Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

YouTube (YouTube channel)

2026-06-01T11:26:45Z

RashadWaltman14: creating details

{{Short description|Official channel of YouTube}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox social media personality
| name = YouTube
| image = YouTube social white square (2024).svg
| caption = YouTube's channel logo
| pseudonym = YouTube Spotlight
| youtube_handle = YouTube
| youtube_years_active = 2005–present
| youtube_subscribers = 45.3 million
| youtube_views = 1.09 billion
| stats_update = May 31, 2026
| website = {{URL|youtube.com}}
}}

'''YouTube''', formerly named '''YouTube Spotlight''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/user/YouTube |title=YouTube Spotlight |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=February 27, 2025 |archive-date=December 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207232004/https://www.youtube.com/user/YouTube |url-status=dead}}</ref> is the official YouTube channel for the American video-sharing platform [[YouTube|of the same name]], spotlighting videos and events on the platform. Events shown on the channel include [[YouTube Comedy Week]] and the [[YouTube Music Awards]]. Additionally, the channel uploaded annual installments of ''[[YouTube Rewind]]'' between 2010 and 2019. The channel briefly ranked as the [[List of most-subscribed YouTube channels|most-subscribed]] on the platform in late 2013. As of May 2026, the channel has 45.3 million subscribers and 1.08 billion video views.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://socialblade.com/youtube/user/youtube|title=YouTube YouTube Stats, Channel Statistics|work=[[Social Blade]]|access-date=February 13, 2025|archive-date=February 13, 2025|archive-url=https://archive.today/2025.02.13/https://socialblade.com/youtube/user/youtube#selection-1839.0-1872.0|url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==
On November 2, 2013, the YouTube channel briefly surpassed [[PewDiePie]]'s channel, to become the [[List of most-subscribed YouTube channels|most-subscribed channel]] on the website. The channel ascended to the top position through auto-suggesting and pre-selecting itself as a subscription option upon new user registration for YouTube.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cohen|first=Joshua|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2013/11/04/youtube-most-susbcribed-channel/|title=YouTube Is Now The Most Subscribed Channel On YouTube|work=[[Tubefilter]]|date=November 4, 2013|access-date=September 20, 2013|archive-date=April 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406033842/https://www.tubefilter.com/2013/11/04/youtube-most-susbcribed-channel/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Videos ==

=== ''YouTube Rewind'' ===
{{Main|YouTube Rewind|l1=''YouTube Rewind''|YouTube Rewind 2018: Everyone Controls Rewind|l2=its 2018 installment|YouTube Rewind 2019: For the Record|l3=its 2019 installment}}
Between 2010 and 2019, YouTube released an annual ''[[YouTube Rewind]]'' video through its Spotlight channel. The series' 2016 installment, ''The Ultimate 2016 Challenge'', became YouTube's fastest video to reach 100 million views, doing so in just over three days. It is also the eighth-[[List of most liked YouTube videos#Non-music videos|most-liked non-music video]] of all time with over 3.40 million likes. Shortly after the video was released, the Spotlight channel surpassed 1 billion total video views.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://socialblade.com/youtube/user/youtube/monthly|title=youtube Monthly YouTube Statistics|work=Social Blade|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230093419/https://socialblade.com/youtube/user/youtube/monthly|archive-date=December 30, 2016|access-date=February 12, 2017}}</ref>

The 2018 installment, ''[[YouTube Rewind 2018: Everyone Controls Rewind|Everyone Controls Rewind]]'', was received overwhelmingly negatively. In just under a week after its release, it became YouTube's [[List of most-disliked YouTube videos|most-disliked video]] of all time, surpassing the music video for [[Justin Bieber]]'s "[[Baby (Justin Bieber song)|Baby]]", and shortly thereafter became the first YouTube video to reach 10 million dislikes.

The following year, ''[[YouTube Rewind 2019: For the Record]]'' also quickly garnered a notably negative like–dislike ratio as well, amassing 3.9 million dislikes within its first day of release.<ref>{{Citation |title=YouTube Rewind 2019: For the Record {{!}} #YouTubeRewind | date=5 December 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2lAe1cqCOXo |access-date=2024-03-13 |language=en |archive-date=2019-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210034001/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2lAe1cqCOXo |url-status=live }}</ref> It is currently the third-most-disliked YouTube video with over 9.6 million dislikes.

=== ''YouTube Nation'' ===
In January 2014, ''YouTube Nation'' was launched on its channel, as a collaborative project between YouTube and [[DreamWorks Animation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2014/01/dreamworks-animation-youtube-nation-663833/|title=DreamWorks Animation Confirms Daily YouTube Show 'YouTube Nation'|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=January 13, 2014|access-date=September 20, 2014|archive-date=April 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412060818/http://deadline.com/2014/01/dreamworks-animation-youtube-nation-663833/|url-status=live}}</ref> DWA oversaw the production while YouTube managed the sales and marketing of the series.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wallenstein|first=Andrew|url=https://variety.com/2014/digital/news/new-series-youtube-nation-launches-tuesday-from-youtube-dreamworks-animation-1201053518/|title=New Series 'YouTube Nation' Launches Tuesday on YouTube via DreamWorks Animation|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=January 13, 2014|access-date=April 6, 2015|archive-date=September 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904183235/https://variety.com/2014/digital/news/new-series-youtube-nation-launches-tuesday-from-youtube-dreamworks-animation-1201053518/|url-status=live}}</ref> The series is a news series that rounds up information from the ''Spotlight'' channel.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gutelle|first=Sam|url=http://www.tubefilter.com/2014/01/09/youtube-nation-dreamworks-daily-news-show/|title=YouTube And Dreamworks To Launch Daily Video News Show|work=[[Tubefilter]]|date=January 9, 2014|access-date=September 20, 2014|archive-date=June 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616131828/https://www.tubefilter.com/2014/01/09/youtube-nation-dreamworks-daily-news-show/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[YouTube]] also promotes the series through its ''Spotlight'' channel. Early in its history, the series used guest hosts [[Grace Helbig]], [[Hannah Hart]], and [[Mamrie Hart]] (no relation) to help propel the series and its audience.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gutelle|first=Sam|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2014/02/11/grace-helbig-hannah-hart-mamrie-hart-youtube-nation/|title=Grace Helbig, Hannah Hart, And Mamrie Hart Take Over 'YouTube Nation'|work=[[Tubefilter]]|date=February 11, 2014|access-date=September 20, 2014|archive-date=May 18, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518013304/http://www.tubefilter.com/2014/02/11/grace-helbig-hannah-hart-mamrie-hart-youtube-nation/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Due to regularly being promoted on the ''Spotlight'' channel (now just called YouTube), ''YouTube Nation'' was able to reach the 1 million subscriber milestone within three months of its launch.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gutelle|first=Sam|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2014/04/17/youtube-millionaires-nation-steve-woolf-zadi-diaz/|title=YouTube Millionaires: YouTube Nation Finds The Best Videos On The Net|work=[[Tubefilter]]|date=April 17, 2014|access-date=September 20, 2014|archive-date=July 8, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708232527/http://www.tubefilter.com/2014/04/17/youtube-millionaires-nation-steve-woolf-zadi-diaz/|url-status=live}}</ref> The series was nominated for the fourth annual [[Streamy Award]] under Best News and Current Events but lost to ''[[SourceFed]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.streamys.org/nominees-winners/4th-annual-nominees-winners/|title=4th Annual Streamy Awards Nominees|publisher=[[Streamy Awards]]|access-date=September 20, 2014|archive-date=September 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924123852/http://www.streamys.org/nominees-winners/4th-annual-nominees-winners/|url-status=live}}</ref> After 350 episodes, the series aired its last episode on December 5, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|last=Spangler|first=Todd|url=https://variety.com/2014/digital/news/dreamworks-animation-youtube-pull-plug-on-youtube-nation-show-1201370036/|title=DreamWorks Animation, YouTube Pull Plug on 'YouTube Nation' Show|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=December 4, 2014|access-date=January 9, 2015|archive-date=June 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617190130/https://variety.com/2014/digital/news/dreamworks-animation-youtube-pull-plug-on-youtube-nation-show-1201370036/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== ''Hello 2021'' ===
{{Main|Hello 2021}}

On December 10, 2020, YouTube announced that [[Fremantle (company)|Fremantle]] would produce ''[[Hello 2021]]''—a series of five localized [[New Year's Eve]] countdown specials that will celebrate notable videos of the year, and feature other guest appearances and performances. There will be separate specials for [[Japan]], [[South Korea]], [[India]], the [[United Kingdom|UK]], and [[Americas|the Americas]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Del Rosario|first=Alexandra|date=2020-12-10|title=Matthew McConaughey, RuPaul, Storm Reid & More To Ring In New Year With YouTube In 'Hello 2021' Global Celebration|url=https://deadline.com/2020/12/matthew-mcconaughey-rupaul-storm-reid-new-year-youtube-hello-2021-1234653416/|access-date=2020-12-10|website=Deadline|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215210502/https://deadline.com/2020/12/matthew-mcconaughey-rupaul-storm-reid-new-year-youtube-hello-2021-1234653416/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== ''One Trillion Minecraft Views on YouTube and Counting'' ===
In December 2021, ''One Trillion Minecraft Views on YouTube and Counting'' was posted to commemorate the one trillion views of ''[[Minecraft]]''-related videos.<ref>{{cite web|last=Parrish|first=Ash|url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/12/15/22838148/minecraft-1-trillion-views-youtube-mojang-microsoft|title=Minecraft crosses 1 trillion views on YouTube|work=[[The Verge]]|date=December 15, 2021|accessdate=June 10, 2024}}</ref> Featuring various ''Minecraft'' content creators, the video is a 3D animation based on the game.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hale|first=James|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2021/12/15/youtube-minecraft-one-trillion-views/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215190855/https://www.tubefilter.com/2021/12/15/youtube-minecraft-one-trillion-views/|title=YouTube Celebrates 'Minecraft's' Trillionth View With Nods For Top Creators|work=[[Tubefilter]]|date=December 15, 2021|archive-date=December 15, 2021|accessdate=June 10, 2024}}</ref>

== Events ==

=== Themed week events ===
In May 2013, the ''Spotlight'' channel was being used to stream its [[YouTube Comedy Week|Comedy Week event]], produced by [[ChannelFlip]]. During the event, YouTube used its homepage to spotlight comedy videos made specifically for the event.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Rothman|first=Lily|url=https://entertainment.time.com/2013/05/20/youtube-bets-big-on-laughs-with-its-first-ever-comedy-week/|title=YouTube Bets Big on Laughs with Its First-Ever "Comedy Week"|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=May 20, 2013|access-date=September 20, 2014|archive-date=June 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605010243/http://entertainment.time.com/2013/05/20/youtube-bets-big-on-laughs-with-its-first-ever-comedy-week/|url-status=live}}</ref> The video of the 2-hour kickoff event has earned 1.06 million views as of September 2014.<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5z3cI0NnKN0|title=The Big Live Comedy Show - YouTube Comedy Week|publisher=[[YouTube]]|date=May 19, 2013|access-date=September 20, 2014|archive-date=June 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609215944/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5z3cI0NnKN0|url-status=live}}</ref> The event was met with mixed critical reception, with the particular mixture of [[new media|new]] and [[old media|traditional]] media personalities, as well as technical difficulties being specifically scrutinized.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gutelle|first=Sam|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2013/05/20/youtube-big-live-comedy-show-fail/|title=Six Reasons Why YouTube's 'Big Live Comedy Show' Didn't Work|work=[[Tubefilter]]|date=May 20, 2013|access-date=September 20, 2014|archive-date=April 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424072403/https://www.tubefilter.com/2013/05/20/youtube-big-live-comedy-show-fail/|url-status=live}}</ref> The event was the first of its kind about being streamed by YouTube. Although it was marketed as the first annual Comedy Week event, there have been no announcements regarding a follow-up Comedy Week event.

On August 4, 2013, YouTube launched "Geek Week", which was kicked off by [[Freddie Wong]] in the United States, and [[TomSka]] in the United Kingdom.<ref name=ytgeekweek>{{cite web|url=https://youtube.googleblog.com/2013/07/youtube-geekweek-2013.html|title=YouTube geeks out with first-ever Geek Week: August 4-10, 2013|work=YouTube Official Blog|publisher=[[Blogspot]]|date=July 24, 2013|access-date=September 20, 2014|archive-date=March 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330043229/https://youtube.googleblog.com/2013/07/youtube-geekweek-2013.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Gutelle|first=Sam|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2013/07/24/youtube-geek-week-teaser/|title=Geek Week Officially Coming August 4th As YouTube Releases Teaser|work=[[Tubefilter]]|date=July 24, 2013|access-date=September 20, 2014|archive-date=July 19, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719065621/http://www.tubefilter.com/2013/07/24/youtube-geek-week-teaser/|url-status=live}}</ref> The week was composed of themed days, which included Blockbuster Sunday, Global Geekery Monday, Brainiac Tuesday, Super Wednesday, Gaming Thursday, and Fan Friday.<ref name=ytgeekweek/> The event was launched in conjunction with [[Nerdist Industries|Nerdist]] in the US, and ChannelFlip in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cohen|first=Matt|url=https://archive.nerdist.com/youtube-launches-geek-week/|title=YouTube Launches "Geek Week"|publisher=[[Nerdist]]|date=July 24, 2013|access-date=September 20, 2014|archive-date=April 29, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429004959/http://www.nerdist.com/2013/07/youtube-launches-geek-week/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Schroeder|first=Stan|url=https://mashable.com/2013/07/24/youtube-geek-week/|title=YouTube Announces Geek Week, Starting Aug. 4|work=[[Mashable]]|date=July 24, 2013|access-date=September 20, 2013|archive-date=October 9, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009221945/http://mashable.com/2013/07/24/youtube-geek-week/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== #ProudToLove ===
During the 2013 [[Gay pride#LGBT Pride Month|LGBT Pride Month]], the channel was used to bring light to LGBT and LGBT pride-related information and videos.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rudolph|first=Christopher|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/27/youtube-proud-to-love_n_3511805.html|title=YouTube Celebrates Gay Pride With 'Proud To Love' (VIDEO)|work=[[HuffPost|Huffington Post]]|date=June 27, 2013|access-date=September 20, 2014|archive-date=March 11, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311081158/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/27/youtube-proud-to-love_n_3511805.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Google]], which owns YouTube, has been said by [[TechCrunch]] to be "a huge proponent of gay rights".<ref>{{cite web|last=Crook|first=Jordan|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/06/27/youtube-celebrates-pride-with-proudtolove-spotlight-channel/|title=YouTube Celebrates Pride With #ProudToLove Spotlight Channel|publisher=[[TechCrunch]]|date=June 27, 2013|access-date=September 20, 2014|archive-date=June 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628104157/https://techcrunch.com/2013/06/27/youtube-celebrates-pride-with-proudtolove-spotlight-channel/|url-status=live}}</ref> An article on the Official YouTube Blog was attached to the event.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://youtube.googleblog.com/2013/06/were-proudtolove-lgbt-community-on.html|title=We're #ProudToLove the LGBT community on YouTube|work=YouTube Official Blog|publisher=[[Blogspot]]|date=June 27, 2013|access-date=September 20, 2014|archive-date=April 15, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415061700/https://youtube.googleblog.com/2013/06/were-proudtolove-lgbt-community-on.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== YouTube Music Awards ===
{{Main|YouTube Music Awards}}

In November 2013, YouTube launched its first [[YouTube Music Awards|YT Music Awards presentation]]. Announcing its nominations in the previous month, the award show aimed to create traffic through its social media voting format.<ref>{{cite web|last=Spangler|first=Todd|url=https://variety.com/2013/digital/news/youtube-music-awards-nominees-announced-1200749352/|title=YouTube Music Awards Nominees Announced|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=October 21, 2013|access-date=September 20, 2013|archive-date=July 1, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701181852/http://variety.com/2013/digital/news/youtube-music-awards-nominees-announced-1200749352/|url-status=live}}</ref> The event was streamed onto the ''Spotlight'' channel, and has earned over 4.5 million views as of September 2014.<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yXBPbnv1H-U|title=The First-Ever YouTube Music Awards (YTMA)|publisher=[[YouTube]]|date=November 5, 2013|access-date=September 20, 2013|archive-date=June 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618152409/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yXBPbnv1H-U|url-status=live}}</ref> The event's technical difficulties and its plethora of nominations for mainstream artists, rather than [[YouTube]] artists, were at the center of overall mixed critical reception.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gelt|first=Jessica|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/tv/showtracker/la-et-st-youtube-music-awards-eminem-wins-artist-of-the-year-20131103-story.html|title=YouTube Music Awards: Eminem wins Artist of the Year ... wait, what?|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=November 3, 2013|access-date=September 20, 2013|archive-date=March 11, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311020437/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/tv/showtracker/la-et-st-youtube-music-awards-eminem-wins-artist-of-the-year-20131103,0,7513928.story|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{YouTube|u=YouTube|link=no}}
{{S-start}}
{{S-ach|ach}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[List of most-subscribed YouTube channels|Most Subscribed Channel on YouTube]]
| years = 2013-2013
| before = [[PewDiePie]]
| after = [[PewDiePie]]
}}
{{Succession box
| title = Most Subscribed Channel on YouTube
| years = 2013-2013
| before = [[PewDiePie]]
| after = [[PewDiePie]]
}}
{{S-end}}
{{YouTube navbox}}

[[Category:Number-one YouTube channels in subscribers]]
[[Category:YouTube]]
[[Category:YouTube channels launched in 2005]]

Alan Cameron (classicist)

2026-05-15T10:58:53Z

RashadWaltman14: creating a pg

{{Short description|British classical scholar (1938 – 2017)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox academic
| honorific_prefix = 
| name = Alan Cameron
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Alan Cameron, March 2013 (cropped).jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = Cameron in 2013
| birth_name = Alan Douglas Edward Cameron
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1938|3|13}}
| birth_place = [[Windsor, Berkshire]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2017|7|31|1938|3|13}}
| death_place = New York, US
| death_cause =
| citizenship = British U.S.
| spouse = Dame [[Averil Cameron]] (married 1962–1980) Carla Asher (married 1998) <ref>{{cite web |url=http://classics.columbia.edu/news/2017/8/3/professor-alan-cameron-1938-2017 | title=Professor Alan Cameron (1938-2017) }}</ref>
| partner =
| children =
| website =
| discipline = [[Classics]]
| sub_discipline = {{hlist|[[Philology]]|[[Latin]]|[[Latin literature]]|[[Roman poetry]]|[[Ancient Greek literature]]|[[Late antiquity]]}}
| workplaces = {{plain list|
* [[University of Glasgow]]
* [[Bedford College, London]]
* [[King's College London]]
* [[Columbia University]] }}
| doctoral_students = 
| notable_students = 
| main_interests =
| notable_works =
| notable_ideas =
| influenced = 
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Alan Douglas Edward Cameron''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|FBA}} (13 March 1938 – 31 July 2017) was a British classicist and academic. He was Charles Anthon Professor Emeritus of the Latin Language and Literature at [[Columbia University]], New York. He was one of the leading scholars of the literature and history of the later Roman world and at the same time a wide-ranging classical philologist whose work encompassed above all the Greek and Latin poetic tradition from Hellenistic to Byzantine times but also aspects of late antique art.

==Life and career==
Cameron was educated at [[St. Paul's School, London]] (1951–1956). He went on to [[New College, Oxford]], earning a first class in [[Honour Moderations]] (1959) and ''[[Literae Humaniores]]'' (1961). He was married, from 1962 to 1980, to [[Averil Cameron]], with whom he had a son and a daughter. In 1998 he married Carla Asher, who survives him.

He began his academic career as a lecturer at the [[University of Glasgow]] (1961). He then became a Lecturer and then a Reader in Latin at [[Bedford College, London]] (1964–1972). From 1972 to 1977 he held the Chair of Latin at [[King's College London]]. He went to [[Columbia University]] as Charles Anthon Professor in 1977.

Cameron was elected a [[Fellow of the British Academy]] (FBA) in 1975. He became a Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1978 and a Fellow of the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 1992. In March 1997 he was awarded the [[American Philological Association]]'s Goodwin Award. In 2005, he received Columbia University's Lionel Trilling Award.

In 2013, he was awarded the [[Kenyon Medal]] for Classical Studies and Archaeology of the [[British Academy]]. The award dedication read as follows:
{{blockquote|Alan Cameron has produced a major series of books on various aspects of the later Graeco-Roman world, from early Hellenistic times to the late Empire. He has a remarkable flair for synthesising literary with social and political history, at the same time clarifying the nature and relationships of the sources, and he regularly subjects long-accepted doctrines to examination and challenge. For students of Hellenistic poetry his Callimachus and His Critics (1995) has become a central point of reference, while his work on the Palatine Anthology, The Greek Anthology: From Meleager to Planudes (1993) threw much new light on the transmission of that great composite collection of epigrams. Other major works have included Claudian: Poetry and Propaganda at the Court of Honorius (1970), Greek Mythography in the Roman World (2004), and most recently The Last Pagans of Rome (2011).}}

He also published about 200 scholarly articles on a wide range of subjects related to the ancient world.

Cameron died in New York on 31 July 2017, at the age of 79.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/artshums/depts/classics/newsrecords/2017/Professor-Alan-Cameron-1938-2017.aspx|title=Professor Alan Cameron, 1938-2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105015025/https://www.kcl.ac.uk/artshums/depts/classics/newsrecords/2017/Professor-Alan-Cameron-1938-2017.aspx|archive-date=2019-01-05}}</ref>

==Selected works==
Cameron's books include:
* ''Claudian: Poetry and Propaganda at the Court of Honorius'' (1970) {{ISBN|9780198143512}}
* ''Porphyrius the Charioteer'' (1973) {{ISBN|9780198148050}}
* ''Circus Factions: Blues and Greens at Rome and Byzantium'' (1976) {{ISBN|9780198148043}}
* ''Barbarians and Politics at the Court of Arcadius'' (May 1992) (with Jacqueline Long and Lee Sherry)
* ''The Greek Anthology: From Meleager to Planudes'' (1993) {{ISBN|9780198140238}}
* ''Callimachus and his Critics'' (1995) {{ISBN|9780691043678}}
* ''Greek Mythography in the Roman World'' (2004) {{ISBN|9780195171211}}
**reviewed by T P Wiseman in the ''[[Times Literary Supplement]]'', 13 May 2005 page 29
* ''The Last Pagans of Rome'' (2011) {{ISBN|9780199959709}}
**reviewed by Peter Brown in the ''[[New York Review of Books]]'', 7 April 2011
* ''Wandering Poets and Other Essays in Late Antique Poetry and Philosophy'' (2015) {{ISBN|9780190268947}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cameron, Alan}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:British classical scholars]]
[[Category:Columbia University faculty]]
[[Category:Fellows of the British Academy]]
[[Category:British Byzantinists]]
[[Category:Classical scholars of Columbia University]]
[[Category:Classical philologists]]
[[Category:Scholars of Byzantine history]]
[[Category:Scholars of Byzantine literature]]
[[Category:British literary scholars]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]

Kingdom (2025 film)

2026-05-08T13:30:54Z

RashadWaltman14: Starting post.

{{short description|2025 Indian film by Gowtam Tinnanuri}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kingdom 2025 Film Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Gowtam Tinnanuri]]
| writer = Gowtam Tinnanuri
| producer = {{ubl|
* Naga Vamsi
* Sai Soujanya
* Aravind Aendapally
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Vijay Deverakonda]]
* [[Satyadev (actor)|Satyadev]]
* [[Bhagyashri Borse]]
}}
| cinematography = {{ubl|
* [[Girish Gangadharan]]
* [[Jomon T. John]]
}}
| editing = [[Naveen Nooli]]
| music = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| studio = {{ubl|
* Sithara Entertainments
* Fortune Four Creations
* Srikara Studios
}}
| released = {{Film date|2025|07|31|df=y}}
| runtime = 160 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2025 |title=''KINGDOM'' [UA 16+] |url=https://www.cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwNzE2MDcyMDI1MDAwMTI= |access-date=29 September 2025 |website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR|130 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohammad |first=Avad |date=22 July 2025 |title=Kingdom: Makers bet ₹130 Crore on Vijay Deverakonda despite back-to-back flops |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kingdom-makers-bet-130-crore-on-vijay-deverakonda-despite-back-to-back-flops/34fcbc27d6278 |access-date=31 July 2025 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2025 |title=Kingdom : వైజాగ్ సముద్రంలో ఎవరికీ తెలియని ఐలాండ్ లో 'కింగ్డమ్' షూట్.. బడ్జెట్ ఎన్ని కోట్లు తెలుసా? |url=https://10tv.in/telugu-news/movies/vijay-deverakonda-kingdom-shooting-happened-in-island-near-vizag-sea-sy-971235.html |access-date=31 July 2025 |website=[[10TV]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|82.02 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Biswas |first=Sneha |date=2025-08-26 |title=Kingdom OTT release date: When and where will Vijay Deverakonda's film stream online |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/kingdom-ott-release-date-when-and-where-will-vijay-deverakondas-film-netflix-11756173618250.html |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=Mint |language=en}}</ref>
}}
'''''Kingdom''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Spy film|spy]] [[action film]] written and directed by [[Gowtam Tinnanuri]]. Produced by Naga Vamsi and Sai Soujanya under the banners of Sithara Entertainments and Fortune Four Cinemas, the film stars [[Vijay Deverakonda]] alongside [[Satyadev (actor)|Satyadev]] and [[Bhagyashri Borse]]. The plot follows a troubled police officer who is assigned to go undercover on a case that brings him face-to-face with his past demons.

The film was officially announced in January 2023 under the tentative title ''VD12'', and the official title was announced in February 2025. [[Principal photography]] commenced in June 2023. Filming took place in [[Hyderabad]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Kerala]] and [[Sri Lanka]]. The film has music composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=Anirudh Ravichander delivers a powerful composition in 'Kingdom' teaser theme |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/anirudh-ravichander-delivers-a-powerful-composition-in-kingdom-teaser-theme/articleshow/119129309.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250412144003/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/anirudh-ravichander-delivers-a-powerful-composition-in-kingdom-teaser-theme/articleshow/119129309.cms |archive-date=12 April 2025 |access-date=2025-03-21 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> cinematography handled by [[Girish Gangadharan]] with [[Jomon T. John]] and editing by [[Naveen Nooli]].

''Kingdom'' was released worldwide on 31 July 2025 to mixed reviews from critics and audiences.<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-07 |title=Vijay Deverakonda's Kingdom release date out, film to hit cinemas in July |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-deverakonda-kingdom-release-date-out-film-to-hit-cinemas-in-july-2752179-2025-07-07 |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The film grossed {{INR|82.02 crore}} worldwide and [[Box-office bomb|underperformed at the box office]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/kingdom-ott-release-date-heres-when-you-can-watch-the-vijay-deverakonda-film-77050.html|title=Kingdom OTT Release Date: Here’s When You Can Watch The Vijay Deverakonda Film|website=[[Filmfare]]|access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref> It was intended to be the first installment of a planned duology, however, the sequel was shelved.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-12 |title='VD 12': Vijay Deverakonda, Gowtam Tinnanuri's film titled 'Kingdom', to release this summer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gowtam-tinnanuri-vijay-deverakondas-film-titled-kingdom/article69210917.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250408203754/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gowtam-tinnanuri-vijay-deverakondas-film-titled-kingdom/article69210917.ece |archive-date=8 April 2025 |access-date=2025-03-21 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="SHELVED" />

== Plot ==
In 1920 [[Srikakulam]], a group of tribals along with their king, try to stop the massacre of their people by the [[British Raj|British]], for mining gold. However, they are unsuccessful in doing so and their king dies without telling the survivors of the massacre about a prophesied descendant of their tribe. In 1991, [[Constable]] Byreddy Surya "Suri", a young and aggressive, but well-mannered police officer who, after being separated from his elder brother, Siva, during their childhood for killing their abusive father, is recruited by a RAW handler, Jayaprakash 'JP', to go on an undercover mission.

His objective is to infiltrate the heavily fortified island off of [[Sri Lanka]], known as "Divi", in the midst of the [[Sri Lankan civil war]] and obtain details about a huge consignment of arms and gold coming from Hong Kong, just a few months after the [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]]. However, Divi is ruled with an iron fist by Odiyappan, who is part of the Sri Lankan cartel and comes from a Tamil-speaking family. Suri is shocked to know that his long-lost brother, Siva, is the leader of the descendants of the tribe from 1920 who have relocated to Divi to escape from the British. He begins his mission by instigating a brawl during a temple festival and getting himself arrested and sent to [[Jaffna]] prison, a place notorious for its brutal and lawless conditions. Upon his arrival, the two brothers, now on opposite sides of a brewing conflict, are reunited under tense and dangerous circumstances.

Suri's mission becomes more complex as he struggles to balance his loyalty to his country and newfound connection with his brother. He gains favor within the prison's hierarchy and the trust of Siva. Siva and his gang manage to get bail and also post Suri's bail; they take him to Divi where Suri slowly begins to understand the real stakes of his mission after witnessing what the residents of Divi go through with Odiyappan and his younger son, Murugan. He frequently reports to Dr. Madhu, an Indian doctor who is also a spy, about his mission. In a critical moment as part of Siva's gang during a smuggling operation, Suri is forced to leave behind a consignment of gold during a chase in the mangroves of Jaffna by the Sri Lankan navy. In a cartel meeting with Siva and his gang, Murugan grows suspicious of Siva and his people due to the navy's appearance during their smuggling operation. Realizing the danger of the fallout and his concern for the residents of Divi, Suri promises to bring back the gold consignment from a naval base. His success in this mission makes him a celebrated figure amongst the Divi's residents and strengthens his equation with them. However, Siva comes to know of his true identity of an Indian police officer in the process.

Murugan's [[paranoia]] intensifies after he murders his own father, Odiyappan, and realizes there is a mole within the ranks of the cartel. He invites the people of Divi along with Siva and his family, to witness the last rites of his father and feast at his house. However, one of Siva's deputies, Singha, remains wary of Suri and promises to look into his background, leaving Divi in the process. Meanwhile, it is shown that Jayaprakash has planted many spies in Divi and the Sri Lankan cartel, with Murugan's deputy, Selva, being one of them. Murugan begins to believe that Suri is the traitor after Selva hands over circumstantial evidence to a senior cartel member present there, Saravanan, proving that one of the Byreddy brothers is a spy. After a confrontation with the cartel members, Siva falsely admits himself as a spy and is mercilessly killed by Murugan along with many of his people, including his wife.

On the other hand, Suri drinks alcohol for the first time in his life and admits to Madhu that it was he who killed his and Siva's father, and that Siva took on the blame for it. He realizes that the life he has been living belongs to Siva, and he should be in Siva's shoes instead. He learns of his brother's fate and Murugan's massacre from Madhu the following morning. Driven by an amalgamation of fury and grief, he unleashes his full potential to avenge Siva and the residents' deaths and liberate the remaining people of Divi. A fierce battle ensues where Suri confronts and kills Murugan, fulfilling the prophecy that he is the [[reincarnation|reincarnation of the past king]]. He then assumes leadership of Divi, as king for the people in need of a savior. In a twist, Sethu, Odiyappan's elder son and Murugan's elder brother, arrives in Divi to avenge his kin, while Singha finally reaches Suri and Suguna's house in Ankapur and finds a photo of Suri in his police uniform, hinting at a sequel.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Vijay Deverakonda]] in dual role
** [[Police Constable|Constable]] Byreddy Surya "Suri", Srikakulam tribal king's reincarnation
** Ronit Kamra as young Suri
**Srikakulam tribal king
* [[Satyadev (actor)|Satyadev]] as Byreddy Siva, Suri's elder brother
** Kothala Bhanu Prakash as young Siva
* [[Bhagyashri Borse]] as Dr. Madhu
* [[Manish Chaudhari]] as Jayapraksh alias JP, Suri's spy handler in Sri Lanka
* [[Ayyappa P. Sharma]] as Bhairaghi
* [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] as Byreddy Suguna, Siva’s and Suri’s mother
* [[Venkitesh V. P.]] as Murugan
* [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] as Odiyappan, Murugan’s father
* Ajith Koshy as Saravanan, a Sri Lankan cartel member
* [[Bhoomi Shetty]] as Gauri, Siva’s wife and Suri’s sister-in-law
* [[Ravi Krishna (actor, born 1989)|Ravi Krishna]] as Selva, Murugan's deputy
* Navya Swamy as Meenakshi
* [[Rajkumar Kasireddy]] as Singha, a deputy of Siva
* Kancharapalem Kishore as Nanaji
* Mahesh Achanta as Nagi
* [[Goparaju Ramana]] as Constable Yadagiri, Siva and Suri's uncle; Suguna's elder brother
* [[Muralidhar Goud]] as [[Sub-Inspector|SI]] Ramulu
* Kiran Varanasi as Byreddy
* B. S. Avinash as Bagatha Bhairagi
* Abhay Bethiganti as Sreenu
* Keshav Deepak as K. Narasimha Rao
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
After starting filming for [[Acharya (2022 film)|''Acharya'']] in early 2021, it was reported that [[Gowtam Tinnanuri]] had met [[Ram Charan]] and narrated a script which impressed the actor. The production was reportedly set to begin after Charan completes his commitments for ''Acharya'' and ''[[RRR]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2021 |title=Gowtam Tinnanuri to direct Ram Charan |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/Jan/22/gowtam-tinnanuri-to-direct-ram-charan-22404.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802230443/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/Jan/22/gowtam-tinnanuri-to-direct-ram-charan-22404.html |archive-date=2 August 2024 |access-date=2 August 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The project was officially announced on 15 October 2021, tentatively titled ''RC15''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2021 |title=Ram Charan joins hands with director Gowtam Tinnanuri for a film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ram-charan-joins-hands-with-director-gowtam-tinnanuri-for-a-film-1865023-2021-10-15 |access-date=2 August 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2021 |title=Official: Ram Charan joins hands with Gowtam Tinnanuri {{!}} Latest Telugu cinema news {{!}} Movie reviews {{!}} OTT Updates, OTT |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/official-ram-charan-joins-hands-with-gowtam-tinnanuri.html |access-date=2 August 2024 |website=123telugu.com |language=en}}</ref> It would be funded by UV Creations, in association with NVR Cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=15 October 2021 |title=Ram Charan to star in 'Jersey' director Gowtam Tinnanuri's next film |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2021/Oct/15/ram-charan-to-star-in-jersey-director-gowtam-tinnanuris-next-film-2371931.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802230443/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2021/Oct/15/ram-charan-to-star-in-jersey-director-gowtam-tinnanuris-next-film-2371931.html |archive-date=2 August 2024 |access-date=2 August 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The following August, however, it was reported that the project was shelved due to reasons unknown.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 August 2022 |title=Did Ram Charan shelve his Film with Gowtam Tinnanuri? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/did-ram-charan-shelve-his-film-with-gowtham-tinnanuri/articleshow/93874422.cms |access-date=2 August 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> That November, it was officially confirmed to have been shelved with no reasons being stated.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2022 |title=RC16: Ram Charan film with Jersey director Gowtam Tinnanuri shelved |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/rc16-ram-charan-film-with-jersey-director-gowtam-tinnanuri-shelved-8242871/ |access-date=2 August 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Gowtam then reportedly visited [[Vijay Deverakonda]] and narrated the same script which also impressed the actor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aditya |date=24 October 2022 |title=Jersey director Gowtham's bad phase continues as even Vijay Devarakonda asked for script changes now |url=https://tracktollywood.com/jersey-director-gowthams-bad-phase-continues-as-even-hero-vijay-devarakonda-asked-for-script-changes-now/ |access-date=2 August 2024 |website=TrackTollywood |language=en-US}}</ref>

The film would be funded by Suryadevara Naga Vamsi and Sai Soujanya, under Sithara Entertainments, Fortune Four Creations, and Srikara Studios. The company made a public announcement on 13 January 2023, confirming the project.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 January 2023 |title=VD12 first look: Vijay Deverakonda poses as cop in poster of his next Telugu film directed by Gowtam Tinnanuri |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/vd12-first-look-vijay-deverakonda-poses-as-cop-in-poster-of-his-next-telugu-film-directed-by-gowtam-tinnanuri-101673666748047.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> In January 2025, Naga Vamsi announced that the film would be released in two parts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-27 |title=Vijay Devarakonda's VD12 to release in two parts, reveals producer Naga Vamsi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-devarakonda-vd12-to-release-in-two-parts-reveals-producer-naga-vamsi-2656223-2024-12-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219162211/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-devarakonda-vd12-to-release-in-two-parts-reveals-producer-naga-vamsi-2656223-2024-12-27 |archive-date=19 February 2025 |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> The film's official title as ''Kingdom'' was announced on 12 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-12 |title=VD 12 titled Kingdom: Vijay Deverakonda becomes an intense savior with powerful narration by Jr NTR, Suriya, and Ranbir Kapoor in teaser |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/vd-12-titled-kingdom-vijay-deverakonda-becomes-an-intense-savior-with-powerful-narration-by-jr-ntr-suriya-and-ranbir-kapoor-in-teaser-video-1372137 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214042721/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/vd-12-titled-kingdom-vijay-deverakonda-becomes-an-intense-savior-with-powerful-narration-by-jr-ntr-suriya-and-ranbir-kapoor-in-teaser-video-1372137 |archive-date=14 February 2025 |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
In June 2023, [[principal photography]] commenced in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-17 |title=Vijay Deverakonda begins shooting for 'VD 12' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/vijay-deverakonda-begins-shooting-for-vd-12/articleshow/101060393.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130185814/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/vijay-deverakonda-begins-shooting-for-vd-12/articleshow/101060393.cms |archive-date=30 November 2024 |access-date=2025-02-14 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay Devarakonda's VD 12 Shooting Begins, Pic Inside |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/vijay-devarakondas-vd-12-shooting-begins-pic-inside-8101549.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622122635/https://www.news18.com/movies/vijay-devarakondas-vd-12-shooting-begins-pic-inside-8101549.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> However, filming was delayed due to Vijay's ongoing commitments, ''[[Kushi (2023 film)|Kushi]]'' and ''[[The Family Star]]''. Filming resumed in April 2024 in [[Visakhapatnam]] with a month-long schedule.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-19 |title=Vijay Deverakonda starrer 'VD12' second phase to commence in Vizag |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/vijay-deverakonda-starrer-vd12-second-phase-to-commence-in-vizag/articleshow/109422100.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250408180831/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/vijay-deverakonda-starrer-vd12-second-phase-to-commence-in-vizag/articleshow/109422100.cms |archive-date=8 April 2025 |access-date=2025-02-14 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-15 |title=Vijay Deverakonda to continue to shoot in Vizag for the next 20 days |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/vijay-deverakonda-to-continue-to-shoot-in-vizag-for-the-next-20-days |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211122832/https://telugucinema.com/news/vijay-deverakonda-to-continue-to-shoot-in-vizag-for-the-next-20-days |archive-date=11 February 2025 |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=Telugu Cinema |language=en-US}}</ref> The third schedule commenced in July 2024 in [[Sri Lanka]] with 60% of the filming completed. Filming then began in areas of [[Kothamangalam]], [[Thandikudi]] and [[Nagercoil]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-10 |title=Vijay Devarakonda resumes the 'VD 12' shoot in Sri Lanka |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/vijay-devarakonda-resumes-the-vd-12-shoot-in-sri-lanka/articleshow/111635059.cms |access-date=2025-02-14 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay Deverakonda Begins Shooting For VD12 In Sri Lanka, Receives Grand Welcome |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/vijay-deverakonda-begins-shooting-for-vd12-in-sri-lanka-receives-grand-welcome-8960668.html |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay Deverakonda Sustains Shoulder Injury During VD 12's Fight Sequence Shoot |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/vijay-deverakonda-sustains-shoulder-injury-during-vd-12s-fight-sequence-shoot |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250408181004/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/vijay-deverakonda-sustains-shoulder-injury-during-vd-12s-fight-sequence-shoot |archive-date=8 April 2025 |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=[[Free Press Journal]] |language=en}}</ref> In September 2024, the fourth schedule commenced in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-21 |title=Vijay Deverakonda turns busy shooting for VD12 again |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/vijay-deverakonda-turns-busy-shooting-for-vd12-again |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005072855/https://telugucinema.com/news/vijay-deverakonda-turns-busy-shooting-for-vd12-again |archive-date=5 October 2024 |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=Telugu Cinema |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-19 |title=Vijay Deverakonda gets embraced with love as he attends a fan meet event in Kerala amidst VD12 shoot; WATCH |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/vijay-deverakonda-gets-embraced-with-love-as-he-attends-a-fan-meet-event-in-kerala-amidst-vd12-shoot-watch-1354316 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250103054918/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/vijay-deverakonda-gets-embraced-with-love-as-he-attends-a-fan-meet-event-in-kerala-amidst-vd12-shoot-watch-1354316 |archive-date=3 January 2025 |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en}}</ref> In November 2024, Devarakonda suffered a minor shoulder injury on sets.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-06 |title=Vijay Deverakonda suffers injury on sets of 'VD 12', continues shooting: Reports |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijay-deverakonda-suffers-injury-on-sets-of-vd-12-continues-shooting-reports/article68835536.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241106072058/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijay-deverakonda-suffers-injury-on-sets-of-vd-12-continues-shooting-reports/article68835536.ece |archive-date=6 November 2024 |access-date=2025-02-14 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-04 |title=Vijay Deverakonda Continues To Shoot Despite Injury For His Upcoming Movie #VD 12 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/vijay-deverakonda-continues-to-shoot-despite-injury-for-his-upcoming-movie-vd-12-article-114954557 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207105800/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/vijay-deverakonda-continues-to-shoot-despite-injury-for-his-upcoming-movie-vd-12-article-114954557 |archive-date=7 December 2024 |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref> As of January 2025, 80% of the filming was completed.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=shared&v=EwT5_UMouy8 |title=Why is VD12 Delayed? Naga Vamsi Opens Up {{!}} Vijay Deverakonda {{!}} M9 News |date=2024-12-31 |access-date=2025-02-14 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-12-27 |title=Is Vijay Deverakonda starrer VD12 a two-part franchise? Producer Naga Vamsi spills beans |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/is-vijay-deverakonda-starrer-vd12-a-two-part-franchise-producer-naga-vamsi-spills-beans-1364518 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211092519/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/is-vijay-deverakonda-starrer-vd12-a-two-part-franchise-producer-naga-vamsi-spills-beans-1364518 |archive-date=11 February 2025 |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kingdom
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| released = 3 July 2025
| recorded = 2024–2025
| studio = Albuquerque Studios, [[Chennai]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| producer = Anirudh Ravichander
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| prev_title = [[Vidaamuyarchi]]
| prev_year = 2025
| year = 2025
| next_title = [[Coolie (2025 film)|Coolie]]
| next_year = 2025
}}

The soundtrack is composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]], in his second collaboration with Gowtam Tinnanuri after ''[[Jersey (2019 film)|Jersey]]'' (2019) and first collaboration with Devarakonda. The audio rights were acquired by [[Aditya Music]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='VD12' announcement: Vijay Deverakonda & Gowtam Tinnanuri's movie to be out on March 28, 2025 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/vd-12-movie-release-date-vijay-deverakonda-gowtam-tinnanuri-march-28-2025-3134225 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250408180831/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/vd-12-movie-release-date-vijay-deverakonda-gowtam-tinnanuri-march-28-2025-3134225 |archive-date=8 April 2025 |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref>

The title teaser theme "Kingdom Teaser OST" was released on 17 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vijay Deverakonda's Kingdom Theme Song, Courtesy Anirudh Ravichander, Will Make You Roar |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/vijay-deverakondas-kingdom-theme-song-theme-will-make-you-roar-and-how-aa-9265628.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319023600/https://www.news18.com/movies/vijay-deverakondas-kingdom-theme-song-theme-will-make-you-roar-and-how-aa-9265628.html |archive-date=19 March 2025 |access-date=18 March 2025 |work=[[News 18]] |language=en}}</ref> The first single, titled "Hridayam Lopala", was released on 2 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kingdom song Hridayam Lopala: Vijay Deverakonda and Bhagyashri Borse ignite screen with forbidden romance |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/kingdom-song-hridayam-lopala-vijay-deverakonda-bhagyashri-borse-9979342/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250502211029/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/kingdom-song-hridayam-lopala-vijay-deverakonda-bhagyashri-borse-9979342/ |archive-date=2 May 2025 |access-date=2 May 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The second single, titled "Anna Antene", was released on 16 July 2025.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Krishna Kanth]]
| title1 = Kingdom Teaser OST
| note1 = Lyrics: Choir
| length1 = 1:19
| extra1 = Anirudh Ravichander
| title2 = Hridayam Lopala
| length2 = 3:40
| extra2 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]], Anumita Nadesan
| title3 = Anna Antene
| length3 = 4:15
| extra3 = Anirudh Ravichander
| title4 = Ragile Ragile
| length4 = 5:04
| extra4 = [[Siddharth Basrur]]
}}

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
''Kingdom'' was released worldwide on 31 July 2025 in Telugu along with dubbed versions in Tamil and Hindi.<ref name="indiatoday.in"/> The film was originally scheduled to be released worldwide on 28 March 2025, but was later postponed due to unfinished production work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay DeveraKonda's Aggressive #VD12 First Look Out |url=https://industryhit.com/t/vijay-deverakondas-aggressive-vd12-first-look-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802114836/https://industryhit.com/t/vijay-deverakondas-aggressive-vd12-first-look-out/ |archive-date=2 August 2024 |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=Industry Hit}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> The film was again rescheduled to release on 30 May 2025, but was postponed again.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 February 2025 |title=VD12 teaser: Vijay Deverkonda's next film titled 'Kingdom', to release on May 30 |url=https://telanganatoday.com/vd12-teaser-vijay-deverkondas-next-film-titled-kingdom-to-release-on-may-30 |access-date=10 June 2025 |work=[[Telangana Today]] |language=en}}</ref> A new release date was announced as 4 July 2025, but was delayed again due to an undisclosed reason.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 May 2025 |title=Vijay Deverakonda's spy thriller 'Kingdom' postponed due to THIS reason; find out the new release date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/vijay-deverakondas-spy-thriller-kingdom-postponed-due-to-this-reason-find-out-the-new-release-date/articleshow/121156511.cms |access-date=10 June 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 July 2025 |title=Vijay Deverakonda's Kingdom release postponed again, new date to be announced soon |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-deverakondas-kingdom-release-postponed-again-new-date-to-be-announced-soon-2750265-2025-07-03 |access-date=3 July 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Marketing ===
On 12 February 2025, the makers unveiled the film's teaser on social media platforms.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2025-02-12 |title=Kingdom teaser: Vijay Deverakonda is the reincarnated leader in VD12 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kingdom-teaser-vijay-deverakonda-is-the-reincarnated-leader-in-vd12-2678836-2025-02-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219162210/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kingdom-teaser-vijay-deverakonda-is-the-reincarnated-leader-in-vd12-2678836-2025-02-12 |archive-date=19 February 2025 |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> The teaser features voice overs by [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] in Telugu along with voice overs by [[Suriya]] and [[Ranbir Kapoor]] in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Hindi]] respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2025 |title=VD 12: Jr NTR, Ranbir Kapoor, Suriya lend voice overs for Vijay Deverakonda's film teaser |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/34488/vd-12-vijay-devarakonda-jr-ntr-ranbir-kapoor-suriya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323013047/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/34488/vd-12-vijay-devarakonda-jr-ntr-ranbir-kapoor-suriya |archive-date=23 March 2025 |access-date=12 February 2025 |website=Movie Crow}}</ref> The film's trailer was released on 26 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2025 |title=Vijay Deverakonda's Kingdom Trailer Date, Time, Venue Locked |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/vijay-deverakondas-kingdom-trailer-date-time-venue-locked-1893408 |access-date=28 July 2025 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The digital distribution rights of the film were acquired by [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-01-14 |title=Netflix announces its Telugu release slate for 2025 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jan/14/netflix-announces-its-telugu-release-slate-for-2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120145627/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jan/14/netflix-announces-its-telugu-release-slate-for-2025 |archive-date=20 January 2025 |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film began streaming on the platform from 27 August 2025 in Telugu and dubbed versions of Hindi, Tamil, Kannada and Malayalam languages.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=26 August 2025 |title='Kingdom' OTT release: When and where to watch Vijay Deverakonda, Satyadev, Bhagyashri Borse starrer spy drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kingdom-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-vijay-deverakonda-satyadev-bhagyashri-borse-starrer-spy-drama/articleshow/123513802.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref> This version, however, was edited and particularly removed a carnival fight sequence to maintain pace and flow in the storyline for the viewers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/vijay-devarakondas-kingdom-releases-netflix-but-important-song-sequence-edited-out-fans-say-10214742/|title=Vijay Devarakonda’s Kingdom releases on OTT but important song sequence edited out, disappointed fans react|website=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Kingdom'' received generally mixed reviews from critics with praise towards performances (especially Vijay, Venkitesh and Satyadev's), cinematography, action set pieces, and Anirudh's background score but criticised the inconsistent narrative and screenplay, rushed second half, and lack of emotional depth in the story.

Avad Mohammad of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Kingdom does not live up to all the hype created. Kingdom has scale and style, but it misses out on the much-needed emotions in the narrative."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mohammad |first1=Avad |title=Kingdom Review: Vijay Deverakonda shines in a visually grand film that misses out on the much-needed highs |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/kingdom-review-vijay-deverakonda-shines-in-a-visually-grand-film-that-misses-out-on-the-needed-highs/d2b5395bb0774 |access-date=31 July 2025 |work=[[OTTPlay]] |date=31 July 2025}}</ref> BH Harsh of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Kingdom is an ambitious failure, somewhat admirable but largely underwhelming."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harsh |first1=BH |title=Kingdom Movie Review: Tall ambitions, flailing emotion |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2025/Jul/31/kingdom-movie-review-tall-ambitions-flailing-emotion |access-date=31 July 2025 |date=31 July 2025}}</ref> Swaroop Kodur of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated with 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Kingdom never truly tethers us emotionally to its story. Though the film juggles many elements, it never settles on a central thread to bring them into harmony."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kodur |first1=Swaroop |title=Kingdom movie review: Vijay Devarakonda bleeds and broods in this emotionally distant epic |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kingdom-movie-review-vijay-devarakonda-bleeds-and-broods-in-this-emotionally-distant-epic-10161261/lite/ |access-date=31 July 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=31 July 2025}}</ref>

BVS Prakash of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' rated with 1.5/5 stars and wrote "Director Gautam Tinnanuri, best known for the emotionally rich [[Jersey (2019 film)|''Jersey'']], struggles to replicate that magic in this overly ambitious tale. His attempt to spotlight the plight of Andhra fishermen is noble in intent but lacks emotional weight and authenticity. The foreign setting further alienates the audience, and the script never finds its footing."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prakash |first1=BVS |title=Kingdom Review: Film Falls Flat Due to Illogical Plot, Lifeless Execution |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kingdom-review-film-falls-flat-due-to-illogical-plot-lifeless-execution-1894764 |access-date=31 July 2025 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=31 July 2025}}</ref> Satya Pulagam of ''[[ABP Live]]'' gave 1.5/5 stars and wrote "'Kingdom' is not built on new ideas or scenes. From start to finish, it evokes memories of earlier films, 'Chhatrapati', 'Aayirathil Oruvan', and eventually, 'KGF'.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pulagam |first1=Satya |title=Kingdom Review: Vijay Deverakonda's Mission Is Heavy On Drama, Light On Thrills |url=https://news.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-kingdom-review-starrer-vijay-deverakonda-bhagyashri-borse-satyadev-1791884 |website=[[ABP Live]] |date=31 July 2025 |access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref>

Balakrishna Ganeshan of ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote "While Gowtham Tinnanuri’s ‘Kingdom’ is highly ambitious, it forgets what makes storytelling compelling: clarity, character, and connection."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ganeshan |first1=Balakrishna |title=Kingdom review: Vijay Deverakonda's film is ambitious but lacks heft |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/kingdom-review-vijay-deverakondas-film-is-ambitious-but-lacks-heft |website=[[The News Minute]] |date=31 July 2025 |access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref> Sruthi Ganapathy Raman of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' wrote "With the story of another brother looming in the shadows, the hope is for the film to find its redemption soon."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ganapathy Raman |first1=Sruthi |title='Kingdom' Movie Review: Vijay Deverakonda, Satyadev Deliver Immersive Performances In An Often Colourless Film |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/kingdom-movie-review-vijay-devarakonda-satyadev-deliver-immersive-performances-in-an-often-colourless-film |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]] |access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
''Kingdom'' faced criticism from the Tamil-speaking community for its depiction of [[Sri Lankan Tamils]]. The portrayal was widely condemned as insensitive, with critics highlighting the ongoing impact of the [[Tamil genocide]] in Sri Lanka. The film was accused of misrepresenting a historically persecuted group, leading to online backlash, including calls for both a boycott and a ban of the film in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-01 |title='Kingdom': Vijay Deverakonda starrer faces major controversy on the opening day |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kingdom-vijay-deverakonda-starrer-faces-major-controversy-on-the-opening-day-netizens-extend-support/articleshow/123020303.cms |access-date=2025-08-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-01 |title=Vijay Deverakonda's Kingdom Draws Flak In TN Over Jaffna Tamil Portrayal |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/vijay-deverakonda-kingdom-draws-flak-tamil-nadu-over-jaffna-tamil-portrayal-internet-divided-1791992 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Telugu film 'Kingdom' sparks outrage for vilifying Eelam Tamils {{!}} Tamil Guardian |url=https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/telugu-film-kingdom-sparks-outrage-vilifying-eelam-tamils |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=www.tamilguardian.com}}</ref>

==Future==
Following the theatrical release of ''Kingdom'' on 31 July 2025, Gowtam Tinnanuri said that the film was envisioned as part of a larger ''Kingdom'' universe. Instead of moving immediately to a sequel, the makers announced that a standalone OTT prequel focusing on the character Sethu was in development. The prequel is intended to expand the narrative and serve as a bridge to the sequel. Tinnanuri also stated that ''Kingdom: Part 2'' remains in the pipeline and will follow after the prequel. In addition, discussions also took place about a potential third film, set in the 1920s, though this project was not finalised.<ref name="TOI">{{Cite web |title='Kingdom' director Gowtam Tinnanuri opens up on 'Kingdom' universe plans; OTT prequel in progress - here is what we know |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kingdom-director-gowtam-tinnanuri-opens-up-on-kingdomuniverse-plans-ott-prequel-in-progress-here-is-what-we-know/articleshow/123073173.cms |website=The Times of India |date=28 August 2025 |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref> However, following the lukewarm response from the audience, the sequel was shelved.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 January 2025 |title=Vijay Deverakonda's Kingdom 2 shelved after 1st film earned ₹82 crore; Naga Vamsi says ‘no point talking about it’ |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/vijay-deverakondas-kingdom-2-shelved-after-1st-film-earned-82-crore-naga-vamsi-says-no-point-talking-about-it-101767411101480.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name="SHELVED">{{cite web |access-date=3 January 2026 |title=Kingdom producer Naga Vamsi CONFIRMS Vijay Deverakonda-starrer sequel scrapped after lukewarm box office performance |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kingdom-producer-naga-vamsi-confirms-vijay-deverakonda-starrer-sequel-scrapped-lukewarm-box-office-performance/ |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=tt11773426}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Gowtam Tinnanuri]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anirudh Ravichander]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Films shot in Munnar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian spy action films]]
[[Category:2020s spy action films]]
[[Category:2020s historical action films]]
[[Category:2025 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 crime action films]]
[[Category:2020s spy thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian spy thriller films]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1920s]]
[[Category:Films set in 1920]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1990s]]
[[Category:Films set in 1991]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films about security and surveillance]]
[[Category:Films about the Sri Lankan civil war]]
[[Category:Films set in Sri Lanka (1948–present)]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about brothers]]
[[Category:Films about patricide]]
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]

Bharatiya Janata Party – Chhattisgarh

2026-05-07T15:27:26Z

RashadWaltman14: Put up a details...

