pounder guns.<ref name=LG13738/> James believed that her main guns were 12-pounders, arguing that that was what she carried as an East Indiaman, and that her gunports were not fitted for 18-pounders.<ref>James (1837), Vol. 1, pp.226-7.</ref> Demerliac gives twenty-six 12-pounders, two 9-pounders and six 4-pounders.<ref name="Demerliac409" />}}
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|notes=
}}
}}

'''''Princess Royal''''', launched in 1786, was an [[East Indiaman]]. She made two complete trips to India for the British [[East India Company]] (EIC) and was on her third trip, this one to China, when French privateers or warships captured her on 27 September 1793. The [[French Navy]] took her into service in the Indian Ocean as a 34-gun frigate under the name ''Duguay Trouin''. The [[Royal Navy]] recaptured her and she returned to British merchant service. In 1797 she performed one more voyage for the EIC. She received a [[letter of marque]] in July 1798 but was captured in October 1799 off the coast of Sumatra.

==EIC==
Captain James Horncastle commanded ''Princess Royal'' on all three of her voyages, including her last.<ref name=BL/>

===EIC voyage #1 (1787-88)===
Horncastle left [[The Downs (ship anchorage)|the Downs]] on 6 January 1787, bound for [[Chennai|Madras]], [[Bengal]], and [[Mumbai|Bombay]]. Capt James Horncastle. ''Princess Royal'' reached [[Cape colony|the Cape]] on 3 April, and arrived at Madras on 6 June. From there she sailed to [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], arriving at [[Diamond Harbour]] on 18 June. For her return trip, she passed [[Sagar Island|Saugor]] on 16 November, and reached Bombay on 12 February 1788. She reached [[Saint Helena|St Helena]] on 12 June and arrived at the Downs on 22 August.<ref name=BL/> During this voyage Horncastle and ''Princess Royal'' reportedly fought an action in the [[Straits of Malacca]],<ref>Hardy (1835), p.160.</ref> though it is not clear against whom.

===EIC voyage #2 (1790-91)===
Horncastle left the Downs on 26 April 1790, bound for Bombay. ''Princess Royal'' reached [[Anjouan|Johanna]] on 12 August and arrived at Bombay on 3 September. From there she sailed to [[Thalassery|Tellicherry]], which she reached on 7 October, [[Anchuthengu|Anjengo]] (27 October), and Tellicherry again (14 November), before returning to Bombay on 30 November. For her return trip she reached Tellicherry on 7 January 1791, the Cape on 3 March, and St Helena on 22 March. She arrived at the Downs on 13 May.<ref name=BL/>

===EIC voyage #3 and capture (1793-capture)===
Horncastle left the Downs on 5 April 1793, bound for St Helena and China. The [[French Revolutionary Wars]] had begun two months earlier so Horncastle received a [[letter of marque]] dated 28 February 1793.<ref name=LoM/> This would permit him to engage in offensive action against the French should the opportunity present itself. ''Princess Royal'' reached St Helena on 11 July.<ref name=BL/> Unfortunately, on 29 September three French warships captured her off [[Anyer|Anger]] (or Anjere) Point while she was still on her way to China.<ref name=BL/>

H. Couperus, the Dutch governor of [[Malacca]], wrote a letter on 15 December 1793 to the English captains there that a letter from [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] dated 29 September reported that three French warships had attacked and captured ''Princess Royal''. The letter further reported that the French ships mounted about 120 guns between them. Captain Bampton, of ''Hormazeer'', arrived with a cargo of sugar from Batavia that he picked up after delivering a cargo to [[Botany Bay]]. He reported that he had seen three French ships at Batavia, two of 50 guns and one of 44 guns. Another report, this by Captain Simpson of ''Carron'', stated that three French warships were cruising off the coast of Canton. He described them as a 64-gun, a 44-gun, and a 20-gun vessel; they had a large number of troops aboard and were believed responsible for ''Princess Royal{{'}}''s capture.<ref name=Prize>Houghton, Roger - ''A Peoples' History 1793 – 1844 from the newspapers: Prize-taking'',[http://www.houghton.idv.hk/?p=218] - accessed 29 December 2014.</ref>

A later account reports that the three privateers were the 36-gun ''Dumouriez'', 32-gun ''La Liberté'', and 28-gun ''Égalité''. Horncastle fought for an hour before [[striking the colours|striking]]. ''Princess Royal'' had two men killed and three wounded.<ref>Biden (1830), pp203-4.</ref>

Her captors took ''Princess Royal'' to [[Mauritius|Île de France]]. There she was sold; reportedly, "Prize-taking has become so lucrative on Mauritius that bidding for the fast-sailing Princess Royal was fierce and she sold for 2,400,000 livres."<ref name=Prize/>{{efn|Even if the currency was the [[French colonial livre]] (1.5Fcl/1[[French livre]]), this is quite a sum, especially as the EIC reported the value of its cargo on board ''Princess Royal'' as only £1,800.<ref>''Reports from the Select Committee of the House of Commons appointed to enquire into the present state of the affairs of the East India Company, together with the minutes of evidence, an appendix of documents, and a general index'', (1830), Vol. 2, p.976.</ref>}} ''Lloyd's List'' reported that she was in Mauritius being fitted out as a privateer.<ref>''Lloyd's List'', no.2589,[http://www.1812privateers.org/LLOYDS/1794/02-25-1794.jpg] - accessed 30 December 2014.</ref> The French Navy requisitioned her and renamed her ''Duguay Trouin''.{{sfnp|Winfield|Roberts |2015|p=134}}

==French naval service==
{{main|Sunda Strait campaign of January 1794}}

On 25 January 1794, ''Duguay Trouin'', under the command of Julien Thérouart, was in the [[Sunda Strait]] as part of a French naval squadron from Île de France, that also included the frigates [[French frigate Prudente (1790)|''Prudente'']] and [[French frigate Cybèle (1789)|''Cybèle'']], and the brig [[French brig Prudente|''Vulcain'']], all four vessels under the overall command of Captain [[Jean-Marie Renaud]]. There they engaged a squadron of EIC ships consisting of the East Indiamen {{ship||William Pitt|1785 EIC ship|2}}, {{ship||Houghton|1782 EIC ship|2}}, and {{ship||Britannia|1772 EIC ship|2}}, the country ship {{ship||Nonsuch|1781 ship|2}}, the [[Bombay Marine]] (EIC) 14-gun brig ''Nautilus'', and two recently captured French privateers, all under the overall command of Commodore Charles Mitchell. (The two privateers were the corvettes [[French privateer Vengeur|''Vengeur'']] and [[French ship Résolue#Privateers and other ships|''Résolue'']]. On 17 January they had attacked the EIC [[Factory (trading post)|factory]] at [[Bengkulu (city)|Bencoolen]], where the East Indiaman [[Pigot (1780 Indiaman)|''Pigot'']] had repelled them. Mitchell's squadron encountered the two on 22 January and captured them.)

For an hour the two squadrons continued a general exchange of fire at long-range, before Mitchell turned ''William Pitt'', ''Houghton'' and ''Nonsuch'' towards the French at 09:30, the latter two both managing to hit ''Cybèle'' with destructive [[Broadside (naval)|broadside]]s. Firing continued for another 18 minutes as Renaud withdrew, eventually anchoring off the island of Pulau Baby. Neither commander was keen to continue the action, Mitchell fearing that his undermanned ships would not be able to properly engage the better armed French vessels. Casualties among the French squadron are not known, but the only loss on the British ships was on ''Nonsuch'', which had a man killed in combat with ''Cybèle''.<ref name="WJ199">James (1837), Vol. 1, p. 199.</ref>

In need of reinforcement and resupply, Mitchell drew his squadron back to [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] and was there joined by the 36 gun Dutch frigate [[Dutch ship Amazone|''Amazone'']] under Captain Kerwal and an armed merchant ship. Mitchell's ships then cruised the Sunda Strait for another two weeks without discovering any enemy vessels, before concluding the operation on 8 February and returning to the Indian Ocean via Bencoolen.<ref name="WJ199"/>

Renaud used Mitchell's retreat to withdraw also into the Indian Ocean via Bencoolen. His squadron reached the British trading post on 9 February, where ''Pigot'' was still undergoing repairs. The French vessels' arrival took ''Pigot'' by surprise and they captured her. As the merchant ship was manoeuvred out of the bay, Renaud demanded the surrender of the small Fort Marlborough nearby and was informed that the fort was well armed and that the arrival of Mitchell's squadron was expected at any moment. Unwilling to reengage with Mitchell, Renaud withdrew immediately without assaulting the fort.<ref name="WJ199"/> The French squadron subsequently returned to Île de France.

==Recapture==
{{main|Action of 5 May 1794}}

{{HMS|Orpheus|1780|6}}, Captain Newcome, captured ''Duguay Trouin'' on 5 May 1794. In the action, ''Orpheus'' had a midshipman killed, and nine men wounded. French casualties amounted to 21 men killed and 60 wounded.<ref name="Demerliac409">Demerliac, p.74, no 409</ref> Many of the French crew were ill and Newcome believed that they would not survive the voyage to Madras. Instead, he sailed to [[Mahé, Seychelles]], where he arrived on 16 May. It was a French possession but it made no resistance when he arrived.

Newcome landed 200 sick and wounded prisoners, as well as the rest of ''Dugay Trouin''{{'}}s crew on [[Ste. Anne Island]], from where a brig later carried them to at [[Port-Louis]], [[Mauritius]]. Newcome wrote to [[Anne Joseph Hippolyte de Maurès, Comte de Malartic|Malartic]], the governor of Mauritius, asking him to release British prisoners equal in number and rank to those Newcome had landed.

While it was in the Seychelles, the British squadron also captured the brig ''Olivette'', which belonged to the French privateer [[Jean-François Hodoul]], and ''Deux Andrés'', a slaver from Mozambique under the command of Captain Hardy, with 408 slaves on board.<ref name=LG13738>{{London Gazette|issue=13738|page=17|date=6 January 1795}}</ref> On 20 May Newcome sent ''Olivette'' to [[Praslin]] to gather supplies for the squadron,

Newcome left Mahé on 1 June and arrived at Madras on 18 June, together with ''Duguay Trouin'' and ''Deux Andrés''.

==Merchantman and capture==
On 2 August 1794, it was announced that friends of Captain Reid, of Madras, had purchased ''Duguay Trouin'' and appointed him her captain.<ref>Houghton, Roger - ''A Peoples' History 1793 – 1844 from the newspapers: Asia 1796 - 1809, Part 2'',[http://www.houghton.idv.hk/?p=176] - accessed 29 December 2014.</ref> ''Duguay Trouin'' sold for £2900. Her purchasers renamed her ''Catherine'' and employed her in the coastal trade.<ref name=Hackman>Hackman (2001), p.179.</ref> John Reid had left ''Princess Royal'' by 4 May 1797. (He shipped on board the country ship ''Pearl'' for [[Basra|Bussora]] and may have died later that year.)<ref>Jackson (1799), pp.1, 104, & 108.</ref>

She made one more voyage for the EIC. At some point ''Catherine'' reverted to the name ''Princess Royal''.{{efn|Hackman implies that the name change occurred after ''Catherine'' returned to Bombay from England.<ref name=Hackman/> However he appears to have mixed up the name of the captains on ''Princess Royal'' of 805 tons (bm), and on [[Princess Royal (1794 ship)|''Princess Royal'']] of 405 tons (bm). Registers of [[Letters of marque]] and entries in ''[[Lloyd's Register]]'' provide the evidence for the occurrence of a mix-up.}} It is most likely that the name reversion occurred before she left for England.

Captain John Wedgborough (or Wedgebrough) left Bombay on 9 August 1797. ''Princess Royal'' reached the Cape on 16 October and St Helena on 3 December. She arrived at the Downs on 31 January 1798.<ref name=BL2>[http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS045-001115591 British Library: ''Princess Royal'' (5).]</ref> Wedgebrough received a letter of marque on 14 July 1798.<ref name=LoM/>

''Lloyd's List'' reported in 1800 that a privateer had captured ''Princess Royal'', "late Company's ship", in November 1799 off the coast of Sumatra.<ref>[http://www.1812privateers.org/LLOYDS/1800/04-11-1800.jpg ''Lloyd's List'', no.4040- accessed 6 September 2015.]</ref> The captor was reported to be the privateer [[Malartic (1799 ship)|''Malartic'']], of 12 guns.<ref>''The Asiatic Annual Register: Or a View of the History of Hindustan and of the Politics, Commerce and Literature of Asia'', (1801; Cadell and Davies), "Chronicle for October 1799", p.41.</ref> ''Malartic{{'}}''s captain was the noted French privateer [[Jean-Marie Dutertre]]. ''[[Le Moniteur Universel]]'' reported on 2 floréal an VIII (22 April 1800) that two privateers had captured ''Princess Royal'' and 15 lesser vessels, with a note stating that the 120-man ''Malartic'' had alone captured ''Princess Royal''.{{efn|Gallois stated that ''Princess Royal'' would have carried 24 to 30 guns, with a crew of 200 to 250 men.<ref>Gallois, vol.2, p.405.</ref> This represents a more than doubling of both guns and men.}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==Citations==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite book |last=Biden |first=Christopher |year=1830 |title=Naval Discipline : Subordination Contrasted with Insubordination: Or, A View of the Necessity for Passing a Law Establishing an Efficient Naval Discipline on Board Ships in the Merchant-service ... |publisher=J.M. Richardson}}
* {{cite book|title=Nomenclature des navires français|last=Demerliac|first=Alain|year=2003|publisher=Éditions A.N.C.R.E.|location=Nice|url=http://ancre.fr/en/ouvrages-de-base-en/42-nomenclature-des-navires-francais.html|language=French|volume=1792-1799}}
* {{cite book|title=Les Corsaires français sous la République et l'Empire|first=Napoléon|last=Gallois|publisher=Julien, Lanier et compagnie|year=1847|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dVMI4l8LN0gC|language=French|volume=2}} (Volume 1 and 2 in a single file)
* {{cite book |last1=Hackman |first1=Rowan |year=2001 |title=Ships of the East India Company |location=Gravesend, Kent |publisher=World Ship Society |isbn=0-905617-96-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Hardy |first=Horatio Charles |year=1835 |title=Supplement to a Register of Ships Employed in the Service of the ... East India Company from 1760 to the Conclusion of the Commercial Charter, Etc. }}
*[[John Jackson (travel writer)|Jackson, John]] (1799) ''Journey from India, towards England, in the year 1797, through countries not much frequented, and unknown to Europeans''.
*{{cite book| last = James| first = William| authorlink = William James (naval historian)| year = 1837| title = The Naval History of Great Britain, from the Declaration of War by France in 1793, to the Accession of George IV.| url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_PSwOAAAAQAAJ| publisher = R. Bentley}}
* {{cite book|last1=Winfield |first1=Rif|last2=Roberts |first2=Stephen S. |year=2015 |title=French Warships in the Age of Sail 1786–1861: Design Construction, Careers and Fates |publisher=Seaforth Publishing |isbn=978-1-84832-204-2}}
{{italic title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Princess Royal (1786 Indiaman)}}
[[Category:Ships of the British East India Company]]
[[Category:1786 ships]]
[[Category:Captured ships]]
[[Category:Age of Sail merchant ships]]
[[Category:Merchant ships of the United Kingdom]]

Rosem

2025-11-25T22:56:16Z

Raunak Shankhwar: done

{{Short description|Traditional Indian tribal wind instrument}}
{{Infobox instrument
| name = Rosem
| image = File:Thanga Darlong holding the traditional musical instrument Rosem.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Folk musician [[Thanga Darlong]] holding the Rosem
| background =
| names =
| classification = [[Wind instrument]]
| hornbostel_sachs = 421.121
| hornbostel_sachs_desc = Flute
| inventors = [[Darlong people|Darlong tribe]]
| developed = Traditional use in [[Tripura]], India
| timbre = [[Melody|Melodic]]
| volume = Varies
| attack = Quick
| decay = Moderate
| range = Limited to a specific octave
| pitch = Variable
| related =
| musicians = Traditional Darlong musicians
| builders =
| articles =
}}

The '''Rosem''' is a traditional [[wind instrument]] from [[Tripura]], northeastern India, associated with the [[Darlong tribe]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Rosem wins over infertility of Padmashri in Tripura |url=https://www.easternpanorama.in/index.php/special-section/218-2019/july-issue/4340-9thjulyicons22019 |publisher=[[Eastern Panorama]] |date=July 2019}}</ref> It is made by shaping [[bamboo]] and incorporating the Um, a traditional water pot used by the Darlong tribe, which allows it to produce distinctive melodic sounds when played. It is commonly used during tribal ceremonies and festivals.<ref name=gov>{{cite web |title=Rosem in Tripura |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/musical-instruments/sushir-vadya/rosem |website=Indianculture.gov.in}}</ref>

Historically, the Rosem was played during the [[Chapchar Kut|Jhum Festival]], an agricultural celebration. Today, it accompanies cultural dances like the Bamboo Dance and Bird Dance.<ref name=gov/> The Rosem has a simple design, but it carries significant cultural importance for the Darlong tribe. As fewer artisans are making it, the instrument is becoming rare, leading to increased efforts for its preservation.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sairem |first1=Donald |title=From performing to making, Manipuri man on mission to preserve traditional musical instruments despite lack of support |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/5523/from-performing-to-making-manipuri-man-on-mission-to-preserve-traditional-musical-instruments-despite-lack-of-support |publisher=[[Imphal Free Press]] |date=February 9, 2021}}</ref><ref name=gov/>

[[Thanga Darlong]], a noted Rosem player, was recognized for his contributions to promoting Rosem and received the [[Padma Shri]], the third highest civilian award in India, in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deb Barman |first1=Priyanka |title=Tripura: Last tribal musical instrument player, Padma shri awardee passes away |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/tripura-last-tribal-musical-instrument-player-padma-shri-awardee-passes-away-101701661318935.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=December 4, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Sujit |title=Tripura tribal artist Thanga Darlong defies poverty, gets Padma Shri for promoting rare musical instrument |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/people/tripura-tribal-artist-thanga-darlong-defies-poverty-gets-padma-shri-for-promoting-rare-musical-instrument |publisher=[[National Herald]] |date=February 28, 2019}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[Music of Tripura]]
* [[Darlong people]]
* [[Bamboo musical instruments]]
* [[Bansuri]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Tripura}}
{{Indian musical instruments}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Indian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Bamboo flutes]]
[[Category:Music of Tripura| ]]
[[Category:Music of India by state or union territory|Tripura]]
[[Category:Tripuri music]]
{{India-music-stub}}

Maharaj Sahab

2025-11-22T12:43:32Z

Raunak Shankhwar: new

{{Short description|Third revered Sant Satguru of the Radhasoami faith}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Maharaj Sahab
| image = Maharaj sahab.jpg
| alias = Param Purush Puran Dhani Maharaj Sahab
| location = [[Agra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| religion = Sant SatGuru Of [[Radha Soami]] Sect
| sect = Sant Mat Radhasoami
| title = Spiritual Teacher (Sant [[Satguru]])
| period = 1898-1907
| predecessor = [[Salig Ram]]
| successor = [[Kamta Prasad Sinha]]
| birth_date = 28 March 1861
| birth_place = Banaras, Uttarpradesh
| death_date = 12 October 1907
| death_place = Banaras, Uttarpradesh
}}
[[File:Maharaj sahab.jpg|thumb|Maharaj sahab]]
''' Maharaj Sahab'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shai |first=Radhasoami |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.61840 |title=Souvenir In Commemoration Of The First Centenary Of The Radhasoami Satsang |date=1961}}</ref> commonly known as Param Guru Maharaj Sahab, was the third revered [[Satguru|Sant Satguru]] of the [[Radhasoami|Radhasoami faith]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Soami Bagh |url=https://www.tajmahal.gov.in/soami-bagh.aspx |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=www.tajmahal.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Saheb Maharaj |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.237063 |title=Discourses On Radhasoami Faith |date=1929 |publisher=R.p.dey Dayal Sahai, Benares}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=''Teachings of Maharaj Saheb'' |url=https://eacharya.inflibnet.ac.in/data-server/eacharya-documents/548158e2e41301125fd790cf_INFIEP_72/110/ET/72-110-ET-V1-S1__l_.pdf |website=eacharya.inflibnet.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Teachings of Maharaj Saheb |url=https://www.radhasoami-spirit.com/Teachings_of_Maharaj_Saheb.pdf |website=www.radhasoami-spirit.com}}</ref> He was the spiritual [[Guru]] and head of [[Radha Soami Satsang Sabha|Radhasoami Satsang]] from 1898 to 1907.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Misra |first=Brahm Sankar |url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL39216193M/Discourses_on_Radhasoami_faith |title=Discourses on Radhasoami faith |date=2009 |publisher=Radhasoami Satsang Sabha |isbn=978-81-89288-40-2 |edition=Second |location=Dayalbagh (Agra)|ol=39216193M }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Maheshwaris |url=https://www.radhasoamifaith.org/Books/NE10/English/Biography_Maharaj_Saheb.pdf |title=Biography_Maharaj_Saheb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Radhasoami, Soami Bagh |url=https://www.radhasoamifaith.org/ |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=www.radhasoamifaith.org}}</ref>

==Early life==
His parental name was Brahm Shankar Misra<ref>{{Cite web |title=Discourses On Radhasoami Faith (1909) |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/25079979-discourses-on-radhasoami-faith |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Goodreads |language=en}}</ref> who succeeded [[Salig Ram]] in 1898.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Juergensmeyer |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=slX3eRycszMC&q=brahm+sankar+mishra |title=Radhasoami Reality: The Logic of a Modern Faith |date=1991 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-01092-2 |language=en}}</ref> He was succeeded by [[Kamta Prasad Sinha]] in 1907.<ref>{{Citation |title=Kamta Prasad Sinha |date=2024-06-19 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamta_Prasad_Sinha&oldid=1229926846 |access-date=2024-06-21 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shai |first=Radhasoami |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.61840 |title=Souvenir In Commemoration Of The First Centenary Of The Radhasoami Satsang |date=1961}}</ref>

==Literature==
He was also the author of the book ''Discourses On Radhasoami faith'', that provides a logical and scientific view to the teaching of Radhasoami faith.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Discourses on Radhasoami faith {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/1331569773 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=search.worldcat.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Publications |url=https://www.dayalbagh.org.in/publications/publication_files/Publication.html |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=www.dayalbagh.org.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Sant Mat - Radhasoami Mat |id={{ASIN|8121293669|country=in}}}}</ref>

==Radhasoami Satsang Dayalbagh==
Located at: [[Dayalbagh]], Agra. Lineage: [[Shiv Dayal Singh]] (Soami Ji Maharaj)- Salig Ram(Huzur Maharaj)— Brahm Shankar Misra(Maharaj Sahab) — [[Kamta Prasad Sinha]](Sarkar Sahab) — [[Anand Swarup]] (Sahab Ji Maharaj, Founder of Dayalbagh) — [[Gurcharan Das Mehta]] — [[Makund Behari Lal]](Lal Sahab) — [[Prem Saran Satsangi]](Satsangi Sahab). Dayalbagh was founded by [[Anand Swarup]], Kt.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dayalbagh.org.in/ |title=Home |website=dayalbagh.org.in}}</ref> The present Guru<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sant Satguru in Radhasoami Faith |url=http://www.dayalbagh.org.in/radhasoami-faith/sant-satguru.htm |website=www.dayalbagh.org.in}}</ref> [[Prem Saran Satsangi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sant Satguru in Radhasoami Faith |url=http://www.dayalbagh.org.in/radhasoami-faith/sant-satguru.htm |website=www.dayalbagh.org.in}}</ref> is a retired physicist and system scientist<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapters - Sysi.org |url=https://www.sysi.org/chapters.html |access-date=17 February 2024 |website=www.sysi.org}}</ref> of [[IIT Delhi]]. The 200th birth anniversary of Shiv Dayal Singh was celebrated in [[Dayalbagh]] from August 2017 to 24 August 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/agra-temple-113-years-in-the-making-inches-towards-completion/articleshow/59040687.cms|title=Agra: Agra temple, 113 years in the making, inches towards completion | Agra News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 June 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bicentennial Celebration Closing Function August 24, 2018 Flyer |url=https://www.dei.ac.in/dei/files/events/2017/Bicentennial_Celebration_Closing_Function_August_24_2018_Flyer.pdf |website=www.dei.ac.in}}</ref>
{{Gallery
|| alt1=thumb|SANT SATGURU OF RADHASOAMI FAITH (DAYALBAGH GURU LINEAGE) }}

==Contribution==
Maharaj Sahab is well known for the historical monument Soami Bagh in [[Agra]]. Soami Bagh in Agra was proposed by Maharaj Sahab. Under the leadership of Maharaj Sahab a grand marble structure was built, which can accommodate all the followers and visitors.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Soami Bagh |url=https://www.tajmahal.gov.in//soami-bagh.aspx |access-date= |website=www.tajmahal.gov.in/}}</ref>

==Samadh==
Maharaj Sahab samadh is located in Varanasi at Kabir Chaura considered as a holy place among his followers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radhasoami, Soami Bagh |url=https://www.radhasoamifaith.org/ |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=www.radhasoamifaith.org}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Radha Soami]]
[[Category:Surat Shabd Yoga]]
[[Category:Sant Mat gurus]]
[[Category:1861 births]]
[[Category:1907 deaths]]

National Highway 234 (India, old numbering)

