Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

2007 Thattekkad boat disaster

2026-05-07T14:05:24Z

Ras: creating stub

{{Short description|Capsizing of a passenger boat in Thattekkad, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox event
| title = Thattekkad boat tragedy
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| date = {{start date|2007|02|20|df=y}}
| time = 6:30 pm
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], UTC+05:30
| place = [[Thattekkad]], [[Kerala]], India
| coordinates = 
| also known as =
| type = Boat capsizing
| cause =
| participants = 37
| outcome =
| reported deaths = 18
| reported injuries =
| burial =
| inquiries =
| inquest =
| coroner =
| suspects =
| accused =
| convicted =
| charges =
| verdict =
| convictions =
| litigation =
| blank_label = Passengers & Crew
| blank_data =
}}

The '''Thattekkad boat disaster''' occurred on 20 February 2007, when a tourist boat sank in [[Thattekad Bird Sanctuary|Thattekkad]] near [[Bhoothathankettu]] on [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]-[[Idukki district|Idukki]] district border.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Jaisy |date=2023-05-08 |title=പല്ലന, കുമരകം, തട്ടേക്കാട്, തേക്കടി...ഇപ്പോള്‍ താനൂരും; കേരളത്തെ കണ്ണീര്‍ത്തീരമാക്കിയ ദുരന്തങ്ങള്‍ |url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/kerala/major-boat-tragedies-that-rocked-kerala-217344 |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=Media One |language=en}}</ref> 15 students, 2 teachers and 1 employee of a private school in [[Angamaly]], who went on an excursion died in the accident.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thattekad boat tragedy: HC sets aside driver’s five-year sentence - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/Mar/03/thattekad-boat-tragedy-hc-sets-aside-drivers-five-year-sentence-2271278.html |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref>

==Details==
The excursion group boarded on three boats from [[Bhoothathankettu]] area, twenty kilometers away from [[Kothamangalam, Kerala|Kothamangalam]]. The boat that sank was returning from a visit to the nearby [[Thattekad Bird Sanctuary|Thattekad bird sanctuary]]. The accident happened on 20 February 2007 at 6:30 pm local time at Ovunkal jetty in [[Periyar River|Periyar]], one kilometer away from Thattekad bird sanctuary.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ഡെസ്ക് |first=വെബ് |title=കുമരകം മുതൽ താനൂർ വരെ; 2000ത്തിന് ശേഷം കേരളത്തില്‍ ബോട്ടപകടങ്ങളിൽ മരിച്ചത് 131 പേർ |url=https://www.thefourthnews.in/news/keralam/boat-accidents-in-kerala |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=The Fourth |language=ml}}</ref> 37 people were traveling in the boat. According to preliminary conclusions, the bottom of the boat in which the excursion group was traveling was shaken and the water entered the cause of the accident. But the then DGP Raman Srivastava, who held a press conference the day after the incident, said that the accident happened because the boat overturned. After the accident, it was clear that the boat involved in the accident was not licensed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=mtp |date=2021-02-27 |title=തട്ടേക്കാട് ബോട്ടപകടത്തില്‍ ബോട്ടുടമയുടെ ശിക്ഷ രണ്ട് വര്‍ഷമാക്കി Boat owner sentenced to two years in Thattekkad boat accident |url=https://www.gulfmalayaly.com/news/kerala-news/boat-owner-sentenced-to-two-years-in-thattekkad-boat-accident/ |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=മലയാളം വാർത്ത {{!}} Malayalam Breaking News {{!}} Latest Gulf News {{!}} Qatar News {{!}} Kerala News {{!}} Gulf Malayaly |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
Following the incident, justice M.M. Pareed Pillay filed a report in which he proposed comprehensive legislation addressing inland transportation and made around 86 recommendations, including making swimming an extracurricular subject.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-19 |title=നാടിനെ കണ്ണീരിലാഴ്ത്തിയ തട്ടേക്കാട് ബോട്ട് അപകടം നടന്നിട്ട് നാളെ 14 വർഷം |url=https://janayugomonline.com/14-years-of-thattekad-accident/ |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=Janayugom Online |language=en-US}}</ref> The owner and driver of the boat P. M. Raju was charged with involuntary manslaughter and immature and careless boating. He was sentenced to five years in jail and 1 lakh rupees were fined. Later in 2021, the imprisonment was reduced to two years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=Thattekkad boat tragedy: High Court reduces imprisonment of boat owner from five years to two years |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=500762&u=thattekkad-boat-tragedy-high-court-reduces-imprisonment-of-boat-owner-from-five-years-to-two-years-500762 |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref>

==See also ==
* [[2002 Kumarakom boat disaster]]
* [[2009 Thekkady boat disaster]]
* [[2023 Tanur boat disaster]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{2007 shipwrecks}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thekkady Boat Disaster}}
[[Category:2000s in Kerala|2007]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in India]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 2007]]
[[Category:2007 disasters in India]]
[[Category:Disasters in Kerala]]
[[Category:February 2007 in India]]

Kanimozhi Santhosh

2026-05-06T21:01:07Z

Ras: starting a page first draft!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the {{no break|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]}}
| constituency = [[Kavundampalayam Assembly constituency|Kavundampalayam]]
| term_start = 2026
| party = [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]]
| birth_date = {{Birth based on age as of date|37|2026|04|04}}
}}

'''Kanimozhi Santhosh''' (born {{Birth based on age as of date|37|2026|04|04|noage=y}})<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2026-04-04 |title=Candidates submit nomination papers across Coimbatore constituencies for the third day |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/candidates-submit-nomination-papers-across-coimbatore-constituencies-for-the-third-day/article70823936.ece |access-date=2026-05-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Tamil Nadu]]. She is a Member of the Legislative Assembly from [[Kavundampalayam Assembly constituency|Kavundampalayam]] representing [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanimozhi Santhosh, KAVUNDAMPALAYAM constituency, TVK, Tamilnadu Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Tamilnadu2026/kanimozhi-santhosh-800/ |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

She first became an MLA winning the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from Kavundampalayam Assembly constituency representing Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2026 |title=Kavundampalayam election result LIVE: Kanimozhi Santhosh of TVK wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/kavundampalayam-tamil-nadu-assembly-2026-winner-live-updates-highlights-exaxt-en-liveblog-10072135.html |access-date=4 May 2026 |website=News18}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Santhosh, Kanimozhi}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2026–2031]]

Sriperumbudur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-05T06:56:23Z

Ras: Starting Article

{{Short description|Parliamentary constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Sriperumbudur
| constituency_no =
| map_image = sriperumbudur lok sabha constituency.png
| map_caption = Sriperumbudur constituency, post-2008 delimitation
| established = 1967–present
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = T R Baalu at his Book Release 2024.jpg
| mp = [[T. R. Baalu]] {{Small|[[Treasurer]] of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]}}
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2024]]
| preceded_by = K. N. Ramachandran [[File:Indian election symbol two leaves.svg|20px]] {{Party index link|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| assembly_cons = [[Maduravoyal (State Assembly Constituency)|Maduravoyal]] [[Ambattur (State Assembly Constituency)|Ambattur]] [[Alandur (State Assembly Constituency)|Alandur]] [[Sriperumbudur (State Assembly Constituency)|Sriperumbudur]] [[Pallavaram (State Assembly Constituency)|Pallavaram]] [[Tambaram (State Assembly Constituency)|Tambaram]]
| electors = 23,82,578<ref>[https://www.eci.gov.in/general-election-to-loksabha-2024-statistical-reports]</ref>
}}
'''Sriperumbudur''' is one of the parliamentary constituencies in [[Tamil Nadu]]. Its Tamil Nadu Parliamentary Constituency number is 5 of 39. It has a very huge volume of voters with nearly twenty four lakhs.