{{short description|Chhattisgarh affiliate of the Bharatiya Janata Party}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
| colorcode = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| logo = [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|150px]]
| abbreviation = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| president = [[Kiran Singh Deo]]
| general_secretary = Pawan Sai
| headquarters = Kushabhau Thakre Parisar Boriyakala, [[Raipur]] - 492 015 [[Chhattisgarh]]
| colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Saffron (color)|Saffron]]
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|10|11|hex=#FF9900}}
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|2|5|hex=#FF9900}}
| state_seats_name = [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|54|90|hex=#FF9933}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.bjpcg.com/}}
| leader = [[Vishnu Deo Sai]] ([[Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh|Chief Minister]])
| symbol = [[Nelumbo nucifera|Lotus]] [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|130px]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|p=y|1980|4|6|br=y}}
| flag = BJP Flag.svg{{!}}border | founder={{ubl
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| [[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]]<ref name=":3001">{{Cite news|date=23 May 2019|title=What you need to know about India's BJP|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513075856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|archive-date=13 May 2020}}</ref>
}} {{cslist
| title = Other founders<ref name="founders" />
| [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Praveen |date=7 January 2024 |title=Murli Manohar Joshi turns 90: Well-wishers flock to Raisina Road to celebrate life of BJP stalwart |url=https://theprint.in/in-pictures/murli-manohar-joshi-turns-90-well-wishers-flock-to-raisina-road-to-celebrate-life-of-bjp-stalwart/1913267/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Nanaji Deshmukh]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Ratna for Pranab, Nanaji Deshmukh and Bhupen Hazarika |url=http://www.bihartimes.in/newsbihar/2019/jan/newsbihar25jan12.html |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=Bihar Times}}</ref>
| [[K. R. Malkani]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sir |first=Sp |date=29 April 2021 |title=K R Malkani - The Sindhu World Sindhi Author: The Sindh Story: Sindhi Politician: Political Mysteries |url=https://thesindhuworld.com/k-r-malkani/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=The Sindhu World |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Sikandar Bakht]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2024 |script-title=hi:कौन थे बीजेपी के इकलौते मुस्लिम फाउंडर सिकंदर बख्त? जानिए कैसे थामा पार्टी का साथ |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/bjp-foundation-day-who-was-bjp-muslim-founder-sikandar-bakht-political-career-profile-in-hindi-2658177 |access-date=18 January 2025 |website= |language=hi}}</ref>
| [[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]
| [[Vijaya Raje Scindia]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Devaki |work=The Citizen (India) |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/7/20759/The-Maharani-who-Founded-the-BJP |title=The Maharani who founded the BJP |date=14 August 2021 }}</ref>
| [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2023 |title=Rajput votes at stake in Rajasthan, Bhairon Singh Shekhawat legacy a new front in BJP, Cong battle |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rajput-rajasthan-bhairon-singh-shekhawat-bjp-congress-8623357/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Shanta Kumar]]
| [[Ram Jethmalani]]
| [[Jagannathrao Joshi]]
}}
}}

'''Bharatiya Janata Party – Chhattisgarh''' or simply, '''BJP Chhattisgarh''' is an affiliate of the Bharatiya Janata Party for the state of Chhattisgarh. Its head office is situated at the Kushabhau Thakre Parisar Boriyakala, [[Raipur]].
On 13 December 2023, [[Kunkuri Assembly constituency|Kunkuri]] MLA [[Vishnu Deo Sai]] took oath as [[List of chief ministers of Chhattisgarh|Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh]] and [[Arun Sao]] and [[Vijay Sharma (politician)|Vijay Sharma]] were elected as [[List of deputy chief ministers of Chhattisgarh|Deputy Chief Ministers of Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vishnu Deo Sai to be the 4th Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh: Sources|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/vishnu-deo-sai-to-be-the-chief-minister-of-chhattisgarh-2474216-2023-12-10|access-date=2024-01-21|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

== Electoral history ==

=== Legislative Assembly election ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Year
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Seats won
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |+/-
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Voteshare (%)
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |+/-
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Outcome
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|{{Composition bar|50|90|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}50
|39.26%
|''New''
|{{yes|Government}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|{{Composition bar|50|90|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{Steady}}
|40.33%
|{{increase}}1.07
|{{yes|[[Second Raman Singh ministry|Government]]}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|{{Composition bar|49|90|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}}1
|41.04%
|{{Increase}}0.71
|{{yes|[[Third Raman Singh ministry|Government]]}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|{{Composition bar|15|90|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}}34
|32.97%
|{{Decrease}}8.07
|{{no|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|{{Composition bar|54|90|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}39
|46.27%
|{{increase}}13.33
|{{yes|[[Sai ministry|Government]]}}
|}

=== Lok Sabha election ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Year
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Seats won
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |+/-
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Outcome
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|{{Composition bar|10|11|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{Steady}}
|{{no|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|{{Composition bar|10|11|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{Steady}}
|{{no|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|{{Composition bar|10|11|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{Steady}}
|{{yes|[[First Modi ministry|Government]]}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|{{Composition bar|9|11|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}}1
|{{yes|[[Second Modi ministry|Government]]}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|{{Composition bar|10|11|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}1
|{{yes|[[Third Modi ministry|Government]]}}
|}

== Leadership ==

=== Chief Minister ===
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |#
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |[[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Term
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Assembly
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="3" |1
| rowspan="3" |[[File:The former Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh, Dr. Raman Singh.jpg|104x104px]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Raman Singh]]
|[[Dongargaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dongargaon]]
|7 December 2003
|12 December 2008
| rowspan="3" |{{Ayd|7 December 2003|17 December 2018}}
|[[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2nd]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" |[[Rajnandgaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajnandgaon]]
|12 December 2008
|12 December 2013
|[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|3rd]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|12 December 2013
|17 December 2018
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|4th]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|2
| [[File:Vishnu Deo Sai.jpg|94x94px]]
|[[Vishnu Deo Sai]]
|[[Kunkuri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kunkuri]]
|13 December 2023
|''Incumbent''
|{{Ayd|13 December 2023}}
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|6th]]
|}

=== Deputy Chief Minister ===
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |#
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |[[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Term
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Assembly
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |[[List of chief ministers of Chhattisgarh|Chief minister]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[File:Arun Sao BJP.jpg|85x85px]]
| [[Arun Sao]]
| [[Lormi Assembly constituency|Lormi]]
|rowspan="2" | 13 December 2023
|rowspan="2" |''Incumbent''
|rowspan="2" |{{age in years and days|2023|12|13}}
|rowspan="2" |[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|6th]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Vishnudeo Sai|Vishnu Deo Sai]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| [[File:Vijay Sharma BJP.jpg|85x85px]]
| [[Vijay Sharma (politician)|Vijay Sharma]]
| [[Kawardha Assembly constituency|Kawardha]]
|}

=== Leader of the Opposition ===
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |#
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Term
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Assembly
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |[[List of chief ministers of Chhattisgarh|Chief minister]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1
|[[File:Nand Kumar Sai 2018 (cropped).JPG|75x75px]]
|[[Nand Kumar Sai]]
|14 December 2000
|5 December 2003
|{{Ayd|14 December 2000|5 December 2003}}
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1st]]
|[[Ajit Jogi]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|2
|
|[[Dharamlal Kaushik]]
|4 January 2019
|17 August 2022
|{{Ayd|4 January 2019|17 August 2022}}
| rowspan="2" |[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|5th]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhupesh Baghel]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|3
|
|[[Narayan Chandel]]
|17 August 2022
|3 December 2023
|{{Ayd|17 August 2022}}
|}

=== President ===
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |#
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Period
|-
|1
|
|[[Tarachand Sahu]]
|1-Nov-2000
|05-Aug-2002
|{{Ayd|1 November 2000|5 August 2002}}
|-
|2<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raman Singh appointed chief of Chhattisgarh state BJP unit |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/signposts/story/20020805-raman-singh-appointed-chief-of-chhattisgarh-state-bjp-unit-794672-2002-08-04 |access-date= |website=India Today |language=}}</ref>
|[[File:The former Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh, Dr. Raman Singh.jpg|104x104px]]
|[[Raman Singh]]
|05-Aug-2002
|2003
|
|-
|3
|[[File:Nand Kumar Sai 2018 (cropped).JPG|75x75px]]
|[[Nand Kumar Sai]]
|2003
|2005
|
|-
|4
|
|[[Shiv Pratap Singh]]
|2005
|2006
|
|-
|5<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=2006-10-31 |title=Vishnu Sai elected BJP's Chhatisgarh President |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/10/31/vishnu-sai-elected-bjps-chhatisgarh-president-1162291527.html |access-date= |website=oneindia.com |language=}}</ref>
|[[File:Vishnu Deo Sai.jpg|94x94px]]
|[[Vishnudeo Sai]]
|31-Oct-2006
|11-May-2010
|{{Ayd|31 October 2006|11 May 2010}}
|-
|6<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-05-11 |title=Tribal leader Paikra is new Chhattisgarh BJP chief |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/tribal-leader-paikra-is-new-cgarh-bjp-chief/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=}}</ref>
|
|[[Ram Sewak Paikra]]
|11-May-2010
|21-Jan-2014
|{{Ayd|11 May 2010|21 January 2014}}
|-
|(5)<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2014-01-23 |title=Vishnudeo Sai is new Chhattisgarh BJP chief |language= |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/vishnudeo-sai-is-new-chhattisgarh-bjp-chief/article5609330.ece |access-date= |issn=}}</ref>
|[[File:Vishnu Deo Sai.jpg|94x94px]]
|[[Vishnudeo Sai]]
|21-Jan-2014
|16-Aug-2014
|{{Ayd|21 January 2014|16 August 2014}}
|-
|6<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-16 |title=Chhattisgarh gets new BJP chief, relief to CM Raman Singh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/chhattisgarh-gets-new-bjp-chief-relief-to-cm-raman-singh/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=}}</ref>
|
|[[Dharamlal Kaushik]]
|16-Aug-2014
|8-Mar-2019
|{{Ayd|16 August 2014|8 March 2019}}
|-
|7<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2019-03-08 |title=Vikram Usendi named Chhattisgarh BJP chief |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/vikram-usendi-named-chhattisgarh-bjp-chief-119030801003_1.html |access-date=}}</ref>
|
|[[Vikram Usendi]]
|8-Mar-2019
|2-Jun-2020
|{{Ayd|8 March 2019|2 June 2020}}
|-
|(5)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-02 |title=Vishnu Deo Sai is Chhattisgarh BJP chief, CM Bhupesh Baghel tweets wishes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/vishnu-deo-sai-is-chhattisgarh-bjp-chief-cm-bhupesh-baghel-tweets-wishes/story-ppDHfHBRByJL76FAPDNkrO.html |access-date= |website=Hindustan Times |language=}}</ref>
|[[File:Vishnu Deo Sai.jpg|94x94px]]
|[[Vishnudeo Sai]]
|2-Jun-2020
|9-Aug-2022
|{{Ayd|2 June 2020|9 August 2022}}
|-
|8<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=9 August 2022 |title=Arun Sao is new BJP chief in Chhattisgarh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/arun-sao-new-bjp-chief-chhattisgarh-8080020/lite/}}</ref>
|[[File:Arun Sao BJP.jpg|85x85px]]
|[[Arun Sao]]
|9-Aug-2022
|21-Dec-2023
|{{Ayd|9 August 2022|21 December 2023}}
|-
|9
|
|[[Kiran Singh Deo]]
|21-Dec-2023
|''Incumbent''
|{{Ayd|21 December 2023}}
|}

==See also==
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Gujarat]]
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[State units of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharatiya Janata Party - Chhattisgarh}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party by state or union territory|Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]

Kaduthuruthy Assembly constituency

2026-05-04T14:31:32Z

RashadWaltman14:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kaduthuruthy
| type = SLA
| state = Kerala
| constituency_no = 94
| map_image = Nesote building.JPG
| map_caption = [[Kaduthuruthy]] town
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| electors = 2,14,779 (2019)
| mla = [[Mons Joseph]]
| party = {{Party index link|Kerala Congress}}
| alliance = {{legend2|#0087BD |'''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| district = [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]
}}
'''Kaduthuruthy State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Kottayam Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://kottayam.nic.in/constituencies
| website = kottayam.nic.in
| title = State Assembly Constituencies in Kottayam district
|access-date =16 March 2020
}}</ref>

==Local self-governed segments==
Kaduthurthy Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kottayam.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Kottayam District
|access-date = 13 March 2021
|archive-date = 13 March 2011
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110313031449/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kottayam.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Kaduthuruthy]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Vaikom]]
|-
|2
|[[Manjoor (village)|Manjoor]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Vaikom]]
|-
|3
|[[Mulakulam]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Vaikom]]
|-
|4
|[[Njeezhoor]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Vaikom]]
|-
|5
|[[Kadaplamattom]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Meenachil]]
|-
|6
|[[Kanakkary]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Meenachil]]
|-
|7
|[[Kidangoor, Kottayam|Kidangoor]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Meenachil]]
|-
|8
|[[Kuravilangad]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Meenachil]]
|-
|9
|[[Marangattupilly]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Meenachil]]
|-
|10
|[[Uzhavoor]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Meenachil]]
|-
|11
|[[Veliyannoor]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Meenachil]]
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Niyama Sabha
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
!Tenure
|-
|[[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|1st
| M. C. Abraham
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|1957 – 1960
|-
|[[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
|2nd
|M.C. Abraham
|1960 – 1965
|-
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|3rd
|Joseph Chazhikattu
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Kerala Congress}}
|1967 – 1970
|-
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
|4th
| rowspan="3" | O. Lukose
|1970 – 1977
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|5th
|1977 – 1980
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|6th
|1980 – 1982
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|7th
| rowspan="2" |[[P. C. Thomas, Pannivelil|P. C. Thomas]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Independent (politician)}}
|1982 – 1987
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|8th
|1987 – 1991
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|9th
|P. M. Mathew
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=6|Kerala Congress (M)}}
|1991 – 1996
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|10th
|[[Mons Joseph]]
|1996 – 2001
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|11th
|Stephen George
|2001 – 2006
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|12th
| rowspan="4" |Mons Joseph
|2006 – 2011
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|13th
|2011 – 2016
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|14th
|2016 - 2021
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|15th
| {{Full party name with color|Kerala Congress}}
|[[Incumbent]]
|}

== Election results ==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kaduthuruthy}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress|candidate=[[Mons Joseph]]|votes=70353|percentage=56.39|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress (M)|candidate=Nirmala Jimmy|votes=39053|percentage=31.3|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|candidate=Suresh Ittikkunnel|votes=12228|percentage=9.8|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Dominic Simon|votes=628|percentage=0.5|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=898|percentage=0.72|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes =31300
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|Kerala Legislative Assembly Election, 2021]]: [[Kaduthuruthy]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate=[[Mons Joseph]]
|party=Kerala Congress
|votes=59,666
|percentage=45.4
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate=[[Stephen George (politician)]]
|party=Kerala Congress (M)|votes=55,410
|percentage=42.17
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate=Lijin Lal
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes=11,670
|percentage=8.88
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=None of the above
|candidate=None of the above
|votes=731
|percentage=0.56
|change=}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes=4,256
|percentage=
|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes=1,32,444
|percentage=70.48
|change=}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,87,910
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Kerala Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 182,749 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kaduthuruthy}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress (M)|candidate=Mons Joseph|votes=73,793|percentage=58.03|change={{increase}}1.66|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party= Kerala Congress (Skaria Thomas)|candidate=Scaria Thomas|votes=31,537|percentage=24.80|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress (Thomas)|candidate=Stephen Chazhikkadan|votes=17,536|percentage=13.79|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,533|percentage=1.21|change=-|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Ginish John M|votes=1,473|percentage=1.16|change={{decrease}}0.62|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=T. P. Kuttappan Kuruppanthara|votes=968|percentage=0.76|change=-|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Rajeev Kidangoor|votes=332|percentage=0.26|change=-|}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=42,256|percentage=33.23|change={{increase}}14.34}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,27,172|percentage=69.59|change={{decrease}}1.57}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Kerala Congress (M)|swing={{increase}}1.66}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 171,486 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kaduthuruthy}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress (M)|candidate=Mons Joseph|votes=68,787|percentage=56.37|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party= Kerala Congress (Anti-merger Group)|candidate=Stephen George|votes=45,730|percentage=37.48|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=P. G. Bijukumar|votes=5,340|percentage=4.38|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=M. D. Thomas|votes=2,169|percentage=1.78|change=-|}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=23,057|percentage=18.89|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,22,026|percentage=71.16|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Kerala Congress (M)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2006 ===
There were 131,824 registered voters in the constituency for the 2006 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2006, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3762-kerala-2006/|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kaduthuruthy}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress |candidate=Mons Joseph|votes=44,958|percentage=48.32|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress (M)|candidate=Stephen George|votes=42,957|percentage=46.17|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=K R Madhu|votes=2, 646|percentage=2.84|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Monson Joseph|votes=1,105|percentage=1.18|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=C.M Devasia|votes=927|percentage=0.99|change=-|}}

{{Election box candidate|party=SWJP|candidate=E.V Joseph|votes=439|percentage=0.47|change=|}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=2,001|percentage=2.15|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=93,032|percentage=70.60|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Kerala Congress|loser=Kerala Congress (M)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2001 ===
There were 131,714 registered voters in the constituency for the 2001 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2001, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3760-kerala-2001/|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kaduthuruthy}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress (M)|candidate=Stephen George|votes=50,055|percentage=50.14|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress |candidate=Mons Joseph|votes=45,406|percentage=45.48|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=P B Thamby|votes=2,767|percentage=2.77|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=M T Shibu|votes=1,138|percentage=1.14|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Stephen|votes=461|percentage=0.46|change=|}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=4,649|percentage=4.66|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=99,827|percentage=75.85|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Kerala Congress (M)|loser=Kerala Congress|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 1996 ===
There were 132,503 registered voters in the constituency for the 1996 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 1996, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3759-kerala-1996/|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kaduthuruthy}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress |candidate=Mons Joseph|votes=39,131|percentage=44.21|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress (M)|candidate=P M Mathew|votes= 23,965|percentage=27.07|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=P C Thomas|votes=20,950|percentage=23.67|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Neezhoor Devarajan|votes=2,825|percentage=1.14|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate= U R Harshakumar|votes=455|percentage=0.51|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate= V Karthikeyan Nair|votes=352|percentage=0.40|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate= V D John|votes=271|percentage=0.31|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate= John Poochakkadan|votes=204|percentage=0.23|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate= Biby Stephen Thekkenattu|votes=144|percentage=0.16|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate= Joseph Pathrose|votes=84|percentage=0.09|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate= Charley Joseph|votes=75|percentage=0.08|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate= Chacko Joseph|votes=58|percentage=0.07|change=|}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=15,166|percentage=17.23|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=88,514|percentage=69.53|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Kerala Congress|loser=Kerala Congress (M)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Kaduthuruthy]]
* [[Kottayam district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]

[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]

2019 Indian Premier League final

2026-05-02T06:31:54Z

RashadWaltman14:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox limited overs final
| title = 2019 Indian Premier League final
| event = [[2019 Indian Premier League]]
| team1 = Mumbai Indians
| team2 = {{nowrap|Chennai Super Kings}}
| team1score = 149/8
| team1overs = 20 overs
| team2score = 148/7
| team2overs = 20 overs
| details = Mumbai Indians won by 1 run
| date = 12 May 2019
| stadium = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Hyderabad|Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]]
| city = [[Hyderabad]]
| man_of_the_match = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] (MI)
| umpires = [[Ian Gould]] (Eng) [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| attendance = 53,560<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=V. Rishi |title=IPL fans stumped by ticket-sales googly |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/sports/ipl-fans-left-a-disgruntled-lot-as-tickets-for-final-gets-sold-in-minutessuggest-for-anchor/article27071623.ece |access-date=18 October 2021 |work=Business Line |date=9 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
| television = [[Star Sports]]
| previous = [[2018 Indian Premier League final|2018]]
| next = [[2020 Indian Premier League final|2020]]
|image=File:IPL 2019 Final Poster.jpg|imagesize=300 px|caption=Match programme cover}}

[[File: RGIS HYD.jpg|thumbnail|The venue of the final was shifted from M. A. Chidambaram Stadium to Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium.]]
The '''2019 Indian Premier League final''' was a [[Twenty20 cricket]] match played between [[Chennai Super Kings]] and the [[Mumbai Indians]] on 12 May 2019 at the [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Hyderabad|Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]] in [[Hyderabad]]. It was the culmination of the [[2019 Indian Premier League|2019 season]] of the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL), an annual Twenty20 tournament held in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1171069.html |title=IPL 2019 to be played entirely in India, will begin on March 23 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=8 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/969837 |title=IPL 2019 will be held in India |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=8 January 2019}}</ref> MI won the match by a single run and claimed their fourth Indian Premier League title.

The final was originally intended to be held at the [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]] in [[Chennai]]. In April 2019, however, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) confirmed that alternative arrangements had been made, citing a long-standing issue of three closed stands at the original host stadium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/26476124/chepauk-stands-issue-hyderabad-stand-ipl-2019-final |title=Hyderabad on stand-by for IPL 2019 final if Super Kings can't resolve stands issue |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 April 2019}}</ref> Later in the same month, the Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium was confirmed as the venue for the final.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/26579028/chennai-loses-hosting-ipl-2019-final |title=Chennai loses out on hosting IPL 2019 final |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=22 April 2019}}</ref>

After winning the [[Toss (cricket)|toss]], MI elected to bat first. MI scored 149 runs for eight wickets in their 20 overs, [[Kieron Pollard]] top-scored with 41 runs. Chennai bowler [[Deepak Chahar]] took three wickets in the innings. In response, Chennai was guided by [[Shane Watson]], who was the highest scorer of the match with 80 runs. Some tight bowling at the death, saw Chennai falling one run short with 148. Mumbai Indians' [[Jasprit Bumrah]] was awarded the [[Player of the Match awards (cricket)|player of the match]] for his spell of two for 14 in his four overs.

==Road to the final==
{| style="width:100%;text-align:center"
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#99CCFF"
!colspan="3"|[[Chennai Super Kings]]
!vs
!colspan="3"|[[Mumbai Indians]]
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#C1E0FF"
!colspan="7"|League Stage
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#C1E0FF"
|Opponent
|Scorecard
|Result
|Titles
|Opponent
|Scorecard
|Result
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
|[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1175356 23 March 2019]
|Won
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 1
|style="text-align:left"|[[Delhi Capitals]]
|[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1175358 24 March 2019]
|Lost
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Delhi Capitals]]
|[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1175360 26 March 2019]
|Won
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 2
|style="text-align:left"|[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
|[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1175362 28 March 2019]
|Won
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Rajasthan Royals]]
|[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1175367 31 March 2019]
|Won
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 3
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kings XI Punjab]]
|[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1175364 30 March 2019]
|Lost
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Mumbai Indians]]
|[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1175370 03 April 2019]
|Lost
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 4
|style="text-align:left"|[[Chennai Super Kings]]
|[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1175370 03 April 2019]
|Won
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kings XI Punjab]]
|[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1178393 06 April 2019]
|Won
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 5
|style="text-align:left"|[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1178394 06 April 2019]
|Won
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
|[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1178398 09 April 2019]
|Won
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 6
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kings XI Punjab]]
|[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1178399 10 April 2019]
|Won
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Rajasthan Royals]]
|[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1178400 11 April 2019]
|Won
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 7
|style="text-align:left"|[[Rajasthan Royals]]
|[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1178402 13 April 2019]
|Lost
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
|[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1178404 14 April 2019]
|Won
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 8
|style="text-align:left"|[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
|[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1178406 15 April 2019]
|Won
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1178408 17 April 2019]
|Lost
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 9
|style="text-align:left"|[[Delhi Capitals]]
|[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1178409 18 April 2019]
|Won
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
|[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1178414 21 April 2019]
|Lost
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 10
|style="text-align:left"|[[Rajasthan Royals]]
|[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1178411 20 April 2019]
|Lost
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1178416 23 April 2019]
|Won
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 11
|style="text-align:left"|[[Chennai Super Kings]]
|[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1178419 26 April 2019]
|Won
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Mumbai Indians]]
|[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1178419 26 April 2019]
|Lost
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 12
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
|[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1178422 28 April 2019]
|Lost
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Delhi Capitals]]
|[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1178425 1 May 2019]
|Won
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 13
|style="text-align:left"|[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1178426 2 May 2019]
|Won
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kings XI Punjab]]
|[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1178430 5 May 2019]
|Lost
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 14
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
|[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1178431 5 May 2019]
|Won

|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#C1E0FF"
!colspan="7"|Playoff stage
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#99CCFF"
!colspan="3"|Qualifier 1
!
!colspan="3"|Qualifier 1
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#C1E0FF"
|Opponent
|Scorecard
|Result
|Titles
|Opponent
|Scorecard
|Result
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Mumbai Indians]]
|[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1181764 7 May 2019]
|Lost
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 15
|style="text-align:left"|[[Chennai Super Kings]]
|[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1181764 7 May 2019]
|Won
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#C1E0FF"
!colspan="4"|Qualifier 2
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Delhi Capitals]]
|[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1181767 10 May 2019]
|Won
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 16

|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#C1E0FF"
!colspan="7"|2019 Indian Premier League final
|}

===Group stage===
[[Mumbai Indians]] were ranked first in the league table, though their campaign started with a loss (by 36 runs) to [[Delhi Capitals]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1175358|title=Sensational Rishabh Pant fires Delhi Capitals to emphatic win|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> After getting defeated by [[Kings XI Punjab]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1175364|title=Kings XI top-order aces chase after M Ashwin's 2 for 25|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=2019-03-25}}</ref> they went on to win their next three matches against Super Kings, [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|Sunrisers]] and Kings XI.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mumbai hold on after Bumrah magic, no-ball controversy|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1175362|access-date=28 March 2019 |work=ESPN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hardik's all-round effort ends Super Kings' unbeaten run|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1175370|access-date=3 April 2019 |work=ESPN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Alzarri Joseph's record-breaking 6 for 12 routs Sunrisers Hyderabad|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1178394|access-date=6 April 2019 |work=ESPN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Smart Stats - Kieron Pollard easily outshines KL Rahul|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/26493675/an-innings-dre-russ-said-was-fun-watch|access-date=11 April 2019 |work=ESPN}}</ref> Mumbai had a successful second half of the league stage with five wins out of seven matches.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lasith Malinga and Hardik Pandya hand RCB their seventh defeat|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1178406|access-date=15 April 2019 |work=ESPN}}</ref> In the group stage, they won nine matches out of fourteen and qualified for the playoffs.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mumbai survive Pandey-Nabi scare to seal playoff qualification|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1178426|access-date=2 May 2019 |work=ESPN}}</ref>

[[Chennai Super Kings]] started their season campaign with a seven-wicket win over the [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]. Chennai had a successful first half of the season with six wins out of seven matches, which included an opening three consecutive wins. Their run was finally ended by Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news |title=Royal Challengers Bangalore look to break five-year duck against Chennai Super Kings|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1175356 |access-date=23 March 2019 |work=ESPN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vintage MS Dhoni turns the tables as Rajasthan Royals fall to third defeat|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1175367|access-date=31 March 2019 |work=ESPN}}</ref> The wins displayed a mixture of both batting and bowling strength, with [[MS Dhoni]] taking the main batting role in his team, actively supported by [[Shane Watson]] and the bowlers [[Imran Tahir]] and [[Harbhajan Singh]].<ref>{{cite news |title=IPL 2019, Delhi Capitals vs Chennai Super Kings at Feroz Shah Kotla|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/ipl-2019-delhi-capitals-vs-chennai-super-kings-at-feroz-shah-kotla-highlights-as-it-happened-2078419.html |access-date=26 March 2019 |work=news18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=CSK claim victory despite Sarfaraz Khan, KL Rahul fifties|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1178393|access-date=6 April 2019 |work=ESPN}}</ref> Chennai finished the group stage with nine wins from fourteen matches, and were ranked second in the league table.

===Group stage series===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = {{anchor|match15}} 3 April
| time = 20:00
| daynight = yes
| team1 = (H) [[Mumbai Indians]]
| team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| score1 = 170/5 (20 overs)
| score2 = 133/8 (20 overs)
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1175370 Scorecard]
| result = Mumbai won by 37 runs
|}}

{{Limited overs matches
| date = {{anchor|match44}} 26 April
| time = 20:00
| daynight =yes
| team1 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]] (H)
| score1 = 155/4 (20 overs)
| score2 = 109 (17.4 overs)
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1178419 Scorecard]
| result = Mumbai won by 46 runs
| notes =
|}}
Mumbai Indians won the two group stage matches between the finalists,<ref>{{cite news |title=Irresistible Mumbai complete the double against Super Kings|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1178419|access-date=18 April 2019 |work=ESPN}}</ref> winning the first group stage series match by 37 runs. [[Suryakumar Yadav]] scored a half-century and [[Hardik Pandya]] scored 25 runs from 8 balls (Mumbai scored 45 runs in the final two overs) to set Chennai a target of 171. Chennai did not start well, and despite [[Kedar Jadhav]] scoring 58 runs and forging a 54-run partnership with MS Dhoni, they finished well short. Both Hardik and [[Lasith Malinga]] took three wickets, while [[Jason Behrendorff]] took two wickets for Mumbai.

===Playoffs===
The playoff stage of IPL was played according to the [[Page playoff]] system and provided Mumbai and Chennai, being the top and second-ranked teams, with two chances for qualifying for the Final. These teams first faced each other in Qualifier 1, with the winners qualifying directly for the final; the loser of Qualifier 1 would then play against the winner of the Eliminator in Qualifier 2, with the winner of that match qualifying for the final.
{{Limited overs matches
| date = {{anchor|match57}} 7 May
| time = 19:30
| day-night =yes
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| score1 = 131/4 (20 overs)
| score2 = 132/4 (18.3 overs)
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1181764 Scorecard]
| result = Mumbai won by 6 wickets
}}

The Super Kings won the toss in Qualifier 1 and decided to bat first. The team lost [[Faf du Plessis]] early, and Shane Watson and [[Murli Vijay|Murali Vijay]] played cautiously in the beginning, but the Super Kings lost Watson to [[Krunal Pandya]]. The Super Kings made runs from their middle-order, with [[Ambati Rayudu]] and MS Dhoni scoring 42 and 37 runs respectively, to see the team amass 131 runs for the loss of 4 wickets.<ref>{{cite news |title=IPL 2019, CSK vs MI Match, Qualifier 1 Highlights - As It Happened|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/ipl-2019-csk-vs-mi-match-qualifier-1-at-chennai-suryakumar-half-century-helps-mi-seal-final-spot-2132017.html|access-date=7 May 2019 |work=News18}}</ref> [[Rohit Sharma]] opened with [[Quinton de Kock]] to start the chase for the Mumbai Indians, but both departed early. Though [[Suryakumar Yadav]] started slowly, he hit out later against Super Kings bowlers to reach his half-century. After [[Ishan Kishan]]'s departure, Hardik Pandya joined Yadav to complete the chase for the Mumbai Indians and secure their progression to the final.<ref>{{cite news |title=Suryakumar turns protagonist as MI ace the CSK blueprint|url=https://m.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/107889/suryakumar-turns-protagonist-as-mi-ace-the-csk-blueprint|access-date=7 May 2019 |work=Cricbuzz}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Suryakumar Yadav, spinners put Mumbai Indians in fifth IPL final|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1181764|access-date=7 May 2019 |work=ESPN}}</ref>

[[Delhi Capitals]] won against [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] in the Eliminator to set up a match against Chennai to decide the second finalist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1181766|title=Pant lights up an epic game, Capitals progress|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=8 May 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-05-08}}</ref>
{{Limited overs matches
| date = {{anchor|match59}} 10 May
| time = 19:30
| daynight =yes
| team1 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| score1 = 147/9 (20 overs)
| score2 = 151/4 (19 overs)
| venue = [[Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| report=
[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1181767 Scorecard]
| result = Chennai won by 6 wickets
}}
In Qualifier 2, Chennai captain MS Dhoni won the toss and elected to bowl. Delhi lost their both openers early and [[Rishabh Pant]] did not receive support from Delhi Capitals players, as wickets kept falling from the other end. Pant scored 38 runs before getting out in the 19th over. In the last over [[Ishant Sharma]] helped the Delhi Capitals to finish with 147 runs.<ref>{{cite news |title=DC score 147/9 against CSK in Qualifier 2|url=https://www.thespeedpost.com/dc-score-147-9-against-csk-in-qualifier-2/|access-date=10 May 2019 |work=The Speed Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Clinical Super Kings set up finals date with Mumbai|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1181767|access-date=10 May 2019 |work=ESPN}}</ref> Chasing 148 to win, Chennai openers Shane Watson and Faf du Plessis batted slowly and did not score many runs in the first couple of overs. In the final two powerplay overs, du Plesis took charge and changed the momentum of Chennai batting. The two openers put together an 81-run partnership and Chennai successfully chased their 148 run target with the loss of four wickets and qualified for their 8th IPL final.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chennai Super Kings in IPL: 8 finals in 10 seasons|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/story/chennai-super-kings-ipl-2019-final-csk-ms-dhoni-1522329-2019-05-11|access-date=10 May 2019 |work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Watson, du Plessis fifties power CSK into 8th IPL Final in 10 yrs|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/cricket/watson-du-plessis-fifties-power-csk-into-8th-ipl-final-in-10-yrs-3959661.html|access-date=10 May 2019 |work=Money Control}}</ref>

==Match==

===Summary===
Mumbai captain Rohit Sharma won the toss and elected to bat first on which he said, "This is a big game, that's what we prefer to do. We want to bat first, and set down the runs on the board." Chennai captain MS Dhoni said, "We were looking to bowl first. If the result is in your favour, then it’s fine, otherwise, they’ll say the guys are fatigued."

[[Rohit Sharma]] led Mumbai Indians became the IPL champion for the fourth time. Mumbai beat [[Chennai Super Kings]] by 1 run in a thrilling title match. Mumbai team after the end of IPL 2019 became the most successful team of IPL by winning the fourth title. After Mumbai, Chennai was second in terms of most IPL titles won (3). Chennai won three titles of IPL at that point of time. Mumbai presented 149 runs in the final match played at the Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium in [[Hyderabad]]. In reply, he Chennai team could manage, only 148 runs in the loss of 7 wickets in 20 overs despite the brilliant innings of [[Shane Watson]] (80). Watson hit 8 fours and 4 sixes in his 59-ball innings.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2019 Final: Mumbai Indians beat Chennai Super Kings in last-ball thriller to win 4th title| url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/story/ipl-2019-final-chennai-super-kings-mumbai-indians-4th-title-shane-watson-ms-dhoni-kieron-pollard-report-1523406-2019-05-12|website=indiatoday| date=12 May 2019}}</ref> Apart from this, [[Faf du Plessis]] (26), [[Suresh Raina]] (8), [[MS Dhoni]] (2), [[Ambati Rayudu]] scored 1 for Chennai. [[Rahul Chahar]], [[Lasith Malinga]] and [[Krunal Pandya]] took one wicket each for Mumbai. There were four final matches between these two teams, out of which Mumbai won three while Chennai managed to win once.

===Scorecard===
* '''On-field [[umpire (cricket)|umpires]]''': [[Ian Gould]] (Eng) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
* '''[[Third umpire]]''': [[Nigel Llong]] (Eng)
* '''[[Fourth umpire|Reserve umpire]]''': [[C. K. Nandan]] (Ind)
* '''[[Match referee]]''': [[Javagal Srinath]] (Ind)
* '''[[Toss (cricket)|Toss]]''': Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to bat.
* '''Result''': Mumbai Indians won by 1 run and won the 2019 Indian Premier League.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: left; width: 90%;" class="wikitable sortable nowrap" style="text-align:center"
|+ [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] Batting Innings
|-
! [[Batsman]]
! [[Dismissal (cricket)|Dismissal]]
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]]
![[Boundary (cricket)|Four]]
![[Boundary (cricket)|Six]]
! [[Strike rate#Batting strike rate|Strike rate]]
|-
| [[Quinton de Kock]]{{dagger}} || c [[MS Dhoni|Dhoni]]{{dagger}} b [[Shardul Thakur|Thakur]] || 29 || 17
|0
|4|| 170.58
|-
| [[Rohit Sharma]]* || c [[MS Dhoni|Dhoni]]{{dagger}} b [[Deepak Chahar|Deepak]] || 15 || 14
|1
|1|| 107.14
|-
| [[Suryakumar Yadav]] || b [[Imran Tahir|Tahir]] || 15 || 17
|1
|0|| 88.23
|-
| [[Ishan Kishan]] || c [[Suresh Raina|Raina]] b [[Imran Tahir|Tahir]] || 23 || 26
|3
|0|| 88.46
|-
| [[Krunal Pandya]] || c and b [[Shardul Thakur|Thakur]] || 7 || 7
|0
|0|| 100.00
|-
| [[Kieron Pollard]] || [[Not out]]|| 41 || 25
|3
|3|| 164.00
|-
| [[Hardik Pandya]] || lbw b [[Deepak Chahar|Deepak]] || 16 || 10
|1
|1|| 160.00
|-
| [[Rahul Chahar]] || c [[Faf du Plessis|du Plessis]] b [[Deepak Chahar|Deepak]] || 0 || 2
|–
|–|| 0.00
|-
| [[Mitchell McClenaghan]] || run out ([[Faf du Plessis|du Plessis]]/[[Dwayne Bravo|Bravo]]) || 0 || 2
|–
|–|| 0.00
|-
| [[Jasprit Bumrah]] || [[Not out]]|| 0 || 0
|–
|–|| 0.00
|-
| [[Lasith Malinga]] || Did not bat || ||
|
| ||
|-
| Extras || (3 [[Wide (cricket)|wides]]) || 3 || colspan="4" |
|-
| '''Totals''' || (20 overs, 7.45 runs per over) || '''149/8'''|| colspan="4" |

|}
'''Fall of wickets:''' 1-45 (de Kock, 4.5 overs), 2-45 (Rohit, 5.2 overs), 3-82 (Suryakumar, 11.2 overs), 4-89 (Krunal, 12.3 overs), 5-101 (Kishan, 14.4 overs), 6-140 (Hardik, 18.2 overs), 7-140 (Rahul, 18.4 overs), 8-141 (McClenaghan, 19.4 overs)

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: left; width: 80%;" class="wikitable sortable nowrap" style="text-align:center"
|+ [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] bowling
|-
! width="35%" | [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowler]]
! [[Over (cricket)|Overs]]
! [[Over (cricket)|Maidens]]
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! [[Wicket]]s
! Economy
|-
|| [[Deepak Chahar]] || 4 || 1 || 26 || 3 || 6.50
|-
|| [[Shardul Thakur]] || 4 || 0 || 37 || 2 || 9.25
|-
|| [[Harbhajan Singh]] || 4 || 0 || 27 || 0 || 6.75
|-
|| [[Dwayne Bravo]] || 3 || 0 || 24 || 0 || 8.00
|-
|| [[Imran Tahir]] || 3 || 0 || 23 || 2 || 7.66
|-
|| [[Ravindra Jadeja]] || 2 || 0 || 12 || 0 || 6.00
|-
|}

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: left; width: 90%;" class="wikitable sortable nowrap" style="text-align:center"
|+ [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] Batting Innings
|-
! [[Batsman]]
! [[Dismissal (cricket)|Dismissal]]
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]]
![[Boundary (cricket)|Four]]
![[Boundary (cricket)|Six]]
! [[Strike rate#Batting strike rate|Strike rate]]
|-
| [[Faf du Plessis]] || st [[Quinton de Kock|de Kock]]{{dagger}} b [[Krunal Pandya|K Pandya]] || 26 || 13
|3
|1|| 200.00
|-
| [[Shane Watson]] || run out ([[Krunal Pandya|K Pandya]]/[[Quinton de Kock|de Kock]]†)|| 80|| 59
|8
|4||135.59
|-
| [[Suresh Raina]] || lbw b [[Rahul Chahar|R Chahar]] || 8 || 14
|0
|0|| 57.14
|-
| [[Ambati Rayudu]]|| c [[Quinton de Kock|de Kock]]{{dagger}} b [[Jasprit Bumrah|Bumrah]] || 1 || 4
|0
|0|| 25.00
|-
| [[MS Dhoni]]*{{dagger}}|| runout ([[Ishan Kishan|Kishan]]) || 2 || 8
|0
|0|| 25.00
|-
| [[Dwayne Bravo]] || c [[Quinton De Kock|de Kock]] {{dagger}} b [[Bumrah]]|| 15 || 15
|0
|1|| 100.00
|-
|[[Ravindra Jadeja]]|| [[Not out]]|| 5||5
|0
|0||100.00
|-
| [[Shardul Thakur]]|| lbw b [[Lasith Malinga|Malinga]]|| 2||2
|0
|0||100.00
|-
| [[Deepak Chahar]]|| Did not bat|| ||
|
| ||
|-
| [[Harbhajan Singh]]||Did not bat || ||
|
| ||
|-
| [[Imran Tahir]]|| Did not bat|| ||
|
| ||
|-
| Extras|| (5 [[Bye (cricket)|bye]], 4 [[Wide (cricket)|wides]])|| 9|| colspan="4" |
|-
| '''Totals''' || (20 overs, 7.40 runs per over)|| '''148/7''' || colspan="4" |

|}
'''Fall of wickets:''' 1-33 (du Plessis, 4 overs), 2-70 (Raina, 9.2 overs), 3-73 (Rayudu, 10.3 overs), 4-82 (Dhoni, 12.4 overs), 5-133 (Bravo, 18.2 overs), 6-146 (Watson, 19.4 overs), 7-148 (Thakur, 20 overs),
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: left; width: 80%;" class="wikitable sortable nowrap" style="text-align:center"
|+ [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] Bowling Innings
|-
! width="35%" | [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowler]]
! [[Over (cricket)|Overs]]
! [[Over (cricket)|Maidens]]
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! [[Wicket]]s
! Economy
|-
|| [[Mitchell McClenaghan]] || 4 || 0|| 24 ||0 ||6.00
|-
|| [[Krunal Pandya]] ||3 || 0 || 39 || 1 ||13.00
|-
|| [[Lasith Malinga]] || 4|| 0|| 49 || 1|| 12.25
|-
|| [[Jasprit Bumrah]] ||4 || 0 || 14 || 2 ||3.50
|-
|| [[Rahul Chahar]] || 4|| 0 ||14 || 1 ||3.50
|-
|| [[Hardik Pandya]] || 1|| 0|| 3 || 0||3.00
|}
'''Key'''
* <nowiki>*</nowiki> – [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]
* {{dagger}} – [[Wicket-keeper]]
* c ''Fielder'' – the batsman was dismissed by a catch by the named [[Fielding (cricket)|fielder]]
* b ''Bowler'' – the [[Bowling (cricket)|bowler]] who gains credit for the dismissal
* lbw – the batsman was dismissed [[leg before wicket]]
* Total runs are in the format: ''score/wickets''

==Post-match==
Mumbai received ₹20 Crore rupees and a trophy for being the champions.<ref>{{cite news |title=IPL 2019: How much prize money will winners, runners up take home?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/ipl/ipl-2019-prize-money-final-5724010/|access-date=12 May 2019 |work=Indian Express}}</ref> Rohit said:<blockquote>
"Today we played some fine cricket. At the start of the tournament, we wanted to cut the tournament into two halves. Good to see we qualified in the top two in the league Stage and all credit to the whole squad of my team, not just the XI. Even the support staff too."</blockquote>

Chennai's Imran Tahir was given the [[Purple Cap]] for getting the highest number of wickets in the league. He took 26 wickets and broke the previous record for most wickets for spin bowler of 24 wickets held jointly by Harbhajan Singh (Mumbai Indians, 2013) and [[Sunil Narine]] (Kolkata Knight Riders, 2012).<ref>{{cite news |title=IPL 2019 Final: Purple Cap winner Imran Tahir breaks records for fun despite CSK loss|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/story/ipl-2019-final-mi-vs-csk-purple-cap-imran-tahir-record-chennai-super-kings-1523483-2019-05-13|access-date=12 May 2019 |work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=CSK's Imran Tahir Finishes With Purple Cap|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/ipl-2019-csks-imran-tahir-finishes-with-purple-cap-2138315.html|access-date=12 May 2019 |work=News18}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{2019 Indian Premier League}}
{{Indian Premier League}}

[[Category:2019 Indian Premier League]]
[[Category:May 2019 sports events in India]]
[[Category:Indian Premier League finals]]

Kasturi (2007 TV series)

2026-05-01T11:47:57Z

RashadWaltman14: Starting details.

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Kasturi Titlecard.png
| caption =
| creator = [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| writer = [[Vipul Mehta (director)|Vipul Mehta]]
Sonali Jaffar
Nishikant Roy
Gauri Kodimala
[[Mrinal Jha]]
Salil Sand

| director = Muzammil Desai
| creative_director = [[Nivedita Basu]]
| starring = [[#Cast|See Below]]
| opentheme = "Kasturi" by [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 350
| executive_producer = Tanveer Alam
| producer = {{ubl|[[Ekta Kapoor]]|[[Shobha Kapoor]]}}
| cinematography = {{ubl|Sanjay K. Memane|Suhas Shirodkar|Rajan Singh}}
| editor = {{ubl|Vikas Sharma|Lalit Tiwari|Sandeep Bhatt|Nishit Shah|Kamal Prasad Bhattarai}}
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = [[Balaji Telefilms]]
| network = [[STAR Plus]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2007|04|23|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2009|03|31|df=y}}
}}

'''''Kasturi''''' is an Indian soap opera that aired on [[STAR Plus]] channel from 23 April 2007 through 31 March 2009. It starred [[Shubhangi Atre]] and [[Karan Patel]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Karan Patel and Shubhangi Atre remember their show Kasturi as it turns 13 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/karan-patel-and-shubhangi-atre-remember-their-show-kasturi-as-it-turns-13/articleshow/75347284.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 April 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New Balaji soap 'Kasturi' launches on STAR Plus|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/new-balaji-soap-kasturi-launches-on-star-plus/|website=Biz Asia|date=22 July 2007 }}</ref> The soap opera was created by [[Ekta Kapoor]] and was produced by her production company [[Balaji Telefilms]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/television/konkona-inspires-shubhangi-atre/article1-510902.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423051208/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/television/konkona-inspires-shubhangi-atre/article1-510902.aspx |archive-date=2014-04-23 |title=Konkona inspires Shubhangi Atre - Hindustan Times|date=23 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shubhangi-s-baby-blues-1113983|title=Shubhangi's baby blues|website=DNA India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/karan-v/s-shubhangi/articleshow/3136478.cms|title=Karan v/s Shubhangi - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=18 June 2008 }}</ref>

==Plot==
''Kasturi'' is a story that revolves around the life of Kasturi Chawla, a young woman from a middle-class background. After completing her university education, she begins working for Robbie Sabharwal, a spoiled and arrogant rockstar who is immensely popular.

At first, Robbie and Kasturi clash due to their contrasting social classes, values, and morals. However, as they spend more time together, they develop feelings for each other and profess their love. Unfortunately, their relationship does not last long as a misunderstanding arises, causing Robbie to believe that Kasturi is cheating on him with his best friend, Raunak.

Following their breakup, Raunak proposes to Kasturi, and after some hesitation, she accepts. On the day of their wedding, Robbie discovers that he misunderstood Kasturi and Raunak's relationship. He apologizes and begs Kasturi to reconcile, but she rejects him, citing his constant lack of trust.

Raunak and Kasturi's wedding is followed by a series of events in which Robbie tries to sabotage their relationship. However, his attempts backfire, bringing Raunak and Kasturi closer. Tragically, Raunak dies in an accident, leading Kasturi to believe that Robbie is responsible. Seeking revenge, Kasturi marries Robbie under the pretense of moving on and makes his life living hell. Robbie ends up in a coma, seemingly confirming her victory. However, Kasturi is shocked when she encounters Raunak, who is alive and well in Malaysia.

Raunak reveals that he had been manipulating Kasturi all along. He resented Robbie's fame and popularity and wanted to hurt him by marrying Kasturi and framing Robbie for murder. Raunak's accomplice turns out to be Robbie's sister, Shivani, who despises Robbie and is in love with Raunak. They inform Kasturi that their plan now involves killing Robbie to inherit his wealth.

Kasturi returns to India and learns that Robbie despises her for making him suffer for a crime he didn't commit. However, circumstances lead to Robbie and Kasturi reuniting, but Raunak continues to torment Kasturi as she is the only one aware of his true intentions. More twists and turns follow, including the revelation that Robbie's aunt, Maasi, is colluding with Raunak. Kasturi is shot and falls off a cliff, losing her mental balance.

Robbie allows Kasturi to stay in his house, but she behaves like a child and has no memory of her past. Eventually, Raunak's true nature is exposed to everyone, and he is sent to prison. However, Maasi's involvement remains unknown. Another accident restores Kasturi's sanity, and she and Robbie reunite once again.

During the preparations for their wedding, a businessman named Kabir Dhanrajgir enters the story. Kasturi discovers that a significant portion of Robbie's property has been sold with Kabir's involvement. He blackmails her, demanding that she marry him to rectify the situation. On the day of her wedding, Kasturi leaves Robbie and marries Kabir.

Robbie resorts to self-destructive behavior to cope with his pain, while Kasturi realizes that Kabir is a kind-hearted man but struggles to connect with his children. Robbie discovers that Kabir is a murderer who killed his three previous wives and tries to rescue Kasturi from the situation. Kabir dies by falling off a cliff, and Kasturi learns the truth after his death.

Robbie wishes to marry Kasturi again, but his mother, Devika, blames Kasturi for ruining his life. Feeling rejected, Kasturi leaves without informing anyone and goes to live with her friend, Sanchi. Robbie searches for Kasturi but is unable to find her, leading him to confront his mother about their separation. Kasturi starts working in the office of Gayatri Devi, where she meets three brothers—Abhi, Ajay, and Adwit—and helps them with their problems. Robbie, deeply saddened by thoughts of Kasturi, receives encouragement from his father to resume his singing career.

The story culminates with an event organized by Kasturi's employers, where they request Robbie to perform. Kasturi is present at the event, and as Abhi calls out to Robbie, he confesses that he has stopped singing. In that moment, both Kasturi and Robbie realize their feelings for each other. Ultimately, Kasturi and Robbie reunite in marriage, and everything falls into place.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Shubhangi Atre]] as Kasturi Chawla / Kasturi Raunak Singhania / Kasturi Robbie Sabharwal / Kasturi Kabir Dhanrajgir / Kasturi Girish Gill
* [[Karan Patel]] as Robbie Sabharwal (Kasturi's second and fourth husband)
* [[Bharat Chawda]] as Abhimanyu Singhania
* [[Nandish Sandhu]] / [[Jatin Shah]] as Raunak Singhania (Kasturi's first husband)
* [[Mohnish Behl]] as Kabir Dhanrajgir (Kasturi's third husband)
* [[Roopa Ganguly]] as Kaushalya Jayprakash Chawla
* Sanjay Taneja as Jayprakash (J.P.) Chawla
* Prabhat Bhattacharya as Ajay Chawla
* Amita Chandekar as Pooja Ajay Chawla
* [[Sai Tamhankar]] / [[Krystle D'Souza]] as Navneet
* Nikhil Arya / [[Salil Acharya]] as Nikhil
* Preeti Gupta as Alaana Sabharwal
* Priya Arya as Alka Chawla
* [[Mouni Roy]] as Shivani Sabharwal (Robbie's sister)
* [[Naman Shaw]] as Girish Gill
* [[Kamalika Guha Thakurta]] as Gayatri
* [[Sudha Chandran]] as Maasi (Robbie's aunt)
* Lata Haya as Shakuntala
* [[S. M. Zaheer]] as Mr. Chawla, Kasturi's grandfather
* Kanika Shivpuri as Biji
* Shivangi Sharma as Anita
* [[Kiku Sharda]] as Kiku Chawla
* [[Madhurima Tuli]] as Tanu Singhania
* [[Sheeba Chaddha]] as Devika Purushottam Sabharwal (Robbie's mother)
* [[Vinny Arora]] as Drashti
* Raja Sevak as Vishesh
* Sandeep Mehta as Purushottam Sabharwal
* Ajay Arya as Ajink
*[[Megha Dhade]] as (sachi)
*[[Debina Bonnerjee]] as Raina
*[[Hina Khan]] as Akshara (guest)
*[[Shweta Tiwari]] as Prerna
*[[Anjali Abrol]] as Rani
*[[Panchi Bora]] as Prachi
}}

==Reception==
Initially, it was garnering 4 TVR while in September 2007 it decreased to 2.97 TVR.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cheat chat|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/Cheat-chat/articleshow/15739899.cms?|website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070818043215/http://starplus.indya.com/serials/kasturi/index.html Official website]
* {{IMDb title|6829194}}

{{SP Shows}}
{{Balaji Telefilms}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kasturi (Tv Series)}}
[[Category:Balaji Telefilms television series]]
[[Category:2007 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2009 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]

The Madras Song

2026-05-01T00:49:06Z

RashadWaltman14: added entry!

{{Short description|2014 Indian song}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}

{{Infobox song
| name = The Madras Song
| cover =
| alt =
| type = single
| artist = [[Shakthisree Gopalan]]
| album =
| released = 18 August 2014
| format =
| recorded = 2014
| studio =
| venue =
| genre =
| length = {{duration|m=4|s=18}}
| label =
| composer = Vijay Prabakaran
| lyricist = Subu
| producer = [[Murugappa Group]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

"'''The Madras Song'''" is a song by Indian vocalist, [[Shakthisree Gopalan]], and produced by the [[Murugappa Group]] as a tribute to the city of [[Madras]] (now known as Chennai). "The Madras Song" was launched to commemorate the 375th anniversary of the founding of Madras, celebrated in August 2014. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/celebrating-chennai-at-375-with-the-madras-song/article6329309.ece |title=Celebrating Chennai at 375 with The Madras Song |newspaper=[[Business Line|The Hindu Business Line]] |date=2014-08-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Around-the-City-in-Four-Minutes/2014/08/19/article2386219.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905021855/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Around-the-City-in-Four-Minutes/2014/08/19/article2386219.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 September 2014 |title=Around the City in Four Minutes |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=2014-08-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/celebrating-a-city-114082300739_1.html |title=Celebrating a city |newspaper=Business Standard |date=2014-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/resonating-with-the-spirit-of-the-metropolis/article6330941.ece |title=Resonating with the spirit of the metropolis |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2014-08-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/madras-375-madras-by-day-by-night-and-by-song/article6332571.ece |title=Madras by day, by night and by song |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2014-08-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/word-play-in-namma-madras/article6342278.ece |title=Word play in namma Madras |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2014-08-22}}</ref>

A sequel to this song by Opus G7 for [[The Hindu]] group called “Madras Beats” was launched in 2016 on the evening of the 377th anniversary celebrations of [[Madras Day]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Beat Of the City|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-beat-of-the-city/article9015670.ece|accessdate=23 August 2016}}</ref>

==Storyline==
The official video of the song follows a female protagonist, Ruchi Kumar, who misses her flight home and finds herself stranded in Madras. With three days at her disposal, she uses social media for guidance in exploring the city.

The video features actor/model [[Yasmin Ponnappa]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/shooting-the-madras-song-was-a-fantastic-experience/article6339050.ece |title='Shooting The Madras Song was a fantastic experience' |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2014-08-21}}</ref> as Ruchi Kumar. The video also features appearances by [[Viswanathan Anand]], [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]], [[Sudha Raghunathan]], [[Naresh Iyer]], [[Aalap Raju]], [[Haricharan]], [[Priyadarsini Govind]], [[RJ Balaji]], [[Crazy Mohan|“Crazy" Mohan]] and [[Maadhu Balaji|"Maadhu" Balaji]].

==Team==
* Writer / director: [[Vijay Prabakaran]]
* Music director: [[Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
* Lyricist: [[Subu]]
* Singer: [[Shakthisree Gopalan]]
* Cinematographers: [[G. V. G. Raju|GVS Raju]] & [[Imran Ahmedh KR]]
* Lead actress: [[Yasmin Ponnappa]]
* Executive producer: [[Krishna Ramkumar]]
* Associate director: [[Swathi Raghuraaman]]
* Assistant directors: [[Meera.Karthik]], [[Keerthiraj|Keerthi Raju]]
* Production assistant: [[RM Ramesh kumar]]
* Camera assistant: Baskar
* Stylist: Yasmin Ponnappa
* Post-production: Red Studio
* Editor: Vijay Prabakaran
* Colorist: Madan
* Logo design: Hakuhodo Percept, Chennai
* Produced by the [[Murugappa Group]]
* Radio partner: [[BIG FM 92.7|92.7 BigFM]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XAqtE4KdJL8 "The Madras Song" official video on YouTube]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madras Song}}
[[Category:2014 singles]]
[[Category:Songs in Tamil]]
[[Category:Indian songs]]
[[Category:2014 songs]]
[[Category:Songs about India]]
[[Category:Culture of Chennai]]
[[Category:Murugappa Group]]

{{2010s-song-stub}}

Padatik Express

2026-04-28T15:05:48Z

RashadWaltman14: Added The Stub Initial Version

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Padatik Express
| image = File:First run of Sealdah - New Alipurduar Padatik Express with LHB coaches.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = First run of Padatik Express with LHB coaches.
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| locale = [[West Bengal]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2009|10|04}}
| last =
| status =
| operator = [[Indian Railways]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Sealdah}} (SDAH)
| stops = 11
| end = {{stnlnk|New Alipurduar}} (NOQ)
| distance = {{convert|719|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 13 hours 5 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = Second Seating, Sleeper class, AC 2-tier, AC 3-tier, AC First Class, AC First-cum-Second class
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| catering = E-catering only
| observation = Large windows
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}} [[Broad Gauge]]
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| trainnumber = 12377 / 12378
| speed = {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:Darjeeling Mail (Sealdah - New Jalpaiguri) route map.png|250px]]
}}

The 12377 / 12378 '''Padatik Superfast Express''' is a daily [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] train which runs between [[Sealdah railway station|Sealdah]] and {{stnlnk|New Alipurduar}} in [[West Bengal]] via [[Barddhaman]], [[Rampurhat]], [[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri Junction]].

The train covers a distance of {{convert|719|km|0}}. The train belongs to the [[Eastern Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]] and travel time over the whole route is just over 12 hours.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/train/padatik-express-12377-sdah-to-noq/7585/325/444|title=India Rail Info|accessdate=18 February 2013}}</ref> This train is named after renowned Bengali poet [[Subhash Mukhopadhyay (poet)|Subhash Mukhopadhyay]]'s book ''[[Padatik (poetry collection)|Padatik]]''.<ref name="Tracks & trains for ‘backward’ region">{{cite news|title=Tracks & trains for 'backward' region|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1091005/jsp/siliguri/story_11575208.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222347/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1091005/jsp/siliguri/story_11575208.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|accessdate=18 February 2013|newspaper=Telegraph Calcutta|date=5 October 2009}}</ref>

The train is numbered as 12377 / 12378 and offers all the available classes of travel on Indian Railways-AC First Class (H1), AC First-cum-Second Class (HA1), AC 2-tier (A1-A2), AC 3-tier (B1–B6), Sleeper Class (S1–S5) and Unreserved Class. The train is composed of 21 coaches.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://indiarailinfo.com/train/padatik-express-12377-sdah-to-njp/7585/325/444 |title= India Rail Info |accessdate= 2 February 2013}}</ref>

== Route & halts ==

The important halts of the train are:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-padatik-express-12378/7588/550/325|title=12378/Padatik Express (PT) - New Alipurduar to Sealdah ER/Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry|last=Tiru|first=Somanko|website=India Rail Info|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref>

# '''{{stnlnk|Sealdah}} (Starts)'''
# {{stnlnk|Barddhaman Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Bolpur Shantiniketan}}
# '''{{stnlnk|Rampurhat Junction}}'''
# '''{{stnlnk|Malda Town}}'''
# {{rws|Samsi}}
# {{rws|Dalkhola}}
# {{stnlnk|Kishanganj}}
# '''[[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri Junction (Siliguri)]]'''
# {{stnlnk|Jalpaiguri Road}}
# {{stnlnk|New Changrabandha}}
# [[Mathabhanga Railway Station|Mathabhanga]]
# {{stnlnk|New Cooch Behar Junction}}
# '''{{stnlnk|New Alipurduar}} (Ends)'''
Note: Bold letters indicates Major Railway Stations/Major Cities.

== Coach composition ==
{{Indian Railways coach composition legend}}
Sealdah to New Alipurduar<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-padatik-express-12377/7585/325/550|title=12377/Padatik Express (PT) - Sealdah to New Alipurduar ER/Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry|last=PATRANABIS|first=SREERUP|website=India Rail Info|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |Loco
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |8
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |9
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |10
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |11
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |12
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |13
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |14
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |15
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |16
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |17
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |18
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |19
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |20
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |21
|-
|[[File:BSicon_LDER.svg|25x25px]]
|EOG
|GS
|GS
|GS
|GS
|S1
|S2
|S3
|S4
|S5
|B1
|B2
|B3
|B4
|B5
|B6
|A1
|A2
|HA1
|H1
|EOG
|}
'''{{stnlnk|New Alipurduar}} to {{stnlnk|Sealdah}}'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-padatik-express-12378/7588/550/325|title=12378/Padatik Express (PT) - New Alipurduar to Sealdah ER/Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry|last=Tiru|first=Somanko|website=India Rail Info|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |Loco
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |8
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |9
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |10
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |11
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |12
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |13
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |14
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |15
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |16
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |17
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |18
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |19
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |20
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |21
|-
|[[File:BSicon_LDER.svg|25x25px]]
|EOG
|H1
|HA1
|A2
|A1
|B6
|B5
|B4
|B3
|B2
|B1
|S5
|S4
|S3
|S2
|S1
|GS
|GS
|GS
|GS
|EOG
|}

==Traction==

earlier was [[WDM-3A]]. As the route is now fully electrified, it is hauled by a {{rws|Sealdah}} based [[WAP 7]] electric locomotive and so was [[Gooty]]-based [[WDP-4]] from end to end.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Padatik Express - Sleeper Class coach.jpg|Padatik Express – Sleeper Class coach
File:Padatik Express - AC 3 tier coach.jpg|Padatik Express – AC 3 tier coach
File:Padatik Express at NJP Junction.jpg|Padatik Express at NJP Junction
File:Padatik Express - AC First Class cum AC 2 tier coach.jpg|Padatik Express – AC First Class cum AC 2 tier coach
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Howrah–New Jalpaiguri line]]
* [[Darjeeling Mail]]
* [[New Jalpaiguri–Howrah Shatabdi Express]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Padatik Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2009]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Transport in Alipurduar]]
[[Category:Transport in Siliguri]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Annapurna Photo Studio

2026-04-26T01:13:50Z

RashadWaltman14: Put up a info

{{short description|2023 film directed by Chendu Muddu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Annapurna Photo Studio
| image = Annapurna Photo Studio.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Chendu Muddu
| writer = Chendu Muddu
| story =
| producer = Yash Rangineni
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Chaitanya Rao Madadi]]
* Lavannya Sahukara
}}
| cinematography = Pankaj Tottada
| editing = D. Venkata Prabhu
| music = Prince Henry
| studio = Big Ben Cinemas
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|07|21|}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Annapurna Photo Studio''''' is a 2023 Indian Telugu-language film directed by Chendu Muddu.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-01-01 |title=Harish Shankar unveils concept poster, title of 'Annapurna Photo Studio' |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/harish-shankar-unveils-concept-poster-title-of-annapurna-photo-studio-775779 |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> It stars [[Chaitanya Rao Madadi]] and Lavanya Sahukara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-16 |title=అన్నపూర్ణ ఫోటో స్టూడియోలో ఏం జరిగింది? |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/annapurna-photo-studio-movie-first-look-released-suresh-babu-1550331 |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=Sakshi |language=te}}</ref> This is their second film together after ''[[Valentines Night]]'' (2023).