2025-10-17T07:09:54Z

Raunak Shankhwar: created

{{Short description|National Highway in India}}
{{Infobox road
|country=IND
|type = NH
|route = 234
|length_km = 780
|direction_a =
|terminus_a = [[Mangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
|junction = [[Sira, India|Sira]] - [[National Highway 4 (India)|NH 4]], [[Venkatagirikota]] - [[NH 219]], [[Vellore]] - [[NH 46]], [[Thiruvannaamalai]] [[NH 66]]
|direction_b =
|terminus_b = [[Villupuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|destinations= [[Gowribidanur, Karnataka|Gowribidanur]], [[Chintamani, Karnataka|Chintamani]], [[Venkatagirikota]], [[Gudiyatham]], [[Vellore]], [[Thiruvannaamalai]]
|states = [[Karnataka]]:509 km, [[Andhra Pradesh]]:23 km, [[Tamil Nadu]]: 234 km, Total: 780km
}}

'''National Highway 234''' ('''NH 234'''), was a National Highway in India that originated in [[Mangalore]], [[Karnataka]], travelled through [[Venkatagirikota]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Vellore]], [[Thiruvannamalai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], terminating at [[Villupuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2022-01-21 |title=Centre sanctions Rs 221.03 crore for nine-km Gudiyatham bypass road in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/Jan/21/centre-sanctions-rs-22103-crore-for-nine-km-gudiyatham-bypass-road-in-tamil-nadu-2409446.html |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Under the new highway numbering system, [[Mangalore]] to [[Banavara]] part of this highway was merged with [[National Highway 73 (India)|National Highway 73]], [[Banavara]] to [[Mulbagal]] has been a part of [[National Highway 69 (India)|National Highway 69]], [[Mulbagal]] to [[Vellore]] is tagged as [[National Highway 75 (India)|National Highway 75]] and [[Vellore]] to [[Villupuram]] sector now comes under [[National Highway 38 (India)|National Highway 38]].<ref name=dorth>[http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/linkimages/9-6774713323.pdf New Highway Numbering] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816023220/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/linkimages/9-6774713323.pdf |date=2016-08-16 }} Government of India, page 39</ref>

== Route ==
[[File:NH 73 from Bangalore.JPG|thumb|left|NH 234, part of which has been renumbered as NH 73 in Karnataka.<ref name=dorth/>]]
[[Mangalore]] - [[Bantwal]] - [[Madanthyar]] - [[Belthangady]] - [[Ujire]] - [[Charmadi]] - [[Mudigere]] - [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]] - [[javagal]] - [[Huliyar]] - [[Bukkapattana]] - [[Sira, India|Sira]] - [[Madhugiri]]-[[Byranahalli]] -[[Kotaladinne]]- [[Gauribidanur]]- [[Manchenahalli]] - [[Chikkaballapur]]- [[Shidlaghatta]]- [[Chintamani, Karnataka|Chintamani]]-[[Srinivaspura]]- [[Mulabagal]] ([[National Highway 4 (India, old numbering)|NH-4]]) - [[Venkatagirikota]] - [[Pernampattu]] - [[Gudiyatham]] - [[Vellore]] - [[Kannamangalam (Sivaganga district)|Kannamangalam]] - [[Polur]] - [[Thiruvannaamalai]] - [[Villupuram]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-08-15 |title=Charmadi Ghat Road to remain closed till September 14 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/charmadi-ghat-road-to-remain-closed-till-september-14/articleshow/70682264.cms |access-date=2024-04-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

As the forest department does not allow the widening of the roads going through the western Ghats, it is expected that a tunnel will be built, same like as proposed by Japanese consultants to the Shiradi Ghat of [[National Highway 75 (India)|NH-75]] (Old Number NH-48). A tunnel will help in reducing the travel time by 3 hours, reduce the fuel usage and increase the productivity of the industries around. It will also provide an alternative route to the large sized trucks transporting materials to the seaport and air-cargo facility at Mangalore .<ref>{{Cite web |last=DHNS |title=Delay in road widening hits tourism in Belur |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/delay-in-road-widening-hits-tourism-in-belur-787387.html |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Junctions ==
: {{jct|NH|66|country=IND}} Terminal near [[Mangaluru]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guruvayanakere-Beltangady Road in need of widening urgently |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=541073 |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref>
: {{jct|NH|75|country=IND}} near [[Bantval]]
: {{jct|NH|173|country=IND}} near [[Mudigere]]
: {{jct|NH|373|country=IND}} near [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]]
: {{jct|NH|69|country=IND}} near [[Banavara]]
: {{jct|NH|150A|country=IND}} near [[Huliyar]]
: {{jct|NH|48|country=IND}} near [[Sira, Karnataka|Sira]]
: {{jct|NH|544E|country=IND}} near [[Sira, Karnataka|Sira]]
: {{jct|NH|44|country=IND}} near [[Chikkaballapur]]
: {{jct|NH|75|country=IND}} near [[Mulabagilu]]
: {{jct|NH|42|country=IND}} near [[Venkatagirikota]]
: {{jct|NH|48|country=IND}} near [[Vellore]]
: {{jct|NH|179B|country=IND}} near [[Tiruvannamalai]]
: {{jct|NH|332|country=IND}} Terminal near [[Villupuram]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=M |first=Serena Josephine |date=2017-07-19 |title=Vellore bypass plan sent for Centre’s approval |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/vellore-bypass-plan-sent-for-centres-approval/article19310173.ece |access-date=2024-04-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[National Highways Development Project]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state#Karnataka|List of national highways in Karnataka]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state#Andhra Pradesh|List of national highways in Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state#Tamil Nadu|List of national highways in Tamil Nadu]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangalore/DKs-new-NH-to-connect-three-states-/articleshow/5857031.cms NH-234]

==External links==
* [http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?client=ubuntu&channel=fs&oe=utf-8&ie=UTF8&ei=dyDuS-XGCsK78gb-mO39Cg&ved=0CA0Q_AU&hl=en&doflg=ptk&msa=0&msid=114771529369117323863.0004869b409ab5212f15f&z=7 Route Map]

{{Indian Highways Network}}

[[Category:National highways in India (old numbering)]]

Kisan Chachi

2025-10-13T00:03:23Z

Raunak Shankhwar: Started data

{{short description|Indian farmer}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kisan Chachi
| image = Kisan Chachi Urf Rajkumari Devi (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| alt =
| other_names =
| birth_name = Rajkumari Devi
| birth_place = [[Muzaffarpur, Bihar]], India
| education = [[Matric]]
| occupation = [[Farmer]], [[agriculturist]]
| known for = Farming
| awards = [[Padma Shri]], Kisan Shri
}}
'''Rajkumari Devi''' better known as '''Kisan Chachi''' is an Indian farmer from Muzaffarpur, Bihar. She was awarded India's fourth highest civilian award, [[Padma Shri]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://padmaawards.gov.in/PDFS/2019AwardeesList.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Padma Awards, Government of India | accessdate=25 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/patna-who-is-rajkumari-devi-got-padma-shree-brvj-1668394.html|title=कौन हैं किसान क्रांति की अलख जगाने वाली पद्म श्री राजकुमारी देवी? पढ़ें|last=Jha|first=Vijay|website=CNN-News18|date=26 January 2019|accessdate=27 January 2019|language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-rajkumari-devi-of-muzaffarpur-now-honored-with-padma-shri-18891908.html|title=मुजफ्फरपुर की 'किसान चाची' को पद्म श्री, बिहार सरकार ने किया था किसान श्री से सम्मानित|work=Dainik Jagran|date=26 January 2019|accessdate=27 January 2019|language=Hindi}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Chachi was born in Muzaffarpur, Bihar in a financially weak family, due to family poverty she got married at an early age. After her marriage, she formed self-help groups and with the help of biological farming, she provided work for many poor families. Bihar CM [[Nitish Kumar]] recognized her and awarded her with Kisan Shri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chachi takes pickles online |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/chachi-takes-pickles-online/cid/1371766 |access-date=2020-04-16 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

Chachi is from Anandpur village located in the Saraiya block of [[Muzaffarpur]] district in the state of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/muzaffarpur/news/inspiring-story-of-kisan-chachi-of-muzaffarpur-01482262.html|title=अचार बेचने बाजार जाने पर समाज से बाहर हुईं, अब प्रोडक्ट विदेश जाते हैं|date=2019-01-28|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref> She completed her matriculation after her marriage.

== Awards ==
*[[Padma Shri]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/kisan-chachi-rajkumari-devi-of-muzaffarpur-bihar-awarded-with-padma-shri-know-about-her/634619|title=बिहार: 'किसान चाची' ने लिखी नारी शक्ति की नई कहानी, संघर्ष भरा रहा खेती से पद्मश्री का सफर|date=2020-02-03|website=Zee Bihar Jharkhand|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref>
*Kisan Shri

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Rajkumari}}
[[Category:Indian activists]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:Indian women farmers]]
[[Category:People from Muzaffarpur district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in other fields]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century women farmers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian farmers]]

Dr. G.R. Damodaran College of Science

2025-10-09T20:04:17Z

Raunak Shankhwar: added basic data w/ refs

{{Short description|College in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Dr. G.R. Damodaran College of Science (Autonomy)
| image = Entrance GRD CS Avinashi Road Coimbatore Dec23 R16 07623.jpg
| caption = Main entrance on Avinashi Road
| image_size = 220
| motto = ''In Quest of Knowledge''
| established = {{Start date and age|1988||}}
| type = Autonomous
| principal =
| city = Civil Aerodrome Post, [[Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|11|2|3|N|77|1|47|E|type:edu_scale:10000_region:IN-TN|display=inline,title}}
| other_name = GRDCS
|academic_affiliations = [[Bharathiar University]], [[Coimbatore]]
| website = {{url|www.grd.org/grdcs}}
}}

'''Dr. G.R. Damodaran College of Science''', also known as '''GRD College''', is an ISO 9001:2015 certified institution in [[Coimbatore]], Tamil Nadu, India.

==History==
The college was started in 1988.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} It was granted autonomy by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] in 2004. It was re-accredited by [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]] with A Grade in 2009. The academicians follow a mentor-steward spectrum of pedagogical engagement.

==Courses==
The college offers 15 undergraduate courses including arts and science courses, and 16 postgraduate courses.

==GRD School of Commerce and International Business (GRDSCIB)==
[[File:West View Commerce Social Work Block GRD CS Coimbatore Dec23 R16 07638.jpg|thumb|Commerce & Social Work block, view from west]]
The school offers a two-year [[Master of International Business|MIB]] programme. The program is designed with the objective to provide training that suits to industry demands. The department also offers an advanced one-year PG diploma program in Project Management/Program and Portfolio Management,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ce-online.ryerson.ca/ce/calendar/default.aspx?id=5&section=aoi&aoi=BME|title=Ryerson University: The Chang School: Courses and Programs|work=ryerson.ca}}</ref> Human Resource Management,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.b-u.ac.in/syl_college/pgd_an54c.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-02-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113026/http://www.b-u.ac.in/syl_college/pgd_an54c.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.phoenix.edu/programs/degree-programs/business-and-management/masters/mba-hrm.html|title=Master of Business Administration with a Concentration in Human Resource Management - University of Phoenix|work=phoenix.edu}}</ref> Enterprise Resource Planning,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uah.edu/cba/grad/graduate-certificates/erp/|title=Graduate Certificate, Enterprise Resource Planning|work=uah.edu|date=25 May 2014 }}</ref> and International Business.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.postgraduate.hw.ac.uk/prog/msc-logistics-and-supply-chain-management-with-shipping-and-port-operations/#programme|title=Logistics and Supply Chain Management with Shipping and Port Operations MSc|work=hw.ac.uk}}</ref>

MIB students can procure one of these PG diploma programmes during their Masters program for advanced standing.

===Activities===
Activities include student-directed personality development programs, panel discussions, webinars, industrial visits, outstation seminars, boot camps, seminars, workshops, paper presentations, guest lectures, organizing annual function day, short-term ICT courses, and other relevant certificate programs.

==GRD Institute of Management (GRDIM)==
[[File:Avenue GRD CS Coimbatore Dec23 R16 07585.jpg|thumb|Tree-lined avenue in front of GRDIM]]
GRDIM commenced in 1992. The institution offers [[MBA]] (full- and part-time), M.Phil. (full- and part-time) and Ph.D. (full- and part-time). The institute offers advanced one-year PG diploma programmes in Finance,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scmhrd.edu/pgdinfinance.php |title=PG Diploma in Finance (PGDF) - Course Structure |work=scmhrd.edu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316191825/http://scmhrd.edu/pgdinfinance.php |archive-date=16 March 2015 }}</ref> Business Analytics,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scmhrd.edu/pgdinbusinessanalytics.php |title=PG Diploma in Business Analytics (PGDBA) - Course Structure |work=scmhrd.edu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316195025/http://scmhrd.edu/pgdinbusinessanalytics.php |archive-date=16 March 2015 }}</ref> and IT Management.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scmhrd.edu/pgdinitmanagement.php |title=PG Diploma in IT Management (PGDITM) - Course Structure |work=scmhrd.edu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316164930/http://scmhrd.edu/pgdinitmanagement.php |archive-date=16 March 2015 }}</ref>

The institution is AICTE approved and graded ‘A’ by CRISIL at National Level. GRDIM was awarded with ‘B-School Leadership Award’ for Best Management Institute in India, by World Education Congress in the ‘Global Awards’ 2012. The course is designed with the objective to mould the students to future managers and entrepreneurs who understands corporate attitudes, challenges and cross-cultural conduct.

The management library has a collection of 30,000 books and subscribes to 60 journals. It has EBSCO online, J-gate and other e-journal facility providing access to new information.

===Activities===
GRDIM provides management development programmes like qualitative and quantitative research, short-term courses, ICT courses, language lab, face-to-face with CEOs, guest lectures by renowned professors of foreign universities, webinars, personal branding workshops, industrial visits, outstation seminars, boot camps, national level seminars and workshops, paper presentations, industry exposure, [[OJT]], consultancy projects, etc.

==GRD School of Social Work (GRDSSW)==
The school started in 1989 from [[G R Damodaran]]'s second part of the vision "Education as the better means for securing the nation's economic future and ''social well-being''" and since then offers two-year [[Master of Social Work|MSW]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://paste2.org/0W75H8JJ|title=GRD MSW Syllabus|work=grd.org}}</ref> programmes in Medical and Psychiatry,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sgs.utoronto.ca/calendar/Pages/Programs/Social-Work.aspx|title=Social Work Programs and Courses|work=utoronto.ca}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cehd.umn.edu/ssw/current/msw/course_syllabi.asp|title=MSW Course Syllabi|work=cehd.umn.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uq.edu.au/study/program_list.html?acad_prog=5457|title=Course list for the Master of Social Work Studies - Courses and Programs|work=uq.edu.au}}</ref> Human Resource Management,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.commercedu.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/M.H.R.O.D-Syllabus.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=30 June 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000013/http://www.commercedu.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/M.H.R.O.D-Syllabus.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://admissions.tiss.edu/m-a-admissions-2015/mumbai-campus-m-a-2015/school-of-management-and-labour-studies-2015/m-a-in-human-resource-management-labour-relations-2015-17|title=M.A. in Human Resource Management & Labour Relations|work=tiss.edu|access-date=22 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222125214/http://admissions.tiss.edu/m-a-admissions-2015/mumbai-campus-m-a-2015/school-of-management-and-labour-studies-2015/m-a-in-human-resource-management-labour-relations-2015-17|archive-date=22 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> and Community Development;<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gvtindia.org/templates/theme1/upload_files/1400745725PGDRMsyllabus.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=16 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121356/http://www.gvtindia.org/templates/theme1/upload_files/1400745725PGDRMsyllabus.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> M.Phil. and Ph.D.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.b-u.ac.in/colleges/affiliatedcolleges.asp?cCode%3D982 |title=Bharathiar University - Coimbatore |access-date=2015-03-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901101611/http://www.b-u.ac.in/colleges/affiliatedcolleges.asp?cCode=982 |archive-date=2015-09-01 }}</ref> programmes with field work components and professional exposures.

The school offers advanced one-year PG diploma programmes in Professional Skills in Clinical and Counselling Psychology,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.b-u.ac.in/sde_syllabus/pgd_an53c.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-10-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123065057/http://b-u.ac.in/sde_syllabus/pgd_an53c.pdf |archive-date=2015-11-23 }}</ref>/Health Services Management;<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ryerson.ca/tedrogersschool/hsm/current/programs.html |title=Program Information - Ted Rogers School of Management - Ryerson University |access-date=6 April 2016 |archive-date=15 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415233406/http://www.ryerson.ca/tedrogersschool/hsm/current/programs.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Human Resource Development,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.b-u.ac.in/sde_syllabus/pgd_an53f.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-10-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908184428/http://www.b-u.ac.in/sde_syllabus/pgd_an53f.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-08 }}</ref> and Emergency Management.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.massey.ac.nz/massey/learning/programme-course-paper/programme.cfm?prog_id=93115&tab=plan|title=Graduate Diploma in Emergency Management (GradDipEmergMgt)|author=Massey University, New Zealand|work=massey.ac.nz}}</ref> Students can choose one of these PG diploma program during the two-year PG programme — this is inclusive in the programme structure.

The program and courses aim to prepare students to work effectively in social, economic and political scenarios. Students prepare to keep pace with the changing face of Social Work and the requirements of growing societal needs. The course curriculum has been designed keeping in view the emerging trends as well as contemporary and futuristic human resource requirements.

===Activities===
Capacity building programmes such as Qualitative and Quantitative Research with Computational statistics, Workshops, Seminars, Outreach Programmes, Guest lectures (e.g., Human Factors), Case Studies with Role Play ([[Objective structured clinical examination|OSCE]]), Colloquiums, [[Positive psychology]], Leadership and [[Life Skills]] training through Boot camps, Certificate structured programmes of evidence based therapies like [[Dialectical behavior therapy|DBT]], [[Cognitive behavioral therapy|CBT]] - [[Cognitive analytic therapy|CAT]] and [[Integrative psychotherapy]] with psychodynamic and systemic principles from [[NIMHANS]] and other organisations, Association monthly meetings with minutes, Rural Camp, Fieldwork Reviews, Moot Sessions - Social Policy Analysis and HRM Issues, Language Lab for Academic writing (APA & MLA styles) and Professional development (IELTS & TOFEL format) are an integrated part of the curricular and extracurricular activities. Sensitization and promotion of Social Policy, Social Responsibility and Living Healthy is a part of the social work,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://socialwork.columbia.edu/news-events/social-work-oath-affirmation|title=Social Work Oath of Affirmation|work=Columbia University School of Social Work|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211153442/http://socialwork.columbia.edu/news-events/social-work-oath-affirmation|archive-date=2013-12-11}}</ref> campus decorum.

==GRD School of Computer Science (GRDSCS)==
[[File:Dept Computer Science Block GRD CS Coimbatore Dec23 R16 07586.jpg|thumb|Department of Computer Science block]]
The aim of the school is to transmit conversant knowledge and competent skills required in the ever-growing field of Computer Science.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cs.calvin.edu/documents/computing_careers|title = Careers & Outcomes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-15/big-data-skills-earn-high-pay-for-today-s-college-graduates | title=These Are the Highest Paying Jobs for the Class of 2019 | newspaper=Bloomberg.com | date=15 May 2019 }}</ref> The school offers bachelor's degree in Computer Science, Information Technology and Computer Applications. For advanced studies the school provides Post graduate degrees like M.Sc. Computer Science with P.G. Diploma in VLSI Design and Embedded Systems;<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cdac.in/index.aspx?id=DBDA_modules&courseid=65 | title=Modules }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://online.gla.ac.uk/programme/university-of-glasgow-data-analytics-master-1544700394307|title = University of Glasgow - Postgraduate study - Taught degree programmes A‑Z - Data Analytics (Online distance learning)}}</ref> M.Sc. Information Technology with PG Diploma in Cloud Computing<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.griffith.ie/faculties/computing|title=Undergraduate & Postgraduate Computing Courses Dublin, Cork & Limerick | Griffith College|date=21 June 2019|website=www.griffith.ie|accessdate=12 January 2024}}</ref> and Master of Computer Applications (M.C.A). The Department of Computer Science is also an approved center of Bharathiar University for providing M.Phil. and Ph.D. in Computer Science.

==Campus life==
Associations include National Service Scheme (NSS), Youth Red Cross, Geo-Computing Club,{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} Placement Cell. The college has sporting activities, with facilities and trainers for basketball, badminton, table tennis, Cricket, Football and volleyball. An IGNOU Study Centre is also present.

==Alumni==
Alumni associations are spread across the Americas, Europe, Australia and the Middle East.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} Many of the alumni members hold top positions at various organisations around the world. [[Kartiki Gonsalves]] has won the academy awards for the best short documentary at the [[95th Academy Awards]].

==Notable alumni==
* [[Abinandhan Ramanujam]] - Indian cinematographer / Filmmaker
* [[Roby Varghese Raj]] - Indian cinematographer and director
* [[George Thengummoottil]] - Filmmaker / Film Editor
* [[Sandra Thomas]], Malayalam film producer and actor
* [[Sivaram Mony]] - Filmmaker
*[[Varun Aditya]] - Indian Photographer
* [[Harish Uthaman]] - Actor
* [[Kartiki Gonsalves]] - Academy Award Winning Filmmaker
* [[C. Prem Kumar|C Prem Kumar]] - Filmmaker

==See also==
*[[Bharathiar University]]
*[[G R Damodaran]]

==References==
{{Commons category}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130710110901/http://www.grd.org/grdcs/ GRDCS official website]

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Coimbatore]]

Sita Soren

2025-10-08T16:56:35Z

Raunak Shankhwar: improved details based on references based on references

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Sita Soren
| native_name =
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2009
| term_end = 2024
| constituency = [[Jama (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jama]]
| predecessor = [[Sunil Soren]]
| successor = [[Louis Marandi]]
| birth_name = Sita Murmu
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1975|02|21}}
| birth_place = [[Dumka]], [[Jharkhand]], India
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] (2024-present)
| otherparty = [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]] (2009-2024)
| spouse = [[Durga Soren]]
| children = 3
| relatives = [[Shibu Soren]] (father-in-law) [[Hemant Soren]] (brother-in-law)
| residence =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Politician
| profession =
}}

'''Sita Soren''' (born '''Sita Murmu'''; 21 February 1975) is an Indian politician and a leader of [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] who served as a member of [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]] from [[Jama (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jama]]. She is daughter-in-law of JMM chief [[Shibu Soren]] and wife of late [[Durga Soren]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sita Murmu Alias Sita Soren(JMM):Constituency- JAMA (ST)(DUMKA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/jharkhand2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=1072 |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who Is Sita Soren? Three-Time MLA And Daughter-In-Law Of Shibu Soren |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/shestars/who-is-sita-soren-daughter-in-law-shibu-soren/amp/ |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=www.shethepeople.tv |archive-date=22 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622093142/https://www.shethepeople.tv/shestars/who-is-sita-soren-daughter-in-law-shibu-soren/amp/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=सियासत: अपनी ही सरकार के खिलाफ विधानसभा के बाहर धरने पर बैठीं सीएम हेमंत सोरेन की भाभी, जानें क्या है मामला |url=https://www.amarujala.com/jharkhand/jharkhand-cm-hemant-soren-sister-in-law-and-mla-sita-soren-sits-on-dharna-at-assembly-gates-against-own-government |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> She was accused of receiving money in voting in 2012 [[Rajya Sabha]] election and was in jail for seven months. She is now out on bail.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Sita-Soren-gets-bail-in-horse-trading-case/articleshow/42336806.cms|title=Sita Soren gets bail in horse-trading case | India News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Political journey ==

In 2009, she was elected as an MLA from the [[Jama (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jama]] constituency in Jharkhand. After her election, she was appointed National General Secretary of [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]. In 2014, she contested Jharkhand Legislative Elections from the same constituency and won. In 2019, she won the MLA election for the third time from the Jama constituency in [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sita Murmu Alias Sita Soren(JMM):Constituency- JAMA (ST)(DUMKA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/jharkhand2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=1072 |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> On 19 March 2024, she resigned from all the posts of her party [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]] and joined [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] in the presence of [[Vinod Tawde]] and [[Vishal Singh (politician)|Vishal Singh]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha, Jama MLA Sita Soren resigns from the party, will join BJP |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/jharkhand-mukti-morcha-jama-mla-sita-soren-resigns-srn |access-date=19 March 2024 |work=Prabhat Khabar}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Soren, Sita}}
[[Category:Women members of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Jharkhand Mukti Morcha politicians]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:1975 births]]