==Assembly segments==

=== 2009–present ===
{| class="wikitable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="200px" |Name
! width="100px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! width="150px" | District
! colspan=2| Party
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|7
|[[Maduravoyal Assembly constituency|Maduravoyal]]
|None
|rowspan="3"|[[Chennai district|Chennai]]
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|rowspan=6}}
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=6}}
|-
|8
|[[Ambattur Assembly constituency|Ambattur]]
|None
|-
|28
|[[Alandur Assembly constituency|Alandur]]
|None
|-
|29
|[[Sriperumbudur Assembly constituency|Sriperumbudur]]
|SC
|[[Kanchipuram district|Kancheepuram]]
|-
|30
|[[Pallavaram Assembly constituency|Pallavaram]]
|None
|rowspan="2"|[[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]]
|-
|31
|[[Tambaram Assembly constituency|Tambaram]]
|None
|-
|}

===Before 2009===
{{stack|[[File:1971 delimitation sriperumbudur lok sabha constituency.png|thumb|Sriperumbudur constituency as laid out by 1971 Delimitation. The boundaries for this constituency lasted until 2004 election, which was then replaced by 2008 Delimitation.]]}}

#[[Gummidipoondi Assembly constituency|Gummidipundi]] (moved to [[Tiruvallur Lok Sabha constituency|Thiruvallur]] constituency after 2009)
#[[Ponneri Assembly constituency|Ponneri (SC)]] (moved to [[Tiruvallur Lok Sabha constituency|Thiruvallur]] constituency after 2009)
#[[Sriperumbudur Assembly constituency|Sriperumbudur]]
#[[Poonamallee Assembly constituency|Poonamallee]] (moved to [[Tiruvallur Lok Sabha constituency|Thiruvallur]] constituency after 2009)
#[[Thiruvallur Assembly constituency|Tiruvallur]] (moved to [[Tiruvallur Lok Sabha constituency|Thiruvallur]] constituency after 2009)
#[[Tiruttani Assembly constituency|Tiruttani]] (moved to [[Arakkonam Lok Sabha constituency|Arakkonam]] constituency after 2009)
{{clear right}}

==Members of the Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Election Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[Indian general election in Madras, 1962|1962]]
| rowspan="2" |P. Sivasankaran
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[Indian general election in Madras, 1967|1967]]
|-
|[[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 1971|1971]]
|T.S. Lakshmanan
|-
|[[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 1977|1977]]
|Seeralan Jaganathan||{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|[[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 1980|1980]]
|[[T. Nagaratnam]]||{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|[[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 1984|1984]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Margatham Chandrasekar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 1989|1989]]
|-
|[[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 1991|1991]]
|-
|[[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 1996|1996]]
|[[T. Nagaratnam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|[[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 1998|1998]]
|K. Venugopal
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|[[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 1999|1999]]
| rowspan="2" |[[A. Krishnaswamy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 2004|2004]]
|-
|[[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 2009|2009]]
|[[T. R. Baalu]]
|-
|[[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 2014|2014]]
|K. N. Ramachandran
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|[[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 2019|2019]]
| rowspan="2" |[[T. R. Baalu]]<ref>{{cite web|title=General elections to the 17th Lok Sabha, 2019 - List of members elected|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/10277-general-election-to-the-17th-lok-sabha-2019-list-of-members-elected/|page=27|format=PDF|publisher=Election Commission of India|date=25 May 2019|access-date=2 June 2019|location=New Delhi}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of Winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2024|2024]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.65}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2019|2019]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.53}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2014|2014]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.35}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2009|2009]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.44}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2004|2004]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|61.39}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1999|1999]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.88}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1998|1998]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.89}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.94}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|61.71}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1989|1989]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|54.90}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|59.54}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.45}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.09}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.98}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|60.61}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1962|1962]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.56}}
}}

=== General Elections 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Indian general election]]: Sriperumbudur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. R. Baalu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=758,611 |percentage=52.63 |change={{decrease}}3.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Premkumar|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= 271,582|percentage= 18.84|change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate= V. N. Venugopal|party=Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|votes= 210,110 |percentage=14.58 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate= Dr. V. Ravichandiran|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= 140,233 |percentage=9.73 |change={{increase}}3.67}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=26,450 |percentage=1.84 |change={{increase}}0.18 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= 487,029|percentage= 33.79|change={{decrease}}2.41}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= 1,440,935|percentage= 60.48 |change={{decrease}}1.79}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,82,119 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = {{decrease}}3.90
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Indian general election]]: Sriperumbudur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. R. Baalu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,93,281 |percentage=56.53 |change=21.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Vaithilingam |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=2,85,326 |percentage=20.33 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Sridhar |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=1,35,530 |percentage=9.66 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Mahendran |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,35,525 |
percentage=9.66 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tambaram G. Narayanan |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,497 |percentage=2.96 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=23,343 |percentage=1.66 |change=-0.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Rajasekaran |party=Anti Corruption Dynamic Party |votes=13,746 |percentage=0.98 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,07,955 |percentage=36.20 |change=28.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,03,178 |percentage=62.27 |change= -2.41 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,53,448 |change =15.77 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 13.18 }}
{{Election box end}}

===General Elections 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Indian general election]]: Sriperumbudur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. N. Ramachandran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,45,820 |percentage=43.35 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. Jagathrakshakan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,43,174 |percentage=35.20 |change=-9.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. R. Masilamani |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,87,094 |percentage=14.86 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Arul Anbarasu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=39,015 |percentage=3.10 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=27,676 |percentage=2.20 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. A. N. Vasigaran |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=18,963 |percentage=1.51 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,02,646 |percentage=8.15 |change=5.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,58,971 |percentage=64.68 |change= -1.39 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,46,503 |change =62.04 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.08 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Indian general election]]: Sriperumbudur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. R. Baalu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,52,641 |percentage=44.44 |change=-16.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. K. Moorthy]] |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=3,27,605 |percentage=41.28 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. Arun Subramanian]] |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=84,530 |percentage=10.65 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,036 |percentage=3.15 |change=-24.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,93,597 |percentage=66.06 |change= 6.84 }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=2|percentage=0.00 }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,01,237 |change =-15.62 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -16.96 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2004===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Indian general election]]: Sriperumbudur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. Krishnaswamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,17,617 |percentage=61.39 |change=8.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ponnusamy Venugopal|Dr. P. Venugopal]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,82,271 |percentage=33.48 |change=-9.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Vijayaragunathan |party=Independent politician |votes=11,995 |percentage=1.42 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Balakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=11,517 |percentage=1.37 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Sambath |party=Janata Party |votes=5,815 |percentage=0.69 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Ravi |party=Independent politician |votes=4,194 |percentage=0.50 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. K. Jayakumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,805 |percentage=0.45 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,35,346 |percentage=27.91 |change=17.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,43,101 |percentage=59.22 |change= 4.21 }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=59|percentage=0.01 }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,23,561 |change =5.15 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 8.51 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Indian general election]]: Sriperumbudur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. Krishnaswamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,85,558 |percentage=52.88 |change=-5.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Venugopal |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,10,556 |percentage=42.60 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Pushparaman |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=28,292 |percentage=3.88 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=75,002 |percentage=10.29 |change=-22.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,29,076 |percentage=55.02 |change= -12.35 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,53,858 |change =6.89 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -5.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1998===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Indian general election]]: Sriperumbudur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Venugopal |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,26,528 |percentage=46.89 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. Nagaratnam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,02,733 |percentage=43.48 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. K. Jayakumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=64,944 |percentage=9.33 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,795 |percentage=3.42 |change=-29.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,96,327 |percentage=57.23 |change= -10.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,66,643 |change =9.52 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -11.04 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Indian general election]]: Sriperumbudur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. Nagaratnam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,31,919 |percentage=57.94 |change=24.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lata Priyakumar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,86,208 |percentage=24.98 |change=-36.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Moorthy |party=Independent politician |votes=66,760 |percentage=8.96 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kavinger Kudiyarasu |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=44,884 |percentage=6.02 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Arjunan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,861 |percentage=1.46 |change=-1.34 }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,45,711 |percentage=32.96 |change=5.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,45,490 |percentage=67.37 |change= 2.03 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,56,491 |change =11.80 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -3.77 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Indian general election]]: Sriperumbudur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Maragatham Chandrasekar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,00,741 |percentage=61.71 |change=6.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Sundaram]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,20,169 |percentage=33.91 |change=0.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Somu Alias Somusundaram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=18,144 |percentage=2.79 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Chockalingam |party=Independent politician |votes=5,503 |percentage=0.85 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Mahalingam |party=Independent politician |votes=4,812 |percentage=0.74 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,80,572 |percentage=27.81 |change=5.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,49,369 |percentage=65.34 |change= -3.70 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,34,447 |change =-0.31 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 6.81 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Indian general election]]: Sriperumbudur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Maragatham Chandrasekar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,87,795 |percentage=54.90 |change=-4.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Ganesan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,33,244 |percentage=33.02 |change=-6.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Gopalan |party=Independent politician |votes=74,913 |percentage=10.61 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,54,551 |percentage=21.88 |change=2.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,06,354 |percentage=69.04 |change= -5.55 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,37,657 |change =31.74 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -4.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Indian general election]]: Sriperumbudur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Maragatham Chandrasekar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,32,468 |percentage=59.54 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Nagaratnam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,22,994 |percentage=39.93 |change=-17.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. A. Appan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,975 |percentage=0.53 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,09,474 |percentage=19.60 |change=0.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,58,437 |percentage=74.59 |change= 11.99 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,87,638 |change =9.28 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.08 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Indian general election]]: Sriperumbudur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Nagaratnam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,53,912 |percentage=57.45 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. P. Marutharajaa |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,71,135 |percentage=38.72 |change=-14.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Moorty |party=Independent politician |votes=6,317 |percentage=1.43 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Emperuman V |party=Independent politician |votes=6,017 |percentage=1.36 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. R. Shahul Hameed |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=2,414 |percentage=0.55 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=82,777 |percentage=18.73 |change=8.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,41,945 |percentage=62.60 |change= -3.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,20,766 |change =3.57 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Indian general election]]: Sriperumbudur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Jaganathan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,39,632 |percentage=53.09 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. P. Elumalai |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=1,93,700 |percentage=42.91 |change=2.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Angamuthu |party=Independent politician |votes=18,033 |percentage=4.00 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=45,932 |percentage=10.18 |change=-9.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,51,365 |percentage=66.46 |change= -4.05 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,95,900 |change =-4.71 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -6.89 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Indian general election]]: Sriperumbudur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. S. Latchumanan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,00,663 |percentage=59.98 |change=-0.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Kakkan |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=2,00,617 |percentage=40.02 |change=2.13 }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,00,046 |percentage=19.96 |change=-2.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,01,280 |percentage=70.50 |change= -6.76 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,30,302 |change =22.71 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Indian general election]]: Sriperumbudur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Sivasankaran |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,71,528 |percentage=60.61 |change=8.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Sambandan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,69,763 |percentage=37.89 |change=-9.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. M. Ratnaswamy |party=Independent politician |votes=6,727 |percentage=1.50 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,01,765 |percentage=22.71 |change=17.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,48,018 |percentage=77.26 |change= 10.54 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,95,157 |change =27.95 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 8.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Indian general election]]: Sriperumbudur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Sivasankaran |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,57,733 |percentage=52.56 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Munuswamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,42,361 |percentage=47.44 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,372 |percentage=5.12 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,00,094 |percentage=66.73 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,65,133 }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Sriperumbudur]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of Lok Sabha elections |access-date=July 8, 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=October 5, 2010 }}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/tamilnadu/sriperumbudur/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Sriperumbudur lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|13.0|79.9|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Kanchipuram district]]