The film was released theatrically on 21 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-19 |title=Annapurna Photo Studio: పీరియాడిక్ లవ్ స్టోరీ అన్నపూర్ణ ఫోటో స్టూడియో.. రిలీజ్ డేట్ ఫిక్స్ |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/periodical-love-story-annapoorna-photo-studio-release-date-fix-slb-1909388.html |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=News18 Telugu |language=te}}</ref>

== Premise ==
{{More plot|reason=needs full plot including ending see [[WP:FILMPLOT]]|date=October 2025}}
This movie tells a love story set in a rural area during the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-15 |title=Annapurna Photo Studio: Suresh Babu unveils first look of Chaitanya Rao's next |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/annapurna-photo-studio-producer-suresh-babu-unveils-the-rustic-first-look-poster-of-chaitanya-raos-next/807a3aa019323 |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Chaitanya Rao Madadi]] as Chanti
* Lavanya Sahukara as Gauthami
* Lalith Adithya
* Viva Raghava
* Uttara Reddy
* Mihirah Gurupadappa
* Yash Rangineni
* [[Vasu Inturi]]
* Krishna Mohan
* Ramana
}}

== Release ==
The satellite and digital rights of the film were bought by [[ETV Network]] which is to be premiered post theatrical release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-23 |title=OTT rights of Annapurna Photo Studio sold to Eetv Win, here's what we know |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/annapurna-photo-studio-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-the-chaitanya-rao-lavayna-starrer/03a56cedd5880 |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
The music was composed by Prince Henry. The music rights of the film is owned by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]. The makers have released first single ''Rangamma'' sung by [[S. P. Charan]] on Apr 6, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-06 |title='Annapoorna Photo Studio': Retro song from SPB Charan is nostalgic - Telugu News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/annapoorna-photo-studio-retro-song-from-spb-charan-is-nostalgic-telugu-news-335239 |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> The next three lyrical videos from the film were launched by [[Tharun Bhascker]], [[Suhas Pagolu|Suhas]] and [[Vishwak Sen]] respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-05-05 |title=తరుణ్ భాస్కర్ చేతుల మీదుగా అన్నపూర్ణ ఫోటో స్టూడియో సెకండ్ సాంగ్ లాంచ్ |url=https://www.manatelangana.news/annapurna-photo-studio-second-song-launch-by-tarun-bhaskar/ |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=Mana Telangana |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-05-18 |title=సుహాస్ చేతుల మీదుగా 'అన్నపూర్ణ ఫోటో స్టూడియో' థర్డ్ సాంగ్ లాంచ్ |url=https://www.manatelangana.news/actor-suhas-launched-annapurna-photo-studio-3rd-song/ |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=Mana Telangana |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-03 |title='O Muddhugumma' from Annapoorna Photo Studio is a soothing melody |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/vishwak-sen-launches-the-melodious-o-muddhugumma-song-from-annapoorna-photo-studio/c265741a6e526 |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-03 |title=Annapoorna Photo Studio: 'అన్నపూర్ణ ఫొటో స్టూడియో' నుంచి 'ఓ ముద్దుగుమ్మ..' లిరికల్‌ సాంగ్‌ |url=https://www.eenadu.net/videos/playVideo/lyrical-video-of-o-muddhugumma-song-from-annapoorna-photo-studio/2/38300 |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=EENADU |language=te}}</ref> [[Vijay Deverakonda]] launched the trailer of the movie, Annapurna Photo Studio<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |date=2023-07-02 |title=Vijay Deverakonda launched the trailer of Chaitanya-Lavanya starrer Annapurna Photo Studio - The Pioneer |url=https://pynr.in/vijay-deverakonda-launched-the-trailer-of-chaitanya-lavanya-starrer-annapurna-photo-studio/ |access-date=2023-12-07 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-02 |title=Vijay Deverakonda launches Annapurna Photo Studio trailer |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/vijay-deverakonda-launches-annapurna-photo-studio-trailer.html |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=123telugu.com |language=en}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Rangamma
| lyrics1 = Srinivasa Mouli
| extra1 = [[S. P. Charan]]
| length1 = 3:37
| title2 = Vennello Adapilla
| lyrics2 = Srinivasa Mouli
| extra2 = S. P. Charan, Rachita Rayaprolu
| length2 = 4:04
| title3 = Sayyata Vidhi Sayyata
| lyrics3 = Srinivasa Mouli
| extra3 = [[Saisharan]]
| length3 = 2:41
| title4 = O Muddhugumma
| lyrics4 = Shreshta
| extra4 = Prince Henry, Lipsika, Ritesh G Rao
| length4 = 3:01
| total_length= 13:23
}}

== Reception ==

A critic from ''[[HT Media|OTTplay]]'' wrote that "''Annapurna Photo Studio'' is an entertaining thriller comedy brimming with innocence, whose smart screenplay makes up for its wafer-thin plot. It's a warm, nostalgic trip to the 80s with impressive performances, loads of humour, backed by memorable music and vibrant cinematography".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/annapurna-photo-studio-review-this-low-stakes-thriller-comedy-is-a-warm-nostalgic-trip-to-the-80s/4deecc5c0c16|title=Annapurna Photo Studio review: This low stakes thriller comedy is a warm, nostalgic trip to the 80s|work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]]|date=20 July 2023}}</ref> A critic from ''[[123telugu]]'' wrote that "On the whole, ''Annapurna Photo Studio'' is a romantic comedy drama that works in parts".<Ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/annapurna-photo-studio-telugu-movie-review.html|title=Review : Annapurna Photo Studio – Only for a few laughs|work=123telugu|date=21 July 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt27730573|title=Annapurna Photo Studio}}

[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2023 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]

Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)

2026-04-25T15:34:28Z

RashadWaltman14:

{{Short description|Indian politician (1939–2021)}}
{{for|other with the name|Ajit Singh (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = The Union Minister for Civil Aviation, Shri Ajit Singh holding a Press Conference, in New Delhi on June 01, 2012 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Singh in 2012
| birth_date = {{birth date |1939|2|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh|Bhadola]], [[United Provinces (1937–50)|United Provinces]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2021|05|06|1939|2|12|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rld-chief-ajit-singh-succumbs-to-covid/articleshow/82425914.cms | title=RLD chief Ajit Singh succumbs to Covid | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=Pankaj Shah | date=6 May 2021 | accessdate=6 May 2021}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Gurugram]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| father = [[Charan Singh]]
| mother = [[Gayatri Devi (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Gayatri Devi]]
| party = [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
| other_party = {{ubl|[[Indian National Congress]]|[[Janata Dal]]|[[Janata Party]]|[[Lok Dal]]}}

| office = [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Union Minister of Civil Aviation]]
| prime_minister = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| deputy = [[K. C. Venugopal]]
| term_start = 18 December 2011
| term_end = 26 May 2014
| predecessor = [[Vayalar Ravi]]
| successor = [[Ashok Gajapathi Raju]]

| office1 = [[Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Union Minister of Agriculture]]
| prime_minister1 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| deputy1 = {{ubl|[[Thounaojam Chaoba Singh]]|[[Debendra Pradhan]]|[[Shripad Yesso Naik]]|[[Hukmdev Narayan Yadav]]}}
| term_start1 = 22 July 2001
| term_end1 = 24 May 2003
| predecessor1 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| successor1 = [[Rajnath Singh]]

| office2 = [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution#Food (1991–1997)|Union Minister of Food]]
| prime_minister2 = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| term_start2 = 10 February 1995
| term_end2 = 16 May 1996
| predecessor2 = P. V. Narasimha Rao
| successor2 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]

| office3 = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)#Minister of Industry (1950–1999)|Union Minister of Industry]]
| prime_minister3 = [[V. P. Singh]]
| deputy3 = [[Srikant Kumar Jena]]
| term_start3 = 6 December 1989
| term_end3 = 10 November 1990
| predecessor3 = [[Dinesh Singh (politician, born 1925)|Dinesh Singh]]
| successor3 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]

| office4 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| predecessor4 = [[Sompal Shastri]]
| successor4 = [[Satya Pal Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Satyapal Singh]]
| term_start4 = 6 October 1999
| term_end4 = 16 May 2014
| constituency4 = [[Baghpat Lok Sabha constituency|Baghpat]]
| predecessor5 = [[Charan Singh]]
| successor5 = [[Sompal Shastri]]
| term_start5 = 1 December 1989
| term_end5 = 5 March 1998
| constituency5 = [[Baghpat Lok Sabha constituency|Baghpat]]
| office6 = [[Janata Party|President of Janata Party]]
| term_start6 = 1988
| term_end6 = 1990
| predecessor6 = [[Chandra Shekhar]]
| successor6 = [[Subramanian Swamy]]
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[University of Lucknow ]]|[[IIT Kharagpur]]|[[Illinois Institute of Technology]]}}
| spouse = Radhika Singh (m. 1967)
| children = 3, including [[Jayant Chaudhary]]
}}

'''Ajit Singh''' (12 February 1939 – 6 May 2021)<ref name="India Today Rashtriya Lok Dal chief and former Union minister Ajit Singh dies of Covid-19">{{cite news |title=Rashtriya Lok Dal chief and former Union minister Ajit Singh dies of Covid-19 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ajit-singh-rashtriya-lok-dal-covid-rld-union-minister-dies-1799361-2021-05-06 |access-date=6 May 2021 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref> was an Indian politician, farmer leader, and founder of the [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]] (RLD), a regional political party rooted in Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan, dedicated to advocating farmers’ rights and rural interests.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2021 |title=RLD Chief Ajit Singh: Political career, age, wife, son, health, daughter and native place |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/rld-chief-ajit-singh-political-career-age-wife-son-health-daughter-and-native-place-1799481-2021-05-06 |access-date=9 March 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Singh entered the [[Rajya Sabha]] in 1986 and later represented [[Baghpat Lok Sabha constituency|Baghpat]] in the [[Lok Sabha]] across seven terms between 1989 and 2014, navigating multiple party affiliations including the [[Janata Dal]], Lok Dal (Ajit), and eventually [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]], which he established in 1996.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hebbar |first=Nistula |date=6 May 2021 |title=Ajit Singh, an engineer-turned-politician who drew strength from rural Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/rld-chief-ajit-singh-obituary/article34496024.ece |access-date=9 March 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He held several Union cabinet positions - [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Industry]] (1989–1990), [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Minister of Food]] (1995–1996), [[Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Minister of Agriculture]] (2001–2003), and [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Minister of Civil Aviation]] (2011–2014)- reflecting his influence in both economic and rural policy domains.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is Ajit Singh? |url=https://www.ndtv.com/people/who-is-ajit-singh-567178 |access-date=9 March 2025 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2011 |title=Ajit Singh - a political acrobat |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/ajit-singh-civil-aviation-minister-profile-149124-2011-12-17 |access-date=9 March 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Born in [[Meerut]], [[Meerut|Uttar Pradesh]], to former prime minister [[Charan Singh]], he inherited a legacy of agrarian advocacy but initially pursued a career in technology, earning a [[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech]] from [[IIT Kharagpur]] and an M.S. from the [[Illinois Institute of Technology]], followed by a 15-year stint at [[IBM]]. A key figure in coalition politics, Singh’s career was marked by his commitment to agricultural reforms and strategic alliances, notably with the BJP and Congress, until his death from [[COVID-19]] in 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rashtriya Lok Dal chief Ajit Singh dies of Covid-19 at Gurugram hospital |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/ajit-singh-dead-rashtriya-lok-dal-chief-covid-19-702802 |access-date=6 May 2021 |work=India TV News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rashtriya Lok Dal chief and former Union minister Ajit Singh dies of Covid-19 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ajit-singh-rashtriya-lok-dal-covid-rld-union-minister-dies-1799361-2021-05-06 |access-date=6 May 2021 |work=India Today}}</ref> His son, [[Jayant Chaudhary]], succeeded him as RLD president, continuing his political lineage.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2021 |title=Jayant Chaudhary appointed as new RLD president |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jayant-chaudhary-appointed-as-new-rld-president-1806820-2021-05-25 |access-date=9 March 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Ajit Singh was born on 12 February 1939 in Bhadola village, [[Meerut district]], United Provinces (now part of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]]), to [[Gayatri Devi (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Gayatri Devi]] and [[Charan Singh]], prime minister of India from 1979 to 1980. He grew up in a [[Hindu]] [[Jat]] family which was deeply rooted in politics and agriculture. He completed his early schooling in [[Meerut]], before pursuing higher education. Singh earned a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree from [[University of Lucknow|Lucknow University]] and went on to study at the [[IIT Kharagpur|Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]] (IIT Kharagpur), where he obtained a [[Bachelor of Technology]]. He furthered his education abroad, securing a [[Master of Science]] from the [[Illinois Institute of Technology]] in United States. After his studies, Singh worked in the computer industry in the US for 15 years, including a notable stint with IBM during the 1960s and early 1970s, before returning to India and entering politics in 1986.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajit Singh: From IIT grad to India's beloved farm leader |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ajit-singh-from-iit-grad-to-india-s-beloved-farm-leader-101620326993414.html |website=Hindustan Times}} “''Born on February 12, 1939, Singh obtained a B.Tech (Computer Science) from IIT- Kharagpur and MS from the Illinois Institute of Technology. He worked as a computer scientist in the US for 15 years before he took a plunge in politics to fill the vacuum created by the death of his father in 1987.''”</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2021 |title=Ajit Singh, IITian-turned-politician who was a champion of farmer rights - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/ajit-singh-an-iitian-turned-politician-who-was-a-champion-of-farmer-rights-9214311.htm |access-date=9 March 2025 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==
Singh was one of the most dynamic leaders of India, especially worked for farmers and on the economic condition of India.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} When he was Commerce and Industry Minister in [[V. P. Singh ministry|V. P. Singh]]'s government, he drafted and tried to pass the bill against [[License Raj]], which was unsuccessful since most of the parties were against it. When the [[Chandra Shekhar]] Government fell, prime minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|P.V Narasimha Rao]] and Finance Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] passed the same bill in the Parliament.{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}} This bill was one of the major reforms of Indian history better known as the [[Economic liberalisation in India|Liberalization reforms of India]], which opened the country for the Global market.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thelallantop.com/kisse/political-kissa-of-rld-chief-chaudhary-ajit-singh-son-of-former-pm-chaudhary-charan-singh-who-was-an-iitian-but-later-joined-politics/ | title=Who was Chaudhary Ajit Singh | publisher=[[The Lallantop]] | work=Shaurya Kharb | date=6 May 2021 | accessdate=6 May 2021}}</ref>

Ajit Singh entered into politics in May 1986 by joining [[Lokdal|Lok Dal]]. He was made general secretary and a member of central parliamentary board of [[Lokdal|Lok Dal]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Dutt |first=Anuradha |date=8 March 1987 |title=Taking Charge : Ajit Singh's display of power |pages=564 |work=The Illustrated Weekly of India |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12254/page/n563/mode/2up?view=theater}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sordid struggle for succession on within Lok Dal family |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19860815-sordid-struggle-for-succession-on-within-lok-dal-family-801129-1986-08-14 |access-date=13 February 2023 |website=India Today |date=15 August 1986 |language=en}}</ref> Within months of joining politics, he removed [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]] from the position of Lok Dal legislature party leader in [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].<ref name=":0" />

Ajit Singh was first elected to [[Rajya Sabha]] (the upper house of [[Indian Parliament]]) in 1986 after his father and former prime minister Charan Singh became ill. He was the President of Lok Dal (A). In 1988, he merged Lok Dal (A) with [[Janata Party]] and became president of Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 June 1998|first=Prabhu|last=Chawla|title=Ajit Singh catapulted as Janata Party president|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19880615-ajit-singh-catapulted-as-janata-party-president-797348-1988-06-15|access-date=29 January 2022|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=29 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129165116/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19880615-ajit-singh-catapulted-as-janata-party-president-797348-1988-06-15|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1989, he was General Secretary of [[Janata Dal]] after all the parties decided to merge under the leadership of VP Singh to take on the [[Indian National Congress]]. Ajit Singh brought in most political strength from Uttar Pradesh to [[Vishwanath Pratap Singh|VP Singh]] during that election.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website |url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201163047/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=14 |archive-date=1 February 2013 |access-date=7 July 2010}}</ref>

He was elected to [[Lok Sabha]] (the lower house of [[Indian Parliament]]) from [[Baghpat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baghpat]] in 1989. He was [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Industry]] in V. P. Singh's [[V. P. Singh Ministry|cabinet]] from December 1989 to November 1990.<ref name=bio /> He was re-elected to Lok Sabha in [[1991 Indian general election]]. He served as Minister of Food in [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]'s [[P. V. Narasimha Rao Ministry|cabinet]].<ref name=bio />

Ajit Singh was re-elected in 1996 as a Congress candidate but resigned from the party and Lok Sabha in 1996. He then founded [[Bharatiya Kisan Kamgar Party]] and was re-elected in a [[Baghpat Lok Sabha constituency|Baghpat]] 1997 by-election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajit Singh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/election-news/key-contestants/story/ajit-singh-46303-2009-05-01 |access-date=16 February 2023 |website=India Today |date=2 May 2009 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=29 January 2022 |title=Explained: Jats and the BJP in Uttar Pradesh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-jats-and-the-bjp-in-up-7746631/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129001012/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-jats-and-the-bjp-in-up-7746631/lite/ |archive-date=29 January 2022 |access-date=16 February 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In 1999, he relaunched his party with the name [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Nicholas |date=6 May 2021 |title=A Tribute To Chaudhary Ajit Singh |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/opinion-a-tribute-to-chaudhary-ajit-singh/382163 |website=Outlook}}</ref> He lost the 1998 election and was re-elected in 1999, 2004 and 2009. From 2001 to 2003, he was [[Minister of Agriculture (India)|Minister of Agriculture]] in [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]'s government.<ref name="bio" /> After his party joined the ruling [[United Progressive Alliance]] in 2011, he was [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Minister of Civil Aviation]] from December 2011 to May 2014.<ref name="bio" /> In [[2019 Indian general election]], He contested from [[Muzaffarnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Muzaffarnagar]] but lost to [[Sanjeev Balyan]] of BJP by a very small margin of 6526 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ajit Singh: Age, Biography, Education, Wife, Caste, Net Worth & More - Oneindia|url=https://hindi.oneindia.com/politicians/ajit-singh-35930.html|access-date=6 May 2021|website=hindi.oneindia.com|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rld-chief-ajit-singh-files-nomination-from-ups-muzaffarnagar-2012721|title = RLD Chief Ajit Singh Files Nomination from UP's Muzaffarnagar}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He was married to Radhika Singh, and had one son and two daughters.<ref name=bio /> His son, [[Jayant Chaudhary]], was a member of the 15th Lok Sabha from [[Mathura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathura]], Uttar Pradesh.

== Death ==
Singh died on 6 May 2021 on 8:20 AM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] at the age of 82, due to complications from [[COVID-19]]. He had tested positive for COVID on 20 April 2021 and was admitted to a private hospital in [[Gurgaon|Gurugram, Haryana]], where his condition deteriorated due to a lung infection. His son, [[Jayant Chaudhary]], confirmed his death, noting that Singh “battled his condition till the very end.” Due to the ongoing covid pandemic, his cremation was a low-key affair in Delhi, attended only by close family members to comply with COVID-19 protocols. Singh’s death prompted widespread condolences from political leaders, including prime minister [[Narendra Modi]], who praised his dedication to farmers, and congress leader [[Rahul Gandhi]], who expressed sorrow at the loss.<ref name="India Today Rashtriya Lok Dal chief and former Union minister Ajit Singh dies of Covid-19" /><ref name="The Economic Times Death news">{{cite news |title=Rashtriya Lok Dal chief Ajit Singh dies of COVID-19 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/rashtriya-lok-dal-chief-ajit-singh-dies-of-covid-19/articleshow/82424615.cms |access-date=6 May 2021 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Janata Dal (Ajit)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Charan Singh]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Baghpat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baghpat]] |years=1989 – 1998}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Sompal Shastri]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Sompal Shastri]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Baghpat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baghpat]] |years=1999 – 2014}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Satya Pal Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Satya Pal Singh]]}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Jalagam Vengala Rao]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Industry]]|years=5 December 1989 - 10 November 1990}}
{{s-aft|after=[[K. Karunakaran]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Nitish Kumar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Minister of Agriculture]]|years=2 July 2001 - 23 May 2003}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Rajnath Singh]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Vayalar Ravi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Minister of Civil Aviation]]|years=8 December 2011 - 26 May 2014}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ashok Gajapathi Raju]]}}
|-
{{s-end}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130201163047/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=14 Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]
*[https://jatpedia.gadgetsark.com/index.php/Ajit_Singh Ajit Singh History jatpedia]

{{Cabinet of Manmohan Singh}}
{{Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Ajit}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Baghpat]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:IIT Kharagpur alumni]]
[[Category:Illinois Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Children of prime ministers of India]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Lok Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:V. P. Singh administration]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of India]]
[[Category:United Progressive Alliance candidates in the 2014 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Civil aviation ministers of India]]
[[Category:Commerce and industry ministers of India]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:Lok Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Indian farmers' rights activists]]

Firozpur City Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:39:51Z

RashadWaltman14: Made place

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Firozpur City
| map_image = 76-Firozpur City.svg
| mla = [[Ranveer Singh Bhullar]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Firozpur district|Firozpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Firozpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Firozpur]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:172957 }} (in 2022){{update after|2027|02}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 76
}}
'''Firozpur City Assembly constituency''' is one of the 117 [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/lpac.aspx |title=List of Parliamentary Constituencies and Assembly Constituencies in the State of Punjab as determined by the delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituency notification dated 19th June, 2006 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |date=19 June 2006 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title=List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2016 }}</ref>
It is part of [[Firozpur district|Firozpur]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| Parminder Singh Pinki<ref name=election2017/>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Ranbir Bhullar]]<ref name=election2022/>
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Firozpur City<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date= 15 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Ranbir Bhullar]]
|votes = 48,943
|percentage = 38.91
|change = {{increase}}25.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Parminder Singh Pinky<ref name="Punjab INC 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Congress Candidates and their Constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-congress-candidates/2407341/ |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=FE Online |agency=The Indian Express Group |issue=The Financial Express (India) |date=February 18, 2022}}</ref>|votes=28,874|percentage=23.19|change={{decrease}}31.07}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Rana Gurmit Singh Sodhi]]|votes=24,635|percentage=19.79|change={{decrease}}10.71}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiromani Akali Dal|candidate=Rohit Vohra|votes=17,757|percentage=14.26|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|candidate=Tejinder Singh Deol|votes=2,025|percentage=1.63|change={{increase}}1.25}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=451|percentage=0.36|change={{decrease}}0.39}}
{{Election box majority||votes=20,069|percentage=15.72|change={{decrease}}8.04}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,24,499|percentage=71.98|change={{increase}}1.52}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:172957}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Aam Aadmi Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Firozpur City<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Parminder Singh Pinki]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:67559}}
|percentage = 53.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sukhpal Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janta Party
|votes = {{formatnum:37972}}
|percentage = 30.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Narinder Singh
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:16202}}
|percentage = 12.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:934}}
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:29587}}
|percentage = 23.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:124516}}
|percentage = 70.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:178050}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Firozpur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|30.93|74.62|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Firozpur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2012]]

Gurua Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:49:40Z

RashadWaltman14: Starting a entry.

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gurua Assembly constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image = 225-Gurua constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Upendra Prasad]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| preceded_by = [[Vinay Yadav]]
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Gaya district|Gaya]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Aurangabad (Bihar Lok Sabha constituency)|Aurangabad (Bihar)]]
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|225]]
| established = 1977
| electors = 285,969
| abolished = 
}}
{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Bihar, India}}
{{About|the constituency of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]|Gurua block|Gurua}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date = March 2020}}

'''Gurua Assembly constituency''' is an assembly constituency for [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] in [[Gaya district]] of [[Bihar]], [[India]]. It comes under [[Aurangabad (Bihar Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web|url=https://gaya.nic.in/constituencies/|title=Constituencies {{!}} Gaya {{!}} India|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-05|archive-date=5 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305155614/https://gaya.nic.in/constituencies/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/gurua.html|title=Gurua Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|website=www.elections.in|access-date=2020-03-05|archive-date=1 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201013522/http://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/gurua.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In this assembly constituency, though [[Yadav]] and [[Muslim]] are numerous, yet it is considered as a stronghold of the [[Koeri]]s.<ref name="election2015">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/bihar-elections-2015/news/bihar-assembly-elections-2015-much-at-stake-for-bjp-in-gayas-gurua/articleshow/49347945.cms|title=Bihar Assembly Elections 2015: Much at stake|accessdate=7 May 2023|website=Times of India}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2020-1">{{cite web |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Gurua Assembly Constituency |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/gurua.html |website=www.elections.in |access-date=5 March 2020 |archive-date=1 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201013522/http://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/gurua.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Upendra Nath Verma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Md. Shahjan
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Md. Khan Ali
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan=2 |Ramchandra Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Independent|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|rowspan=3|Shakeel Ahmad Khan
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|[[Surendra Prasad Sinha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|[[Rajiv Nandan|Rajiv Nandan Dangi]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[Vinay Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Upendra Prasad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2025]]: [[Gurua]]<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Gurua">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Gurua |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04225.htm |access-date=28 November 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=28 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251128173607/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04225.htm |archive-date=28 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Upendra Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:99758}}
|percentage = 49.02
|change = {{increase}}13.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Vinay Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:75564}}
|percentage = 37.13
|change = {{decrease}}2.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Raghvendra Narayan Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:8242}}
|percentage = 4.05
|change = {{decrease}}4.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Sanjeeva Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:4400}}
|percentage = 2.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|candidate = Syed Imran Nabi
|votes = {{formatnum:3514}}
|percentage = 1.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Nagdev Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:1892}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3946}}
|percentage = 1.94
|change = {{increase}}1.4
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:24194}}
|percentage = 11.89
|change = {{increase}}8.2
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:203508}}
|percentage = 71.16
|change = {{increase}}8.65
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: [[Gurua]]<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Vinay Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:70761}}
|percentage = 39.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rajiv Nandan|Rajiv Nandan Dangi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:64162}}
|percentage = 35.86
|change = -3.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Raghvendra Narayan Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:15235}}
|percentage = 8.52
|change = +5.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Sudhir Kumar Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:7444}}
|percentage = 4.16
|change = +2.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Samaj Paksha
|candidate = Yugesh Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:2336}}
|percentage = 1.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Arvind Kumar Srivastwa
|votes = {{formatnum:1905}}
|percentage = 1.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Akhil Hind Forward Bloc (Krantikari)
|candidate = Ramashray Ravidas
|votes = {{formatnum:1795}}
|percentage = 1.0
|change = -0.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Binay Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1666}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:958}}
|percentage = 0.54
|change = -3.66
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:6599}}
|percentage = 3.69
|change = -0.85
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:178918}}
|percentage = 62.51
|change = +7.36
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Gurua<ref name="election2015"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rajiv Nandan
|votes = {{formatnum:56480}}
|percentage = 39.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Ramchandra Prasad Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:49965}}
|percentage = 34.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Uday Kumar Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:8007}}
|percentage = 5.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Deonandan Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:4330}}
|percentage = 3.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Janta Party Rashtriya
|candidate = Randhir Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2955}}
|percentage = 2.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Anwar Ali Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:2681}}
|percentage = 1.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Gopal Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:2658}}
|percentage = 1.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samras Samaj Party
|candidate = Ram Prakash Singh ''Chuman''
|votes = {{formatnum:2650}}
|percentage = 1.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shalesh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2434}}
|percentage = 1.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Upendra Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:1872}}
|percentage = 1.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Pragatisheel Magahi Samaj
|candidate = Ajay Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1783}}
|percentage = 1.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Akhil Hind Forward Bloc (Krantikari)
|candidate = Chandrashekhar Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:1710}}
|percentage = 1.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:6032}}
|percentage = 4.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:6515}}
|percentage = 4.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:143557}}
|percentage = 55.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{coord|24.67|84.78|display=title}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Bihar elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Gaya district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Bihar]]

Panipat Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:49:26Z

RashadWaltman14: Added New Data Basic Info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Haryana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Panipat Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
|state = [[Haryana]]
|established = 1967
|abolished = 2005
|electors = 2,00,927
|mla = Balbir Paul
|party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Panipat Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Haryana]]. After delimitation, the Panipat Assembly constituency was split into [[Panipat Rural Assembly constituency|Panipat Rural]] (KC Panipat of Panipat Tehsil) and [[Panipat City Assembly constituency|Panipat City]] (Panipat Municipal Council + OG of Panipat Tehsil)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://panipat.gov.in/about-district/ |title=About District}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/7261-haryana/?do=download|title=DELIMITATION COMMISSION}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan=2 | Fateh Chand || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]]
|-
| [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Hakumat Rai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || rowspan=2 | Fateh Chand || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || rowspan=2 | Balbir Paul || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || Om Parkash || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || rowspan=2 | Balbir Paul || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Panipat<ref name=results2005>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Balbir Paul |party=Indian National Congress |votes=55,828 |percentage=42.98% |change={{increase}}1.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash Jain |party=Independent politician |votes=42,181 |percentage=32.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Bhatia |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=17,488 |percentage=13.46% |change={{decrease}}14.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kasturi Lal |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=7,974 |percentage=6.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Chand Kabir Panthi |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,051 |percentage=2.35% |change={{increase}}1.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balbir |party=Independent politician |votes=989 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parmod |party=Independent politician |votes=795 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash |party=Independent politician |votes=558 |percentage=0.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,647 |percentage=10.51% |change= {{decrease}}2.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,29,907 |percentage=64.65% |change= {{increase}}4.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,00,927 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.77 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.82 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Panipat<ref name=results2000>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2000/STAT_REPORT_HY_LA_2000.pdf|title= STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2000 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF HARYANA|publisher=eci.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127204615/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2000/STAT_REPORT_HY_LA_2000.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Balbir Paul |party=Indian National Congress |votes=43,514 |percentage=41.16% |change={{increase}}13.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manohar Lal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=29,305 |percentage=27.72% |change={{increase}}2.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Prakash Jain |party=Independent politician |votes=21,393 |percentage=20.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jitender |party=Rashtriya Sawarn Dal |votes=2,926 |percentage=2.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Darshan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,038 |percentage=1.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharam Pal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,950 |percentage=1.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narender |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=908 |percentage=0.86% |change={{decrease}}0.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satpal |party=Independent politician |votes=823 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjeev |party=Independent politician |votes=644 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,209 |percentage=13.44% |change= {{decrease}}1.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,05,730 |percentage=60.41% |change= {{decrease}}6.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,75,071 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.57 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}1.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Panipat}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash |party=Independent politician |votes=49,123 |percentage=42.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balbir Paul |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,508 |percentage=27.18% |change={{decrease}}13.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Neti Sain |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=29,321 |percentage=25.30% |change={{increase}}4.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Partap Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,701 |percentage=1.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yasim Ali |party=Independent politician |votes=1,024 |percentage=0.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,615 |percentage=15.20% |change= {{increase}}5.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,15,908 |percentage=70.02% |change= {{increase}}3.58 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,72,359 |ref = |change= {{increase}}34.90 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}2.12 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Panipat<ref>{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/stat_rep_HR_91.pdf |title= Statistical Report of General Election, 1991 to the Legislative Assembly of Haryana |publisher=Election Commission of India |accessdate=2018-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820040556/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/stat_rep_HR_91.pdf|archive-date=20 August 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Balbir Paul |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,745 |percentage=40.26% |change={{decrease}}1.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash |party=Independent politician |votes=24,504 |percentage=30.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Niti Sain |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,894 |percentage=20.77% |change={{decrease}}3.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kasturi Lal |party=Janata Party |votes=4,672 |percentage=5.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Kumar |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=714 |percentage=0.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rattan Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=435 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,241 |percentage=10.13% |change= {{decrease}}4.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=81,340 |percentage=65.37% |change= {{decrease}}7.58 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,27,766 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.71 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.74 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Panipat<ref>{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1987/Statistical%20Report%20Haryana%201987.pdf |title=Statistical Report of General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Haryana |publisher=Election Commission of India |accessdate=2018-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114081216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1987/Statistical%20Report%20Haryana%201987.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Balbir Paul |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,476 |percentage=42.00% |change={{decrease}}3.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kasturi Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=21,502 |percentage=27.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohinder Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=18,757 |percentage=24.26% |change={{decrease}}23.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mam Chand |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,500 |percentage=3.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Babu Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=602 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,974 |percentage=14.19% |change= {{increase}}12.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=77,330 |percentage=72.12% |change= {{increase}}1.24 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,08,543 |ref = |change= {{increase}}36.23 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}5.46 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Panipat}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Fateh Chand |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=26,467 |percentage=47.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kasturi Lal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,555 |percentage=45.82% |change={{increase}}22.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harish Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,529 |percentage=2.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ang Singh Alias Atar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=695 |percentage=1.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Juginder Pal |party=Janata Party |votes=686 |percentage=1.23% |change={{decrease}}68.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. D. Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=442 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=912 |percentage=1.64% |change= {{decrease}}44.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=55,771 |percentage=70.79% |change= {{increase}}6.56 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,674 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.38 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}22.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Panipat}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Fateh Chand |party=Janata Party |votes=28,988 |percentage=69.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kasturi Lal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,721 |percentage=23.34% |change={{decrease}}35.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramditta Mal |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,922 |percentage=4.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bashir Ahmed |party=Independent politician |votes=804 |percentage=1.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,267 |percentage=46.27% |change= {{increase}}25.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=41,642 |percentage=63.93% |change= {{decrease}}11.76 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,640 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.74 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}11.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Panipat<ref>{{Cite web|title=🗳️ Haryana Assembly Election 1972: LIVE Election Results, Election Dates, Schedule, Leading Candidates & Parties {{!}} Latest News Updates, Exit Polls, Analysis & Statistics on Assembly Election|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/haryana/1972/|access-date=2021-07-28|website=LatestLY|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723231520/https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/haryana/1972/|archive-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hakumat Rai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,513 |percentage=58.38% |change={{increase}}22.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fateh Chand |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=17,523 |percentage=37.18% |change={{decrease}}8.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Singh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,142 |percentage=2.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gajjan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=946 |percentage=2.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,990 |percentage=21.20% |change= {{increase}}11.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=47,124 |percentage=76.72% |change= {{increase}}11.97 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,669 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.41 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |swing= {{increase}}12.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1968 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Panipat<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/1968-election-results.html|title=Haryana Assembly Election Results in 1968 |archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420012759/https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/1968-election-results.html}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Fateh Chand |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=16,957 |percentage=45.97% |change={{decrease}}3.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chaman Lal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,386 |percentage=36.29% |change={{decrease}}7.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balbir Singh |party=Bharatiya Kranti Dal |votes=5,729 |percentage=15.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tek Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=567 |percentage=1.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kapur Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=247 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,571 |percentage=9.68% |change= {{increase}}4.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=36,886 |percentage=64.39% |change= {{decrease}}11.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,343 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.23 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |loser=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |swing= {{decrease}}3.74 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Panipat}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Fateh Chand |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=20,459 |percentage=49.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Rai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,134 |percentage=44.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,864 |percentage=4.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=702 |percentage=1.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,325 |percentage=5.65% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=41,159 |percentage=78.35% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,919 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Haryana}}
{{coords|29.40|76.97|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2005]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:2005 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Haryana-geo-stub}}

Sasikala Pushpa

2026-04-12T00:58:02Z

RashadWaltman14: added a data!

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1976)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sasikala Pushpa
| image = File:Sasikala Pushpa (cropped).jpg
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 3 April 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/government/rajyasaba/48381|title=Tmt. Sasikala Pushpa|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=22 September 2019}}</ref>
| term_end = 2 April 2020
| prime_minister = {{ubl|[[Manmohan Singh]]|[[Narendra Modi]]}}
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]
| office1 = Vice President of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start1 = 6 May 2022
| term_end1 =
| 1blankname1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Tamil Nadu#List of Presidents|President]]
| 1namedata1 = {{ubl|K. Annamalai|[[Nainar Nagendran|Nainar Nagenthiran]]}}
| office2 = State Secretary of the [[AIADMK]] Women's Wing
| term_start2 = 28 May 2013
| term_end2 = 6 January 2016
| 1blankname2 = [[General Secretary of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|General Secretary]]
| 1namedata2 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| predecessor2 = [[S. Gokula Indira]]
| successor2 = S. Gokula Indira
| office3 = Mayor of [[Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation]]
| term_start3 = 25 October 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/new-tuticorin-mayor-councillors-take-charge/article2573350.ece#:~:text=Published%20%2D%20October%2027%2C%202011%2012,project%20report%20was%20getting%20ready.|title=New Tuticorin Mayor, councillors take charge|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=27 October 2011}}</ref>
| term_end3 = 23 January 2014
| predecessor3 = R. Kasthuri Thangam
| successor3 = A. P. R. Antony Grace
| profession = [[Politician]]
| spouse = Lingeswaran Thilagan (till 2018) B Ramaswamy (2019-2022)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rajya-sabha-mp-sasikala-pushpa-violates-court-order-marries-b-ramasamy-5113085/|title=Rajya Sabha MP Sasikala Pushpa violates court order, marries B Ramasamy|date=27 March 2018|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=22 September 2019}}</ref>
| birth_name = Sasikala Pushpa
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Sathankulam]], Tamil Nadu, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2020–present)
| other_party = {{ubl|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (until 2016)|[[Independent politician|Independent]] (2016–2020)}}
}}
'''Sasikala Pushpa''' is an Indian politician who is the vice president of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in Tamil Nadu. She was a member of the Parliament in the [[Rajya Sabha]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sasikala Pushpa |url=https://prsindia.org/mptrack/rajya-sabha/sasikalapushpa |website=PRS Legislative Research}}</ref> She was also a mayor of [[Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation]] from 2011 to 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Govardan|first=D|title=Expelled AIADMK MP Sasikala Pushpa joins BJP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/expelled-aiadmk-mp-sasikala-pushpa-joins-bjp/articleshow/73885203.cms|access-date=2020-07-26|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==
In August 2016, it was alleged that she had been expelled from the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) party after an altercation with [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) MP [[Tiruchi Siva]] at Delhi IGI airport.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/AIADMK-sacks-Sasikala-Pushpa-after-she-alleges-threat-to-life-in-Rajya-Sabha/articleshow/53487137.cms|title=AIADMK sacks Sasikala Pushpa after she alleges 'threat to life' in Rajya Sabha|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2016-08-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/aiadmk-expels-sasikala-pushpa/article8927617.ece|title=AIADMK expels Sasikala Pushpa|date=2016-08-01|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-08-02}}</ref> In July 2017 the Supreme Court found that no expulsion notice had been served and that she had not, in fact been expelled by the party.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sasikala Pushpa's plea on immunity rejected by SC as 'premature' |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-sasikala-pushpa-s-plea-on-immunity-rejected-by-SC-as-premature-2509912 |newspaper= [[DNA India]] |date=21 July 2017 |access-date=21 July 2017}}</ref>

In December 2016, AIADMK cadres thrashed expelled AIADMK MP Sasikala Pushpa's husband Lingeswaran Thilagan and their legal representatives when they arrived at the Royapettah AIADMK office to file nomination for the post of General Secretary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sasikala-vs-sasikala-aiadmk-turns-violent-mps-husband-and-lawyer-bashed-hq-54926|title = Sasikala vs Sasikala in AIADMK turns violent, MP's husband and lawyer bashed up at HQ|website=Thenewsminute.com|date = 28 December 2016}}</ref> Pushpa's husband Lingeswara Thilagan was later arrested.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/latest/825409/chennai-sasikala-pushpas-husband-arrested-for-creating-ruckus-at-aiadmk-headquarters|title = Chennai: Sasikala Pushpa's husband arrested for creating ruckus at AIADMK headquarters|website=Scroll.in}}</ref>

Sasikala Pushpa Ramaswamy joined BJP on February 2, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/former-aiadmk-mp-sasikala-pushpa-joins-bjp-117357|title=Former AIADMK MP Sasikala Pushpa joins BJP|date=2 February 2020|website=Thenewsminute.com|access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref> She Was Appointed as Vice President of Tamil Nadu BJP.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/sasikala-pushpa-appointed-bjp-vice-president-in-tn-gayathri-raghuram-relieved-from-party-post/articleshow/91381813.cms | title=Sasikala Pushpa appointed BJP vice-president in TN; Gayathri Raghuram relieved from party post | Chennai News - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
A maid of Sasikala Pushpa on 9 August 2016, alleged that Pushpa, her husband Lingesvara Thilakan, and her son sexually harassed and tortured the maid and her sister.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/090816/complaints-galore-against-sasikala-pushpa.html|title=Complaints galore against Sasikala Pushpa|first=M.|last=Aruloli|date=9 August 2016|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref> The maid alleged that they threatened to kill her if she told anybody about the abuse. When she tried to escape from their house in Anna Nagar, Pushpa's mother allegedly caught her and shaved her head.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sexual-harassment-complaint-filed-against-sasikala-pushpa-and-family-47825|title=Sexual harassment complaint filed against Sasikala Pushpa and family|date=8 August 2016|website=Thenewsminute.com|access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref> The Pudukkottai All Women Police Station registered a case against Sasikala Pushpa and her family based on the complaint.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2016/aug/11/sasikala-kin-booked-for-sexual-harassment-of-domestic-maid-1508049.html|title=Sasikala, kin booked for sexual harassment of domestic maid|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/hot-news/fir-against-expelled-mp-sasikala-pushpa-for-sexual-harassment|title=FIR Against Expelled MP Sasikala Pushpa For Sexual Harassment|date=10 August 2016|website=TheQuint.com|access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref> Pushpa and her family filed a joint petition before the Madurai bench of the Madras high court seeking anticipatory bail and claimed it was an act of political vendetta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/sasikala-pushpa-relatives-seek-advance-bail/articleshow/53764279.cms|title=Sasikala Pushpa, relatives seek advance bail |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref> The maids withdrew their complaint in March 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sasikala-pushpa-tamil-nadu-maids-file-sexual-assault-case-sasikala-natarajan-963261-2017-03-01|title=Sasikala Pushpa's domestic maids withdraw sexual assault case against her family|author=Pramod Madhav|newspaper=[[India Today]]|access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref>

In March 2018, Sasikala Pushpa married B Ramaswamy in violation of the order of the Madurai Family Court to stay the marriage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/sasikala-pushpa-marries-ramasawamy-despite-court-stay|title=MP Sasikala Pushpa Marries Ramasawamy Despite Court Stay|date=2018-03-26|website=Thequint.com|language=en|access-date=2020-07-26}}</ref> The stay was due to a complaint by Ramasamy's previous wife who had not yet officially divorced him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tn-court-stays-sasikala-pushpa-s-wedding-says-her-fianc-s-previous-marriage-still-valid|title=TN court stays Sasikala Pushpa's wedding, says her fiancé's previous marriage still valid|last=Rao|first=Manasa|date=March 24, 2018|website=Thenewsminute.com|access-date=2020-07-26}}</ref>

Ramaswamy filed a complaint against Pushpa in January 2022, alleging that she used their house in [[Anna Nagar]] for prostitution.<ref name="complaint" /> He also alleged that Pushpa tried to attack him and threatened to murder him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/chennai/lawyer-ramasamy-lodges-complaint-against-wife-bjp-s-sasikala-pushpa-446598.html|title = பாஜகவின் சசிகலா புஷ்பா வீட்டில் அரைகுறை ஆடையுடன் படுக்கை அறையில் மர்மநபர்-2வது கணவர் போலீசில் புகார்|website=Tamil.oneindia.com|date = 26 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/latest-news/chennai-news/the-husband-of-bjp-executive-sasikala-pushpa-has-complained-that-there-was-a-mysterious-person-with-his-wife-in-a-half-dress-/articleshow/89150302.cms|title=பாஜ பெண் பிரமுகர் பலான பூஜை?; கதவு திறந்த கணவர் ஷாக்!|website=Tamil.samayam.com|access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="complaint">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/ex-mp-sasikala-pushpa-booked-on-husbands-plaint/articleshow/89374935.cms|title=sasikala pushpa: Ex-mp Sasikala Pushpa Booked On Husband's Plaint | Chennai News - Times of India|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref> JJ Nagar police registered a case against Sasikala Pushpa and two others in February 2022, based on the complaint.<ref name="complaint" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/fir-registered-against-former-mp-sasikala-on-husbands-complaint|title=FIR registered against former MP Sasikala on husband's complaint|date=6 February 2022|website=Dtnext.in|access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pushpa Ramaswamy, Sasikala}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Tamil Nadu]]

Asthana Kolahalam

2026-04-08T11:20:03Z

RashadWaltman14: Put up details

{{Short description|Two different Tamil mathematics books}}
{{italic title}}
[[File:Cover_page_of_Sarasvati_Mahal_Library_Asthana_Kolahalam.jpg|thumb|right|Title page of "Asthana Kolahalam" published by Sarasvati Mahal Library in 2004]]
'''Asthana Kolahalam''' is the title of two different [[Tamil language|Tamil]] books both dealing with elementary [[mathematics]] but with totally different contents. One of them was published by Government Oriental Manuscripts Library (GOML), Madras (now [[Chennai]]) in 1951 with 167 pages and the other published by [[Saraswathi Mahal Library]] (SML), [[Thanjavur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], in 2004 with 306 pages. Both books are based on old palm-leaf manuscripts with the same title composed in the form of verses and both contain explanations and illustrative examples.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thirumali Sree Saila Sarma |title=Asthana Kolahalam |date=1951 |publisher=Govt Oriental Manuscript Library |location=Madras |url=https://archive.org/details/asthanakolahalamtsamhitassarmatamil1951tamil_166_Y/page/n1/mode/2up |access-date=5 July 2024 |ref=Govt}}</ref><ref name="Mahal">{{cite book |last1=K. Sthyabhama |title=Asthana Kolakalam |date=2004 |publisher=Sarasvathi Mahal Library |location=Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZM3kZpy.TVA_BOK_0008390/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=5 July 2024}}</ref>

The title "Asthana Kolahalam" may be literally translated as "assembly room (royal audience place) uproar" and the term "uproar" suggests making the audience happy, jovial and cheerful.

==GOML's "Asthana Kolahalam"==
[[File:GOML Asthana Kolahala Extract from page 55.jpg|thumb|375px|An extract from page 55 of GOML's "Asthana Kolahalam" showing Saṅgamagrāma Mādhava's value of pi]]
GOML's "Asthana Kolahalam" publication is based on a single palm-leaf manuscript submitted to GOML in 1921 by one Sankaravenkataramayyangar of Periyakulam. The work contains 57 stanzas of various meters including an invocation stanza. These stanzas specify rules for carrying out elementary arithmetical operations.

One interesting feature of this work is that bulk of the work has been devoted to discussing topics in mathematics not contained in the various stanzas of the original manuscript. After completing the explanation of stanza 46 in page 52, the editor embarks on a grand detour of various topics in mathematics and returns to stanza 47 only in page 140. The context for this digression is apparently the value of the mathematical constant pi. The topics covered in this detour include the history of the computations of the value of pi (incidentally, he mentions [[Madhava of Sangamagrama|Sangamagrama Madhava]]'s approximate value of pi also, namely the value 2827433388233/(9 × 1011) ), the various trigonometric functions, formula for the area of a circle, formulas for the surface area and volume of cones, cylinders, etc., formulas for the circumference and area of ellipses, Pythagorean theorem and several related geometrical problems.<ref name=Senthil>{{cite book |last1=Senthil Babu |title=Science and the Tamil Society: Issues for consideration |date=2006 |publisher=French Institute of Pondicherry |pages=321–336 |url=https://www.academia.edu/7604889/Science_and_Tamil_Society_Issues_for_Consideration |access-date=28 June 2024}} (Chapter in "Negotiating with the Past: Classical Tamil in Contemporary Tamil" edited by M. Kannan and Carlos Mena)</ref>

==SML's "Asthana Kolahalam"==

SML's "Asthana Kolahalam" is a work compiled from three different palm leaf manuscripts kept in SML, all having the same title. There are altogether 92 verses in the work. As per one of the verses in the text, the author of the work is Naviliperumal, son of Nagan. The date of composition of the manuscripts has not been determined. This publication carries detailed explanations of the various verses by K. Sathyabhama.

==See also==

* [[Kanakkusaram]]
* [[Kaṇita Tīpikai]]
* [[Kaṇakkatikāram]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian mathematics}}
{{Tamil language}}

[[Category:Indian mathematics]]
[[Category:History of mathematics]]
[[Category:Tamil culture]]
[[Category:Tamil language]]

Ravi Raghavendra

2026-04-07T09:08:32Z

RashadWaltman14:

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1962)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ravi Raghavendra
| image =
| birth_name = Ravichander Raghavendra
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|01|01|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/movie-actor/ravi-raghavendra | title=Kollywood Movie Actor Ravi Raghavendra Biography, News, Photos, Videos | access-date=15 April 2016 | archive-date=25 April 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425025913/http://www.nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/movie-actor/ravi-raghavendra | url-status=live }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| spouse = Lakshmi
| children = [[Anirudh Ravichander]] Vaishnavi
| relatives = [[Rajinikanth]] (brother-in-law) [[Y. G. Mahendran]] (brother-in-law) [[Latha Rajinikanth]] (sister) 
| years_active = 1986–present
}}

{{Indian name|Ravichander or Ravi|Raghavendra}}'''Ravichander Raghavendra''' (1 January 1962), is an Indian actor who appears in Tamil films and television serials.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-11-03 |title=High notes |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/high-notes/article4061901.ece |access-date=2023-02-15 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004034303/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/high-notes/article4061901.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career ==
Ravi has appeared on television and in films since the 1980s, often playing supporting roles in [[Visu]]'s films. He has also worked in theatre.<ref name = Hindu>{{cite web |author= |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/music-directors-father-meets-police/article5602799.ece |title=Music director's father meets police |work=The Hindu |date=22 January 2014 |accessdate=4 March 2020 |archive-date=30 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430055739/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/music-directors-father-meets-police/article5602799.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Some of his film credits include ''[[Neethaane En Ponvasantham]]'' (2012), ''[[Zero (2016 film)|Zero]]'' (2016),<ref>{{cite web |author=Vishal Menon |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Zero-Zero-worship/article14213393.ece |title=Zero: Zero worship |work=The Hindu |date=26 March 2016 |accessdate=4 March 2020 |archive-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129053201/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Zero-Zero-worship/article14213393.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''[[Oke Oka Jeevitham]]''.<ref>{{cite web |author= |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/nov/01/amala-akkineni-roped-in-for-sharwanands-next-15261.html |title=Amala Akkineni roped in for Sharwanand's next |publisher=Cinema Express |date=1 November 2019 |accessdate=4 March 2020 |archive-date=7 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607023903/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/nov/01/amala-akkineni-roped-in-for-sharwanands-next-15261.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Ravi is married to Lakshmi, a dancer by profession. They have a son named [[Anirudh Ravichander]], who is a music director. In 2014, Ravi met the police following a complaint about a controversial music video which Anirudh had uploaded to [[YouTube]], and assured investigators that the video had been taken down.<ref name=Hindu/>

He is also the brother-in-law of actor [[Rajnikanth]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Swathi Moorthy |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/rajinikanth-enters-politics-to-float-new-party/article10006870.ece |title=Rajinikanth enters politics, to float new party |publisher=The Hindu Business Line |date=31 December 2017 |accessdate=4 March 2020 |archive-date=11 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411091129/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/rajinikanth-enters-politics-to-float-new-party/article10006870.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
*''All films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1984 || ''Vaai Sollil Veeranadi'' || Senthilnathan ||
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Anandha Kanneer]]'' || Raghu ||
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Kadhal Parisu]]'' || K. K. Bahadur ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1990 || ''[[Varavu Nalla Uravu]]'' || Ilango ||
|-
| ''[[Vedikkai En Vadikkai|Vedikkai En Vaadikkai]]'' || Poovizhi Raasan ||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Dhool Parakuthu]]'' || Police officer ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Padayappa]]'' || Ravi Chelliya ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Diwan (film)|Diwan]]'' || Surya ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Vaanam]]''
|Kidney Transplant Surgeon||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2012 || ''[[Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi]]'' || Prabhu ||
|-
| ''[[Neethaane En Ponvasantham]]'' || Krishnan ||
|-
| ''[[Yeto Vellipoyindhi Manasu]]'' || Krishna || Telugu film
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Moondru Per Moondru Kadal]]'' ||Varun's father ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2014 || ''[[Kadhal Solla Aasai]]'' || Ravikanth ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Kanniyum Moonu Kalavaanikalum]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Idhuvum Kadandhu Pogum]]'' || Kumar ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2016 || ''[[Zero (2016 film)|Zero]]'' || Vijay Kumar||
|-
| ''[[54321]]'' || Vikram's father ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Thumbaa]]'' || Varsha's father ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2022 || ''[[Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal]]''|| Fake psychiatrist ||
|-
| ''[[Rocketry: The Nambi Effect]]'' || [[Vikram Sarabhai]] ||
|-
| ''[[Oke Oka Jeevitham]]'' || Ravichandra || Telugu film
|-
| ''[[Oke Oka Jeevitham|Kanam]]'' || Ravichandran || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/sep/10/kanam-review-a-big-ideaa-bigger-heart-2496546.html|title='Kanam' review: A big idea, a bigger heart|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=10 September 2022|access-date=11 September 2022|archive-date=11 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911044244/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/sep/10/kanam-review-a-big-ideaa-bigger-heart-2496546.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2024 || ''[[Kanguva]]'' || Francis' father ||
|-
|''[[Sorgavaasal]]'' || Mohan ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2025 || ''[[Vidaamuyarchi]]'' || Dr Manohar Chandrasekhar ||
|-
|''[[Coolie (2025 film)|Coolie]]''
|Vikram Singh
|
|}

===Television===
* ''Guhan''
* ''Annamalai''
* ''Roja''
* ''Vande Mataram''
* ''Veettukku Veedu Lootty''
* ''Sollathan Ninaikiren''
* ''Nilavai Thedi'' – played the role of Revanth, a chess player, who finds his lover through a series of letters sent by her.
* ''Manikoondu''

==References==
{{Reflist|1}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raghavendra, Ravi}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil male television actors]]
[[Category:1962 births]]

Budida Bikshamaiah Goud

2026-04-04T03:55:50Z

RashadWaltman14: Made data.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Budida Bikshamaiah Goud
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Budida bikshamayya.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 1971
| birth_place = Parupally, Gundala Mandal, [[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri|Yadadri Bhuvanagiri District]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| baptised = 
| disappeared_date = 
| disappeared_place =
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| education = MBA
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Politician
| years_active =
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| agent = 
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| style =
| net_worth = 
| height = 
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Alair Assembly constituency|Alair]]
| term = 2009 - 2014
| predecessor = Dr. Kududula Nagesh
| successor = [[Gongidi Suntiha]]
| party = {{Plainlist|
* [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] (before 27 March 2019)
* [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]] (27 March 2019 – 5 April 2022)
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (5 April 2022 - 20 October 2022)
* [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]] (21 October 2022 -
}}
| movement =
| opponents =
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| criminal_charge = 
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| criminal_status =
| spouse = Suvarna
| partner = 
| children = Two
| parents =
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}}

'''Budida Bikshamaiah Goud''' is an Indian politician. He was an MLA in [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Alair Assembly constituency|Alair]] assembly constituency.

==Political career==
Budida Bikshamaiah Goud's political career was started as party member in [[Indian National Congress]] party. He was elected as a member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009 election]] from [[Alair Assembly constituency|Alair]] with a majority of 12902 votes.<ref name="I & PR - 1999 Election Results">{{cite news |last1=I & PR - 1999 Election Results |title=1999 Election Results |url=https://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_links/MLAs_2009.pdf |accessdate=8 June 2022 |date=1999 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608171416/https://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_links/MLAs_2009.pdf |archivedate=8 June 2022}}</ref> He had lost the same seat in the [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014 election]] and [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018 election]] against [[Gongidi Sunitha]] of [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] (TRS) consecutively. Bikshamaiah Goud later worked as [[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]], [[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri|Yadadri-Bhongir]] DCC president and as AICC Member.<ref name="Bikshamaiah Goud elevated as AICC member, feted">{{cite news |last1=The Hans India |first1= |title=Bikshamaiah Goud elevated as AICC member, feted |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Khammam-Tab/2018-03-21/Bikshamaiah-Goud-elevated-as-AICC-member-feted/368074 |access-date=10 June 2022 |work= |date=21 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610162755/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Khammam-Tab/2018-03-21/Bikshamaiah-Goud-elevated-as-AICC-member-feted/368074 |archive-date=10 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

Budida Bikshamaiah Goud joined the ruling party [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]] on [[27 March]] 2019 in the presence of Party working president [[K. T. Rama Rao]] at Telangana Bhavan<ref name="Former Congress MLA inducted in TRS; KTR dares Uttam to resign as MLA">{{cite news |last1=The New Indian Express |title=Former Congress MLA inducted in TRS; KTR dares Uttam to resign as MLA |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2019/mar/27/former-cong-mla-inducted-in-trs-ktr-dares-uttam-to-resign-as-mla-1956461.html |access-date=9 June 2022 |date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609183917/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2019/mar/27/former-cong-mla-inducted-in-trs-ktr-dares-uttam-to-resign-as-mla-1956461.html |archive-date=9 June 2022}}</ref> and later joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] on 5 April 2022 in the presence of BJP national general secretary and [[Telangana]] BJP Incharge Tarun Chugh and BJP state president [[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]] in [[New Delhi]].<ref name="TRS leader Bikshamaiah Goud joins BJP">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=TRS leader Bikshamaiah Goud joins BJP |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/trs-leader-bikshamaiah-goud-joins-bjp-736623 |access-date=9 June 2022 |work= |date=5 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609183242/https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/trs-leader-bikshamaiah-goud-joins-bjp-736623 |archive-date=9 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Former MLA Bhikshamaiah Goud joins BJP, shocks TRS">{{cite news |title=Former MLA Bhikshamaiah Goud joins BJP, shocks TRS |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2022/apr/05/former-mla-bhikshamaiah-goud-joins-bjp-shocks-trs-2438206.html |access-date=10 June 2022 |work= |date=5 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610162908/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2022/apr/05/former-mla-bhikshamaiah-goud-joins-bjp-shocks-trs-2438206.html |archive-date=10 June 2022}}</ref> On 20 October 2022, he rejoined TRS, again in the presence of [[K. T. Rama Rao|KTR]]. <ref>{{Cite news |date=20 October 2022 |title=Telangana: Bikshamaiah Goud quits BJP to join TRS ahead of Munugode bypoll |work=The Siasat Daily |url=https://www.siasat.com/telangana-bikshamaiah-goud-quits-bjp-to-join-trs-ahead-of-munugode-bypoll-2439067/}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]
[[Category:People from Nalgonda district]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Goud, Budida Bikshamaiah}}

Niketh Bommi

2026-03-31T09:05:41Z

RashadWaltman14: Added Initial Stub Initial Version

{{Short description|Indian cinematographer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| years_active = 2015–present
| notable_works = ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'' (2020)
}}
'''Niketh Bommireddy''', better known as '''Niketh Bommi''', is an [[Indian cinematographers|Indian cinematographer]] who predominantly works in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shivakumar |first=Vivek |date=2020-04-21 |title=Flaws – A Retrospection: Christopher Nolan, Four Film Cans And A Dream |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/flaws-a-retrospection-christopher-nolan-four-film-cans-and-a-dream |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners List : 67th Parle Filmfare Awards South 2022 with Kamar Film Factory |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-for-the-67th-parle-filmfare-awards-south-2022-with-kamar-film-factory-55592.html |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
Niketh, a Telugu who was raised in Chennai, holds a degree in electronics and communications engineering.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2025-06-26 |title=Interview: Cinematographer Niketh Bommi on his visual storytelling, from ‘Kuberaa’ to ‘35’ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/cinematographer-niketh-bommi-interview-on-kuberaa-35-dragon-and-soorarai-pottru/article69735182.ece |access-date=2025-10-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> His interest in cinematography developed while making short films with friends during the rise of digital filmmaking and the 5D revolution.<ref name=":3" /> He went on to study at Mindscreen Film Institute, founded by cinematographer [[Rajiv Menon]], where he trained under dean M. N. Gnanasekaran.<ref name=":3" />

During the COVID-19 lockdown, Niketh shot a mini video titled ''Solace'' using his RED Epic Dragon Camera, which he affectionately named "Rohini".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-05-05 |title='Soorarai Pottru' cinematographer Niketh Bommireddy talks about his mini video 'Solace' shot at home amid lockdown |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/soorarai-pottru-cinematographer-niketh-bommireddy-talks-about-his-mini-video-solace-shot-at-home-amid-lockdown/articleshow/75554748.cms |access-date=2024-09-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In 2024, Niketh was brought on board to work as the cinematographer for the film, ''[[Dragon (2025 film)|Dragon]]'', produced by AGS Entertainment.<ref name=":1" />

On 20 August 2022, Niketh married his long-time girlfriend, Mercy John, in Chennai.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2022-08-25 |title='Soorarai Pottru' cinematographer gets married to actress Mercy John |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/soorarai-pottru-cinematographer-gets-married-to-actress-mercy-john/articleshow/93775459.cms |access-date=2024-09-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Mercy John is a dubbing artist and actress.<ref name=":0" />

== Filmography ==

=== As cinematographer ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title !! Language !! Notes
!Refs
|-
|2015
|''[[What If Batman Was From Chennai?]]'' ''Batman Returns... To Chennai: The Middle Ages''
|English Tamil
|short films
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://onlookersmedia.in/videos/batman-chennai/|title=What If Batman Was From Chennai|date=8 April 2015|work=Onlookers Media|access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''[[Yuddham Sharanam]]''
|Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-08 |title=Yuddham Sharanam movie review: Naga Chaitanya races against time, but the film doesn't |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/yuddham-sharanam-movie-review-naga-chaitanya-races-against-time-but-the-film-doesnt-4022681.html |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''[[Ee Nagaraniki Emaindhi]]''
|Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2018-06-29 |title=Ee Nagaraniki Emaindi review: Tharun Bhascker's second outing is a lot of fun |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ee-nagaraniki-emaindi-review-tharun-bhasckers-second-outing-is-a-lot-of-fun/article24288994.ece |access-date=2023-11-19 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|[[U Turn (2018 film)|''U Turn'']]
|Tamil Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samantha dances to peppy U Turn song by Anirudh Ravichander |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/u-turn-promo-song-samantha-akkineni-anirudh-ravichander-1330427-2018-09-03 |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020
|''[[Soorarai Pottru]]''|| Tamil ||
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shades of Soorarai Pottru |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/nov/18/shades-of-soorarai-pottru-2224631.html |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Putham Pudhu Kaalai]]''
|Tamil
|Segment: ''Ilamai Idho Idho''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2020-09-30 |title=Stellar star cast in Amazon Prime's Putham Pudhu Kaalai |url=https://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/stellar-star-cast-amazon-primes-putham-pudhu-kaalai/ |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=onlookersmedia |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Pitta Kathalu]]''
|Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pitta Kathalu Review : A predictable yet refreshing anthology |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/telugu/pitta-kathalu/ottmoviereview/80748188.cms |access-date=2023-11-19 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|[[Bloom (2021 film)|''Bloom'']]
|Tamil
|Short film
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bloom Short Film Review: A visually rich tale of love in the time of lockdown |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2021/may/31/bloom-short-film-review-a-visually-rich-tale-oflovein-the-time-of-lockdown-24771.html |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ante Sundaraniki]]''|| Telugu ||
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2022-06-10 |title='Ante Sundaraniki' movie review: Vivek Athreya's humour-laced drama is powered effectively by Nani, Nazriya, Rohini and Naresh |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/ante-sundaraniki-movie-review-powered-by-real-flawed-and-fun-characters/article65513903.ece |access-date=2023-11-19 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Sarfira]]'' || Hindi || Debut in [[Hindi cinema]]; Remake of ''Soorarai Pottru'' || <ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2025-06-26 |title=Interview: Cinematographer Niketh Bommi on his visual storytelling, from 'Kuberaa' to '35' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/cinematographer-niketh-bommi-interview-on-kuberaa-35-dragon-and-soorarai-pottru/article69735182.ece |access-date=2025-08-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|''[[35 Chinna Katha Kaadu]]''|| Telugu || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2024-09-07 |title='35' movie review: A heartfelt love letter to childhood curiosity |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Sep/07/35-movie-review-a-heartfelt-love-letter-to-childhood-curiosity |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|''[[Dragon (2025 film)|Dragon]]'' || Tamil || ||<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-04-10 |title=Pradeep Ranganathan's next untitled {{as written|annouc|ement [sic]}} video unveiled |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/pradeep-ranganathans-next-untitled-annoucement-video-unveiled-778929 |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kuberaa]]'' || Telugu Tamil || || <ref name=":2" />
|-
| ''[[Dude (2025 film)|Dude]]'' || Tamil ||
|<ref name=":2" />
|}

== Awards ==

* ''Soorarai Pottru -'' [[SIIMA Award for Best Cinematographer – Tamil|Best Cinematographer Tamil]], [[South Indian International Movie Awards]].
* ''Soorarai Pottru -'' [[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematographer – South|Best Cinematographer]], [[Filmfare Awards South]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=8168521}}

{{authority control}}{{Filmfare Award for Best Cinematographer – South}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bommireddy, Niketh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil cinematographers]]
[[Category:Telugu film cinematographers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]

{{Cinematographer-stub}}

C. P. Karunakara Menon

2026-03-28T04:03:04Z

RashadWaltman14: Made data

{{Short description|Indian civil servant and administrator}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Diwan Bahadur]]
| name = Cherubala Pathayapura Karunakara Menon
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size = 250px
| caption =
| office1 = [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] of [[Pudukkottai state|Pudukkottai]]
| term_start1 = 1947
| term_end1 = 3 March 1948
| monarch1 = [[Rajagopala Tondaiman]]
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 = Princely state dissolved
| office2 = [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] of [[Cochin kingdom|Cochin]]
| term_start2 = 1947
| term_end2 = 1947
| monarch2 =
| predecessor2 = [[G. T. Boag]]
| successor2 = Princely state dissolved
| birth_date = 1891
| birth_place = Chittur, Cochin kingdom
| death_date = 1976
| death_place = Chittur, Kerala
}}

[[Diwan Bahadur]] '''Cherubala Pathayapura Karunakara Menon''' (1891–1976) was an Indian civil servant and administrator who served as the [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] of [[Cochin kingdom]] from 1944 to 1947. He was the last Diwan of the kingdom and served until its [[accession to the Indian Union]].

== Early life and education ==

Karunakara Menon was born in 1891 in the town of [[Chittur]] in the then [[Cochin kingdom]] in a family of six. Menon had his schooling in Chittur and graduated from the [[Presidency College, Madras]].

== Career ==

On completion of his education, Menon joined the Madras Board of Revenue as a [[clerk]]. When the first Indian National Congress government was formed in the Madras Presidency as per the Government of India Act 1935, Karunakara Menon was appointed Secretary in the Public Service Commission.

Menon was soon transferred as [[district collector]] of [[South Canara]] and to the Development Department as Secretary. When the [[Second World War]] broke out, Menon was appointed Regional Food Commissioner of the [[Government of India]] and then, transferred to Delhi to take over as Director-General of Food.

In 1944, Menon succeeded [[G. T. Boag]] as the Diwan of Cochin kingdom and served till 15 August 1947, when India obtained independence. He presided over the state's accession to the Republic of India.

== Later life ==

In his later life, Karunakara Menon served as an advisor to the Indian government and was instrumental in setting up the Chittur College. Karunakara Menon died in 1976 at the age of 85.