{{Jharkhand-politician-stub}}

Seerat-e Mustafa

2025-10-06T03:45:19Z

Raunak Shankhwar: started initial article needs work

{{Short description|Book by Idris Kandhlawi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Seerat-e Mustafa
| image = Cover of Seerat-e Mustafa.jpg
| alt = Colourful image
| caption = English cover
| author = [[Idris Kandhlawi]]
| title_orig = سیرت مصطفی
| orig_lang_code = ur
| country = [[Pakistan]]
| language = Urdu
| subject = [[Sīrah]]
| genre = Classical
| english_pub_date = 2011
| published = 1941 (As per the ''[[İslâm Ansiklopedisi]]'')
| media_type = Print
| isbn = 9789695832417
| isbn_note = English
| dewey = 297.09
}}
'''''Seerat-e Mustafa''''' ({{langx|ur|سیرت مصطفیؐ}}) is a 20th-century [[Sīrah|prophetic biography]] authored in Urdu by [[Idris Kandhlawi]]. Grounded in [[Sahih Hadith|authentic narrations]] and presented in a classical style akin to primary Arabic sources,<ref name=":Bhat">{{Cite journal |last=Bhat |first=Javid Ahmed |date=2022 |title=Overview of Prominent Sīrah Writings of Modern Period: Modern Sirah Writings |url=https://karachiislamicus.com/index.php/ki/article/view/29 |url-status=live |journal=Karachi Islamicus |volume=2 |issue=2 |page=30 |doi=10.58575/ki.v2i2.29 |issn=2790-6558 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710202723/https://karachiislamicus.com/index.php/ki/article/view/29 |archive-date=10 July 2024 |doi-access=free}}</ref> the narrative responds to ''[[Siratun Nabi]]'' by [[Shibli Nomani]],<ref name=":Dockrat">{{Cite conference |last=Dockrat |first=Ashraf |date=2017 |title=An Overview of the Sirah Literature |url=https://www.academia.edu/34921071 |conference=Sirah Convention |publisher=[[Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia]]; Cordoba Academy |publication-place=Linbro Park, Sandton, [[Gauteng]] |page=21 |access-date=26 August 2020 |archive-date=5 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105120815/https://www.academia.edu/34921071 |url-status=live }}</ref> addressing certain theories proposed by [[Syed Ahmad Khan]] and Shibli Nomani with a degree of skepticism.<ref name=":AK">{{Cite thesis |last=Khatoon |first=Aaisha |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/364027 |title=Aazadi ke Baad Hindustan ki Khidmaat e Hadith |publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2017 |location=India |language=urdu |type=PhD |hdl=10603/364027 |page=177 |access-date=2023-10-24 |archive-date=2023-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024064943/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/364027 |url-status=live}}</ref> Known for avoiding [[Orientalism|Western-influenced perspectives]],{{Sfn|Ahmad|Khan|Khattak|2022|p=28}} the text systematically addresses objections raised against various segments of the prophetic biography.<ref name=":Ishtiaque">{{Cite thesis |last=Ahmad |first=Ishtiaque |author-link=Ishtiaque Ahmad Qasmi |title=Ulama E Deoband Ki Swaneh Umriyon Ka Tanqeedi Tajziya Azadi Se Qabl |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] |year=2020 |location=India |language=ur |hdl=10603/338413 |degree=PhD |page=89 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/338413 |access-date=1 January 2024 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228204525/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/338413 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Opening context ==
The book was written to present a prophetic biography through hadiths, aiming to portray his life without introducing doubt or unnecessary interpretations.{{Sfn|Khanam|2018|p=188}} In the foreword of the book, the author critiques existing biographies, noting their influence by [[modern philosophy]] and European thinkers, which seeks to reconcile the prophet's actions with [[Western culture|Western civilization]], philosophy, and science. The author emphasizes the need for a biography that excludes distasteful narratives and avoids discomforting readers while refraining from interpreting hadiths for modern sensibilities or invalidating them through critical assessments of narrators.{{Sfn|Khanam|2018|p=188}}

Regarding the initial publication, there are discrepancies in opinions. One viewpoint suggests an initial release in 1956 from Lahore, later revised and published in 1979 in collaboration with Maktaba Islamiya Saudiyya and Maktaba Usmaniyya.{{Sfn|Khanam|2018|p=188}} Another opinion posits a 1961 first edition, with three volumes made public, and the fourth volume, completed in 1966, subsequently published.{{Sfn|Khanam|2018|p=188}} There is a 5-year gap between these perspectives. According to ''[[İslâm Ansiklopedisi]]'', the initial volume was published in 1941, and the last volume was printed in [[Deoband]] in 1966,<ref name=":TDV">{{Cite book |last=Birik |first=Abdulhamit |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/kandehlevi-muhammed-idris |title=KANDEHLEVÎ, Muhammed İdrîs |publisher=[[Presidency of Religious Affairs]], Centre for Islamic Studies |year=1988–2016 |series=[[İslâm Ansiklopedisi|TDV Encyclopedia of Islam]] |volume=24 |location=Turkey |pages=294–295 |language=tr |access-date=2023-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031215500/https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/kandehlevi-muhammed-idris |archive-date=2022-10-31 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the book was also published by Maktaba Ilmiyya Saharanpur.{{Sfn|Khatoon|2017|p=177}} A recent publication is from 2003 by Faisal Publications in Pakistan.<ref name=":Talib" />

== Volume synopsis ==

=== One ===
This volume comprises 19 chapters, beginning with an introduction on the necessity of the [[Sīrah|prophetic biography]]. It covers various aspects such as lineage, the [[Year of the Elephant|Elephant companions incident]], birth, the chest-splitting incident, secrets and wisdom, marriage to [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadija]], [[Kaaba]] construction, revelation commencement, and the effects of prophethood. Additional topics include the reality of prophethood, predecessors, the proclamation of Islam invitation, the [[Splitting of the Moon|moon splitting miracle]], first migrations, the [[Year of Sorrow|year of sorrow]], the [[Muhammad's visit to Ta'if|Ta'if journey]], the [[Isra' and Mi'raj|Night Journey incident]], the beginning of Islam in [[Medina]], [[Hijrah|Medina migration]], and the [[Qibla]] change command. It also examines the prayers of [[Eid al-Fitr]] and [[Eid al-Adha]].{{Sfn|Khanam|2018|p=189}}

=== Two ===
This volume examines eight key topics, including [[Jihad]] in the path of [[God in Islam|God]], battles, expeditions, the revelation affirming the innocence of [[Aisha]], the ruling on [[hijab]], the invitation letter to world leaders for Islam, Islam's stance on [[slavery]], the peace [[Treaty of al-Hudaybiya|treaty of Hudaybiyyah]], and other relevant themes.{{Sfn|Khanam|2018|p=189}} The author critically examines and challenges perceived inaccuracies attributed to [[Shibli Nomani]] in various sections. The majority of this volume focuses on the detailed analysis of the battles of [[Battle of Badr|Badr]] and [[Battle of Uhud|Uhud]].{{Sfn|Jahan|2013|p=20}}

=== Three ===
This is the longest volume, commencing with the [[Expedition of Dumat al-Jandal]] in the year 5 AH, encompassing significant events such as [[Battle of the Trench]], [[Siege of Banu Qurayza]], [[Invasion of Banu Lahyan]], and [[Expedition of Dhu Qarad]], along with various expeditions. It narrates the [[Pledge of the Tree]], the [[Battle of Khaybar]], the [[conquest of Fadak]], the [[Battle of Mu'tah]], the [[Conquest of Mecca]], [[Battle of Hunayn]], the [[Expedition of Tabuk]], common delegations, the [[Farewell Pilgrimage]], and events leading to the demise.{{Sfn|Khanam|2018|p=189}}

=== Four ===
This concise volume compiles [[Prophecy|prophecies]] from preceding prophets concerning the [[Miracles of Muhammad|miracles of the Prophet]], presenting a summary perspective on the subject.{{Sfn|Khanam|2018|p=189}} The initial miracle is linked to the ''[[Quran]]'', the second to the [[hadith]], and the third is credited to Muslim scholars.{{Sfn|Khan|2018|p=468}}

== Reference materials ==
This book is structured around the compilation of hadiths, citing collections such as ''[[Kutub al-Sittah]]''.{{Sfn|Khanam|2018|p=190}} The author, when discussing the post-[[Hijrah]] period, especially battles and biographies, referenced narrations from hadith books such as ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]'' and ''[[Sahih Muslim]]''. Various sources were utilized, including ''[[Al-Khasa'is al-Kubra]]'', ''[[History of the Prophets and Kings]]'', and specific sections from ''[[Fath al-Bari]]'' by [[Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani]], incorporating [[Aisha]]'s narration. For the analysis of the beginning of revelation, the author extensively used biographical works like ''Al-Khasa'is al-Kubra'', [[Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah (Ibn Hisham)|''Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah'']], and ''[[Tafsir al-Tabari]]''.<ref name=":AA">{{Cite journal |last1=Ahmad |first1=Munir |last2=Khan |first2=Hafiz Waqas |last3=Khattak |first3=Hafeez Ullah |date=2022 |title=Sheikh Muhammad Idris Al-Kandhlawi, and his method to study the biography of the Prophet (pbuh): An analytical and descriptive study of the book "The Sirat-E-Mustafa" (pbuh) |url=http://www.al-azhaar.org/index.php/alazhar/article/view/304 |url-status=live |journal=Al-Azhār |language=ar |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=33 |doi=10.46896/alazhr.v8i01.304 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |issn=2519-6707 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019181921/http://www.al-azhaar.org/index.php/alazhar/article/view/304 |archive-date=2022-10-19 |access-date=2023-06-30}}</ref> Other sources include ''Al-Muntaqa Ibnu Jarud'', ''[[Mizan al-Itidal]]'', ''[[Al-Dur al-Manthur]]'', ''[[Zad al-Ma'ad]]'', ''[[Umdat al-Qari]]'', ''[[Tafsir al-Qurtubi]]'', ''[[Tafsir Ibn Kathir]]'', [[Al-Shifa bi Ta'rif Huquq al-Mustafa|''Al-Shifa'']], ''[[Sharh al-Shifa]]'', ''[[Sirat al-Halbiya]]'', ''[[Al-Bidaya wa l-Nihaya]]'', ''[[Kitab Tabaqat Al-Kubra]]'', ''[[Usd al-ghabah fi marifat al-Saḥabah|Usd al-ghabah]]'', ''[[Izhar ul-Haqq]]'', ''[[Sirat al-Nabi]]'', ''[[Madarij an-Nabuwwat]]'', ''[[Majma al-Zawa'id]]'', [[Fathul Qadeer|''Fath al-Qadeer'']], [[Aab-i Hayat (book)|''Aab-i Hayat'']], ''[[Sharh al-Mawahib al-Ladunniyyah]]'', ''[[Al-Mustadrak ala al-Sahihayn]]'', ''[[Dalâ'il al-Nubuwwa]]'', ''[[Madaarij al-Salikin]]''.{{Sfn|Ahmad|2020|p=95}}

== Methodical design ==
It employs a writing style that combines narrative and authorial approaches, recognized for its [[Fiqh|juristic]] characteristics by Kehkashan Khanam, owing to its in-depth presentation of legal issues.{{Sfn|Khanam|2018|p=190}} The book extracts new meanings from hadith and Qur'anic verses.{{Sfn|Jahan|2013|p=19}} The author's primary aim is transparent information presentation, avoiding distortion or concealment to prevent misinterpretation.{{Sfn|Ahmad|2020|p=87}} When discussing the Prophet's expeditions, the author emphasizes the jurisprudence of [[jihad]], supplying a detailed understanding of its essence, types, conditions, and dispelling misconceptions for both Muslims and non-Muslims.{{Sfn|Ahmad|Khan|Khattak|2022|pp=35}} An aspect of the author's methodology is the chronological organization of biographies and military expeditions, avoiding distinctions between major battles and minor skirmishes for a seamless narrative.{{Sfn|Ahmad|Khan|Khattak|2022|pp=35}}

== Academic reception ==
It has received acclaim within academic circles for its approach, style, and distinctive presentation. Muhammad Zahiruddin, the biographer of Idris Kandhlawi, highlights the book's firmness, well-founded arguments, referencing, and clarity.<ref name=":Kk">{{Cite thesis |last=Khanam |first=Kehkashan |title=Research Study of the Urdu Books on Seerah in Twentieth Century |publisher=Department Of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2018 |location=India |language=ur |hdl=10603/247655 |page=191 |type=PhD |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/247655 |access-date=5 January 2024 |archive-date=3 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103102414/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/247655 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]] universally encourages readers to scrutinize its contents.{{Sfn|Ahmad|2020|p=89}} Kehkashan Khanam from [[Aligarh Muslim University]] commends the authors for presenting a [[hadith]]-based biography in a hadith-like style.{{Sfn|Khanam|2018|p=192}} Ibrat Jahan, also from Aligarh Muslim University, acknowledges the book's utility and recognizes its challenges for those with a new perspective.<ref name=":Jahan">{{Cite thesis |last=Jahan |first=Ibrat |title=Contribution of Darul Uloom Deoband to Seerah literature |publisher=Department of Islamic Studies, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2013 |page= |location=India |language=en |hdl=10603/176381 |pages=19 |degree=PhD |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/176381 |access-date=5 January 2024 |archive-date=3 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103000108/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/176381 |url-status=live }}</ref> Javid Ahmed Bhat, a scholar from the [[Islamic University of Science & Technology]], describes it as a compilation embodying the essence of arabic [[sīrah]] literature.{{Sfn|Bhat|2022|p=31}} Ashraf Dockrat from the [[University of Johannesburg]] praises its thoroughness and balanced treatment of crucial subjects.{{Sfn|Dockrat|2017|p=22}} Aaisha Khatoon, a scholar at Aligarh Muslim University, acknowledges its fame and uniqueness among Urdu biographies.{{Sfn|Khatoon|2017|p=176}} Mohammad Talib Khan from Aligarh Muslim University endorses it as an excellent sīrah.<ref name=":Talib">{{Cite thesis |last=Khan |first=Mohammad Talib |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/364770 |title=Contribution of Aligarh Muslim University to Seerah Literature |publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2018 |location=India |type=PhD |hdl=10603/364770 |language=ur |access-date=2023-10-26 |archive-date=2023-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026175529/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/364770 |url-status=live |page=464}}</ref> Ishtiaque Ahmad from [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] expresses high regard for its importance.{{Sfn|Ahmad|2020|p=87}} Hafeez Ullah Khattak from [[Qurtuba University]] commends the authors' distinctive approach, emphasizing its value for researchers in the field of Prophetic biography.{{Sfn|Ahmad|Khan|Khattak|2022|pp=35, 36}}

== Press reviews ==
It has received acclaim from various press outlets. ''[[Amader Shomoy]]'' appreciates the book's arrangement.<ref name=":AS">{{Cite news |last=Maruf |first=Abdullah |date=10 December 2017 |title=9 Perennial Sirah Book in the Bengali Tongue |url=https://www.amadershomoy.com/bn/2017/12/10/397713.htm |work=[[Amader Shomoy]] |access-date=1 March 2021 |archive-date=5 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105120816/https://www.amadershomoy.com/bn/2017/12/10/397713.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Daily Inqilab]]'' highlights its popularity among Bengali speakers.<ref name=":DI">{{Cite news |last=Shah |first=Fazlul Haque |date=19 December 2019 |title=Historical Exploration of Sirat Traditions |url=https://m.dailyinqilab.com/article/255135/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%90%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F |work=[[Daily Inqilab]] |access-date=5 January 2024 |archive-date=3 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103020648/https://m.dailyinqilab.com/article/255135/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%90%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Shomoyer Alo'' underscores the book's examination of [[Fiqh|fiqhi]] issues with documentary evidence.<ref name=":SA">{{Cite news |last=Rashed |first=Rayhan |date=10 November 2019 |title=Exploring Prophet Muhammad's (PBUH) Life: A Survey of 10 Books |url=https://www.shomoyeralo.com/details.php?id=72455 |work=Shomoyer Alo |access-date=5 January 2024 |archive-date=3 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103020650/https://www.shomoyeralo.com/details.php?id=72455 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Kaler Kantho]]'' commends the informative nature of this biography and the presentation of compliant explanations.<ref name=":Kkantho">{{Cite news |last=Rashed |first=Rayhan |date=21 September 2019 |title=What are some recommended biographical books on the life of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)? |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/islamic-life/2019/09/21/816966 |work=[[Kaler Kantho]] |access-date=1 March 2021 |archive-date=5 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105120815/https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/islamic-life/2019/09/21/816966 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Islam Time'' praised the presentation and the book's commitment to using authentic narrations, coupled with a strong rebuttal of criticism through evidence and arguments.<ref name=":Itime">{{Cite news |last=Rahman |first=Oliur |date=7 November 2019 |title=Modern Era's Seerat: Seeratul Mustafa |url=https://www.islamtime24.com/2019/11/07/%E0%A6%8F-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87/ |work=Islam Time |access-date=5 January 2024 |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110060933/https://www.islamtime24.com/2019/11/07/%E0%A6%8F-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Translations ==
[[File:Cover of Seerat-e Mustafa (IFB).jpg|thumb|Cover of the 2004 Bengali version by the [[Islamic Foundation Bangladesh]]]]
The book has been translated into Bengali by various translators. The first translator, [[Ubaidul Haq]], has an unavailable translation.<ref name=":DI" /> Another translation is accessible through [[Muhiuddin Khan]]'s Madina Publications.<ref name=":DI" /> Hemayet Uddin has also translated the book, published by Bud Comprint & Publications.<ref name=":SA" /> The [[Islamic Foundation Bangladesh]], under the [[Government of Bangladesh]], initiated a translation project.<ref name=":Itime" /> The English version, published in 2011 by Zam Zam Publishers and Madrasah Arabia Islamia, was translated by Muhammed Kadwa. An abridged version by Jamiatul Ulama KZN's Talimi Board is available in a single volume.<ref name=":Dockrat" />

== Legacy ==
The book functions as a tool for resolving discussions related to hadith, particularly in the interpretation of specific events within the second volume of ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]''.{{Sfn|Ahmad|2020|p=87}} In 2022, researchers Munir Ahmad, Hafiz Waqas Khan, and Hafeez Ullah Khattak jointly published a research paper on the methodology of this book.<ref name=":AA" />

== See also ==
* [[:Category:Deobandi sirah literature|Deobandi sirah literature]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Further reading ==
* {{Cite thesis |last=Malik |first=Javeed Ahmad |title=Urdu Sirah Writing in India A Study of Allamah Shibli Numani and Maulana Idris Kandhalwi |type=PhD |publisher=Department of Islamic Studies, [[Islamic University of Science & Technology]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/633416 |language=ur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250920211914/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/633416 |archive-date=20 September 2025 |year=2024 |location=India |hdl=10603/633416 |url-status=live |page=142–173}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Parveen |first=Naghma |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/127224 |title=Seerat Nigari mein Darul Mosannafeen Azamgarh ki Kidmat Ek Tehqiqi Jaiyza |publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |degree=PhD |year=2016 |location=India |pages=240–242 |language=ur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508184632/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/127224 |archive-date=8 May 2019 |url-status=live}}

== External links ==
* [[iarchive:SEERATEMUSTAFAS.A.WByMolanaMohammadIdreesKandhalviA|''Seerat-e Mustafa'']] at [[Internet Archive]] (Urdu)
* [[iarchive:seeratemustafa_202002|''Seerat-e Mustafa'']] at [[Internet Archive]] (English)
* [[iarchive:Siratulmustafa|''Seerat-e Mustafa'']] at [[Internet Archive]] (Bengali)
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Deobandi sirah literature]]
[[Category:Books by Idris Kandhlawi]]
[[Category:Biographies of Muhammad]]
[[Category:Sunni literature]]
[[Category:Urdu-language books]]
[[Category:Pakistani biographies]]
[[Category:Indian biographies]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian books]]

Sindphana Dam

2025-09-28T14:02:44Z

Raunak Shankhwar: started a post v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Sindphana Dam (Hingewadi)
| image_caption =
| name_official = Sindphana Dam D01206 (Hingewadi Dharan)
| dam_crosses = [[Sindphana River]]
| location = Shirur Kasar, Beed
| dam_type = [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]]
| dam_length = {{convert|1937|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_height = {{convert|19.05|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_base =
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_volume = {{convert|12593|km3|abbr=on}}
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity =
| construction_began = 1950
| opening = 1963<ref>{{cite web | url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Sindphana_D01206 | title=Sindphana D01206 | accessdate=26 March 2013}}</ref>
| cost =
| owner = [[Government of Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| res_name =
| res_capacity_total = {{convert|10810|km3|abbr=on}}
| res_catchment =
| res_surface = {{convert|5068|km2|abbr=on}}
| res_max_depth =
| plant_operator =
| plant_turbines =
| plant_capacity =
| plant_annual_gen =
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| location_map = India Maharashtra
| location_map_caption =
| location_map_size =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.9933914|75.3895998|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| website =
}}

'''Sindphana Dam''' is an [[dam#Earth-fill dams|earthfill]] dam on [[Sindphana River]] near [[Shirur Kasar]], [[Beed district]] in the state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]].

==Specifications==
The height of the dam above lowest foundation is {{convert|19.05|m|abbr=on}} while the length is {{convert|1937|m|abbr=on}}. The volume content is {{convert|12593|km3|abbr=on}} and gross storage capacity is {{convert|12600.00|km3|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf Specifications of large dams in India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |date=21 July 2011 }}</ref>

==Purpose==
* Irrigation
* Farming
* Tourism

==See also==
* [[Dams in Maharashtra]]
* [[List of reservoirs and dams in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Dams in Beed district]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1963]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Samakhiali–Maliya Miyana section

2025-09-25T21:07:10Z

Raunak Shankhwar:

{{Short description|Railway line in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 28em
| name = Samakhiali–Maliya Miyana section
| color =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image = Samakhiali Bg railway station.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = Samakhiali Junction the starting railway station on Samakhiali–Maliya Miyana section
| type =
| system =
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Gujarat]]
| start = [[Samakhiali Bg railway station|Samakhiali]]
| end = [[Maliya Miyana railway station|Maliya Miyana]]
| stations =
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| open = 1969
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| character =
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength =
| tracklength = {{convert|39|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
| tracks = 1
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| old_gauge =
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| electrification = Yes
| speed = 100 km/h
| elevation =
| website =
| map = {{Samakhiali–Maliya Miyana section}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Samakhiali–Maliya Miyana section''' belongs to Western Railway of Ahmedabad Division.

==Line==
This line connects Samakhiali and Maliya Miyana. Further from Maliya Miyana, It divides into two sections [[Viramgam–Maliya Miyana section|Maliya Miyana–Viramgam section]] and [[Maliya Miyana–Wankaner section]]. About five express trains pass through this line daily.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://m.indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/maliya-miyana-malb/2262 |title=Trains passage}}</ref> This is an important line for freight service to [[Kandla|Kandla Port]] and [[Mundra|Mundra Port]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history7.html |title=freight service}}</ref> Later in October 2011, a goods train with 120 wagons plied on this section.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=News%20-%20City&sectid=3&contentid=20101007201010070338595065a707f5b |title = 120 wagon goods train by WR |url-status = dead |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131226043634/http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=News%20-%20City&sectid=3&contentid=20101007201010070338595065a707f5b |archivedate = 26 December 2013 |df = dmy-all }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Samakhiali-Maliya Miyana section}}
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Railway lines in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Ahmedabad railway division|*]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in Gujarat]]

2019–20 East Bengal FC season

2025-09-09T20:08:55Z

Raunak Shankhwar: Created Data...

{{Short description|Indian football club season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox football club season
| club = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| image = East Bengal gallery in Kolkata Derby .jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = East Bengal crowd at the Salt Lake Stadium in the Kolkata Derby.
| season = [[2019–20 in Indian football|'''2019–20''']]
| manager = {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Alejandro Menéndez]] {{nowrap|''(until 21 January 2020)''}} {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Mario Rivera Campesino|Mario Rivera]] {{nowrap|''(from 23 January 2020)''}}
| owner = Quess East Bengal Pvt. Ltd.
| chairman = Ajit Issac
| stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]] [[Salt Lake Stadium]] [[East Bengal Ground]]
| league = [[I-League]]
| league result = '''[[2019–20 I-League|2nd]]'''{{efn-ua|name="IL"|The [[2019–20 I-League]] was cancelled after 16 Rounds due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. East Bengal FC was at the second place when the league was cancelled.<ref name="IL Cancel"/>}}
| league2 = [[Calcutta Football League|Calcutta League]]
| league2 result = '''[[2019 CFL Premier Division|3rd]]'''
| cup1 = [[Durand Cup]]
| cup1 result = '''[[2019 Durand Cup|Semi-Finals]]'''
| league topscorer = [[Marcos Jiménez de la Espada Martín|Marcos de la Espada]] [[Jaime Santos Colado]] ('''6 each''')
| season topscorer = Jaime Santos Colado ('''16''')
| largest win = [[East Bengal FC]] 6–0 [[Jamshedpur FC]] ([[2019 Durand Cup]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://durandcup.in/matches/quesseast-bengal-fc-vs-jamshedpur-fc/|title=Quess East Bengal FC vs Jamshedpur FC - Match Report|work=Durand Cup|accessdate=16 February 2020|archive-date=10 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810084038/https://durandcup.in/matches/quesseast-bengal-fc-vs-jamshedpur-fc/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| highest attendance = 23,498 (vs. George Telegraph)
| lowest attendance = 4,573 (vs. [[Punjab F.C.]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/6132_Match_Summary_V1_1581601416.pdf|title=Quess East Bengal FC vs Punjab FC - Match Report|work=The-AIFF.com|accessdate=14 February 2020}}</ref>
| average attendance = 30,000 (I-League) 14,196 (CFL)

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|pattern_ra1 = _EastBengal_19_20
|pattern_sh1 = _
|pattern_so1 = _
|leftarm1 = _EastBengal1819
|rightarm1 = _EastBengal1819
|shorts1 = 000000
| socks1 = FF0000

|pattern_b2 = _EastBengal_19_20_away
|pattern_la2 = _EastBengal_19_20_away
|pattern_ra2 = _EastBengal_19_20_away
|pattern_sh2 =
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|leftarm2 = FFFFFF
|body2 = FFFFFF
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|pattern_b3 =
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|pattern_ra3 =
|pattern_sh3 =
|pattern_so3 =
|leftarm3 =
|body3 =
|rightarm3 =
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| prevseason = [[2018–19 East Bengal F.C. season|2018–19]]
| nextseason = [[2020–21 SC East Bengal season|2020–21]]
}}

The 2019–20 season was the club's '''100th season''' in existence. [[East Bengal FC]] formed in 1920, played its centenary season, competing in the [[2019–20 I-League|I-League]], [[2019 Durand Cup|Durand Cup]] and [[2019 CFL Premier Division|Calcutta Football League]].