Barrackpur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-04T20:49:13Z

Ras: creating new article - done

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Barrackpur <nowiki>WB-15</nowiki>
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/West Bengal/Barrackpore.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Barrackpore Lok Sabha Constituency
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Partha Bhowmick.png
| mp = [[Partha Bhowmick]]
| party = {{Party index link|Trinamool Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| assembly_cons = [[Amdanga Assembly constituency|Amdanga]] [[Bijpur Assembly constituency|Bijpur]] [[Naihati Assembly constituency|Naihati]] [[Bhatpara Assembly constituency|Bhatpara]] [[Jagatdal Assembly constituency|Jagatdal]] [[Noapara Assembly constituency|Noapara]] [[Barrackpur Assembly constituency|Barrackpur]]
| electors = 15,08,728 (2024)<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | title=EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526095942/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-date=26 May 2024 }}</ref>
}}

'''Barrackpur Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 543 [[Lok Sabha|parliamentary]] constituencies in [[India]]. The constituency centres on [[Barrackpur]] in [[West Bengal]]. All of the seven assembly segments of No. 15 Barrackpur Lok Sabha constituency are in [[North 24 Parganas district]].

{{Pie chart|value1=52.94|value2=17.65|value3=17.65|color3={{party color|Trinamool Congress}}|color2={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|color1={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|label1=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''Communist Party of India (Marxist)''' (10 times)]]|label2=[[Indian National Congress|'''Indian National Congress''' (3 times)]]|label3=[[Trinamool Congress|'''Trinamool Congress''' (3times)]]|caption=Most successful parties from Barrackpore Loksabha|value4=5.88|value5=5.88|value6=5.88|color4={{party color|Communist Party of India}}|color5={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|color6={{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}|label4=[[Communist Party of India|Communist Party of India (1 time)]]|label5=[[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party (1 time)]]|label6=[[Praja Socialist Party|Praja Socialist Party (1 time)]]}}

==Overview==
[[File:Westbengalen Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|350 px|right|'''Parliamentary constituencies in West Bengal''' - 1. Cooch Behar, 2. Alipurduars, 3. Jalpaiguri, 4. Darjeeling, 5. Raiganj, 6. Balurghat, 7. Maldaha Uttar, 8. Maldaha Dakshin, 9. Jangipur, 10. Baharampur, 11. Murshidabad, 12. Krishnanagar, 13. Ranaghat, 14. Bangaon, 15. '''Barrackpur''', 16. Dum Dum, 17. Barasat, 18. Basirhat, 19. Jaynagar, 20. Mathurapur, 21. Diamond Harbour, 22. Jadavpur, 23. Kolkata Dakshin, 24. Kolkata Uttar, 25. Howrah, 26. Uluberia, 27. Serampore, 28. Hooghly, 29. Arambagh, 30. Tamluk, 31, Kanthi, 32. Ghatal, 33. Jhargram, 34. Medinipur, 35. Purulia, 36. Bankur, 38. Bardhaman Purba, 39. Bardhaman Durgapur, 40. Asansol, 41. Bolpur, 42. Birbhum]]
The Barrackpur constituency stretching from the north western edges of Kolkata metropolis in to the North 24-Parganas district is an industrial area with a difference - "the eastern bank of the Hooghly here, from Barrackpur to Shyamnagar, is an expanse of chimneys that pierce the sky like a cardiogram…Smoke billows from only one or two of them. The Empire Jute Mill is at work on occasional weeks. Loomtex Cotton is shut. Naihati Jute is shut. Gouripore Jute, shut. The ordnance factories, Ishapore Rifle and Metal & Steel, are coping with dwindling orders for guns and bombs but their workers at least have a modicum of government security. Bengal Enamel and Mahaluxmi Cotton, both in Palta, are forgotten, their land having been sold for apartment blocks. Dunbar Cotton has sold its real estate. Lakkhi Cotton does not exist, private residential high-rises having already been built on its land. To the north, the Kakinada Paper Mill is shut, as is the Meghni Mill. Workers of Barrackpur’s sick industries lead measly lives."<ref name=telegraph>{{cite web| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140512/jsp/nation/story_18332756.jsp#.U5rRPHayKt8 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140515125329/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140512/jsp/nation/story_18332756.jsp#.U5rRPHayKt8 | url-status = dead | archive-date = 15 May 2014 |title = Lock-out Land| publisher = The Telegraph, 12 May 2014 |access-date = 13 June 2014 }}</ref>

More than half of the voters are from the working class<ref name=telegraph/> and around 35% of them are Hindi-speaking.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Buddhadeb-Bhattacharjee-may-buy-peace-with-party-on-Barrackpore-seat/articleshow/31431224.cms |title = Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee may buy peace with party on Barrackpore seat| newspaper=The Times of India | date=5 March 2014 | publisher =The Times of India, 5 March 2014|access-date = 13 June 2014 }}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[delimitation of constituencies]] in the West Bengal, parliamentary constituency no. 15 Barrackpur is composed of the following [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] segments from 2009:<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 2009-05-27 | work = Table B – Extent of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher =Government of West Bengal}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026 Winner]]
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|102
|[[Amdanga Assembly constituency|Amdanga]]
| rowspan="7" |[[North 24 Parganas District|North 24 Parganas]]
|Kasem Siddiqui
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|103
|[[Bijpur Assembly constituency|Bijpur]]
|Sudipta Das
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
|104
|[[Naihati Assembly constituency|Naihati]]
|Sumitro Chatterjee
|-
|105
|[[Bhatpara Assembly constituency|Bhatpara]]
|[[Pawan Singh (politician)|Pawan Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|106
|[[Jagatdal Assembly constituency|Jagatdal]]
|Rajesh Kumar
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|107
|[[Noapara Assembly constituency|Noapara]]
|[[Arjun Singh (West Bengal politician)|Arjun Singh]]
|-
|108
|[[Barrackpur Assembly constituency|Barrackpur]]
|Kaustav Bagchi
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Lok Sabha!!Duration!!Constituency!!Name of M.P.!!colspan=2|Party Affiliation
|-
|[[1st Lok Sabha|First]]||1952-57|| rowspan="14" |Barrackpore
||[[Ramananda Das]]||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name=loksabha1952>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |title=General Elections, India, 1951- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission |access-date=25 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008191615/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |archive-date=8 October 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|[[2nd Lok Sabha|Second]]||1957-62||[[Bimal Comar Ghosh|Bimal Kumar Ghosh]]||{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}<ref name=loksabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1957- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 25 May 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[3rd Lok Sabha|Third]]||1962-67||[[Renu Chakravartty]]||{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<ref name=loksabha1962>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 25 May 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[4th Lok Sabha|Fourth]]||1967-71||rowspan=2|Mohammed Ismail||{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=2}}<ref name=loksabha1967>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf | title = General Elections, India, 1967 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results | work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission | access-date = 25 May 2014 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185108/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf | archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha1971>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission |access-date = 25 May 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175452/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|[[5th Lok Sabha|Fifth]] ||1971-77
|-
| [[6th Lok Sabha|Sixth]]||1977-80||[[Saugata Roy]]||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name=loksabha1977>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |title = General Elections, 1977 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 25 May 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[7th Lok Sabha|Seventh]]||1980-84||Mohammad Ismail||{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}<ref name=loksabha1980>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |title = General Elections, 1980 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 25 May 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|[[8th Lok Sabha|Eighth]]||1984-89||[[Debi Ghosal]]||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name=loksabha1984>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |title = General Elections, 1984 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 25 May 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718184911/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[9th Lok Sabha|Ninth]]||1989-91||rowspan=6|[[Tarit Baran Topdar]]||{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=6}} <ref name=loksabha1989>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |title = General Elections, 1989 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 25 May 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha1991>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |title = General Elections, 1991 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 25 May 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183558/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf |title = General Elections, 1996 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha1998>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |title=General Elections, 1998 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha1999>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |title=General Elections, 1999 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha2004>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |title = General Elections, 2004 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[10th Lok Sabha|Tenth]]||1991-96
|-
| [[11th Lok Sabha|Eleventh]]||1996-98
|-
|[[12th Lok Sabha|Twelfth]]||1998-99
|-
|[[13th Lok Sabha|Thirteenth]]||1999-04
|-
|[[14th Lok Sabha|Fourteenth]]||2004-09
|-
|[[15th Lok Sabha|Fifteenth]]||2009-14
| rowspan="4" |Barrackpur|| rowspan="2" |[[Dinesh Trivedi]]||{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}<ref name=loksabha2009>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title=General Elections, 2009 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2014 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha2014>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |title = General Elections 2014 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 21 June 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| [[16th Lok Sabha|Sixteenth]]||2014-19
|-
| [[17th Lok Sabha|Seventeenth]]||2019-2024||[[Arjun Singh (West Bengal politician)|Arjun Singh]]||{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS2515.htm?ac=15|title=General Election 2019 - Election Commission of India|website=results.eci.gov.in|access-date=5 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622133120/http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS2515.htm?ac=15|archive-date=22 June 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[18th Lok Sabha|Eighteenth]]||2024-''Incumbent''
|[[Partha Bhowmick]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|}