== References ==

* {{cite web|url=http://chitturfolks.webs.com/prideofchittur.htm|title=Pride of Chittur – Chittur Folks|access-date=11 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610213625/http://chitturfolks.webs.com/prideofchittur.htm|archive-date=10 June 2015|url-status=dead}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menon, C. P. Karunakara}}
[[Category:1891 births]]
[[Category:1976 deaths]]
[[Category:Diwans of Cochin]]
[[Category:Dewan Bahadurs]]

Mekavaripalem

2026-03-22T10:00:22Z

RashadWaltman14:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mekavaripalem
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|16|06|15|N|80|54|30|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Krishna district|Krishna]]
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
}}
'''Mekavaripalem''' is a village in [[Krishna district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]], area pin code number are ''521126'', division name is ''Machilipatnam''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pincodeno.com/area/43096/mekavaripalem-pincode|title=Mekavaripalem PIN CODE|access-date=21 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809161622/http://pincodeno.com/area/43096/mekavaripalem-pincode|archive-date=9 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> This village was initially formed by the Meka families in the outskirts of [[Pagolu]].<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjBTWiA98W0]. Meka's Family History by Anand Meka from Youtube.com. Retrieved on 2024-06-28. </ref>

The nearest town is [[Challapalli]]. This village is a part of the [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region]] under the jurisdiction of [[APCRDA]] in the vicinity of [[Pagolu]] village.<ref>{{cite web|title=Declaration of A.P. Capital Region |url=http://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDA/Downloads/Notifications/2014MAUD_MS253.PDF |website=APCRDA |publisher=Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department |accessdate=21 February 2016 |format=PDF |date=25 June 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923135735/http://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDA/Downloads/Notifications/2014MAUD_MS253.PDF |archivedate=23 September 2015 }}</ref>

The family of Tollywood actor [[Meka Srikanth]] originally hails from this village.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Srikanth Meka's father passes away|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/srikanth-mekas-father-passes-away/articleshow/74170975.cms|access-date=2020-12-28|website=The Times of India|date=17 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Krishna district]]

{{Krishna-geo-stub}}

Nirmala Paniker

2026-03-15T03:01:03Z

RashadWaltman14: Added First Details With Sources

{{Short description|Indian Mohiniyattam dancer (born 1944)}}
{{Given name hatnote|Nirmala|Paniker|lang=Malayali}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nirmala Paniker
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1944|02|12|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kovalam]], [[Travancore]]
| occupation = Mohiniyattam dancer, choreographer, teacher
| known_for = Contributions to [[Mohiniyattam]], founding Natanakaisiki
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2009)
| spouse =[[G. Venu]]
| children =[[Kapila Venu]]
}}

'''Nirmala Paniker''' (born 12 February 1944) is an Indian [[Mohiniyattam]] dancer, choreographer, and teacher, known for her contributions to the preservation and development of the Mohiniyattam dance form.<ref name="narthaki">{{Cite web |title=Profile: Nirmala Paniker |url=https://narthaki.com/info/profiles/profl242.html |website=[[Narthaki.com]] |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref> She is the founder of Natanakaisiki, a centre in [[Irinjalakuda]], [[Kerala]], dedicated to the training and promotion of Mohiniyattam and other traditional performing arts such as [[Koodiyattam]] and [[Nangiar Koothu]].<ref name="narthaki" /> She received the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 2009 for her work in Mohiniyattam.<ref name="sangeetnatak">{{Cite web |title=Nirmala Paniker - Sangeet Natak Akademi Award |url=https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/1740996233_Nirmala%20Paniker_11zon.pdf |website=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Nirmala Paniker was born on 12 February 1944 in [[Kovalam]], then part of [[Travancore]], to Chellamma and Madhava Paniker.<ref name="narthaki" /> She began training in [[Mohiniyattam]] at the age of five under Guru Thottasseri Madhavan Paniker Asan and later under [[Kalamandalam Kalyanikutty Amma]], a prominent Mohiniyattam exponent.<ref name="narthaki" /><ref name="epgp">{{Cite web |title=Mohiniyattam: History and Development |url=https://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/epgpdata/uploads/epgp_content/S000451PA/P001552/M018106/ET/1481009056P5M14TEXT.pdf |website=e-PG Pathshala |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref> She also trained in [[Bharatanatyam]], [[Kathakali]], and [[Carnatic music]], which influenced her choreography and teaching.<ref name="narthaki" />

===Personal life===
Nirmala Paniker is married to [[G. Venu]], a Kathakali, Koodiyattam exponent, and they have one daughter [[Kapila Venu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2017-04-01 |title=Kumar Gandharva Award for Koodiyattam exponent Kapila Venu |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/Apr/01/kumar-gandharva-award-for-koodiyattam-exponent-kapila-venu-1588435.html |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Nirmala established Natanakaisiki,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review - Rangaparichaya Festival of Mohiniyattam |url=https://narthaki.com/info/rev07/rev426.html |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=narthaki.com}}</ref> the dance research and training wing of Natanakairali, which trains under [[Gurukulam]] system, founded in 1994,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Natanakaisiki, Irinjalakkuda - Mohiniyattam Gurukulam of Natanakairali |url=https://www.zonkerala.com/Natanakaisiki-Irinjalakkuda-1984.html |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=www.zonkerala.com}}</ref> in [[Irinjalakuda]], [[Kerala]], to promote [[Mohiniyattam]], [[Koodiyattam]], and [[Nangiar Koothu]].<ref name="narthaki" /><ref name="hindu2018">{{Cite news |title=Dancers of Natanakairali presented an inspiring Mohiniyattam recital |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/dancers-of-natanakairali-presented-an-inspiring-mohiniyattam-recital-that-was-choreographed-in-the-indigenous-vocabulary-of-the-dance-form-by-guru-nirmala-paniker/article24096142.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2018-05-03 |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref> Her work focuses on reviving traditional elements of Mohiniyattam while introducing choreographies rooted in its indigenous vocabulary.<ref name="hindu2018" /><ref name="toi">{{Cite news |title=Nirmala Paniker: People tell me that desi Mohiniyattam is a lot more enjoyable |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/nirmala-paniker-people-tell-me-that-desi-mohiniyattam-is-a-lot-more-enjoyable-than-the-conventional-form/articleshow/64542379.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2018-06-04 |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref> She has choreographed notable works such as ''Geethagovinda Saptam'', based on [[Jayadeva]]'s ''[[Gita Govinda]]'', and an adaptation of [[Sree Narayana Guru]]'s ''Kundalini Paattu'' for Mohiniyattam.<ref name="hindu2016">{{Cite news |title=Staging of Geethagovinda Saptam, a new choreography by Nirmala Panicker |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/staging-of-geethagovinda-saptam-a-new-choreography-by-mohiniyattam-guru-nirmala-panicker/article8413502.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2016-03-25 |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref><ref name="hindu2019">{{Cite news |title=Sandra Pisharody to stage Nirmala Paniker's adaptation of Sree Narayana Guru's Kundalini Paattu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/sandra-pisharody-to-stage-nirmala-panikers-adaptation-of-sree-narayana-gurus-kundalini-paattu-in-mohiniyattam-format/article25731581.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2018-12-21 |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>

Natanakairali has trained numerous dancers and staged performances that highlight the lyrical and expressive qualities of Mohiniyattam.<ref name="hindu2018" /><ref name="hindu2011">{{Cite news |title=Devoted to art |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/devoted-to-art/article2737968.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2011-12-23 |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref><ref name="narthaki2023">{{Cite web |title=Review: Natanakairali's Mohiniyattam recital |url=https://narthaki.com/info/rev23/rev2961.html |website=Narthaki |date=2023-09-15 |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref> Paniker’s choreography for productions like ''Radha-Madhavam'' and ''Krishnanattam'' has been noted for its adherence to traditional aesthetics while exploring new themes.<ref name="hindu2014a">{{Cite news |title=Recreating the eternal romance |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/recreating-the-eternal-romance/article6441984.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2014-09-26 |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref><ref name="newindian">{{Cite news |title=Lasya at its best |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2014/Dec/05/lasya-at-its-best-690457.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=2014-12-05 |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref> Her performances have been described as embodying the grace and fluidity characteristic of Mohiniyattam.<ref name="hindu2012">{{Cite news |title=Feats of grace |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/feats-of-grace/article2128702.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2011-09-16 |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref><ref name="narthaki2023" /> She has also authored a book on Mohiniyattam, which serves as a resource for understanding the dance form’s history and techniques.<ref name="indianculture">{{Cite web |title=Book Review: Mohiniyattam by Nirmala Paniker |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/book-review |website=Indian Culture |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
Nirmala Paniker was awarded the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 2009 for her contributions to [[Mohiniyattam]].<ref name="sangeetnatak" /> She has also been recognised for her efforts in promoting traditional dance forms through Natanakairali and her scholarly work on Mohiniyattam.<ref name="narthaki" /><ref name="indianculture" />

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://narthaki.com/info/profiles/profl242.html|Profile of Nirmala Paniker on Narthaki}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female dancers]]
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:People from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Mohiniyattam dancers]]

Navjivan Rastogi

2026-03-15T02:51:58Z

RashadWaltman14: added a entry.

{{Short description|Indian Sanskrit scholar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Navjivan Rastogi
| image = Navjivan Rastogii (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1939|2|21}}
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| occupation = [[Sanskrit]] scholar, academic
| known_for = Research on Kashmir Shaivism
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2024)
}}

'''Navjivan Rastogi''' (born 21 February 1939) <ref name="padma-citation"/> is an Indian Sanskrit scholar and academic. He is known for his research on Kashmir Shaivism and his studies of Indian philosophical traditions. In 2024, he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], in recognition of his contributions to literature and education.<ref name="padma-citation">{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards 2024 Citation – Navjivan Rastogi |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/CitationsForTickets/2024/2024103.pdf |website=Padma Awards Portal |access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref>

==Career==
Rastogi served as the Head of the Department of Sanskrit and Prakrit Languages at the [[University of Lucknow]]. His scholarly work has focused on the philosophy of [[Abhinavagupta]] and the [[Pratyabhijna |Pratyabhijna school]] . He has published books and articles examining aspects of [[Kashmir Shaivism]], [[Tantra]], and related areas of [[Indian philosophy]].<ref name="toi2024">{{Cite news |title=Padma Shri Navjivan Rastogi an inspiration to Sanskrit scholars |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/padma-shri-navjivan-rastogi-aninspiration-to-sanskrit-scholars/articleshow/107246781.cms |work=The Times of India |date=23 January 2024 |access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref>

Rastogi has also participated in academic conferences and contributed to critical editions of Sanskrit texts.<ref name="academia">{{Cite web |title=Navjivan Rastogi – Academia.edu |url=https://lkouniv.academia.edu/NavjivanRastogi |website=Academia.edu |access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref>

==Recognition==
The Government of India conferred the Padma Shri on Rastogi in 2024 for his work in literature and education.<ref name="pib2024">{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards 2024 Announced |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1999790 |website=Press Information Bureau |date=25 January 2024 |access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="ht2024">{{Cite news |title=PGI director among 12 from UP to get Padma Shri |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/pgi-director-among-12-from-u-p-get-padma-shri-101706208109165.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 January 2024 |access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="cnbc2024">{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards 2024: Here is the full list of 132 awardees |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/padma-awards-2024-here-is-the-full-list-of-132-awardees-padma-vibhushan-padma-bhushan-padma-shri-18897961.htm |website=CNBC TV18 |date=25 January 2024 |access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref>

==Selected works==
* ''Introduction to the Tantraloka: A Study in Kashmir Shaivism''<ref name="padma-citation" />
* ''The Krama Tantricism of Kashmir: Historical and Philosophical Perspectives''<ref name="padma-citation" />

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [https://lkouniv.academia.edu/NavjivanRastogi Navjivan Rastogi – Academia.edu profile]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rastogi, Navjivan}}
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]
[[Category:People from Lucknow]]
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Chola invasion of Kalinga (1097)

2026-03-14T22:22:36Z

RashadWaltman14: slightly fix section for consistency

{{Short description|1097 Chola military campaign}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Chola invasion of Kalinga (1097)
| date = 1097
| place = [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] (present-day [[Odisha]])
| coordinates =
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| result = [[Chola]] victory
| status =
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = [[Chola Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]]
| combatant3 =
| commander1 = [[Kulottunga I]] [[Karunakara Tondaiman]]
| commander2 = Unknown
| commander3 =
| units1 =
| units2 =
| units3 =
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| strength3 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 = Large number of civilians killed or enslaved
| notes =
| campaignbox =
| image =
| caption = The Army of [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Kalinga]].
}}

The first '''Chola invasion of Kalinga''' by [[Kulothunga Chola I]] in 1097 was intended to avenge the invasion of [[Vengi]] by the forces of [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]].<ref name="senp485">{{cite book|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|page=485|first=Sailendra Nath|last=Sen|publisher=New Age International|id=|year=1999|isbn=8122411983}}</ref> The war resulted in the subjugation of Southern part of Kalinga (between [[Godavari]] and Mahendra),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=R. S. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.459498 |title=A Comprehensive History Of India Vol. 4 Part 1 |date=1957}}</ref> and successful suppression of the revolts.

== Causes ==
In 1097, the army of Kalinga invaded the [[Eastern Chalukya]]s which was then a vassal of the Cholas. The troops of Kalinga were supported by the chief of [[Kolanu]] near [[Ellore]]. A huge army under [[Vikrama Chola]] was sent to repulse the invaders. The army was supported by troops under the [[Pandya]] viceroy, [[Parantaka Pandya]] which then defeated the army which made their revolt unsuccessful.

== See also ==
* [[Chola invasion of Kalinga (1110)]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* {{cite book | first= K. A. Nilakanta| last=Sastri| author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri | orig-year= 1935| year= 2000| title= The Cōlas| publisher= [[University of Madras]] | location= Madras| page=321|ref=Sastri}}

[[Category:Conflicts in 1097]]
[[Category:Military campaigns involving the Chola Empire]]
[[Category:Kalinga (India)]]
[[Category:1097 in Asia]]
[[Category:11th century in India]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Chola Empire]]

Uttej

2026-03-10T06:56:09Z

RashadWaltman14: General cleanup and content improvements

{{Short description|Indian actor and screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Uttej
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Aavulavada Mahipal receiving certificate for song screening in Telangana Avatharana Filmotsavam Award ceremony in Ravindra Bharathi (05.06.2018) (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|screenwriter}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Padmavathi||2021|end=died}}
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Nalgonda district]], [[Telangana]], India
| years_active =1989-present
}}

'''Uttej''' is an Indian actor and screenwriter who works in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films. He won the [[Nandi Awards|Nandi Award]] for [[Nandi Award for Best Male Comedian|Best Male Comedian]] for the film [[Chandamama (2007 film)|''Chandamama'']] (2007).<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Jan 13, 2009|title=Nandi, special jury awards announced {{!}} Hyderabad News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/nandi-special-jury-awards-announced/articleshow/3970172.cms|access-date=2021-02-10|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Uttej was born and brought up in [[Nalgonda district]]. He is the nephew of noted lyricist [[Suddala Ashok Teja]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tollywood lyric writer Suddala Ashok Teja to undergo liver transplant|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/may/22/tollywood-lyric-writer-suddala-ashok-teja-to-undergo-liver-transplant-18563.html|access-date=2021-02-10|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=22 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

Uttej married Padmavathi who died in September 2021 due to [[cancer]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-13|title=Chiranjeevi, Rajasekhar, Prakash Raj and others pay condolences to actor Uttej after his wife's passing|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/chiranjeevi-rajasekhar-prakash-raj-and-others-pay-condolences-to-actor-uttej-after-his-wifes-passing/articleshow/86165030.cms|access-date=|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Career ==
Uttej started his career as an assistant director in [[Ram Gopal Varma]]'s directorial debut ''[[Siva (1989 Telugu film)|Siva]]'' in 1989. He also played the role of canteen waiter in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chandram|date=2019-08-17|title=స్టార్ హీరోల వారసత్వంపై ఉత్తేజ్ కామెంట్స్|url=https://www.hmtvlive.com/movies/actor-uttej-comments-on-star-heroes-28146|access-date=2021-02-10|website=www.hmtvlive.com|language=en}}</ref> He recommended JD Chakravathi to play antagonist role in Siva. He acted along with many lead actors and also worked as assistant director to Krishna Vamsi for the film ''[[Gulabi (1995 film)|Gulabi]]''.

==Filmography==
{{incomplete list|date=July 2017}}

===As actor===
{| class="wikitable
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="1" |1989 ||''[[Siva (1989 Telugu film)|Siva]]'' || Yadagiri ||Child artist
|-
| rowspan="2" |1990
|''[[Prema Khaidi]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Shiva (1990 film)|Shiva]]''
|Yadagiri
|[[Hindi film]]; child artist
|-
|1992
|''[[Prema Sikharam]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1993 || ''[[Gaayam]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Money (1993 film)|Money]]''|| ||
|-
|''Preme Naa Pranam''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1994
|''[[Money Money (1995 film)|Money Money]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Govinda Govinda (1994 film)|Govinda Govinda]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1995
|''Mister Mayagadu''
|
|
|-
|''Ammaleni Puttillu''
|
|
|-
|''Ooriki Monagadu''
|
|
|-
|''Rendu Krishnudu''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1996|| ''[[Vinodam]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Merupu]]''
|
|
|-
|''Amma Durgamma''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ninne Pelladata (1996 film)|Ninne Pelladata]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |1997 || ''[[Master (1997 film)|Master]]''|| Uttej ||
|-
|''Ayyinda Leda''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayyinda Ledha (1997) Telugu Movie: Watch Full HD Movie Online On JioCinema |url=https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/ayyinda-ledha/3494993 |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=www.jiocinema.com |language=en}}</ref>
|Compounder
|
|-
| ''[[Preminchukundam Raa]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Hitler (1997 film)|Hitler]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1998
|''[[Abhishekam (film)|Abhishekam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Pape Naa Pranam]]''
|
|
|-
|''Subbaraju Gari Kutumbam''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1999 || ''[[A. K. 47 (1999 film)|A. K. 47]]'' || Ramu's friend ||
|-
|''[[Nee Kosam]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="7" |2000 || ''[[Annayya (2000 film)|Annayya]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Chitram]]''|| ||
|-
|[[Suri (2000 film)|''Suri'']]
|
|
|-
|''[[Badri (2000 film)|Badri]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[9 Nelalu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Manasichanu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Uncle (2000 film)|Uncle]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2001 || ''Sorry Aunty''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Chinna (2001 film)|Chinna]]'' || Chandu's friend ||
|-
|''[[Chandu (2001 film)|Chandu]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Daddy (2001 film)|Daddy]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Itlu Sravani Subramanyam]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2002
| ''[[Durga (2002 film)|Durga]]'' || || Hindi film
|-
|''[[123 (film)|123]]'' || Thief Rangarayudu ||
|-
|''[[Khadgam]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Tappu Chesi Pappu Koodu]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2003 ||''[[Ottesi Cheputunna]]''|| ||
|-
| ''Pellamto Panenti''|| ||
|-
|''[[Dongodu]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" |2004 ||''[[Athade Oka Sainyam]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2005 || ''[[786 Khaidi Premakatha]]'' || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-786.html|title=Movie review - 786 (Khaidi Premakatha)|date=4 February 2005|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|last=Jeevi|access-date=12 February 2024|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117192014/http://idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-786.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dhairyam (2005 film)|Dhairyam]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Jai Chiranjeeva]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2006 || ''[[Kithakithalu]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Valliddari Vayasu Padahare]]'' || Car driver ||
|-
| ''[[Aadi Lakshmi]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Rakhi (2006 film)|Rakhi]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Annavaram (film)|Annavaram]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |2007 || ''[[Takkari]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Okkadunnadu]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Classmates (2007 film)|Classmates]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Bhookailas (2007 film)|Bhookailas]]'' || Newspaper seller ||
|-
| ''[[Chirutha]]'' || Charan's colleague ||
|-
| ''[[Chandamama (2007 film)|Chandamama]]''|| Kondala Rao ||
|-
| rowspan=9" |2008 || ''[[Krishna (2008 film)|Krishna]]''|| ||
|-
| ''Andhariki Vandanalu''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Gajibiji]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Nenu Meeku Telusa]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Jalsa]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Black & White (2008 Telugu film)|Black & White]]''|| Sreenu || <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/moviereviews/blackandwhite_moviereview.php|title=Black & White: Movie Review|author=NaChiKi|work=[[Telugucinema.com]]|date=28 August 2008|access-date=10 March 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209155620/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/moviereviews/blackandwhite_moviereview.php|archive-date=9 December 2010}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rainbow (2008 film)|Rainbow]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ninna Nedu Repu]]'' || Vamsi Krishna ||
|-
| ''[[Kuberulu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2009 || ''[[Drona (2009 film)|Drona]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Bangaru Babu (2009 film)|Bangaru Babu]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Mahatma (film)|Mahatma]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[A Aa E Ee (2009 Telugu film)|A Aa E Ee]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2010 || ''[[Maa Annayya Bangaram]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Baava]]''|| ||
|-
|''Pappu - Mr Intelligent''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011 ||''Mangala''|| ||
|-
|''[[Dhada]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012 ||''[[Naa Ishtam]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Mythri (2012 film)|Mythri]]'' ||||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2013 || ''[[Jabardasth (film)|Jabardasth]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Shadow (2013 film)|Shadow]]''|| ||
|-
| ''Adhee Neevu Adhee Neenu''|| ||
|-
| 2013|| ''[[Mahankali (film)|Mahankali]]'' || Rapist ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014 || ''[[Maine Pyar Kiya (2014 film)|Maine Pyar Kyia]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Drushyam]]''|| Theatre operator ||
|-
| ''[[Power (2014 Telugu film)|Power]]'' || Tiwari ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015 ||''Intelligent Idiots''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Jyothi Lakshmi (film)|Jyothi Lakshmi]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Rudhramadevi (film)|Rudhramadevi]]'' || || Cameo appearance
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016 || ''[[Terror (2016 film)|Terror]]'' || Shiva ||
|-
| ''[[Manalo Okkadu]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017 || ''[[Khaidi No. 150]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Aaradugula Bullet]]''|| Prabhu ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2018 || ''Sri Harsha''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Devadas (2018 film)|Devadas]]''|| Raju ||
|-
| ''[[Taxiwaala]]''|| Doctor ||
|-
| ''Aghora''|| Doctor ||
|-
| ''Rahasyam''|| Doctor ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019 ||''[[Falaknuma Das (2019 film)|Falaknuma Das]]''|| Peg Pandu ||
|-
| ''Manikanta Komarapu''|| Doctor ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Pressure Cooker (2020 film)|Pressure Cooker]]'' || Shiva Reddy||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021 || ''[[Love Story (2021 film)|Love Story]]'' || Police inspector ||
|-
| ''[[Romantic (film)|Romantic]]'' || John ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023 || ''[[Bhola Shankar]]'' ||Police officer ||
|-
| ''[[Devil: The British Secret Agent]]''||Venkatachalam
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Valari (film)|Valari]]''
|Ramachandra
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Nayanam]]''
|Gowrishankar
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-11 |title=Nayanam OTT Release: When and where to watch Varun Sandesh’s psychological thriller series online |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/nayanam-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-varun-sandeshs-psychological-thriller-series-online-1399062 |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== As writer ===
*''[[Raat (film)|Raatri]]'' (1992)
*''[[Money Money (film)|Money Money]]'' (1995)
*''[[Ninne Pelladata (1996 film)|Ninne Pelladata]]'' (1996; additional dialogue)
*''[[Khadgam]]'' (2002)
*''[[Rakhi (2006 film)|Rakhi]]'' (2006; additional dialogue)
*''[[Mahatma (film)|Mahatma]]'' (2009; additional dialogue)
*''[[Power (2014 Telugu film)|Power]]'' (2014; additional dialogue)
*''[[Bengal Tiger (2015 film)|Bengal Tiger]]'' (2015; additional dialogue)

=== As voice actor ===
*[[Vennela Kishore]] - ''[[Vennela]]''
*[[Vadivelu]] - ''[[Thimiru|Pogaru]]''
*[[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] - '' [[Boss Engira Bhaskaran|Nene Ambani]]''
*[[Elango Kumaravel|Kumaravel]] - ''[[Gaganam]]''

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Nandi Award Best Male Comedian}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Uttej}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Telugu comedians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election

2026-03-04T16:13:11Z

RashadWaltman14: enhance content based on references and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian state election}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Maharashtra State Assembly Elections, 1972
| country = India
| flag_year =
| type = Legislative
| ongoing = no
| party_colour =
| previous_election = 1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1967
| next_election = 1978 Maharashtra State Assembly election
| next_year = 1978
| seats_for_election = All 270 assembly constituencies to [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| election_date = 5 March 1972
| turnout =60.63%  ({{decrease}}4.21%)
| image1 = Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg
| leader1 =
| party1 = Indian National Congress (R)
| alliance1 =
| last_election1 = 203 seats, 47.03%
| seats1 = 222
| popular_vote1 = 8,535,832
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 19
| percentage1 = 56.36%
| swing1 = {{increase}} 9.33%
| image2 = <div style="width:100px;"> '''PWPI'''</div>
| leader2 =
| party2 = Peasants and Workers Party of India
| alliance2 =
| last_election2 = 19 seats, 7.80%
| seats2 = 7
| popular_vote2 = 856,986
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 12
| percentage2 = 5.66%
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 2.14%
| title = [[List of Chief Ministers of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[Vasantrao Naik]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Vasantrao Naik]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
| majority_seats = 136
}}

The '''1972 Maharashtra State Assembly election''' was held in March 1972 for the fourth term of the Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha. A total of 270 seats were contested.<ref name= pdf>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf |title=Key Highlights of General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>

The [[Indian National Congress]] won the largest number of seats and a majority. [[Vasantrao Naik]], the incumbent [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]] was reelected. [[S. K. Wankhede]] became Speaker of the Legislative Assembly and Ramkrishna Vyankatesh Bet became Deputy Speaker. [[Dinkar Balu Patil]] became the leader of the opposition.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/STATISTICAL/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra Legislature, Mumbai |website=www.legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in |publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]] |access-date=27 February 2014 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221722/http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/STATISTICAL/Maharashtra.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== List of participating political parties ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Colspan=2|Party
! Abbreviation
|-
! Colspan=4|National Parties
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
| [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|Akhil Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
| [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|BJS]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
| [[Swatantra Party|SWA]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)}}
| [[Indian National Congress (R)|INC(R)]]
|-
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
| [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]
| [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|INC(O)]]
|-
| {{Party color cell|Socialist Party (India)}}
| [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party of India]]
| [[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]]
|-
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|-
! Colspan=4|State Parties
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
| [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal|BKD]]
|-
| {{party color cell|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
| [[Peasants and Workers Party of India|Peasants and Workers Party]]
| [[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWP]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
| [[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India}}
| [[Republican Party of India|RPI]]
|-
! Colspan=4|Registered (Unrecognised) Parties
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha}}
| [[Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha|HMS]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
| [[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|-
| {{Party color cell|Republican Party of India (Khobragade)}}
| [[Republican Party of India (Khobragade)]]
| [[Republican Party of India (Khobragade)|RPK/RPI(K)]]
|-
|}

== Results ==

=== Party results ===
{{election table|title=Summary of results of the Maharashtra State Assembly election, 1972|sortable=yes}}
!colspan=10|[[File:India Maharashtra Legislative Assembly 1972.svg]]
|- align=center
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" class="unsortable"|
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center|Political Party 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |No. of candidates 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |No. of elected 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Seat change 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Number of Votes 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |% of Votes 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Change in vote %
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|align="left"|[[Indian National Congress]]{{Composition bar|222|270|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}||271||222||{{increase}} 19||8,535,832||56.36%||{{increase}} 9.33%
|-
| {{party color cell|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|align="left"|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]{{Composition bar|7|270|{{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}||58||7||{{decrease}} 12||856,986||5.66%||{{decrease}} 2.14%
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|align="left"|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]{{Composition bar|5|270|{{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}||122||5||{{increase}} 1||947,266||6.25%||{{decrease}} 1.92%
|-
| {{party color cell|Socialist Party (India)}}
|align="left"|[[Samyukta Socialist Party]]/[[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]{{Composition bar|3|270|{{party color|Socialist Party (India)}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}||52||3||{{decrease}} 1||693,797||4.58%||{{decrease}} 0.03%
|-
| {{party color cell|Republican Party of India}}
|align="left"|[[Republican Party of India]]{{Composition bar|2|270|{{party color|Republican Party of India}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}||118||2||{{decrease}} 3||570,533||3.77%||{{decrease}} 2.89%
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|align="left"|[[Communist Party of India]]{{Composition bar|2|270|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}||44||2||{{decrease}} 8||412,857||2.73%||{{decrease}} 2.14%
|-
| {{party color cell|All India Forward Bloc}}
|align="left"|[[All India Forward Bloc]]{{Composition bar|2|270|{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}||26||2||{{increase}} 2||363,547||2.40%||{{increase}} 2.40% ''(New Party)''
|-
| {{party color cell|Shiv Sena}}
|align="left"|[[Shiv Sena]]{{Composition bar|1|270|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}||26||1||{{Increase}} 1||279,210||1.84%||{{increase}} 1.84% ''(New Party)''
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|align="left"|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]{{Composition bar|1|270|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}||20||1||{{nochange}}||117,134||0.77%||{{decrease}} 0.31%
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|align="left"|[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]{{Composition bar|1|270|{{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}||2||1||{{Increase}} 1||31,508||0.21%||{{Increase}} 0.21% ''(New Party)''
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|align="left"|[[Indian Union Muslim League]]{{Composition bar|1|270|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}||1||1||{{Increase}} 1||27,138||0.18%||{{Increase}} 0.18% ''(New Party)''
|-
| {{Party color cell|Republican Party of India (Khobragade)}}
| align="left"|[[Republican Party of India (Khobragade)]]
| 56
| 0
| ''(New Party)''
| 202,935
| 1.34%
| {{Up}} 1.34% ''(New Party)''
|-
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
| align="left"|[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]
| 49
| 0
| ''(Split in [[Indian National Congress|INC]])''
| 162,433
| 1.07%
| ''(Split in [[Indian National Congress|INC]])''
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
| 5
| 0
| {{Steady}}
| 14,269
| 0.09%
| {{Down}} 1.03%
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|align="left"|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]{{Composition bar|23|270|{{party color|Independent}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}||343||23||{{Increase}} 7||1,920,667||12.68%||{{decrease}} 1.89%
|-style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
|
|align="left"|'''Total'''||1196||270||{{nochange}}||15,146,171||60.63%||{{decrease}} 4.21%
|-
|}

=== Results by constituency ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Results by constituency |
* Winner, runner-up, voter turnout, and victory margin in every constituency
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency
!Turnout
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Margin
|-
! #k
! Names
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
|-
|-
|1||[[Sawantwadi Assembly constituency|Sawantwadi]]||59.94%||Pratap Rao Deo Rao Bhosale||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||27,647||62.67%||Jaya Nand Shiv Ram Mathkar||{{party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}||10,747||24.36%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''16,900'''
|-
|2||[[Vengurla Assembly constituency|Vengurla]]||63.97%||Sitaram Narayan Desai||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||28,655||62.85%||Pundalik A. Kinalekar||{{party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}||11,356||24.91%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''17,299'''
|-
|3||[[Kankavli Assembly constituency|Kankavli]]||61.77%||K. Vyankateshrao Rane||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||28,268||66.42%||Sitaram Sakharam Sawant||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||13,376||31.43%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''14,892'''
|-
|4||[[Malvan Assembly constituency|Malvan]]||63.30%||Vijay Singh G. Prabhugaokar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||23,386||60.65%||Shyam Gangaram Kocharekar||{{party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}||13,166||34.14%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''10,220'''
|-
|5||[[Deogad Assembly constituency|Deogad]]||61.24%||Mirashi Rajabhau Govind||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,918||66.19%||Satam Vasant Sadashiv||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||6,279||15.44%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''20,639'''
|-
|6||[[Rajapur Assembly constituency|Rajapur]]||62.34%||Sahadev Mukund Thakre||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||22,006||51.73%||Laxman Rangnath Hatankar||{{party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}||19,761||46.46%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''2,245'''
|-
|7||[[Lanja Assembly constituency|Lanja]]||56.93%||Shiwajirao Sawant||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||21,939||60.34%||Jagannathrao Jadhao||{{party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}||11,308||31.10%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''10,631'''
|-
|8||[[Ratnagiri Assembly constituency|Ratnagiri]]||54.65%||Hassnain S. E.||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||22,325||52.34%||Niwendkar V. Krishnaji||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||13,395||31.40%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''8,930'''
|-
|9||[[Sangameshwar Assembly constituency|Sangameshwar]]||49.44%||Bhuwad Laxmibai Babaji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||21,952||54.46%||Bhide S. Dattatray||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||9,186||22.79%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''12,766'''
|-
|10||[[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun]]||51.35%||[[P. K. Sawant]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||34,379||85.63%||Rajaram Gangaram Ghag||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||5,767||14.37%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''28,612'''
|-
|11||[[Guhagar Assembly constituency|Guhagar]]||60.85%||Shridhar Dattatray Natu||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||22,145||48.23%||Ramchandra S. Bendal||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||19,866||43.27%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}"|'''2,279'''
|-
|12||[[Khed Assembly constituency|Khed]]||55.57%||[[Husen Dalwai]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,081||68.47%||Palane Madhao Ramajee||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||5,196||11.83%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''24,885'''
|-
|13||[[Dapoli Assembly constituency|Dapoli]]||70.23%||Ramchandra Vithal Bhelose||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,221||54.10%||Sakpal Gangaram Daulat||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||25,637||45.90%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''4,584'''
|-
|14||[[Mahad Assembly constituency|Mahad]]||61.25%||Digambar Vinayak||{{party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}||27,737||55.32%||Kamal Vichare||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||22,401||44.68%||style="background:{{party colour|Samyukta Socialist Party}}"|'''5,336'''
|-
|15||[[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan]]||62.53%||[[A. R. Antulay]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||47,290||84.30%||Anna Thosar||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||8,808||15.70%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''38,482'''
|-
|16||[[Mangaon Assembly constituency|Mangaon]]||-|| Mahalunge Ram Vithal ||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} ||colspan=8 style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| '''''Elected Unopposed'''''
|-
|17||[[Pen Assembly constituency|Pen]]||74.50%||Ambaji Tukaram Patil||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||41,892||66.30%||Mohan Mahadeo Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||21,293||33.70%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''20,599'''
|-
|18||[[Alibag Assembly constituency|Alibag]]||70.49%||Narayan Kanhoba Bhagat||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||22,279||38.62%||Vasant Rajaram Raut||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||18,685||32.39%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''3,594'''
|-
|19||[[Panvel Assembly constituency|Panvel]]||67.93%||[[Dinkar Patil]]||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||32,980||56.63%||Gopal Govind Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,255||43.37%||style="background:{{party colour|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}"|'''7,725'''
|-
|20||[[Khalapur Assembly constituency|Khalapur]]||54.32%||Balkrishna Limbaji Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||28,381||58.96%||Vishnu Narayan Thanage||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||14,636||30.41%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''13,745'''
|-
|21||[[Colaba Assembly constituency|Colaba]]||52.82%||Aloo Jal Chibber||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||27,141||73.38%||Jamitram Kashiram Joshi||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}||8,075||21.83%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''19,066'''
|-
|22||[[Dhobitalao Assembly constituency|Dhobitalao]]||56.51%||Popat Mohanlal Bhavanbhai||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,259||60.10%||Vinod Chhajuram Gupta||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||8,853||21.06%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''16,406'''
|-
|23||[[Girgaon Assembly constituency|Girgaon]]||67.22%||[[Pramod Navalkar]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||25,636||50.76%||Khadikar Y. Vinayak||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||24,867||49.24%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''769'''
|-
|24||[[Kumbharwada Assembly constituency|Kumbharwada]]||61.64%||Bukhari Z. Burhanuddin||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||18,145||37.03%||Chagla Shaukat Currimbhoy||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||16,058||32.77%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''2,087'''
|-
|25||[[Umarkhadi Assembly constituency|Umarkhadi]]||64.44%||G. M. H. Noormohamad||{{party name with color|All-India Muslim League}}||27,138||51.93%||Miya Ahmed Latif||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||21,121||40.42%||style="background:{{party colour|All-India Muslim League}}"|'''6,017'''
|-
|26||[[Mazgaon Assembly constituency|Mazgaon]]||59.20%||Toraskar Krishnaji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,290||64.85%||Bhai Shingre||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||6,876||14.72%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''23,414'''
|-
|27||[[Nagpada Assembly constituency|Nagpada]]||66.02%||Kazi Umar Abdul Aziz||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||21,293||37.06%||Khwaja Gulam Jilani||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||19,502||33.94%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,791'''
|-
|28||[[Khetwadi Assembly constituency|Khetwadi]]||61.30%||[[Anant Namjoshi]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,075||59.69%||Lakh Ni Jivanlal Mulchand||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||9,171||18.83%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''19,904'''
|-
|29||[[Walkeshwar Assembly constituency|Walkeshwar]]||58.31%||Harishkumar N. Trivedi||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||36,416||59.85%||J. Navichandra Mehta||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||24,431||40.15%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''11,985'''
|-
|30||[[Byculla Assembly constituency|Byculla]]||61.22%||Hoshing Vasant Rangnath||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,049||45.97%||Ganacharya G. Bhaurao||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}||22,159||40.67%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''2,890'''
|-
|31||[[Love Grove Assembly constituency|Love Grove]]||63.60%||Ramchander A. Khaire||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||46,402||64.62%||Narendra Devdas Jadhav||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||10,990||15.31%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''35,412'''
|-
|32||[[Worli Assembly constituency|Worli]]||68.98%||[[Sharad Dighe]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||38,000||53.91%||Nalawade Datta Shankar||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||13,126||18.62%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''24,874'''
|-
|33||[[Parel Assembly constituency|Parel]]||72.72%||Gajanan Shankar Loke||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||34,310||50.99%||Vaman Shivram Mahadik||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||24,451||36.34%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''9,859'''
|-
|34||[[Sewree Assembly constituency|Sewree]]||69.28%||A. T. Alias Bhai Bhosle||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||35,705||51.25%||Dattaji Salvi||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||16,785||24.09%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''18,920'''
|-
|35||[[Naigaon Assembly constituency|Naigaon]]||70.76%||Vilas Vishnu Sawant||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||28,880||44.39%||Ram Arjun Mahadik||{{party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}||17,352||26.67%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''11,528'''
|-
|36||[[Dadar Assembly constituency|Dadar]]||72.64%||Waman Shankar Matkar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,292||42.92%||Sudhir Gajanan Joshi||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||13,724||19.45%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''16,568'''
|-
|37||[[Mahim Assembly constituency|Mahim]]||70.35%||Frederick Michael Pinto||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||39,508||63.61%||Hemchandra Gupte||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||21,167||34.08%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''18,341'''
|-
|38||[[Matunga Assembly constituency|Matunga]]||66.12%||Kamla Raman||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,037||48.57%||Narayan Dandekar||{{party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||11,856||22.12%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''14,181'''
|-
|39||[[Kurla Assembly constituency|Kurla]]||60.24%||Prabhakar Kashinath Kunte||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||51,220||58.82%||Leeladhar Balaji Dake||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||11,842||13.60%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''39,378'''
|-
|40||[[Vandre Assembly constituency|Vandre]]||63.54%||Jorge D. Souza||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||44,434||53.19%||Sadanand Shankar Varde||{{party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}||23,316||27.91%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''21,118'''
|-
|41||[[Santacruz Assembly constituency|Santacruz]]||59.57%||Jagesh Desai||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||48,101||61.90%||Dandekar Shankar Laxman||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||13,782||17.74%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''34,319'''
|-
|42||[[Andheri Assembly constituency|Andheri]]||61.74%||Ramanath Mahavir Pandey||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||47,710||50.47%||Raginwar Rajeswar Waman||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||17,427||18.44%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''30,283'''
|-
|43||[[Vile Parle Assembly constituency|Vile Parle]]||61.73%||Chandulal Shah Kantaben||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||39,531||52.59%||Pranlal Harkishandas Vora||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}||14,841||19.74%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''24,690'''
|-
|44||[[Malad Assembly constituency|Malad]]||64.77%||Mrinal Keshav Gore||{{party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}||43,133||41.68%||M. V. Paranjape||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||39,998||38.65%||style="background:{{party colour|Samyukta Socialist Party}}"|'''3,135'''
|-
|45||[[Borivali Assembly constituency|Borivali]]||59.14%||Dwarkanath Govind Palkar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||41,389||51.92%||Thakarshi Mulji Tanna||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||19,270||24.17%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''22,119'''
|-
|46||[[Chembur Assembly constituency|Chembur]]||64.40%||Vishwanath Krishna Tembe||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||60,690||57.17%||Hashu Parasaram Advani||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||24,453||23.03%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''36,237'''
|-
|47||[[Ghatkopar Assembly constituency|Ghatkopar]]||59.86%||R. Vishnunarayan Tripathi||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||63,959||60.07%||Rajanikant C. Thakar||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||13,953||13.10%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''50,006'''
|-
|48||[[Mulund Assembly constituency|Mulund]]||63.15%||[[Dutta Samant]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||73,206||57.28%||Ramchandra Vishnu Padwal||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||18,542||14.51%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''54,664'''
|-
|49||[[Thane Assembly constituency|Thane]]||54.97%||Vimal Kaanderao Rangnekar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||47,730||59.54%||Wamanrao Rege Prabhakar||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||14,718||18.36%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''33,012'''
|-
|50||[[Kalyan Assembly constituency|Kalyan]]||61.59%||Nakul Pundlik Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||40,048||51.34%||[[Ram Kapse]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||20,171||25.86%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''19,877'''
|-
|51||[[Ulhasnagar Assembly constituency|Ulhasnagar]]||53.38%||Sanmukh Chuharmal Israni||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,735||42.65%||Pralhad Hiranand Advani||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||20,803||33.19%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5,932'''
|-
|52||[[Murbad Assembly constituency|Murbad]]||59.51%||Shantaram Gopal Gholap||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||35,791||60.61%||Namdev Kashinath Aher||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||20,285||34.35%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''15,506'''
|-
|53||[[Bhiwandi Assembly constituency|Bhiwandi]]||60.84%||Haris Ridwan Burhan Saheb||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||34,983||46.52%||Bhagwan P. Vyas||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||16,115||21.43%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''18,868'''
|-
|54||[[Bassein Assembly constituency|Bassein]]||68.31%||[[Hari Govindrao Vartak]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||40,589||58.65%||Pandhari Nath R. Choudhari||{{party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}||28,617||41.35%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''11,972'''
|-
|55||[[Palghar Assembly constituency|Palghar]]||60.36%||Vinayak Sitaram Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||32,441||63.71%||Moreshwar Bhimaji Mestri||{{party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}||17,285||33.95%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''15,156'''
|-
|56||[[Dahanu Assembly constituency|Dahanu]]||56.99%||Mahadeo Gopal Kadu||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,378||52.69%||Kom Lahanu Shidwa||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||23,685||47.31%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''2,693'''
|-
|57||[[Kasa Assembly constituency|Kasa]]||48.76%||Sumada Rajaram Vithal||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||19,453||44.28%||Sutar Dhakat Posha||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||12,496||28.44%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''6,957'''
|-
|58||[[Jawhar Assembly constituency|Jawhar]]||44.03%||Ramchandra Gopal Bhoye||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||17,508||50.89%||Somnath Ramawani||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||11,419||33.19%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''6,089'''
|-
|59||[[Shahapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Shahapur]]||45.05%||Shrirang Rama Shinge||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,983||66.50%||Yashwant Gunaji Amekar||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||11,028||28.22%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''14,955'''
|-
|60||[[Igatpuri Assembly constituency|Igatpuri]]||44.49%||Ghare Vitthalrao Ganpat||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||23,060||55.32%||Wagh Bhau Sakru||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}||10,859||26.05%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''12,201'''
|-
|61||[[Deolali Assembly constituency|Deolali]]||61.52%||Nivruttirao B. Gaidhani||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||18,224||42.35%||Shankarrao N. Deshmukh||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||15,723||36.54%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''2,501'''
|-
|62||[[Nashik Assembly constituency|Nashik]]||54.39%||Lonari Vilas Murlidhar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||35,894||63.03%||Kathe Ganpatrao Pundalik||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||18,121||31.82%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''17,773'''
|-
|63||[[Sinnar Assembly constituency|Sinnar]]||67.75%||Ramkrishna Narayan Naik||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||31,628||53.08%||Waje Shankarrao Balaji||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||25,967||43.58%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5,661'''
|-
|64||[[Niphad Assembly constituency|Niphad]]||65.69%||Dulaji Sitaram Patil||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||28,322||50.16%||Vinayakrao P. Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||27,755||49.16%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''567'''
|-
|65||[[Yevla Assembly constituency|Yevla]]||65.68%||Nivritti Ramji Bhorkade||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||30,923||58.91%||Madhavrao T. Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||15,509||29.55%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''15,414'''
|-
|66||[[Nandgaon Assembly constituency|Nandgaon]]||64.37%||Hirubhau Manku Gavali||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,352||43.18%||Gangadhar Shivaram Aher||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||11,952||20.36%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''13,400'''
|-
|67||[[Malegaon Assembly constituency|Malegaon]]||69.20%||Asisha Chiragh Hakim||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||36,848||48.40%||[[Nihal Ahmed Maulavi Mohammed Usman]]||{{party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}||30,729||40.37%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''6,119'''
|-
|68||[[Dabhadi Assembly constituency|Dabhadi]]||57.89%||Hiray Baliram Waman||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||28,805||54.41%||Shivaji Namdeo Patil||{{party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}||17,868||33.75%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''10,937'''
|-
|69||[[Chandor Assembly constituency|Chandor]]||60.49%||Janardan Kedu Aher||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||25,665||47.34%||Madhukarrao S. Sonawane||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,530||47.09%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''135'''
|-
|70||[[Dindori, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Dindori]]||43.08%||[[Kacharu Bhau Raut]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||24,340||60.20%||Ramchandra Makunda Bhoye||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||8,272||20.46%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''16,068'''
|-
|71||[[Surgana Assembly constituency|Surgana]]||41.25%||Arjun Tulashiram Pawar||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}||20,649||60.05%||Sitaram Savaji Bhoye||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||8,201||23.85%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}"|'''12,448'''
|-
|72||[[Baglan Assembly constituency|Baglan]]||65.48%||Mothabhau Gorakh Bhamre||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||37,682||62.07%||Udaram Tulshiram Deore||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}||10,127||16.68%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''27,555'''
|-
|73||[[Sakri Assembly constituency|Sakri]]||59.86%||Gojarbai Ramrao Bhamre||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||33,173||60.29%||Jagannath T. Desale||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}||20,201||36.71%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''12,972'''
|-
|74||[[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur]]||46.59%||[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||32,700||80.34%||Shrawan Rama Gaikw Ad||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||4,405||10.82%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''28,295'''
|-
|75||[[Nandurbar Assembly constituency|Nandurbar]]||46.91%||Ramesh Panya Valvi||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||33,705||79.78%||Madhav Bandu More||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||7,145||16.91%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''26,560'''
|-
|76||[[Talode Assembly constituency|Talode]]||39.45%||Dilwarsing D. Padvi||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||15,793||49.44%||Goraji Suraji Padvi||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||13,956||43.69%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}"|'''1,837'''
|-
|77||[[Shahada Assembly constituency|Shahada]]||32.41%||Chanurasing D. Bhandari||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||15,171||63.05%||Guman Hari Patale||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||8,001||33.25%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''7,170'''
|-
|78||[[Shirpur Assembly constituency|Shirpur]]||69.43%||[[Shivajirao Girdhar Patil]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||37,616||65.77%||Prahladrao Madhavrao Patil||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||17,251||30.16%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''20,365'''
|-
|79||[[Sindkheda Assembly constituency|Sindkheda]]||57.37%||Lilabai Uttamrao Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||28,788||58.15%||Raghunath Chindha Patil||{{party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}||14,693||29.68%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''14,095'''
|-
|80||[[Dhulia North Assembly constituency|Dhulia North]]||53.44%||Sadashiv Shankar Mali||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||33,898||67.84%||Zulal Bhilajirao Patil||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||15,623||31.26%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''18,275'''
|-
|81||[[Dhulia South Assembly constituency|Dhulia South]]||60.01%||Kamalabai Chhaganlal||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,919||46.83%||Chaudhari||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||18,959||34.25%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''6,960'''
|-
|82||[[Chalisgaon Assembly constituency|Chalisgaon]]||43.61%||Dinakar Diwan Chavan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||31,340||79.02%||Zalte Dhanaji Raghu||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India}}||5,607||14.14%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''25,733'''
|-
|83||[[Parola Assembly constituency|Parola]]||46.24%||Patil Bhaskarrao Rajaram||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||38,127||88.79%||Suryawanshi C. Chindha||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||4,812||11.21%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''33,315'''
|-
|84||[[Amalner Assembly constituency|Amalner]]||58.07%||Jagatrao Vyankatrao Pawar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||40,223||86.00%||Namdeo Maharu Patil||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||5,034||10.76%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''35,189'''
|-
|85||[[Chopda Assembly constituency|Chopda]]||61.13%||Sharadchandrika Suresh Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||42,125||79.40%||Bhimrao Sahebrao Patil||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||6,382||12.03%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''35,743'''
|-
|86||[[Erandol Assembly constituency|Erandol]]||57.44%||Digambar Shankar Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,248||57.63%||M. Dattatraya Dandawate||{{party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}||12,288||24.21%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''16,960'''
|-
|87||[[Jalgaon Assembly constituency|Jalgaon]]||55.73%||Madhukar Atmaram Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||23,392||45.36%||Bhalerao Sadashiv Narayan||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}||20,199||39.17%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''3,193'''
|-
|88||[[Pachora Assembly constituency|Pachora]]||58.50%||Krishnarao Maharu Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||36,360||69.49%||Sharad Tryambak Patil||{{party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}||13,315||25.45%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''23,045'''
|-
|89||[[Jamner Assembly constituency|Jamner]]||59.24%||Narayan Kisan Patil||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||26,340||51.32%||Kak Tarali K. Tafazulali||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||24,990||48.68%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''1,350'''
|-
|90||[[Bhusawal Assembly constituency|Bhusawal]]||51.06%||Prabhakar Senu Mahajan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||37,059||73.78%||Kanji Premji Joshi||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||9,075||18.07%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''27,984'''
|-
|91||[[Yawal Assembly constituency|Yawal]]||55.73%||Jivaram Tukaram Mahajan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,567||66.31%||Kashinatn Motiram Patil||{{party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}||15,022||33.69%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''14,545'''
|-
|92||[[Raver Assembly constituency|Raver]]||63.22%||Mahukar Dhanaji Chaudhari||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||49,967||93.02%||Bhika Nathu Patil||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||3,748||6.98%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''46,219'''
|-
|93||[[Edlabad Assembly constituency|Edlabad]]||57.91%||[[Pratibha Patil]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||42,975||90.37%||Yashvant Dhana Medhe||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India}}||4,582||9.63%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''38,393'''
|-
|94||[[Malkapur Assembly constituency|Malkapur]]||67.97%||Arjun Awadhut Wankhade||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||29,812||48.75%||J. Rao M. Rao Jadhav||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||28,635||46.83%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}"|'''1,177'''
|-
|95||[[Buldhana Assembly constituency|Buldhana]]||63.90%||Ramsingh Deosingh Bhonde||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,540||52.55%||Murlidhar Chango Patil||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||20,878||35.92%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''9,662'''
|-
|96||[[Chikhali Assembly constituency|Chikhali]]||67.16%||Bharat Rajabhau Bondre||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||32,110||50.44%||Keshaorao Jaiwantrao Bahekar||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||17,492||27.47%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''14,618'''
|-
|97||[[Lonar Assembly constituency|Lonar]]||55.29%||Jagarao Raoji Chavan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,452||46.03%||Sahebrao Bhaurao Mapari||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||20,406||36.90%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5,046'''
|-
|98||[[Mehkar Assembly constituency|Mehkar]]||69.26%||Sitaram Chinkaji Lodhe||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,022||49.24%||Tale Yadaorao Vithoba||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||26,548||43.54%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''3,474'''
|-
|99||[[Khamgaon Assembly constituency|Khamgaon]]||66.07%||Gawande Manikrao Pralhadrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||44,478||76.50%||Naraan Nathu Bhise||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||10,296||17.71%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''34,182'''
|-
|100||[[Shegaon Assembly constituency|Shegaon]]||73.39%||Kashiram Raybhan Patil||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||35,257||51.96%||Alsi Yaminibai Digamber||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,602||39.20%||style="background:{{party colour|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}"|'''8,655'''
|-
|101||[[Akot Assembly constituency|Akot]]||75.50%||Manohar Bhikaji Tayade||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||34,114||52.60%||Bhimrao Bhaurao Wankhade||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||25,866||39.88%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''8,248'''
|-
|102||[[Borgaon Manju Assembly constituency|Borgaon Manju]]||60.31%||Nilkanth Shridhar Sapkal||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||42,972||77.14%||Kashinath Shamrao Tidke||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India}}||6,780||12.17%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''36,192'''
|-
|103||[[Akole Assembly constituency|Akole]]||60.81%||Jamanlal Shriramji Geonka||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||34,006||61.29%||Meshram Tokaram Maroti||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India}}||9,013||16.24%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''24,993'''
|-
|104||[[Balapur Assembly constituency|Balapur]]||63.79%||Govindrao S. Sarnayak||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||36,832||69.75%||Anandrao S. Bhuskute||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||9,859||18.67%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''26,973'''
|-
|105||[[Medshi Assembly constituency|Medshi]]||56.84%||Ramrao Gopalrao Zanak||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||44,040||83.26%||Shamrao Uttamrao Vaidya||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||4,346||8.22%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''39,694'''
|-
|106||[[Washim Assembly constituency|Washim]]||51.07%||Bhimrao Mahadeo Katke||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||37,802||79.05%||Baliram G. Risodkar||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||7,665||16.03%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''30,137'''
|-
|107||[[Mangrulpir Assembly constituency|Mangrulpir]]||73.45%||Gajadhar Ramsing Rathod||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||37,135||56.03%||Bhimrao Laxmanrao Gadhave||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||23,453||35.39%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''13,682'''
|-
|108||[[Murtizapur Assembly constituency|Murtizapur]]||62.97%||Pratibhadevi Tidke||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||28,373||53.52%||Bapurao Babanji Tayade||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India}}||9,553||18.02%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''18,820'''
|-
|109||[[Daryapur Assembly constituency|Daryapur]]||75.11%||Kokila Jagannath Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||50,010||72.21%||Gajanan Dewaji Nannaware||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India}}||18,246||26.35%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''31,764'''
|-
|110||[[Melghat Assembly constituency|Melghat]]||61.82%||Ramu Mhatang Patel||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||34,542||66.05%||Narayan Nanu||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||17,756||33.95%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''16,786'''
|-
|111||[[Achalpur Assembly constituency|Achalpur]]||65.63%||[[Narsingrao Sheshrao Deshmukh]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||48,971||76.06%||Kisan Bajirao Wankhade||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India}}||12,266||19.05%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''36,705'''
|-
|112||[[Morshi Assembly constituency|Morshi]]||64.27%||Mahulkar Malhar Ganpat||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||45,850||73.86%||Atamaram R. Yawalkar||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||7,852||12.65%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''37,998'''
|-
|113||[[Walgaon Assembly constituency|Walgaon]]||66.84%||U. Rao B. Rao Mahalle||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||39,457||64.35%||Gopal Gulab Waghmare||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India}}||13,160||21.46%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''26,297'''
|-
|114||[[Amravati Assembly constituency|Amravati]]||52.20%||Dattatraya Nagorao Metkar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||41,157||85.11%||Kolhe Satappa Shioappa||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||4,505||9.32%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''36,652'''
|-
|115||[[Badnera Assembly constituency|Badnera]]||70.58%||Purushottam K. Deshmukh||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||41,649||62.10%||Krishn Rao B. Shrunngare||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India}}||12,019||17.92%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''29,630'''
|-
|116||[[Chandur Assembly constituency|Chandur]]||67.60%||Sharad Motirao Tasare||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||48,403||71.54%||Ganpat Balaji Pole||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||5,993||8.86%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''42,410'''
|-
|117||[[Arvi Assembly constituency|Arvi]]||73.00%||Dhairyashilrao Vinayakrao||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||37,485||49.32%||B. M. Deshmukh||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||27,772||36.54%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''9,713'''
|-
|118||[[Pulgaon Assembly constituency|Pulgaon]]||66.96%||[[Prabha Rau]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||40,499||65.04%||Motilal Shamlal Kapoor||{{party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}||12,248||19.67%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''28,251'''
|-
|119||[[Wardha Assembly constituency|Wardha]]||66.29%||Vasantrao J. Karlekar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||28,419||47.57%||R. C. Marotra Ghangare||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||27,531||46.09%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''888'''
|-
|120||[[Hinganghat Assembly constituency|Hinganghat]]||70.81%||Keshaorao Motiram Zade||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||33,382||45.29%||Deoraoji Zholbaji Kolhe||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India (Khobragade)}}||19,092||25.90%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''14,290'''
|-
|121||[[Umred Assembly constituency|Umred]]||57.16%||A. L. Waghmare||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||28,533||51.62%||Shrwan Doma Darne||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||18,368||33.23%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''10,165'''
|-
|122||[[Kamthi Assembly constituency|Kamthi]]||50.68%||S. Khan A. Kgan Pathan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,075||51.14%||Ramdas Vithoba Meshram||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India (Khobragade)}}||9,481||19.33%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''15,594'''
|-
|123||[[Nagpur North Assembly constituency|Nagpur North]]||59.58%||Daulatrao Husanji Ganvir||{{party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}||22,993||33.09%||Ganpat Hiralal Bhagat||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||21,135||30.41%||style="background:{{party colour|All India Forward Bloc}}"|'''1,858'''
|-
|124||[[Nagpur East Assembly constituency|Nagpur East]]||62.35%||Narendra Deoghare||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,944||40.04%||Ram Hedaoo||{{party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}||22,452||33.36%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''4,492'''
|-
|125||[[Nagpur Central Assembly constituency|Nagpur Central]]||62.02%||Navalchandra G. Toksiya||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,926||46.63%||Bhagawantrao Gaikawad||{{party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}||11,238||17.51%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''18,688'''
|-
|126||[[Nagpur West Assembly constituency|Nagpur West]]||64.45%||Sushila Balraj||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,410||39.71%||Sumati B. Suklikar||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||20,896||32.65%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''4,514'''
|-
|127||[[Kalmeshwar Assembly constituency|Kalmeshwar]]||68.71%||Wankhede Sheshrao Krishnarao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||32,538||52.20%||Jambuwant Bapurao Dhote||{{party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}||27,460||44.05%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5,078'''
|-
|128||[[Katol Assembly constituency|Katol]]||77.69%||Shankarrao Daulatrao Gedam||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||35,663||53.81%||Motilram Gulabraoji Pawade||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||27,338||41.25%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''8,325'''
|-
|129||[[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner]]||65.46%||Narendra Mahipati Tidke||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,784||50.83%||Jambuwantrao Dhote||{{party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}||25,018||42.70%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''4,766'''
|-
|130||[[Ramtek Assembly constituency|Ramtek]]||55.39%||Gunderao Fakiraji Mahajan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||17,424||37.26%||Pandurang Jairamji Hajare||{{party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}||13,470||28.80%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''3,954'''
|-
|131||[[Tumsar Assembly constituency|Tumsar]]||67.26%||Keshaorao Pardhi||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||27,334||43.59%||Shamrao R. Thakre||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India}}||25,931||41.35%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,403'''
|-
|132||[[Bhandara Assembly constituency|Bhandara]]||77.81%||Govind Ramji Shende||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||41,511||59.31%||Tirpude N. Khantadu||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||24,224||34.61%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''17,287'''
|-
|133||[[Tirora Assembly constituency|Tirora]]||68.64%||Shaligram Ramratan Dixit||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,851||41.32%||Chaitlal Ramji Bhagat||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||24,903||38.32%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,948'''
|-
|134||[[Gondiya Assembly constituency|Gondiya]]||56.41%||Gopalnarayan Shivavinayak Bajpayee||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,290||53.18%||Bhojraj Sakharam Ramteke||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}||12,398||22.51%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''16,892'''
|-
|135||[[Goregaon, Gondia Assembly constituency|Goregaon]]||58.58%||R. Tulsiramji Harinkhede||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,201||47.97%||Rajaram Ghusaji Dhamgaye||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India}}||16,612||30.41%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''9,589'''
|-
|136||[[Amgaon Assembly constituency|Amgaon]]||62.98%||Swarupchand Ajmera||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||31,000||54.83%||Laxman Rao Bisanji Mankar||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||20,418||36.11%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''10,582'''
|-
|137||[[Sakoli Assembly constituency|Sakoli]]||77.71%||Martand Ramaji Kapgate||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||34,326||50.13%||Shyamrao Pagaji Kapgate||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||21,245||31.03%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''13,081'''
|-
|138||[[Arjuni-Morgaon Assembly constituency|Arjuni-Morgaon]]||69.09%||Paulzagade Adku Sonu||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,414||46.31%||Namdeo Harbaji Diwathe||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||17,018||25.92%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''13,396'''
|-
|139||[[Adyar Assembly constituency|Adyar]]||73.41%||M. Mahadeorao Dhote||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||21,389||32.97%||R. Zibalaji Katekhaye||{{party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}||21,299||32.83%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''90'''
|-
|140||[[Armori Assembly constituency|Armori]]||47.70%||Baburao Narayan Madavi||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||31,439||71.19%||Sukhdeobabu Wuyeeke||{{party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}||8,692||19.68%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''22,747'''
|-
|141||[[Gadchiroli Assembly constituency|Gadchiroli]]||60.21%||[[Raje Vishveshvar Rao]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||24,832||57.46%||Mada I. Devaji Tanu||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||17,702||40.96%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''7,130'''
|-
|142||[[Sironcha Assembly constituency|Sironcha]]||56.05%||Alone Mukundrao Vithoba||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||22,733||45.68%||Jamnadas Khobaragade||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India (Khobragade)}}||17,664||35.50%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5,069'''
|-
|143||[[Rajura Assembly constituency|Rajura]]||59.68%||Vithalrao Laxmanrao Dhote||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||27,079||51.07%||Musale Deorao Janardhan||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||19,735||37.22%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''7,344'''
|-
|144||[[Chanda Assembly constituency|Chanda]]||60.32%||Eknath Salwe||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||41,514||62.12%||M Krushnaji Kotpalliwar||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||15,779||23.61%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''25,735'''
|-
|145||[[Saoli Assembly constituency|Saoli]]||74.01%||Y. Bhagirath Bajaj||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||37,482||55.03%||Balayipant Deshkar||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||16,809||24.68%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''20,673'''
|-
|146||[[Bramhapuri Assembly constituency|Bramhapuri]]||70.26%||Gurpude Baliram Marotrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,963||44.39%||Morande Nilkanth Gopalrao||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||14,312||20.52%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''16,651'''
|-
|147||[[Chimur Assembly constituency|Chimur]]||73.99%||Biraje G Motirambapu||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||20,934||33.59%||Sonawane Adaku Shiwaji||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||20,689||33.20%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''245'''
|-
|148||[[Bhadrawati Assembly constituency|Bhadrawati]]||64.58%||Dadasaheb Deotale||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||39,801||66.56%||Shrihari Baliram Jiotode||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||17,388||29.08%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''22,413'''
|-
|149||[[Wani Assembly constituency|Wani]]||67.36%||Dada Sitaram Nandekar||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||24,863||44.32%||Vimaltai Deorao Gohokar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||24,769||44.15%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''94'''
|-
|150||[[Ralegaon Assembly constituency|Ralegaon]]||57.24%||Anandrao K Rao Deshmukh||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,742||53.58%||Dhurve Prabhakar Bakaram||{{party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}||20,131||40.34%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''6,611'''
|-
|151||[[Kelapur Assembly constituency|Kelapur]]||77.32%||Abasaheb P Deshmukh||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||42,105||62.96%||Kongharekar B G Sing||{{party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}||22,612||33.81%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''19,493'''
|-
|152||[[Yavatmal Assembly constituency|Yavatmal]]||69.98%||Gharfalkar K N Ramchandra||{{party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}||35,567||55.32%||G V Rao Balkrishna||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,564||41.32%||style="background:{{party colour|All India Forward Bloc}}"|'''9,003'''
|-
|153||[[Darwha Assembly constituency|Darwha]]||75.68%||Ali Hasan Jiwabhai Mamdani||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||21,261||33.61%||Harish Rameshwar Mandhana||{{party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}||17,512||27.68%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''3,749'''
|-
|154||[[Digras Assembly constituency|Digras]]||72.83%||[[Uttamrao Deorao Patil]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||33,753||46.35%||Nanabhau Narayanrao Yembadwar||{{party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}||30,269||41.56%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''3,484'''
|-
|155||[[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad]]||82.67%||[[Vasantrao Naik]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||50,772||68.04%||Dhote J Bapurao||{{party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}||22,140||29.67%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''28,632'''
|-
|156||[[Umarkhed Assembly constituency|Umarkhed]]||71.70%||Shankarrao Mane Ajaji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||31,589||52.49%||Raghunath Anant Deshmukh||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||22,175||36.85%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''9,414'''
|-
|157||[[Kinwat Assembly constituency|Kinwat]]||70.39%||Pachpute Kishanrao Champatrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||31,563||46.40%||Mudholkar R Mukukda||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||18,580||27.31%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''12,983'''
|-
|158||[[Hadgaon Assembly constituency|Hadgaon]]||50.10%||Palkar Ganpatrao Rangrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,519||58.03%||Shinde Virendra Govindaro||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}||16,481||32.40%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''13,038'''
|-
|159||[[Nanded Assembly constituency|Nanded]]||50.07%||Farook Pasha Makhdum Pasha||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,040||44.69%||More Eknath Kisanrao||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||10,642||18.99%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''14,398'''
|-
|160||[[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar]]||69.00%||[[Shankarrao Chavan]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||45,803||72.41%||Atnod T. D.||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India}}||13,171||20.82%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''32,632'''
|-
|161||[[Biloli Assembly constituency|Biloli]]||51.63%||Ambekar Jairam Gangaram||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,080||44.46%||P Gangadharrao Mahalappa||{{party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}||20,245||34.51%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5,835'''
|-
|162||[[Deglur Assembly constituency|Deglur]]||43.17%||Sabne Peeraji Satwaji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||23,318||55.51%||K R Sayajirao||{{party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}||7,642||18.19%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''15,676'''
|-
|163||[[Kandhar Assembly constituency|Kandhar]]||51.61%||Keshavrao Shankarrao Dhondge||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||34,421||56.26%||Madhavrao V Jadhav||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||21,866||35.74%||style="background:{{party colour|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}"|'''12,555'''
|-
|164||[[Gangakhed Assembly constituency|Gangakhed]]||28.06%||Sawant Iraimbakrao Maretirao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||16,750||55.84%||More Daulat Nimbaji||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India}}||10,384||34.62%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''6,366'''
|-
|165||[[Parbhani Assembly constituency|Parbhani]]||54.37%||Jamkar Raosaheb Bapusaheb||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,293||51.29%||Gauhane Annasaheb Ramchandrarao||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||19,328||37.70%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''6,965'''
|-
|166||[[Basmath Assembly constituency|Basmath]]||37.49%||S. Iqbal Hussain||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||18,308||49.72%||V. Katneshwarkar||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||14,211||38.60%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''4,097'''
|-
|167||[[Kalamnuri Assembly constituency|Kalamnuri]]||41.38%||Maske Vithlrao Champatrao Naik||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||18,217||46.50%||Kalmkar B Rao G Rao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||16,176||41.29%||style="background:{{party colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''2,041'''
|-
|168||[[Hingoli Assembly constituency|Hingoli]]||42.98%||Tale Ashatai Marotiappa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||19,706||45.29%||Ramkri Shna Patil||{{party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}||15,975||36.72%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''3,731'''
|-
|169||[[Jintur Assembly constituency|Jintur]]||46.97%||[[Sheshrao Deshmukh]]||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||26,306||62.09%||Anandrao Deshmukh||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||10,559||24.92%||style="background:{{party colour|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}"|'''15,747'''
|-
|170||[[Pathri Assembly constituency|Pathri]]||47.55%||Sakhram Gopalrao Nakhate||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||22,584||48.72%||Naik Babarao Sopanrao||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||19,503||42.07%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''3,081'''
|-
|171||[[Partur Assembly constituency|Partur]]||50.34%||Barkule Haribhau Ramrao||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||27,431||64.60%||Yadao Ramrao Narayanrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||15,031||35.40%||style="background:{{party colour|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}"|'''12,400'''
|-
|172||[[Ambad Assembly constituency|Ambad]]||53.04%||Ankushrao Raosaheb Tope||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||24,786||45.45%||Annasaheb U A Rao||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||23,967||43.95%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''819'''
|-
|173||[[Jalna South Assembly constituency|Jalna South]]||47.57%||R. S. Rao Raghunath||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||22,062||45.75%||Gopichand Dukhi||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||9,719||20.15%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''12,343'''
|-
|174||[[Jalna North Assembly constituency|Jalna North]]||40.13%||Chavan Bajirao Sheshrao||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||15,081||40.29%||Gambhirrao Gadhe||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||14,262||38.10%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''819'''
|-
|175||[[Bhokardan Assembly constituency|Bhokardan]]||47.82%||B Rao Narsingrao Gawande||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,817||67.54%||Pundlik Hari||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||14,809||32.46%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''16,008'''
|-
|176||[[Sillod Assembly constituency|Sillod]]||41.54%||Shivram Gangaram Mankar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,868||68.88%||Manohar Hari||{{party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}||4,824||12.84%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''21,044'''
|-
|177||[[Kannad Assembly constituency|Kannad]]||50.25%||Narayan Girmaji Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,765||55.65%||Tila Sajan||{{party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}||20,536||44.35%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5,229'''
|-
|178||[[Vaijapur Assembly constituency|Vaijapur]]||45.88%||Shakuntalabai Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||33,404||86.08%||K S Misal||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||5,404||13.92%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''28,000'''
|-
|179||[[Gangapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Gangapur]]||49.07%||Balasaheb Ramrao Pawar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||28,812||68.39%||Vishwanath Bandu Bhosale||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}||8,525||20.23%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''20,287'''
|-
|180||[[Aurangabad West Assembly constituency|Aurangabad West]]||58.56%||Zakaria Rafiq Balimy||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||32,761||55.79%||Pradhan S T||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India}}||12,641||21.53%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''20,120'''
|-
|181||[[Aurangabad East Assembly constituency|Aurangabad East]]||49.26%||V Rao Sukyabhan Jadhav||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||20,429||44.61%||Rambhav Eknathrao Gavande||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||18,685||40.80%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,744'''
|-
|182||[[Paithan Assembly constituency|Paithan]]||56.23%||Kalyanrao Pandhorinath||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||40,953||78.55%||Uttam Sonaji||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India}}||5,238||10.05%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''35,715'''
|-
|183||[[Georai Assembly constituency|Georai]]||-||[[Sundarrao Solanke]] ||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} ||colspan=8 style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| '''''Elected Unopposed'''''
|-
|184||[[Majalgaon Assembly constituency|Majalgaon]]||35.82%||Sankeran Nathu Tribhuwan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||17,759||53.36%||Chakre Babu Sadashiv||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||6,502||19.54%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''11,257'''
|-
|185||[[Bhir Assembly constituency|Bhir]]||39.89%||Deshmukh S. Syed Ali||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||19,029||42.70%||Dhepe M. Rudrappa||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||10,977||24.63%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''8,052'''
|-
|186||[[Ashti Assembly constituency|Ashti]]||52.61%||Sripatrao Kadam||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,044||56.52%||Ajbe Vishwanath Dagduji||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||16,096||31.32%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''12,948'''
|-
|187||[[Chausala Assembly constituency|Chausala]]||46.23%||Kashirsagar Sonaji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,877||53.27%||Darade Vishwanathrao Anna||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}||10,795||19.25%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''19,082'''
|-
|188||[[Kaij Assembly constituency|Kaij]]||63.36%||Babu Rao Adaskar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||38,416||67.59%||[[Bapu Kaldate]]||{{party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}||18,417||32.41%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''19,999'''
|-
|189||[[Renapur Assembly constituency|Renapur]]||56.14%||Raghunathrao Munde||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,727||55.75%||Chewle Santram Sambhaji||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||16,752||31.42%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''12,975'''
|-
|190||[[Ahmedpur Assembly constituency|Ahmedpur]]||57.45%||Deshmukh Kishanrao Nanasaheb||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||28,742||50.40%||Raddy Sushilabhai Madhav||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||27,192||47.68%||style="background:{{party colour|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}"|'''1,550'''
|-
|191||[[Udgir Assembly constituency|Udgir]]||45.27%||Vithalrao Khadiwale||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India}}||22,058||47.49%||Ghoge Bhimrao Manikrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||21,815||46.97%||style="background:{{party colour|Republican Party of India}}"|'''243'''
|-
|192||[[Latur Assembly constituency|Latur]]||63.59%||[[Shivraj Patil]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||38,400||64.16%||Vasant Shankar Patil||{{party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}||17,874||29.87%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''20,526'''
|-
|193||[[Kallam Assembly constituency|Kallam]]||57.70%||S. Sangram Ganpatrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,177||53.98%||Namdeorao Patil||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||22,519||40.28%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''7,658'''
|-
|194||[[Paranda Assembly constituency|Paranda]]||61.97%||Vasudeo Anandrao Deshmukh||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India}}||22,341||36.35%||Arunojirao Deshmukh||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||19,771||32.17%||style="background:{{party colour|Republican Party of India}}"|'''2,570'''
|-
|195||[[Osmanabad Assembly constituency|Osmanabad]]||59.50%||Survase Gautmarao Ramji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||34,220||63.17%||Ghogre Balwant Yadavrao||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||18,436||34.03%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''15,784'''
|-
|196||[[Ausa Assembly constituency|Ausa]]||64.59%||[[Keshavrao Sonawane]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||44,153||72.80%||Dinkarrao Fatepurkar||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}||14,216||23.44%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''29,937'''
|-
|197||[[Nilanga Assembly constituency|Nilanga]]||68.83%||[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||34,144||50.08%||Madhukarrao Ganpatrao Somwanshi||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||30,058||44.08%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''4,086'''
|-
|198||[[Omerga Assembly constituency|Omerga]]||60.93%||Bhaskarrao Chalukya||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||34,867||64.64%||Vinaykraao Mane||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||15,562||28.85%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''19,305'''
|-
|199||[[Tuljapur Assembly constituency|Tuljapur]]||50.68%||Shivajirao Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||33,077||69.86%||M. A. K. Mohammed Isakhan||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||12,499||26.40%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''20,578'''
|-
|200||[[Akkalkot Assembly constituency|Akkalkot]]||66.72%||Mane Baburao Tulshiram||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||41,268||69.61%||Mulla Rajebhai Dadesaheb||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India}}||17,342||29.25%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''23,926'''
|-
|201||[[Solapur South Assembly constituency|Solapur South]]||67.48%||Virupakshappa Guruppa Shivdare||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||48,294||91.22%||Fadatare Deoram Vithal||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India}}||3,815||7.21%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''44,479'''
|-
|202||[[Solapur City South Assembly constituency|Solapur City South]]||66.86%||Thokal Nirmala Shankar Rao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,529||56.94%||Rone Bhimrao Laxmanrao||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||9,245||19.84%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''17,284'''
|-
|203||[[Solapur City North Assembly constituency|Solapur City North]]||70.15%||[[Ramkrishna Pant Bet]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,364||47.58%||Madur Venkappa Ramayya||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}||21,301||39.96%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''4,063'''
|-
|204||[[North Sholapur Assembly constituency|North Sholapur]]||68.18%||Killedar Abasaheb Baburao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,978||54.90%||Mane Brahmadeo Krishnat||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||21,509||39.39%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''8,469'''
|-
|205||[[Mangalwedha Assembly constituency|Mangalwedha]]||66.98%||Marda Kisanlal Ramchandra||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,372||50.99%||Shaha Ratanchand Shivlal||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||24,101||41.84%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5,271'''
|-
|206||[[Mohol Assembly constituency|Mohol]]||73.24%||Shahaji Rao Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||34,688||54.36%||Chandrakant Nimbalkar||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||29,121||45.64%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5,567'''
|-
|207||[[Barshi Assembly constituency|Barshi]]||69.82%||Shailaja Shitole||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,743||51.74%||Patil Dnyaneshwar Tatyaba||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||26,926||45.32%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''3,817'''
|-
|208||[[Madha Assembly constituency|Madha]]||67.52%||Vithalrao Shinde||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,233||47.94%||Sampatrao Maruti Patil||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||16,434||26.95%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''12,799'''
|-
|209||[[Pandharpur Assembly constituency|Pandharpur]]||58.57%||Audumber Kondiba Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||34,412||63.98%||Dombe Balu Shivling||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||14,915||27.73%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''19,497'''
|-
|210||[[Sangola Assembly constituency|Sangola]]||73.16%||S. Bapusaheb Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||33,448||50.94%||[[Ganpatrao Deshmukh]]||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||31,793||48.42%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,655'''
|-
|211||[[Malshiras Assembly constituency|Malshiras]]||-||Deshmukh C. Abasaheb ||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} ||colspan=8 style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| '''''Elected Unopposed'''''
|-
|212||[[Karmala Assembly constituency|Karmala]]||43.50%||[[T. H. Sonawane]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||22,454||71.24%||Kamble Ramchandra Maruti||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India (Khobragade)}}||7,767||24.64%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''14,687'''
|-
|213||[[Karjat Assembly constituency|Karjat]]||51.99%||Nimbalkar Rao Saheb||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||35,146||80.52%||Zarakar Rajaram Murlidhar||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||8,502||19.48%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''26,644'''
|-
|214||[[Shrigonda Assembly constituency|Shrigonda]]||47.54%||Baburao Mahadeo Bharaskar||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||19,853||53.86%||Shinde Prabhakar Bhaurao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||15,192||41.22%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''4,661'''
|-
|215||[[Ahmednagar South Assembly constituency|Ahmednagar South]]||61.97%||Barshikar Navnitbhai Narayandas||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||28,406||56.57%||Ranade Kalabai Shriram||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||13,286||26.46%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''15,120'''
|-
|216||[[Ahmednagar North Assembly constituency|Ahmednagar North]]||52.88%||Mhaske Kisanrao Balaji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||31,779||65.99%||Mhaske Banshi Revji||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}||16,380||34.01%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''15,399'''
|-
|217||[[Pathardi Assembly constituency|Pathardi]]||55.11%||Mhaske Ganapat Rajaram||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||31,937||55.45%||Manikbai Garje||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||23,126||40.15%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''8,811'''
|-
|218||[[Shevgaon Assembly constituency|Shevgaon]]||67.03%||Langhe Vakilrao Baburao||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}||31,329||52.72%||Gadakh Yashwantrao Kankar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||28,097||47.28%||style="background:{{party colour|Communist Party of India}}"|'''3,232'''
|-
|219||[[Shrirampur Assembly constituency|Shrirampur]]||68.99%||[[Govindrao Adik]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,276||53.33%||Bhaskarrao Galande||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||22,350||39.37%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''7,926'''
|-
|220||[[Shirdi Assembly constituency|Shirdi]]||76.12%||[[Shankarrao Genuji Kolhe]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||38,745||52.51%||Rohamare Karbhari Bhimaji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||33,052||44.80%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''5,693'''
|-
|221||[[Rahuri Assembly constituency|Rahuri]]||58.86%||Kadu Punjaji Bapuji||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}||28,939||53.31%||Wagh Ramanath Laxman||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,064||46.17%||style="background:{{party colour|Communist Party of India}}"|'''3,875'''
|-
|222||[[Parner Assembly constituency|Parner]]||63.37%||[[Shankarrao Kale]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,900||51.33%||Bhagat Dattatrya Kondiram||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||24,560||48.67%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,340'''
|-
|223||[[Sangamner Assembly constituency|Sangamner]]||60.58%||[[B. J. Khatal-Patil]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||47,634||77.17%||Gade Mohanrao Abasaheb||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||10,660||17.27%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''36,974'''
|-
|224||[[Nagar–Akola Assembly constituency|Nagar–Akola]]||54.24%||Yeshwant Rao Bhangare||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,445||63.92%||Bapurao Deshmukh||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}||11,482||24.11%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''18,963'''
|-
|225||[[Junnar Assembly constituency|Junnar]]||59.99%||Tambeshrikishna Ramji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,542||55.76%||Phule Jagdish Sitaram||{{party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}||19,440||42.44%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''6,102'''
|-
|226||[[Ambegaon Assembly constituency|Ambegaon]]||62.61%||[[Kisanrao Bankhele]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||38,908||75.82%||Dattatraya V. Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||12,065||23.51%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''26,843'''
|-
|227||[[Khed Alandi Assembly constituency|Khed Alandi]]||65.20%||Sahebrao B. Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||31,874||53.35%||Shivale Manikrao Udhavrao||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||27,866||46.65%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''4,008'''
|-
|228||[[Maval Assembly constituency|Maval]]||69.76%||Bhegade Krishnarao Dhondiaba||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||27,730||49.41%||Satkar Raghunath Shankar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||24,094||42.93%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}"|'''3,636'''
|-
|229||[[Mulshi Assembly constituency|Mulshi]]||53.31%||Mate Namdev Ramkrishanrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||38,234||79.19%||Ghule Bajirao Laxman||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||5,204||10.78%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''33,030'''
|-
|230||[[Haveli, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Haveli]]||59.05%||Martand Dhondiba Magar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||63,136||83.72%||Marutrao Kale||{{party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}||12,280||16.28%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''50,856'''
|-
|231||[[Kasba Peth Assembly constituency|Kasba Peth]]||70.94%||Lilaba Merchant||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||23,586||50.03%||Rambhau Wadke||{{party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}||8,987||19.06%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''14,599'''
|-
|232||[[Bhavani Peth Assembly constituency|Bhavani Peth]]||58.07%||Tikamdas Daduram Memjade||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||34,677||56.62%||Keshavkantji Janjot||{{party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}||14,125||23.06%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''20,552'''
|-
|233||[[Shukrawar Peth Assembly constituency|Shukrawar Peth]]||74.03%||[[Rambhau Mhalgi]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||41,792||50.15%||Vasant Thorat||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||40,195||48.23%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}"|'''1,597'''
|-
|234||[[Shivajinagar, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar]]||62.64%||Ravindra More||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||34,862||56.63%||Killedar B. D.||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||15,226||24.73%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''19,636'''
|-
|235||[[Pune Cantonment Assembly constituency|Pune Cantonment]]||60.42%||Shivajirao Dhere||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,661||59.02%||Ram D. Tupe||{{party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}||13,773||26.51%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''16,888'''
|-
|236||[[Shirur Assembly constituency|Shirur]]||54.32%||Kokare Popatrao Haribhau||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||21,924||54.00%||Gujar Raikumar Bhogilal||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India}}||12,325||30.36%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''9,599'''
|-
|237||[[Dhond Assembly constituency|Dhond]]||50.28%||Jagdale Ushadevi Krishrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||21,465||49.83%||Takawane Rajaram Bajirao||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||10,028||23.28%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''11,437'''
|-
|238||[[Indapur Assembly constituency|Indapur]]||70.88%||[[Shankarrao Bajirao Patil]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||42,294||65.05%||Avate Ganapt Abaji||{{party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}||21,842||33.60%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''20,452'''
|-
|239||[[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati]]||71.34%||[[Sharad Pawar]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||49,874||75.50%||More Vijayrao Hanmantrao||{{party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}||12,401||18.77%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''37,473'''
|-
|240||[[Purandar Assembly constituency|Purandar]]||64.25%||Jadhavrao Jyotiyajirao||{{party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}||29,586||57.00%||Dayaneshwar Raghunath Khalre||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||21,367||41.17%||style="background:{{party colour|Samyukta Socialist Party}}"|'''8,219'''
|-
|241||[[Bhor Assembly constituency|Bhor]]||61.17%||Anantrao Thopate||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||27,401||61.14%||Chaudhari Usha Shamkant||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||15,425||34.42%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''11,976'''
|-
|242||[[Phaltan Assembly constituency|Phaltan]]||58.73%||Krishnachandra Bhoite||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||36,827||72.90%||Jagtap Bajirao Appaji||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}||7,144||14.14%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''29,683'''
|-
|243||[[Man Assembly constituency|Man]]||40.06%||Prabhawati G Shinde||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,271||71.86%||Bhosale Bapurao Shiwaram||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||5,528||13.12%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''24,743'''
|-
|244||[[Khatav Assembly constituency|Khatav]]||76.85%||Keshavarao S. Patil||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||38,342||56.94%||Chandrahar Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||28,543||42.39%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''9,799'''
|-
|245||[[Koregaon Assembly constituency|Koregaon]]||71.23%||Dattajirao B. Barge||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||39,225||67.00%||Phalke Vasantrao Jyotirao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||19,322||33.00%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''19,903'''
|-
|246||[[Satara Assembly constituency|Satara]]||68.79%||Jagtap Dhondiram Shidoji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||41,307||69.17%||Pawar Narayanrao Rajaram||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}||13,068||21.88%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''28,239'''
|-
|247||[[Wai Assembly constituency|Wai]]||65.64%||[[Prataprao Baburao Bhosale]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||42,125||86.73%||Pore Arvind Balkrishna||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||2,840||5.85%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''39,285'''
|-
|248||[[Jaoli Assembly constituency|Jaoli]]||64.01%||Lalsingrao Bapuso Shinde||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||31,504||62.55%||Bhilare Maruti Rayaji||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||17,111||33.97%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''14,393'''
|-
|249||[[Patan, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Patan]]||77.38%||[[Balasaheb Desai]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||66,857||98.42%||Raosaheb S. Patankar||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||1,071||1.58%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''65,786'''
|-
|250||[[Karad North Assembly constituency|Karad North]]||72.02%||Kotwal Baburao Ramchandra||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||53,094||77.50%||D. M. Patil||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}||7,899||11.53%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''45,195'''
|-
|251||[[Karad South Assembly constituency|Karad South]]||70.50%||[[Yashwantrao Mohite]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||34,397||53.43%||Shankarrao P. Mohite||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||29,980||46.57%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''4,417'''
|-
|252||[[Shirala Assembly constituency|Shirala]]||67.88%||Bhagawanrao Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||44,567||68.42%||Patil Yeshwant Chandroji||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||17,228||26.45%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''27,339'''
|-
|253||[[Walva Assembly constituency|Walva]]||79.80%||[[Rajarambapu Patil]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||65,607||88.20%||Shinde Vasant Shankar||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||5,963||8.02%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''59,644'''
|-
|254||[[Khanapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Khanapur]]||69.83%||Sampatrao Sitaram Mane||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||38,361||59.45%||Pawar Sampatrao Govindrao||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||26,170||40.55%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''12,191'''
|-
|255||[[Tasgaon Assembly constituency|Tasgaon]]||72.47%||Babasaheb Gopalrao Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||52,725||70.87%||Jaysingrao Madhavrao Mane Deshmukh||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||17,524||23.56%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''35,201'''
|-
|256||[[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli]]||66.69%||[[Pandurang Bapu Patil]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||55,176||82.36%||Pawar Pandit Shivaji||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||6,272||9.36%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''48,904'''
|-
|257||[[Miraj Assembly constituency|Miraj]]||75.10%||Narsinha R. Pathak||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||40,388||55.21%||Dadsaheb R. Jamadar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||32,451||44.36%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''7,937'''
|-
|258||[[Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Kavathe Mahankal]]||54.98%||Annasaheb Udhav Engare||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||51,891||87.75%||Haribhau Nana Khujat||{{party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}||5,704||9.65%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''46,187'''
|-
|259||[[Jat Assembly constituency|Jat]]||42.44%||Shivrudra T. Bamane||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||39,096||88.52%||Kamble Anna Krashna||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India}}||3,240||7.34%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''35,856'''
|-
|260||[[Shirol Assembly constituency|Shirol]]||80.67%||[[Ratnappa Kumbhar]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||61,330||75.10%||Jadhav S. Rao Ganpatrao||{{party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}||18,412||22.55%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''42,918'''
|-
|261||[[Hatkanangale Assembly constituency|Hatkanangale]]||73.91%||B. Bhausaheb Kahanjire||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||46,967||62.25%||Patil Shivgonda Pirgonda||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||18,227||24.16%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''28,740'''
|-
|262||[[Vadgaon Assembly constituency|Vadgaon]]||50.20%||Vhatkar Namdeo Laxman||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||38,694||80.70%||Kurne Dattajirao Bhaurao||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||2,498||5.21%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''36,196'''
|-
|263||[[Shahuwadi Assembly constituency|Shahuwadi]]||74.90%||[[Udaysingrao Gaikwad]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||49,368||82.08%||Kumbhar Shankar Babu||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||10,776||17.92%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''38,592'''
|-
|264||[[Panhala Assembly constituency|Panhala]]||66.70%||D. Yashwantrao Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||36,951||66.21%||Patil Sadashiv Daulatrao||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||12,242||21.93%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''24,709'''
|-
|265||[[Radhanagari Assembly constituency|Radhanagari]]||75.05%||Krishnaji Gangaram More||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||25,195||35.98%||Baku Abai D. Khandekar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||16,891||24.12%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''8,304'''
|-
|266||[[Kolhapur Assembly constituency|Kolhapur]]||73.12%||Karkhanis T. Rao Sitaram||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||38,943||54.33%||Popatrao B. Jaganale||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,018||41.88%||style="background:{{party colour|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}"|'''8,925'''
|-
|267||[[Karvir Assembly constituency|Karvir]]||75.49%||Shripatrao S. Bondre||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||54,424||74.43%||Hindurao K. Salokhe||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||18,698||25.57%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''35,726'''
|-
|268||[[Kagal Assembly constituency|Kagal]]||74.59%||[[Sadashivrao Dadoba Mandlik]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||34,608||49.10%||Nikam Daulatrao Appaji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||32,984||46.80%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''1,624'''
|-
|269||[[Gadhinglaj Assembly constituency|Gadhinglaj]]||78.23%||Patil Baburao Satgauda||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,994||46.28%||Batkadli Nagapa Gurlingapa||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||24,121||36.02%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''6,873'''
|-
|270||[[Chandgad Assembly constituency|Chandgad]]||77.25%||Desai Vasantrao Abasaheb||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||24,730||39.30%||Chavan Patil V. K.||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||18,966||30.14%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5,764'''
|}