==Preseason overview==
[[East Bengal FC]] already announced the extension of the contract for 2 more years of their coach [[Alejandro Menéndez]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/i-league-east-bengal-alejandro-menendez-india/1javkmpmhp4zl1938fwxy4ym3g|title=East Bengal: Alejandro Menendez signs contract extension – Goal.com|website=www.goal.com}}</ref> before the last game of the season. They also announced the extension of the contract of their Physical trainer and assistant coach Carlos Nodar Paz<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com//news/article/i-league-2019-20-east-bengal-sign-midfielder-boithang-haokip|title=East Bengal sign midfielder Boithang Haokip, extend the contract of physical trainer Carlos Nodar – khelnow.com|website=www.khelnow.com}}</ref> for 2 more years.

[[East Bengal FC]] made the announcement of retaining core players of the [[2018–19 I-League]] campaign for the next season starting with [[Brandon Vanlalremdika]], [[Lalrindika Ralte]], [[Borja Gomez Perez|Borja Gomez]] and [[Samad Ali Mallick]]. [[East Bengal FC]] also announced the signing of [[Naorem Tondomba Singh]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arunfoot.com/east-bengal-sign-neroca-midfielder-naorem-tondomba-singh-on-four-year-deal/|title=East Bengal sign NEROCA midfielder Naorem Tondomba Singh on a four-year deal! - arunfoot.com|website=www.arunfoot.com}}</ref> from [[NEROCA F.C.]] for a 4 years deal and [[Boithang Haokip]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/i-league-east-bengal-boithang-haokip-bengaluru-fc/1lx7oxyjksci01jy39rmng0ab9|title=East Bengal sign Boithang Haokip from Bengaluru FC – Goal.com|website=www.goal.com}}</ref> from [[2018–19 Indian Super League]] champions [[Bengaluru F.C.]] on a 3-year deal.

On 6 June, [[East Bengal FC]] announced the double signing of [[Pintu Mahato]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/east-bengal-mohun-bagan-pintu-mahata/12bf3dawueo9b1lsuf2105tglv|title=East Bengal sign Pintu Mahato from Mohun Bagan – Goal.com|website=www.goal.com}}</ref> and [[Abhishek Ambekar]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/indian-football-transfers-east-bengal-rope-in-abhishek-ambekar-and-pintu-mahata-on-long-term-deals|title=Indian Football Transfers: East Bengal rope in Abhishek Ambekar and Pintu Mahato on long-term deals – Sportskeeda.com|website=www.sportskeeda.com}}</ref> from their arch-rivals [[Mohun Bagan]] on a 3 years and 2 years deal respectively. The duo would strengthen the squad for the upcoming season. [[East Bengal FC]] also announced the contract extension of star central defensive midfielder [[Kassim Aidara]] for another season, after a stellar performance in the [[I-League]] last season gaining coach [[Alejandro Menéndez]]'s trust.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/east-bengal-kassim-aidara-carlos-nodar-alejandro-menendez/ojvya6fls4gj1nry3xkiomjpl|title=Credit to Alejandro Menendez and Carlos Nodar for Kassim Aidara's turnaround in fortunes - Goal.com|website=www.goal.com}}</ref>

On 8 June, controversy related to [[Jobby Justin]] newly emerged after the transfer saga to [[ATK (football club)|ATK]] was questionable and the [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] passed the incident to the [[Indian Football Association|IFA]] disciplinary committee for their decision. The IFA after reviewing the documents announced that [[Jobby Justin]] has to play for [[East Bengal FC]] for the upcoming season to AIFF and now it is up to the [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] to decide on the final fate of the last year's top scorer for [[East Bengal FC]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/sport/ifa-said-jobby-justin-will-play-for-east-bengal-1.1002939|title=আইএফএ জানিয়ে দিল, জবি ইস্টবেঙ্গলে – Anandabazar Patrika|website=www.anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref> However, the AIFF Players' status committee announced that [[Jobby Justin]] is free to play for [[ATK (football club)|ATK]].

On 12 June, [[East Bengal FC]] announced the contract extension of attacking midfield [[Jaime Santos Colado]] for 2 more years.<ref name="colado" /> The 24-year-old Spanish attacker scored 5 goals including a goal in the [[Kolkata Derby]] last season. On 13 June, [[East Bengal FC]] announced that [[UEFA]] pro-licensed former [[FC Barcelona]] Escola Technical Director [[Josep Ferré]], popularly known as ''Coco'', has joined as the Assistant Coach for the team until 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/926942/football-spaniard-josep-ferre-appointed-east-bengal-assistant-coach|title=Football: Spaniard Josep Ferre appointed East Bengal assistant coach – Scroll.in|website=www.scroll.in}}</ref> The very next day, [[East Bengal FC]] announced that former [[I-League]] winner with [[Bengaluru F.C.]], Goal-keeper [[Lalthuammawia Ralte]] has joined in the ranks on loan till the end of the season from [[Indian Super League|ISL]] side [[FC Goa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/lalthuammawia-ralte-set-to-join-east-bengal-i-league-indian/kjt29ylgn2dv1milvpy23b3s1|title=I-League: Lalthuammawia Ralte joins East Bengal - Goal.com|website=www.goal.com}}</ref>

On 26 June, [[East Bengal FC]] announced that assistant coach [[Bastob Roy]] will continue for the 2019–20 season and will also be the head of Youth Development. [[East Bengal FC]] also announced that [[Abhra Mondal]] would continue as the goalkeeper coach for the 2019–20 season. On 3 July, [[East Bengal FC]] announced the signing of their 4th foreigner, [[Marti Crespi]] who played for [[Delhi Dynamos F.C.]] in the [[2018–19 Indian Super League]] season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/i-league-east-bengal-marti-crespi-former-delhi-dynamos/1wm2guzte0wyq14km1v43kw7ol|title=I-League: East Bengal rope in former Delhi Dynamos centre back Marti Crespi – Goal.com|website=www.goal.com}}</ref> [[East Bengal FC]] also called in two young promising players, who recently impressed in the [[2018–19 Goa Professional League]], 23-year-old [[Salgaocar F.C.]] forward [[Ronaldo Oliveira]], who became the top scorer with 23 goals and [[Sesa Football Academy|SESA FA]] defender Anil Chavan, to join the trails and if they can impress coach [[Alejandro Menéndez]], they will be signed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/indian-football-transfers-east-bengal-close-in-on-goa-pro-league-top-scorer|title=Indian Football Transfers: East Bengal close in on Goa Pro League top scorer – Sportskeeda|website=www.sportskeeda.com}}</ref>

On 14 July, [[East Bengal FC]] announced that promising defender [[Asheer Akhtar]] will join in for trials from [[Bengaluru FC]]. He was adjudged the "Upcoming Player of the season" by [[Bengaluru FC]] in 2017–18. On 20 July, [[East Bengal FC]] announced the signing of [[Abhijit Sarkar (footballer)|Abhijit Sarkar]] on a season-long loan from [[Indian Super League|ISL]] side [[Chennaiyin FC]]. Abhijit represented [[Indian national football team|India]] in the [[2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup]], and also played for [[Indian Arrows]] in the [[2018–19 I-League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/east-bengal-sign-abhijit-sarkar-loan-chennaiyin-fc/13yo3h3clu1rh1wiqflmsknyi1|title=East Bengal sign Abhijit Sarkar on loan from Chennaiyin FC – Goal.com|website=www.goal.com}}</ref>

On 4 August, [[East Bengal FC]] confirmed that Goanese forward Ronaldo Oliveira has signed for the club on a 3 years contract after impressing the coaching staff in the trials.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eastbengalclub.co.in/newsdetails.php?NId=549|title=Ronaldo Oliveira joins QEB|work=East Bengal Club|accessdate=4 August 2019}}{{Dead link|date=January 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

On 6 August, [[East Bengal FC]] announced the singing of their 5th foreigner [[Marcos Jiménez de la Espada Martín|Marcos Jiménez]] from [[CD Atlético Baleares]], who plays as a forward.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thewall.in/news-sports-spanish-striker-marcos-jimenez-de-la-espada-martin-joins-eastbengal/|title=জল্পনার অবসান, স্প্যানিশ স্ট্রাইকার মার্কোসকে সই করালো ইস্টবেঙ্গল|work=The Wall|accessdate=6 August 2019|archive-date=6 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806181514/https://www.thewall.in/news-sports-spanish-striker-marcos-jimenez-de-la-espada-martin-joins-eastbengal/|url-status=dead}}</ref> 

On 23 August, [[East Bengal FC]] completed their quota of foreigners as they announced the signing of Juan Mera Gonzalez from [[SD Leioa]], who can play as a left-winger as well as attacking midfielder.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/newsdetails.php?NId=564|title=QEB ropes in Juan Mera Gonzalez|work=East Bengal Club|accessdate=24 August 2019}}{{Dead link|date=January 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Transfers==

{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

===Incoming===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|-
! style="background:#f00; color:#ff0; text-align:center;"|No.
! style="background:#f00; color:#ff0; text-align:center;"|Pos.
! style="background:#f00; color:#ff0; text-align:center;"|Name
! style="background:#f00; color:#ff0; text-align:center;"|Previous Team
! style="background:#f00; color:#ff0; text-align:center;"|Month
|-
|14
|MF
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Naorem Tondomba Singh]]
|[[NEROCA F.C.]]
|May
|-
|9
|MF
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Boithang Haokip]]
|[[Bengaluru F.C.]]
|June
|-
|11
|MF
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pintu Mahato]]
|[[Mohun Bagan]]
|June
|-
|27
|DF
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Abhishek Ambekar]]
|[[Mohun Bagan]]
|June
|-
|1
|GK
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalthuammawia Ralte]]
|[[FC Goa]] (loan)
|June
|-
|21
|DF
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Martí Crespí]]
|[[Delhi Dynamos F.C.]]
|July
|-
|19
|FW
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ronaldo Oliveira]]
|[[Salgaocar F.C.]]
|July
|-
|2
|DF
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Asheer Akhtar]]
|[[Bengaluru FC]]
|July
|-
|7
|DF
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Abhijit Sarkar (footballer)|Abhijit Sarkar]]
|[[Chennaiyin FC]] (loan)
|July
|-
|18
|FW
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Marcos Jiménez de la Espada Martín|Marcos de la Espada]]
|[[CD Atlético Baleares]]
|August
|-
|23
|FW
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Juan Mera González]]
|[[SD Leioa]]
|August
|-
|15
|DF
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Abhash Thapa]]
|[[Hyderabad FC]] (loan)
|January
|-
|17
|FW
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Edmund Lalrindika]]
|[[Bengaluru F.C.|Bengaluru FC]] (loan)
|January
|-
|22
|FW
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|Liberia}} [[Ansumana Kromah]]
|[[Peerless SC|Peerless]]
|January
|-
|28
|DF
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Monotosh Chakladar]]
|Pathachakra (loan)
|January
|-
|24
|MF
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Víctor Pérez Alonso]]
|[[FK Žalgiris]]
|February
|-
|6
|DF
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gurwinder Singh]]
|{{sort dash}}
|February
|-
|4
|DF
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|Costa Rica}} [[Jhonny Acosta]]
|[[C.F. Universidad de Costa Rica|UCR]]
|March
|}

{{col-2}}

===Outgoing===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|-
! style="background:#f00; color:#ff0; text-align:center;"|No.
! style="background:#f00; color:#ff0; text-align:center;"|Pos.
! style="background:#f00; color:#ff0; text-align:center;"|Name
! style="background:#f00; color:#ff0; text-align:center;"|Team
! style="background:#f00; color:#ff0; text-align:center;"|Remarks
|-
|2
|DF
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|Costa Rica}} [[Jhonny Acosta]]
|[[C.F. Universidad de Costa Rica|UCR]]
|''End of Contract''
|-
|4
|DF
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kingshuk Debnath]]
|[[Bhawanipore F.C.]]
|''End of Contract''
|-
|24
|DF
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Salam Ranjan Singh]]
|[[ATK (football club)|ATK]]
|''End of Contract''
|-
|28
|DF
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Koushik Sarkar]]
|[[Mohun Bagan]]
|''End of Contract''
|-
|7
|MF
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Surabuddin Mollick]]
|[[Mohun Bagan]]
|''End of Contract''
|-
|10
|MF
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Antonio Rodríguez Dovale]]
|[[Nea Salamis Famagusta FC|Nea Salamania FC]]
|''End of Loan''
|-
|15
|MF
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Siam Hanghal]]
|[[Delhi Dynamos F.C.]]
|''End of Loan''
|-
|9
|FW
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Enrique Esqueda]]
|{{sort dash}}
|''End of Contract''
|-
|22
|FW
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jobby Justin]]
|[[ATK (football club)|ATK]]
|''End of Contract''
|-
|11
|FW
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bali Gagandeep]]
|[[Minerva Punjab F.C.]]
|''Released''
|-
|1
|GK
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ubaid CK]]
|[[Gokulam Kerala F.C.]]
|''Released''
|-
|27
|DF
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalramchullova]]
|[[Mohun Bagan]]
|''End of Contract''
|-
|17
|MF
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Laldanmawia Ralte]]
|[[Hyderabad FC]]
|''End of Contract''
|-
|{{sort dash}}
|DF
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Hira Monda
|[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|''End of Contract''
|-
|3
|DF
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Borja Gómez Pérez]]
|{{sort dash}}
|''Released''
|-
|19
|FW
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ronaldo Oliveira]]
|[[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves|Kerala Blasters FC B]]
|''Released''
|-
|46
|FW
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Subhonil Ghosh
|[[Garhwal F.C.]]
|''Released''
|-
|21
|DF
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Martí Crespí]]
|{{sort dash}}
|''Released''
|-
|22
|FW
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|Liberia}} [[Ansumana Kromah]]
|{{sort dash}}
|''Released''
|}

{{col-end}}

{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

===New contracts===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|-
! style="background:#f00; color:#ff0; text-align:center;"|Date
! style="background:#f00; color:#ff0; text-align:center;"|Pos.
! style="background:#f00; color:#ff0; text-align:center;"|No
! style="background:#f00; color:#ff0; text-align:center;"|Player
! style="background:#f00; color:#ff0; text-align:center;"|Ref.
|-
|4 April 2019
|MF
|30
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Brandon Vanlalremdika]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/~/quess-east-bengal-renew-contract-with-brandon-vanlalremdika/Sports/news/1552202.html|title=Quess East Bengal renew contract with Brandon Vanlalremdika – uniindia.com|website=www.uniindia.com}}</ref>
|-
|13 April 2019
|DF
|3
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Borja Gomez Perez]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/i-league-2019-20-borja-gomez-perez-extends-his-contract-with-east-bengal|title=I-League 2019-20: Borja Gomez Perez extends his contract with East Bengal - sportskeeda.com|website=www.sportskeeda.com}}</ref>
|-
|17 April 2019
|MF
|20
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalrindika Ralte]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/east-bengal-hand-lalrindika-ralte-contract-extension-acosta-bids-goodbye/articleshow/68928946.cms|title=East Bengal hand Lalrindika Ralte contract extension – timesofindia.indiatimes.com|website=www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
|20 April 2019
|DF
|25
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Samad Ali Mallick]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arunfoot.com/east-bengal-renew-samad-ali-mallick-contract-until-2022/|title=East Bengal renew Samad Ali Mallick's contract until 2022! - arunfoot.com|website=www.arunfoot.com}}</ref>
|-
|6 June 2019
|MF
|16
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|SEN}} [[Kassim Aidara]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thewall.in/breaking-news-footballeast-bengal-finalises-contract-with-kassim-aidara/|title=#Breaking: কাশিম আইদারা আবার ইস্টবেঙ্গলে, চুক্তি চূড়ান্ত করল কোয়েস – TheWall.in|website=www.thewall.in|access-date=6 June 2019|archive-date=6 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606160546/https://www.thewall.in/breaking-news-footballeast-bengal-finalises-contract-with-kassim-aidara/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|12 June 2019
|MF
|8
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Jaime Santos Colado]]
|<ref name="colado">{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/east-bengal-jaime-santos-colado-contract-extension/pcn6uv5umrap1t6dfgxzfr500|title=East Bengal retain Jamie Santos Colado for two more seasons - Goal.com|website=www.goal.com}}</ref>
|-
|28 June 2019
|DF
|41
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Manoj Mohammed]]
|<ref name="manoj-prakash-puia">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/east-bengal-extend-contract-of-three-youngsters/articleshow/69997879.cms|title=East Bengal extend contract of three youngsters – Times of India|website=www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
|28 June 2019
|MF
|38
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prakash Sarkar]]
|<ref name="manoj-prakash-puia"/>
|-
|28 June 2019
|FW
|43
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[PC Rohlupuia]]
|<ref name="manoj-prakash-puia"/>
|}
{{col-2}}

===Promoted from academy===
{{further|East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy{{!}}East Bengal FC Academy}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|-
! style="background:#f00; color:#ff0; text-align:center;"|No.
! style="background:#f00; color:#ff0; text-align:center;"|Pos.
! style="background:#f00; color:#ff0; text-align:center;"|Name
|-
|46
|MF
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Subhonil Ghosh
|}
{{col-end}}

{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}


{{col-end}}

==Team==

===First-team squad===

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; width:80%;"
|-
! style="background:#f00; color:#ff0; text-align:center;"|No.
! style="background:#f00; color:#ff0; text-align:center;"|Name
! style="background:#f00; color:#ff0; text-align:center;"|Nationality
! style="background:#f00; color:#ff0; text-align:center;"|Position
! style="background:#f00; color:#ff0; text-align:center;"|Date of birth (Age)
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#ff0; color:#f00; text-align:center;"|Goalkeepers
|-
|1
|[[Lalthuammawia Ralte]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1992|11|28}}
|-
|32
|[[Mirshad Michu]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1994|2|3}}
|-
|40
|[[Rakshit Dagar]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1992|10|16}}
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#f00; color:#ff0; text-align:center;"|Defenders
|-
|2
|[[Asheer Akhtar]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Centre-back|CB]]/[[Fullback (association football)|RB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1994|12|14}}
|-
|4
|[[Jhonny Acosta]]
|{{flagicon|Costa Rica}}
|[[Centre-back|CB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1983|07|21}}
|-
|5
|[[Kamalpreet Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Fullback (association football)|RB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1997|11|15}}
|-
|6
|[[Gurwinder Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Centre-back|CB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1986|4|16}}
|-
|15
|[[Abhash Thapa]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Fullback (association football)|LB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1998|12|19}}
|-
|25
|[[Samad Ali Mallick]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Fullback (association football)|RB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1994|9|30}}
|-
|27
|[[Abhishek Ambekar]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Fullback (association football)|LB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1991|8|11}}
|-
|28
|[[Monotosh Chakladar]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Centre-back|CB]]/[[Fullback (association football)|LB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1998|4|8}}
|-
|29
|[[Mehtab Singh (footballer)|Mehtab Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Centre-back|CB]]/[[Fullback (association football)|RB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1998|6|5}}
|-
|41
|[[Manoj Mohammed]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Fullback (association football)|LB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1999|1|8}}
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#ff0; color:#f00; text-align:center;"|Midfielders
|-
|7
|[[Abhijit Sarkar (footballer)|Abhijit Sarkar]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder|CAM]]/[[Winger (association football)|RW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2000|1|5}}
|-
|8
|[[Jaime Santos Colado]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}}
|[[Winger (association football)|RW]]/[[Winger (association football)|LW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1995|4|27}}
|-
|9
|[[Boithang Haokip]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder|CAM]]/[[Winger (association football)|LW/RW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1991|3|9}}
|-
|11
|[[Pintu Mahato]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Winger (association football)|LW/RW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1997|7|3}}
|-
|14
|[[Naorem Tondomba Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder|CM]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1999|2|1}}
|-
|16
|[[Kassim Aidara]]
|{{flagicon|FRA}}
|[[Midfielder|CDM]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1987|5|12}}
|-
|20
|[[Lalrindika Ralte]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder|CM]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1992|9|7}}
|-
|23
|[[Juan Mera González]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}}
|[[Winger (association football)|LW]]/[[Midfielder|CAM]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1993|11|22}}
|-
|24
|[[Víctor Pérez Alonso]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}}
|[[Midfielder|CDM]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1988|1|12}}
|-
|30
|[[Brandon Vanlalremdika]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Winger (association football)|LW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1994|1|28}}
|-
|38
|[[Prakash Sarkar]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder|CDM]]/[[Fullback (association football)|RB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1997|2|15}}
|-
|43
|[[PC Rohlupuia]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder|CAM]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1999|1|16}}
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#f00; color:#ff0; text-align:center;"|Forwards
|-
|17
|[[Edmund Lalrindika]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Winger (association football)|LW/RW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1999|4|24}}
|-
|18
|[[Marcos Jiménez de la Espada Martín|Marcos de la Espada]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}}
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1985|11|3}}
|-
|26
|[[Bidyashagar Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1998|3|11}}
|-
{{Fb_cs_footer|s={{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120213155103/http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/team.php East Bengal First Team ]}} |u=06 March 2020|date=June 2019}}

===Technical staff===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#f00; color:#ff0; text-align:center;"| Position
! style="background:#f00; color:#ff0; text-align:center;"| Name
|-
| Manager (Head Coach)
|{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Mario Rivera Campesino]]
|-
| Assistant coach
| {{Flagicon|ESP}} Marçal Trulls Sevillano
|-
| Physical Trainer
|{{Flagicon|ESP}} Carlos Nodar Paz
|-
| Assistant coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bastob Roy]]
|-
| Goalkeeping coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Abhra Mondal]]
|-
| Assistant Physical Trainer
| {{flagicon|IND}} Rudra Pratim Roy
|-
| Club Doctor
| {{flagicon|IND}} Dr. Shantiranjan Dasgupta
|-
| Team Media Officer
| {{flagicon|IND}} Gautam Roy
|-
| Team Observer
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tushar Rakshit]]
|}
{{clear}}

==Kit==
'''Supplier:''' Kaizen Sports ''' Sponsors: ''' [[Quess Corp]] ''' Co-Sponsor: '''Paragon; Mio Amore 
[[East Bengal FC]] launched its special Centenary year kit on 27 July 2019, as a tribute to the oldest kit found, and worn by the team in 1925–26.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sportslives.co.in/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%81%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE/|title=জার্সিতে শতবর্ষের ছোঁয়া ইস্টবেঙ্গলে|work=Sports Live|accessdate=27 July 2019}}{{Dead link|date=January 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
{| border-"0" style="margin:1em auto;"
|{{Football kit
|pattern_b = _EastBengal_19_20
|pattern_la = _EastBengal_19_20
|pattern_ra = _EastBengal_19_20
|leftarm = ff0000
|rightarm = ffff00
|shorts = 000000
|socks = FF0000
|title=Home
}}
|
|{{Football kit
|pattern_b = _EastBengal_19_20_away
|pattern_la = _EastBengal_19_20_away
|pattern_ra = _EastBengal_19_20_away
|pattern_sh =
|pattern_so =
|leftarm = FFFFFF
|body = FFFFFF
|rightarm = FFFFFF
|shorts = FFFFFF
|socks = FFFFFF
|title=Away
}}
|
|{{Football kit
|pattern_b =
|pattern_la =
|pattern_ra =
|pattern_sh =
|pattern_so =
|leftarm = FF5DE9
|body = FFD2F9
|rightarm = FF5DE9
|shorts = FF5DE9
|socks = FFD2F9
|title=Goalkeeper (H)
}}
|
|{{Football kit
|pattern_b =
|pattern_la =
|pattern_ra =
|pattern_sh =
|pattern_so =
|leftarm = 114BD3
|body = 59B0FF
|rightarm = 114BD3
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|socks = 59B0FF
|title=Goalkeeper (A)
}}
|
|{{Football kit
|pattern_b =
|pattern_la =
|pattern_ra =
|pattern_sh =
|pattern_so =
|leftarm = FFC300
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}}
|}

==Season overview==

=== August ===
{{East Bengal F.C. centenary season first match team}}

[[East Bengal FC]] started their campaign for the season on 3 August against [[Army Red (football team)|Army Red]] in the [[2019 Durand Cup]] at the [[East Bengal Ground]] and won by 2–0, with goals from [[Jaime Santos Colado]] scoring from a freekick in the 85th minute and [[Bidyashagar Singh]] tapping home from a [[Samad Ali Mallick]] cross in the 91st minute. [[East Bengal FC]] played [[Jamshedpur FC Reserves|Jamshedpur FC (R)]] on 6th at the [[East Bengal Ground]] in the next match in the [[2019 Durand Cup]] and won by a convincing 6–0 margin, with [[Jaime Santos Colado]] and [[Bidyashagar Singh]] each scoring a brace and other two scored by [[Pintu Mahata]] and [[Boithang Haokip]]. Jaime Santos suffered an injury to his shoulder early in the first half and was taken off to avoid any risk.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/durand-cup-2019-quess-east-bengal-vs-jamshedpur-fc-cup-live-streaming-scores-updates-kolkata-indian-football-jaime-colado-santos-aidara/article28833425.ece|title=Durand Cup 2019: East Bengal thumps Jamshedpur FC 6–0 – As it happened|work=The Hindu|accessdate=7 August 2019}}</ref> 
[[East Bengal FC]] started off their [[2019 CFL Premier Division|2019–20 Calcutta Premier Division]] campaign on 9 August against [[George Telegraph S.C.]] at the [[East Bengal Ground]], however, they faced a set-back as the Red and Gold brigade lost by a solitary goal scored by Justice Morgan in the dying minutes of the injury time. [[East Bengal FC]] fielded a rather weakened side, with 5 academy players in the starting eleven and just [[Martí Crespí]] in the lineup.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/east-bengal-lose-0-1-against-george-telegraph-in-cfl-tie/articleshow/70609899.cms|title=East Bengal lose 0–1 against George Telegraph in CFL tie|work=Times of India|accessdate=11 August 2019}}</ref>

[[East Bengal FC]] faced [[Bengaluru FC]] next in the [[2019 Durand Cup]] final Group A match on 14 August at the [[Salt Lake Stadium]] to secure a spot in the Semi-Finals. The visitors went ahead early in the game with an opportunistic strike from striker [[Ajay Chhetri]]. The Red and Gold brigade, however, rallied from behind in the second half with a brace from their academy graduate [[Bidyashagar Singh]] to win it 2–1 and top the group stages and enter the semi-finals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/east-bengal-vs-bengaluru-fc-durand-cup-2019-live-streaming-score-jaime-colado-santos-kassim-aidara-borja-gomez-chhetri-indian-football/article29092618.ece|title=Durand Cup 2019: Super-sub Bidyashagar Singh powers East Bengal to 2–1 triumph over Bengaluru FC – As it happened|work=The Hindu|accessdate=17 August 2019}}</ref>

[[East Bengal FC]] were supposed to face BSS Sporting Club in the [[2019 CFL Premier Division|2019–20 Calcutta Premier Division]] on 17 August however, the match was postponed<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-om/news/calcutta-football-league-east-bengal-bss-postponed/8fgw6due7k10138kghuypjrib|title=CFL 2019: East Bengal's match against BSS Sporting Club postponed|work=Goal.com|accessdate=17 August 2019}}</ref> since the Red and Gold brigade will be playing in the [[2019 Durand Cup]] Semi-Final on 21 August, against the winners of Group D at the [[Salt Lake Stadium]].