==Election results==

===General election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: Barrackpur<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Barrackpore">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Barrackpore |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2515.htm |accessdate=10 July 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250710070253/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2515.htm |archivedate=10 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="Barrackpore Lok Sabha Election results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |title=Barrackpore Lok Sabha Election results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/barrackpore |accessdate=10 July 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250710070412/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/barrackpore |archivedate=10 July 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Partha Bhowmick]]|votes=5,20,231|percentage=45.56|change={{increase}}4.08}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Arjun Singh (West Bengal politician)|Arjun Singh]]|votes=4,55,793|percentage=39.92|change={{decrease}}2.90}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Debdut Ghosh|votes=1,09,564|percentage=9.60|change={{decrease}}1.03}}
{{Election box majority||votes=64,438|percentage=5.64|change={{increase}}4.39}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,141,860|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = 1.87
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Barrackpur<ref name="auto"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Arjun Singh (West Bengal politician)|Arjun Singh]]|votes=472,994|percentage=42.82|change=+20.90}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Dinesh Trivedi]]|votes=458,137|percentage=41.48|change=-4.11}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Gargi Chatterjee|votes=117,456|percentage=10.63|change=-15.29}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Mohammad Alam|votes=15,746|percentage=1.43|change=-1.47}}
{{Election box majority||votes=14,857|percentage=1.25|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,104,699|percentage=76.91|change=-4.95}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,436,431
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +12.50
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Barrackpur<ref name=loksabha2014/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Dinesh Trivedi]]
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = 479,206
|percentage = 45.59
|change = -3.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Subhashini Ali]]
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 272,433
|percentage = 25.92
|change = -16.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rumesh Kumar Handa
|votes = 230,401
|percentage = 21.92
|change = +18.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Samrat Topadar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 30,491
|percentage = 2.90
|change = +2.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Tapash Sarkar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 5458
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Dina Shankar Singh
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 5036
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Omprakash Rajbhar
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|votes = 4416
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Omprakash Shaw
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 3555
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Girish Chandra Singh
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 3132
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{ Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Pradip Chaudhuri
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|votes = 2200
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sharmistha Choudhury
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Red Star
|votes = 2036
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mihir Biswas
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 1787
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Jainal Abudeen Ahmed
|party = Lok Jan Shakti Party
|votes = 10,979
|percentage = 1.04
|change = ---
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 206,773
|percentage = 19.67
|change = +13.23
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,051,130
|percentage = 81.86
|change = +1.40
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = -3.69
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections|General Election, 2009]]: Barrackpur<ref name=loksabha2009/> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Dinesh Trivedi]]
|votes = 428,699
|percentage = 49.28
|change = +14.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Tarit Baran Topdar]]
|votes = 372,675
|percentage = 42.84
|change = -14.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Prabhakar Tewari
|votes = 30,970
|percentage = 3.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ashok Sonkar
|votes = 9,359
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Rabi Shankar Paul
|votes = 7,111
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Binod Kumar Singh
|votes = 5,169
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Subrata Sengupta
|votes = 5,071
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Dharmendra Singh
|votes = 4,720
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Dinesh Kumar Sharma
|votes = 3,322
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Gopal Rout
|votes = 2,872
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 56,024
|percentage = 6.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 8,69,968<ref name=turnout>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |title=Parliamentary Constituency Wise Turnout for General Elections 2019 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=6 May 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702210941/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |archive-date=2 July 2014 }}</ref>
|percentage = 80.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{election table|title=[[2009 Indian general election]] West Bengal summary}}
|-
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;" width=225 |Party
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Seats won
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Seat change
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Vote percentage
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Trinamool Congress]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 19
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}18
| style="text-align:center;" | 31.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}0
| style="text-align:center;" | 13.45
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}1
| style="text-align:center;" | NA
|-
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}17
| style="text-align:center;" | 33.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Communist Party of India]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}1
| style="text-align:center;" | 3.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}1
| style="text-align:center;" | 3.56
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[All India Forward Bloc|Forward bloc]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}1
| style="text-align:center;" | 3.04
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}1
| style="text-align:center;" | 6.14
|-
|}

===General election 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: Barrackpore<ref name=loksabha2004/> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Tarit Baran Topdar]]
|votes = 443,048
|percentage = 55.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Arjun Singh (West Bengal politician)|Arjun Singh]]|votes=277,977|percentage=34.99|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Debi Ghosal|votes=43,750|percentage=5.51|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Subrata Biswas
|votes = 9,072
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Chapala Majumder|votes=6,473|percentage=0.81|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Tarkeshwar Singh|votes=3,920|percentage=0.49|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Amal Kumar Sen|votes=3,071|percentage=0.39|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=165,071|percentage=20.78|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=7,94,426|percentage=80.98|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election|General Election, 1999]]: Barrackpore<ref name=loksabha1999/> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Tarit Baran Topdar]]
|votes = 399,269
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Jayanta Bhattacharya]]|votes=358,494|percentage=34.99|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Ashok Shukla|votes=59,732|percentage=5.51|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Subrata Biswas
|votes = 9,072
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Chapala Majumder|votes=6,473|percentage=0.81|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Tarkeshwar Singh|votes=3,920|percentage=0.49|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Amal Kumar Sen|votes=3,071|percentage=0.39|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=40,775|percentage=4.78|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=7,94,426|percentage=80.98|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 1951-1998===
Most of the contests were multi-cornered. However, only winners and runners-up are mentioned below:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Voters
! rowspan="2" |Voters turnout
! colspan="3" |Winner
! colspan="3" |Runners up
|-
!Candidate
!%age
!Party
!Candidate
!%age
!Party
|-
|1951
|159,207
|43.58
|Ramananda Das
|51.24
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Debprasad Ghosh
|18.89
|[[Bharatiya Jan Sangh]]
|-
|1957
|241747
|56.18
|Bimal Coomar Ghose
|54.98
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|Labonya Prova Dutta
|36.35
|Indian National Congress
|-
|1962
|404,181
|68.76
|Renu Chakraborty
|57.56
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|Ram Dhari Singh
|33.76
|Indian National Congress
|-
|1967
|424548
|70.88
|Md. Ismail
|39.16
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|Renu Chakrabarty
|32.90
|Communist Party of India
|-
|1971
|522,103
|68.65
|Md. Ismail
|56.29
|Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|Renu Chakravarty
|39.72
|Communist Party of India
|-
|1977
|470,020
|72.23
|[[Saugata Roy]]
|64.60
|INC
|Mahammad Ismail
|33.78
|CPI (M)
|-
|1980
|482,46
|68.94
|Mahammad Ismail
|56.72
|CPI (M)
|Debi Ghosal
|34.61
|INC (I)
|-
|1984
|617.10
|79.30
|Debi Ghosal
|53.52
|INC
|Mohammad Amin
|44.64
|CPI (M)
|-
|1989
|733,760
|78.84
|[[Tarit Baran Topdar]]
|50.56
|CPI (M)
|Debi Ghosal
|45.41
|INC
|-
|1991
|695,870
|74.81
|Tarit Baran Topdar
|47.56
|CPI (M)
|Debi Ghosal
|38.78
|INC
|-
|1996
|825,300
|81.53
|Tarit Baran Topdar
|49.54
|CPI (M)
|Debi Ghosal
|42.23
|INC
|-
|1998
|846,370
|82.56
|Tarit Baran Topdar
|46.01
|CPI (M)
|Tarun Adhikary
|42.65
|WBTC
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/west_bengal/barrackpur/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Barrackpur lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}