=== Results by region ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Region
!Total seats
![[Indian National Congress]]
![[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]
![[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|Western Maharashtra
|70
|70
| -
| -
|-
|Vidarbha
|62
|60
|1
|1
|-
|Marathwada
|46
|31
|3
|3
|-
|Thane+Konkan
|39
|37
|1
| -
|-
|Mumbai
|36
|14
| -
| -
|-
|North Maharashtra
|35
|14
|2
|1
|-
|'''Total'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Spoils of five-point duel|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1141020/jsp/nation/story_18944791.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020001027/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141020/jsp/nation/story_18944791.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 October 2014|access-date=26 September 2017}}</ref>
|'''288'''
|'''222'''
|'''7'''
|'''5'''
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Maharashtra State Assembly election}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1970s in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1972 State Assembly elections in India|Maharashtra]]

Tilhar

2026-03-04T13:10:03Z

RashadWaltman14: added a data!

{{Short description|City in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=June 2020}}
{{unreliable sources|date=June 2020}}
{{confusing|date=June 2020}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}


{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tilhar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27|57|46|N|79|44|17|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Tilakraj
| named_for =
| government_type =[[Municipal corporation]]
| governing_body =[[Nagar Palika]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_rank = 1
| area_total_km2 = 20.89
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 152
| population_total = 52909
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-uttarpradesh.php?cityid=0942203000|title = Uttar Pradesh (India): Districts, Cities and Towns – Population Statistics, Charts and Map}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Hindi
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 242307
| postal_code = 242307
| registration_plate = UP27
| website ={{Official website|http://www.tilharnpp.in/dynamic/WebControlPanel/English/Frm_Overview.aspx|name=Website}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Tilhar''' is a city and a very old [[tehsil]] of Uttar Pradesh, as well as the [[municipal board]] of the [[Shahjahanpur district]] in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Villages in Tilhar Tehsil , Shahjahanpur, Uttar Pradesh ,it is also famous for lauj sweet which is made from milk |url=https://m.mapsofindia.com/villages/uttar-pradesh/shahjahanpur/tilhar/ |access-date=5 July 2022 |website=m.mapsofindia.com}}</ref> It is also a [[List of constituencies of Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|constituency of Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha]]. The city was also known for supplying [[Bow and arrow|bows]] to [[Mughal Empire|Mughul]] armies, and Tilhar was referred to as Kamaan Nagar during the reign of emperor Jahangeer.<ref>{{Cite web|author= |date=2025 |title=How to get to Tilhar |url=https://www.rome2rio.com/s/Tilhar|access-date=2025-01-05|website=Rome2Rio|language=en}}</ref> The town is known for a local milk-based sweet called ''Lauj'', produced by shops such as Arya Mishthan Bhandar, which has reportedly been sourced by the '''Ambani family.'''

==Villages==
* [[Banthra]]

==Demographics==
According to the [[2001 Census of India]],<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-uttarpradesh.php?cityid=0942203000|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Tilhar had a population of 52,909: 27,667 males and 25,242 females. Tilhar had an average literacy rate of 50.77%, which was below the state average of 67.68%. Male literacy stood at 55.53%, while female literacy was at 45.63%. 14% of the population was aged 0–6 years.{{bar box
|title=Religions in Tilhar
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|Hindus|orange|58}}
{{bar percent|Muslims|green|41}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jains]]|pink|0.5}}
{{bar percent|Others†|black|0.5}}
|caption=Distribution of religions 
†Includes [[Sikh]]s (0.2%), Buddhists (<0.2%).
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Shahjahanpur district}}
{{Historical regions of Rohilkhand}}
{{Archery}}

{{Commons category|Bows (archery)|Bows}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Shahjahanpur district]]

Ram Rajya (1943 film)

2026-03-03T23:18:55Z

RashadWaltman14: Creating A Data

{{for|the 1967 film|Ram Rajya (1967 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ram Rajya
| image = Ram Rajya (1943).webm

| caption = ''Ram Rajya''
| director = [[Vijay Bhatt]]
| producer =
| writer =
| story = Kanu Desai
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Ramayana]]''|[[Valmiki]]}}
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|Prem Adib|[[Shobhna Samarth]]}}
| music = Shankarrao Vyas
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1943}}
| runtime = 132 min
| country = [[India]]
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Ram Rajya''''' ({{lit|Kingdom of Rama}}) is a [[Bollywood films of 1943|1943]] Hindi film, directed by [[Vijay Bhatt]], with Prem Adib and [[Shobhna Samarth]] in the lead roles of Rama And Sita.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bollywood Hindi Movie |url=http://www.gomolo.com/ |access-date=14 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302223934/http://www.gomolo.com/ |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |url-status=unfit}}</ref><ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|accessdate=23 August 2012|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=9780851706696}}</ref> It was the third highest grossing Indian film of 1943.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Earners 1943|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=148&catName=MTk0Mw==|publisher=Box Office India|accessdate=26 September 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016213838/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=148&catName=MTk0Mw==|archivedate=16 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The film gained significance, as for title it used the term ''Ram Rajya'' (Rule of Rama), [[Mahatma Gandhi]] often used to define democratic-righteous rule during the [[Indian independence struggle]], and it was the only film he, who did not think much of the medium, ever saw.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Challenge of the Silver Screen: An Analysis of the Cinematic Portraits of Jesus, Rama, Buddha and Muhammad|author= Freek L. Bakker|publisher=BRILL|year=2009|isbn=978-9004168619 |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4KNSp-uEO18C&q=babubhai+mistri&pg=PA96 |ref= Ba}}</ref>
It was the first Indian movie that premiered in the USA.

==Plot==
Following Bhagwan Shri Ram's 14-year exile, whereby he demolishes the evil empire of Lord Ravan, rescues his wife, Sita, and returns triumphantly home to Ayodhya to be crowned the King. Bhagwan Ram arranges for Sita to be placed on top a funeral pyre, and when she comes out unscathed with the Lord of Fire himself appearing and asking Bhagwan Ram to take Sita back as she is pure, and her presence has not only purified Ayodhya, but also Sri Lanka, as well as himself. Thus satiated, Ram and Sita return to Ayodhya, but not for long as the people, especially a washer-man (Dhobi) demands that Sita be expelled from the kingdom, as the people would like him to ask his wife to leave Ayodhya as she has spent several days and nights away from husband, and has thus maligned herself. Bhagwan Ram gives way to the demands of his people, and expels Sita, who then goes to reside with Lord Valmiki, calls herself Vandevi, and gives birth to twins - Luv and Kush. In the meantime, Valmiki has finished writing the Holy Book Ramayan, and ensures that the twins read and understand this, which they do. Then when Bhagwan Ram announces an Aswamedha Yagna (to expand Ayodhya's boundaries by letting a horse run through different kingdoms, and whosoever stops the horse, challenges Bhagwan Ram and his armies). When Vandevi hears of this, she is shocked as this Yagna can only be performed by a ruler with his wife at his side, is it that Bhagwan Ram is getting married again? Before she could find any answers to this question, she is told that her sons have stopped the horse from Ayodhya - and are ready to do battle with the powerful armies of Ayodhya.

==Cast==
* [[Prem Adib]] as [[Rama|Shri Bhagwan]]
* [[Shobhna Samarth]] as [[Sita|Devi Maa Sita/Vandevi]]
* Umakant as [[Lakshmana|Laxman]]
* G. Badri Prasad as Rishi Valmaki
* Chandrakant as [[Rama]]
* Yashwant as Luv
* Madhusudan as Kush
* Pande as Rishi Vasistha
* V.D.Pandit as Dhobi
* [[Amirbai Karnataki]] as Dhoban
* Shantakumari as Kaushalya
* Ranjana as Chitralekha
* Leela Pawar as Vasanti Sr.
* Baby Tara as Vasanti Jr.
* Bahadur as Horse
* Phanse
* Sitaram
* V. Kanse
* Chotejan
* Athavle
* Bholaram
* Laxman
* Baldev
* Kusum
* Baby Sheela as dancer
* Baby Kamala as Child dancer

==Remakes==
It was remade into color remake by [[Vijay Bhatt]] starring [[Bina Rai]] and Kumar Sen and Lav Kush starring [[Ashim Kumar]] and [[Jayshree Gadkar]] in the same year of 1967. The story was remade again as Lav Kush in 1997 as starring [[Jeetendra]], [[Jayaprada]] and [[Arun Govil]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id = |title =Ram Rajya}}
* [https://indiancine.ma/BCPX/info Ram Rajya (1943)] on indiancine.ma
{{Vijay Bhatt}}

[[Category:1943 films]]
[[Category:1943 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1943 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films based on the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vijay Bhatt]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar Rao Vyas]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian historical films]]
[[Category:1940s historical films]]
[[Category:Films based on the Uttar Ramayana]]

{{1940s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{Hindu-film-stub}}

Sakthi (1983 film)

2026-03-03T20:16:36Z

RashadWaltman14: added new post!

{{Short description|1983 Indian Telugu film by K. Raghavendra Rao}}
{{Distinguish|Sakthi (2011 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = July 2020}}{{Use Indian English|date = July 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Shakthi.jpg
| name = Sakthi
| released = {{Film date|1983|09|02|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]]
* [[Jayasudha]]
* Radha}}
| studio = Gopi Movies
| director = [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]
| music = Chakravarthy
}}
'''''Sakthi''''' ({{translation|Power}}) is a 1983 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] for Gopi Movies starring [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Radha (actress)|Radha]], [[Jayasudha]] and [[Rao Gopala Rao]]. Chakravarthy scored and composed the film's soundtrack. The film was declared a ''Blockbuster'' at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://moviegq.com/movie/shakthi-8190/cast-crew|title=Shakthi 1983 Film info|access-date=3 July 2020|last=MovieGQ}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moviebuff.com/shakthi-1983-telugu|title=Shakthi cast and crew info|website=moviebuff.com}}</ref>

The film set on a village backdrop featured Krishna in dual roles as Ramu and Krishna. The film marked the fifth collaboration of Raghavendra Rao with Krishna after Bhale Krishnudu, [[Gharana Donga]], [[Ooriki Monagadu]] and [[Adavi Simhalu]].

The film was remade in Hindi as [[Kaamyab]].

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] as Ramu and Krishna
* [[Jayasudha]] as Seeta
* [[Radha (actress)|Radha]]
* [[Rao Gopala Rao]] as Chinthapikkala Narasaraju
* [[Allu Ramalingaiah]]
* [[Giribabu]] as Giri
* [[Kanta Rao]]
*[[M. Prabhakar Reddy|Prabhakar Reddy]] as P. K. Bir
*[[Mada Venkateswara Rao|Mada]] as Narasaraju's son
* [[Chalapathi Rao]] as Bhimudu
*[[Potti Prasad]]
*[[Sarathi (comedian)|Sarathi]] as Inspector
*[[P. J. Sarma]]
*[[Shubha (actress)|Subha]]
*[[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapoorna]]
*[[Nirmalamma]]
*Chidathala Appa Rao as Constable
}}

== Soundtrack ==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Song
! Singer(s)
|-
| "Andhamantha"
| S. P. B., P. Susheela
|-
| "Seetha Raamulu"
| S. P. B., P. Susheela
|-
| "Are Chikkindamma"
| S. P. B., P. Susheela
|-
| "Maa Naela Talli"
| S. P. B., P. Susheela
|-
| "Ittaage Ittaage"
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| "Moggalanti"
| S. P. B., P. Susheela
|}

== Release and Reception ==
The film was released on 2 September 1983 to positive reviews.<ref>{{cite web|website=moviegq.com|url=https://moviegq.com/movie/shakthi-8190|title=Sakthi info|access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref> The film had a theatrical run of 48 days in [[Hyderabad]], 100 days in [[Vizag]], 100 days in [[Nellore]] and 100 days in [[Guntur]].<ref name="sha">{{cite web|title=Krishna's records|url=http://www.manamahesh.com/mahesh/legend_krishna_records_view.php?rid=8|website=manamahesh.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{IMDb title|tt0258146}}
{{K. Raghavendra Rao}}

[[Category:1983 films]]
[[Category:1983 action films]]
[[Category:1983 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Raghavendra Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. Chakravarthy]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]

Narayana Guru

2026-03-02T19:07:00Z

RashadWaltman14: updated citations additionally and corrected details as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indian spiritual leader and social reformer (1856–1928)}}
{{for|the 1986 Indian Malayalam film|Sree Narayana Guru (film)}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| honorific_prefix = [[Sree]]
| name = Narayana Guru
| image = Narayana Guru.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1856|8|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chempazhanthy]], [[Travancore|Kingdom of Travancore]] (present-day [[Thiruvananthapuram district]], [[Kerala, India|Kerala]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1928|09|20|1856|08|22|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Varkala]], [[Travancore|Kingdom of Travancore]] (present-day [[Sivagiri, Kerala|Sivagiri]], Kerala, India)
| known_for = [[Kerala reformation movement]]
| philosophy = Interpretation of [[Advaita Vedanta]]
| religion =
}}
{{Renaissance of Kerala}}
[[Sree]] '''Narayana Guru''' ({{IPA|ml|nɑːrɑːjɐɳɐ guˈru|IPA}}) (20 August 1856 – 20 September 1928)<ref>{{cite web |title=Narayana Guru, 1856–1928 |url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n82142354.html |website=LC Name Authority File |publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=18 March 2021}}</ref> was a [[philosopher]], [[Spiritual Leader|spiritual leader]] and [[Social Reformer|social reformer]] in India. He led a [[Kerala reformation movement|reform movement]] against the injustice in the [[Caste system in Kerala|caste-ridden]] society of [[Kerala]] in order to promote [[moksha|spiritual enlightenment]] and [[social equality]].<ref name="Prophet2">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNAI9F8IBOgC |pages=24–46 |title=Religion and social conflict in South Asia |volume=22 |series=International studies in sociology and social anthropology |editor1-first=Bardwell L. |editor1-last=Smith |publisher=BRILL |year=1976 |isbn=978-90-04-04510-1|chapter=The Izhavas of Kerala and their Historic Struggle for Acceptance in the Hindu Society|last=Pullapilly|first=Cyriac K.}}</ref> A quote of his that defined his movement was "one caste, one religion, and one god for all human beings". He is the author of the [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita]] poem [[Daiva Dasakam]], which is one of the most used poem in Kerala for community prayer.<ref name=anilkumar>ദൈവദശകദർശനം, ഡോ.ജി. അനിൽകുമാർ, കുരുക്ഷേത്ര പ്രകാശൻ, കൊച്ചി, 2010 ഏപ്രിൽ</ref>

French philosopher and Nobel prize laureate for literature, [[Romain Rolland]] described Narayana guru as '[[Jñāna|Jnani]] of [[Karma]]', noting that he exemplified how faith could be used to bring about social change.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/the-renaissance-prophet/story-Y3xrvElzgdue1ki3zo72eN.html | title=The renaissance prophet | work=Hindustan Times | date=13 March 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rajbhavan.kerala.gov.in/index.php/speeches1/200-inaugural-address-at-the-100th-year-of-the-declaration-of-we-have-no-caste-by-sree-narayana-guru-thiruvananthapuram-at-1700-hrs-on-21st-december-2016#:~:text=To%20the%20French%20philosopher%20Romain,that%20have%20enriched%20the%20world | title=Inaugural Address at the 100th Year of the Declaration of 'We Have No Caste' by Sree Narayana Guru Thiruvananthapuram at 1700 HRS. On 21St December 2016 }}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:Sree Narayana guru at Meditation.jpg|thumb|Narayana Guru at Meditation. He meditated for 8 years at Pillathadam cave at [[Marunthuvazh Malai|Maruthwamala]] mountain and attained enlightenment. The area was secluded with heavy forest and inhabited with wild life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://maruthwamala.com/en/pillathadam/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220221046/http://maruthwamala.com/en/pillathadam/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=20 December 2016|title=Pillathadam|work=Maruthwamala |date=28 November 2022 }}</ref>]]
Narayanan, né Nanu, was born on 20 August 1856 to Madan Asan and Kuttiyamma in an [[Ezhava]] family of ayurvedic physicians, in the village of [[Chempazhanthy]] near [[Thiruvananthapuram]], in the erstwhile state of [[Travancore]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Sree Narayana Guru, Varkala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/varkala/sree-narayana-guru.php|access-date=2021-03-01|website=Kerala Tourism – Varkala|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Muralidharan |first=Siddarth |date=2022-09-20 |title=Narayana Guru, the anti-caste social reformer who fought Brahmins for Ezhavas' rights |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/narayana-guru-the-anti-caste-social-reformer-who-fought-brahmins-for-ezhavas-rights/1135772/ |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> Unlike other Ezhavas who confined their Sanskrit reading to ayurvedic works, Narayana guru studied religious texts as well.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gadgil |first=Madhav |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XJ2HHZcM6oC&dq=gadgil+google+books+ezhava&pg=PA83 |title=Ecological Journeys |date=2005 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-7824-112-8 |language=en}}</ref> His early education was in the [[gurukula]] way under Chempazhanthi Mootha Pillai during which time his mother died when he was 15. At the age of 21, he went to central Travancore to learn from Raman Pillai Asan, a [[Sanskrit]] scholar who taught him Vedas, Upanishads and the literature and logical rhetoric of Sanskrit. A year later, he married Kaliamma but soon disassociated himself from the marriage to commence his public life as a social reformer.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Vengassery Krishnan">{{Cite web |last=Vengassery Krishnan |first=Asokan |title=Sree Narayana Guru: The Perfect Union of Buddha and Sankara |url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B09KH3DW7K |website=Amazon |access-date=2025-06-23}}</ref> He returned to his village in 1881, when his father was seriously ill, and started a village school where he taught local children which earned him the name ''Nanu Asan''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Vengassery Krishnan"/>

Leaving home, he traveled through Kerala and Tamil Nadu and it was during these journeys, he met [[Chattampi Swamikal]], a social and religious reformer, who introduced Guru to [[Ayyavu Swamikal]] from whom he learned meditation and [[yoga]].<ref name="Playing host to deity : festival religion in the South Indian tradition">{{Cite book |title=Playing host to deity : festival religion in the South Indian tradition |url=https://archive.org/details/playinghosttodei00youn |url-access=limited |last=Younger |first=Paul |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002 |isbn=0-19-514044-3 |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/playinghosttodei00youn/page/n135 127]}}</ref> Later, he continued his wanderings until he reached the Pillathadam cave at [[Maruthwamala]] where he set up a hermitage and practiced meditation for the next eight years.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Vengassery Krishnan"/>

In 1888, he visited Aruvippuram and spent time meditating in a cave near the Neyyar River. It was here that his first and one of his prominent disciple, Sivalingadasa Swamikal, who hailed from an orthodox [[Nair]] family, discovered him. During his stay, he consecrated a rock from the deepest part of the Neyyar River, a whirlpool sinkhole known as 'Sankaran Kuzhi'. It is believed that it was in this 'Sankaran Kuzhi' sage [[Agastya]] gave his worshipping Shiva Linga to Neyyar river somewhere before leaving. This rock was established as the idol of Shiva, and the site has since been known as the Aruvippuram Shiva Temple.<ref name="keralakaumudi.com">{{cite news | url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=506692 | title=വിപ്ളവം സൃഷ്ടിച്ച പ്രതിഷ്ഠ | newspaper=Keralakaumudi Daily | last1=Daily | first1=Keralakaumudi }}</ref><ref name="125 years of Aruvippuram temple">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/125-years-of-aruvippuram-temple/article4234257.ece |title=125 years of Aruvippuram temple |author=Staff Reporter |date=24 December 2012 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="Vengassery Krishnan"/> The act, which later came to be known as ''Aruvipuram Pratishta'', created a social commotion among the upper caste [[Brahmins]] who questioned Guru's right to consecrate the idol.<ref name="125 years of Aruvipuram Pratishta">{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2013/aug/22/125-years-of-aruvipuram-pratishta-509120.html |title=125 years of Aruvipuram Pratishta |website=The New Indian Express |date=22 August 2013 |access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref> His reply to them, "This is not a Brahmin Shiva but an [[Ezhava Siva|Ezhava Shiva]]",<ref name="Sree Narayana Guru in a new light">{{Cite web |date=13 November 2013 |title=Sree Narayana Guru in a new light |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2010/Dec/08/sree-narayana-guru-in-a-new-light-209075.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113133024/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article167942.ece?service=print |archive-date=13 November 2013 |access-date=1 April 2019 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> later became a famous quote, used against [[casteism]].<ref name="Menon2011">{{cite book|author=A. Sreedhara Menon|title=Kerala History and its Makers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wnAjqjhc1VcC&pg=PA205|date=4 March 2011|publisher=DC Books|isbn=978-81-264-3782-5|pages=205–}}</ref><ref name="In Kerala temple priest appointments, Backward caste Ezhavas overrun Brahmins">{{Cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/in-kerala-temple-priest-appointments-backward-caste-ezhavas-overrun-brahmins/303133 |title=In Kerala temple priest appointments, Backward caste Ezhavas overrun Brahmins |website=outlookindia.com/ |date=17 October 2017 |access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref> It was here, the [[Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam]] (SNDP Yogam)<ref name="Developmental Modernity in Kerala: Narayana Guru, S.N.D.P Yogam and Social Reform">{{Cite book |url=https://cup.columbia.edu/book/developmental-modernity-in-kerala/9789382381792 |title=Developmental Modernity in Kerala: Narayana Guru, S.N.D.P Yogam and Social Reform |last=Chandramohan |first=P. |date=April 2016 |publisher=[[Tulika Books]]|access-date=1 April 2019|isbn=9789382381792 }}</ref> was founded on 15 May 1903 by the efforts of [[Padmanabhan Palpu]] with Narayana Guru as its founder president.<ref name="SNDP Yogam">{{Cite web |url=http://sndpyogam.in/sndp/ |title=SNDP Yogam |website=sndpyogam.in |language=en |access-date=1 April 2019 |archive-date=18 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218101452/http://sndpyogam.in/sndp/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Guru shifted his base to [[Sivagiri, Kerala|Sivagiri]], near [[Varkala]] in 1904 where he opened a school for children from the lower strata of the society and provided free education to them without considering their caste. However, it took him seven years to build<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Vengassery Krishnan"/> a temple there, the [[Sarada Mutt]] was built in 1912. He also [[Temples consecrated by Narayana Guru|built temples in other places]] such as [[Thrissur]], [[Kannur]], [[Anchuthengu]], [[Thalassery]], [[Kozhikode]], and [[Mangalore]] and it took him to many places including [[Sri Lanka]] (then called Ceylon) where he made his final visit in 1926. On his return to India, he was involved in a number of activities including the planning of the Sivagiri pilgrimage which was planned after his visit to [[Pallathuruthy]] in 1927 to attend the anniversary of the S.N.D.P. Yogam.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Vengassery Krishnan"/>

Soon after the meeting at Pallathuruthy, which was the last public function he attended, Guru became ill and underwent treatment at places such as Aluva, Thrissur, [[Palakkad]], and finally to [[Chennai]]; the physicians attended to him included Ayurvedic physicians like Cholayil Mami Vaidyar, Panappally Krishnan Vaidyar and Thycauttu Divakaran Moos as well as allopathic physicians viz. Krishnan Thampi, Panikker, Palpu and a European physician by name, Noble. He returned to [[Sarada Mutt]] and died on 20 September 1928, at the age of 72.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Vengassery Krishnan"/>

== Legacy ==
=== Fight against casteism ===
[[Casteism]] was practised in Kerala during the 19th and early 20th centuries and the backward castes such as [[Ezhava]]s and other [[Untouchability|untouchable]] castes like [[Paraiyar]]s, [[tribals|Adivasis]] and [[pulayas|Pulayars]] had to suffer discrimination from the upper caste community.<ref name="Guru-varsham 150: The year of Narayana Guru">{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2004/aug/30rajeev.htm |title=Guru-varsham 150: The year of Narayana Guru |website=www.rediff.com |access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref> It was against this discrimination that Guru performed his first major public act,<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Vengassery Krishnan"/> the consecration of Siva idol at Aruvippuram in 1888.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} Overall, he consecrated forty five temples across Kerala and Tamil Nadu. His consecrations were not necessarily conventional deities; these included a slab inscribed with the words, "Truth, Ethics, Compassion, Love",<ref name="Vengassery Krishnan"/> a vegetarian Shiva, a mirror, and an Italian sculpture.<ref name="These places were a part of Narayana Guru's life">{{Cite web |url=https://travel.manoramaonline.com/travel/essential-kerala/these-places-were-a-part-of-sree-narayana-gurus-life.html |title=These places were a part of Sree Narayana Guru's life |website=OnManorama |language=en |access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref> He propagated the ideals of compassion and religious tolerance and one of his noted works, ''Anukampadasakam'', extols various religious figures such as [[Krishna]], [[The Buddha]], [[Adi Shankara]], [[Jesus Christ]].<ref name="Guru who made Kerala fit to bear 'god's own' label">{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/060917/guru-who-made-kerala-fit-to-bear-gods-own-label.html |title=Guru who made Kerala fit to bear 'god's own' label |last=Sekher |first=Ajay |date=6 September 2017 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref>

=== Meeting with Mahatma Gandhi ===
On 12 March 1925, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] visited the Sivagiri Ashram in Varkala, Kerala, during the Vaikom Satyagraha. During his stay, he met Narayana Guru, who emphasized the need for education and wealth for the upliftment of lower castes rather than mixed eating and marriages. This conversation, facilitated by a translator, also addressed religious freedom and the caste system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaikom Satyagraha: A landmark movement in India's fight against untouchability |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/03/30/landmark-movement-vaikom-satyagraha.html |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref><ref name="journals.sagepub.com">{{cite journal | url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/025764308700300105 | doi=10.1177/025764308700300105 | title=Popular Culfure and Socio-Religious Reform: Narayana Guru and the Ezhavas of Travancore | date=1987 | last1=Chandramohan | first1=P. | journal=Studies in History | volume=3 | issue=1 | pages=57–74 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> Narayana Guru's logical arguments and inclusive practices profoundly impacted Gandhi. Witnessing lower-caste children reciting prayers and their knowledge of the Upanishads impressed Gandhi and challenged his casteist views. Inspired by Guru's teachings, Gandhi re-evaluated his stance on caste and untouchability.<ref name="auto3">{{cite web | url=https://ullekhnp.com/2019/09/27/mahatma-gandhi-sree-narayana-guru/ | title=On the 1925 dialogue between Mahatma Gandhi and Sree Narayana Guru | date=27 September 2019 }}</ref><ref name="onmanorama.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2018/06/30/the-five-visits-gandhiji-made-to-kerala.html | title=The five visits Gandhiji made to Kerala }}</ref><ref name="theprint.in">{{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/past-forward/gandhi-spoke-no-sanskrit-narayana-guru-spoke-no-english-when-they-met-during-vaikom/1489002/ | title=Gandhi spoke no Sanskrit & Narayana Guru spoke no English when they met during Vaikom | website=[[ThePrint]] | date=2 April 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=B Rajeevan |date=30 March 2023 |title=Vaikom Satyagraha: A landmark movement in India's fight against untouchability |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/03/30/landmark-movement-vaikom-satyagraha.html |access-date= |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=July 2024}} As a result of this transformative experience, Mahatma Gandhi began to focus on eradicating untouchability and upliftment of Harijans (Dalits) in the national movement. He renamed his newspaper "Young India" to "Harijan" and made the eradication of untouchability a central part of his mission. This marked a significant shift in Gandhi's approach, integrating the fight against caste discrimination into the broader struggle for India's independence.<ref name="journals.sagepub.com"/><ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala/on-gandhi-jayanti-revisiting-the-kerala-temple-town-where-gandhi-helped-fight-untouchability-6047451/ | title=On Gandhi Jayanti, revisiting the Kerala temple town where Gandhi helped fight untouchability | date=2 October 2019 }}</ref>

[[Mahatma Gandhi]] subsequently renamed his newspaper from "[[Young India]]" to "Harijan" and made the eradication of untouchability and upliftment of [[Harijan]]s a part of the national movement. Anantha Shenoy, a Gandhian from [[Kannur]], read about this in Young India and was deeply inspired. He later became the Guru's disciple and was ordained as Swamy Ananda Theerthan, regarded as the last initiated disciple of Narayana Guru<ref name="auto3"/><ref name="onmanorama.com"/>

===Role in Kerala's early labour movement===
On 31 March 1922, under the guidance of Sree Narayana Guru, the [[Travancore Labour Association]], which is the first organised labour union in [[Kerala]] was established at the Kalappura Temple grounds in Alappuzha. The initiative followed Guru's instruction to Swami Satyavratan, who conveyed his blessings and directive to organise workers facing exploitation in colonial-era coir factories.<ref name="Trade Union Formed by the Advice of">{{cite news |title=Trade Union Formed by the Advice of Guru |newspaper=Kerala Kaumudi |date=2022-03-15 |at=Section C|language=ml}}</ref><ref name="Vengassery Krishnan"/><ref>{{cite journal |last= |first= |title=The Social Background of the Formation of the Travancore Labour Union |journal=Research Guru |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=6 |date=June 2019 |url=https://www.researchguru.net/volume/Volume%2013/Issue%201/RG154.pdf |access-date=27 June 2025}}</ref>

The union's formation was led by Vadappuram Bava, a coir worker who, in 1920, met Guru through T. C. Kesavan Vaidyar and appealed for a solution to the harsh conditions faced by labourers. Guru reportedly asked Bava, "If what I command becomes your deliverance, will you accept it?" to which Bava replied, "Whatever you instruct will be our salvation." Guru then responded with a call to collective action: "Form a union. Let your strength come from unity and freedom." The inaugural meeting, held after dusk to avoid police intervention, drew around 300 workers. Dr. M. K. Antony was appointed president and Vattappuram Bava served as secretary.<ref name="Trade Union Formed by the Advice of"/><ref name="Vengassery Krishnan"/><ref name="auto">{{cite journal |last= |first= |title=The Social Background of the Formation of the Travancore Labour Union |journal=Research Guru: Online Journal of Multidisciplinary Subjects |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=6 |date=June 2019 |url=https://www.researchguru.net/volume/Volume%2013/Issue%201/RG154.pdf |access-date=27 June 2025}}</ref>

The union later became the Travancore Labour Association and played a foundational role in Kerala's labour movement, preceding the emergence of [[Communist Party of India|communist politics in India]]. In one of their final meetings, Guru advised Bava: "Earn the trust of all and move forward. The age of the workers is coming."<ref name="Trade Union Formed by the Advice of"/><ref name="Vengassery Krishnan"/><ref name="auto"/>

===First All India Industrial and Agricultural Exhibition===
In 1905, Narayana Guru organized All India Industrial and Agricultural Exhibition at Kollam, first time in India to facilitate industrialization and agriculture.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://snms.co.in/pages/literary-works/52 | title=Literary Works }}</ref><ref name="Vengassery Krishnan"/> Guru wanted to convey the importance of regaining the lost places of worship (later rebuilt by the Guru himself) and wealth. This was in line with his quote: "Vidhya kond prabhudhar aavuka, sangadana kond shakthar aavuka, vyavasayam kond abhivrithi neduka" meaning "Become enlightened through education, become strong through organization, and achieve prosperity through industry."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2139144 |title=Prime Minister's address at the inauguration of various projects in Kerala |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Government of India |date=15 January 2025 |quote=Highlighting the timeless vision of Sree Narayana Guru, who proclaimed: ‘Enlightenment through education, Strength through organisation, and Prosperity through industry’, Shri Modi said, ‘Sree Narayana Guru not only articulated this vision but also laid the foundation of key institutions to realise it’.}}</ref><ref name="Vengassery Krishnan"/>

=== Vaikom Satyagraha ===
The social protest of [[Vaikom Satyagraha]] was an agitation led by backward caste communities against discrimination in Hindu society of Travancore.<ref name="Extreme injustice led to Vaikom Satyagraha, says Romila Thapar">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Extreme-injustice-led-to-Vaikom-Satyagraha-says-Romila-Thapar/article16560190.ece |title=Extreme injustice led to Vaikom Satyagraha, says Romila Thapar |date=22 July 2009 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref> It was reported that the trigger for the protest was an incident when Narayana Guru was stopped from passing through a road leading to the [[Vaikom Temple]] by an upper caste person. It prompted [[Kumaran Asan]] and [[Muloor S.Padmanabha Panicker]], both disciples of Guru, to compose poems in protest of the incident. [[T. K. Madhavan]], another disciple, petitioned the [[Sree Moolam Popular Assembly]] in 1918 for rights to enter the temple and worship, regardless of the caste.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} A host of people including [[K. Kelappan]] and [[K. P. Kesava Menon]] formed a committee and announced the ''Kerala Paryatanam Movement'' and with the support of [[Mahatma Gandhi]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} The agitation developed into a mass movement which resulted in the opening of the temple as well as three roads leading to it to people of all castes.<ref name="Fenced By The Thread">{{Cite web |last=P. Vijaya Kumar |date=12 August 2017 |title=Fenced By The Thread |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/society/fenced-by-the-thread-news-299193 |access-date=1 April 2019 |website=Outlook}}</ref> The protest also influenced the [[Temple Entry Proclamation]] of 1936.<ref name="Temple Entry Proclamation the greatest act of moral freedom: Uthradom Tirunal">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/temple-entry-proclamation-the-greatest-act-of-moral-freedom-uthradom-tirunal/article2620727.ece |title=Temple Entry Proclamation the greatest act of moral freedom: Uthradom Tirunal |last=Mahadevan |first=G. |date=12 November 2011 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="Rediff On The NeT: Rajeev Srinivasan">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/jan/27raj.htm |title=Rediff On The NeT: Rajeev Srinivasan |website=www.rediff.com |access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref>

=== Sivagiri pilgrimage ===
The [[Sivagiri, Kerala#Sivagiri pilgrimage|Sivagiri pilgrimage]] was conceived by three of the disciples of Guru viz. Vallabhasseri Govindan Vaidyar, T. K. Kittan Writer and [[Muloor S. Padmanabha Panicker]] which Guru approved in 1928, with his own recommendations.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Vengassery Krishnan"/> He suggested that the goals of the pilgrimage should be the promotion of education, cleanliness, devotion to God, organization, agriculture, trade, handicrafts, and technical training and advised Vaidyar and Writer to organise a series of lectures on these themes to stress the need for the practice of these ideals, stating this to be the core purpose of Sivagiri pilgrimage. However, his death soon after delayed the project until 1932 when the [[Elavumthitta#The First Sivagiri Pilgrimage – Started from Elavumthitta|first pilgrimage]] was undertaken from [[Elavumthitta]] in [[Pathanamthitta District]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Elavumthitta – the birthplace of Sivagiri pilgrimage|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/elavumthitta-the-birthplace-of-sivagiri-pilgrimage/article4270267.ece|access-date=19 October 2014|agency=The Hindu|date=4 January 2013}}</ref>

===India's first All Religions Conference===
[[File:A photo taken during the all-religion meet at Aluva in 1924.png|thumb|480px|Sree Narayana Guru with leaders of different religions during all-religion meet . A photo taken during the all-religion meet at Aluva in 1924.]]
Guru organized an ''All Religion Conference'' in 1923 at [[Alwaye Advaita Ashram]], which was first such event in India.<ref name="NairDevi2010-1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-JRfipEdV0C&pg=PA189 |title=Chattampi Swami: An Intellectual Biography-1 |last1=R. Raman Nair |last2=L. Sulochana Devi |publisher=South Indian Studies |year=2010 |isbn=978-81-905928-2-6 |pages=189–}}</ref> During this period, communalization escalated into riots in [[India]]. In [[Kerala]], the [[Mappila rebellion|Malabar rebellion]] occurred. According to the [[Simon Commission]] report, more than 112 major communal riots took place in India between 1922 and 1927. Throughout this time, the guru also received letters from a communal leader, [[Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni]], from [[Uttar Pradesh]], who later moved to [[Pakistan]]. The guru responded to his queries and questions through letters. The All Religions' Conference, which was the first of its kind in India, was organized against this backdrop to foster peace among the various religions of the country<ref name="ഗുരുവും സൂഫികളും">{{cite web | url=https://suprabhaatham.com/guru-and-sufis/ | title=ഗുരുവും സൂഫികളും | work=Suprabhaatham | date=23 September 2018 }}</ref><ref name="Smith1976">{{cite book|author=Bardwell L. Smith|title=Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNAI9F8IBOgC&pg=PA42|year=1976|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-04510-4|pages=42–}}</ref><ref name="Bipin Chandra">{{cite book|author=Bipin Chandra|title=Indian's struggle for independence|url=|year=2016|publisher=Penguin books|isbn=}}</ref> and at the entrance of the conference, he arranged for a message to be displayed which read, ''We meet here not to argue and win, but to know and be known''. The conference has since become an annual event, organised every year at the Ashram.<ref> name="All-religion meet begins at Aluva">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/allreligion-meet-begins-at-aluva/article8325913.ece |title=All-religion meet begins at Aluva |date=8 March 2016 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref>

=== Guru's rational spiritual dialogues ===
====Limits of religious explanation====
During a visit to Sri Lanka, Narayana Guru engaged in a philosophical conversation with the country's highest Buddhist monk. When Guru asked, "Do you know the cause of birth?", the monk answered, "[[Karma]]". Guru then asked, "If so, how did life begin in the first place?" The monk was unable to respond. Narayana Guru remarked, "This is the case with all religions. There are no answers to many questions posed by rational thought. Religious belief often transcends rationality. The logic of worldly life only fits spiritual thinking up to a certain extent."<ref>{{cite web |title=100 years of Narayana Guru's Sri Lankan visit |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/sunday/2018/11/10/100-years-of-narayanaguru-s-sri-lankan-visit.html |website=Manorama Online |publisher=Malayala Manorama |date=10 November 2018 |language=ml |access-date=16 July 2025}}</ref>

====Sahodaran Ayyappan and rationalist reinterpretation====
[[Sahodaran Ayyappan]], a pioneering rationalist and the founder of the first rationalist organization in [[Kerala]], was also a close disciple of Sree Narayana Guru. Known for his progressive and bold reinterpretations, Ayyappan rephrased Guru's famous message — "Oru Jathi, Oru Matham, Oru Daivam Manushyan; Jathi chodikkaruth, parayaruth, chinthikkaruth" ("One Caste, One Religion, One God for Mankind; Do not ask, speak, or think caste") into a more radical slogan: "Jathi Venda, Matham Venda, Daivam Venda Manushyan" ("No Caste, No Religion, No God for human beings").