[[East Bengal FC]] faced [[Gokulam Kerala F.C.]] in the Semi-Finals of the [[2019 Durand Cup]] and lost in the Penalty Shootouts by a 2–3 margin after the game ended 1–1 after 120 minutes. [[Samad Ali Mallick]] scored the first goal for the Red and Gold brigade, however, [[Marcus Joseph]] made no mistakes as he equalized for the visiting side in the dying minutes of the match after [[Mehtab Singh (footballer)|Mehtab Singh]] conceded a penalty by pulling down [[Henry Kisekka]], resulting in the former being sent-off. 10 men East Bengal FC took the match to the tie-breakers but [[Lalrindika Ralte]], [[Jaime Santos Colado]] and [[Naorem Tondomba Singh]] missed from the spot as [[Gokulam Kerala F.C.]] progressed into the final.<ref name="DurandSF" />

[[East Bengal FC]] faced BSS Sporting Club in the next match on 25 August in the [[2019 CFL Premier Division|2019–20 CFL]] at the [[East Bengal Ground]] and won it by 2–1 margin with goals from [[Jaime Santos Colado]] and academy graduate [[Bidyashagar Singh]]. [[William Opoku]] reduced the margin in the dying minutes from a penalty which was conceded as the ball struck [[Kamalpreet Singh]]'s hand inside the box. Spanish striker [[Marcos Jiménez de la Espada Martín|Marcos de la Espada]] debuted in the match for the Red and Gold brigade and in the muddly playing conditions had a decent first outing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/newsdetails.php?NId=565|title=QEB beat BSS in CFL|work=East Bengal Club|accessdate=26 August 2019}}{{Dead link|date=January 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

[[East Bengal FC]] played [[Aryan F.C.]] next on 28 August in the Calcutta Football League at the [[East Bengal Ground]] and won quite handsomely by a 3–0 margin with [[Lalrindika Ralte]] opening the scoring in the 40th minute and [[Jaime Santos Colado]] netting a brace in the second half. The Red and Gold brigade would have had a huge scoreline if not for the missed chances in the second half from [[Bidyashagar Singh]], [[Samad Ali Mallick]], Ronaldo Oliviera.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/newsdetails.php?NId=566|title=QEB thrash Aryan 3–0|work=East Bengal Club|accessdate=5 September 2019}}{{Dead link|date=January 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===September===
[[East Bengal FC]] faced their arch-rivals [[Mohun Bagan]] next on 1 September at the [[Salt Lake Stadium]] in the first [[Kolkata Derby]] of the season. Coach [[Alejandro Menendez]] benched two top scorers [[Jaime Santos Colado]] and [[Bidyashagar Singh]] for the match, which ended in a goalless stalemate with both teams failing to break open the deadlock.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/newsdetails.php?NId=567|title=Honours Even in Kolkata Derby|work=East Bengal Club|accessdate=5 September 2019}}{{Dead link|date=January 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

[[East Bengal FC]] faced [[Southern Samity]] in the next match of the [[2019 CFL Premier Division|2019–20 CFL]] on 5 September at the [[East Bengal Ground]] and in a difficult underfoot conditions, emerged victorious by a 2–1 margin, with goals from academy graduate [[Bidyashagar Singh]] and star-man [[Jaime Santos Colado]], both scoring their 7th goal of the season. Arjun Tudu reduced the margin for the visiting side but the Red and Gold brigade held onto the lead. East Bengal now has 10 points from 5 matches in the Calcutta Football League.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/newsdetails.php?NId=568|title=QEB edge past Southern Samity|work=East Bengal Club|accessdate=7 September 2019}}{{Dead link|date=January 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

[[East Bengal FC]] faced [[Peerless SC]] in the next match of the [[2019 CFL Premier Division|2019–20 CFL]] on 9 September at the [[East Bengal Ground]] and in a very hard-fought match, lost 0–1 courtesy of a penalty goal from [[Ansumana Kromah]] in the 65th minute. [[Marcos Jiménez de la Espada Martín|Marcos de la Espada]]'s header hit the goalpost in the first half while [[Brandon Vanlalremdika]] and substitute [[Jaime Santos Colado]] failed to convert their chances as the Red and Gold brigade failed to take any point from the game.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/newsdetails.php?NId=570|title=QEB lose to Peerless in CFL|work=East Bengal Club|accessdate=9 September 2019}}{{Dead link|date=January 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

[[East Bengal FC]] players and support staff were penalised by the [[Indian Football Association|IFA]] governing body for the after-match incident with the match referee. Captain [[Lalrindika Ralte]] and [[Mehtab Singh (footballer)|Mehtab Singh]] were both handed a match ban and 1 lakh Rupees fine, while team manager Debraj Chowdhury and goalkeeper coach [[Abhra Mondal]] were handed a year-long ban from all IFA competitions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/ifa-suspends-east-bengal-duo-for-1-match-fines-rs-1-lakh-each/articleshow/71092155.cms|title=IFA suspends East Bengal duo for 1 match, fines Rs 1 lakh each|work=Times of India|accessdate=12 September 2019}}</ref>

[[East Bengal FC]] faced [[Kalighat Milan Sangha F.C.|Kalighat MS]] in the next match of the [[2019 CFL Premier Division|2019–20 CFL]] on 12 September at the [[East Bengal Ground]]. After conceding a goal early in the 27th minute against the run of play, the Red and Gold brigade rallied from behind to score 3 goals, with [[Bidyashagar Singh]] equalizing in the first half then [[Pintu Mahata]]'s shot deflected into the net off Lassine and then [[Jaime Santos Colado]] increasing the lead. Kalighat MS reduced the margin in the 82nd min to make the scoreline 3–2 but East Bengal team was fast to react as Jaime Santos scored again within a minute to take full 3 points from the match. East Bengal now stands 3rd in the table with 13 points of 7 matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/newsdetails.php?NId=571|title=QEB outclass Kalighat MS|work=East Bengal Club|accessdate=12 September 2019}}{{Dead link|date=January 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

[[East Bengal FC]] appealed to the [[Indian Football Association|IFA]] for the suspension of Manager and Goalkeeper coach and IFA has reduced the penalty of the duo as well as for the players. Manager Debraj Chowdhury and Goal Keeper coach [[Abhra Mondal]] are now just fined 75 thousand and their suspension is lifted, players [[Lalrindika Ralte]] and [[Mehtab Singh (footballer)|Mehtab Singh]]'s fines are also reduced to 75 thousand from 1 lakh Rupees.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thewall.in/news-sports-ifa-lifts-ban-of-debraj-chowdhury-and-abhra-mandal-whereas-ralte-and-mehtabs-fine-reduces/|title=নির্বাসন উঠল দেবরাজ-অভ্রর, জরিমানা কমল ডিকা-মেহেতাবের|work=The Wall|accessdate=15 September 2019|archive-date=11 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111123302/https://www.thewall.in/news-sports-ifa-lifts-ban-of-debraj-chowdhury-and-abhra-mandal-whereas-ralte-and-mehtabs-fine-reduces/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[East Bengal FC]] faced [[Bhawanipore F.C.]] in the next match of the [[2019 CFL Premier Division|2019–20 CFL]] on 16 September at the [[Kalyani Stadium]] and in a tense game, the Red and Gold brigade twice went ahead, however, both times nullified by Bhawanipur to end 2–2. [[Pintu Mahata]] scored the opener early in the 7th minute to take a 1–0 advantage at HT. [[Kamo Stephane Bayi]] equalised for the visitors. [[Borja Gomez Perez]] again put East Bengal ahead in the 83rd min however again Jagannath Sana equalised just a minute later.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/newsdetails.php?NId=572|title=QEB held by Bhawanipore in CFL|work=East Bengal Club|accessdate=20 September 2019}}{{Dead link|date=January 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

[[East Bengal FC]] faced [[Rainbow A.C.|NBP Rainbow AC]] in the next match of the [[2019 CFL Premier Division|2019–20 CFL]] on 20 September at the [[East Bengal Ground]] and managed to edge past by a solitary goal by [[Marcos Jiménez de la Espada Martín|Marcos de la Espada]] from the penalty spot in the 35th minute. [[Samad Ali Mallick]] was adjudged the Man of the Match for his brilliant display down the right-wing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/newsdetails.php?NId=573|title=QEB edge past NBP Rainbow AC|work=East Bengal Club|accessdate=20 September 2019}}{{Dead link|date=January 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

[[East Bengal FC]] faced their rivals [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]] in the next match of the [[2019 CFL Premier Division|2019–20 CFL]] on 26 September at the [[Salt Lake Stadium]] and in a potential title decided the Red and Gold brigade edged past the Black Panthers by 3–2 scoreline. East Bengal took the lead early as [[Pintu Mahata]] headed home brilliantly from a cross from [[Kamalpreet Singh]] in the 12th minute. Mohammedan Sporting was quick to react as they equalised in the 23rd min as [[Borja Gomez Perez]] deflected the ball into his own net from a setpiece movement. In the 43rd min, East Bengal won a penalty after Shaiful Rahman stopped the ball with his hand as it was going into the goal, hence getting a red card in the process; [[Jaime Santos Colado]] did no mistake in scoring from the spot to take a 2–1 lead at HT. East Bengal increased the lead in the second half as [[Marcos Jiménez de la Espada Martín|Marcos de la Espada]] tapped in from close range from a [[Lalrindika Ralte]] cross to make it 3–1. The men in Black and White did surge for a comeback with 10 men as they reduced the margin in the 83rd min as [[Arthur Kouassi]] scored. However, East Bengal held onto the lead and kept their title hopes alive with 20 points from 10 matches with a game to go.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/newsdetails.php?NId=576|title=QEB edge past Mohammedan|work=East Bengal Club|accessdate=27 September 2019}}{{Dead link|date=January 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

[[East Bengal FC]] was supposed to face Calcutta Customs in the last match of the [[2019 CFL Premier Division|2019–20 CFL]] on 29 September at the [[East Bengal Ground]] however the match was abandoned due to unplayable conditions due to heavy rainfall, which caused water-clogging inside the playing arena.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/newsdetails.php?NId=577|title=Match Abandoned|work=East Bengal Club|accessdate=3 October 2019}}{{Dead link|date=January 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The match was rescheduled on 3 October at the [[Kalyani Stadium]] however [[East Bengal FC]] did not show up and Customs were given a Walkover.

===November===
[[East Bengal FC]] had their pre-season for the [[2019–20 I-League]] in October, after they withdrew from the [[2019 Sheikh Kamal International Club Cup]]. The Red and Gold brigade decided to play a set of pre-season friendlies against ISL sides before the start of the I-League. [[East Bengal FC]] played a friendly against [[2018–19 Indian Super League]] Champions [[Bengaluru FC]] on 6 November at [[Bengaluru]] which ended 1–1. [[Marcos Jimenez de la Espada Martin|Marcos de la Espada]] opened the scoring early in the 4th minute, however, [[Edmund Lalrindika]] equalized for the home side from a long-range effort early in the second half to end the game in a stalemate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sportslives.co.in/%e0%a6%aa%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b8%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%ab%e0%a7%81%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%9d%e0%a7%81%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%bf-%e0%a6%9b%e0%a7%81%e0%a6%9f%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%af%e0%a6%bc%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%93-%e0%a6%86/|title=পাসের ফুলঝুরি ছুটিয়েও আটকে গেল ইস্টবেঙ্গল|work=Sports Live|accessdate=17 November 2019}}{{Dead link|date=January 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

[[East Bengal FC]] played their second pre-season friendly against another [[Indian Super League|ISL]] opponent, [[NorthEast United FC]] on 16 November, at [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]] in [[Guwahati]] which ended in a goalless draw.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sportslives.co.in/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81/|title=ভুরি ভুরি গোল মিস, প্রস্তুতি ম্যাচে ড্র ইস্টবেঙ্গলের|work=Sports Live|accessdate=17 November 2019}}{{Dead link|date=January 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

[[East Bengal FC]] played their third and final pre-season friendly against [[Indian Super League]] side [[Jamshedpur FC]] on 21 November, at the JFC Training Ground in [[Jamshedpur]] where they defeated the ISL team by 2–0 courtesy of goals from [[Abhijit Sarkar (footballer)|Abhijit Sarkar]] and [[Jaime Santos Colado]] to end their pre-season campaign before the start of the [[2019–20 I-League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/jamshedpur-fc-go-down-fighting-to-east-bengal-fc-in-a-friendly-game|title=Jamshedpur FC go down fighting to East Bengal FC in a friendly game|work=Jamshedpur FC|accessdate=22 November 2019}}</ref>

===December===
{{East Bengal F.C. centenary season first I-league match team}}

[[East Bengal FC]] began their [[2019–20 I-League]] campaign against [[Real Kashmir F.C.]] on 4 December at the [[Kalyani Stadium]]. The match ended up 1–1 draw. [[Marcos Jiménez de la Espada Martín|Marcos de la Espada]] scored on behalf of East Bengal, and Juan Mera Gonzalez became Hero of the match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/i-league-2019-20-east-bengal-vs-real-kashmir-fc-report/dofadoe6t79m1n3wj40ytmql8|title=I-League 2019–20: Marcos De La Espada's strike earns East Bengal a point|work=Goal.com|accessdate=11 November 2019}}</ref>

[[East Bengal FC]] travelled to [[Ludhiana]] to face-off with [[Punjab F.C.|Punjab FC]] on 7 December for their second match of the campaign and failed to win again as the match ended 1–1 draw. [[Juan Mera González]] scored the equaliser in the 85th min to avoid the defeat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/punjab-v-east-bengal/report/7obhabfdvw3lavcu8yfkamiqy|title=I-League 2019–20: Late Juan Mera strike hands East Bengal a draw in Punjab|work=Goal.com|accessdate=11 November 2019}}</ref>

[[East Bengal FC]] travelled to [[Imphal]] for their third match of the [[2019–20 I-League]] as they faced [[NEROCA F.C.]] on 10 December. The Red and Gold brigade managed to grab their first win of the campaign as the match ended 4–1 in favour of East Bengal. [[Jaime Santos Colado]] scored a brace while [[Juan Mera González]] and [[Marcos Jiménez de la Espada Martín|Marcos de la Espada]] scored the other two.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/neroca-v-east-bengal/report/7oky6kbyeq19dtmmqlov468ve|title=I-League 2019–20: East Bengal go third with thumping win over NEROCA FC|work=Goal.com|accessdate=11 November 2019}}</ref>

[[East Bengal FC]] faced [[TRAU F.C.]] next on 14 December at the [[Kalyani Stadium]] and in a close game, managed to grab all 3 points as the Red and Golds won 2–1 with goals from [[Marcos Jiménez de la Espada Martín|Marcos de la Espada]] in the 17th minute and [[Marti Crespi]] in the 89th minute. [[Deepak Devrani]] had equalized for the away side in the 45th minute.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://i-league.org/quess-east-bengal-leave-it-late-to-earn-dramatic-win-against-trau/|title=Quess East Bengal leave it late to earn dramatic win against TRAU|work=I-League|accessdate=20 December 2019}}</ref>

[[East Bengal FC]] were supposed face their arch-rivals [[Mohun Bagan]] in the first [[Kolkata Derby]] of the [[2019–20 I-League]] next on 22 December at the [[Salt Lake Stadium]] however the match was postponed citing security concerns by the police and home team [[Mohun Bagan]].<ref name="Derby Postponed">{{cite web|url=https://i-league.org/hero-i-league-match-between-mohun-bagan-and-quess-east-bengal-postponed/|title=Hero I-League match between Mohun Bagan and Quess East Bengal postponed|work=I-League|accessdate=20 December 2019}}</ref>

===January===
[[East Bengal FC]] will faced [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]] away on 4 January at the [[Fatorda Stadium]] and lost courtesy of a solitary goal in the 89th minute from [[Willis Plaza]]. This was the first defeat of the campaign for the Red and Gold brigade.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://i-league.org/plaza-takes-churchill-to-top-of-hero-i-league-table/|title=Plaza takes Churchill to top of Hero I-League table|work=I-League|accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref>

On 8 January, [[East Bengal F.C.]] announced the signing of [[Abhash Thapa]] on loan from [[Indian Super League|ISL]] side [[Hyderabad FC]] for the remainder of the season.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.badgeb.com/exclusive-quess-east-bengal-fc-signs-isl-player-on-loan-from-hyderabad-fc/|title=Exclusive: Quess East Bengal FC signs ISL player on loan from Hyderabad FC!|work=BADGEB.com|accessdate=9 January 2020|archive-date=11 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111124758/http://www.badgeb.com/exclusive-quess-east-bengal-fc-signs-isl-player-on-loan-from-hyderabad-fc/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 14 January, [[East Bengal F.C.]] announced their second winter transfer signing as they hired [[Bengaluru F.C.]] attacking midfielder [[Edmund Lalrindika]] on loan for the rest of the season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/g00/en-in/news/edmund-lalrindika-set-to-join-east-bengal/1e8ws36357rtq1d4ag9605g21i?i10c.ua=1&i10c.encReferrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8%3d&i10c.dv=13|title=Edmund Lalrindika set to join East Bengal|work=Goal|accessdate=14 January 2019}}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

[[East Bengal FC]] faced [[Gokulam Kerala F.C.]] at home on 15 January at the [[Kalyani Stadium]] and suffered their second defeat of the [[2019–20 I-League]] campaign as they lost 3–1 to the Malabarians. [[Henry Kisekka]], [[Marcus Joseph]] scored two while [[Marti Crespi]] scored an own goal as the visitors won the game. [[Kassim Aidara]] scored the only goal for the Red and Golds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://i-league.org/gokulam-kerala-outgun-quess-east-bengal-to-rise-to-fourth/|title=Gokulam Kerala outgun Quess East Bengal to rise to fourth|work=I-League|accessdate=22 January 2020}}</ref>

[[East Bengal FC]] faced arch-rivals [[Mohun Bagan]] on 19 January at the [[Salt Lake Stadium]] in the [[Kolkata Derby]] and faced their third defeat in a row as the Green and Maroons snatched a hard-fought 2–1 victory over the Red and Gold brigade. [[Joseba Beitia]] opened the scoring for the Mariners in the 18th minute. [[Baba Diawara]] increased the lead in the 62nd minute. [[Marcos Jiménez de la Espada Martín|Marcos de la Espada]] reduced the margin for East Bengal in the 72nd minute, however, they could find an equaliser with [[Juan Mera (footballer)|Juan Mera]]'s shot hitting the crossbar was the closest East Bengal got.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://i-league.org/mohun-bagan-consolidate-top-spot-with-derby-win-over-quess-east-bengal/|title=Mohun Bagan consolidate top spot with Derby win over Quess East Bengal|work=I-League|accessdate=22 January 2020}}</ref>

On 21 January, just 2 days after the [[Kolkata Derby]] defeat, [[East Bengal FC]] announced that coach [[Alejandro Menendez]] had resigned from his position for personal reasons and taking responsibility if the poor performance of the team. The new coach will be announced within a few days.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/east-bengal-head-coach-alejandro-menendez-resigns/r44fhixeu1d6141e6d5jpourm|title=East Bengal head coach Alejandro Menendez resigns|work=Goal|accessdate=22 January 2020}}</ref>

On 22 January, the [[East Bengal FC]] management announced a double signing: Liberian striker [[Ansumana Kromah]] and [[Monotosh Chakladar]] for the remainder of the season.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.badgeb.com/official-red-and-gold-on-a-shopping-spree-as-they-rope-in-indian-defender/|title=Official: Red and Gold on a shopping spree as they rope in Indian defender!|work=BADGEB.com|accessdate=23 January 2020|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101010710/https://www.badgeb.com/official-red-and-gold-on-a-shopping-spree-as-they-rope-in-indian-defender/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Mario Rivera Campesino]] was appointed the new head coach on 23 January, a few hours later Alejandro Menendez left the city. Mario worked with the club in the previous season as the assistant coach and video analyst.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.badgeb.com/official-mario-rivera-appointed-as-quess-east-bengal-fc-coach/|title=Official: Mario Rivera appointed as Quess East Bengal FC coach|work=BADGEB.com|accessdate=23 January 2020|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021215232/https://www.badgeb.com/official-mario-rivera-appointed-as-quess-east-bengal-fc-coach/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[East Bengal FC]] faced defending champions [[Chennai City F.C.]] on 25 January at Coimbatore and finally came back to winning ways with a 2–0 win courtesy of a goal each from [[Marcos Jiménez de la Espada Martín|Marcos de la Espada]] and [[Jaime Santos Colado]] who scored from the spot. This was the first clean sheet the Red and Gold Brigade achieved in the [[2019–20 I-League]] campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://i-league.org/quess-east-bengal-bounce-back-with-away-win-against-chennai-city/|title=Quess East Bengal bounce back with away win against Chennai City|work=I-League|accessdate=1 February 2020}}</ref>

===February===

[[East Bengal FC]] faced [[Indian Arrows]] on 1 February at the [[Kalyani Stadium]] in the next match and lost by 1–0, courtesy of a solitary goal by [[Vikram Pratap Singh]] in the 58th minute.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://i-league.org/valiant-indian-arrows-stun-quess-east-bengal-at-kalyani/|title=Valiant Indian Arrows stun Quess East Bengal at Kalyani|work=I-League|accessdate=1 February 2020}}</ref>

[[East Bengal FC]] played [[Aizawl F.C.]] next on 7 February at the [[Kalyani Stadium]] and lost once again by a solitary goal from Matias Veron in the 76th minute. This was their 5th defeat in 6 matches in the [[2019–20 I-League]] campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://i-league.org/veron-strikes-to-dent-quess-east-bengals-hero-i-league-campaign/|title=Veron strikes to dent Quess East Bengal's Hero I-League campaign|work=I-League|accessdate=9 February 2020}}</ref>

On 12 February, [[East Bengal FC]] announced the signing of Spanish defensive midfielder [[Víctor Pérez Alonso]] for the remainder of the season.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.badgeb.com/quess-east-bengal-fc-rope-in-former-real-madrid-castilla-midfielder/|title=Quess East Bengal FC rope in former Real Madrid Castilla midfielder|work=BADGEB.com|accessdate=13 February 2020|archive-date=13 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213070223/http://www.badgeb.com/quess-east-bengal-fc-rope-in-former-real-madrid-castilla-midfielder/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[East Bengal FC]] faced [[Punjab F.C.]] next on 13 February at the [[Kalyani Stadium]] and in an intensely fought game managed to share points after the game ended in a 1–1 draw. [[Ansumana Kromah]] gave the lead for the Red and Gold brigade in the 9th minute with a long-range effort while [[Girik Khosla]] equalised for the visiting team in the 42nd minute to share the points.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://i-league.org/quess-east-bengal-hold-punjab-fc-at-kalyani/|title=Quess East Bengal hold Punjab FC in Kalyani|work=I-League|accessdate=14 February 2020}}</ref>

[[East Bengal FC]] faced [[Indian Arrows]] next on 17 February at the [[Cooperage Ground]] in [[Mumbai]] and got back to winning ways with a 3–1 win courtesy of goals from [[Jaime Santos Colado]] in the 6th minute, [[Asheer Akhtar]] in the 62nd minute and [[Lalrindika Ralte]] in the 67th minute. [[Vikram Pratap Singh]] did equalize for the home team in the 54th minute before Asheer and Didika struck the two goals and secure the win.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://i-league.org/quess-east-bengal-seal-much-needed-win-in-hero-i-leagues-return-to-cooperage/|title=Quess East Bengal seal much-needed win in Hero I-League's return to Cooperage|work=I-League|accessdate=9 March 2020}}</ref>