{{Coord|22.76|N|88.37|E|format=dms|display=title}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barrackpore Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Barrackpore]]

Stella Kramrisch

2026-05-01T01:22:07Z

Ras: Starting Stub

{{short description|Austrian-American art historian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Stella Kramrisch
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Stella_Kramrisch_in_1978.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = Stella Kramrisch at the Himalayan Art installation at the [[Philadelphia Museum of Art]] in 1978.
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth date |1896|05|29}}
| birth_place = Nikolsburg, Austria
| death_date = {{death date and age |1993|08|31|1896|05|29}}
| death_place = Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| home_town =
| other_names =
| siglum =
| pronounce =
| citizenship = American
| fields = Art history
| workplaces = Kala Bhavana
| patrons =
| education = [[University of Vienna]]
| alma_mater =
| thesis_title = The Essence of Early Buddhist Sculpture in India
| thesis_url = 
| thesis_year = 1919
| doctoral_advisor = 
| academic_advisors = Max Dvořák
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for = Leading specialist on Indian art for most of the 20th century
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = Padma Bhushan, Austrian Cross of Honor for Science and Art
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| spouse = Laszlo Nemenyi
| partner = 
| children =
| signature = 
| signature_alt =
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}

'''Stella Kramrisch''' (May 29, 1896 – August 31, 1993) was an Austrian-American pioneering [[art historian]] and curator who was the leading specialist on [[Indian art]] for most of the 20th century. Her scholarship remains a benchmark to this day. She researched and taught Indian art history for more than six decades on three continents. After writing her dissertation on the essence of early-buddhist sculpture in India, she was invited to teach at [[Kala Bhavana]] in [[Santiniketan|Shantiniketan]] (1922–24) and went on to teach at [[Calcutta University]] from 1924 to 1950. In Europe, Kramrisch worked at the [[Courtauld Institute of Art|Courtauld Institute]], London (1937–1940). From 1950, she was professor at the [[University of Pennsylvania]] in the Department of South Asia Regional Studies, where she had been recruited by [[W. Norman Brown]], in addition to being a prominent curator at the [[Philadelphia Museum of Art]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Exploring India's Sacred Art. Selected Writings of Stella Kramrisch.|last=Stoller Miller|first=Barbara|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=1983|isbn=0812211340|location=Philadelphia|pages=3–33}}</ref>

==Early life and education in Vienna==
Stella Kramrisch was born on May 29, 1896, in Nikolsburg, [[Austria]] (now [[Mikulov]], Czech Republic).<ref name="NYT">[https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/02/obituaries/stella-kramrisch-indian-art-expert-and-professor-97.html "Stella Kramrisch, Indian-Art Expert and Professor, 97"], ''The New York Times''. Retrieved 1 January 2015.</ref> She was trained as a ballet dancer growing up in Austria. When Kramrisch was about 10 her parents moved to [[Vienna]]. One day she came across a translation of the [[Bhagavadgita]]: "I was so impressed it took my breath away."<ref>[https://archive.today/20130216163842/http://articles.philly.com/1986-01-24/entertainment/26055249_1_indian-art-indian-painting-stella-kramrisch/2 A Meeting Of Art, India And Devotion - Page 2 - Philly.com]</ref> She had found what she wanted to do in her life.

She enrolled at the [[University of Vienna]], studying at the department of art history with Professors [[Max Dvořák]] and [[Josef Strzygowski]]. She focused her studies on Indian art and culture. Thus she learned Sanskrit and read philosophy, literature and anthropology. In 1919, she successfully completed her studies by earning her doctorate.<ref name="Sozanski">Sozanski, Edward J., [https://web.archive.org/web/20131030083003/http://articles.philly.com/1993-09-01/entertainment/25988025_1_indian-art-curator-d-harnoncourt "Indian Art Expert S. Kramrisch Dies at 97"], ''Philly.com''. Retrieved 1 January 2015.</ref>

==Professional life in India==
She traveled to London in 1919 as part of a university delegation to give three lectures at Oxford. [[Rabindranath Tagore]] heard her speak and invited her to come to India and teach at the [[Visva-Bharati University]] in [[Santiniketan]] in 1922. She was appointed professor of Indian art at the [[University of Calcutta]] in 1924. In same year she discovered Badami cave temples. She taught In kala Bhawan until 1950.

In 1924 her first monograph ''Principles of Indian Art''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Grundzüge der Indischen Kunst|last=Kramrisch|first=Stella|publisher=Avalun Verlag|year=1924|location=Hellerau, Dresden}}</ref> was published in German, which was reviewed widely in various journals throughout Europe. In the 1920s Kramrisch kept traveling to Vienna to give lectures. Various articles of her colleagues in Vienna appear as English translations in the Journal of the [[Indian Society of Oriental Art]] which Kramrisch edited from 1933 onwards together with [[Abanindranath Tagore]]. Her seminal publication "Indian sculpture" (1933) was a profound analysis of Indian sculpture, conceptualized in size and format to function as an actual handbook.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Indian Sculpture. The Heritage of India Series.|last=Kramrisch|first=Stella|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1933|location=London/New York}}</ref>

After the British left India in 1947, her husband Laszlo Nemenyi opted to work for the new government of [[Pakistan]] and moved to [[Karachi]]. In 1950 he was found shot dead on a beach. She emigrated to America the same year.

==Professional life in the United States==
Stella Kramrisch moved to the United States in 1950, invited by the Sanskritist W. Norman Brown to teach in the newly formed Department of South Asia Regional Studies at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. She was Professor of South Asian Art until her retirement in 1969. She was also adjunct professor of Indian Art at the [https://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/fineart/ Institute of Fine Arts] in New York from 1964 to 1982.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/pacscl/ead.html?id=PACSCL_PMA_PMA001|title=The Stella Kramrisch papers, 1921-1998|website=dla.library.upenn.edu|access-date=2020-03-12}}</ref> She served as the Curator of Indian Art at the [[Philadelphia Museum of Art]] from 1954 until 1979 and was Curator Emeritus until her death.<ref name=Sozanski/>

During her tenure at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, Kramrisch developed its holdings in Indian and Himalayan art and staged a series of ambitious exhibitions that, accompanied by the catalogues and related studies that she wrote, brought significant recognition to the museum and to the field of Indian art and culture. One such exhibition opened in 1968. Entitled "Unknown India: Ritual Art in Tribe and Village," it showcased nearly 500 religious and secular objects. After twelve years of planning, research and negotiations, another ground-breaking exhibition, "Manifestations of Shiva" opened in 1981. It was the first major exhibition in this country to examine the religious deity and to explore the multiple interpretations of its meaning. Many of the 197 objects displayed had never before left India. As to the museum's own collections, Kramrisch oversaw important acquisitions, including a 6th-century bronze mask of Shiva, a bronze figure of Rama made during the Chola dynasty of Southern India, and "Radha and Krishna," a painting by a Kishangarh school artist.

Her books include ''Grundzüge der Indischen Kunst'' (Principles of Indian Art; 1924; her first book), ''The Hindu Temple'' vols. 1 & 2 (1946; re-printed and in global circulation), ''The Art of India: Traditions of Indian Sculpture, Painting And Architecture'' (1954), and the encyclopedic ''The Presence of Siva'' (1981). She was a friend of the ballerina, designer, actress, and collector [[Natacha Rambova]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=philamuseum |title=Philadelphia Museum of Art |url=https://philamuseum.tumblr.com/post/18029328563/the-natacha-rambova-collection-of-lamaist-art |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Tumblr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2010 |title=Kantha: the embroidered quilts of Bengal from the Jill and Sheldon Bonovitz Collection and the Stella Kramrisch Collection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art |url=https://www.academia.edu/78215426 |journal=Choice Reviews Online |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=48–0072 |issn=0009-4978}}</ref> [[Barbara Stoler Miller]] and Wayne E. Begley were among her students.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} Prof. Kramrisch was succeeded by [[Michael W. Meister]] in 1976 who is currently the W. Norman Brown Professor of South Asia Studies and History of Art at the [[University of Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arthistory.upenn.edu/meistercv.pdf|title=Michael Meister cv}}</ref>

Kramrisch died on August 31,<ref name="auto"/> 1993, at her home in [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]].<ref name=NYT/>

==Awards and honors==
Kramrisch received worldwide recognition for her many achievements, including honorary degrees from Visvabharati University (1974) and from the University of Pennsylvania (1981). At a ceremony held at the Philadelphia Museum of Art in 1979, Kramrisch was given the Austrian Cross of Honor for Science and Art, and in 1985 she received the [[Charles Lang Freer Medal]] for her contribution to the "understanding of Oriental civilization as reflected in their arts." Perhaps the most telling statement of Kramrisch's life's work came in 1982 when the Indian government presented her with its highest civilian honor of Padma Bhushan. Kramrisch received the honor for "stimulating a renewed interest not only in the artistic heritage of India but also in its underlying philosophies and world view."