When some followers expressed concern that this reinterpretation might offend the Guru, Narayana Guru is said to have replied succinctly: "Ayyappan is right"<ref>{{cite web |title=Remembering Sahodaran Ayyappan on his 53rd death anniversary |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/features/remembering-sahodaran-ayyappan-on-his-53-death-anniversary-1.5494079 |website=Mathrubhumi |date=19 March 2021 |access-date=16 July 2025}}</ref>

==== Rituals ====
A well-known anecdote in Kerala recounts Narayana Guru's sharp response when a judge once asked him whether burning or burying was the correct method for disposing of a dead body. Guru replied, "Crush them in an oil-press; they'll make good manure." When the judge expressed shock, Guru simply asked, "Why? Will it hurt?"

In the Aparakriya section of Sree Narayana Smrithi, Guru elaborated on this view through a dialogue between the guru and disciples. He emphasized that cremation should be performed not as a ritualistic necessity but for the sake of cleanliness and public hygiene. He discouraged all superstitious death related rituals and clarified that symbolic offerings like 'pindam' can be offered.

Guru further stated that for one who has a clear, doubt-free understanding (of truth), all the death-related rituals (like ashaucha and other ceremonies) performed out of ignorance are meaningless and merely a play of ignorance, Such a person need not ever follow these customs. However, for others who still operate within the framework of karma and belief systems, certain practices may be prescribed based on context, time, and societal norms.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Sri Narayanan, the guru who laughed
|author=Paul Zacharia
|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2021/Mar/15/sri-narayanan-the-guru-who-laughed-2276686.html
|website=The New Indian Express
|publisher=New Indian Express Group
|date=15 March 2021
|access-date=16 July 2025}}</ref>

==== Idol worship ====
Several contemporary Vedantins also expressed opposition to Guru's emphasis on idol consecration in temples. During the consecration of the Jagannath Temple in Thalassery, [[Bodhananda]] Swamikal organized a major protest against idol worship. However, upon seeing Guru in person, Bhodhananda Swamikal is said to have experienced a spiritual transformation, bowed at Guru's feet, and later became his disciple.

Similarly, [[Vagbhatananda]], a contemporary reformer visited Guru to oppose the practice of installing idols in temples. Through a thoughtful exchange, Narayana Guru explained the symbolic and spiritual relevance of idol worship. Convinced by this perspective, Vagbhatananda ultimately acknowledged the depth of Guru's insight and sought reconciliation.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |title=Execution Team |publisher=Shepherds' Chalet |url=http://shepherdschalet.com/team.html |access-date=2014-03-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324184359/http://shepherdschalet.com/team.html |archive-date=2016-03-24}}</ref><ref name=Kurup>*{{citation |title=Modern Kerala: Studies in Social and Agrarian Relations |first=K. K. N. |last=Kurup |author-link=K. K. N. Kurup |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1988 |isbn=9788170990949 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iJvx0KWpf-UC}}
</ref><ref name="gggg">{{cite book|last=Murkkoth Kumaran|year=1944|title=The Biography of Sree Narayana Guru|url=https://www.amazon.com/Biography-Narayana-English-Murkkoth-Kumaran/dp/B09FQBWMKB|publisher=AU Star Books|page=}}</ref>

[[Vagbhatananda|Vagbhatanandan]]: "I do not share your opinions."

Guru: "Oh, is that so? I share your opinions."

[[Vagbhatananda|Vagbhatanandan]]: "How is the soil at the Advaita Ashrama?"

Guru: "While we were traveling in Maruthwamala and Aruvipuram, there were stones, forests, and meadows. Here, the soil is soft, like a pillow."

[[Vagbhatananda|Vagbhatanandan]]: "I've heard that nowadays you are erecting stones (idol consecration)."

Guru: "You are a rogue elephant in Advaita and Vedanta philosophy. You will hear many things like that. But as Vagbhatanandan, whatever you hear won't be a lie."

[[Vagbhatananda|Vagbhatanandan]]: "But erecting these stones all over the place..."

Guru: "Many writings are on stones, right? Also, great walls and historic monuments are made of stone. Is there any discrimination against stones?"

[[Vagbhatananda|Vagbhatanandan]]: "We should acknowledge stones for their strength and stability, but I cannot agree with erecting stone idols."

Guru: (looking at the stone in his earrings) "We are only erecting stones, but you are always carrying them."

[[Vagbhatananda|Vagbhatanandan]]: (ashamed)

Guru: "There is nothing wrong in wearing them in the ears, just don't carry them in the mind."

[[Vagbhatananda|Vagbhatanandan]]: "Pardon me, Swami. As someone like you who knows [[Brahman|Brahmam]], the consecration of idols disturbed my mind, so I asked. How did stones become [[Ishvara]]?"

Guru: "All stones are [[Shiva]]. Shiva means emptiness, [[Para Brahman|Nirguna Para Brahmam]]. All living beings are spiritual brothers. Everyone should be spiritually elevated, irrespective of their background. There should be methods and institutions for this. Those who own institutions are often not ready for it. Through stones, one should be capable of seeing Shiva and realize that stones, soil, plants, and flowers are all one. Through stones, one should come to know the Jagath, to know the [[Jagannath|Jagannathan]]."

[[Vagbhatananda|Vagbhatanandan]]: "I offer my words at your feet. I have no reply. I am not a soldier with weapons who can oppose you."<ref name="auto1"/><ref name=Kurup /><ref name="gggg"/>

====Interaction with an atheist follower====
After the prathishta karmam (consecration ceremony) at [[Kolathukara Shiva Temple]], Narayana Guru was resting when a man named Raman Muthalali came to meet him. Raman introduced himself as an atheist and stated that he did not believe in God. Guru, surprised, asked why he was actively involved in the temple committee despite his atheistic views. Raman replied, "Yes, I am an atheist, but I participate in the temple committee purely as a form of cultural celebration."<ref name="Vengassery Krishnan"/>{{rp|279}}

He further added, "Guru, I do not believe in God, idol worship, or temples. The concept of a God with a wife and children is not something I can accept. I do not pray either. However, I believe in you as a Guru and have deep respect for you. For someone like me, can you compose a prayer that we can use?"<ref name="Vengassery Krishnan"/>{{rp|279}}

Narayana Guru agreed to the request. The prayer was written in prose (gadhyam) form, rather than in verse, and did not refer to any specific diety.<ref name="Vengassery Krishnan"/>{{rp|279}}

{{Blockquote|All that are seen are of the forms, Physical ([[Three bodies doctrine|stoolam]]), subtle or the conceptual ([[Three bodies doctrine|sooskhmam]]), and Causal ([[Three bodies doctrine|kaaranam]]) and they rise from and set into the [[Paramatman|Paramatmav]] (Supreme Self). Hence, there is nothing else other than [[Paramatman|Paramatmav]].The [[Paramatman|Paramatmav]] destroys all negative traits and eliminates forever such tendencies from regenerating. The grace of Paramatman cleanses my senses allowing me to tread the path of virtue. That [[Paramatman|Paramatmav]] is to be meditated upon, and I am meditating upon its divine manifestation.O' [[Paramatman|Paramatmav]] Bless me with your grace so that I may always meditate upon you and experience your bliss.

Oh [[Daiva Daśakam|''Daivame'']]! Anything we perceive is not eternal. Like a water bubble, the body too is not permanent. There is nothing to say except that everything is like a dream. We are not body, we are the knowledge. Even before the body came into existence, we existed as knowledge. Even when our body disappears, we will continue to remain radiating like this. We will not be affected by the various dilemmas of life such as birth, death, poverty, disease, fear. May I contemplate on the divine words thus being instructed and on the instructor of these divine words while eating, sleeping and ceaselessly at all times.By taking away forever all my impurities, give me your bliss! Bless me in leading a prosperous and peaceful life to finally reach your abode.<ref name="Vengassery Krishnan"/>{{rp|279}}
}}

==== From Blessing to Legacy: The Story Behind the National Tribute ====
Sir [[S. Rm. M. Annamalai Chettiar]] also known as [[ Raja of Chettinad]], a wealthy philanthropist from [[Chettinad]], and his wife Rani Lady Seethai Aachi were childless for a long time. Despite consulting many people and visiting various temples, they had no success. During Narayana Guru’s visit to [[Tamil Nadu]] ''en route'' to Sri Lanka, the couple heard about him and came to meet him. While Raja Annamalai had no particular belief in the Guru, his wife had great faith. Without them saying anything, the Guru gave two bananas to his wife and asked her to eat them. She did so and later conceived twin children. One of the twins was the mother of [[P. Chidambaram]], who would frequently visit Sivagiri.<ref name="Vengassery Krishnan"/><ref name="auto2">{{cite web |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/09/07/chidambaram-releases-commemorative-coin-on-narayana-guru-1157614686.html |title=Chidambaram releases commemorative coin on Narayana Guru |website=Oneindia |date=7 September 2006 |access-date=8 August 2025}}</ref>

When [[P. Chidambaram]] became the Finance Minister of India, he released a ₹5 coin commemorating Narayana Guru.<ref name="Vengassery Krishnan"/><ref name="auto2"/>

For the construction of a statue of Narayana Guru at the Thalassery Jagannatha Temple, photographer Pattatharil Shekharan of Thalassery, known for capturing many historic moments in Kerala was sent by [[Moorkoth Kumaran]] to Sivagiri Mutt to photograph the Guru. According to Shekharan’s account, he was initially anxious about how to photograph the Guru, as he felt hesitant to direct him to pose in a specific way. He thought of taking a photograph similar to the profile images of British kings that appeared on Indian coins at the time.<ref name="Vengassery Krishnan"/><ref name="auto2"/>

When Shekharan met the Guru, the Guru asked, "Do you know how to take photographs?" Gaining confidence, Shekharan replied, "Yes, very well." The Guru then asked, "Can you photograph those mangoes?" After Shekharan focused his camera and said he was ready, the Guru humorously asked, "Can you also capture the ‘rasam’ (essence) of the mango in the photo?" The Guru then inquired, "How do you want the photo to be taken? Do you want it like for the coin?"<ref name="Vengassery Krishnan"/><ref name="auto2"/>

The Guru then posed exactly as Shekharan had envisioned in his mind. This photograph was later used for the design of the ₹5 commemorative coin issued in his honour.<ref name="Vengassery Krishnan"/><ref name="auto2"/>

===Universal approach to spiritual initiation===
Narayana Guru provided spiritual initiation to individuals from all faiths and sects, but only to those whom he personally deemed spiritually prepared. He initially declined sannyasa deeksha to [[Bodhananda]] Swami, granting it only during the second request. He also refused sannyasa deeksha to Varathoor Kaniyil Kunhikkanan, despite his repeated requests. Kunhikkanan, who had invited the Guru to consecrate the Jagannath Temple in Thalassery, was told that he did not possess sannyasa yoga in this lifetime. However, the Guru granted his modest wish to be placed in samadhi after his death.<ref name="Vengassery Krishnan"/>

He initiated an individual from an orthodox [[Nair]] family in [[Koyilandy]], belonging to the Koyappali family to which [[K. Kelappan]] also belonged. This individual had missed seeing the Guru upon his arrival due to the large crowd at the [[Thalassery]] railway station. He had come to Thalassery to write the [[Indian Civil Service|Indian Civil Service examination]] and could not wait to meet the Guru in person, as he would otherwise miss the train back to Koyilandy. Instead, he composed a poem in praise of the Guru and sent it through a friend. Upon reading the poem, the Guru blessed him, saying that he would become a great yogi.This individual later became known as Sivananda Yogi of Koyilandy.<ref name="ഗുരുവും സൂഫികളും"/>

Guru Narayana initiated Abdul Khader Masthan, a [[Muslim]] man, into spirituality. Born into the traditional Muslim family of Valiyakandy in [[Kannur]] city, which was traditionally involved in the copper business. Masthan approached Narayana Guru during the Guru's stay in Thalassery, shortly after the consecration of the Shiva idol at the Jagannath Temple, having heard from others about the remarkable event of temple entry being granted to marginalized communities.<ref name="ഗുരുവും സൂഫികളും"/><ref name="Vengassery Krishnan"/>

During the temple consecration, Guru asked, "Who are the people standing near the temple gate?" The temple custodians replied, "They are people of the Dalit caste." Guru then asked why they were not permitted to enter the temple. The orthodox custodians had reportedly opposed the entry of lower-caste communities and told Narayana Guru, "Let one ''varsham'' be completed before allowing such access," with varsham in Malayalam meaning both "year" and "rain". At that very moment, clouds gathered in the clear sky, and it began to rain. After the rain stopped, Guru gently reminded those who opposed the entry of Dalits: "A varsham is over. Let us allow all into our temple." Laughter erupted in acknowledgment of Guru's wit and wisdom, and everyone nodded in agreement.<ref name="ഗുരുവും സൂഫികളും"/><ref name="VengasseryKrishnan">{{cite book |last=Vengassery Krishnan |first=Asokan |title=Sree Narayana Guru: The Perfect Union of Buddha and Sankara |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/791178557/ASOKAN-VENGASSERY-KRISHNAN-Sree-Narayana-Guru-The-Perfect-Union-of-Buddha-and-Sankara-1 |format=PDF |page=112 |access-date=20 July 2025 |quote=During the course of time, agreements between those who supported and opposed the entry of Dalits intensified. Guru returned to Thalassery to intervene and gave a rousing talk on the immorality and hypocrisy of the position taken by a few. As a compromise, the orthodoxy proposed: "Let us wait for a varsham." In Malayalam varsham means "year" but it is also a synonym for rain. What the orthodoxy really meant was that they needed a year to make up their mind. As they were talking, the area was struck by a sudden, rainstorm. The rain stopped after some time. Guru gently reminded those who opposed the entry of Dalits: 'A varsha is over. Let us allow all into our temple.' Laughter erupted in acknowledgement of Guru's sense of wit and wisdom, and everyone nodded in agreement.}}</ref>

Intrigued by these events and the Guru's reputation, Masthan visited him and asked, "Are you the one who consecrated the idol?" When the Guru confirmed and asked masthan that 'Do you want to see the god', Masthan asked whether it was truly possible to "see God". Narayana Guru replied that one cannot perceive the divine with ordinary eyes, but invited Masthan to hold his hand and look toward the horizon. Masthan reportedly entered a deep spiritual trance and, upon regaining consciousness, exclaimed, "I have seen God," marking a profound spiritual awakening.<ref name="ഗുരുവും സൂഫികളും"/><ref name="Vengassery Krishnan"/>

Later, Masthan presented the Guru with a copper plate inscribed in Chenthamizh (classical Tamil), which he had acquired through his family's trade. Being illiterate and unable to understand the script, he asked the Guru for help. Narayana Guru examined the inscription but did not reveal its meaning. Instead, he advised Masthan to consult Sufi saints in Tamil Nadu. Following this guidance, Masthan met a Sufi saint who interpreted the inscription as a Sufi text. Deeply inspired, Masthan later became a revered Sufi mystic known as Icha Mastan, and composed several devotional poems, including verses in praise of Lord Shiva.<ref name="ഗുരുവും സൂഫികളും"/><ref name="Vengassery Krishnan"/>

Narayana Guru welcomed a [[Muslim]] named Khader during his [[Sri Lanka]]n visit who expressed a keen interest in becoming his disciple. Khader inquired whether he would be accepted into the group and if a change of religion was necessary. The Guru assured him that changing his religion was not a prerequisite to becoming a disciple. A year later, during Narayana Guru's second visit at Sri Lanka, Khader met him again, this time dressed as a [[Hindu]] saint instead of his usual white Muslim attire. The Guru, feigning ignorance, asked Khader who he was. Disappointed, Khader reminded the Guru that he was his disciple, initiated the previous year. Narayana Guru expressed his recognition of the 'old' Khader and reiterated that changing his Muslim attire was not necessary to be his disciple.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/sunday/2018/11/10/100-years-of-narayanaguru-s-sri-lankan-visit.html | title=ചരിത്രത്തെ അഗാധമാക്കിയ ഗുരു; നൂറിന്റെ നിറവിൽ ശ്രീലങ്കൻ യാത്ര }}</ref>

A European named Ernest Kirk was similarly drawn to the Guru's teachings and became his disciple. The Guru did not require him to change his name. At the time of his sannyasa deeksha, the Guru deviated from traditional rituals, omitting customary practices such as tonsure and the observance of specific vratas. Instead, he provided Kirk with a coat, pants, shoes, and a tie in place of the traditional kashayavastra, stating that such attire was more appropriate for the European climate. As part of the initiation, the Guru personally placed the shoes on his feet and tied the tie around his neck, naming him Swami Ernest Kirk. He emphasized that Kirk should retain his own culture and heritage while pursuing the spiritual path<ref name="VengasseryKrishnanKirk">{{cite book |last=Vengassery Krishnan |first=Asokan |title=Sree Narayana Guru: The Perfect Union of Buddha and Sankara |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/791178557/ASOKAN-VENGASSERY-KRISHNAN-Sree-Narayana-Guru-The-Perfect-Union-of-Buddha-and-Sankara-1 |format=PDF |page=263 |access-date=20 July 2025 |quote=Then came the turn of Kirk. Guru told him to bring the set of European attire. He paid obeisance to Guru and devotionally placed the designated items at Guru's feet. Guru picked the items and gave them back to Kirk to initiate him as a shishya or disciple. In addition, Guru provided him a pair of new shoes. That was the attire Guru wanted him to wear as a sanyasin of European descendant. As a note of advice, Guru told him that the internal spirit of dedication and renunciation was far more important to a sanyasin than the cloth that covers the external body. Guru then addressed him as Kirk Swamy. Thus, Kirk Swamy became the 22nd member of Sree Narayana Dharma Sangam, the sanyasin Order of Guru.}}</ref>

=== Notable disciples ===
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Bodhananda Swamikal]]
* [[Nataraja Guru]]
* [[Kumaran Asan]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Das|first1=Sisir Kumar|title=A History of Indian Literature 1911–1956|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=81-7201-798-7|page=306|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqBjpV9OzcsC&pg=PA306|year=1991}}</ref>
* [[Sahodaran Ayyappan]]<ref name="Kusuman">{{cite book|last1=Kusuman|first1=K. K.|title=A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume|publisher=Mittal Publications, New Delhi|isbn=81-7099-214-1|page=44|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&pg=PA43|year=1990}}</ref>
* [[T. K. Madhavan]]<ref name="Kusuman" />
* [[C. V. Kunhiraman]]<ref name="Kunhiraman CV – Kerala Media Academy">{{Cite web |url=http://archive.keralamediaacademy.org/tags/kunhiraman-cv |title=Kunhiraman CV – Kerala Media Academy |date=1 April 2019 |website=archive.keralamediaacademy.org |access-date=1 April 2019 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401080946/http://archive.keralamediaacademy.org/tags/kunhiraman-cv |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Padmanabhan Palpu]]
* [[Muloor S. Padmanabha Panicker]]
* [[Velutheri Kesavan Vaidyar]]
{{div col end}}

=== Ashtalakshyangal ===
* Vidyabhyasam
* Shuchitwam
* Eeshwaravishwasam
* Krishi
* Kaithozhil
* Kachawadam
* Sanghadana
* Shastra sanketika Parisheelanam

=== Writings and philosophy ===
Guru published 45 works in [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Sanskrit Language|Sanskrit]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] languages which include ''[[Atmopadesa Śatakam]]'', a hundred-verse spiritual poem{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} and ''[[Daiva Dasakam]]'', a universal prayer in ten verses.<ref name="Kerala recommends national prayer song to Centre">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Kerala-recommends-national-prayer-song-to-Centre/article16885319.ece |title=Kerala recommends national prayer song to Centre |author=Staff Reporter |date=7 October 2009 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref> He also translated three major texts, ''[[Thirukural]]'' of [[Valluvar]], ''[[Ishavasya Upanishad]]'' and ''Ozhivil Odukkam'' of Kannudaiya Vallalaar.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} It was he who propagated the motto, ''One Caste, One Religion, One God for All'' (Oru Jathi, Oru Matham, Oru Daivam, Manushyanu) which has become popular as a saying in Kerala.<ref name="MinesLamb2010">{{cite book|author1=Diane P. Mines|author2=Sarah Lamb|author3=Sarah E. Lamb|title=Everyday Life in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=828fOvb61wIC&pg=PA209|year=2010|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-35473-0|pages=209–}}</ref> He furthered the [[Nonduality (spirituality)|non-dualistic]] philosophy of [[Adi Sankara]] by bringing it into practice by adding the concepts of social equality and universal brotherhood.<ref name="MinesLamb2010" />

== Philosophy ==
[[File:Narayana Guru concept of Advaita Vedanta - 'Ripples are also Water'.png|centre|460px|thumb|(The Guru asked [[Nataraja Guru]] before he became a sanyasi, "Do you want to understand [[Vedanta]]?" Nataraja, who was staring intently into the Guru's eyes, even forgot to say 'yes').
"Guru: Have you seen the water? Nataraja Guru: Yes Guru: Do you know that wave is also water? Nataraja Guru: I know Guru: Then there is nothing new to know. Vedanta is so.]]

== Public acceptance, honours and veneration ==
[[File:Narayana Guru 1967 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|upright|Guru 1967 stamp of India]]
[[File:Sree narayana guru 5 rupee Coin.jpg|thumb|upright|{{INR}}5 Coin]]
In 1916, [[Ramana Maharshi]] hosted Narayana Guru at his [[Tiruvannamalai]] ashram when Guru was returning from a trip to [[Kancheepuram]] where Swami Govindananda, a disciple of Guru, had established the Sree Narayana Seva Ashram.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} [[Rabindranath Tagore]] met Narayana Guru at the latter's ashram in Sivagiri in November 1922. Tagore later said of Narayana Guru that, "I have never come across one who is spiritually greater than Swami Narayana Guru or a person who is at par with him in spiritual attainment."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Sabyasachi|title=The Other Tagore|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2827/stories/20120113282702200.htm|access-date=9 February 2015|work=Frontline|volume=28|issue=27|date=31 December 2011}}</ref> Three years later, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] visited Guru during his 1925 trip to Kerala to participate in the [[Vaikom Satyagraha]]<ref name="From Vaikom to Venganoor – Times of India">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/From-Vaikom-to-Venganoor/articleshow/54621363.cms |title=From Vaikom to Venganoor – Times of India |website=The Times of India |date=October 2016 |access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref> after which the [[Indian independence movement]] leader stated "it was a great privilege in his life to have the darshan of an esteemed sage like Narayana Guru."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Velayudhan |first=Kottukoyikkal |title=Sreenarayanaguru Jeevithacharithram}}</ref>

On 21 August 1967, Narayana Guru was commemorated on an [[India Post|Indian postage]] stamp of denomination 15 nP.<ref>{{cite web|title=Stamps 1947–2000|url=http://postagestamps.gov.in/Stamps_List.aspx|website=Postage Stamps|publisher=India Post|access-date=7 June 2015|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121210123/http://postagestamps.gov.in/Stamps_List.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Another [[commemorative stamp]] on him was issued by [[Sri Lanka Post]] on 4 September 2009.<ref>{{cite web|title=All registered stamps issued by Sri Lanka: LK032.09|url=http://www.wnsstamps.post/en/stamps/LK032.09|website=Universal Postal Union|access-date=12 May 2015}}</ref> The [[Reserve Bank of India]] and [[Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India]] issued two sets of commemorative coins depicting Guru's image, each valued at {{INR}}5 and {{INR}}100 respectively, on the occasion of his 150th birth anniversary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jagat Guru Sree Narayana Gurudev-(2 Coin Set-Rs. 100 & 5) – Proof – FGCO000203 |url=https://www.indiagovtmint.in/en/product/%e0%a4%9c%e0%a4%97%e0%a4%a4-%e0%a4%97%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%81-%e0%a4%a8%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%af%e0%a4%a3-%e0%a4%97%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%b5-jagat-guru-sre/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>https://m.rbi.org.in//scripts/BS_ViewCurrencyPressRelease.aspx?Id=19546 {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>

The first of the several statues of Narayana Guru was erected at [[Jagannath Temple, Thalassery]] in 1927 while he was still alive.<ref name="Kerala Temples in Thalassery – Jagannath Temple, Thalassery">{{Cite web |url=http://keralatemples.info/temple/jagannath-temple-thalassery/154 |title=Kerala Temples in Thalassery – Jagannath Temple, Thalassery |website=keralatemples.info |language=en-US |access-date=2 April 2019 |archive-date=9 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709160351/http://keralatemples.info/temple/jagannath-temple-thalassery/154 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=July 2024}} His statues are seen in many places in Kerala which include a 24 feet statue at [[Kaithamukku]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref name="Kaithamukku gets city's tallest statue – Times of India">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Kaithamukku-gets-citys-tallest-statue/articleshow/47083329.cms |title=Kaithamukku gets city's tallest statue – Times of India |website=The Times of India |date=28 April 2015 |access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref> The [[Government of Kerala]] observes his birthday, the [[Sri Narayana Jayanthi]], and the date of his death, Sree Narayana Guru Samadhi as public holidays.<ref name="Kerala Gazette">{{Cite web |url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/docs/11493_14.pdf |title=Kerala Gazette |publisher=General Administration (Coordination) Department, Government of Kerala |access-date=9 February 2015 |archive-date=6 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206012950/http://kerala.gov.in/docs/11493_14.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== In popular media ==
The life of Narayana Guru has been portrayed in a number of movies starting with the 1986 film ''[[Sree Narayana Guru (film)|Sree Narayana Guru]]'',<ref name="33rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/33nfa.pdf|title=33rd National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=19 October 2014}}</ref> made by award-winning director [[P. A. Backer]].<ref name="Sree Narayanaguru (1986)">{{Cite web |url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1889 |title=Sree Narayanaguru (1986) |website=www.malayalachalachithram.com |access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref> ''[[Swamy Sreenarayana Guru]]'', an Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by Krishnaswamy, released the same year. Almost a decade and a half later, [[R. Sukumaran]] made a film on the life of Guru, titled ''[[Yugapurushan]]'', in 2010 with [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] playing the role of Guru and the film also featured [[Mammootty]] and [[Navya Nair]].<ref name="Yugapurushan (2010)">{{Cite web |url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=4166 |title=Yugapurushan (2010) |website=www.malayalachalachithram.com |access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref> ''[[Brahmashri Narayana Guru Swamy]]'' is a [[Tulu language|Tulu]] film made in 2014 by Rajashekar Kotian on Guru's life and the film was the 50th film made in the language.<ref name="Now showing: 50th Tulu movie">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/now-showing-50th-tulu-movie/article5972268.ece |title=Now showing: 50th Tulu movie |date=3 May 2014 |access-date=22 May 2015 |agency=The Hindu}}</ref> His life during the eight years he spent at [[Maruthwamala]] (also known as Marunnumamala) has been adapted into a docufiction, titled ''Marunnumamala'' and the film was released by [[Pinarayi Vijayan]], the chief minister of Kerala on 9 August 2016.<ref name="Marunnumala Docufiction release on Aug 9 – Maruthwamala">{{Cite web |url=http://maruthwamala.com/news/news1/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014064646/http://maruthwamala.com/news/news1/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=14 October 2016 |title=Marunnumala Docufiction release on Aug 9 – Maruthwamala |access-date=22 September 2016}}</ref>{{efn|''Marunnumamala'' – a docufiction in Malayalam on [[YouTube]]<ref name="Marunnumamala – Docufiction in MALAYALAM">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xapigznnCYI | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211107/xapigznnCYI| archive-date=2021-11-07 | url-status=live|title=Marunnumamala – Docufiction in MALAYALAM |last=Red Archers | website=[[YouTube]]|date=8 August 2016 |access-date=2 April 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref>}}

In 2016, Kerala High court observed that the statue of Narayana Guru cannot be treated as a Hindu deity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Narayana Guru Not An Avatar Of God: Kerala High Court |url=https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/sree-narayana-guru-not-an-avatar-of-god-kerala-high-court-1453897 |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sree Narayana Guru not an avatar of God: Kerala HC |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-sree-narayana-guru-not-an-avatar-of-god-kerala-hc-2251310 |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

== Works ==
=== In Malayalam ===
[[File:Sivagiri (1).jpg|thumb|upright|Guru's tomb in [[Sivagiri, Kerala]]]]
{{Div col}}
* ''Swanubavageethi''
* ''Aathmopadesh Shathakam''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=93714&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Narayana%2520Guru |title=Aathmopadesh shathaksm |last=Narayana Guru |date=1999 |publisher=D.K Printworld |location=New Delhi}}</ref>
* ''Adwaitha deepika''<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=28716&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Narayana%2520Guru |title=Adwaitha deepika |last1=Narayana Guru |first1=Sree |last2=Vimalananda |first2=Ed  |date=1985 |location=Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India |publisher=S Vijayan }}</ref>
* ''Arivu''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=278153&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Narayana%2520Guru |title=Arivu |last=Narayana Guru |date=1989 |publisher=Narayana Gurukula |location=Varkala}}</ref>
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=275635&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Narayana%2520Guru |title=Daivadasakam |last=Narayana Guru |date=1988 |publisher=Narayana Gurukula |location=Trivandrum}}
* {{Cite book |title=Śivaśatakaṃ |last1=Narayana Guru |last2=Bhāskaran |first2=Ti |date=1981 |publisher=N.M. Sajee Bhaskaran; Vitaraṇaṃ, Nāṣanal Bukst̲āḷ |location=Tiruvanantapuram]; Kōṭṭayaṃ |language=ml |oclc=13027019}}
* ''Jeevakarunya Panchakam''
* ''Anukamba Dasakam''
* ''Jathi Nirnayam''
* ''Jathi Lakshanam''
* ''Chijjada Chinthanam''
* ''Daiva vichinthanam – 1 & 2''
* ''Athma Vilasam''
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=78158&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Narayana%2520Guru |title=Shivasathakam |last1=Narayana Guru |last2=Bhaskaran T |date=1981 |publisher=Sajee Bhaskaran}}
* ''Kolatheereshastavam''
* ''Bhadrakaalyashtakam''
* ''Gajendra moksham vanchipattu''
* ''Ottapadyangal ''
* ''Sree Krishnana Darsanam''
* ''Mangalasamsakal ''
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=275636&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Narayana%2520Guru |title=Subrahmanya keerthanam |last=Narayana Guru |date=1987 |publisher=Narayana Gurukula |location=Varkala}}
* ''Subramanya Ashtakam''
* ''Sadasiva Darsanam''
* ''Samasya ''
* ''Swanubhava Geethi''
* ''Indrya Vairagyam''
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=216755&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Narayana%2520Guru |title=Nyayadarsanam |last=Narayana Guru |date=1976 |publisher=Narayana Gurukula |location=Varkala}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=216732&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Narayana%2520Guru |title=Prapanchasudhidasakam anubhoothidasakam |last=Narayana Guru |date=1988 |publisher=Narayana Gurukula |location=Varkkala}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=286729&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Narayana%2520Guru |title=Kalinatakam |last=Narayana Guru |date=2003 |publisher=Narayanagurukulam |edition=2nd |location=Varkkala}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=20877&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Narayana%2520Guru |title=Baahuleyaashtakam |last=Narayana Guru |first=Sree |date=1993 |location=Varkala |publisher=Narayana Gurukulam }}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=147816&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Narayana%2520Guru |title=Sree Narayana Guruvinte Sampoorna Kruthikal |last=Narayana Guru |date=1985 |location=Calicut |publisher=Mathrubhumi  |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |title=Kuṇdalini-pāṭṭu' |last1=Narayana Guru |last2=Bālakr̥ṣṇan Nāyar |first2=G |date=1972 |publisher=Sree Narayana Publishing House |location=Trivandrum |language=ml |oclc=499830611}}
* {{Cite book |title=Kāḷināṭakaṃ |last1=Narayana Guru |last2=Narayana Prasad |last3=Narayana Gurukula |date=2003 |publisher=Nārāyaṇagurukulaṃ |location=Varkkala |oclc=58526535}}
{{div col end}}

=== In Sanskrit ===
[[File:Jnana Vigraham.jpg|thumb|upright|The first [[Jnana Vigraham]] of Guru]]
{{Div col}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=85029&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Narayana%2520Guru |title=Darsanamaala |last=Narayana Guru |date=2004 |publisher=Narayana Gurukula |location=Varkkala}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=80253&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Narayana%2520Guru |title=Brahmavidyapanjakam |last=Narayana Guru |date=1985 |publisher=Narayana Gurukulam |location=Varkkala}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qxm-iJ5j3f8C |title=Darśanamālā |last1=Narayana Guru |last2=Śāstrī |first2=Harihara |date=1998 |publisher=Ḍī. Ke. Priṇṭavarlḍa |location=Naī Dillī |oclc=671596309|isbn=9788124601099 }}
* ''Nirvruthi Panchakam''
* ''Slokathrayi''
* ''Vedantha Suthram''
* ''Homa Manthram''
* ''Municharya Panchakam''
* ''Asramam''
* ''Dharmam''
* ''Charama Slokangal''
* ''Homa Mantram''
* ''Chidambarashtakam''
* ''Guhashtakam''
* ''Bhadrakaliashtakam''
* ''Vinayaka Ashtakam''
* ''Sree Vasudeva Ashtakam''
* ''Janani Navaratna Manjari''
{{div col end}}

=== In Tamil ===
* ''Thevarappathinkangal''<ref name="NairDevi2010">{{cite book|author1=R. Raman Nair|author2=L. Sulochana Devi|title=Chattampi Swami: An Intellectual Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-JRfipEdV0C&pg=PA190|year=2010|publisher=South Indian Studies|isbn=978-81-905928-2-6|pages=190–}}</ref>

=== Translations ===
{{Div col}}
* ''Thirukural''
* ''Isavasyo Upanishad''
* ''Ozhivil Odukkam''
{{div col end}}

=== Translations of Guru's works into other languages ===
* {{Cite book |title=Garland of visions: Darśanamālā of Narayana Guru |last1=Narayana Guru |translator-last1=Narayana Prasad |date=2007 |publisher=D.K. Printworld |isbn=9788124603918 |location=New Delhi |oclc=167576536}}
* {{Cite book |title=An integrated science of the absolute: based on the Darśana mālā (Garland of visions) of Narayana Guru |last1=Nataraja Guru |last2=Narayana Guru |date=2001 |publisher=D.K. Printworld |isbn=9788124601846 |location=New Delhi |oclc=50756278}}
* {{Cite book |title=Shorter philosophical poems of Narayana Guru: Brahmavidyā pañcakam, Advaita dīpikā, Aṛivu, Homa mantram, Daiva daśakam |last1=Narayana Guru |translator-last1=Narayana Prasad |date=2009 |publisher=D.K. Printworld |isbn=9788124605158 |location=New Delhi |oclc=653807175}}
* {{Cite book |title=The Vedānta-sūtras of Nārāyaṇa Guru: with an English translation of the original Sanskrit and commentary |last1=Narayana Guru |translator-last1=Narayana Prasad |date=1997 |publisher=D.K. Printworld |isbn=9788124600856 |location=New Delhi |oclc=37282506}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8YlWAAAAMAAJ |title=Life divine and spiritual values |last=Narayana Guru |date=1977 |publisher=Swami Sivananda Spiritual Centre |location=Bangalore |language=en |oclc=615117867}} Copies can be had from Satsangha Seva Samithi.
* {{Cite book |title=The song of the self: a new translation of atmopadesasatakam (one hundred verses of self-instruction) |last1=Narayana Guru |translator-last1=Sreenivasan |translator-first1=K |date=1994 |publisher=Jayasree Publications |location=Thiruva-nanthapuram, Kerala |language=en |oclc=222527764}}
* {{Cite book |title=One hundred verses of self-instruction (Atmopadesasatakam) |last1=Narayana Guru |translator-last1=Nataraja Guru |date=1969 |publisher=Gurukula Pub. House |location=Varkala, Kerala |language=en |oclc=695387}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QL5JAQAAIAAJ |title=Nārāyaṇasmr̥tiḥ |last1=Narayana Guru |translator-last1=Atmananda |translator-last2=Narayana Prasad |date=2007 |publisher=D.K. Printworld |location=New Delhi |language=sa |oclc=733026527|isbn=9788124603925 }}
* {{Cite book |title=Vinayakashtakam: eight verses in praise of Vināyaka |last1=Narayana Guru |translator-last1=Nityacaitanya Yati |date=1982 |publisher=Narayana Gurukula |location=Varkala |language=en |oclc=863337667}}
* {{Cite book |title=One hundred verses of self-instruction |last=Narayana Guru |date=1969 |language=en |oclc=606239200}}

== Death ==
Narayana Guru died at [[Sivagiri, Kerala]]. The cause of death was recorded as [[indigestion]] and prostate inflammation. He had told all the great physicians and disciples of that time who came to treat him that he was approaching [[Samadhi#Mahāsamādhi|samadhi]] and that the ashram should be well looked after and that everyone should live as good people.{{cn|date=July 2025}} The special public meeting of the SNDP meeting held at Kottayam was the last public ceremony attended by Narayana Guru.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

In 1927, [[naturopathy]] was carried out in Mangatukodi and Kandachira on the banks of [[Ashtamudikayal]] along with Pazhavila Chattambiasan. He was bedridden for a long time suffering from senile disease but was treated by many doctors but could not cure the disease completely. He died during meditation in the presence of devotees on 20 September 1928 (Malayalam year: 1104 Kanni 5). It was just three weeks after his 72nd birthday. The body was laid to rest in [[Sivagiri, Kerala]] Mathvalap. Today there is a hall with his statue.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Literature|Religion}}
* [[Ayyathan Gopalan]]
* [[Kallingal Madathil Rarichan Moopan]]
* [[Brahmananda Swami Sivayogi]]
* [[Mithavaadi Krishnan]]
* [[Sree Narayana Trust]]
* [[Temples consecrated by Narayana Guru]]
* [[Vagbhatananda]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* (Re)construction of 'the Social' for Making a Modern Kerala: Reflections on Narayana Guru's Social Philosophy, Satheese Chandra Bose, published in Satheese Chandra Bose and Shiju Sam Varughese (eds.) 2015. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150102071757/http://www.orientblackswan.com/display.asp?categoryID=0&isbn=978-81-250-5722-2 Kerala Modernity: Ideas, Spaces and Practices in Transition]''. Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan.
* ''Sree Narayana Guruswamikalude jeeva charithram''– [[Moorkoth Kumaran]]-(The official biography as approved by Sivagiri mutt.) Published by SNDS Trust
* ''Sree Narayana Gurudeva Krithikal – Sampoorna Vyakyanam'' – [[G Balakrishnan Nair]]- (Works of Narayana Guru with Complete Interpretations – ten parts compiled in two volumes) published by The State Institute of Languages, Kerala.
* ''Brahmarshi Sree Narayana Guru'' – T. Bhaskaran- published by Sahitya Akademi.
* ''The Word of the Guru : The Life and Teaching of Guru Narayana '': Nataraja Guru, D.K. Printworld, 2003, New Delhi, {{ISBN|81-246-0241-7}}
* ''Srinarayana Guruvinte Sampoorna Kruthikal'' (Complete Works of Sri Narayana Guru): Mathrubhoomi Publishers, Kozhikode, Kerala
* ''Sri Narayana Guruvinte Mathavum Sivagiriyum'' (Sivagiri and the Religion of Sri Narayana Guru): K. Maheshwaran Nair
* ''Narayanaguru''- Editor: P.K.Balakrishnan (A collection of essays in Malayalam):March 2000, (First Edition 1954), Kerala Sahitya Academi, [[Trichur]], Kerala.
* ''The Philosophy of Narayana Guru'': Swami Muni Narayana Prasad, D.K. Printworld, 2003, New Delhi, {{ISBN|81-246-0236-0}}.
* ''Sree Narayana Gurudev – the Maharshi who made Advaita a Science'' – [G.K.Sasidharan]: Many Worlds Publications, Kollam, Kerala (First Edition 2014)
* {{Cite book |title=Sree Narayana Guru – Life and Times |last=M. K. Sanu |publisher=Open Door Media |year=2017 |isbn=978-8193219614 |editor-last=O. V. Usha |page=280 |language=en |translator-last=P. R. Mukundan}}
* {{cite book|author=Nataraja Guru|title=The Word of the Guru: The Life and Teachings of Guru Nārāyaṇa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uzv4MQAACAAJ|year=2008|publisher=D.K. Printworld|isbn=978-81-246-0241-6}}
* {{cite book|author=Nityachaitanya Yati|title=Narayana Guru|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7IbXAAAAMAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Indian Council of Philosophical Research|isbn=978-81-85636-89-4}}
* {{cite book|author=[[Moorkoth Kumaran]]|title=Life of Swami Narayana Guru|url=https://keralasahityaakademi.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/16048.pdf|year=1930|publisher=M. G. & Sons|location=[[Telicherry]]|language=ml}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/excerpts/preface-of-guru-biography-by-prof-m-k-sanu-malayalam-news-1.580414 |title=The Greatness of Values – What Guru's life teaches us |last=M. K. Sanu |website=Mathrubhumi |date=6 October 2015 |language=ml |access-date=1 April 2019 |quote=(preface written by the author for the book, ''Sree Narayana Guru – Life and Times''}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Narayana Guru}}

{{Narayana Guru}}
{{Indian Independence Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guru, Narayana}}
[[Category:Narayana Guru| ]]
[[Category:1856 births]]
[[Category:1928 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Indian reformers]]
[[Category:Advaitin philosophers]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:Prophets]]
[[Category:Scholars from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:19th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Activists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Shudra Hindu saints]]
[[Category:Malayali Hindu saints]]
[[Category:Anti-caste activists]]

Pushpaka Vimana (1987 film)

2026-02-27T09:49:02Z

RashadWaltman14: Added Basic Info W/ Refs

{{short description|1987 film by Singeetam Srinivasa Rao}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Pushpaka Vimana (1987).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster in [[Kannada]]
| director = [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]]
| writer = Singeetam Srinivasa Rao
| producer = {{plainlist|
* [[Shringar Nagaraj]]
* Singeetam Srinivasa Rao
}}
| starring = [[Kamal Haasan]]
| cinematography = [[B. C. Gowrishankar]]
| editing = D. Vasu
| music = [[L. Vaidyanathan]]
| studio = Mandakini Chitra
| released = {{Film date|1987|11|27|df=yes}}
| runtime = 131 minutes{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=481}}
| country = India
| language = 
| budget = {{INR}} 35 [[lakh]]<ref name="budget" />
| gross = {{INR}} 1 [[crore]]{{sfn|Garga|1996|p=292}}<ref name="indiatoday" />
}}
'''''Pushpaka Vimana''''' ({{Translation|The Flower Chariot}}) is a 1987 Indian [[black comedy]] film<ref name="economictimes" /> written and directed by [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]], who co-produced it with [[Shringar Nagaraj]]. The film, which has no dialogue, stars [[Kamal Haasan]] leading an [[ensemble cast]] that includes [[Sameer Khakhar|Samir Khakhar]], [[Tinnu Anand|Tinu Anand]], K. S. Ramesh, [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]], [[Farida Jalal]], [[Pratap Pothen|Pratap Potan]], [[Loknath|Lokanath]], [[P. L. Narayana]] and Ramya. It revolves around an unemployed graduate who encounters a drunk rich man unconscious and takes over his lifestyle after keeping him prisoner. However, he does not realise the dangers he has brought upon himself because a [[Contract killing|hired killer]] believes him to be his target.

Srinivasa Rao's desire to make a dialogue-less film came when he was working as an assistant director in a film where a character had to emote fear without dialogue in a scene. Once the idea for ''Pushpaka Vimana'' materialised, Srinivasa Rao wrote the screenplay within two weeks. The film was the only one produced by Nagaraj. Due to the lack of dialogue, Srinivasa Rao was able to cast actors from different parts of India. The cinematography was handled by [[B. C. Gowrishankar]], editing by D. Vasu, art direction by [[Thota Tharani]], and the background score was composed by [[L. Vaidyanathan]]. The film was shot in [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]].

The film was released on 27 November 1987 with different titles for different linguistic regions: its original title ''Pushpaka Vimana'' in Karnataka ([[Kannada]]), ''Pushpaka Vimanam'' in [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]] ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]), ''Pushpak'' ({{Translation|Flower}}) in [[Hindi]]-speaking regions, ''Pesum Padam'' ({{Translation|Talking Picture}}) in [[Tamil Nadu]] ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]), and ''Pushpakvimanam'' in [[Kerala]] ([[Malayalam]]). It received critical acclaim and became a commercial success, with a 35-week theatrical run in Bengaluru. The film won the [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]] as a Kannada entry and in three categories at the [[35th Filmfare Awards South]] in the Kannada branch: [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director]] (Srinivasa Rao) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor]] (Haasan).

== Plot ==
An unemployed graduate living in a ramshackle lodge called Anand Bhavan dreams of riches. He tries to show off his meagre wealth in front of a roadside beggar but is humbled to discover the beggar has accumulated more money than him. Once as he is [[window shopping]], he drops in an emporium where he meets a young woman trying on earrings. He suggests her earrings without she asking him to do so. Then he sees her again while waiting in line to apply for job vacancies. She mistakes the expensive car he is leaning against to be his, and he happily pretends she is right. He finds that she is wearing the earrings suggested by him.

One night, the graduate finds a drunk rich man unconscious by the roadside. Finding in his pocket, a key to a suite in the plush "Pushpak" hotel, the graduate kidnaps and imprisons the rich man in his room at Anand Bhavan, while he moves into the rich man's suite at Pushpak and takes over his lifestyle.

The rich man's wife has an [[extramarital affair]] with his friend, who hires a [[Contract killing|contract killer]] to kill the rich man without her knowledge. The friend hands over some money and only the suite number (no name) to the killer. The killer stakes out the rich man's suite at Pushpak and mistakes the graduate as his target. The graduate discovers the same young woman in a suite opposite his balcony in the same hotel. She is the daughter of a magician performing at the hotel. One day, at a buffet counter, she slaps him after mistaking him for pulling a prank on her. But she is ashamed of her deed when she discovers that the prank was done by a young boy. They mend ways while paying tribute at the funeral of the hotel owner, and then they spend time together and develop a romantic relationship.

Meanwhile, the killer tries to kill the graduate with ice daggers, but he fails in every attempt, with the graduate unaware of the threat to his life. Eventually, the graduate realises the killer is in the hotel to kill someone but does not know who. The killer intrudes into his suite, and barely survives getting electrocuted while trying to stab the graduate. While the killer is still unconscious, the graduate drops him in his suite. Upon gaining consciousness, the frustrated and frightened killer travels to the extramarital lover's bungalow to report his failure, and the graduate follows him and learns the truth. The rich man's wife learns of her lover's treachery and leaves him.

In a montage shown about the hotel owner, the graduate realises that the owner was once a poor man similar to himself. Seeing what the hotel owner achieved by fair means, the graduate begins to question his actions. He sees the roadside beggar has died, and [[municipality]] workers arrive to take away the body. However, discovering the beggar's stash, they abandon his body and squabble over the money. The graduate decides to stop his deceit. He frees the rich man and explains the situation to him in a letter. The rich man and his wife reunite, and he stops drinking.

The graduate decides to come clean to the magician's daughter too. He learns the magician's family is about to leave Pushpak. He confesses the truth to the magician's daughter through a letter, and to his surprise she forgives him. As she is leaving the hotel, she tells graduate that her home is quite far away through signs. She writes down something on a paper and drops a rose wrapped in the paper from her car window as they depart Pushpak. The graduate picks up the rose, but the wind blows the paper into a gutter. Later, the graduate is shown standing in line again to apply for job vacancies.

== Cast ==

{{Cast listing|
* [[Kamal Haasan]] as the unemployed graduate
*[[Sameer Khakhar|Samir Khakhar]] as the rich man
*[[Tinnu Anand|Tinu Anand]] as the [[Contract killing|killer]]
*K. S. Ramesh as the magician
* [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]] as the magician's daughter
* [[Farida Jalal]] as the magician's wife
* [[Pratap Pothen|Pratap Potan]] as the [[Extramarital affair|lover]]
* [[Loknath|Lokanath]] as the hotel owner<ref name="telugucinema1" />
*[[P. L. Narayana]] as the beggar
*Ramya as the rich man's wife
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
[[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]] was assisting director [[K. V. Reddy]] in a film where there was a scene requiring a character to emote fear without dialogues.<ref name="Little John" /> Srinivasa Rao wondered if he could make an entire film that way for a long time, but did not have an idea for the story. The idea for the film that would become ''Pushpaka Vimana'' came to Srinivasa Rao when he was in a shower, after which he wrote the screenplay within two weeks. [[Kamal Haasan]] agreed to work on the film after being impressed by the script.<ref name="telugucinema1" /> According to him, the story was originally a [[tragedy]], but after being inspired by [[Charlie Chaplin]], he and Srinivasa Rao decided to change it to a [[tragicomedy]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haasan |first=Kamal |author-link=Kamal Haasan |date=13 August 2017 |title=Bollywood blockbuster to Kollywood classic: Kamal Haasan picks his 70 favourite movies |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/interactives/kamal-hassan-70-movies/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170813134310/http://www.hindustantimes.com/interactives/kamal-hassan-70-movies/ |archive-date=13 August 2017 |access-date=10 January 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2022 |title=As Pushpak turns 35, Kamal Haasan pens heartfelt note for director Singeetham Srinivasa Rao |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/pushpak-turns-35-kamal-haasan-pens-a-heartfelt-note-to-its-director-101669607583265.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208141915/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/pushpak-turns-35-kamal-haasan-pens-a-heartfelt-note-to-its-director-101669607583265.html |archive-date=8 December 2022 |access-date=28 November 2022 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> ''Pushpaka Vimana'' thus became the first full-length dialogue-less film in India after the "[[Silent film|silent era]]" of cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 April 2014 |title=Pushpaka Vimanam was India's first silent film |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know-/Pushpaka-Vimanam-was-Indias-first-silent-film/articleshow/34366731.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820080823/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know/Pushpaka-Vimanam-was-Indias-first-silent-film/articleshow/34366731.cms |archive-date=20 August 2019 |access-date=29 April 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The film struggled to find a producer, prompting Srinivasa Rao to take over production himself.<ref name="telugucinema2" /> When [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] actor [[Shringar Nagaraj]], a relative of Kannada matinee idol [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] with whom Srinivasa Rao was working at that time, heard that Srinivasa Rao was producing a film on his own, he asked about the subject. Srinivasa Rao narrated ''Pushpaka Vimana'', Nagaraj showed excitement and joined as co-producer,<ref name="telugucinema2" /> with the film being produced under Mandakani Chitra,<ref name="sify" /> a company based in [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Cinema 1988 |url=https://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/136_IPCatalogue1988.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131153025/https://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/136_IPCatalogue1988.pdf |archive-date=31 January 2020 |access-date=3 February 2020 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |pages=121–122}}</ref> ''Pushpaka Vimana'' was the only film Nagaraj had produced in his entire career.<ref name="silverscreen" /> Cinematography was handled by [[B. C. Gowrishankar]], editing by D. Vasu,<ref name="dff" /> and art direction by [[Thota Tharani]], who had worked with Srinivasa Rao on ''[[Raja Paarvai]]'' (1981).<ref name="telugucinema1" />

=== Casting ===

Since the film had no dialogue, Srinivasa Rao chose to cast actors from different parts of India.<ref name="telugucinema2" /> Haasan, a native of [[Tamil Nadu]], was cast as the protagonist, an unemployed graduate.<ref name="scroll" /> He had to shave his signature moustache for the role.<ref name="sify" /> Srinivasa Rao initially wanted [[Neelam Kothari]] to be the female lead, but she wanted to wear "glittering costumes" like in [[Bollywood]] films; hence, Srinivasa Rao did not cast her. After seeing [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]] compere an awards function in [[Chennai|Madras]], enquiring about her and getting to know about her [[Kalakshetra Foundation|Kalakshetra]] background, he approached her and she accepted.<ref name="telugucinema2" /> Srinivasa Rao decided to cast [[Sameer Khakhar|Samir Khakhar]] as the drunk rich man, inspired by his drunkard character Khopdi from the [[Hindi]] television series ''[[Nukkad]]''.<ref name="telugucinema2" />

Srinivasa Rao initially approached [[Amrish Puri]] to portray the [[Contract killing|contract killer]], but he could not accept the offer due to unavailability of dates.{{sfn|Puri|Sabharwal|2006|p=242}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2 December 2019 |title=A short film revolving around Tinder in India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anil-kapoor-and-farah-khan-partake-in-a-panel-discussion-in-hyderabad-which-also-marked-the-unveiling-of-the-short-film-tinde/article30137763.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203143642/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anil-kapoor-and-farah-khan-partake-in-a-panel-discussion-in-hyderabad-which-also-marked-the-unveiling-of-the-short-film-tinde/article30137763.ece |archive-date=3 December 2019 |access-date=7 December 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Haasan's then-wife [[Sarika]] showed a photograph of [[Tinnu Anand|Tinu Anand]] and successfully recommended him for the role.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 January 2018 |title=A throwback to the '90s with Tinnu Anand |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2018/jan/25/a-throwback-to-the-90s-with-tinnu-anand-5840.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209150621/https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2018/jan/25/a-throwback-to-the-90s-with-tinnu-anand-5840.html |archive-date=9 December 2019 |access-date=11 December 2019 |work=[[Indulge Express]]}}</ref> [[Pratap Pothen|Pratap Potan]], then known mainly for portraying dark characters, played a comical character,<ref name="silverscreen" /> the [[Extramarital affair|illicit lover]] of Ramya's character.<ref name="telugucinema1" /> Srinivasa Rao initially wanted [[Bengalis|Bengali]] magician [[P. C. Sorcar Jr.]] to portray the female lead's magician father,<ref name="scroll" /> but ultimately chose K. S. Ramesh after seeing his performance in a magic show on television in Bengaluru, where the story is set.<ref name="telugucinema2" /> [[Farida Jalal]], who was then visiting Bengaluru, was cast as the female lead's mother.<ref name="scroll" /> According to Srinivasa Rao, [[P. L. Narayana]] proved the "ideal choice" for playing the beggar.<ref name="telugucinema2" />

=== Filming ===

Thota Tharani constructed a street set for the film beside the Hyland Hotel in Bengaluru. The ramshackle room where the graduate lives, and the building itself, was constructed above the hotel. Most of the shooting was done in the Windsor Manor hotel in Bengaluru.<ref name="telugucinema2" /> The management of Windsor Manor were not initially willing to let the film be shot there, but after Nagaraj told them that "the entire world will know about this hotel after the film", they agreed. The scenes where the graduate meets the beggar were shot at a bridge near Windsor Manor.<ref name="scroll" /> According to Anand, Srinivasa Rao wanted the entire cast to be present at all times, regardless of whether they were filming scenes or not.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pal |first=Chandrima |date=18 February 2019 |title=Satyajit Ray, Amitabh Bachchan, 'Pushpak' and three days as Crime Master Gogo: Meet Tinnu Anand |url=https://scroll.in/reel/913462/satyajit-ray-amitabh-bachchan-pushpak-and-three-days-as-crime-master-gogo-meet-tinnu-anand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207200048/https://scroll.in/reel/913462/satyajit-ray-amitabh-bachchan-pushpak-and-three-days-as-crime-master-gogo-meet-tinnu-anand |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=12 February 2021 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref>

As Ramesh was not as old as his character, Srinivasa Rao "made him look old".<ref name="scroll" /> The killer's [[signature weapon]] is an ice dagger. For this reason, every night, an ice mould in the shape of a dagger was kept in the freezer; however, the ice dagger would often melt soon by morning because of the strong density lights being used in the shooting. Srinivasa Rao ultimately decided to use an acrylic dagger, which looked like an ice dagger.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2014 |title=100 Filmfare Days: 65- Pushpak |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/100-filmfare-days-65-pushpak-6559.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707082526/http://www.filmfare.com/features/100-filmfare-days-65-pushpak-6559.html |archive-date=7 July 2014 |access-date=4 December 2019 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes" /> To capture background and ambient noise accurately, sequences were shot twice.<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=6 December 2022 |title='Pushpak' at 35: A sit down with legendary filmmaker Singeetam Srinivasa Rao |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/singeetam-srinivasa-rao-on-pushpak/article66229766.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212064409/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/singeetam-srinivasa-rao-on-pushpak/article66229766.ece |archive-date=12 December 2022 |access-date=30 December 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The entire budget of the film was {{INR}}35 lakh (worth {{INR}}13 crore in 2021 prices).<ref name="budget" />

=== Music ===
The film had no songs, only background score. Srinivasa Rao wanted a composer who could work as per his demands and requirements for the scenes, for this [[L. Vaidyanathan]] was chosen to compose the score.<ref name="silverscreen" /> [[Sitar]] exponent Janardhan Mitta contributed to the re-recording using two other instruments apart from minimal orchestration.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Swaminathan |first=G. |date=29 March 2018 |title=Pt. Janardhan Mitta on music, life in Chennai and more |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/even-his-speech-sounds-musical/article23381790.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820083628/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/even-his-speech-sounds-musical/article23381790.ece |archive-date=20 August 2019 |access-date=4 December 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> L. V. Ganesan also worked on the film's re-recording.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=6 August 2011 |title=Whirlpool magic |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/whirlpool-magic/article2330582.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715220543/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/whirlpool-magic/article2330582.ece |archive-date=15 July 2022 |access-date=27 September 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Haasan has stated that filmmaker [[Satyajit Ray]] was considered to compose the background score, and regretted not approaching him.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Tushar |date=2025-05-29 |title=Kamal Haasan regrets not getting Satyajit Ray to score Pushpak music: He would have |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/kamal-haasan-regrets-not-approaching-satyajit-ray-score-music-pushpak-vimana-2732418-2025-05-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250904160923/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/kamal-haasan-regrets-not-approaching-satyajit-ray-score-music-pushpak-vimana-2732418-2025-05-29 |archive-date=4 September 2025 |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en }}</ref>

== Themes ==

Srinivasa Rao called ''Pushpaka Vimana'' a personal film because "that's the life I lead. I don't want to amass wealth. At the same time, I am not a person who romanticises poverty. Money is important, but that is not everything."<ref name="silverscreen" /> Anjana Shekar of ''[[The News Minute]]'' said the film satirises unemployment, an issue that was prevalent in India in the 1980s. She compared it to [[Mark Twain]]'s novel ''[[The Prince and the Pauper]]'' because of the concept of identity switching, with the difference being that in ''Pushpaka Vimana'' the switching is not mutually agreed upon and the two men do not look alike. Anjana said that the climax in which the graduate is shown standing in a long queue of job seekers indicates that nothing has changed for him "except that now, he's willing to take the metaphorical stairs to succeed in life."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shekar |first=Anjana |date=12 April 2018 |title=When silence is golden: Revisiting the Kamal Haasan-Amala starrer 'Pesum Padam' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/when-silence-golden-revisiting-kamal-haasan-amala-starrer-pesum-padam-79439 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191205055659/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/when-silence-golden-revisiting-kamal-haasan-amala-starrer-pesum-padam-79439 |archive-date=5 December 2019 |access-date=5 December 2019 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> Historian [[Bhagwan Das Garga]] noted similarities between the graduate and [[Walter Mitty]], because of how the former "fantasises about riches".{{sfn|Garga|1996|p=292}} Srinivasa Rao named ''[[The Inspector General (1949 film)|The Inspector General]]'' (1949), where a civil servant is mistaken for a high-ranking inspector, as an inspiration on ''Pushpaka Vimana'', and also took inspiration from his personal experiences in the 1950s.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shrikrishna |first=Aditya |date=26 November 2022 |title=Pushpak at 35: The silence of the clowns |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/how-to-lounge/movies-tv/pushpak-at-35-the-silence-of-the-clowns-111669448767948.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126082143/https://lifestyle.livemint.com/how-to-lounge/movies-tv/pushpak-at-35-the-silence-of-the-clowns-111669448767948.html |archive-date=26 November 2022 |access-date=28 November 2022 |work=[[Mint Lounge]] |pages=11}} [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221128021109/https://scontent.fmaa2-1.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t39.30808-6/316957797_584229200368931_5236538910503654313_n.jpg?_nc_cat=101&ccb=1-7&_nc_sid=730e14&_nc_ohc=--5foG3wa94AX_HtgA1&_nc_ht=scontent.fmaa2-1.fna&oh=00_AfCtP_Wptt18L3LpNNhG-2LBZdZGaKrYDEuFTEWhvGkz8w&oe=63882129 Alt URL]</ref>