[[East Bengal FC]] travelled to [[Imphal]] to face [[TRAU F.C.]] next on 23 January at the [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]] and won their second game in succession after a brilliant second half display to rally from behind to win 4–2. Princewell Emeka scored the opener for the home side in the 18th minute. East Bengal FC scored 4 goals in the second half courtesy of 4 different scorers: [[Jaime Santos Colado]], [[Kassim Aidara]], [[Brandon Vanlalremdika]] and [[Marcos Jiménez de la Espada Martín|Marcos de la Espada]]. [[Oguchi Uche]] reduced the margin for the home side in the 86th minute.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://i-league.org/quess-east-bengal-complete-thrilling-comeback-victory-over-trau-fc/|title=Quess East Bengal complete thrilling comeback victory over TRAU FC|work=I-League|accessdate=9 March 2020}}</ref>

[[East Bengal FC]] faced [[Churchill Brothers S.C.]] next on 29 February at the [[Salt Lake Stadium]] and in a fiercely competitive match managed to share points with a dying minute equalizer goal from [[Jaime Santos Colado]] to make it 1–1. [[Willis Plaza]] scored the opening goal of the match in the 10th minute for Churchill Brothers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://i-league.org/last-gasp-equaliser-earns-quess-east-bengal-dramatic-point-against-churchill/|title=Last gasp equaliser earns Quess East Bengal dramatic point against Churchill|work=I-League|accessdate=9 March 2020}}</ref>

===March===

[[East Bengal FC]] travelled to [[Kozhikode]] next to face [[Gokulam Kerala F.C.]] next on 3 March and drew 1–1 plying more than 35 mins against 10-men Gokulam Kerala FC side. [[Marcus Joseph]] opened the scoring in the 9th minute for the home side while [[Víctor Pérez Alonso]] equalised from the spot after [[Juan Mera (footballer)|Juan Mera]] was brought down in the 24th minute. Naocha Huidrom Singh was shown marching orders in the 49th minute for his second booking. Juan Mera and Victor Perez both struck the bar in the second half but could not find the winning goal as both teams shared the points.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://i-league.org/9-man-gokulam-kerala-hold-quess-east-bengal/|title=9-man Gokulam Kerala hold Quess East Bengal|work=I-League|accessdate=9 March 2020}}</ref>

[[East Bengal FC]] signed back Costa Rican World Cup star and former defender [[Jhonny Acosta]] ahead of the game against [[Real Kashmir FC]] and released Liberian striker [[Ansumana Kromah]] to make way for him.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/sport/east-bengal-released-ansumana-kromah-to-sign-johnny-acosta-1.1119133|title=ক্রোমার বিদায়, সই জনির|work=Anandabazar Patrika|accessdate=9 March 2020}}</ref>

[[East Bengal FC]] continued their travel to [[Srinagar]] next as they faced [[Real Kashmir F.C.]] on 9 March at the [[TRC Turf Ground]] and won by a solitary penalty goal in the dying minutes of the injury time by [[Víctor Pérez Alonso]] to snatch all 3 points and move up to the 2nd place in the league table. The game was ill-tempered and Real Kashmir FC had 3 players sent-off in the match while [[Edmund Lalrindika]] of Quess East Bengal FC was also given marching orders in the last seconds of the game which means he will miss the all-important [[Kolkata Derby]] next.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://i-league.org/quess-east-bengal-go-2nd-in-hero-i-league-with-dramatic-win-in-srinagar/|title=Quess East Bengal go 2nd in Hero I-League with dramatic win in Srinagar|work=I-League|accessdate=9 March 2020}}</ref>

[[East Bengal FC]] was supposed to face arch-rivals [[Mohun Bagan]] in the second leg of the [[Kolkata Derby]] next on 15 March at the [[Salt Lake Stadium]] however due to the outbreak of [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]], all matches of the [[2019–20 I-League]] has been suspended till 14 April until further notice. The revised schedule will be announced later.<ref name="covid19">{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/coronavirus-i-league-matches-suspended-from-march-15/1ujkopnrik7ww11yarhfvjhxxj|title=Coronavirus: I-League matches suspended from March 15|work=Goal.com|accessdate=15 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-statement-10|title=AIFF Statement|website=www.the-aiff.com|access-date=2020-03-18}}</ref>

===April===

On 18 April, due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the [[All India Football Federation]] announced that the remaining matches of [[2019–20 I-League]] will be cancelled and [[Mohun Bagan]] was awarded as the champions. No team was relegated, and the remaining prize money (apart from the champion's prize money) was equally divided among the 10 teams.<ref name="IL Cancel">{{Cite web|url=https://i-league.org/league-committee-sends-its-recommendations-to-the-aiff-executive-committee/|title=League Committee sends its recommendations to the AIFF Executive Committee|work= I-League|accessdate=23 April 2020}}</ref>

On 26 April, [[East Bengal FC]]'s prime investors [[Quess Corp]] announced they will be parting ways with the club after 30 April, owing to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], applying the "Force Majeure Clause".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/east-bengal-terminates-contracts-i-league-jamie-santos-indian-football-news-isl-mohun-bagan/article31438672.ece|title=Quess parts ways with East Bengal citing COVID-19 pandemic|work=Sportstar - The Hindu|accessdate=27 April 2020}}</ref>

==Competitions==

===Overall===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:900px; font-size="80%";"
|-
! style="text-align:center; width:200px;" | Competition
! style="text-align:center; width:170px;" | First match
! style="text-align:center; width:170px;" | Last match
! style="text-align:center; width:170px;" | Final Position
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Calcutta Football League]]
| 9 August 2019
| 3 October 2019
! 3rd
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[2019 Durand Cup|Durand Cup]]
| 3 August 2019
| 21 August 2018
! Semi-Finals
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[2019–20 I-League|I-League]]
| 4 December 2019
| 9 March 2020
! '''2nd'''{{efn-ua|name="IL"}}
|-
|}

===Overview===
{{Fb overview
|c=3
|c1=[[2019 CFL Premier Division|Calcutta Football League]]{{efn-ua|The game between East Bengal and Calcutta Customs was rescheduled due to unplayable weather & ground conditions, however on the later date East Bengal did not turn up & thus Customs were awarded a 3–0 win.}}
|w1=6|l1=3|d1=2|f1=17|a1=13
|c2=[[2019 Durand Cup|Durand Cup]]
|w2=3|l2=0|d2=1|f2=11|a2=2
|c3=[[2019-20 I-League|I League]]
|w3=6|l3=5|d3=5|f3=23|a3=18
|u=9 March 2020
}}
{{notelist-ua}}
----

===Calcutta Football League===
{{main|2019 CFL Premier Division}}
{{:2019 CFL Premier Division|transcludesection=Premier Division A|showteam=EB}}
[[Calcutta Football League]] fixtures were announced on 22 July 2019. [[East Bengal FC]] were supposed to start their campaign against [[George Telegraph S.C.]] on 31 July at the [[East Bengal Ground]] however fixtures were rescheduled due to unavailability of the stadiums and the first game was postponed to 9 August.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sportslives.co.in/%e0%a6%b8%e0%a7%82%e0%a6%9a%e0%a7%80-%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%a6%e0%a6%b2-%e0%a6%95%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%95%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a4%e0%a6%be-%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%97%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%95%e0%a6%ac%e0%a7%87/|title=সূচী বদল কলকাতা লিগের কবে নামছে তিন প্রধান?|work=Sports Live|date=26 July 2019|accessdate=26 July 2019}}{{Dead link|date=January 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

====Results by round====
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b|header=Round
| label1 = Ground
| res1 = H /H /H /A /H /H /H /H /H /H /H
| label2 = Result
| res2 = L /W /W /D /W /L /W /D /W /W /L
| label3 = Position
| res3 = 11 /6 /4 /4 /3 /5 /3 /3 /2 /2 /3

|text_H=Home|text_A=Away
|color_W=green2|text_W=Win
|color_D=yellow2|text_D=Draw
|color_L=red2|text_L=Loss
|color_1=1st|color_2=2nd|color_3=3rd|color_11=red3|color_12=red3

|source=[https://us.soccerway.com/teams/india/east-bengal-club-fc/3346/ Soccerway]
|updated=27 September 2019
}}

====Matches====
{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{{football box collapsible
|date= 9 August 2019
|round=1
|time= 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 0–1
|report = [http://eastbengalclub.co.in/newsdetails.php?NId=552 Report]
|team2=[[George Telegraph S.C.]]
|goals1=
|goals2= Justice Morgan {{yel|65}} {{goal|90+4}}
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]]
|attendance= 20,000
|result= L
|motm= Tanmoy Ghosh ([[George Telegraph S.C.]])
|referee= Tanmoy Dhar
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 25 August 2019
|round=2
|time= 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 2–1
|report = [http://eastbengalclub.co.in/newsdetails.php?NId=565 Report]
|team2=BSS Sporting Club
|goals1=[[Jaime Santos Colado]] {{goal|18}} {{yel|41}} [[Bidyashagar Singh]] {{goal|53}}
|goals2=[[William Opoku]] {{goal|90+3|pen}}
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]]
|attendance=15,000
|result= W
|motm= [[Jaime Santos Colado]] ([[East Bengal FC]])
|referee= Ranjit Bakshi
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 28 August 2019
|round=3
|time= 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 3–0
|report = [http://eastbengalclub.co.in/newsdetails.php?NId=566 Report]
|team2=[[Aryan F.C.]]
|goals1= [[Lalrindika Ralte]] {{goal|42}} [[Jaime Santos Colado]] {{goal|61||89}}
|goals2=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]]
|attendance= 13,000
|result= W
|motm= Syed Bin Abdul Kadir ([[Aryan F.C.]])
|referee= Mithun Kundu
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 1 September 2019
|round=4
|time= 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 0–0
|report=[http://eastbengalclub.co.in/newsdetails.php?NId=567 Report]
|team2=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1= [[Kassim Aidara]] {{yel|39}} [[Lalrindika Ralte]] {{yel|80}}
|goals2= [[Francisco Morante Martínez|Fran Morante]] {{yel|73}}
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance= 65,000
|result= D
|motm= [[Joseba Beitia]] ([[Mohun Bagan]])
|referee= [[C. R. Srikrishna]]
|id=|note=(Exhibition match)}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 5 September 2019
|round=5
|time= 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 2–1
|report =[http://eastbengalclub.co.in/newsdetails.php?NId=568 Report]
|team2=[[Southern Samity]]
|goals1=[[Bidyashagar Singh]] {{goal|33}} [[Jaime Santos Colado]] {{goal|62}}
|goals2= Ainish {{yel|56}} Arjun Tudu {{goal|82}}
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]]
|attendance= 18,000
|result= W
|motm= [[Mahmoud Amnah]] ([[Southern Samity]])
|referee=Animesh Biswas
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 9 September 2019
|round=6
|time= 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 0–1
|report = [http://eastbengalclub.co.in/newsdetails.php?NId=570 Report]
|team2=[[Peerless Group|Peerless SC]]
|goals1=[[Abhishek Ambekar]] {{yel|13}} [[Borja Gomez Perez]] {{yel|90+1}}
|goals2=Dipendu Dowary {{yel|33}} [[Ansumana Kromah]] {{goal|65|pen.}} [[Pankaj Moula]] {{yel|68}}
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]]
|attendance= 15,000
|result= L
|motm= [[Varney Kallon]] ([[Peerless Group|Peerless SC]])
|referee= Dipu Roy
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 12 September 2019
|round=7
|time= 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 4–2
|report = [http://eastbengalclub.co.in/newsdetails.php?NId=571 Report]
|team2=[[Kalighat Milan Sangha F.C.|Kalighat MS]]
|goals1=[[Bidyashagar Singh]] {{goal|42}} Karamoko Lassine {{goal|60|o.g.}} [[Jaime Santos Colado]] {{goal|64||83}} [[Naorem Tondomba Singh]] {{yel|66}} [[Asheer Akhtar]] {{yel|86}}
|goals2=Bhawani Jaiswar {{yel|29}} Tuhin Sikdar {{goal|38}} [[Alexander Kouame]] {{sent off|0|66}} Rahul Kumar Paswan {{goal|82}}
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]]
|attendance= 8,000
|result= W
|motm= [[Jaime Santos Colado]] ([[East Bengal FC]])
|referee= Pratick Mondal
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 16 September 2019
|round=8
|time= 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 2–2
|report = [http://eastbengalclub.co.in/newsdetails.php?NId=572 Report]
|team2=[[Bhawanipore F.C.]]
|goals1= [[Pintu Mahata]] {{goal|7}} Juan Mera González {{yel|42}} [[Borja Gomez Perez]] {{goal|83}}
|goals2= [[Kamo Stephane Bayi]] {{goal|58}} Jagannath Sana {{goal|84}}
|location= [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
|stadium= [[Kalyani Stadium]]
|attendance= 15,000
|result= D
|motm= Anto Sagayraj ([[Bhawanipore F.C.]])
|referee= Debasish Mandi
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 20 September 2019
|round=9
|time= 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 1–0
|report = [http://eastbengalclub.co.in/newsdetails.php?NId=573 Report]
|team2=[[Rainbow A.C.|NBP Rainbow]]
|goals1=[[Marcos Jiménez de la Espada Martín|Marcos de la Espada]] {{goal|35|pen}}
|goals2=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]]
|attendance= 15,000
|result=W
|motm= [[Samad Ali Mallick]] ([[East Bengal FC]])
|referee= Rabin Biswas
|id=}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 26 September 2019
|round=10
|time= 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 3–2
|report =https://eastbengalclub.co.in/newsdetails.php?NId=576
|team2=[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|goals1=[[Pintu Mahata]] {{goal|12}} [[Jaime Santos Colado]] {{goal|44|pen.}} {{yel|62}} [[Mehtab Singh (footballer)|Mehtab Singh]] {{yel|53}} [[Marcos Jiménez de la Espada Martín|Marcos de la Espada]] {{goal|58}}
|goals2=[[Borja Gómez Pérez]] {{goal|24|o.g.}} Safiul Rahman {{sent off|0|43}} [[Arthur Kouassi]] {{goal|83}}
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance= 19,000
|result=W
|motm=[[Jaime Santos Colado]] ([[East Bengal FC]])
|referee=Crystal John
|id=|note=(Exhibition match)}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 3 October 2019
|round=11
|time= 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 0–3
|report =('''{{small|[[Walkover|W.O.]]}}''')
|team2= [[Calcutta Customs Club|Calcutta Customs]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|location= [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
|stadium= [[Kalyani Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result= L
|motm=
|referee=Biplob Bera
|id=}}
 
----

===Durand Cup===
{{Main|2019 Durand Cup}}

On 8 July the fixtures were announced. [[East Bengal FC]] has been slotted into Group "A", along with [[Army Red (football team)|Army Red]], [[Jamshedpur FC]] and [[Bengaluru FC]]. One team from each of the 4 groups to go through to the Semi-Finals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangla.xtratime.in/%e0%a6%a1%e0%a7%81%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a8%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%a1-%e0%a6%95%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%aa%e0%a7%87-%e0%a6%95%e0%a6%ac%e0%a7%87-%e0%a6%a8%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%9b%e0%a7%87-%e0%a6%87%e0%a6%b8/|title=ডুরান্ড কাপে কবে নামছে ইস্টবেঙ্গল, মোহনবাগান, মহামেডান? জেনে নিন… – XtraTime Bangla|website=www.bangla.xtratime.in}}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="durand">{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/durand-cup-india-east-bengal-mohun-bagan/13u034x92c5ib1afrxf725nhkd|title=129th edition of Durand Cup: All you need to know|work= Goal.com}}</ref>

[[East Bengal FC]] topped the group stages winning all the matches however crashed out in the Semi-Final in the Penalty Shootout after the game ended 1–1 after 120 minutes against [[Gokulam Kerala F.C.]],<ref name="DurandSF">{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/durand-cup-2019-east-bengal-gokulam-kerala-match-report/15olr7jlhx8cc1vc37rmuhisnt|title=Durand Cup 2019: Ubaid CK stars in tie-breakers as Gokulam Kerala break East Bengal hearts|work=Goal.com|accessdate=22 August 2019}}</ref> who went on to win the [[2019 Durand Cup]] defeating [[Mohun Bagan]] 2–1 in the final.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/durand-cup-marcus-joseph-scores-brace-as-gokulam-kerala-beat-mohun-bagan-to-lift-title-2282537.html|title=Durand Cup: Marcus Joseph Scores Brace as Gokulam Kerala Beat Mohun Bagan to Lift Title|work=News 18|accessdate=26 August 2019}}</ref>

====Group stage====
{{:2019 Durand Cup|transcludesection=Group A}}

====Matches====
{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{{football box collapsible
|id=|date= 3 August 2019
|round=Group Stage
|time= 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|Quess East Bengal]]
|score= 2–0
|report = [https://durandcup.in/matches/east-bengal-fc-vs-army-red/ Report]
|team2=[[Army Red (football team)|Army Red]]
|goals1= [[Boithang Haokip]] {{yel|67}} [[Jaime Santos Colado]] {{goal|85}} [[Bidyashagar Singh]] {{goal|90+1}}
|goals2= Alwin {{yel|26}} Zothanpuia {{yel|45+1}} Shanoos {{sent off|0|83}}
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]]
|attendance=17,000
|result= W
|motm= [[Jaime Santos Colado]] ([[East Bengal FC]])
|referee= R Venkatesh
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=|date= 6 August 2019
|round=Group Stage
|time= 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|Quess East Bengal]]
|score= 6–0
|report = [https://durandcup.in/matches/quesseast-bengal-fc-vs-jamshedpur-fc/ Report]
|team2=[[Jamshedpur FC]]
|goals1= [[Jaime Santos Colado]] {{goal|6|pen|8|}} [[Pintu Mahata]] {{goal|33}} [[Bidyashagar Singh]] {{goal|75||81}} [[Boithang Haokip]] {{goal|90+1}}
|goals2= Amrit Gope {{yel|4}} Baset Hansdah {{yel|63}}
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]]
|attendance= 12,000
|result= W
|motm= [[Pintu Mahata]] ([[East Bengal FC]])
|referee= Crystal John
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=|date= 14 August 2019
|round=Group Stage
|time= 18:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|Quess East Bengal]]
|score= 2–1
|report = [https://durandcup.in/matches/east-bengal-fc-vs-bengaluru-fc/ Report]
|team2=[[Bengaluru FC]]
|goals1= [[Bidyashagar Singh]] {{goal|59||74|}} {{yel|90+4}}
|goals2= [[Ajay Chhetri]] {{goal|17}}
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance= 5,000
|result= W
|motm= [[Bidyashagar Singh]] ([[East Bengal FC]])
|referee= Tejas Nagvenkar
}}

====Knockouts====
{{:2019 Durand Cup|transcludesection=bracket}}

====Matches====
{{football box collapsible
|date= 21 August 2019
|round=Semi Final
|time= 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 1–1
|aet = yes
|report = [https://durandcup.in/matches/quess-east-bengal-fc-vs-gokulam-kerala-fc/ Report]
|team2=[[Gokulam Kerala F.C.|Gokulam Kerala]]
|goals1= [[Samad Ali Mallick]] {{goal|19}} [[Bidyashagar Singh]] {{yel|80}} [[Borja Gomez Perez]] {{yel|90+1}} [[Mehtab Singh (footballer)|Mehtab SIngh]] {{sent off|0|90+2}} [[Kamalpreet Singh]] {{yel|90+6}} [[Kassim Aidara]] {{yel|120+2}} [[Jaime Santos Colado]] {{yel|120+4}}
|goals2= [[Mohammed Irshad]] {{yel|57}} [[Marcus Joseph]] {{goal|90+4|pen}} {{yel|120}}
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance= 18,162
|result= D
|penaltyscore= 2–3
|penalties1=
* [[Lalrindika Ralte]] {{penmiss}}
* [[Jaime Santos Colado]] {{penmiss}}
* [[Marti Crespi]] {{pengoal}}
* [[Boithang Haokip]] {{pengoal}}
* [[Naorem Tondomba Singh]] {{penmiss}}
|penalties2=
* {{pengoal}} [[Bruno Pelissari]]
* {{penmiss}} [[Malemngamba Meitei]]
* {{pengoal}} [[Jestin George]]
* {{pengoal}} Lalromawia
|motm= [[Ubaid CK]] ([[Gokulam Kerala F.C.]])
|referee= Tejas Nagvenkar
}}

 
----

===Preseason matches===

In preparation for the [[2019–20 I-League]], [[East Bengal FC]] have decided to play a set of preseason friendly matches against ISL opponents. The first match was against [[2018–19 Indian Super League]] Champions [[Bengaluru FC]], on 6 November in [[Bengaluru]]. [[East Bengal FC]] played [[NorthEast United FC]] in their second pre-season friendly match on 16 November at [[Guwahati]]. [[East Bengal FC]] played their final friendly against [[Jamshedpur FC]] on 21 November at [[Jamshedpur]].

====Matches====
{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{{football box collapsible
|date= 6 November 2019
|round=Friendly
|time= 09:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Bengaluru FC]]
|score= 1–1
|report = [http://sportslives.co.in/%e0%a6%aa%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b8%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%ab%e0%a7%81%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%9d%e0%a7%81%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%bf-%e0%a6%9b%e0%a7%81%e0%a6%9f%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%af%e0%a6%bc%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%93-%e0%a6%86/ Report]
|team2=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1= [[Edmund Lalrindika]] {{goal|70}}
|goals2= [[Marcos Jiménez de la Espada Martín|Marcos de la Espada]] {{goal|4}}
|location= [[Bengaluru]]
|stadium= R.B.A.N.M. First Grade College Ground
|attendance= 100
|result= D
|motm=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 16 November 2019
|round=Friendly
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[NorthEast United FC]]
|score= 0–0
|report = [http://sportslives.co.in/%e0%a6%ad%e0%a7%81%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%bf-%e0%a6%ad%e0%a7%81%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%bf-%e0%a6%97%e0%a7%8b%e0%a6%b2-%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%b8-%e0%a6%aa%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%b8%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%a4%e0%a7%81/ Report]
|team2=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|location= [[Guwahati]]
|stadium= [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
|attendance= 100
|result= D
|motm=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 21 November 2019
|round=Friendly
|time= 18:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Jamshedpur FC]]
|score= 0–2
|report = [https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/jamshedpur-fc-go-down-fighting-to-east-bengal-fc-in-a-friendly-game Report]
|team2=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=
|goals2=[[Abhijit Sarkar (footballer)|Abhijit Sarkar]] {{goal|74}} [[Jaime Santos Colado]] {{goal|87}}
|location= [[Jamshedpur]]
|stadium= JFC Training Ground
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm=
|referee=
}}

 
----

===I-League===
{{Main|2019–20 I-League}}
{{:2019–20 I-League|showteam=EAB}}

====Result summary====
{{Fb_rs|hw=1|hd=3|hl=3|hgf=6|hga=9|aw=5|ad=2|al=2|agf=17|aga=9|dp=}}
{{Fb rs footer|s = [http://i-league.org/ i-league.org]|u=9 March 2020|date=January 2019}}

==== Results by round ====
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b
|header = Round
|label1 = Ground
| res1 = H /A /A /H /A /H /A /A /H /H /H /A /A /H /A /A /H /H /H /A
|label2 = Result
| res2 = D /D /W /W /L /L /L /W /L /L /D /W /W /D /D /W /C /C /C /C
|label3 = Position
| res3 = 5 /5 /3 /1 /3 /5 /6 /4 /6 /8 /9 /6 /4 /4 /4 /2

|text_H=Home|text_A=Away
|color_W=green2|text_W=Win
|color_D=yellow2|text_D=Draw
|color_L=red2|text_L=Loss
|color_C=#BBBBBB|text_C=Cancelled
|color_1=1st|color_2=2nd|color_3=3rd|color_10-=red1

|source=[https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/east-bengal-club-fc/ Soccrway]
|updated=09 March 2020
}}