==Legacy==
At the time of her death, Kramrisch left a bequest of 25 works to the [[Philadelphia Museum of Art]].<ref name=Sozanski/> She also donated her papers to the museum, which in many ways form the greatest scope of her legacy. The Stella Kramrisch papers house her correspondence, writings and other research materials from 1921 to 1999, and contain information about the art objects in Kramrisch's personal collection.<ref name="auto"/> In addition, Kramrisch's curatorial position was officially re-titled as the Stella Kramrisch Curator at the [[Philadelphia Museum of Art]], a position which still exists today.<ref>[https://www.philamuseum.org/pma_archives/ead.php?c=IND&p=hn "Historical Note"], Philadelphia Museum of Art. Retrieved 1 January 2015.</ref> As noted in the Philadelphia Museum of Art's published memorial, Kramrisch's writings were even more far-reaching as many of her books continue to be used in universities around the world.

== Selected bibliography ==
* ''Grundzüge der Indischen Kunst.'' Avalun Verlag, 1924.
* ''The Visnudharmottaram: A Treatise on Indian Painting and Image-Making''. Calcutta University Press, 1928.
* "Indische Kunst", in: ''Handbuch der Kunstgeschichte'', hg. v. Anton Springer. Alfred Kröner Verlag, 1929.
* ''Indian Sculpture. The Heritage of India Series.'' Oxford University Press, 1933.
* ''The Hindu Temple.'' 2 Bd. University of Calcutta, 1946.
* ''Unknown India: Ritual Art in Tribe and Village.'' Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1968.
* ''Presence of Śiva''. Princeton University Press, 1981.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*[http://www.webofstories.com/play/52015 Stella Kramrisch at Web of Stories]

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1980–89}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kramrisch, Stella}}
[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American philosophers]]
[[Category:American art historians]]
[[Category:American women philosophers]]
[[Category:American philosophers of art]]
[[Category:Austrian women philosophers]]
[[Category:Austrian art historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Austrian philosophers]]
[[Category:University of Vienna alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:University of Pennsylvania faculty]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:American women art historians]]
[[Category:People associated with the Philadelphia Museum of Art]]
[[Category:People associated with Santiniketan]]
[[Category:Historians of Indian art]]
[[Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American women writers]]
[[Category:Indian art historians]]
[[Category:Indian art]]
[[Category:American women curators]]
[[Category:American curators]]
[[Category:Austrian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:20th-century American historians]]

List of awards and nominations received by Allu Arjun

2026-04-27T09:56:50Z

Ras: new a info!

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox actor awards
| name = Allu Arjun
| image = Allu Arjun wins National Award for Pushpa The Rise.jpg
| caption = Allu Arjun winning his maiden National Award for ''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]''
| wins = 50
| nominations = 10
| award11N = 0
| award9N = 1
| award10 = [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| award10W = 5
| award10N = 7
| award11 = [[South Scope|South Scope Lifestyle Awards]]
| award11W = 3
| award12W = 1
| award12 = [[TV9 Telugu|TSR– TV9 National Film Awards]]
| award9 = [[Santosham Film Awards]]
| award12N = 0
| award13 = [[Zee Cine Awards Telugu]]
| award13W = 1
| award13N = 2
| award9W = 3
| award6W = 2
| award6N = 0
| award3 = [[IIFA Utsavam]]
| award1N = 6
| award1W = 6
| award2 = [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| award2W = 7
| award2N = 11
| award3W = 1
| award6 = [[Sakshi Excellence Awards]]
| award3N = 3
| award4W = 1
| award4 = [[Mirchi Music Awards South]]
| award4N = 2
| award5W = 5
| award5 = [[Nandi Awards]]
| award5N = 0
| award1 = [[CineMAA Awards]]
| award7 = [[National Film Awards]]
| award7W = 1
}}

[[Allu Arjun]] is an Indian actor and media personality who works in [[Telugu cinema]]. He has established as one of the popular celebrities in India and also one of the highest paid actors in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2018 |title=17 south stars who earned more than Bollywood celebrities, according to |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/allu-arjun-suriya-dhanush-highest-paid-south-indian-actors |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=GQ India |publisher=Condé Nast |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Amena |first=Rasti |date=3 August 2022 |title=Highest paid Tollywood actor: Allu Arjun beats Prabhas? See his fee |work=[[The Siasat Daily]] |url=https://www.siasat.com/highest-paid-tollywood-actor-allu-arjun-beats-prabhas-see-his-fee-2382486/ |access-date=7 August 2022}}</ref> Arjun is also widely known for his dancing and has appeared in more than 20 films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 2020 |title=Happy birthday Allu Arjun: Five dance numbers that justify his dancing prowess |language=en |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/happy-birthday-allu-arjun-five-dance-numbers-that-justify-his-dancing-prowess/story-WezZb0sxi91REpPMFtZvsL.html |url-status=live |access-date=3 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729032351/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/happy-birthday-allu-arjun-five-dance-numbers-that-justify-his-dancing-prowess/story-WezZb0sxi91REpPMFtZvsL.html |archive-date=29 July 2020}}</ref> His performance in the films such as ''[[Arya (2004 film)|Arya]]'' (2004), ''[[Desamuduru]]'' (2007), ''[[Parugu]]'' (2008), [[Vedam (film)|''Vedam'']] (2010), ''[[Race Gurram]]'' (2014), [[Rudhramadevi (film)|''Rudhramadevi'']] (2015) and ''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]'' (2020) fetched him various accolades including six [[CineMAA Awards]], seven [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare South Awards]], three [[Nandi Awards]] and three [[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA]] awards.

== [[CineMAA Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" |Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" |Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;" |Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" |Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2004
|''[[Gangotri (2003 film)|Gangotri]]''
|Best Male Debut
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telugu Cinema function - Santosham Film Awards 2004 |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/santoshamawards2004.html |website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
|2005
|''[[Arya (2004 film)|Arya]]''
| rowspan="2" |Best Actor – Jury
|{{won}}
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Desamuduru]]''
|{{won}}
|
|-
|2009
|''[[Parugu]]''
| rowspan="2" |Best Actor
|{{won}}
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Race Gurram]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinemaa Awards Winners list |date=25 July 2015 |url=https://english.tupaki.com/movienews/article/Cinemaa-Awards-Winners-list/30456}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|[[Rudhramadevi (film)|''Rudhramadevi'']]
|Best Actor – Jury
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinemaa awards 2016 Winners List |date=13 June 2016 |url=https://english.tupaki.com/movienews/article/Cinemaa-awards-2016-Winners-List/41198}}</ref>
|}

== [[Filmfare Awards South]] ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" |Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" |Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;" |Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" |Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|[[52nd Filmfare Awards South|2005]]
|''[[Arya (2004 film)|Arya]]''
| rowspan="7" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|[[55th Filmfare Awards South|2008]]
|''[[Desamuduru]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|[[56th Filmfare Awards South|2009]]
|''[[Parugu]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |date=1 August 2009 |title=56th Idea Filmfare Awards 2008 South: The winners |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/56th-Idea-Filmfare-Awards-2008-South-The-winners/articleshow/4845030.cms |accessdate=18 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[57th Filmfare Awards South|2010]]
|''[[Arya 2]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|[[58th Filmfare Awards South|2011]]
|''[[Vedam (film)|Vedam]]''
|{{won}}
|
|-
|[[62nd Filmfare Awards South|2015]]
|''[[Race Gurram]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards South |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html |website=filmfare.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[63rd Filmfare Awards South|2016]]
|''[[S/O Satyamurthy]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|''[[Rudhramadevi (film)|Rudhramadevi]]''
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu|Best Supporting Actor – Telugu]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hooli |first=Shekhar H. |date=1 July 2016 |title=SIIMA Awards 2016 Telugu winners list: SS Rajamouli's 'Baahubali,' Mahesh Babu's 'Srimanthudu' sweep list |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-2016-telugu-winners-list-ss-rajamoulis-baahubali-mahesh-babus-srimanthudu-685061 |website=International Business Times, India Edition}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[64th Filmfare Awards South|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Sarrainodu]]''
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Critics Best Actor – Telugu]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 64th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-21594.html |website=filmfare.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[67th Filmfare Awards South|2022]]
|''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]''
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners Of The Filmfare Awards South 2022 - Telugu |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/telugu/winners |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[70th Filmfare Awards South|2026]]
|''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]''
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full List of Winners of The 70th Filmfare Awards South With Kerala Tourism (Telugu) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/full-list-of-winners-of-the-70th-filmfare-awards-south-with-kerala-tourism-telugu-81912.html |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en|date=22 February 2026}}</ref>
|-
|}

== [[Gaddar Telangana Film Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" |Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" |Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;" |Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" |Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]''
| Best Actor
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Gaddar Telangana Film Awards 2024 full list of winners: Kalki 2898 AD wins best film, Allu Arjun wins best actor |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/gaddar-telangana-film-awards-2024-full-list-of-winners-kalki-2898-ad-wins-best-film-allu-arjun-wins-best-actor-101748511071615.html |work=Hindustan Times |accessdate=28 May 2025}}</ref>
|}