Writing for ''[[India Today]]'', Madhu Jain described ''Pushpaka Vimana'' as "the story of the modern Indian male [[Cinderella]]. But with a different end – and moral: Money is not everything though pursuing it is entertaining." She noted the contrast in the name of the graduate's lodge, Anand Bhavan (Abode of Bliss).<ref name="indiatoday" /> Film critic [[Naman Ramachandran]] said the film gives the message that "money is the root of much evil and honesty is the best policy".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |date=12 March 2012 |title=The Ice Dagger Was Sharp, And It Cut Deep |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-ice-dagger-was-sharp-and-it-cut-deep/280105 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205084701/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-ice-dagger-was-sharp-and-it-cut-deep/280105 |archive-date=5 December 2019 |access-date=5 December 2019 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref> Ravi Balakrishnan of ''[[The Economic Times]]'' said that though it eschews formulaic Indian cinema conventions like songs and dialogue, it has "all the elements that make a great mainstream entertainer – a love story, a crime caper, a thriller and a comedy – with plotlines blending together seamlessly", while comparing its primary narrative to Charlie Chaplin's ''[[City Lights]]'' (1931), and the graduate to Chaplin's character [[The Tramp]].<ref name="economictimes" />

== Release ==
''Pushpaka Vimana'' was released on 27 November 1987.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 November 1987 |title=Pesum Padam |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19871127&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=4 December 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=4 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The film was released under different titles for different linguistic regions: its original title ''Pushpaka Vimana'' in Karnataka (in the [[Kannada]] language), ''Pushpaka Vimanam'' in [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]] ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]), ''Pushpak'' ({{Translation|Flower}}) in [[Hindi]]-speaking regions, ''Pesum Padam'' ({{Translation|Talking Picture}}) in [[Tamil Nadu]] ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]), and ''Pushpakvimanam'' in [[Kerala]] ([[Malayalam]]).<ref name="telugucinema2" />{{sfn |Ghose |2003 |p=114}} In Andhra Pradesh, it was distributed by [[Sravanthi Ravi Kishore]], in Mumbai by actor [[Rajendra Kumar]],<ref name="telugucinema2" /> and in Madras by [[Editor Mohan]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 August 2017 |title=சாதனை புரிந்த தமிழ் படங்கள் – 309– எஸ்.கணேஷ் |trans-title=Tamil films that achieved milestones – 309– S.Ganesh |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.in/web/news/33432 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200322044247/http://www.dinamalarnellai.in/web/news/33432 |archive-date=22 March 2020 |access-date=22 March 2020 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film was featured in the ''Indian Panorama'' section at the [[12th International Film Festival of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10–24 January 1989 |title=12th IFFI |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm12IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=12IIFA.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231211420/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm12IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=12IIFA.pdf |archive-date=31 December 2017 |access-date=11 January 2018 |website=[[International Film Festival of India]]}}</ref> Retrospectively it was featured in the [[Shanghai International Film Festival]], and [[Whistling Woods International|Whistling Woods Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2013 |title=Pushpaka Vimana – Shanghai Fest |url=https://www.mirchi9.com/movienews/pushpaka-vimanam-goes-to-shangai/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809062032/https://www.mirchi9.com/movienews/pushpaka-vimanam-goes-to-shangai/ |archive-date=9 August 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |website=Mirchi9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrate Cinema |url=http://whistlingwoods.net/Celebrate-Cinema/screening-schedule.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008212155/http://whistlingwoods.net/Celebrate-Cinema/screening-schedule.pdf |archive-date=8 October 2014 |access-date=6 October 2014 |website=Whistling Woods}}</ref>

=== Reception ===
The film received critical acclaim for its creativity, making and the cast performances.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Nonika |date=9 December 2017 |title=Sound of silence |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sound-of-silence/510175.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191204093509/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sound-of-silence/510175.html |archive-date=4 December 2019 |access-date=4 December 2019 |work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 December 2015 |title=New movie adapts Kamal Haasan's 'Pushpaka Vimana' title |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151230/entertainment-sandalwood/article/silence-making-noise |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205100405/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151230/entertainment-sandalwood/article/silence-making-noise |archive-date=5 December 2019 |access-date=5 December 2019 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Reviewing ''Pesum Padam'', the magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' said that to make a silent film needs a lot of courage and the filmmaker needs to be congratulated for that, rating it 50 out of 100.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=20 December 1987 |title=பேசும் படம் |magazine=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> N. Krishnaswamy of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' said, "For [Kamal Haasan], the film is yet another achievement. For Singeetam, always the bold experimenter [...] ''Pesum Padam'' should provide both critical and commercial mileage. It is music director L. Vaidyanathan's task to provide the 'silent' film a worthy musical foil to match its varied moods and needs: this he does with panache."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=27 November 1987 |title=Worthwhile |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19871127&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=4 December 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] of the magazine ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated virtually every aspect of the film, calling it a must watch.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=20 December 1987 |title=பேசும் படம் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1987/dec/20-12-1987/p9.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220730041631/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1987/dec/20-12-1987/p9.jpg |archive-date=30 July 2022 |access-date=24 December 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=9 |language=ta}}</ref>

Satyajit Ray applauded the film and told Srinivasa Rao, "You have created a love scene around a dead body", referring to the scene where the graduate and the magician's daughter walk around the hotel owner's dead body during his funeral several times just to spend some time together.<ref name="scroll" /> ''Bombay: The City Magazine''{{'}}s critic wrote, "''Pushpak'' is a bold and timely reminder that verbal diarrhoea drowns out meaning. Silence is not only golden but eloquent."<ref>{{Cite magazine |date= |title=Silence Speaks |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CnX6-IsnXNcC&q=Pushpak |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225073801/https://books.google.com/books?id=CnX6-IsnXNcC&q=Pushpak |archive-date=25 December 2021 |access-date=10 January 2021 |magazine=Bombay: The City Magazine |publisher=Living Media India |page=80 |volume=9}}</ref> Though no-one expected the film to succeed, it was a [[sleeper hit]],<ref name="Little John" /> completing a 35-week theatrical run in Bengaluru,<ref name="hindustantimes" /> and grossing around {{INR}}1 crore according to estimates by Madhu Jain and Garga.{{sfn |Garga |1996 |p=292}}<ref name="indiatoday" />

==Accolades==

{| class="wikitable"
!Event
!Award
!Recipient(s)
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|[[35th National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]]
|[[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]] and [[Shringar Nagaraj]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="dff" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[35th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada|Best Film – Kannada]]
| Shringar Nagaraj
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=35th Annual Filmfare Awards {{!}} Regional Films |url=https://archive.org/details/35thAnnualFilmfareAwardsSouthWinners |access-date=30 November 2019 |magazine=[[Filmfare]] |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dave |first=Kajol |date=20 July 2013 |title=Filmfare trivia: Kamal Haasan |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/filmfare-trivia-kamal-haasan-3741.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724234611/http://www.filmfare.com/features/filmfare-trivia-kamal-haasan-3741.html |archive-date=24 July 2013 |access-date=26 July 2013 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=16 July 1986 |title=Kamal bags Filmfare Award |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19880716&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=27 February 2026 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director – Kannada]]
| Singeetam Srinivasa Rao
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor – Kannada]]
|[[Kamal Haasan]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |1987–88 [[Karnataka State Film Awards]]
|[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]]
|D. Vasu
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2015 |title=Karnataka State Film Awards 1987–88 |url=https://kannadamoviesinfo.wordpress.com/karnataka-state-film-awards-1987-88/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191213040950/https://kannadamoviesinfo.wordpress.com/karnataka-state-film-awards-1987-88/ |archive-date=13 December 2019 |access-date=13 December 2019 |website=Kannada Movies Info}}</ref>
|-
|[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|[[L. Vaidyanathan]]
|-
|[[Karnataka State Film Award (Special Jury Award)|Karnataka State Jury's Special Award]]
|Singeetam Srinivasa Rao
|}

== Legacy ==
''Pushpaka Vimana'' became a landmark of Indian cinema.<ref name="Little John" /> According to film theorists [[Ashish Rajadhyaksha]] and [[Paul Willemen]], it "opened up a new dimension in [[Art film|art-house]] entertainment",{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=196}} and "helped change [Kamal Haasan's] screen image".{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=481}} Srinivasa Rao has stated that after the film's success, many people wanted him to make more dialogue-less films, but he was uninterested.<ref name="Little John" /> Amala listed it along with ''[[Vedham Pudhithu]]'' (1987), ''[[Agni Natchathiram]]'' (1988), ''[[Siva (1989 Telugu film)|Siva]]'' (1989) and ''[[Karpoora Mullai]]'' (1991) as her most memorable films.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kannan |first=Uma |date=17 May 2010 |title='I'm strictly against authority' |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article271135.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421023846/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article271135.ece |archive-date=21 April 2016 |access-date=21 April 2016 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The film is listed among [[News18]]'s "hundred greatest Indian films of all time".<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2013 |title=100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 land mark Indian films of all time |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/100-years-of-indian-cinema-the-100-greatest-indian-films-of-all-time-903065-12.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820082849/http://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/100-years-of-indian-cinema-the-100-greatest-indian-films-of-all-time-903065-13.html |archive-date=20 August 2019 |access-date=20 August 2019 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> It was also listed by [[Rediff.com]] in its list "Singeetham's gems before Christ".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=7 September 2010 |title=Singeetham Srinivasa Rao's gems before Christ |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-singeetham-srinivasa-rao/20100907.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828154533/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-singeetham-srinivasa-rao/20100907.htm |archive-date=28 August 2019 |access-date=30 November 2019 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> On Haasan's birthday, 7 November 2015, Latha Srinivasan of ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' considered ''Pushpaka Vimanam'' to be one of the "films you must watch to grasp the breadth of Kamal Haasan's repertoire".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=7 November 2015 |title=Birthday special: Films you must watch to grasp the breadth of Kamal Haasan's repertoire |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-birthday-special-films-you-must-watch-to-grasp-the-breadth-of-kamal-haasan-s-repertoire-2143008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403103137/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-birthday-special-films-you-must-watch-to-grasp-the-breadth-of-kamal-haasan-s-repertoire-2143008 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |access-date=30 November 2019 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="silverscreen">{{Cite web |last=Gopalakrishnan |first=Aswathy |date=29 October 2016 |title=Singeetam Srinivasa Rao Interview: "The Golden Rule Of Cinema Is That There Is No Golden Rule" |url=https://silverscreen.in/features/interviews/singeetam-srinivasa-rao-interview-golden-rule-cinema-no-golden-rule/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820081619/https://silverscreen.in/features/interviews/singeetam-srinivasa-rao-interview-golden-rule-cinema-no-golden-rule/ |archive-date=20 August 2019 |access-date=20 August 2019 |website=Silverscreen.in}}</ref>
<ref name="telugucinema2">{{Cite web |last=Sri |date=28 September 2009 |title=Retro : Pushpaka Vimaanam {{sic|(1988)|nolink=y}} |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/retro_pushpakavimaanam_1988_2.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231015109/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/retro_pushpakavimaanam_1988_2.php |archive-date=31 December 2010 |access-date=30 November 2019 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |page=2}}</ref>
<ref name="hindustantimes">{{Cite news |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=17 September 2012 |title=Pushpak completes 25 years: Tinnu Anand, Amala go down memory lane |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/pushpak-completes-25-years-tinnu-anand-amala-go-down-memory-lane/story-e4kVfwqI8ts8JuKeBUdX9O.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191130130543/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/pushpak-completes-25-years-tinnu-anand-amala-go-down-memory-lane/story-e4kVfwqI8ts8JuKeBUdX9O.html |archive-date=30 November 2019 |access-date=30 November 2019 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
<ref name="scroll">{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=7 November 2017 |title=The film 'Pushpaka Vimana' is the one time Kamal Haasan said a lot without saying anything at all |url=https://thereel.scroll.in/856954/the-film-pushpaka-vimana-is-the-one-time-kamal-haasan-said-a-lot-without-saying-anything-at-all |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108061144/https://thereel.scroll.in/856954/the-film-pushpaka-vimana-is-the-one-time-kamal-haasan-said-a-lot-without-saying-anything-at-all |archive-date=8 November 2017 |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref>
<ref name="telugucinema1">{{Cite web |last=Sri |date=28 September 2009 |title=Retro : Pushpaka Vimaanam {{sic|(1988)|nolink=y}} |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/retro_pushpakavimaanam_1988.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230173410/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/retro_pushpakavimaanam_1988.php |archive-date=30 December 2010 |access-date=30 November 2019 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |page=1}}</ref>
<ref name="Little John">{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=19 April 2001 |title=Little John, lot of fun! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/apr/19sing.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820081006/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/apr/19sing.htm |archive-date=20 August 2019 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
<ref name="sify">{{Cite web |date=22 September 2009 |title=Malayalam film industry is the best we have: Singeetam Srini |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/malayalam-film-industry-is-the-best-we-have-singeetam-srini-news-telugu-kkfr2jaedeasi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191130181637/https://www.sify.com/movies/malayalam-film-industry-is-the-best-we-have-singeetam-srini-news-telugu-kkfr2jaedeasi.html |archive-date=30 November 2019 |access-date=30 November 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
<ref name="dff">{{Cite web |title=35th National Film Festival, 1988 |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/35th_nff_1988.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004082428/http://dff.nic.in/2011/35th_nff_1988.pdf |archive-date=4 October 2011 |access-date=15 September 2012 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref>
<ref name="indiatoday">{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Madhu |date=15 January 1989 |title=12th International Film Festival: Commercial films dominate Indian Panorama |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19890115-12th-international-film-festival-commercial-films-dominate-indian-panorama-815635-1989-01-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211071934/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19890115-12th-international-film-festival-commercial-films-dominate-indian-panorama-815635-1989-01-15 |archive-date=11 December 2019 |access-date=11 December 2019 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
<ref name="economictimes">{{Cite news |last=Balakrishnan |first=Ravi |date=12 January 2008 |title=Pushpak: A speechless Indian classic |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/business-of-bollywood/pushpak-a-speechless-indian-classic/articleshow/2694123.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180215142939/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/business-of-bollywood/pushpak-a-speechless-indian-classic/articleshow/2694123.cms |archive-date=15 February 2018 |access-date=11 December 2019 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>
<ref name="budget">{{Cite news |last=Manigandan |first=K. R. |date=18 October 2012 |title=ShotCuts: What's worrying Kamal? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/shotcuts-whats-worrying-kamal/article4009218.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216024254/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/shotcuts-whats-worrying-kamal/article4009218.ece |archive-date=16 December 2013 |access-date=30 November 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Garga |first=Bhagwan Das |author-link=Bhagwan Das Garga |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXRZAAAAMAAJ&q=pushpak |title=So many cinemas: the motion picture in India |publisher=Eminence Designs |year=1996 |isbn=9788190060219 |location=Mumbai |oclc=645262299}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jhRAQAAIAAJ&q=Pushpak |title=Limca Book of Records |publisher=[[Bisleri|Bisleri Beverages Limited]] |year=2003 |isbn=9788190114868 |editor-last=Ghose |editor-first=Vijaya |location=Gurgaon |oclc=449524954}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Puri |first1=Amrish |author-link=Amrish Puri |title=The Act of Life |title-link=The Act of Life |last2=Sabharwal |first2=Jyoti |publisher=Stellar Publishers |year=2006 |isbn=9788190224741 |oclc=608443071}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}

== External links ==
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie}}
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Singeetam Srinivasa Rao}}
{{National Film Award Wholesome Entertainment}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada}}

[[Category:1980s avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:1987 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980s satirical films]]
[[Category:1987 black comedy films]]
[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Fiction about unemployment]]
[[Category:Films about adultery in India]]
[[Category:Films about contract killing in India]]
[[Category:Films about kidnapping in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by L. Vaidyanathan]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films without speech]]
[[Category:Indian avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian satirical films]]
[[Category:Tragicomedy films]]

Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568)

2026-02-24T03:54:35Z

RashadWaltman14: small cleanup lead per standard format and improved wording for consistency

{{Short description|Akbar's conquest of Chittor (1567–1568)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| partof = [[Mughal–Rajput wars]]
| image = File:1567-A mine explodes during the siege of Chitor-right-Akbarnama-large.jpg
| image_size = 275px
| caption = Miniature painting of a mine exploding during the siege of Chittorgarh in the ''[[Akbarnama]]'', {{circa|1590–95}}.
| date = {{start and end dates|1567|10|23|1568|2|23|df=yes}} {{nwr|({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=10|day1=23|year1=1567|month2=2|day2=23|year2=1568}})}}
| place = [[Chittorgarh Fort|Chittorgarh]]
| result = [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] victory
| territory = The [[Mughal Empire]] swept into the territories of Sisodias
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]][[Mughal Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar Kingdom]]
| commander1 = [[Akbar]] [[Asaf Khan I|Asaf Khan]] Jalal Khan{{KIA}} Alam Khan{{KIA}} Quazi Ali Baghdadi{{KIA}} Adil Khan{{KIA}} Abdul Majid Khan{{KIA}} Wazir Khan{{KIA}} Mir Qasim{{KIA}} Hussain Quli Khan{{KIA}} Imteyaz Khan Syed Jamaluddin Barha{{KIA}}
| commander2 = [[Jaimal Rathore]]{{KIA}} Patta Chundawat{{KIA}} Ishwar Das Chauhan{{KIA}} Rawat Sai Das Chundawat{{KIA}} Kalyan Singh Rathore (Kalla){{KIA}} Ballu Solanki{{KIA}} Dodiya Thakur Sanda{{KIA}} Rawat Sahibkhan Chauhan{{KIA}} Raj Rana Surtan Singh Jhala{{KIA}} Udaibhan{{KIA}}
| strength1 = 80,000+
| strength2 = 7,000–8,000 cavalry and musketeers
| casualties1 = Heavy (around 25,000)
| casualties2 = Heavy (8,000)
| notes = * 30,000 noncombatants massacred after the battle
* Several women and children were enslaved
| conflict =
}}

The '''siege of Chittorgarh''' (23 October 1567 – 23 February 1568) was the military expedition of the [[Mughal Empire]] under [[Akbar]] against the [[Kingdom of Mewar]] that commenced in 1567 during which the Mughals successfully captured the fort of Chittorgarh after a hard-pressed siege which lasted for several months.

Akbar under his expansionist policy, besieged the strategic Sisodia capital of [[Chittor]] in October 1567 and further gave a religious colour to the struggle by declaring it as a [[Jihad|Jihād]] against the [[infidels]]. On Akbar's advance, Sisodia ruler [[Udai Singh II|Rana Udai Singh]] moved to the mountainous principality of his kingdom (on the advice of his war councils) and placed the fort under the command of [[Jaimal Rathore]].

After over four months of seesaw action during which the Mughal forces suffered heavy casualties, the battle eventually broke the deadlock when Jaimal succumbed to a musket shot of Akbar on 22 February 1568. The fort was captured the next morning on the day of [[Holi]] after a gallant resistance by the Rajputs. The conquest of Chittor was proclaimed by Akbar as the victory of [[Islam]] over [[infidels]].

After the subjugation of the fort, Akbar ordered a general massacre of Chittor's population in the course of which 30,000 Hindu civilians were slaughtered and a large number of women and children were enslaved. Akbar placed the fort under his general [[Asaf Khan I|Asaf Khan]] and returned to [[Agra]].

==Background==
In 1567, [[Akbar]] after putting down the revolts of Uzbeks, turned his attention towards the Rajput states of Rajasthan. The [[Kachhwaha]] ruler [[Bharmal]] already accepted his supremacy by sending his daughter [[Mariam-uz-Zamani|Harka Bai]] into the [[Mughal Harem]], although all other families except Amber were still hostile towards the Mughals. Thus, Akbar undertook a vigorous expansionist policy to bring them under his sway.{{sfn|Khan|1968|page=32}} Due to the political importance of [[Chittor]] for a stable route to [[Malwa]] and [[Gujarat]] and for further inroads into the Deccan, Akbar advanced with a vast army and artillery from his capital [[Agra]] and besieged the fort on 23 October 1567.{{sfn|Sharma|1962|page=68}}{{sfn|Somani|1976|page=206}} The contemporary Persian chronicles and his courtiers, also blamed [[Udai Singh II|Rana Udai Singh]] for providing refuge to the Afghan rebel Baz Bahadur as a reason of their invasion.{{sfn|Sharma|1962|page=66}}

On hearing about Akbar's encroachment into his territory, Udai Singh along with the royal family on the advice of his war councils and ministers fled to the western belt of Mewar in his newly established city of Udaipur. Some later writers accused him of cowardice and being an unworthy heir of [[Rana Sanga]], although no contemporary Persian author gave such an impression.{{sfn|Sharma|1962|page=70}} Udai Singh placed the fort under the command of [[Jaimal Rathore]] with 8,000 cavalry and some musketeers.

When Akbar learnt of Udai Singh's escape, he dispatched a force under Hussain Kuli Khan towards [[Udaipur]] to capture him, although he failed to capture the Rana and returned after plundering Udaipur and its surrounding districts.{{sfn|Somani|1976|page=210}} After the failure of Hussain Quli Khan, Akbar sent another contingent under [[Asaf Khan I|Asaf Khan]] to capture Udai Singh. While he too failed to capture the Rana, though, he sacked the wealthy town of Rampura (renamed it Islampur) which guarded the southern flank of Chittor. According to [[Akbar]], the Mughal troops returned with enormous spoils and "sent many worthless infidels to the abode of perdition".{{sfn|Ahmad Zilli|1971|page=352, 358}}

==Siege==
Initially, the Mughals tried to attack the fortress directly but the citadel was so sturdy that the only options available to the Mughals were to either starve out the occupants of the fort or to somehow reach the walls and [[Sapping|sap]] beneath them.{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=107}} After initial aggressive attempts at reaching the wall failed, Akbar ordered a complement of 5,000 expert builders, stonemasons, and carpenters to construct ''sabats'' (approach trenches) and mines to reach the walls.{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=107}} Two [[Mining (military)|mines]] and one sabat were constructed after significant casualties while three batteries bombarded the fort. A large siege cannon was also cast to breach the walls once the sabat reached the objective.{{sfn|Richards|1995|p=26}}

[[File:Akbar shoots Jaimal at the siege of Chitor.jpg|thumb|Akbar shoots the Rajput commander, Jaimal, using a [[matchlock]], Akbarnama, 1590–1595]]

Fifty-eight days after the siege began, the imperial sappers finally reached the walls of Chittorgarh. The two mines were exploded and the walls were breached at the cost of 200 of the assault force. But the defenders soon sealed the opening. Akbar then steadily brought his siege cannon closer to the walls under the cover of the sabat. Finally, on 22 February 1568, the Mughals were able to breach the walls at several locations simultaneously to begin a coordinated assault. While Jaimal was repairing the damage to the fort at night, Akbar killed Jaimal through a musket shot which shattered the morale of the defenders who considered the day lost.{{sfn|Richards|1995|p=26}}{{efn|Some Rajput ballads asserted that Jaimal did not die on the spot after Akbar's musket shot, but was killed on the next morning in the final charge. Historian Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha also concurred with this view. However, the contemporary Rajput and Jain records hold that Jaimal died on the spot. All contemporaneous Mughal sources also asserted that Jaimal died on the spot.{{sfn|Sharma|1962|page=76}}}}

[[Jaimal Rathore|Rao Jaimal of Badnore]] and Rao Fatta of [[Kelwa]] defended the fort under Maharana Udai Singh II. During the attack, Fatta was a minor, still his mother Karmadevi ordered him to fight in the battle. She then herself participated in the battle along with her daughter Karmavati and daughter-in-law Kamladevi. Karmadevi protected the fort from the rear side with her daughter and daughter-in-law only and were killed in battle.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mewar |first=Eternal |date=March 16, 2023 |title=Women of Mewar: The Queens who shaped the State. |url=https://eternalmewar.in/uploads/Bharatpedia/Womens-of-Mewar.pdf}}</ref>

[[File:The Rajput ceremony of Jauhar (holocaust), 1567.jpg|thumb|20th century artistic description of the Jauhar ceremony]]

On the night of 22 February 1568, several Rajput women at various places inside the fort committed [[Jauhar]] (self-immolation by fire) to protect their honour from the Mughals.{{sfn|Sharma|1962|page=77}} Thus, on 23 February 1568 on the day of Hindu festival of [[Holi]],{{sfn|Harlan|2003|page=161}} the Rajputs dressed in saffron garments opened the gates for the last stand (Sakha) under the leadership of Patta Chundawat and eventually by night, the fort was captured by the Mughals after a gallant resistance.{{sfn|Somani|1976|page=215}}<ref>{{harvnb|Chandra|1993|page=18}}:"Akbar's siege of Chittor, the gallant Rajput resistance led by Jaimal and Patta, the subsequent Jauhar on the part of the Rajputs and Akbar's conquest of the fort has been the saga of many tales and ballads in Rajasthan"</ref>

The siege also resulted in heavy casualties on the Mughal side, where two hundred of them were killed every day.<ref>{{harvnb|Chandra|1993|page=18}}:"We are told that the besiegers lost nearly 200 men every day"</ref>{{sfn|Somani|1976|page=213}} The contemporaneous Persian accounts mentioned several instances during the siege where Akbar himself barely evaded death.<ref>{{harvnb|Somani|1976|page=213–214}}:"Akbar was surprisingly saved from the balls several times. Once, when he was on inspection towards Lakhota Bari, a ball fell near him and killed Jalal Khan, who was standing near him. On some other occasion, when he was towards Chittori Burj, suddenly a ball from the fort fell near him and killed twenty men. Similarly, a bullet killed Khan-Alam, men, who was standing near him, Nizamuddin Ahmad" has also narrated similar incidents (II): The principal battery was set up in front of Lakhota Bari, where Hussain Khan Chugatai, Ikhtiyar Khan, Quazi Ali Baghdadi and others, were posted. Another battery was established in front of Surajpole under the supervision of Sujha-at-Khan, Raja Todarmal, Qasim Khan etc. Towards the south of the fort a battery under the command of Asaf Khan, Khwaja Abdul Mazid etc., was set up"</ref>

==Aftermath==
After capturing the fort on 23 February 1568, Akbar ordered a general massacre of Chittor's population in which 30,000 Hindu civilians inside the fort who were largely non-combatants were slaughtered. After the mass slaughter, many women and children were enslaved<ref>{{harvnb|Wink|2011|page=128}}:"It can be argued that Akbar himself still practiced the Chingisid code of indiscriminate killing and enslaving during his conquest of the Rajput fortress of Chitor in 1567. The same code was still practiced by some of his generals in the same period"</ref> followed by desecration of many [[Hindu]] and [[Jain]] temples on Akbar's order.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hooja|first=Rima|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ |title=A HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN (PB) |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company|isbn=978-81-291-1501-0|page=463|quote=The subsequent sack of Chittor was accompanied by a massacre of the surviving populace of some 30,000 non-combatantsmany of whom were peasants from surrounding areas who had sought shelter within the fort|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Chandra|1993|page=21}}:"Exaspered by the stiffness of the resistance, Akbar ordered a general massacre in the course of which about 30,000 persons were killed including the defenders and a large number of peasants who had taken shelter in the fort. A large number of people were taken prisoners"</ref>{{sfn|Sharma|1962|page=79}}<ref>{{harvnb|Ahmad Zilli|1971|page=355}}:"Victory came only by the help of Allah, the Mighty, the Wise, the whole victorious troops entered the fort. In accordance with the imperative command and kill the idolators altogether, those defiant ones who were still offering resistance having formed themselves into knots of two to three hundred persons, were put to death and their women and children taken prisoners. According to the promise, "Allah promised you many acquisitions which you will take"</ref>

Akbar who earlier gave a religious colour to the conflict by declaring it as a [[Jihad|Jihād]], subsequently proclaimed the conquest of the fort as the victory of [[Islam]] over [[infidels]]. The Mughal soldiers who died in the combat were hailed as [[Ghazi (warrior)|Ghazi]]s by Akbar. He also issued a victory letter on 9 March 1568 where he addressed his governors of [[Punjab]] about the campaign<ref>{{harvnb|Chandra|1993|page=21}}:"Although Raja Bhagwant Singh was at Akbar's side throughout the siege, the protracted Rajput resistance led Akbar to hail the battle against the Rana a Jihad, and all those who fell in the battle as ghazis. The aspect was further emphasised in the fatahnama, which Akbar issued after the victory, almost on the model of the fatahnama issued by Babur after his victory over Sanga"</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Khan|1968|page=32}}:"The public manifestation of Akbar's attitude during the siege of Chittor (1568) is in this connection quite instructive. The fall of Chittor was proclaimed by him as the victory of Islam over infidels. A fatahnama issued on 9th March 1568, conveying the news of his victory at Chittor to the officers of the Punjab is so full of intolerant professions and sentiments and couched in such aggressive language that it could compete favourably with similar documents issued by the most orthodox of the Muslim rulers of India"</ref> (quoted by [[Andre Wink]])
{{Quote box|align = right | salign = right | border = none|bgcolor=cornsilk|halign = center |quote=We, as far as it is within our power, remain busy in Jihad and owing to the kindness of the superior Lord, who is the promoter of our victories, we have succeeded in occupying a number of forts and towns belonging to the infidels and have established Islam there. With the help of our bloodthirsty sword we have erased the signs of infidelity from their minds and have destroyed temples in those places and also all over Hindustan:-
| author = [[Akbar]] on his conquest of Chittor| source =<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wink|first=Andre|author-link=Andre Wink|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=avjSPAAACAAJ |title=Akbar |date=2008|publisher=Oneworld Publications |isbn=978-1-85168-605-6|pages=88–89|quote=The conquest of the fortress of Chitor was proclaimed by Akbar himself as the victory of Islam over infidels. fathnama or “declaration of victory” issued on March 9, 1568, conveying the news of this conquest to the officials of the Panjab, is full of professions of intolerance and couched in the most aggressive language of Islamic orthodoxy. “As directed by the word of God, ”Akbar announced in this document, “we, as far as it is within our power, remain busy in jihad and owing to the kindness of the superior Lord, who is the promoter of our victories, we have succeeded in occupying a number of forts and towns belonging to the infidels and have established Islam there. With the help of our bloodthirsty sword we have erased the signs of infidelity from their minds and have destroyed temples in those places and also all over Hindustan”(Khan, note16)|language=en}}</ref>|quoted=1}}

Akbar stayed at Chittorgarh for three days before leaving for the shrine of [[Moinuddin Chishti]] (barefooted), as part of his oath to visit the shrine after the conquest of Chittor. Akbar handed the charge of the fort to his trusted general [[Asaf Khan I|Asaf Khan]] and returned to Agra.{{sfn|Somani|1976|page=217}}{{sfn|Sharma|1962|page=80}}

On returning to [[Agra]], Akbar erected the statues of Jaimal and Patta outside his fort either to honour their doughty resistance{{sfn|Chandra|1993|page=23}} or to humiliate them as his doorkeepers.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Vanina|first=Eugenia|date=2019|title=Monuments to Enemies? 'Rajput' Statues in Mughal Capitals|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/monuments-to-enemies-rajput-statues-in-mughal-capitals/20D45D35D02CE70E4D801D631C78EB79|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|volume=29 |issue=4 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=683–704|doi=10.1017/S1356186319000415 |s2cid=211645258 |issn=1356-1863|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Akbar, also commented upon them in his victory letter. (translated by [[Ishtiyaq Ahmad Zilli]]){{sfn|Ahmad Zilli|1971|page=352}}

{{Quote box |salign = right | border = none|bgcolor=#D0F0F0|align = center |quote=Fearful of the approach of the imperial standards he (Udai Singh) left his uncle Sahidas, Jaimal, Udaibhan and Patta who are renowned for their valour among the infidels, may Allah forsake them and lead them to the abode of Perdition, and who are considered to be equal to a thousand horsemen in intrepidity and power:-
| author = [[Akbar]] on Jaimal and Patta in his Fathnama|quoted=1}}
The violent fate of Chittor turned out to be a watershed in Akbar's conquest of the north Indian plain and in his relations with the Rajput states.{{sfn|Chandra|1993|page=17}} The reduction of Chittor, brought almost all of the leading Rajput kingdoms under his sway who were hostile towards him prior to the battle.<ref>{{harvnb|Khan|1968|pp=32–33}}:"The reimposition of jiziah in 1575 was the logical culmination of this policy. Apparently, this policy of Akbar was by and large successful in attaining the object that he had in mind: it is noteworthy that all the important Rajput chiefs, with the exception of the Sisodias, joined Akbar's service after the fall of Chittor and not before it. This would suggest that the factors which induced the Rajputs to join Mughal service were anything but their appreciation of Akbar's attitude towards the non-Muslims"</ref> However, [[Udai Singh II]], the Rana of Mewar, continued to remain at large until his death four years later.{{sfn|Richards|1995|p=27}}

==Traditions==
The Jauhar of 1568 is a part of the regional legend and is locally remembered on the Hindu festival of [[Holi]] (on the day Chittor was sacked) as a day of Chittorgarh massacre by Akbar, with "the red colour signifying the blood that flowed that day".{{sfn|Harlan|2003|page=162}}

==In popular culture==
Mughal conquest of Chittor was part of [[Sony]] television series ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]'' based on the life of [[Maharana Pratap]]. The series depicted the besieging of the fort in over fifty episodes titled ''Chittor par Sankat''.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Siege of Chittor! |date= 2015 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/news-61953 |access-date=2022-04-17 |work= The Tribune India |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)]]

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

==Citations==
{{reflist}}
==Bibliography==
{{ref begin}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Ahmad Zilli|first=Ishtiyaq|author-link=Ishtiyaq Ahmad Zilli|date=1971 |title=FATHNAMA—I CHITOR, MARCH 1568 AN ANNOTATED TRANSLATION |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145352 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=33 |pages=350–361 |jstor=44145352 |issn=2249-1937}}
* {{Cite book|last=Chandra|first=Satish|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qDxuAAAAMAAJ |title=Mughal Religious Policies, the Rajputs & the Deccan |date=1993 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |isbn=978-0-7069-6385-4|language=en}}
* {{cite book|last1=Chandra|first1=Satish| author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II|date=2005 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=9788124110669|edition=Revised |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC|language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Harlan|first=Lindsey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EmbRCwAAQBAJ |title=The Goddesses' Henchmen: Gender in Indian Hero Worship |date=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-534834-7 |language=en}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Khan|first=Iqtidar Alam|title=The Nobility under Akbar and the Development of his Religious Policy, 1560–80 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/nobility-under-akbar-and-the-development-of-his-religious-policy-156080/FFD46A5620AA6BD86B9E4D4BF69902D3|language=en|publisher=Cambridge University Press|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume= 100 |issue =1|date=1968 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00126115 |pages=29–36 |jstor=25203020 |s2cid= 159780897|url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite book|last1=Richards|first1=John F.|author-link1=John F. Richards|title=The Mughal empire|series=New Cambridge history of India|volume=5| date=1995|orig-year=1993|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521566032|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=Gopinath| title=Mewar and the Mughal Emperors: 1526-1707 A. D.| publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala|year=1962|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7sQBAAAAMAAJ|language=en}}
* {{cite book|last=Somani|first=Ram Vallabh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ|title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D.|publisher=Mateshwari|year=1976|oclc=2929852}}
* {{Cite book|last=Wink|first=Andre|author-link=Andre Wink|chapter=Post Nomadic Empires: From the Mongols to the Mughals|editor1=[[Peter Fibiger Bang]]|editor2=[[C.A. Bayly]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1FZSYgEACAAJ |title=Tributary Empires in Global History|date=2011 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-0-230-30841-1 |language=en}}
{{ref end}}

{{Mughal Empire|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siege of Chittorgarh}}
[[Category:Sieges involving the Mughal Empire|Chittorgarh]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Rajputs|Chittorgarh]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1567|Chittorgarh]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1568|Chittorgarh]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Mewar]]
[[Category:1567 in India]]
[[Category:1568 in India]]
[[Category:Chittorgarh district]]
[[Category:Conflicts in India]]
[[Category:Chittorgarh Fort]]
[[Category:16th century in the Mughal Empire]]

Geeta Kashyap Vemuganti

2026-02-07T19:20:42Z

RashadWaltman14: expanded section as per guidelines and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian ocular pathologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Geeta Kashyap Vemuganti
| image = A.P.J. Abdul Kalam giving away the National Award to Dr. Virender Singh Sangwan, Associate Director in the L. V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad & Smt. Geeta K Vemuganti, Director, Ophthalmic Pathologic Service and Head.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Geeta Kashyap along with V. S. Sangwan receiving the National Award from Abdul Kalam.
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1960|7|1}}
| birth_place = [[Telangana]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Ophthalmology]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[L. V. Prasad Eye Institute]] }}
| alma_mater =
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies in stem cell therapy
| awards = {{ublist| 2004 [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development|N-BIOS Prize]] | 2005 Chem Tech Foundation Award }}
}}

'''Geeta Kashyap Vemuganti''' (born 1 July 1960) is an Indian ocular pathologist and the head of the department at the Ophthalmic Pathology Service and Stem Cell Laboratory of the [[L. V. Prasad Eye Institute]] (LVPEI).<ref name="Scientists chosen for awards">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-economy/scientists-chosen-for-awards/article2167889.ece |title=Scientists chosen for awards |date=2005-02-08 |work=The Hindu Business Line |access-date=2017-12-16 |language=en}}</ref> She is also a dean and professor at the school of medical sciences of the [[University of Hyderabad]].<ref name="PLENARY SESSIONS">{{Cite web |url=http://www.caimsnmss.com/plenary-sessions.html |title=PLENARY SESSIONS |website=www.caimsnmss.com |language=en-US |access-date=2017-12-16 |archive-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126203105/http://caimsnmss.com/plenary-sessions.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Vemuganti is reported to have done pioneering work in stem cell therapy{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} and was a member of the team led by [[V. S. Sangwan]] that developed a protocol for transplanting cultured stem cells for restoring vision in humans.<ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/10/31/stories/0231000q.htm |title=Breakthrough in stem cell transplantation of eye |date=31 October 2001 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2017-12-16}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> She is an elected fellow of the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]]<ref name="List of Fellows: October 2007">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nams-india.in/docs_pdfs/fellow2007.pdf |title=List of Fellows: October 2007 |date=2007 |website=National Academy of Medical Sciences |access-date=2017-12-16}}</ref> and a recipient of the 2005 Chem Tech Foundation Award.<ref name="The Hindu" /> The [[Department of Biotechnology]] of the Government of India awarded her the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]], one of the highest Indian science awards, for her contributions to biosciences in 2004.<ref name="Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development">{{Cite web |url=http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |title=Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development |date=2016 |publisher=Department of Biotechnology |access-date=2017-11-20 |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304191331/http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |last= Purushotham Reddy Koppula, Lakshmi Kiran Chelluri, Naresh Polisetti, Geeta K Vemuganti|title=Histocompatibility testing of cultivated human bone marrow stromal cells- a promising step towards pre-clinical screening for allogenic stem cell therapy |journal= Cellular Immunology |date=2009 |volume=259 |issue=1 |pages=61–5 |pmid=19577229 |doi=10.1016/j.cellimm.2009.05.014 |s2cid=40986392}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Sangwan |first1=Virender S. |last2=Vemuganti |first2=Geeta Kashyap |last3=Singh |first3=Shashi |last4=Balasubramanian |first4=D. |date=2003-08-01 |title=Successful Reconstruction of Damaged Ocular Outer Surface in Humans Using Limbal and Conjuctival Stem Cell Culture Methods |journal=Bioscience Reports |language=en |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=169–174 |doi=10.1023/b:bire.0000007690.43273.73 |issn=0144-8463 |pmid=14748537|s2cid=43227663 }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Mittica |first1=Nicholas |last2=Vemuganti |first2=Geeta Kashyap |last3=Duffy |first3=Mark |last4=Torczynski |first4=Elise |last5=Edward |first5=Deepak P |title=Late Orbital Recurrence of a Choroidal Melanoma Following Internal Resection |journal=Survey of Ophthalmology |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=181–190 |doi=10.1016/s0039-6257(02)00458-7|year=2003 |pmid=12686303 }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Vemuganti |first1=Geeta Kashyap |last2=Garg |first2=Prashant |last3=Gopinathan |first3=Usha |last4=Naduvilath |first4=Thomas J |last5=John |first5=Rajesh K |last6=Buddi |first6=Rajeev |last7=Rao |first7=Gullapalli N |title=Evaluation of agent and host factors in progression of mycotic keratitis |journal=Ophthalmology |volume=109 |issue=8 |pages=1538–1546 |doi=10.1016/s0161-6420(02)01088-6|year=2002 |pmid=12153808 }}

== See also ==
* [[Keratitis]]
* [[Stem cell therapy]]
{{portal|India|Medicine}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite journal |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/124435 |title=Ex vivo profiferation and characterization of adult limbal stem cells and their applications in treating ocular surface disorders caused by limbal stem cell deficiency |last=Abdul |first=Raheem, Anees Fatima |date=2003-01-07 |journal=University |hdl=10603/124435 |language=English |access-date=2017-12-16}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lvYazFFh_I |title=Geeta K Vemuganti - University of Hyderabad |date=23 February 2012 |publisher=HYBIZTV HD |format=YouTube video |access-date=2017-12-16}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0XEWB9y1m1s |title=Sandhya Janak with EMMRC presenting Dr. Geetha Kashyap Vemuganti |date=23 December 2014 |publisher=Sandhya Janak |format=YouTube video |access-date=2017-12-16}}

{{N-BIOS Laureates 1999–2009}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vemuganti, Geeta Kashyap}}
[[Category:N-BIOS Prize recipients]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Hyderabad]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences]]
[[Category:Indian ophthalmologists]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Stem cell researchers]]
[[Category:1960 births]]

{{India-med-bio-stub}}

Bharani

2026-02-06T02:12:12Z

RashadWaltman14: Put up stub

{{Short description|2nd lunar mansion of Hindu astrology}}
{{for multi|the Indian film actor|Bharani (actor)|the Indian film score and soundtrack composer|Bharani (composer)|the star|41 Arietis}}
[[Image:Aries constellation map.svg|right|200px|thumb|[[Aries (constellation)]] map showing Bharani]]
{{Nakshatras}}

'''Bharani''' ([[Devanagari]]: भरणी), meaning "the bearer", is the second [[nakshatra]] ([[lunar mansion]]) in Hindu astronomy, corresponding to the three stars [[35 Arietis|35]], [[39 Arietis|39]], and [[41 Arietis]]. The brightest of these stars, 41 Arietis, has the modern name ''Bharani'' after the nakshatra.<ref name=ASE>{{cite web |title=Bharani (भरणी) |url=https://ase.exopla.net/index.php/Bharani |website=All Skies Encyclopaedia |publisher=[[IAU Working Group on Star Names]] |access-date=18 December 2025}}</ref>

The same group of stars formed the historical European constellation called [[Musca Borealis]] or Lilium.<ref name=ASE/>

==Astrology==
In [[Jyotiṣa]], Bharani is ruled by [[Shukra]] (the planet [[Venus]]).
Also, it is classified as a Cruel or Active nakshatra, meaning that, under [[Electional Astrology|electional astrological]] beliefs, works of a harmful or deceptive nature are best conducted while the moon is Bharani.<ref>Hart De Fouw, Robert Svoboda. ‘’Light on Life: An Introduction to the Astrology of India.’’ 2003: pg. 204. {{ISBN|0-940985-69-1}}</ref>

Bharani is seen as being under the domain of [[Yama (Hinduism)|Yama]], the [[Death deity|god of death]] or [[Kālī]].<ref>Amaresh Datta. ‘’Encyclopaedia of Indian literature vol. 1.’’ 1987: pg. 447</ref><ref>Dennis M. Harness. ‘’ The Nakshatras: The Lunar Mansions of Vedic Astrology’.’ Lotus Press, 1999. {{ISBN|0-914955-83-7}}. pg. 7</ref>

Traditional [[Hindu given names]] are determined by which pada (quarter) of a nakshatra the Ascendant/Lagna was in at the time of birth. The given name would begin with the following syllables:{{cn|date=December 2025}}
*A (pronounced as in "'''a'''gglutination")
* Ee (pronounced as in "'''Ee'''l")
* Li (pronounced as in "'''li'''ttle")
*Lu (pronounced as in "'''loo'''k")
*Le (pronounced as in "'''le'''vity")
*Lo (pronounced as in "'''lo'''cal")

==See also==
*[[List of Nakshatras]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Jyotish Vidya}}

[[Category:Nakshatra]]
[[Category:Aries (constellation)]]

Ghazanfar Ali Khan

2026-02-02T17:18:42Z

RashadWaltman14: small changes

{{Short description|Indian politician and monarch}}
{{otherpeople}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan [[Khokhar]]
| image =
[[File:Raja-ghazanfar-ali-khan-1522238385-2209.jpg|frameless|Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan Khokhar (16 August 1895 – 17 April 1963)]]
| office = [[Minister of Health (India)|Indian Minister of Health]]
| term_start = 2 September 1946
| term_end = 14 August 1947
| predecessor =
| successor = [[Rajkumari Amrit Kaur]]
| primeminister = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| office2 = [[Minister of Finance]] of [[State of Alwar|Alwar State]]
| monarch2 = [[Jai Singh Prabhakar]]
| primeminister2 = [[Francis Verner Wylie]]
| term_start2 = 11 January 1933
| term_end2 = 13 February 1937
| predecessor2 = L Alak Dhari
| successor2 = [[Rao Sahib]] Lala Ramlal Anand
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1895|8|16}}<ref name=storyofpakistan>http://storyofpakistan.com/raja-ghazanfar-ali-khan Khokhar, Profile of Ghazanfar Ali Khan Khokhar on storyofpakistan.com website, Published 4 January 2008, Retrieved 9 February 2017</ref><ref name=findpk/>
| birth_place = [[Pind Dadan Khan]], [[Jhelum district]], [[Punjab, British India]] (present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]].)
| death_date = {{death date and age|1963|4|17|1895|8|16|df=yes}}<ref name=storyofpakistan/><ref name=findpk/>
| death_place =
| nationality = [[British Raj|British Indian]] (1895–1947) [[Pakistani people|Pakistani]] (1947–1963)
| party = [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist party]] [[All-India Muslim League]] [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Pakistan Muslim League]] (post-independence)
| alma_mater = [[Government College, Lahore]]
| profession = {{hlist|Politician|Diplomat}}
}}
[[Raja]] '''Ghazanfar Ali Khan Khokhar''' (16 August 1895 – 17 April 1963) was a [[Pakistan Movement]] activist, politician and diplomat. He was born in [[Pind Dadan Khan]], a town in [[Jhelum district]], [[British India]].<ref name=storyofpakistan/> He was a leading member of the [[All India Muslim League]] and a trusted lieutenant of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], serving in the [[Interim Government of India]] of 1946 as a member of the Central Legislative Assembly of India.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JituAAAAMAAJ&q=Raja+Ghazanfar+Ali+Khan+Jhelum|title= Public life in Muslim India, 1850-1947: a compendium of basic information on political, social, religious, cultural and educational organizations active in pre-partition India |year= 1992|author= Khursheed Kamal Aziz |publisher= The University of Michigan|isbn= 9789694021195 |access-date=12 March 2014}}Page 257 & 344</ref>

After independence of Pakistan in 1947, he became the minister of Food, Agriculture and Health in the [[Government of Pakistan]] and finally a [[diplomat]] for Pakistan in many countries from 1948 to 1957.<ref name=storyofpakistan/><ref name=findpk/>

==Early life and career==
Ghazanfar Ali Khan's father was Saif Ali Khan.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LjluAAAAMAAJ |title=Jinnah and Punjab: Shamsul Hasan collection and other documents, 1944-1947 |first1=Khalid Shamsul |last1=Hasan |first2=Amarjit |last2=Singh |year=2007 |publisher=Kanishka Publishers Distributors |isbn=9788173919169 |page=343 |access-date=5 January 2015}}</ref> A Rajput [[Khokhar]] from Pind Dadan Khan in Jhelum district, Ghazanfar Ali was an uncle of Pir Syed Fazal Shah of [[Jalalpur Sharif]], another influential figure in the region during the [[Pakistan Movement]].<ref name="Talbot" /> Ghazanfar completed his high school education at Jhelum and then went on to [[Government College, Lahore]].<ref name=storyofpakistan/>

Ghazanfar Ali Khan joined the Unionist Party in 1923 because he had political ambitions and was a prominent figure in Muslim politics by 1927, when he attended a conference, comprising 30 significant Muslim leaders, that resulted in the "Delhi Muslim Proposals" which attempted to address constitutional development but were ultimately thwarted by the recommendations of the 1928 [[Nehru Report]].<ref>{{cite book |title=India's Partition: The Story of Imperialism in Retreat |first=Devendra |last=Panigrahi |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=9781135768133 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p-uQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 |pages=47–48}}</ref><ref name=storyofpakistan/> He persuaded his nephew to support his career in politics and this brought with it support from those who favoured his nephew Pir Fazal Shah himself.

He was appointed a Revenue Minister of [[Alwar State]] in 1933 and remained on the position till 1937.

He stood in the [[1937 Indian provincial elections|1937 provincial elections]] to the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly (British India)|Punjab Legislative Assembly]] as a candidate of the [[All-India Muslim League]] and won this election to become a member of Punjab Legislative Assembly from 1937 to 1945.<ref name=findpk>http://www.findpk.com/pof/raja_ghazanfar_ali_khan.html, Profile and commemorative postage stamp image of Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan on findpk.com website, Retrieved 9 February 2017</ref> But then deserted the Muslim League in favour of the [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist Party]] after being offered a position as a parliamentary secretary by [[Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana]].<ref name="jalal">{{cite book |title=The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan |first=Ayesha |last=Jalal |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1994 |isbn=9780521458504 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D63KMRN1SJ8C&pg=PA148 |page=148}}</ref> He supported the pact arranged at [[Lucknow]] between [[Sikandar Hayat Khan (Punjabi politician)|Sikandar Hayat Khan]] and Muhammad Ali Jinnah in October 1937, believing that the [[Indian independence movement|nationalist movement]] had suffered greatly from internal divisions and that a political party that united the aspirant Hindu and Muslim nationalist communities might prove more effective.<ref>{{cite book |title=Changing Homeleands |first=Neeti |last=Nair |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2011 |isbn=9780674057791 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o-NoCp9Lc24C&pg=PA157 |page=157}}</ref> In 1944, he returned to the League fold after the split between Khizar Hayat Tiwana and Jinnah, realising that the League was likely to get the upper hand. His uncle and local supporters followed him through these various manoeuvres.<ref name="jalal" />

In the [[1946 Indian provincial elections|February 1946 provincial elections]], Khan was a candidate for the League in the Pind Dadan Khan constituency 77 and won the election for Muslim League.<ref name=storyofpakistan/><ref name="Talbot">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KtJcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA96 |title=Khizr Tiwana, the Punjab Unionist Party and the Partition of India |first= Ian |last=Talbot |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |access-date=12 March 2014 |pages=68, 96, 146 |isbn=9781136790294}}</ref> In October of that year, he was among the five men nominated by Jinnah on behalf of the League to join the interim Government of India, in which he subsequently took the Minister of Food, Agriculture and Health portfolio. The other four nominated by the League were [[Liaquat Ali Khan]], [[I. I. Chundrigar]], [[Abdur Rab Nishtar]] and [[Jogendra Nath Mandal]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan |first=Ayesha |last=Jalal |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1994 |isbn=9780521458504 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D63KMRN1SJ8C&pg=PA225 |page=225}}</ref> He said of the League's involvement that "We are going into the interim government to get a foothold to fight for our cherished goal of Pakistan".<ref>{{cite book |title=Gandhi: The Man, His People, and the Empire |first=Rajmohan |last=Gandhi |publisher=University of California Press |year=2006 |isbn=9780520255708 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FauJL7LKXmkC&pg=PA536 |page=536}}</ref>

After the [[Partition of India]], Khan became Pakistan's Minister for Food, Agriculture and Health.<ref name=findpk/> He was minister for refugees and rehabilitation in 1948, during a period when there was much controversy regarding the movement of Muslim people between the now-divided India and Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia: Refugees, Boundaries, Histories |first1=Vazira |last1=Fazila |first2=Yacoobali |last2=Zamindar |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9780231511018 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2u_IU-aoNhwC&pg=PT123 |pages=123–126}}</ref>

In 1948, he became the first president of the newly formed [[Pakistan Hockey Federation]] and served for 2 years in that position (1948–1950).<ref>http://www.pakistanhockeyfederation.com/history {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019081108/http://www.pakistanhockeyfederation.com/history |date=2016-10-19 }}, Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan served as President, Pakistan Hockey Federation (1948–1950), Retrieved 10 February 2017</ref>

From 1948 to 1957, he took to a new career as a diplomat. He was successively [[Ambassador]] to [[Iran]] (1948-1952), Ambassador to [[Turkey]] (1952-1953), [[High Commissioner (Commonwealth)|High Commissioner]] to India (1954-1956) and finally Ambassador to [[Italy]] (1956-1957).<ref name=findpk/>

==Death and legacy==
Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan died on 17 April 1963.<ref name=storyofpakistan/><ref name=findpk/>

* In honour of his contribution to Pakistan, a major road called 'Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan Road' near [[Bohri Bazaar]] in [[Saddar]], [[Karachi]] was named after him.<ref>https://nearbypk.com/location/24.856731/67.030579/raja-ghazanfar-ali-rd-lucky-star-saddar-town-karachi-sindh-74400-pakistan {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211081330/https://nearbypk.com/location/24.856731/67.030579/raja-ghazanfar-ali-rd-lucky-star-saddar-town-karachi-sindh-74400-pakistan |date=11 February 2017 }}, Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan Road shown on map, Retrieved 10 February 2017</ref>
* [[Pakistan Postal Services]] issued a commemorative postage stamp in his honor in its 'Pioneers of Freedom' series in 1990.<ref name=findpk/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Pakistan Movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Ghazanfar Ali}}
[[Category:1895 births]]
[[Category:1963 deaths]]
[[Category:First Pakistani Cabinet]]
[[Category:All-India Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Pakistan Movement]]
[[Category:People from Jhelum]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Pakistan to Iran]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Pakistan to Turkey]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Pakistan to Italy]]
[[Category:High commissioners of Pakistan to India]]
[[Category:Members of the Central Legislative Assembly of India]]
[[Category:People from Pind Dadan Khan]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of the Governor General of India]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

Quizzer of the Year

2026-01-26T15:04:56Z

RashadWaltman14: Added Some Entry More To Come

{{Short description|Indian reality quiz show}}

'''''Quizzer of the Year''''' '''(QOTY)''' is a pan-India [[quiz]] challenge on [[SonyLIV|Sony LIV]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sony LIV presents ‘Quizzer Of The Year’ |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/iworld/over-the-top-services/sony-liv-presents-quizzer-of-the-year-230603 |access-date=7 June 2023 |work=Indian Television |date=3 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Participants can test their abilities and knowledge against others across the country.<ref>{{cite news |title=Siddhartha Basu to present quiz show Quizzer Of The Year on SonyLIV |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/siddhartha-basu-to-present-quiz-show-quizzer-of-the-year-on-sonyliv/cid/1942027 |access-date=6 June 2023 |work=[[Telegraph India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Are you quiz-ready?: Siddhartha Basu to host Sony LIV’s reality show Quizzer of the Year |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/are-you-quiz-ready-siddhartha-basu-to-host-sony-livs-reality-show-quizzer-of-the-year-514062 |access-date=6 June 2023 |work=The Tribune (Chandigarh)}}</ref>

QOTY school contest is designed for students between classes IX and XII. Participants need to answer seven multiple choice questions everyday, collect points and unlock levels. They stand a chance to win daily, weekly and monthly prizes; an opportunity to feature on Sony LIV and an educational scholarship of 1 [[crore]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Scholarship for winner of quiz show |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/topnews/scholarship-for-winner-of-quiz-show |access-date=6 June 2023 |work=[[Free Press Journal]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Quizzer Of The Year: 9 से 12वीं के छात्रों के लिए क्विज चैलेंज, विजेता टीम को मिलेगा 1 करोड़ का स्कॉलरशिप |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/education/quizzer-of-the-year-quiz-challenge-for-students-of-class-9-to-12-winning-team-will-get-scholarship-of-1-crore-tvi |access-date=7 June 2023 |work=[[Prabhat Khabar]] |date=6 June 2023 |language=hi}}</ref>

The challenge is curated and hosted by [[Siddhartha Basu]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Siddhartha Basu To Host Show 'Quizzer Of The Year' On SonyLIV |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/ott/siddhartha-basu-to-host-show-quizzer-of-the-year-on-sonyliv-1606857 |access-date=6 June 2023 |work=[[ABP News]] |date=4 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Quizmaster Siddhartha Basu back in the spotlight with Sony Liv's 'Quizzer Of The Year' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/quizmaster-siddhartha-basu-back-in-the-spotlight-with-sony-livs-quizzer-of-the-year/article67014392.ece |access-date=3 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 June 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Gameplay==

Students across India from classes IX - XII (9th to 12th) are eligible to register and participate in Quizzer of the Year on the [[SonyLIV|Sony LIV]] App or website. The format of the show is divided into multiple levels.<ref>{{cite news |title=हर रोज घर बैठे दीजिए सात आसान सवालों के जवाब, और पाइए मौका एक करोड़ रुपये की स्कॉलरशिप का |url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/siddhartha-basu-brings-quizzer-of-the-year-amitabh-bachchan-react-winner-get-education-scholarship-of-1-crore-2023-06-05 |access-date=6 June 2023 |work=[[Amar Ujala]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=SonyLIV announces 'Quizzer Of The Year' in India |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/sonyliv-announces-quizzer-of-the-year-in-india/ |access-date=7 June 2023 |work=www.bizasialive.com |date=3 June 2023}}</ref>

* '''Round 1: QOTY Daily'''

After registration, participants can attempt seven multiple-choice questions everyday. Each right answer awards them 10 points. Students must collect at least 500 points to advance to the next round. Answering quickly will provide them with an advantage.<ref name="rounds"/>

* '''Round 2: QOTY Select'''

Students with a minimum of 500 points will log on to the Sony LIV app for an appointment quiz of 20 questions. They will play this round against other qualifiers. Top scoring students will move to Round 3.<ref name="rounds"/>

* '''Round 3: QOTY City I'''

This will be an online live session where participants will engage in an appointment quiz against all qualifiers from their respective city zones. Students need to answer 20 questions as fast as they can. Only the top quizzers will advance further.<ref name="rounds"/>

At this stage, students will be teamed up with the next-best scorer from their school to form their school’s official QOTY team.<ref name="rounds"/>

* '''Round 4 - QOTY City II'''

All teams will participate in an online face-off in a [[webisode]] moderated by a quiz master. The top teams will make it to the finals, hosted by Siddhartha Basu.<ref name="rounds"/>

* '''Round 5 - QOTY Finals'''

The final stage will consist of 7 rounds - 4 preliminaries, 2 semi-finals, and 1 ultimate finale. The winning team will take home the ‘Quizzer Of The Year’ title and an educational scholarship of 1 crore.<ref name="rounds">{{cite web |title=SonyLiv:QOTY |url=https://qoty.sonyliv.com/ |website=qoty.sonyliv.com |publisher=[[SonyLIV]] |access-date=7 June 2023 |archive-date=7 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607134748/https://qoty.sonyliv.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://qoty.sonyliv.com/ Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606082201/https://qoty.sonyliv.com/ |date=2023-06-06 }}

[[Category:Quiz shows]]

Shardul Pandit

2026-01-17T17:43:26Z

RashadWaltman14: added entry

{{Primary sources|date=July 2025}}{{Short description|Indian actor and radio jockey (born 1985)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shardul Pandit
| image = Shardul Pandit.jpg
| caption = Pandit in 2021
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1985|11|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| occupation = Actor, radio jockey
| years_active = 2009 – present
}}
'''Shardul Pandit''' (born 28 November 1985) is an [[Demographics of India|Indian]] [[actor]] and [[Radio personality|radio jockey]].