====Matches====
{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#CCCCCC|Void|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#CCCCCC|Postponed|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{{football box collapsible
|id=|date= 4 December 2019
|round=1
|time= 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 1–1
|report =https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/6073_Match_Summary_V1_1575467191.pdf
|team2= [[Real Kashmir F.C.|Real Kashmir]]
|goals1=[[Marcos Jiménez de la Espada Martín|Marcos Espada]] {{goal|77}} [[Kassim Aidara]] {{yel|69}} [[Marti Crespi]] {{yel|90+5}}
|goals2=[[Gnohere Krizo]] {{goal|33}} [[Ritwik Kumar Das]] {{yel|15}} [[Arashpreet Singh]] {{yel|70}} [[Gnohere Krizo]] {{yel|71}}
|location= [[Kalyani, West Bengal]]
|stadium= [[Kalyani Stadium]]
|attendance=11,592
|result=D
|motm=[[Juan Mera González]] ([[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]])
|referee=Om Prakash Thakur
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=|date= 7 December 2019
|round=2
|time= 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[Punjab F.C.|Punjab]]
|score= 1–1
|report = https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/6076_Match_Summary_V1_1575717778.pdf
|team2= [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1= [[Danilo Quipapá]] {{goal|13}} [[Bali Gagandeep]] {{yel|20}} [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda]] {{yel|39}} [[Samuel Shadap]] {{yel|75}}
|goals2= [[Juan Mera González]] {{goal|85}} [[Marti Crespi]] {{yel|56}} [[Kassim Aidara]] {{yel|67}} [[Mirshad Michu]] {{yel|72}} [[Abhishek Ambekar]] {{yel|75}}
|location= [[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|stadium= [[Guru Nanak Stadium]]
|attendance= 4,587
|result= D
|motm= [[Danilo Quipapá]] ([[Punjab F.C.]])
|referee= Umesh Bora
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=|date= 10 December 2019
|round=3
|time= 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]]
|score= 1–4
|report = https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/6080_Match_Summary_V1_1575976864.pdf
|team2= [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=[[Boubacar Diarra (footballer, born 1994)|Boubacar Diarra]] {{goal|31}} Ousmane Diawara {{yel|7}} Sekle Yao Zico {{yel|36}}
|goals2=[[Jaime Santos Colado]] {{goal|20|pen|52|pen}} [[Juan Mera González]] {{goal|33}} [[Marcos Jiménez de la Espada Martín|Marcos de la Espada]] {{goal|63}}
|location= [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]]
|stadium= [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]]
|attendance=19,782
|result= W
|motm= [[Jaime Santos Colado]] ([[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]])
|referee=R Palmson Moses Raj
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=|date= 14 December 2019
|round=4
|time= 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 2–1
|report =https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/6084_Match_Summary_V1_1576331483.pdf
|team2= [[TRAU F.C.|TRAU]]
|goals1=[[Marcos Jiménez de la Espada Martín|Marcos de la Espada]] {{goal|17}} [[Marti Crespi Pascual]] {{goal|88}} {{yel|16}} [[Juan Mera González]] {{yel|71}}
|goals2=[[Deepak Devrani]] {{goal|45}} Sandeep Singh {{yel|16}} Angousana Luwang {{yel|78}} Denechandram Meitei {{yel|61}}
|location= [[Kalyani, West Bengal]]
|stadium= [[Kalyani Stadium]]
|attendance=9,882
|result=W
|motm= Premjit Singh ([[TRAU F.C.]])
|referee=Raktim Saha
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=|date= 4 January 2020
|round=5
|time= 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|score= 1–0
|report = https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/6094_Match_Summary_V1_1578148990.pdf
|team2= [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1= [[Willis Plaza]] {{goal|89}} [[Robert Primus]] {{yel|25}}
|goals2= [[Marcos Jiménez de la Espada Martín|Marcos de la Espada]] {{yel|30}} [[Kassim Aidara]] {{yel|43}}
|location= [[Margao]], [[Goa]]
|stadium= [[Fatorda Stadium]]
|attendance= 3,226
|result= L
|motm= Willis Plaza ([[Churchill Brothers S.C.]])
|referee= Santosh Kumar
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=|date= 15 January 2020
|round=6
|time= 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 1–3
|report =https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/6108_Match_Summary_V1_1579096255.pdf
|team2= [[Gokulam Kerala F.C.|Gokulam Kerala]]
|goals1=[[Kassim Aidara]] {{goal|27}}
|goals2=[[Henry Kisekka]] {{goal|21}} [[Marcus Joseph]] {{goal|65}} [[Marti Crespi]] {{og}}{{goal|45}}
|location= [[Kalyani, West Bengal]]
|stadium= [[Kalyani Stadium]]
|attendance=9232
|result=L
|motm=[[Marcus Joseph]] ([[Gokulam Kerala F.C.]])
|referee=C.R. Srikrishna
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=|date= 19 January 2020
|round=7
|time= 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[Mohun Bagan]]
|score= 2–1
|report = https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/6091_Match_Summary_V1_1579442571.pdf
|team2= [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1= [[Joseba Beitia]] {{goal|18}} [[Baba Diawara]] {{goal|65}} [[Fran González (footballer, born 1989)|Fran González]] {{yel|36}} [[Daneil Cyrus]] {{yel|45+1}} [[Gurjinder Kumar]] {{yel|66}} SK Sahil {{yel|81}} Sankar Roy {{yel|90+1}}
|goals2= [[Marti Crespi]] {{yel|40}} [[Marcos Jiménez de la Espada Martín|Marcos de la Espada]] {{goal|71}}
|location= [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance= 63,756
|result= L
|note = Match postponed from 22 December 2019, to 19 January 2020 due to security concerns.
|motm= [[Joseba Beitia]] ([[Mohun Bagan AC]])
|referee= Ajitkumar Meitei
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=|date= 25 January 2020
|round=8
|time= 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[Chennai City F.C.|Chennai City]]
|score= 0–2
|report =https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/6114_Match_Summary_V1_1579968624.pdf
|team2= [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=[[Shem Marton Eugene]] {{yel|38}} [[Pradison Mariyadasan]] {{yel|88}}
|goals2=[[Marcos Jiménez de la Espada Martín|Marcos de la Espada]] {{goal|68}} [[Jaime Santos Colado]] {{penmiss}}15' {{goal|77|pen}} [[Kamalpreet Singh]] {{yel|31}} [[Lalrindika Ralte]] {{yel|42}} [[Juan Mera Gonzalez]] {{yel|86}}
|location= [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|stadium= [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Coimbatore)|JL Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance=6,250
|result=W
|motm=[[Jaime Santos Colado]] ([[Quess East Bengal FC]])
|referee=Rowan Arumughan
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=|date= 1 February 2020
|round=9
|time= 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 0–1
|report =https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/6120_Match_Summary_V1_1580564272.pdf
|team2= [[Indian Arrows]]
|goals1=[[Marcos Jiménez de la Espada Martín|Marcos de la Espada]] {{sent off|2|21|90+5}} [[Asheer Akhtar]] {{yel|36}} [[Juan Mera Gonzalez]] {{yel|78}}
|goals2=Vikram Pratap Singh {{goal|59}} Rv. Hormipam {{yel|27}}
|location= [[Kalyani, West Bengal]]
|stadium= [[Kalyani Stadium]]
|attendance=6340
|result=L
|motm=Lalbiakhlua Jongte ([[Indian Arrows]])
|referee=Ibungo Meetei
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=|date= 7 February 2020
|round=10
|time= 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 0–1
|report =https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/6113_Match_Summary_V1_1581083626.pdf
|team2= [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
|goals1=
|goals2=[[Matias Veron]] {{goal|77}} [[Alfred Jaryan]] {{yel|28}} [[Zothanmawia]] {{yel|84}} Justice Morgan {{yel|88}} [[Juuko Richard Kassaga]] {{yel|90+4}}
|location= [[Kalyani, West Bengal]]
|stadium= [[Kalyani Stadium]]
|attendance=5,130
|result=L
|motm=Rochharzela ([[Aizawl FC]])
|referee=Palmson Moses Raj
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=|date= 13 February 2020
|round=11
|time= 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 1–1
|report =https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/6132_Match_Summary_V1_1581601416.pdf
|team2= [[Punjab F.C.|Punjab]]
|goals1=[[Ansumana Kromah]] {{goal|9}} [[Mehtab Singh (footballer)|Mehtab Singh]] {{yel|79}}
|goals2=[[Girik Khosla]] {{goal|40}} [[Sérgio Barboza]] {{yel|64}} [[Nirmal Chettri]] {{yel|82}}
|location= [[Kalyani, West Bengal]]
|stadium= [[Kalyani Stadium]]
|attendance=4,573
|result=D
|motm=[[Ansumana Kromah]] ([[Quess East Bengal FC]])
|referee=Umesh Bora
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=|date= 17 February 2020
|round=12
|time= 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[Indian Arrows]]
|score= 1–3
|report =https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/6138_Match_Summary_V1_1581954286.pdf
|team2= [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=[[Vikram Pratap Singh]] {{penmiss}}46' {{goal|54}} {{yel|56}} Akash Mishra {{yel|80}}
|goals2=[[Jaime Santos]] {{goal|5}} [[Asheer Akhtar]] {{goal|62}} {{yel|7}} [[Lalrindika Ralte]] {{goal|67}}
|location= [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
|stadium= [[Cooperage Ground]]
|attendance=2,512
|result=W
|motm=[[Lalrindika Ralte]] ([[Quess East Bengal FC]])
|referee=Rahul Kumar Gupta
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=|date= 23 February 2020
|round=13
|time= 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[TRAU F.C.|TRAU]]
|score= 2–4
|report = https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/6141_Match_Summary_V1_1582465546.pdf
|team2= [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1= Princewill Emeka Olariche {{goal|18}} [[Oguchi Uche]] {{goal|85|pen}} {{yel|56}} [[Loken Meitei]] {{yel|60}} Shahbaaz Khan {{yel|67}}
|goals2= [[Jaime Santos Colado]] {{goal|52}} {{yel|56}} [[Kassim Aidara]] {{goal|67}} {{yel|39}} [[Brandon Vanlalremdika]] {{goal|69}} {{yel|70}} [[Marcos Jiménez de la Espada Martín|Marcos de la Espada]] {{goal|76|pen}} [[Asheer Akhtar]] {{yel|78}}
|location= [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]]
|stadium= [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]]
|attendance=26,612
|result= W
|motm= [[Brandon Vanlalremdika]] ([[East Bengal F.C.]])
|referee= Raktim Saha
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=|date= 29 February 2020
|round=14
|time= 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 1–1
|report =https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/6145_Match_Summary_V1_1582985877.pdf
|team2= [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|goals1=[[Jaime Santos Colado]] {{goal|90+5|pen}} [[Samad Ali Mallick]] {{yel|56}} [[Mehtab Singh (footballer)|Mehtab Singh]] {{yel|90}}
|goals2=[[Willis Plaza]] {{goal|10}} [[Jovel Martins]] {{yel|41}} [[Ponif Vaz]] {{yel|89}} [[Suresh Meitei]] {{yel|90+5}}
|location= [[Kolkata, West Bengal]]
|stadium= [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
|attendance=12,722
|result=D
|motm=[[Quan Gomes]] ([[Churchill Brothers SC]])
|referee=Rowan Arumughan
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=|date= 3 March 2020
|round=15
|time= 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[Gokulam Kerala F.C.|Gokulam Kerala]]
|score= 1–1
|report =https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/6150_Match_Summary_V1_1583252505.pdf
|team2= [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=[[Marcus Joseph]] {{goal|8}} Huidrom Singh {{sent off|2|24|49}} [[Haroon Amiri]] {{sent off|2|87|90+1}} [[Andre Ettienne]] {{yel|90+5}}
|goals2=[[Víctor Pérez Alonso]] {{goal|24|pen}} {{yel|88}} [[Abhash Thapa]] {{yel|68}} [[Samad Ali Mallick]] {{yel|78}} [[Marcos Jiménez de la Espada Martín|Marcos de la Espada]] {{yel|90+6}}
|location= [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]]
|stadium= [[EMS Stadium]]
|attendance=12,624
|result=D
|motm=[[Nathaniel Garcia]] ([[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]])
|referee=Tejas Visvasrao Nagvenkar
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=|date= 9 March 2020
|round=16
|time= 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[Real Kashmir F.C.|Real Kashmir]]
|score= 0–1
|report =https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/6157_Match_Summary_V1_1583765454.pdf
|team2= [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=[[Danish Farooq]] {{sent off|2|19|38}} [[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]] {{yel|25}} [[Mason Robertson]] {{yel|26}} [[Bazie Armand]] {{yel|55}} [[Kallum Higginbotham]] {{sent off|0|90+8}}
|goals2=[[Victor Perez Alonso]] {{goal|90+5|pen}} [[Kassim Aidara]] {{yel|87}} [[Edmund Lalrindika]] {{sent off|0|90+8}}
|location= [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|stadium= [[TRC Turf Ground]]
|attendance=10,223
|result=W
|motm=[[Chesterpoul Lyngdoh]] ([[Real Kashmir F.C.]])
|referee=Umesh Bora
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=|date=
|round=17
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= cancelled<ref name="IL Cancel"/>
|report =
|team2= [[Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|location= [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|stadium= [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
|attendance=
|result=P
|motm=
|note=Matches after 13 March 2020 were cancelled, due to [[COVID-19 pandemic|coronavirus pandemic]]
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=|date=
|round=18
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= cancelled<ref name="IL Cancel"/>
|report =
|team2= [[Chennai City F.C.|Chennai City]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|location= [[Kolkata, West Bengal]]
|stadium= [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
|attendance=
|result=P
|motm=
|note=Matches after 13 March 2020 were cancelled, due to [[COVID-19 pandemic|coronavirus pandemic]]
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=|date=
|round=19
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= cancelled<ref name="IL Cancel"/>
|report =
|team2= [[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|location= [[Kolkata, West Bengal]]
|stadium= [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
|attendance=
|result=P
|motm=
|note=Matches after 13 March 2020 were cancelled, due to [[COVID-19 pandemic|coronavirus pandemic]]
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=|date=
|round=20
|time=
|team1= [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
|score= cancelled<ref name="IL Cancel"/>
|report =
|team2= [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|location= [[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]]
|stadium= [[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium, Aizawl]]
|attendance=
|result=P
|motm=
|note=Matches after 13 March 2020 were cancelled, due to [[COVID-19 pandemic|coronavirus pandemic]]
|referee=
}}

== Statistics ==

===Appearances===

:Players with no appearances not included in the list.

{{updated|match played 09 March 2020}}<ref>{{cite web |work=Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/east-bengal-club-fc/3346/squad/ |title=East Bengal FC - Squad}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; width:70%;"
|-
|colspan="14"|'''Appearances for East Bengal FC in 2019–20 season'''
|-
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|No.
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|Pos.
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|Nat.
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:150px;" rowspan="2"|Name
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;" colspan="2"|CFL
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;" colspan="2"|Durand Cup
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;" colspan="2"|I League
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;" colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Apps
!Starts
!Apps
!Starts
!Apps
!Starts
!Apps
!Starts
|-
! colspan="12" |'''Goalkeepers'''
|-
| 1
| GK
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Lalthuammawia Ralte]]
| 9||9||2||2||9||9
!20!!20
|-
| 32
| GK
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Mirshad Michu]]
| 0||0||2||2||7||7
!9!!9
|-
| 40
| GK
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Rakshit Dagar]]
| 1||1||0||0||0||0
!'''1'''!!'''1'''
|-
! colspan="12" |'''Defenders'''
|-
| 2
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Asheer Akhtar]]
| 6||4||2||2||11||11
!19!!17
|-
|{{sort dash}}
| DF
| {{flagicon|ESP}}
| [[Borja Gomez Perez]]<ref name=":0" group="a">Released mid-way in the season.</ref>
| 5||4||3||2||0||0
!'''8'''!!'''6'''
|-
|4
|DF
|{{Flagicon|Costa Rica}}
|[[Jhonny Acosta]]
| colspan="4" |{{sort dash}}
|1
|1
!1
!1
|-
| 5
| DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Kamalpreet Singh]]
| 6||5||3||2||9||9
!18!!16
|-
|6
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Gurwinder Singh]]
| colspan="4" |{{sort dash}}
|2
|1
!2
!1
|-
|15
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Abhash Thapa]]
| colspan="4" |{{sort dash}}
|8||7
!8!!7
|-
|{{sort dash}}
| DF
| {{flagicon|ESP}}
| [[Martí Crespí]]<ref name=":0" group="a" />
| 6||6||2||2||8||8
!16!!16
|-
| 25
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Samad Ali Mallick]]
| 7||5||2||2||12||10
!21!!17
|-
| 27
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Abhishek Ambekar]]
| 8||6||2||2||10||9
!20!!19
|-
|28
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Monotosh Chakladar]]
| colspan="4" |{{sort dash}}
|1
|0
!1
!0
|-
| 29
| DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Mehtab Singh (footballer)|Mehtab Singh]]
| 6||6||2||2||11||11
!19!!19
|-
| 41
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Manoj Mohammed]]
| 4||4||2||2||0||0
!'''6'''!!'''6'''
|-
! colspan="12" |'''Midfielders'''
|-
| 7
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Abhijit Sarkar (footballer)|Abhijit Sarkar]]
| 1||1||1||1||6||1
!8!!'''3'''
|-
| 8
| MF
| {{flagicon|ESP}}
| [[Jaime Santos Colado]]
| 9||6||4||4||15||15
!28!!25
|-
| 9
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Boithang Haokip]]
| 4||2||4||2||1||0
!9!!'''4'''
|-
| 11
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Pintu Mahato|Pintu Mahata]]
| 8||7||4||3||7||6
!19!!14
|-
| 14
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Naorem Tondomba Singh|Naorem Tondomba]]
| 7||7||3||1||8||3
!18!!11
|-
| 16
| MF
| {{flagicon|FRA}}
| [[Kassim Aidara]]
| 5||3||4||3||14||14
!23!!20
|-
| 20
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Lalrindika Ralte]]
| 8||7||3||3||8||8
!19!!18
|-
| 23
| MF
| {{flagicon|ESP}}
|[[Juan Mera González]]
| 5||4|| colspan="2" |{{sort dash}}||15||14
!20!!18
|-
| 24
| MF
| {{flagicon|ESP}}
|[[Víctor Pérez Alonso]]
| colspan="4" |{{sort dash}}
|4||3
!4!!3
|-
| 30
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Brandon Vanlalremdika]]
| 7||4||4||4||12||8
!23!!16
|-
| 38
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Prakash Sarkar]]
| 1||1||1||0||0||0
!'''2'''!!'''1'''
|-
| 43
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[PC Rohlupuia]]
| 4||2||1||1||5||1
!10!!4
|-
|{{sort dash}}
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
|Subhonil Ghosh<ref name=":0" group="a" />
| 1||1||0||0||0||0
!'''1'''!!'''1'''
|-
! colspan="12" |'''Forwards'''
|-
| 17
| FW
| {{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Edmund Lalrindika]]
| colspan="4" |{{sort dash}}||2||0
!2!!0
|-
| 18
| FW
|{{flagicon|ESP}}
|[[Marcos Jiménez de la Espada Martín|Marcos de la Espada]]
| 6||4|| colspan="2" |{{sort dash}}||14||14
!20!!18
|-
|{{sort dash}}
| FW
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Ronaldo Oliveira]]<ref name=":0" group="a" />
| 8||5|| colspan="2" |{{sort dash}}||4||1
!12!!'''6'''
|-
|{{sort dash}}
|FW
|{{flagicon|Liberia}}
|[[Ansumana Kromah]]<ref name=":0" group="a" />
| colspan="4" |{{sort dash}}
|8||4
!8!!4
|-
| 26
| FW
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Bidyashagar Singh]]
| 8||6||4||2||5||1
!17!!9
|}
<references group="a" />

===Goal scorers===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; width:70%;"
|-
|colspan="10"|'''Goal Scorers for East Bengal FC in 2019–20 season'''
|-
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|Rank
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|No.
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|Pos.
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|Nat.
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|Name
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |Durand Cup
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|CFL
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|I League
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|Total
|-
| 1
| 8
| MF
| {{flagicon|ESP}}
| [[Jaime Santos Colado]] ||3
| 7||6
!16
|-
| rowspan="2"|2
| 18
| FW
| {{flagicon|ESP}}
| [[Marcos Jiménez de la Espada Martín|Marcos de la Espada]]||{{sort dash}}
| 2||6
!'''8'''
|-
| 26
| FW
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Bidyashagar Singh]]||5
| 3||0
!'''8'''
|-
| 4
| 11
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Pintu Mahata]]||1
| 2||0
!'''3'''
|-
| rowspan="4" |5
|16
|MF
|{{flagicon|FRA}}
|[[Kassim Aidara]]
|0
|0
|2
!2
|-
| 20
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Lalrindika Ralte]]||0
| 1||1
!2
|-
| 23
| MF
|{{flagicon|ESP}}
|[[Juan Mera González]]||{{sort dash}}
| 0||2
!'''2'''
|-
|24
|MF
|{{flagicon|ESP}}
|[[Víctor Pérez Alonso]]
| colspan="2" |{{sort dash}}
|2
!2
|-
| rowspan="7" |9
|2
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Asheer Akhtar]]
|0
|0
|1
!1
|-
| 3
| DF
|{{flagicon|ESP}}
|[[Borja Gomez Perez]]||0
| 1||{{sort dash}}
!'''1'''
|-
| 9
| MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Boithang Haokip]]||1
| 0||0
!'''1'''
|-
|21
|DF
|{{flagicon|ESP}}
|[[Marti Crespi Pascual]]
|0
|0
|1
!'''1'''
|-
|22
|FW
|{{flagicon|Liberia}}
|[[Ansumana Kromah]]
| colspan="2" |{{sort dash}}
|1
!1
|-
| 25
| DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Samad Ali Mallick]]||1
| 0||0
!'''1'''
|-
| 30
| MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Brandon Vanlalremdika]]||0
| 0||1
!'''1'''
|-
| colspan="4" |
|''Own Goals''||0
| 1||0
! scope="col" | 1
|-
! colspan="5" |'''TOTAL'''!!'''11'''
!'''17'''!!23
!51
|}



===Clean sheets===

:{{updated|matches played 9 March 2020}}

{| class="wikitable sortable alternance" ; style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; width:70%;"
|-
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:10px;"|No.
! scope="col" style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:180px;"|Player
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:100px;"|CFL
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:100px;"|Durand Cup
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:100px;"|I League
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:100px;"|Super Cup
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:100px;"|TOTAL
|-
| 1 ||[[Lalthuammawia Ralte]]|| 3 || 1 || 0 || 0 ||'''4'''
|-
| 32 ||[[Mirshad Michu]]|| 0 || 1 || 2 || 0 || '''3'''
|}

===Disciplinary record===
{{updated|matches played 09 March 2020}}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%; width:90%;"
|-
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| No.
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| Pos.
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:15%;" rowspan="2"| Name
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" colspan="3"| CFL
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" colspan="3"| Durand Cup
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" colspan="3"| I League
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" colspan="3"| Total
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:25%;" rowspan="2"| Remarks
|-
!{{yel}}!!{{sentoff|2}}!!{{sent off}}
!{{yel}}!!{{sentoff|2}}!!{{sent off}}
!{{yel}}!!{{sentoff|2}}!!{{sent off}}
!{{yel}}!!{{sentoff|2}}!!{{sent off}}
|-
|2
|DF
|[[Asheer Akhtar]]
|1||0||0||0||0||0||3||0||0||'''4'''||'''0'''||'''0'''
|
|-
|3
|DF
|[[Borja Gomez Perez]]
|1||0||0||1||0||0||0||0||0||'''2'''||'''0'''||'''0'''
|
|-
|5
|DF
|[[Kamalpreet Singh]]
|0||0||0||1||0||0||1||0||0||'''2'''||'''0'''||'''0'''
|
|-
|8
|MF
|[[Jaime Santos Colado]]
|2||0||0||1||0||0||1||0||0||'''4'''||'''0'''||'''0'''
|
|-
|9
|MF
|[[Boithang Haokip]]
|0||0||0||1||0||0||0||0||0||'''1'''||'''0'''||'''0'''
|
|-
|14
|MF
|[[Naorem Tondomba Singh|Tondomba Singh]]
|2||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||'''2'''||'''0'''||'''0'''
|
|-
|15
|DF
|[[Abhash Thapa]]
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|'''1'''
|0
|0
|
|-
|16
|MF
|[[Kassim Aidara]]
|1||0||0||1||0||0||5||0||0||7||'''0'''||'''0'''
|''missed home match against [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]''
|-
|17
|FW
|[[Edmund Lalrindika]]
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|1
|
|-
|18
|FW
|[[Marcos Jiménez de la Espada Martín|Marcos de la Espada]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||4||1||0||'''4'''||'''1'''||'''0'''
|''missed home match against [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]''
|-
|20
|MF
|[[Lalrindika Ralte]]
|1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0||0||'''2'''||'''0'''||'''0'''
|
|-
|21
|DF
|[[Marti Crespi]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||4||0||0||'''4'''||'''0'''||'''0'''
|''missed away match against [[Chennai City FC|Chennai City]]''
|-
|23
|MF
|[[Juan Mera González]]
|1||0||0||0||0||0||3||0||0||'''4'''||'''0'''||'''0'''
|
|-
|24
|MF
|[[Víctor Pérez Alonso]]
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|'''1'''
|0
|0
|
|-
|25
|DF
|[[Samad Ali Mallick]]
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|2
|0
|0
|'''2'''
|0
|0
|
|-
|26
|FW
|[[Bidyashagar Singh]]
|0||0||0||2||0||0||0||0||0||'''2'''||'''0'''||'''0'''
|
|-
|27
|DF
|[[Abhishek Ambekar]]
|1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0||0||'''2'''||'''0'''||'''0'''
|
|-
|29
|DF
|[[Mehtab Singh (footballer)|Mehtab Singh]]
|1||0||0||0||0||1||1||0||0||'''2'''||'''0'''||'''1'''
|
|-
|30
|MF
|[[Brandon Vanlalremdika]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||1||0||0||'''1'''||'''0'''||'''0'''
|
|-
|32
|GK
|[[Mirshad Michu]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||1||0||0||'''1'''||'''0'''||'''0'''
|
|}

==Honours==

===Individual awards===

====[[I-League monthly awards|I-League Coach of the Month]]====
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; width:40%; text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:20%;"|Month
! style="width:25%;"|Name
|-
|December
|[[Alejandro Menendez]]
|}

==See also==
* [[2019–20 in Indian football]]
* [[2019 CFL Premier Division|2019–20 Calcutta Premier Division]]
* [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]
* [[List of East Bengal F.C. managers]]
* [[List of Foreign Players for East Bengal FC]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{East Bengal F.C.}}
{{2019–20 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2019-20 East Bengal F.C. season}}
[[Category:East Bengal Club seasons]]
<noinclude>
[[Category:2019–20 I-League by team|East Bengal]]
</noinclude>

Ghatboral

2025-08-28T11:15:48Z

Raunak Shankhwar:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ghatboral
| native_name = Ghatboral
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname = Ghatboral
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.77|N|77.14|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bidar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Homnabad
| government_type =
| governing_body = Panchayat of Ghatboral | unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 32.78
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 9067
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 277
| population_demonym = Ghatboralkar
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| demographics1_title2 = Other
| demographics1_info2 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[Hindi]] [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =  PIN CODE
| postal_code = 585418
| registration_plate = KA
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

''' Ghatboral ''' is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref name="censusindia">Village code= 454600 {{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=2008-12-18 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archivedate=2008-12-08 }}</ref><ref name="yahoomaps">{{cite web|url=http://in.maps.yahoo.com|title=Yahoomaps India :|accessdate=2008-12-18}} Ghatboral, Bidar, Karnataka</ref> It is located in the [[Homnabad]] [[taluk]] of [[Bidar district]].It is 20km from Humnabad.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]], Ghatboral had a population of 7735 with 4037 males and 3698 females. The village has a historic temple, Shankarling Temple, and many other small temples.<ref name="censusindia" /> The surrounding nearby villages and its distance from Ghatboral are Ghodwadi 5.3 km, Kankatta 6.8 km, Chandanhalli 6.9 km, Sedol 8.7 km, Sultanabad 9.8 km, Maniknagar 12.5 km, Dubulgundi 13.3 km, Humnabad 15.0 km, Benchincholi 17.7 km, Hudgi 18.2 km, Madargaon 18.5 km, Hallikhed B 20.9 km, Sitalgera 23.8 km, Hallikhed ( K) 24.0 km, Dakulgi 24.6 km, Belkera 25.2 km, Talmadgi 26.2 km, Mangalgi 28.9 km, Kodambal, Mustari, Nirna, Udbal, Mutangi, Meenkera, Bemalkheda, Kallur, Itga.
==Gram Panchayat==
Ghatboral Grama Panchayat is located in Humnabad taluk of Bidar District.
Ghatboral is at a distance of 20 km from the Taluk headquarters and 60 km from the district
headquarters.The total geographical area of the GP is 3240 hectares. Ghatboral has only one revenue
village called Ghatboral under its jurisdiction and has 4 Thandas and a sub village.
Ghatboral Gram Panchayat has one private school, which was started in the year 1952. This
has led to many persons from the GP pursuing education and there are among them today
many doctors and engineers working in various parts of the world.
The gram panchayat also has 3 lower primary schools, 3 higher primary schools, 1 high
school and 11 anganwadies.