== [[IIFA Utsavam]] ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="cl" style="width:4%;" |Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" |Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;" |Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" |Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|[[1st IIFA Utsavam|2016]]
|''[[S/O Satyamurthy]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[IIFA Utsavam Award for Best Actor-Telugu|Performance In A Leading Role – Male]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[2nd IIFA Utsavam|2017]]
|''[[Sarrainodu]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|[[Rudhramadevi (film)|''Rudhramadevi'']]
|Performance In A Supporting Role – Male
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=28 March 2017 |title=IIFA Utsavam 2017: Here is the list of winners and photos |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/iifa-utsavam-awards-2017-here-complete-winners-list-tamil-telugu-kannada-malayalam-photos-721140 |website=International Business Times, India Edition}}</ref>
|}

== [[Mirchi Music Awards South]] ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" |Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" |Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;" |Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" |Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2015
|''[[Race Gurram]]''
| Youth Icon of the Year
|{{won}}
|
|-
|}

== [[Nandi Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" |Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" |Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;" |Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" |Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|[[Nandi Awards of 2003|2003]]
|''[[Gangotri (2003 film)|Gangotri]]''
| rowspan="4" |[[Nandi Special Jury Award|Special Jury Award]]
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|[[Nandi Awards of 2004|2004]]
|''[[Arya (2004 film)|Arya]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telugu Cinema Etc - Nandi award winners list 2004 |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2004.html |website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Nandi Awards of 2008|2008]]
|''[[Parugu]]''
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|[[Nandi Awards of 2010|2010]]
|''[[Vedam (film)|Vedam]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandi awards 2008 announced - Telugu cinema news |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2008.html |website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Nandi Awards of 2015|2015]]
|[[Rudhramadevi (film)|''Rudhramadevi'']]
|[[Nandi Award for Best Character Actor|Best Character Actor]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2017 |title=Nandi Awards Winners List For 2014, 2015 and 2016 |url=https://www.chitramala.in/nandi-awards-winners-list-2014-2015-2016-255062.html |website=Chitramala}}</ref>
|}

== [[National Film Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" |Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" |Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;" |Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" |Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|[[69th National Film Awards|2023]]
|''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]''
| [[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-24 |title=69th National Film Awards 2023 complete winners list: Rocketry, Alia Bhatt, Kriti Sanon, Allu Arjun win big |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/69th-national-film-awards-2023-winners-list-8907028/ |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== [[Sakshi Excellence Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" |Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" |Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;" |Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" |Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2017
|''[[Sarrainodu]]''
| rowspan="4" |Most Popular Actor of the Year – Male
|{{won}}
|
|-
|[[7th Sakshi Excellence Awards|2021]]
|''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo: Allu Arjun, Pooja Hegde & Trivikram Srinivas score big at Sakshi Awards; See PICS {{!}} PINKVILLA |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/ala-vaikunthapurramuloo-allu-arjun-pooja-hegde-trivikram-srinivas-score-big-sakshi-awards-see-pics-897193 |access-date=13 August 2022 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]''
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]''
|{{Won}}
|
|}

== [[Santosham Film Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" |Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" |Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;" |Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" |Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2004
|''[[Gangotri (2003 film)|Gangotri]]''
|Best Male Debut
|{{won}}
|
|-
|2005
|''[[Arya (2004 film)|Arya]]''
| rowspan="2" |Best Young Performer
|{{won}} ||
|-
|2006
|''[[Bunny (2005 film)|Bunny]]''
|{{won}}
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]''
|Best Actor
|{{won}}
|
|}

== [[South Indian International Movie Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" |Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" |Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;" |Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" |Result
|-
|[[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards|2013]]
|''[[Julayi]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|2015]]
|''[[Race Gurram]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|
|Stylish Youth Icon of South Indian Cinema (Male)
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|2016]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Rudhramadevi (film)|''Rudhramadevi'']]
|Critics Choice Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor (Critics) – Telugu
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|2021]]
|''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|2022]]
|''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]''
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[13th South Indian International Movie Awards|2025]]
|''[[Pushpa: The Rule]]''
|{{Won}}<ref name="SIIMA 2025: Allu Arjun, Rashmika Mandanna Win Big. Full List Of Winners (Telugu, Kannada)">{{cite news |title=SIIMA 2025: Allu Arjun, Rashmika Mandanna Win Big. Full List Of Winners (Telugu, Kannada) |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/siima-2025-allu-arjun-rashmika-mandanna-win-big-full-list-of-winners-telugu-kannada-9227029 |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=NDTV |date=6 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250906173814/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/siima-2025-allu-arjun-rashmika-mandanna-win-big-full-list-of-winners-telugu-kannada-9227029 |archive-date=6 September 2025}}</ref>
|}

== Gulf Academy Movie Awards (GAMA) ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" |Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" |Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;" |Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" |Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2025
|''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]''
| Best Actor
|{{won}}
|<ref name="Allu Arjun Best Actor, Pushpa 2 Best Film at GAMA Awards 2025">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Allu Arjun Best Actor, Pushpa 2 Best Film at GAMA Awards 2025 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/allu-arjun-best-actor-pushpa-2-best-film-at-gama-awards-2025-1900816 |access-date=6 September 2025 |work= |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=1 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250906173522/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/allu-arjun-best-actor-pushpa-2-best-film-at-gama-awards-2025-1900816 |archive-date=6 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== [[South Scope|South Scope Lifestyle Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" |Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" |Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;" |Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" |Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2009
|''[[Parugu]]''
|Best Actor
|{{won}}
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Arya 2]]''
|Best Stylish Actor
|{{won}}
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Vedam (film)|Vedam]]''
|Best Actor
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2011 |title=58th Filmfare Awards 2010 (South): Winners' list |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/south-gossip/58th-filmfare-awards-2010-south-winners-list-18631/ |website=Bollywood Life}}</ref>
|}

== [[TV9 Telugu|TSR– TV9 National Film Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" |Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" |Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;" |Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" |Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2015
|''[[Race Gurram]]''
| rowspan="2" |Best Hero
|{{won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|''[[S/O Satyamurthy]]''
|{{won}}
|
|-
|[[Rudhramadevi (film)|''Rudhramadevi'']]
|Best Outstanding Performance
|{{won}}
|
|}

== [[Zee Cine Awards Telugu]] ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" |Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" |Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;" |Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" |Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2017
|''[[DJ: Duvvada Jagannadham]]''
|Favorite Actor
|{{won}}
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of awards received by Indian actor|Allu Arjun]]

Shaheedi Park

2026-04-22T17:13:30Z

Ras: Starting A Stub!

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{short description|Open air museum in Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Shaheedi Park
| native_name = ''Śahīdī Pārka''
| native_name_lang = iso 15919
| logo =
| logo_caption = Logo of Shaheedi Park
| image = Shaheedi Park.jpg
| caption = Shaheedi Park from the outside
| map_type = India Delhi
| map_caption = Location of Shaheedi Park in Delhi
| former_name = Shaheed Bhagat Singh Park
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2023|08|09}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/delhi-now-you-can-book-waste-to-wonder-park-shaheedi-park-and-bharat-darshan-park-for-birthdays-corporate-gatherings/articleshow/112561577.cms?from=mdr|title=Delhi: Now you can book Waste to Wonder Park, Shaheedi Park, and Bharat Darshan Park, for birthdays & corporate gatherings|date=16 August 2024}}</ref>
| location = [[Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg]], [[Central Delhi]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|28|38|03.7|N|77|14|0.8|E}}
| type = [[Biographical museum]]
| key_holdings = Establishment site of [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]] by [[Bhagat Singh]]
| collections = [[Upcycling]]
| collection_size = 106
| founder = [[Vinai Kumar Saxena]] [[Arvind Kejriwal]]
| owner = [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]]
| publictransit = [[ITO metro station]]
| parking = Service lane
| car_park = Yes
}}
'''Shaheedi Park''' ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]: {{IAST|Śahīdī Pārka}}, {{Translation|Martyrdom Park|literal=Martyrdom Park|i=no}}) is an outdoor museum park located on [[Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg]] in [[Delhi]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Sheenu |date=2023-08-10 |title=Shaheedi Park, India's first outdoor museum, opens in Delhi: Know ticket prices and how to reach there |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/delhi/shaheedi-park-delhi-india-first-outdoor-museum-waste-to-art-theme-ticket-price-location-nearest-metro-station-cm-arvind-kejriwal-mcd-rulers-artefacts-2023-08-10-885864 |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref> Covering an area of {{Convert|4.5|acre|m2}},<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-28 |title=15 अगस्त के दिन दिल्ली के इस पार्क में अवश्य जाइये, दिल बोलेगा- जय हिंद... |url=https://www.haribhoomi.com/webstory/state-local/delhi/visit-shaheedi-park-in-delhi-on-15th-august-pay-tribute-to-freedom-fighters-know-its-specialty-38554 |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=www.haribhoomi.com |language=hi}}</ref> displaying [[sculpture]]s, [[memorial]]s and installations that portray prominent figures and historical eras from Indian history.<ref>{{Cite web |title=इस पार्क में टूरिस्ट देख सकते हैं कबाड़ से बनी मूर्तियां, 4.5 एकड़ में है फैला, एंट्री फीस 100 रुपये |url=https://www.india.com/hindi-news/travel/tourists-can-see-sculptures-made-of-junk-in-this-park-spread-over-4-5-acres-shaheedi-park-delhi-6215679/ |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=www.india.com |language=hi}}</ref> The park was developed by the [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]] (MCD) as a part of its ''Waste to Art'' initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi LG Saxena, CM Kejriwal inaugurate Shaheedi Park, India's first outdoor Waste to Art museum |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/delhi-lg-saxena-cm-kejriwal-inaugurate-shaheedi-park-indias-first-outdoor-waste-to-art-museum20230808225238/ |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