==Education==
Pandit received a [[Master of Business Administration]] degree in advertising and public relations from the International Institute of Professional Studies (IIPS) Indore.<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
He started his career as a radio jockey with [[Radio Mirchi]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shardul-Pandit-talks-about-his-college-life/articleshow/55896344.cms| title= Shardul Pandit Talks About College Life| work= [[Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kulddepak-actor-shardul-pandit-talks-about-his-hollywood-dubbing-days/articleshow/59579846.cms| title= Kuldeepak Actor Shardul Pandit Talks About His Hollywood Dubbing Days| work= [[Times of India]]}}</ref>

Following from his work in radio, Pandit made his acting debut with [[NDTV Imagine]]'s serial ''[[Bandini (TV series)|Bandini]]'', starring alongside [[Ronit Roy]] and [[Aasiya Kazi]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.indiaforums.com/article/shardul-pandit-to-enter-gunahon-ka-devta-as-parallel-lead_25387 | title= Shardul Pandit to Enter Gunahon Ka Devta as Parallel Lead..| work= indiaforums}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.follo.co.in/bollywood-news/i-battled-depression-and-successfully-came-out-of-it-shardul-pandit/23137 | title= I Battled Depression and Successfully Came Out of It: Shardul Pandit| work= follo.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://urbanasian.com/entertainment/indian-tv/2018/03/shardul-pandit-interview-166902/ | title= You Come to Know Who Your True Friends Are in Bad Times : Shardul Pandit| work= UrbanAsian| date= 22 March 2018}}</ref> He also appeared in ''[[Kitani Mohabbat Hai (season 2)]]'' and ''[[Godh Bharaai]]''.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

In 2012, Pandit moved to [[Dubai]] to work as a RJ for Radio Mirchi International. However, he returned to [[Mumbai]] in 2015 to work as a VJ for [[9XM]]. Pandit was also the commentator for the Box Cricket League (BCL).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/665900/movies-maggi-myself.html| title= Shardul Pandit on Hosting Box Cricket League| work= Deccan Herald| date= 22 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/shardul-pandit-and-rajiv-thakur-fight-at-bcl/19154157| title= Shardul Pandit on Hosting MTV BCL| work= Mid-day}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/shardul-on-the-pitch-again/545481.html| title= Shardul on the Pitch Again| work= [[Tribune India]]}}</ref>

In 2017, Pandit was cast in a co-lead role opposite [[Keerti Nagpure]] in the [[&TV]] show ''Kuldeepak''. His role and pairing with Nagpure was praised by viewers.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/kirti-nagpure-and-shardul-pandit-have-the-best-on-screen-chemistry-in-kuldeepak/1043936 | title= Kirti Nagpure and Shardul Pandit Have the Best On Screen Chemistry in Kuldeepak| work= FreePress Journal}}</ref>

==Television==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Bandini (TV series)|Bandini]]''
| Maulik Dharamraj Mahiyavanshi / Maulik Kanji Waghela
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Godh Bharaai]]''
| Gaurav
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Kitani Mohabbat Hai (season 2)]]''
| Jai
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Gunahon Ka Devta (TV series)|Gunahon Ka Devta]]''
| Pavan
|
|-
|2014–2019
| ''Box Cricket League''
| Commentator
|
|-
| 2017
| ''Kuldeepak''
| Devang Purohit
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Siddhi Vinayak]]''
| Shivam Sen
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Bigg Boss 14]]''
| Contestant
| Entered as Wildcard on (Day 22); Evicted on (Day 43)
|-
|2021–present
| ''[[Sirf Ek Minute]]''
| Host
|Flipkart video quiz
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Channa Mereya (TV series)|Channa Mereya]]''
| Armaan
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Tere Ishq Mein Ghayal]]''
|Adi
|
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|India|Radio|Television|United Arab Emirates}}
* [[List of Indian actors]]
* [[List of people from Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[List of people from Mumbai]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Twitter|shardulogy}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandit, Shardul}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian radio personalities]]
[[Category:Male actors from Dubai]]
[[Category:Male actors from Indore]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]

Baria massacre

2026-01-11T15:55:07Z

RashadWaltman14: improve intro per standard format

{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Baria massacre বাড়িয়া গণহত্যা
| partof = [[Bangladesh genocide]]
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map = {{Location map|Bangladesh|lat=23.97|long=90.50|caption=}}
| map_caption =
| location = Baria, [[Dhaka Division]], [[Bangladesh]]
| target = [[Bengali Hindus]]
| coordinates =
| date = 14 May 1971
| time =
| timezone = UTC+6:00
| type = [[Massacre]]
| fatalities = c. 200
| injuries = Hundreds
| perps = [[Pakistani Army]]
| weapons = Rifles
| numparts =
}}

'''Baria massacre''' ({{langx|bn|বাড়িয়া গণহত্যা}}) was the massacre of unarmed Bengali Hindus in the village of Baria in present-day [[Gazipur Sadar Upazila]] of Bangladesh by the Pakistan army on 14 May 1971.<ref name="dj14052014">{{cite news|url=http://www.dailyjanakantha.com/news_view.php?nc=13&dd=2014-05-14&ni=172756 |script-title=bn:বাড়িয়া গণহত্যা দিবস ॥ একটি স্মৃতিস্তম্ভ চাই|last=Rahman|first=Md. Mujibur|date=14 May 2014|work=Dainik Janakantha |location=Dhaka |language=Bengali |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140806103941/http://www.dailyjanakantha.com/news_view.php?nc=13&dd=2014-05-14&ni=172756 |archive-date=6 August 2014 |access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="jug14052014">{{cite news|url=http://www.jugantor.com/second-edition/2014/05/14/99025|script-title=bn:গাজীপুরের বাড়িয়া গণহত্যা দিবস আজ|date=14 May 2014|work=Jugantor|language=Bengali|accessdate=3 August 2014|location=Dhaka}}</ref><ref name="di14052014">{{cite news|url=http://www.ittefaq.com.bd/index.php?ref=MjBfMDVfMTRfMTRfMV8yNV8xXzEzMDI2Ng==|script-title=bn:বাড়িয়া গণহত্যা দিবস আজ|date=14 May 2014|work=Dainik Ittefaq|language=Bengali|accessdate=3 August 2014|location=Dhaka}}</ref> Around 200 Bengali Hindus from Baria and nearby Kamaria were killed in the massacre, while hundreds more were injured.<ref name="dj14052014"/><ref name="jug14052014"/><ref name="di14052014"/>

== Background ==
The village of Baria fell under Joydebpur sub-division of Dhaka district. At present it falls under Gazipur District of Dhaka Division. It is located at a distance of 8 km from the palace of Bhawal estate in Gazipur. In 1971, Baria was an almost exclusively Hindu inhabited village.<ref name="dj14052014"/> The Pakistan army launched Operation Searchlight on 25 May. They set up a cantonment at the Bhawal estate.

== Killings ==
On 14 May at around 1{{nbsp}}pm, help of Awal nearly 500 Pakistani soldiers from the army cantonment at Bhawal estate to Baria.<ref name="dj14052014"/> After entering the village, the troops spread out in all directions and opened fire on the villagers. Many died on the spot while others were seriously injured. The perpetrators looted the houses and set most of them on fire. Some of the villagers attempted to flee by crossing the Belai beel. The troops opened fire on them as well.<ref name="dj14052014"/> The belongings of the fleeing villagers were looted by the Pakistan army and the collaborators. The army shelled a water pump at the Belai beel mistaking it as a cannon.<ref name="dj14052014"/>

The mayhem continued till 6{{nbsp}}pm. At around 7:30{{nbsp}}pm there was a heavy downpour. The indiscriminate shooting left around 200 villagers of Baria and Kamaria dead, including women and children.<ref name="dj14052014"/> Hundreds of people were wounded in the gun fire.

== Aftermath ==
As the news of army killings in Baria spread to nearby villages, the Hindus left the villages and fled to relatively safer places.<ref name="dj14052014"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{1971 Bangladesh genocide|state=expanded}}

{{Coord|23.97|N|90.50|E|region:BD_type:event|display=title}}

[[Category:Bangladesh genocide]]
[[Category:Gazipur Sadar Upazila]]
[[Category:Massacres of Bengali Hindus in East Pakistan]]
[[Category:May 1971 in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1971]]
[[Category:Massacres committed by Pakistan in East Pakistan]]
[[Category:Looting in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:1971 mass shootings in Asia]]
[[Category:Spree shootings in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Arson in 1971]]
[[Category:1970s fires in Asia]]
[[Category:Residential building arson attacks in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 1971]]

North Eye

2026-01-09T03:26:39Z

RashadWaltman14: typo fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox building
|name = North Eye
|location = Sector 74, [[Noida]]
|coordinates =
|image =
|building_type = Residential
|status = Under Construction (52nd Floor Roof Slab completed as on 10-july-2020)
|roof =
|floor_count = 66
|start_date =
|est_completion =
|opening =
|elevator_count =
|floor_area =
|developer = Supertech
|architect = Space Designers International
}}
The '''North Eye''' is an under-construction residential [[skyscraper]] in [[Noida]], [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]], [[India]]. It is expected to be the tallest residential building in North India. The tower will have 66 floors upon completion. As of April 2018, the 46th Floor Roof Slab casting has been completed. The pit foundation, with the depth of {{convert|48.5|m|ft}} was completed in Jan 2013.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/Technical-team-says-highrises-in-city-quake-proof/articleshow/11866221.cms | title=Technical team says highrises in city quake-proof | Noida News - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=13 February 2012 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Delhi}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Delhi]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Noida]]

{{Delhi-geo-stub}}
{{India-struct-stub}}

Sebastian Kunjukunju Bhagavathar

2026-01-08T00:02:38Z

RashadWaltman14: general added lead for accuracy also and added references for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sebastian Kunjukunju Bhagavathar
| image = Sebastian Kunju Kunju Bhagavathar.JPG
| birth_date = 9 February 1901
| birth_place = [[Ambalappuzha]], [[Alappuzha district]]
| citizenship = India
| occupation = Singer, actor
}}

'''Sebastian Kunjukunju Bhagavathar''' (9 February 1901 in [[Ambalappuzha]], [[Alappuzha district]] – 1985) was a [[Malayalam]] [[theatre actor]], singer, and author.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nOZkAAAAMAAJ&q=Sebastian+Kunju+Kunju+Bhagavathar|accessdate=16 May 2010|year=1994|publisher=British Film Institute |isbn=9780851704555}}</ref> He is known for his contributions to Malayalam ''[[Opera|sangeetha natakam]]'' (musical operas).<ref name="hindu_apr10">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/04/05/stories/2010040550910400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413051355/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/04/05/stories/2010040550910400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 April 2010|title=GENOVA 1953|date=5 April 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=16 May 2010}}</ref> Along with [[Ochira Velukutty]], he was responsible for breaking the monotony of musical operas with their 1930 play ''Karuna'', an adaptation of [[Kumaran Asan]]'s famous poetic piece.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ramachandran|first=V. M.|editor=P. J. Cherian|title=Essays on the Cultural Formation of Kerala: literature, Art, Architecture, Music, Theatre, Cinema|url=http://www.keralahistory.ac.in/modernmal.htm|accessdate=16 May 2010|publisher=Kerala Council for historical research|archive-date=21 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091221232554/http://www.keralahistory.ac.in/modernmal.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is the brother of actor [[Alleppey Vincent]].
__TOC__

==Early life and career==
Sebastian was born on 9 February 1901 to Pollayil Vincent and Margarita as their second child in [[Ambalappuzha]] taluk of [[Alappuzha district]] in the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. His brother [[Alleppey Vincent]] is also a well known person in Malayalam industry who acted in the first talkie ever made in Malayalam, ''Balan''.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/from-tinsel-world-to-a-tea-shop/article6204014.ece| title = From tinsel world to a tea shop - The Hindu| website = [[The Hindu]]| date = 13 July 2014| last1 = Chelangad| first1 = Saju}}</ref> After initial schooling in his native village, he attended the Leo XIII School in Alappuzha.<ref name="homepage">{{cite web|url=http://kunjukunjubhagavathar.com/English/English.html|title=Sebastian Kunjukunju Bhagavathar|accessdate=16 May 2010|archive-date=30 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130063502/http://kunjukunjubhagavathar.com/English/English.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He later enrolled at St. Albert's High School in [[Ernakulam]]. It was at St. Albert's that he joined a [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] drama troupe and toured several parts of [[Tamil Nadu]] before returning to Ernakulam. During his stay in Ernakulam, Kunjukunju was busy with drama and music and paid little attention to his studies. He returned to his home village to look after his ailing father. In 1923, Kunjukunju married Marykutty. She gave her support to his later theatrical ventures.<ref name="homepage" />

Kunjukunju's first lead role was in ''Njanasundari'', a Tamil drama translated into Malayalam, which told the story of Prince Plendran and Princess Njanasundari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/displayProfile.php?category=singers&artist=Sebastian%20Kunju%20Kunju%20Bhagavathar|title=Profile of Malayalam Singer Sebastian%20Kunju%20Kunju%20Bhagavathar|access-date=1 December 2013|archive-date=23 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123095032/https://malayalasangeetham.info/displayProfile.php?category=singers&artist=Sebastian%20Kunju%20Kunju%20Bhagavathar|url-status=dead}}</ref> For next few years after ''Njanasundari'', he could not get any major role in dramas. In 1929, "Royal Cinema & Dramatic Company" staged the drama ''Parudeesa Nashtam'', which was based on [[John Milton]]'s epic poem ''[[Paradise Lost]]''. Kunjukunju played the role of Adam, while [[Ochira Velukkutty]], an actor who is said to have enacted female roles better than real women, played Eve.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/15/stories/2006091500990200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715120705/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/15/stories/2006091500990200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 July 2009|title=Documenting the life of a great stage artiste|date=15 September 2006|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=16 May 2010}}</ref> This is followed by ''Satyavansavitri'', ''Alliarjuna'', ''Kovalan Charitram'', ''Nallathanka'', and ''Harishchandra''. The Kunjukunju–Velukkutty duo was the main attraction of all these dramas as they drew huge crowds.<ref name="homepage" />

==Filmography==

===As an actor===
* ''[[Vidhi Thanna Vilakku]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Minnalppadayaali]]'' (1959)
* ''[[Balyasakhi|Baalyasakhi]]'' (1954)
* ''[[Sheriyo Thetto]]'' (1953)
* ''Achan'' (1952)
* ''[[Navalokam]]'' (1951)
* ''[[Jeevitha Nouka|Jeevithanouka]]'' (1951)
* ''[[Gnanambika]]'' (1940)

===As a Singer===
* "Nin Paadame Sharanam"... ''[[Gnanambika]]'' (1940)
* "Manojnam"... ''Jnaanaambika'' (1940)
* "Mohaname"... ''Jnaanaambika'' (1940)
* "Kadhayithu Kelkkaan Sahajare Vaa"... ''[[Gnanambika]]'' (1940)
* "Sukhamadhuram Sukhamadhuram"... ''[[Gnanambika]]'' (1940)
* "Aanathalayolam Venna"... ''Jeevithanouka'' (1951)

==Awards==
* 1966: [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/drama-a-ksna/465 |title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award: Drama |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala|access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/profiles.php?i=1346
*{{IMDb name|0080167|name=Sebastian Kunju Kunju Bhagavathar}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhagavathar, Sebastian Kunjukunju}}
[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:1985 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Male actors from Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian Christian writers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]

{{Kerala-stub}}
{{India-stage-actor-stub}}

Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857

2026-01-03T18:29:43Z

RashadWaltman14: Made new pg.

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}

Historians have identified diverse political, economic, military, religious and social causes of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] (first war of Indian independence).

An uprising in several [[sepoy]] companies of the Bengal army was sparked by the issue of new greased [[cartridge (firearm)|cartridges]] for the [[Pattern 1853 Enfield|Enfield rifle]] in February 1857. Loading the Enfield often required tearing open the greased cartridge with one's teeth, and many [[Sepoy|sepoys]] believed that the cartridges were greased with cow and pig fat.<ref> Blake, RPJ, Sugar, Slaves and High Society, Buskin Books, 2023, page 254. </ref> That would have insulted both [[Hindu]] and [[Muslim]] religious practices; cows are considered holy by Hindus, and pigs are considered unclean (''[[Haram]]'') by Muslims.

Underlying grievances over British taxation and recent land annexations by the [[ English East India Company]] (EEIC) also contributed to the anger of the sepoy mutineers, and within weeks, dozens of units of the Indian army joined peasant armies in widespread rebellion. The old aristocracy, both Muslim and Hindu, were seeing their power steadily eroded by the EIC and also rebelled against British rule.

Another important source of discontent among the Indian rulers was that the British policies of conquest had created significant unrest. In the decade prior to the rebellion, the EIC had imposed a "doctrine of lapse" of Indian leadership succession and the policy of "subsidiary alliance", both of which deprived many Indian rulers of their customary powers and privileges.

==Frictions==
Some Indians were upset with the draconian rule of the Company who had embarked on a project of territorial expansion and [[westernization]] that was imposed without any regard for historical subtleties in Indian society. Furthermore, legal changes introduced by the British were accompanied by prohibitions on Indian religious customs and were seen as steps towards forced conversion to Christianity.{{sfnp|National Army Museum|ps=}} As early as the [[Charter Act 1813]] Christian missionaries were encouraged to come to Bombay and Calcutta under EIC control. The British Governor-General of India from 1848 to 1856 was [[Lord Dalhousie]], who passed the [[Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856|Widow Remarriage Act of 1856]], which allowed widows to remarry, like Christian women. He also passed decrees allowing Hindus who had converted to Christianity to be able to inherit property, which had been denied by local practice.

The author Pramod Nayar points out that by 1851 there were nineteen Protestant religious societies operating in India, and their goal was the conversion of Indians to Christianity. Christian organisations from Britain had additionally created 222 "unattached" mission stations across India in the decade preceding the rebellion.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Priyadarshini|first1=S.|title=History of India|url=http://www.historydiscussion.net/history-of-india/lord-dalhousie-and-his-reforms/2559|website=HistoryDiscussion.Net|date=29 November 2014 |accessdate=10 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Nayar|first1=Pramod|title=1857 Reader|date=2005|publisher=Penguin|page=4}}</ref>

Religious disquiet as the cause of rebellion underlies the work of the historian [[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]], who asserts that the rebels were motivated primarily by resistance to the actions of the East India Company, especially under [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|James Broun-Ramsay]] reign, which were perceived as attempts to impose Christianity and Christian laws in India. For instance, once the rebellion was underway, [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]] met the sepoys on 11 May 1857, he was told: "We have joined hands to protect our religion and our faith." They later stood in [[Chandni Chowk]], the main square, and asked the people gathered there, "Brothers, are you with those of the faith?"{{sfnp|Dalrymple|2006|pp=22–23|ps=}} Those European men and women who had converted to Islam such as Sergeant-Major Gordon, and Abdullah Beg, a former Company soldier, were spared. In contrast, foreign Christians such as Revd Midgeley, John Jennings, and Indian converts to Christianity such as one of Zafar's personal physicians, Dr. Chaman Lal, were killed.{{sfnp|Dalrymple|2006|p=153|ps=}}

Dalrymple further points out that as late as 6 September, when calling the inhabitants of [[Delhi]] to rally against the upcoming Company assault, Zafar issued a proclamation stating that this was a religious war being prosecuted on behalf of 'the faith', and that all Muslim and Hindu residents of the imperial city, or of the countryside were encouraged to stay true to their faith and creeds. As further evidence, he observes that the Urdu sources of the pre rebellion and post-rebellion periods usually refer to the British not as ''angrez'' (the English), ''goras'' (whites) or ''firangis'' (foreigners) but as ''[[kafir]]'' (disbeliever) and ''[[Nasrani (Arabic term for Christian)|nasrani]]'' (Christians).{{sfnp|Dalrymple|2006|pp=22–23|ps=}}

Some historians have suggested that the impact of British economic and social reforms has been greatly exaggerated, since the Company did not have the resources to enforce them, meaning that away from Calcutta their effect was negligible.{{sfnp|Stokes|1973|ps=}}

==Economics==
Many Indians felt that the company was asking for heavy tax from the locals. This included an increase in the taxation on land. This seems to have been a very important reason for the spread of the rebellion, keeping in view the speed at which they ignited in many villages in northern India where farmers rushed to get back their former title deeds. The resumption of tax-free land and confiscation of jagirs (the grant or right to locally control land revenue) caused discontent among the jagirdars and zamindars. Dalhousie had also appointed Inam Commission with powers to confiscate land.<ref name="Yagnik2005">{{cite book|author=Achyut Yagnik|title=Shaping of Modern Gujarat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FYDviPFeoSAC&pg=PT108|date=24 August 2005|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-185-7|pages=105–109}}</ref> Several years before the sepoys' mutiny, [[Lord William Bentinck]] had attacked several jagirs in western Bengal. He also resumed the practice of tax-free lands in some areas. These changes caused widespread resentment not only among the landed aristocracy but also caused great havoc to a larger section of the middle-class people. Lands were confiscated from the landlords and auctioned. Rich people like the merchants and moneylenders were, therefore, able to speculate in British land sales and drive out the most vulnerable peasant farmers.

==Sepoys==
[[File:Chaterbengal.jpg|thumb|left|Subadar of the 21st Bengal Native Infantry (1819)]]
During the late eighteenth century and the early part of the nineteenth century, the armies of the East India Company, in particular those of the Bengal Presidency, were victorious and indomitable — the term "high noon of the sepoy army" has been used by a military historian. The company had an unbroken series of victories in India, against the Marathas, Mysore, north Indian states, and the Gurkhas, later against the Sikhs, and further afield in China and Burma. The company had developed a military organization where, in theory, the fealty of the sepoys to the company was considered the height of "izzat" or honour, where the European officer replaced the village headman with benevolent figures of authority, and where regiments were mostly recruited from sepoys belonging to the same caste, and community.<ref>Mason, Philip (1974), pages 203-204 A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston, {{ISBN|0-03-012911-7}}</ref>

Unlike the Madras and Bombay Armies of the BEIC, which were far more diverse, the [[Bengal Army]] recruited its regular soldiers almost exclusively amongst the landowning [[Bhumihar]]s and [[Rajput]]s of the [[Ganges]] Valley. Though paid marginally less than the Bombay and Madras Presidency troops, there was a tradition of trust between the soldiery and the establishment — the soldiers felt needed and that the company would care for their welfare. The soldiers performed well on the field of battle in exchange for which they were rewarded with symbolic heraldic rewards such as [[battle honor]]s in addition to the extra pay or "batta" (foreign pay) routinely disbursed for operations committed beyond the established borders of Company rule.<ref>Mason, Philip (1974), page 190 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston, {{ISBN|0-03-012911-7}}</ref>

Until the 1840s there had been a widespread belief amongst the Bengal sepoys in the ''Iqbal'' or continued good fortune of the East India Company. However much of this sense of the invincibility of the British was lost in the [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] where poor political judgment and inept British leadership led to the [[Massacre of Elphinstone's Army|massacre]] of Elphinstone's army (which included three Bengal regiments) while retreating from Kabul. When the mood of the sepoys turned against their masters, they remembered Kabul and that the British were not invincible.<ref>Mason, Philip (1974), page 225 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston, {{ISBN|0-03-012911-7}}</ref>

Caste privileges and customs within the Bengal Army were not merely tolerated but encouraged in the early years of the company's rule. Partly owing to this, Bengal sepoys were not subject to the penalty of flogging as were the European soldiers. This meant that when they came to be threatened by modernizing regimes in Calcutta, from the 1840s onwards, the sepoys had become accustomed to very high ritual status, and were extremely sensitive to suggestions that their caste might be polluted.{{sfnp|Alavi|1998|p=5|ps=}} If the caste of high-caste sepoys was considered to be "polluted", they would have to expend considerable sums of money on ritual purification before being accepted back into society.<ref>Mason, Philip (1974), page 226 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston, {{ISBN|0-03-012911-7}}</ref>

There had been earlier indications that all was not well in the armies of the East India Company. As early as 1806, concerns that the sepoys' caste may be polluted had led to the [[Vellore Mutiny]], which was brutally suppressed. In 1824, there was another mutiny by a regiment ordered [[Kala Pani (taboo)|overseas]] in the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]], who were refused transport to carry individual cooking vessels and told to share communal pots. Eleven of the sepoys were executed and hundreds more sentenced to [[hard labor]].{{sfnp|Edwardes|p=3|ps=}} In 1851-2 sepoys who were required to serve in the [[Second Anglo-Burmese War]] also refused to embark, but were merely sent to serve elsewhere.<ref>Mason, Philip (1974), page 264 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston, {{ISBN|0-03-012911-7}}</ref>

The pay of the sepoy was relatively low and after [[Awadh]] and the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] were annexed, the soldiers no longer received extra pay (''batta'' or ''bhatta'') if posted there, because this was no longer considered "foreign service". Since the batta made the difference between active service being considered munificent or burdensome, the sepoys repeatedly resented and actively opposed inconsiderate unilateral changes in pay and batta ordered by the Military Audit department. Prior to the period of British rule, any refusal to proceed on service until pay issues were resolved was considered a legitimate form of displaying grievance by Indian troops serving under Indian rulers. Such measures were considered a valid negotiating tactic by the sepoys, likely to be repeated every time such issues arose. In contrast to their Indian predecessors, the British considered such refusals at times to be outright "mutinies" and therefore to be suppressed brutally. At other times however, the Company directly or indirectly conceded the legitimacy of the sepoy's demands, such as when troops of the Bengal and Madras armies refused to serve in Sindh without batta after its conquest.<ref>Mason, Philip (1974), pages 226-228 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston, {{ISBN|0-03-012911-7}}</ref>

[[File:Ilngurkhas1858.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Bengal Army sepoys considered the transfer of the numeral 66th from a regular battalion of Bengal Native Infantry, disbanded over refusal to serve without batta, to the 66th Regiment of Gurkhas (seen here in native costume) as a breach of faith by the East India Company.]]

The varying stances of the British government, the reduction of allowances, and harsh punishments, contributed to a feeling amongst the troops that the Company no longer cared for them. Certain actions of the government, such as increased recruitment of Sikhs and Gurkhas, peoples considered by the Bengal sepoys to be inferior in caste to them, increased the distrust of the sepoys who thought that this was a sign of their services not being needed any more. The transfer of the number 66th which was taken away from a regular Bengal Sepoy regiment of the line disbanded over refusal to serve without batta, and given to a Gurkha battalion, was considered by the Sepoy as a breach of faith by the company.<ref>Mason, Philip (1974), page 236 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston, {{ISBN|0-03-012911-7}}</ref>

At the beginning of the nineteenth century, British officers were generally closely involved with their troops, speaking Indian languages fluently; participating in local culture through such practices as having regimental flags and weapons blessed by Brahman priests; and frequently having native mistresses. Later, the attitudes of British officers changed with increased intolerance, lack of involvement and unconcern of the welfare of troops becoming manifest more and more. Some historians argue that later governors-general like Lord Dalhousie were perceived by sepoys as distant and unsympathetic, in contrast to earlier administrators such as Lord William Bentinck. As time passed, the powers of the commanding officers reduced and the government became more unfeeling or distant from the concerns of the sepoys.<ref>Mason, Philip (1974), pages 186 and 313 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston, {{ISBN|0-03-012911-7}}</ref>

Officers of an evangelical persuasion in the company's Army (such as [[Herbert Edwardes]] and Colonel S.G. Wheler of the [[34th Bengal Infantry]]) had taken to preaching to their Sepoys in the hope of converting them to Christianity. {{sfnp|Hibbert|1978|pp=51-54|ps=}}

The General Services Enlistment Act of 1856 required new recruits to serve overseas if asked. The serving high-caste sepoys were fearful that this requirement would be eventually extended to them, violating observance of the [[Kala pani (taboo)|''kala pani'']] prohibition on sea travel.<ref name="Philip2004">{{cite book | author=Philip Mason | title=A MATTER OF HONOUR: An Account of the Indian Army, Its Officers And Men | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QqzAgAACAAJ| year=2004 | publisher=Natraj Publishers | isbn=978-81-8158-012-2 | page = 261 }}</ref> Thus, the Hindu soldiers viewed the Act as a potential threat to their faith.<ref name="John2006">{{cite book | author=John F. Riddick | title=The History of British India: A Chronology | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Es6x4u_g19UC&pg=PA53|year=2006| publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group | isbn=978-0-313-32280-8 | pages=53 }}</ref>

In 1857, the Bengal Army contained 10 regular regiments of Indian cavalry and 74 of infantry. All of the Bengal Native Cavalry regiments and 45 of the infantry units rebelled at some point. Following the disarming and disbandment of an additional seventeen Bengal Native Infantry regiments, which were suspected of planning mutiny, only twelve survived to serve in the new post-mutiny army. Once the first rebellions took place, it was clear to most British commanders that the grievances which led to them were felt throughout the Bengal army and no Indian unit could wholly be trusted, although many officers continued to vouch for their men's loyalty, even in the face of captured correspondence indicating their intention to rebel.<ref>Mason, Philip (1974), pages 291-292 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston, {{ISBN|0-03-012911-7}}</ref>

The Bengal Army also administered, sometimes loosely, 29 regiments of irregular horses and 42 of irregular infantry. Some of these units belonged to states allied to the British or recently absorbed into British-administered territory, and of these, two large contingents from the states of Awadh and [[Gwalior]] readily joined the growing rebellion. Other irregular units were raised in frontier areas from communities such as [[Assam]]ese or [[Pashtuns]] to maintain order locally. Few of these participated in the rebellion, and one contingent in particular (the recently raised [[Punjab Irregular Force]]) actively participated on the British side.<ref>Mason, Philip (1974), pages 305-306 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston, {{ISBN|0-03-012911-7}}</ref>

The Bengal Army also contained three "European" regiments of infantry and many artillery units manned by white personnel. Due to the need for technical specialists, the artillery units generally had a higher proportion of British personnel. Although the armies of many Rajas or states which rebelled contained large numbers of guns, the British superiority in artillery was to be decisive in the siege of Delhi after the arrival of a siege train of thirty-two howitzers and mortars.<ref>Saul, David (2003), page 294 "The Indian Mutiny", Penguin Books, {{ISBN|0-141-00554-8}}</ref>

There were also a number of regiments from the British Army (referred to in India as "Queen's troops") stationed in India, but in 1857 several of these had been withdrawn to take part in the [[Crimean War]] or the [[Anglo-Persian War]] of 1856. The moment at which the sepoys' grievances led them openly to defy British authority also happened to be the most favorable opportunity to do so.<ref>Mason, Philip (1974), page 263 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston, {{ISBN|0-03-012911-7}}</ref>

==The Pattern 1853 Enfield Rifled Musket==
{{multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| width = 310
| footer_align = center
| footer = '''The two weapons which used the cartridge supposedly sealed with pig and cow fat'''
| image1 =
| alt1 =
| caption1 = India Pattern [[Brown Bess]] 3rd model [[smoothbore]] [[musket]]
| image2 = Pattern1853Rifle.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = [[Pattern 1853 Enfield]] [[Rifling|rifled]] [[musket]]
}}

Sepoys throughout India were issued with a new rifle, the [[Pattern 1853 Enfield]] [[Rifling|rifled]] [[musket]]—a more powerful and accurate weapon than the old but [[smoothbore]] [[Brown Bess]] they had been using for the previous decades. The rifling inside the musket barrel ensured accuracy at much greater distances than was possible with old muskets. One thing did not change in this new weapon — the loading process, which did not improve significantly until the introduction of breech loaders and metallic, one-piece cartridges a few decades later.

To load both the old musket and the new rifle, soldiers had to bite the cartridge open and pour the [[gunpowder]] it contained into the rifle's muzzle, then stuff the paper cartridge (overlaid with a thin mixture of beeswax and mutton tallow for waterproofing) into the musket as [[wadding]], the [[Bullet#History|ball]] being secured to the top of the cartridge and guided into place for ramming down the muzzle. The rifle's cartridges contained 68 grains of FF black powder, and the ball was typically a 530-grain Pritchett or a Burton-Minié ball.

Many sepoys believed that the cartridges that were standard issue with the new rifle were greased with [[lard]] (pork fat) which was regarded as unclean by [[Muslims]] and [[tallow]] (cow fat) which angered the [[Hindus]] as cows were equal to a goddess to them. The sepoys' British officers dismissed these claims as rumors and suggested that the sepoys make a batch of fresh cartridges, using a religiously acceptable greasing agent such as [[ghee]] or vegetable oil. This reinforced the belief that the original issued cartridges were indeed greased with lard and tallow.

Another suggestion they put forward was to introduce a new drill, in which the cartridge was not bitten with the teeth but torn open with the hand. The sepoys rejected this alternative drill, arguing that soldiers might forget the change and accidentally bite the cartridges out of habit, especially since military drills at the time emphasized repetitive motions to maintain a high rate of fire. British and Indian military drills of the time required soldiers to bite off the end of the Beeswax paper cartridge, pour the gunpowder contained within down the barrel, stuff the remaining paper cartridge into the barrel, ram the paper cartridge (which included the ball wrapped and tied in place) down the barrel, remove the ram-rod, return the ram-rod, bring the rifle to the ready, set the sights, add a percussion cap, present the rifle, and fire. The musketry books also recommended that, "Whenever the grease around the bullet appears to be melted away, or otherwise removed from the cartridge, the sides of the bullet should be wetted in the mouth before putting it into the barrel; the saliva will serve the purpose of grease for the time being" This meant that biting a musket cartridge was second nature to the Sepoys, some of whom had decades of service in the company's army, and who had been doing musket drill for every day of their service. The first sepoy who rebelled by aiming his loaded weapon at a British officer was [[Mangal Pandey]] who was later executed.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nayar|first1=Pramod|title=1857 Reader|date=2005|publisher=Penguin|page=9}}</ref>

==Prophecies, omens, signs and rumours==
Many sepoys believed in a prophecy that the Company's rule would end after 100 years, dating from the Battle of Plassey in 1757. While historians debate its origins, this belief was cited as one factor that heightened tensions in 1857. This took the form of Muslim [[millenarianism]], with preachers in Lucknow foretelling the end of the raj. In some districts like Muzaffarnagar and Saharanpur, Bose and Jalal argue that "the revolt took on a distinctly millenarian flavour."<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bose |first1=Sugata |author1-link=Sugata Bose |last2=Jalal |first2=Ayesha |author2-link=Ayesha Jalal |year=1998 |title=Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy |edition=1st |publisher=Routledge |pages=92–93 |isbn=978-0-415-16951-6}}</ref> Their rule in India had begun with the [[Battle of Plassey]] in 1757.

Before the rebellion, there were reports that "holy men" were mysteriously circulating [[chapati]]s and [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus]] flowers among the sepoys. [[Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)|Leader of the British Conservative Party]] and future prime minister [[Benjamin Disraeli]] argued these objects were signs to rebel and evidence of a conspiracy, and the press echoed this belief.{{sfnp|Wolpert|2009|p=240|ps=}}{{sfnp|Pionke|2004|pp=86-87|ps=}}

After the rebellion, there was rumour in Britain that [[Russian Empire|Russia]] was responsible.{{sfnp|Pionke|2004|pp=86-87|ps=}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
*{{citation |first=Seema |last=Alavi |title=The Sepoys and the Company |location=Delhi |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998}}
*{{citation |last=Dalrymple |first=William |authorlink=William Dalrymple (historian) |publisher=Penguin Books |title=The Last Mughal |year=2006 |isbn=0-14-310243-5 }}
*{{citation |first=Michael |last=Edwardes |title=Battles of the Indian Mutiny}}
*{{citation |first=Christopher |last=Hibbert |authorlink=Christopher Hibbert |title=The Great Mutiny |location=London |publisher=Allen Lane |year=1978}}
*{{citation |title=A matter of honour |last=Mason |first=Philip |year=1974 |publisher=Holt, Rhinehart & Winston |location=London |isbn=0-03-012911-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/matterofhonour0000maso }}
*{{citation |url=http://www.national-army-museum.ac.uk/exhibitions/indiaRising/ |title=India Rising: Introduction |author=National Army Museum |authorlink=National Army Museum |access-date=8 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719102318/http://www.national-army-museum.ac.uk/exhibitions/indiaRising/ |archive-date=19 July 2009 |url-status=dead }}
*{{citation |last=Pionke |first=Albert D. |title=Plots of opportunity: representing conspiracy in Victorian England |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OH6ml-qUK7sC&pg=PA87 |year=2004 |publisher=Ohio State University Press |location=Columbus, OH |isbn=0-8142-0948-3}}
*{{citation |first=Eric |last=Stokes |authorlink=Eric Thomas Stokes |title=The First Century of British Colonial Rule in India: Social Revolution or Social Stagnation? |journal=Past and Present |issue=58 |date=February 1973 |pages=136–160 |doi=10.1093/past/58.1.136}}
*{{citation |last=Wolpert |first=Stanley |title=A New History of India |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0-19-533756-3 |edition=8th |authorlink=Stanley Wolpert}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20121026005320/http://enfield-snider.com/Enfield%20P59.htm Details of the rifle issued as a result of the mutiny]}}
{{Military historiography}}

[[Category: Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:Military history of the British East India Company]]
[[Category: Causes of wars|Indian Rebellion of 1857]]

Rabindranath Tagore Secondary School

2025-12-18T12:44:04Z

RashadWaltman14: page edit

{{multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=February 2022}}
{{notability|date=October 2020}}
}}

{{Infobox school
| name = Rabindranath Tagore Secondary School
| motto = "Knowledge leads to immortality"
| city = Ilot
| country = Mauritius
| schooltype = Semi-public
| established = {{Start date and age|2002}}
| school_board = Mahatma Gandhi Institute
| rector = Mrs Kavita Bhuckory
| grades = 7-13
| gender = All
| hours_in_day = 6.5
}}

'''Rabindranath Tagore Secondary School''' (RTSS) is a [[secondary school]] situated at Ilot, D'Epinay in the [[Pamplemousses District|Pamplemousses]] district of [[Mauritius]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rabindranath Tagore Secondary School - Rabindranath Tagore Secondary School - GLOBE.gov|url=https://www.globe.gov/web/rabindranath-tagore-secondary-school|access-date=2021-09-21|website=www.globe.gov}}</ref>It is widely regarded to be one of the most prestigious school in Mauritius and especially in the North of the country.

== History ==
In 2002, RTSS started to operate as a boys' only school.

RTSS started to accommodate girls to the school, to promote co-education.

Mr Mahendra Gungapersad was the first rector of the college from 2003-2014. He was then succeeded by Mrs K.Bhuckory who lead the school from 2015-2017.

Mr N.Joggesser then took over from 2018-2022 after which Mrs K.Bhuckory returned back as the rector once again.(2022-Present).

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mauritius state secondary schools}}

[[Category:Secondary schools in Mauritius]]
[[Category:Educational institutions with year of establishment missing]]

{{Mauritius-stub}}
{{Africa-school-stub}}

Xolo (company)

2025-12-05T14:34:39Z

RashadWaltman14: added article

{{Short description|Indian mobile handset brand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{For|the dog|Xoloitzcuintle}}
{{Infobox company
| logo = XOLO.jpg
| logo_size = 220px
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| foundation = 2012
| location = Sector 64, [[Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| key_people = {{Unbulleted list|Vishal Sehgal {{small|(Co-Founder & Director – Lava International Ltd.)}}
| Sunil Raina {{small|(Business Head)}}
}}
| parent = [[Lava International|Lava]]
| area_served = [[India]], [[UAE]]
| products = {{Bulleted_list
| [[Smartphone]]s
| [[Tablet computer]]s
| [[Hive UI]]
| [[Laptop]]s
}}
| homepage = {{URL|www.xolo.in}}
}}

'''Xolo''', stylised as '''XOLO''', is an Indian [[mobile device|mobile handset]] brand by [[Lava International]].<ref>{{cite web|title=XOLO smartphone buyers to get repairing services at doorstep|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-01-06/news/36173941_1_service-centre-collection-centre-smartphones|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110122919/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-01-06/news/36173941_1_service-centre-collection-centre-smartphones|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 January 2013|publisher=Economic Times|access-date=23 January 2014}}</ref> It manufactures personal electronics devices such as smartphones, tablets and laptops, and accessories such as powerbanks.

In April 2012, Xolo launched India's first [[smartphone]] with an [[Intel]] processor, the Xolo X900.<ref>[http://newsroom.intel.com/community/intel_newsroom/blog/2012/04/18/xolo-x900-first-smartphone-with-intel-inside-launches-in-india-market XOLO X900, First Smartphone with Intel Inside Launches in India Market] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201170154/http://newsroom.intel.com/community/intel_newsroom/blog/2012/04/18/xolo-x900-first-smartphone-with-intel-inside-launches-in-india-market |date=1 February 2014 }} Intel Newsroom</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://gadgets.ndtv.com/mobiles/news/xolo-launches-x1000-with-47-inch-hd-display-2ghz-intel-atom-cpu-for-rs-19999-342542|title=XOLO launches X1000 with 4.7-inch HD display, 2GHz Intel Atom CPU for Rs. 19,999|date=14 March 2013|publisher=NDTV Gadgets|last1=Chawla|first1=Surbhi|access-date=31 December 2015}}</ref> Xolo was the first Indian manufacturer to partner with [[AMD]] to launch a tablet, the Xolo Win tablet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gadgets.ndtv.com/tablets/news/xolo-win-amd-apu-powered-101-inch-windows-8-tablet-launched-at-ces-2014-468352|title=XOLO Win AMD APU-powered 10.1-inch Windows 8 tablet launched at CES 2014 | NDTV Gadgets|date=8 January 2014|publisher=NDTV Gadgets|access-date=22 January 2014}}</ref> This was followed by the first [[4G]]-enabled smartphone in India, the LT900, in December 2013.<ref name="gadgets.ndtv.com">[http://gadgets.ndtv.com/mobiles/news/xolo-lt900-smartphone-with-4g-lte-support-android-42-launched-at-rs-17999-465315 XOLO LT900 smartphone with 4G LTE support, Android 4.2 launched at Rs. 17,999]</ref> On 6 January 2014, [[Liverpool FC]] announced Xolo as its first regional partner in India.<ref name="Prenderville">{{cite news|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/liverpool-announce-xolo-clubs-first-2994808|title=Liverpool announce XOLO as the club's first regional marketing partner in India|last=Prenderville|first=Liam|date=6 January 2014|work=[[Daily Mirror]]|access-date=20 January 2014}}</ref> Xolo launched one of the first dual camera phones in India, Xolo Black, in July 2015 in an exclusive partnership with India's largest online marketplace, [[Flipkart]]{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}. Xolo Era series was launched in July 2015 in an exclusive partnership with [[Snapdeal]]{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}.

Xolo uses various series of MediaTek processors in its smartphones. Xolo focuses on online retail through [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] and [[Flipkart]].

==Smartphones==

===Android phones===
Xolo offers [[Android (operating system)|Android]] smartphones in the series: '''Era''', '''Black''', '''Q''', '''Omega''' and '''Play'''. The company sells its devices only via online marketplaces/ e-commerce websites such as [[Snapdeal]], [[Flipkart]] and [[Amazon.com|Amazon]]{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}.

Era series handsets are priced from INR 5,000 to 10,000, whereas Black series ones are priced above Rs. 10,000.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}

Different models introduced in the '''Xolo Era series''': Era (launched in July 2015), Era HD (October 2015), Era 4G (February 2016), Era 4K (February 2016), Era X (February 2016), Era 2 (October 2016), Era 1X (September 2016), Era 2X (January 2017), Era 2V (October 2017), Era 3 (October 2017), Era 3X (October 2017), and Era 4X (January 2019).

'''Xolo Black series:''' Black (launched in July 2015), Black 1X (October 2015).

'''Xolo Q series:''' Q700 (2014),<ref>{{cite news|title=XOLO Q700 with Android 4.2, quad-core processor launched at Rs. 9,999|url=http://gadgets.ndtv.com/mobiles/news/xolo-q700-with-android-42-quad-core-processor-launched-at-rs-9999-473203|publisher=NDTV|access-date=23 January 2014}}</ref> Q1000 Opus (2013),<ref>{{cite web|title=Review: XOLO Q1000 Opus|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-01-20/news/46374951_1_android-smartphones-quad-core-apps|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140126014442/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-01-20/news/46374951_1_android-smartphones-quad-core-apps|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 January 2014|publisher=Economic Times|access-date=23 January 2014}}</ref> Q2000 (2013),<ref>{{cite web|title=Review: XOLO Q2000|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-12-25/news/45561570_1_camera-xperia-devices-android-smartphones|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229191323/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-12-25/news/45561570_1_camera-xperia-devices-android-smartphones|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 December 2013|publisher=Economic Times|access-date=23 January 2014}}</ref> Q3000 (2013),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gadgets.ndtv.com/mobiles/news/xolo-q3000-with-57-inch-full-hd-display-android-42-launched-at-rs-20999-465463|title=Xolo Q3000 with 5.7-inch full-HD display, Android 4.2 launched at Rs. 20,999|website=NDTV Gadgets360.com|date=31 December 2013 |access-date=25 October 2016}}</ref> Q1010i (2014).<ref>{{cite web|title=XOLO Q1200 Review: It's All About the Software|date=25 June 2014 |url=http://gadgets.ndtv.com/mobiles/reviews/xolo-q1200-review-its-all-about-the-software-547754|publisher=NDTV|access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> 
Other notable smartphones: 
Xolo Omega 5.0 and Omega 5.5.<ref>{{cite news|title=XOLO launches new Omega 5.0, Omega 5.5 smartphones at Rs 8,999 onwards|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/xolo-launches-new-omega-50-omega-55-smartphones-at-rs-8999-onwards/516912-11.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203064917/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/xolo-launches-new-omega-50-omega-55-smartphones-at-rs-8999-onwards/516912-11.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2015|access-date=8 December 2014|publisher=IBN Live|date=7 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=XOLO Omega 5.0 & 5.5 Quick Review and Specifications|url=http://www.digitbuzz.com/xolo-omega-5-0-5-5-quick-review-specifications/|access-date=8 December 2014|publisher=Digit Buzz|date=7 December 2014|archive-date=13 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213034228/http://www.digitbuzz.com/xolo-omega-5-0-5-5-quick-review-specifications/|url-status=dead}}</ref> 
Xolo One [[Liverpool FC]] limited-edition smartphone, launched on 14 May 2015.<ref name="XOLO Liverpool FC">{{cite web | url=http://previewtech.net/xolo-one-liverpool-fc/ | title=XOLO Liverpool FC Limited edition Smartphone launched | work=Preview Tech | date=15 May 2015 | access-date=15 May 2015 | archive-date=25 May 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525100139/http://previewtech.net/xolo-one-liverpool-fc/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> 
Xolo Cube 5.0 (2015)<ref name="cube 5">[http://www.newsexprezz.com/xolo-cube-5-0-quad-core-phone-launched-in-india-for-rs-7999-011901/ XOLO Cube 5.0 Launched for Rs. 7,999] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619201905/http://www.newsexprezz.com/xolo-cube-5-0-quad-core-phone-launched-in-india-for-rs-7999-011901/ |date=19 June 2015 }}, ''News Exprezz'', 19 June 2015.</ref> 
Xolo One HD (2015)<ref>{{cite news|title=XOLO One HD camera-centric phone launched at Rs 4,777 |url=http://indiatoday.in/technology/story/xolo-one-hd-camera-centric-phone-launched-at-rs-4-777/1/559518.html |access-date=1 January 2016 |publisher=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=XOLO One HD with 5-inch display announced, priced at Rs 4,777|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/mobiles/xolo-one-hd-with-5-inch-display-announced-priced-at-rs-4777/articleshow/50368508.cms|access-date=1 January 2016|work=timesofindia.com|publisher=The Times of India}}</ref>

===Windows Phone devices===
'''Xolo Win series:''' Win Q900s (launched in 2014),<ref>[http://gadgets.ndtv.com/mobiles/news/xolo-win-q900s-with-windows-phone-81-launched-at-rs-11999-564583 XOLO Win Q900s With Windows Phone 8.1 Launched at Rs. 11,999]</ref> Win Q1000 (2015),<ref>[http://gadgets.ndtv.com/mobiles/news/xolo-win-q1000-with-windows-phone-81-launched-at-rs-8499-663909 XOLO Win Q1000 With Windows Phone 8.1 Launched at Rs. 8,499]</ref> Win (2015)<ref>[http://gadgets.ndtv.com/mobiles/news/xolo-win-q1000-with-windows-phone-81-launched-at-rs-8499-663909 XOLO Win Q1000 With Windows Phone 8.1 Launched at Rs. 8,499]</ref>

==Tablets==
Xolo launched an Android tablet in 2014 called '''Xolo Play Tegra''' which ran MediaTek Helio 66. <ref>{{cite web|title=XOLO Play Tegra Note review: A powerful and versatile tablet|date=23 January 2014|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/XOLO-Play-Tegra-Note-review-play-it-hard/1219903|publisher=Financial Express|access-date=23 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=XOLO Play Tegra Note review|date=21 January 2014 |url=http://gadgets.ndtv.com/tablets/reviews/xolo-play-tegra-note-review-473646|publisher=NDTV|access-date=23 January 2014}}</ref>

==Laptop==
* '''Xolo Chromebook''', launched in 2015, operated by Android Auto. A fingerprint sensor, 2K resolution, USB, HDMI, AUX, Bluetooth, and WiFi are installed, powered By Google.

==Marketing==
In 2013, Xolo signed [[Bollywood actor]] [[Ayushmann Khurrana]] to endorse its products.<ref>[http://urbanasian.com/bollywood/2013/09/ayushmann-khurrana-gets-cute-and-messy-with-xolo/ Ayusmann Khurrana gets cute messy with XOLO]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.xolo.in/}}
* [https://handy-reparatur-schweinfurt.com Smartphone Repair]
{{Electronics industry in India}}
{{Major mobile device companies}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Xolo Mobiles}}
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Noida]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2012]]
[[Category:Electronics companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Mobile phone companies of India]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Electronics companies established in 2012]]

Brahmo Boys School

2025-10-21T01:07:51Z

RashadWaltman14: Made new details

{{moresources|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
The '''Brahmo Boys School''' is a boys' school of [[Kolkata]], in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It is guided by the principles of the [[Brahmo Samaj]] movement.<ref name=About>[http://www.myprivatetutor.com/schools/kolkata/brahmo-boys-school School information]</ref> Gurucharan Mahalanobis, the grandfather of [[Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis]], was its founder.

==Notable alumni==
*[[Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis]]
*[[Andre Beteille]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Academic institutions associated with the Bengal Renaissance]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Schools affiliated with the Brahmo Samaj]]
{{WestBengal-school-stub}}

Enayet Hossain Khan

2025-09-08T02:16:33Z

RashadWaltman14: cleanup page for accuracy and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Enayet Hossain Khan
| office = Member of Bangladesh Parliament
| term_start = 1973
| term_end = 1976
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Awami League]]
}}
'''Enayet Hossain Khan''' ({{Langx|bn|এনায়েত হোসেন খান}}; 1933–1979) was an [[Awami League]] politician in Bangladesh and a former member of parliament for [[Bakerganj-16]].

==Career==
Khan was elected to parliament from Bakerganj-16 as an Awami League candidate in 1973.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of 1st Parliament Members |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/1st.pdf |website=Bangladesh Parliament |language=bn |access-date=6 March 2021 |archive-date=9 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909153327/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/1st.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Khan's daughter, [[Sheikh Anne Rahman]], also became a member of parliament from Awami League at 11th Jatiya Sangsad.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:সংরক্ষিত আসনে মনোনয়ন পেলেন পিরোজপুরের এ্যানি রহমান |url=https://www.dailynayadiganta.com/barishal/387108/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8 |access-date=8 March 2021 |work=Daily Naya Diganta |language=bn}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Enayet Hossain}}
[[Category:Awami League politicians]]
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]
[[Category:1st Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 1970 Pakistani general election]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:People from Nesarabad Upazila]]
[[Category:Politicians from Pirojpur District]]
[[Category:Lawyers from Pirojpur District]]

{{Barisal-AL-politician-stub}}

Happy Man Park

2025-08-12T18:54:08Z

RashadWaltman14: Starting a page

{{Short description|Park located in Mysore city, India}}
{{Notability|1=Geographic|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
[[File:Happy Man Park6.jpg|thumb|Happyman park from the Kamakshi street]]
[[File:Happy man.1.jpg|thumb|Happy Man park, Saraswathipuram]]
{{coord|12.29937|76.62475|display=title}}
'''Happy Man Park''' is one of the tourist attractions of [[Mysore]] city in [[Karnataka]] province, India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mysoretourism.travel/happy-man-park-mysore |title=Happy Man Park in Mysore (Entry Fee, Timings, Entry Ticket Cost, Phone, Price) - Mysore Tourism 2016 |access-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806142500/http://www.mysoretourism.travel/happy-man-park-mysore |archive-date=6 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Location==
The park is located near Kamakshi Hospital at [[Saraswathipuram, Mysore]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.nivalink.com/things-to-do/happy-man-park | title=Things to do - Happy Man Park, Mysore, Karnataka }}</ref>

==Attractions==
The park has little streams and footpaths designed for small children.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.makemytrip.com/travel-guide/mysore/things-to-do.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=3 October 2016 |archive-date=5 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005104328/https://www.makemytrip.com/travel-guide/mysore/things-to-do.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> There is a special play section for kids. There is a mini zoo in the park. A small number of birds and rabbits are kept in cages.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://kannada.nativeplanet.com/mysore/attractions/happy-man-park/ | title=ಹ್ಯಾಪಿ ಮ್ಯಾನ್ ಉದ್ಯಾನವನ, Mysore }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.nativeplanet.com/mysore/attractions/ | title=List of Tourist Attractions | Tourist Places to Visit in Mysore }}</ref>

==The Happy Man Statue==
The name of the park is derived from the statue of the man with a pot belly located on the southern corner of the park. The happy man looks like the smiling Budha. The garden is well manicured and walking on the grass is not allowed. The walk remains closed during lunch hours for maintenance.{{cn|date=December 2024}}

==Image gallery==
<gallery>
File:Happy Man Park. 3.jpg|Footpath
File:Happy Man Park. 7.jpg|Inside the park
File:Happy Man Park. 5.jpg|Entrance
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Saraswathipuram, Mysore]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mysore]]

Vunnamatla Eliza

2025-05-28T01:53:24Z

RashadWaltman14: added article

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}

'''Vunnamatla Rakada Eliza''' (born 1962)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] on [[YSR Congress Party]] ticket from [[Chintalapudi Assembly constituency|Chintalapudi SC reserved constituency]] in [[Eluru district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chintalapudi Constituency Election Results 2019: Chintalapudi Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/chintalapudi |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Eliza is born in Chintalapudi to Subbarao. He is a retired government employee.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-04-01 |title=Vunnamatla Rakada Eliza {{!}} MLA {{!}} Chintalapudi {{!}} West Godavari {{!}} YSRCP |url=https://theleaderspage.com/vunnamatla-rakada-eliza/ |access-date=2024-04-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Eliza won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] on YSR Congress Party ticket from [[Chintalapudi Assembly constituency|Chintalapudi constituency]] from the erstwhile West Godavari district.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-24 |title=Andhra Pradesh Assembly election result: Full list of winners |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-result-full-list-of-winners-mla-1585284/ |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> In 2019, he got a vote share of 53.5 per cent<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chintalapudi Assembly Election 2024: Chintalapudi Election Winning Candidates List, Election Date, Results, Vote Share New-IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/chintalapudi-constituency-result-1068 |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> and defeated Karra Raja Rao of [[Telugu Desam Party]] by a margin of 36,175 votes. After he was dropped for the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]], he joined the [[Indian National Congress party]] which nominated him to contest from the same seat for the 2024 Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-13 |title=Jagan drops 10 more MLAs in the third candidate list |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jagan-drops-10-more-mlas-in-the-third-candidate-list-101705088457495.html |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=YSRCP MLAs Vunnamatla Eliza, Varaprasad Rao quit ruling party in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/andhra-pradesh/ysrcp-mlas-vunnamatla-eliza-varaprasad-rao-quit-ruling-party-in-andhra-pradesh-2950595 |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-24 |title=YSRCP MLA Unnamatla Eliza joins Congress |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/ysrcp-mla-unnamatla-eliza-joins-congress-867479 |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> However, he could finish only third behind winner, [[Roshan Kumar Songa]] of Telugu Desam and Kambham Vijaya Raju of YSRCP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chintalapudi Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Roshan Kumar Songa of TDP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/chintalapudi-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916959.html |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eliza, Vunnamatla Rakada}}
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from West Godavari district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1962 births]]

Anil Chikkamadhu

2025-05-23T11:21:25Z

RashadWaltman14: Put up entry

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Anil Chikkamadhu''' (born 1989) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is a member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly from [[Heggadadevankote Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for ST community in [[Mysore district]]. He represents the [[Indian National Congress]] Party and was elected in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Anil Chikkamadhu in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/anil-chikkamadhu-heggadadevankote-candidate-s10a213c011/ |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/karnataka-election-results-heggadadevankote-nanjangud-varuna-t-narasipur-hanur-kollegal-chamarajanagar-gundlupet-101683890455984.html</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Anil is from [[Hunsur|Hunsuru]], [[Mysore district]]. His late father Chikkamadu S was a farmer. He studied Class 10 at Talent High School, Hunsuru, Mysore District and passed the examinations in 2005. Later, he discontinued his studies. He runs his own business. His wife is a bank employee.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anil Chikkamadhu(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- HEGGADADEVANKOTE (ST)(MYSORE) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=7995 |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anil Chikkamadhu |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/anil-chikkamadhu |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Anil was elected in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Heggadadevankote Assembly constituency]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]]. He polled 84,359 votes and defeated his nearest rival, K. M. Krishnanayaka of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 34,939 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anil Chikkamadhu in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/anil-chikkamadhu-heggadadevankote-candidate-s10a213c011/ |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Heggadadevankote Election Result 2023 Live: Inc Candidate Anil Chikkamadhu Wins From Heggadadevankote |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/heggadadevankote-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-name-bjp-congress-jds-karnataka-assembly-election-result-1601931 |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> He was first elected as an MLA winning the [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. In 2018, he got 76,652 votes and defeated his closest opponent, Chikkanna of the Janata Dal (Secular), by a margin of 22,103 votes.<ref name=":1" />

He was appointed chairman for Jungle Lodges & Resorts Limited on 26 January 2024.<ref name="Karnataka: 34 MLAs made chiefs of boards, Shanti Nagar MLA gets BDA">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=27 January 2024 |title=Karnataka: 34 MLAs made chiefs of boards, Shanti Nagar MLA gets BDA |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/27/karnataka-34-mlas-made-chiefs-of-boards-shanti-nagar-mla-gets-bda |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120155042/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/27/karnataka-34-mlas-made-chiefs-of-boards-shanti-nagar-mla-gets-bda |archive-date=20 January 2025 |access-date=20 January 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anil, Chikkamadhu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Mysore district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2018–2023]]

Prahlad Chandra Tasa

2025-05-01T05:54:46Z

RashadWaltman14: Added First Page Basic Info

{{short description|Indian writer and educationist (born 1950)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prahlad Chandra Tasa
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1950|10|26}}
| birth_place = Gachemora, [[Assam]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Writer educationist
| yearsactive =
| known for = [[Assamese literature]]
| spouse = Hema Prabha Gogoi
| domesticpartner =
| children = Two sons
| parents = Lakhan Tasa Mukti Tasa
| website =
| signature =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}
'''Prahlad Chandra Tasa''' (born 1950) is an Indian writer and educationist, best known for his writings on education.<ref name="Prahlad Chandra Tasa and Ajoy Kumar Dutta from Assam wins the Padma Shri awards">{{cite web | url=http://goassam.com/12480/prahlad-chandra-tasa-and-ajoy-kumar-dutta-from-assam-wins-the-padma-shri-awards | title=Prahlad Chandra Tasa and Ajoy Kumar Dutta from Assam wins the Padma Shri awards | publisher=Go Assam | date=25 January 2016 | access-date=14 August 2016}}</ref> He is the vice president of the [[Asam Sahitya Sabha]] where he has also served as a general secretary.<ref name="Executive list of Asam Sahitya Sabha">{{cite web | url=http://www.asamsahityasabha.org/?executive | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412001102/http://www.asamsahityasabha.org/?executive | url-status=usurped | archive-date=12 April 2015 | title=Executive list of Asam Sahitya Sabha | publisher=Asam Sahitya Sabha | date=2016 | access-date=14 August 2016}}</ref> He has published several books on educational and social issues,<ref name="Penning a Success Story 1">{{cite web | url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/sunday/melange_cover_story.php?sec=7&subsec=0&ppr=2&dtP=2013-02-04 | title=Penning a Success Story 1 | publisher=The Sentinel | date=2016 | access-date=14 August 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> including ''Asomor chah janagosthi'', an anthology of articles on the lives of the tea workers of [[Assam]].<ref name="Boruah2009">{{cite book |author=Chandra Nath Boruah |title=Assamese response to regionalism |title-link=Assamese Response to Regionalism |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=2009 |isbn=978-81-8324-281-3 |pages=102–}}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], in 2016, for his contributions to literature and education.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{Cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/PadmaAwards_25012016.pdf |title=Padma Awards |date=2016 |access-date=9 August 2016 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803085913/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/PadmaAwards_25012016.pdf |archive-date=3 August 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Prahlad Chandra Tasa was born on 26 October 1950 at Gachemora in the northeast Indian state of Assam in a poor family to Lakhan Tasa–Mukti couple and did his early education at the local primary school.<ref name="Penning a Success Story 2">{{cite web | url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/sunday/melange.php?dtP=2013-02-04 | title=Penning a Success Story 2 | publisher=The Sentinel | date=2013 | access-date=14 August 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> After completing the schooling at Gachemora High School, he graduated from Dibrugarh Hanumanbux Surajmal Kanoi College and started his career as a school teacher at Bagmibar Nilmoni Phukan Higher Secondary School, then known as George Institution, on a temporary position, in 1973. While serving there, he founded ''Jamira Xahitya Xabha'', a literary organization and served as its founder general secretary. When the tenure of the temporary post at the school expired, he joined Jamira Tea Estate Lower Primary School where he worked for five years and moved to Rameswar High School as a teacher till 1985. It was this time he was appointed as the school sub inspector of [[Tinsukia district]]. He served in the education department for 27 years and superannuated as the Block Elementary Education Officer of Barbarua in 2012.<ref name="Penning a Success Story 1" />

Tasa was elected as the president of Dibrugarh Xahitya Xabha in 1995 and became the district president in 2000.<ref name="Penning a Success Story 1" /> In 2013, he was made the general secretary of the [[Asam Sahitya Sabha]] for a two-year term at the end of which he became the vice president of the organization, his term expiring in 2017.<ref name="Executive list of Asam Sahitya Sabha" /> He has published a number of books, on education as well as on the socio-cultural milieu of Assam. ''Asomor chah janagosthi'',<ref name="Asomor chah janagosthi">{{cite book | url=http://www.abebooks.co.uk/book-search/author/tasa-prahlad-chandra-editor/kw/tasa-prahlad-chandra-editor/ | title=Asomor chah janagosthi | publisher=Asom Sahitya Sabha | author=Tasa, Prahlad Chandra (Ed.) | year=2001}}</ref> a collection of articles edited by him is an account on the lives of the tea workers of the state.<ref name="Expatriate Bookshop of Denmark">{{cite web | url=http://www.antiqbook.com/boox/expat/BOOKS002462I.shtml | title=Expatriate Bookshop of Denmark | publisher=Antiq Book | date=2016 | access-date=15 August 2016}}</ref> His other publications include the poem anthology, ''Satabdi'', a biography, ''Byaktitor Sandhanot'' and prose writings such as ''Siksha Samikhya'', ''Siksha Anwesha'', ''Chah Bagichat Gana Sakhyarota'', ''Chah Bagichat Sikshar Prokhar'', ''Chah Shramikor Sanskritir Ruprekha'', ''Jhumoir Nritya Geet'' and ''Chah Shramikor Swasthya Chinta''.<ref name="Penning a Success Story 1" />

The Government of India awarded him the civilian honor of the [[Padma Shri]] in 2016.<ref name="Six from Northeast to receive Padma Shri, one Padma Bhushan">{{cite web | url=http://thenortheasttoday.com/tag/prahlad-chandra-tasa/ | title=Six from Northeast to receive Padma Shri, one Padma Bhushan | publisher=The Northeast Today | date=26 January 2016 | access-date=15 August 2016}}</ref> He is married to Hema Prabha Gogoi and the couple has two sons, Anadi Swami and Ananta Swami, both medical doctors. The family lives in [[Dibrugarh]].<ref name="Penning a Success Story 1" />

== See also ==
* [[Asam Sahitya Sabha]]
{{portal|India|Literature|Education}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tasa, Prahlad Chandra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Poets from Assam]]
[[Category:Indian social sciences writers]]
[[Category:People from Dibrugarh district]]
[[Category:Assamese people]]
[[Category:Assamese-language writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

Chitamanpur

2025-03-05T20:10:28Z

RashadWaltman14: formatting fix

{{One source|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chitamanpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = hi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| map_caption = Location in Bihar
| coordinates = {{coord|27.108|N|84.464|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[West Champaran district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
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| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
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| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Chitamanpur''' is a village in [[West Champaran]] district in the Indian state of [[Bihar]].

==Demographics==
As of the [[2011 census of India]], Chitamanpur had a population of 871 in 125 households. Males constitute 53.61% of the population and females 46.38%. Chitamanpur has an average literacy rate of 46.38%, lower than the national average of 74%: male literacy is 60.14%, and female literacy is 39.85%. In Chitamanpur, 21.23% of the population is under 6 years of age.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/final_pca.aspx|title=Census of India 2011|access-date=12 March 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{West Champaran district}}

[[Category:Villages in West Champaran district]]

{{WestChamparan-geo-stub}}