==See also==
* [[Bidar]]
* [[Districts of Karnataka]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
1.http://wikiedit.org/India/Ghatboral/219499/

==External links==
* http://Bidar.nic.in/

{{Settlements in Bidar district}}

[[Category:Villages in Bidar district]]

{{Bidar-geo-stub}}

Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences

2025-08-20T02:33:22Z

Raunak Shankhwar: quick refined intro per standard format and added references for clarity

{{Short description|University in Hisar, Haryana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences
|image = Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences logo.png
|motto =
|type = [[Public universities|Public]]
|chancellor = [[Governor of Haryana]]
|vice_chancellor = Vinod Kumar Verma<ref>{{cite web|title=University Leadership|url=http://www.luvas.edu.in/university-leadership.html|website=www.luvas.edu.in|accessdate=26 August 2017|archive-date=27 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827003014/http://www.luvas.edu.in/university-leadership.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|established = 2010
|city = [[Hisar, India|Hisar]]
|state = [[Haryana]]
|country = [[India]]
|campus = [[Urban areas|Urban]]
|undergrad =
|postgrad =
|affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
|website = {{url|http://www.luvas.edu.in/}}
}}
{{coord|29.146813|75.710393|display=title}}
'''Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences''' ('''LUVAS''') is a university, named after the freedom fighter [[Lala Lajpat Rai]], located on [[National Highway 52 (India)|NH-52]] in [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]] city of [[Haryana]] state in India. It is located immediate north of [[Hisar Airport]] and adjacent to the [[Central Sheep Breeding Farm]], 15 km northeast of Hisar Bus Stand and 17 km north of [[Hisar Junction railway station]].

== History ==

The [[CCS HAU#Colleges|College of Veterinary Sciences]] was shifted to Hisar from [[Lahore]] in 1948. It became a part of [[Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University]] in 1971. It has now been established as a university and the college has become a part of the university.

===Construction===

The 1125-acre campus is constructed at the cost of INR 629 cr, including first phase costing INR 143 cr and second phase of INR 486 cr. In the Phase-I, Administrative block and the College of daily science were constructed. In the Phase-II, road, sewage treatment plant, boys hostel, girls hostel, sports complex & student activity center, 100 houses for staff, veterinary college, veterinary hospital, research labs & diagnostic facilities, campus school, postmortem block, STP, water treatment plant, stud farm, automatic milking plant and dairy plant, livestock farms (buffalo farm, cow farm, goat farm, sheep farm, pig farm, poultry farm), massage parlor for animals were completed.<ref name=aj1>[https://www.amarujala.com/haryana/hisar/luvas-will-be-the-country-s-most-hi-tech-animal-university-a-massage-parlor-will-be-built-for-cows-hisar-news-hsr606374140 देश का सबसे हाईटेक पशु विश्वविद्यालय होगा लुवास, गायों के लिए बनेगा मसाज पार्लर], Amar Ujala, 18 Jul 2021.</ref> Advanced Research Centre has been planned and awaiting funding approval as of 2025.

===Archaeological site ===

'''Bir Babran archaeological site''' is located to the north of the Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (LUVAS) campus in Hisar, and is a distinct mound separate from other well-known sites in the region like [[Bhirrana]]. While it is not as extensively documented in public records as some other major [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Indus-Sarasvati Valley Civilisation]] sites, its existence is recognized by local government and academic circles. The site is a part of the larger historical landscape of Hisar, which has a rich archaeological heritage, with many mounds dotting the surrounding area. The name "Bir Babran" refers to a specific archaeological mound and is often associated with the local forested area known as Bir Hisar. The site's location on the edge of the university campus has protected it from modern development, preserving it as a potentially significant source of information for understanding the ancient history and settlement patterns of the region.<ref>Hisar District Administration, "Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences". [Online]. Available: https://hisar.gov.in/luvas/. [Accessed: 12 August 2025].</ref><ref>R. P. Singh, Archaeological Explorations in Haryana, 2011.</ref> The mound is yet to be studied or excavated.

== Academics ==
The university currently offers [[undergraduate]] and [[postgraduate]], from diploma to doctorate, in [[Veterinary medicine|Veterinary]] and [[Animal science]].

== Regional Research Centres ==

LUVAS has following five Regional Research Centres (RRC) in various stages of planning and operation:<ref name=LUVASreg1>[https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=hi&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jagran.com%2Fharyana%2Fhisar-regional-research-centre-17017652.html " Fifth animal research center of Luvas will be opened in Narnaund."], [[Dainik Jagran]], 12 November 2017.</ref>
* LUVAS Regional Research Centre, Riwasa (LRRC, Riwasa) at [[Riwasa, Mahendragarh]]
* LUVAS Regional Research Centre, Keorak (LRRC, Keorak) at [[Keorak, Kaithal]]
* LUVAS Regional Research Centre, Karnal (LRRC, Karnal) at [[Karnal]]
* LUVAS Regional Research Centre, Jhajjar (LRRC, Jhajjar)
* LUVAS Regional Research Centre, Narnaund (LRRC, Narnaund) at [[Narnaund]] in [[Hisar district]]

== Affiliated Private Institutes and Colleges ==

=== Affiliated for B.V.Sc. & A. H. Degree Programme ===

* 1. [https://www.iiverindia.com/ International Institute of Veterinary Education and Research (IIVER)], NH 10, near Vill. Bahu Akbarpur, 10 Mile Stone Rohtak by pass, Rohtak 124001, Haryana.
* 2. Sanskaram College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Kheri Taluka, Patauda, Jhajjar
* 3, RPS College of Veterinary Sciences, Satnali Road, Balana, Mahendergarh
* 4. M. R. College of Veterinary Science V.P.O Hassanpur, Tehsil & Distt. Jhajjar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Affiliated Institutes and Colleges - Affiliated for B.V.Sc. & A. H. Degree Programme |url=https://luvas.edu.in/affiliated-institutes-and-colleges.html}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[State University of Performing And Visual Arts]]
* [[State Institute of Film and Television]]
* [[List of Universities and Colleges in Hisar]]
* [[List of institutions of higher education in Haryana]]
* [[List of think tanks in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.luvas.edu.in/}}

{{Universities in Haryana}}
{{Hisar, India topics}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Research institutes in Hisar (city)]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Hisar (city)]]
[[Category:Universities in Haryana]]
[[Category:Veterinary schools in India]]
[[Category:Memorials to Lala Lajpat Rai]]
[[Category:Animal husbandry in Haryana]]
[[Category:Agricultural universities and colleges in Haryana]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 2010]]

National Resource Centre for Free/Open Source Software

2025-08-10T20:50:11Z

Raunak Shankhwar: done

[[Image:Logo of NRCFOSS.JPG|thumb|right|Logo of NRCFOSS]]
'''National Resource Centre for Free/Open Source Software''' ('''NRCFOSS''') is an organisation created and financed in [[India]] by the Department of Information Technology, [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Ministry of Communication and Information Technology]], [[Government of India]] in April 2005.<ref>[http://mit.gov.in/default.aspx?id=706 Department of Information Technology, Free/ Open Source Software (FOSS) Initiative] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129151319/http://mit.gov.in/default.aspx?id=706 |date=2009-01-29 }} (Retrieved on 30 October 2008).</ref>

It is jointly administered by the Chennai Division of [[Centre for Development of Advanced Computing]] (C-DAC) and the [[Anna University K B Chandrashekar Research Centre|AU-KBC Research Centre]] of [[Anna University]].

Some state governments, for example [[Kerala]], already have programmes to popularize [[FOSS]] among the masses especially among the students. The founding of NRCFOSS is the first initiative by the Government of India in the direction of making efforts for increasing the acceptance of [[FOSS]] at a national level. NRCFOSS is designed to give a boost to the efforts to popularize [[FOSS]] products among lay computer users of India.<ref>"Digital Review of Asia-Pacific 2007-2008", CRDI, [http://www.idrc.ca/fr/ev-127122-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html] (Retrieved on 28 October 2008).</ref>

==Objectives==

NRCFOSS is mandated to work in areas related to Free/Open Source Software basically with the following objectives:<ref>Anna University documents on NRCFOSS [http://www.au-kbc.org/nrcf/about.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703220133/http://www.au-kbc.org/nrcf/about.htm |date=2008-07-03 }}, [http://www.au-kbc.org/nrcf/index.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081109032818/http://www.au-kbc.org/nrcf/index.htm |date=2008-11-09 }} (Retrieved on 28 Oct 08)</ref>
* [[Human resources|Human resource]] development by
**training engineering teachers in the formal sector
**giving support to educational agencies in the nonformal sector.
* [[Technology development|Development of technology]], tools and solutions by
**making available certified tools to industry and users
**creating a [[information repository|repository]] of [[information]] on [[resources]].
* [[Internationalization and localization|Localisation]] for Indian languages by
**enhancing the presence and visibility of Indian Languages on the web
**coordinating with various local language communities.
* Policy formulation and global networking by
**providing support to the Government and other agencies in policy and program formulation
**joining global networks, especially with similarly placed nations, and participating in international events.
* [[Entrepreneurship]] development by
**creating appropriate [[business models]].

==Initial achievements ==

NRCFOSS has caused the introduction of elective papers in FOSS in the syllabi and curriculum of Anna University.<ref>[http://www.gnulinux.in/files/Download162/Presentations/NCOSS(Ahmedabad_2007)/CNKrishnan_NRCFOSS_CII_FOSS.pdf NRCFOSS: Presentation by C N Krishnan]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (Retrieved on 30 October 2008).</ref>
The syllabi is applicable to around 250 engineering colleges affiliated to Anna University. It has prepared the entire course material for these elective papers and made it available for free download.<ref>"[http://www.nrcfoss.org.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=91 Introduction to Linux: Installation and Programming]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}", Edited by Dr.N.B.Venkateswarlu, NRCFOSS Series, BS Publications, Hyderabad. {{ISBN|81-7800-113-6}}.</ref><ref>"[http://www.iosn.net/south-asia/countries/india/news/south-asians-for-regional-co-operation/view South Asians for regional co-operation]", International Open Source Network (Retrieved on 28 October 2008)</ref>

NRCFOSS has organized a series of workshops and seminars in different parts of India to popularize the idea of FOSS. It developed the FOSS Lab Server as an archive of various resources that are essential for the students taking FOSS courses.<ref>[http://www.nrcfoss.org.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=124&Itemid=110 FOSS Lab Server]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (Retrieved on 28 October 2008).</ref>

It contains source code, documentation and mailing list archives. NRCFOSS developed [[Bharat Operating System Solutions]] a Linux distribution made specifically for the Indian environment.

The latest version of this Free/Open Source Software, BOSS GNU/Linux v10.0, was released on 18 March 2024.<ref>https://bosslinux.in/bosssecurity</ref> This software supports eighteen Indian languages out of a total of twenty-two [[Languages of India|constitutionally recognized languages]] in India at the desktop level.<ref>[http://www.cdac.in/index.aspx?id=prs_rl179 ”C-DAC launches BOSS Linux version 3.0”], C-DAC Press release dated 4 September 08 (Retrieved on 28 Oct 08)</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|https://web.archive.org/web/20211218181139/http://nrcfoss.org.in/}}
* [http://www.bosslinux.in/ Bharat Operating System Solutions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110308062426/http://bosslinux.in/ |date=2011-03-08 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nrcfoss}}
[[Category:Information technology organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Free and open-source software organizations]]
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2005]]
[[Category:Information technology in India]]

Moolam Thirunal

2025-08-03T16:11:29Z

Raunak Shankhwar:

{{Short description|Maharaja of Travancore from 1885–1924}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Refimprove|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox monarch
| name = Sir Rama Varma VI
| title = [[Maharaja of Travancore]]
| image = Moolam Thirunal Rama Varma of Travancore.jpg
| caption = Photograph of the Maharaja, published in 1903
| reign = 4 August 1885 – 7 August 1924
| coronation =
| full name = The [[Maharajah]] of [[Travancore]] Sree Padmanabhadasa Vanchipala [[Sir]] Rama Varma VI
| birth_date = 25 September 1857
| birth_place =
| death_date = 7 August 1924 (aged 66)
| death_place =
| predecessor = [[Visakham Thirunal]]
| successor = [[Sethu Lakshmi Bayi]] (Regent)
| spouse =
| spouse 1 =Srimathi Kunjulakshmi Pillai Anantha Lakshmi Pillai Kochamma'
| spouse 2 =Vadasseri Ammachi Panapillai Amma Srimathi Lakshmi Pillai Karthyayani Pillai Kochamma
| issue = {{ubl|Narayanan Chempakaraman Thampi|Karthyayani Pillai Bhagavathy Pillai Kochamma}}
| royal house = [[Travancore royal family|Venad Swaroopam]]
| dynasty = Kulasekhara
| father =Changanassery Raja Raja Varma
| mother = Junior Rani Lakshmi Bayi
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| signature =
}}
[[File:Rama Varma Maharaja of Travancore (1857–1924).jpg|thumb|Rama Varma, Maharaja of Travancore painted by KP Thampy in 1895]]
'''Sir Sri Moolam Thirunal Rama Varma VI''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|GCSI|GCIE|FRAS}} (1857–1924) was [[Maharajah]] of the [[princely state]] of [[Travancore]] between 1885 and 1924, succeeding his uncle Maharajah [[Visakham Thirunal]] (1880–1885). Moolam Thirunal is considered as the first in India to implement the concept of public participation in governance through the formation of [[Travancore Legislative Council]].

==Early life and education==
Mulam Thirunal Rama Varma was born on 25{{nbsp}}September 1857 to Prince Raja Raja Varma of the [[Changanassery]] Royal Family and [[Maharani]] Lakshmi Bayi of Travancore, niece of Maharajah [[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma|Swathi Thirunal]]. His mother died when he was only a few days old. The Maharajah had an elder brother, Hastham Thirunal. After the usual vernacular [[Malayalam]] studies, the two princes were placed under the tutorship of Annaji Rao B.A. and later under Raghunath Rao B.A. at a country house built specially for the purpose. Hastham Thirunal soon had to stop his studies owing to ill health and so Rama Varma remained the only pupil under the tutor. He was initially taught subjects such as history, geography, arithmetic and grammar. His great-grandmother was the Maharani [[Gowri Lakshmi Bayi]] of Travancore.

==Chief reforms==
[[File:Raja Ravi Varma, Maharaja Moolam Thirunal Rama Varma.jpg|thumb|Maharaja Moolam Thirunal Rama Varma, portrait by [[Raja Ravi Varma]].]]
The Travancore Legislative Council was established in 1888, three years after Moolam Thirunal became Maharajah. This was the first Legislative Council for a native state in the history of India. It was later succeeded by the [[Sree Moolam Popular Assembly]], the first legislature in Indian history to have elected members.

In 1886 a proclamation was issued relieving people of the requirement to pay of penalties on documents executed on unstamped government cadjan leaves (paper was not yet in common use in Travancore). In 1887, the penalty for non payment of stamp duty was reduced as it was found to be a huge burden. The same year, another royal proclamation was passed relinquishing the right of the government in property left by a person under the [[Marumakkathayam]] matrilineal system of inheritance when a person died without heirs. Likewise under the then system, when a tenant of a [[Jenmi]] or landlord died heirless, instead of the land passing in entirety to the landlord, it passed with sovereign right to the government who auctioned it later. This was abolished.

In 1888 the Anchal post system was improved with stamps of new values introduced. Moolam Thirunal's reign also saw major changes in the transport sector in Travancore. The first bus services began in 1908 on two routes starting from Trivandrum. The first bus on the Trivandrum-Nagercoil route was started by Arumana Narayanan Thampi, son of [[Visakham Thirunal]] while the first bus on the Trivandrum-Kollam route was started by Joseph Augusti Kayalackakom, a textile merchant of Trivandrum. Ten years later in 1918, the first train reached Trivandrum as the [[Kollam–Sengottai branch line|Chenkotta-Quilon railway]] was extended to Trivandrum.

Several other reforms were also brought in by Moolam Thirunal in fields including education, medicine, law and order and the civil service. Sanitary departments were opened and female education progressed. Changes were brought in the management of prisons and the public works department was reorganised. A life insurance system was also introduced by the Maharajah. In 1898, in recognition of his accomplishments, the British rewarded Moolam Thirunal with the grant of a personal salute of 21 guns.

In 1886, Thirunal allowed the construction of a paper mill in [[Punalur]] to be built by T.J. Cameroon.<ref name=Pereira>{{Cite news|last=Pereira|first=Ignatius|date=2013-05-27|title=Inundated colonial bungalow resurfaces after thirty years|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/inundated-colonial-bungalow-resurfaces-after-thirty-years/article4756301.ece|access-date=2020-09-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Upon completion, it became India's oldest paper mill.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-09-04|title=Punalur paper mill to see light of day after 23 years|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150904/nation-current-affairs/article/punalur-paper-mill-see-light-day-after-23-years-0|access-date=2020-09-22|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref> By the time of Raja's demise, the [[India Security Press]] had been a customer for the mill.<ref name=Pereira/>

==Dewans==
All through the reign of Maharajah [[Sir]] Rama Varma he was assisted by able men as [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]]s or Prime Ministers. These most illustrious personalities included:
* [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] [[V. Ramiengar]] (1880–1887)
* [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] [[T. Rama Rao (administrator)|T. Rama Rao]] (1887–1892)
* [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] [[S. Shungrasoobyer]] C.I.E. (1892–1898)
* [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] [[K. Krishnaswamy Rao]] (1898–1904)
* [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] [[V. P. Madhava Rao]] (1904–1906)
* [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] [[S. Gopalachari]] (1906–1907)
* [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] [[P. Rajagopalachari]] (1907–1914)
* [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] [[M. Krishnan Nair (politician)|M. Krishnan Nair]] (1914–1920)

==Family and demise==
[[File:Trava-RamaVarmaVI.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Sree Moolam Thirunal Maharaja of Travancore]]
[[File:Sree wife copy.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Nagercoil Ammachi, the First Consort of the Maharajah in 1879 as painted by P.Mukundan Thampi]]

Since the Royal House of Travancore followed the [[Nair]] [[Marumakkathayam]] system of matrilineal inheritance the presence of females was very essential in the family. Since the family had failed to exist in the female line, on the suggestion of [[Rani Lakshmi Bayi of Travancore|Rani Lakshmi Bayi]], two princesses, [[Sethu Lakshmi Bayi]] and [[Sethu Parvathi Bayi]] were adopted from the cousin Royal family at [[Mavelikara]]. Maharani Sethu Lakshmi Bayi succeeded Maharajah Moolam Thirunal Sir Rama Varma as Regent in 1924 till 1931, when her nephew & heir to the throne, Maharajah [[Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma]] attained the legal age and became the last Maharajah of Travancore.{{cn|date=August 2020}}

Maharajah Sir Rama Varma married twice, both noblewomen of the [[Thampi]] clan of the Nairs as tradition. His first wife (married in 1880) was ''Nagercoil Ammachi [[Panapillai Amma]] Srimathi Kunjulakshmi Pillai Anantha Lakshmi [[Pillai (title)|Pillai]] Kochamma'', of the Nagercoil [[Ammaveedu]] family, whose aunt was the consort of [[Ayilyam Thirunal]]. She died prior to the Maharajah's accession to the throne in 1882 giving birth to an only son, Nagercoil Sri Narayanan Chempakaraman Thampi, who remained [[aide de camp]] to his father till his death. Following this the Maharajah remained single for more than a decade. The Maharajah's second wife was ''Vadasseri Ammachi Panapillai Amma Srimathi Lakshmi Pillai Karthyayani Pillai Kochamma'', of the Vadasseri Ammaveedu family.{{cn|date=August 2020}}

She originally belonged to the Kaipally family of Palkulangara but was adopted before marriage to the Maharajah into the Vadasseri Ammaveedu in 1899. She was born to Krishnan Nair (Nagercoil Ammaveedu) and Lakshmi Amma. She was the sister of play writ and author, Vadasseri Krishnan Thampi, who also was the Principal (1917 to 1934) of Sanskrit College in Trivandrum. Her other two sisters were Kalyani Pillai Kochamma and Bhageerathi Pillai Kochamma. She was first married to T. Sankaran Thampi, Palace Manager, from which marriage she had a son, V. Sri Velayudhan Thampi in 1898. From her marriage to the Maharajah she had a daughter, Vadasseri Shrimathi Kartyayani Pillai Bhagavathi Pillai Kochamma, in June 1901. Her elder son was also adopted by Moolam Thirunal (This was not the first instance of a Maharajah espousing an already married woman. Moolam Thirunal's uncle Ayilyam Thirunal's consort was also already married before she became royal consort in 1862). [[Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer]] writes about the Maharajah's consort in ''Progress of Travancore Under HH Sree Moolam Thirunal'':
{{quote|..Karthyayani Pilla Kochamma by birth belongs to a very ancient and highly respected [[Nair]] family in [[Trivandrum]] and is a lady of remarkable culture and attainments, a gifted pianist, musician and artist. Her many lovable and ennobling qualities have won for her a warm place in the hearts of His Highness' subjects..{{full|date=August 2020}}}}

==Sankaran Thampi of Sankaramangalam==

T. Sankaran Thampi (1857 - 1930), the principal favourite and relative of the Maharajah, was the all-powerful Palace Manager, the power behind the throne. He belonged to Sankaramangalam Family, a branch of Cheruvallil Tharavad at [[Karicode]] in [[Quilon]]. His emergence as the leading favourite of the Maharajah limited the influence of another favourite Saravanai Ananda Narayana Aiyar. Thampi was often referred to as Sree Moolam Thirunal's [[Piers Gaveston, 1st Earl of Cornwall|Piers Gaveston]].{{cn|date=August 2020}}

Sankaran Thampi was closely associated with [[C. V. Raman Pillai]]. Two of Thampi's brothers were Tahsildars. Thampi survived the Dewanship of VP Madhava Rao, who tried to displace him. He remained powerful until the Maharaja's demise in 1924.<ref>Jeffrey, Robin. 'The Decline of Nair Dominance'. New Delhi: Manohar Publishers and Distributors, 2014.</ref>

==Official full name==
Officially he was also known with his full name, style and honours: ''[[Colonel]] [[His Highness]] [[Sri]] Padmanabhadasa Vanchipala Sree Moolam Thirunal Rama Varma Kulasekhara Kiritapathi Manney Sultan [[Maharajah]] Raja Ramaraja Bahadur Shamsher Jang, Maharajah Of Travancore.''

==Honours==
*'''GCSI''': Knight Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Star of India]]
*'''GCIE''': Knight Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] – ''1903'' – in the [[1903 Durbar Honours]]<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Durbar Honours |date=1 January 1903 |page=8 |issue=36966}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27511|date=1 January 1903 |page=2 |supp=y}}</ref>
*'''FRAS''': [[Royal Asiatic Society|Fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society]]
{{Travancore}}
==See also==
* [[Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma]]
* [[Sethu Lakshmi Bayi]]
* [[Visakham Thirunal]]
* [[Kappazhom Raman Pillai]]
* [[Moolam Thirunal Rama Varma|Moolam Thirunal Rama Varma (later)]]
* [[Trivandrum]]
* [[Sri Moolam Thirunal Palace]]
* [[Sree Moolam Popular Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Travancore royal family|Kulasekhara Dynasty]]||25 September 1857||7 March 1924}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Visakham Thirunal]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Kingdom of Travancore|Maharaja of Travancore]]|years=1885–1924}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Chithira Thirunal]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Kingdom of Travancore}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thirunal, Moolam}}
[[Category:Travancore royal family]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Asiatic Society]]
[[Category:1857 births]]
[[Category:1924 deaths]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Travancore|Moolam]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian royalty]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian royalty]]
[[Category:People from Changanassery]]