The collections of the museum have been made using various parts such as old trucks, cars, electricity poles, pipes, angle irons and rickshaws collected by the MCD. It is the first outdoor museum of India,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=India gets its first outdoor museum, Shaheedi Park, in Delhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/india-gets-its-first-outdoor-museum-shaheedi-park-in-delhi/articleshow/102649630.cms |access-date=2025-03-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and the third ''Waste to Art'' park of Delhi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Shahidi Park in Delhi: अपने बच्चों को कराएं इस पार्क की सैर, मिलेगी भारत के गौरवशाली इतिहास की झलक |url=https://www.gnttv.com/india/story/shahidi-park-in-delhi-is-open-for-common-people-with-ticket-parents-can-visit-with-kids-628827-2023-08-09 |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=Good News Today |language=hi}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Statue of Bharat Mata.jpg|left|thumb|Statue of [[Bharat Mata]] in the middle of the park.]]
Shaheedi Park was inaugurated by the [[List of lieutenant governors of Delhi|lieutenant governor of Delhi]], [[Vinai Kumar Saxena]], and the [[List of chief ministers of Delhi|chief minister of Delhi]], [[Arvind Kejriwal]], on a land of {{Convert|4.5|acre|ha}}.<ref name=":0" /> The project was estimated to be at around a cost of {{INRConvert|16.5|c|lk=c|year=2023}}. The park was planned to be opened to the public to [[Martyrs' Day (India)#23 March|commemorate the death anniversary of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Paras |date=4 February 2023 |title=Shaheedi Park at ITO to open by March 23 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/shaheedi-park-at-ito-to-open-by-march-23-101675449691823.html |access-date=18 March 2025 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

On the inauguration of the park, Kejriwal stated, "all of us together have to make our Delhi clean as well. The MCD is launching many projects to make Delhi clean. We hope to see the results soon." A film was also screened on the day of the inauguration, during which the [[List of Mayors of Delhi|mayor of Delhi]], [[Shelly Oberoi]] and the deputy mayor [[Aaley Mohammad Iqbal]] were also present. Later, Kejriwal also stated that visiting the park should be made compulsory for all the schools in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Sheenu |date=2023-08-10 |title=Shaheedi Park, India's first outdoor museum, opens in Delhi: Know ticket prices and how to reach there |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/delhi/shaheedi-park-delhi-india-first-outdoor-museum-waste-to-art-theme-ticket-price-location-nearest-metro-station-cm-arvind-kejriwal-mcd-rulers-artefacts-2023-08-10-885864 |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>

In the first month of its inauguration, the park received only 4,500 visitors, generating a mere {{INRConvert|3.37|l|lk=l|year=2023}} of revenue. This poor reception was attributed to it being an open air museum, discouraging tourists from visiting the park in the summer. Moreover, the location of the park being close to the busy [[Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg]] road and its small size also contributed to the lack of appeal to visit the museum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shaheedi Park Delhi: दिल्लीवासियों को रास नहीं आ रहा शहीदी पार्क के बना 'ओपन म्यूजियम', जानिए क्यों कम आ रहे लोग? |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/delhi/other-news/delhi-people-are-not-coming-to-the-open-museum-of-shaheedi-park-know-what-the-reason/articleshow/103622354.cms?story=5 |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> Even after 2.5 months of the inauguration, the park only received 10,000 visitors. The expensive tickets were also believed to be one of the reasons behind the poor response.<ref>{{Cite web |last=दिल्ली |first=अभिषेक नयन |date=2023-10-28 |title=दिल्ली: शहीदी पार्क में उम्मीद के मुताबिक नहीं पहुंच रहे लोग, अब MCD का प्लान जान हो जाएंगे खुश |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/delhi-ncr/delhi-shaheedi-park-visitors-are-not-reaching-museum-as-expected-mcd-plan-to-reduce-ticket-price-ann-2524122 |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>

On 19 November 2023, to increase the footfall, the entrance fee for the park during weekdays was reduced from {{INRConvert|100}} to {{INRConvert|50}}, whereas the entry for children studying in schools managed by the [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]] was made free.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-19 |title=Shaheedi Park entrance fee cut by 50% |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/shaheedi-park-entrance-fee-cut-by-50/articleshow/105323361.cms |access-date=2025-03-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On 23 March 2024, upon the [[arrest of Arvind Kejriwal]], the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] called for a protest at Shaheedi Park. The park is located close to [[Deendayal Upadhyaya Marg]], near which the headquarter of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] is located. The party workers were stopped by the [[Delhi Police]] at ITO Chowk.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=Patriot |date=2024-03-23 |title=Security beefed up in central Delhi amid AAP call for protest at Shaheedi Park |url=https://thepatriot.in/delhi-ncr/security-beefed-up-in-central-delhi-amid-aap-call-for-protest-at-shaheedi-park-47102 |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=The Patriot |language=en-US}}</ref> The protest was also joined by the [[Indian National Congress]]. [[Bhagwant Mann]], the [[Chief Minister of Punjab (India)|chief minister of Punjab]], stated,<blockquote>"When the country became independent in 1947, we got the right to vote and began electing leaders for the country ourselves. But today, the souls of Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev must be agonizing to see that the democracy for which sacrifices were made is no longer alive in that country."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Anup |date=2024-03-24 |title=AAP keeps protest alive on Delhi streets |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2024/Mar/24/aap-keeps-protest-alive-on-delhi-streets |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>

== Exhibits ==
The sculptures in the park were designed by 10 [[artist]]s and 700 [[artisan]]s over a period of six months. It was reported that 250 tonnes of [[scrap]] was recycled to create these sculptures.<ref name=":0" /> The park displays the sculptures and information on many [[martyr]]s, [[Rishi|sages]] and [[freedom fighters of India]].<ref name=":2" /> These include notable leaders from the [[Golden Age of India|golden age of India]], the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the [[Maratha Confederacy]], the [[Indian independence movement]], [[Social reformers of India]], the [[Swadeshi movement]] and the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] among others.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2023-08-08 |title=Open Museum Park: 15 करोड़ की लागत से बनी शहीदी पार्क का हुआ उद्घाटन, ये हैं विशेषताएं |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/delhi/state/new-delhi/shaheedi-park-built-at-cost-of-15-crores-inaugurated-in-delhi-these-are-features/dl20230808205842784784372 |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref> In the centre of the park, a statue of [[Bharat Mata]] has been installed, holding the [[flag of India]]. Out of all the sculptures made in the park, 22 of them are 3D while the rest are 2D.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-09 |title=कबाड़ से बनी शहीदों की मूर्तियां, घूम आइए दिल्ली का ये म्यूजियम |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/webstories/india/cm-kejriwal-and-lieutenant-governor-of-delhi-inaugurates-new-shaheed-park |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Museums in Delhi}}{{Delhi landmarks}}{{Delhi}}
[[Category:Central Delhi district]]
[[Category:Parks in India]]
[[Category:Museums in India]]

Deoli, Delhi Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:25:44Z

Ras: info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Delhi legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Deoli
| mla = [[Prem Chauhan]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| established = 2008
| state = [[Delhi]]
| district = [[South Delhi]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = SC
| constituency_no = 47
}}
'''Deoli Assembly constituency''' is one of the 70 [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of the [[National Capital Territory]] in northern India.

==Overview==
Present geographical structure of Deoli constituency came into existence in 2008 as a part of the implementation of the recommendations of the Delimitation Commission of India constituted in 2002.<ref name="eci1">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=549}}</ref>
Deoli is part of [[South Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Delhi Lok Sabha constituency]] along with nine other Assembly segments, namely, [[Bijwasan (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Bijwasan]], [[Sangam Vihar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Sangam Vihar]], [[Ambedkar Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Ambedkar Nagar]], [[Chhatarpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Chhatarpur]], [[Kalkaji (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Kalkaji]], [[Tughlakabad (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Tughlakabad]], [[Palam (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Palam]], [[Badarpur, Delhi Assembly constituency|Badarpur]] and [[Mehrauli (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Mehrauli]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Arvinder Singh Lovely (Deoli MLA)|Arvinder Singh Lovely]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Prakash Jarwal]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
| [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
| [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Prem Chauhan]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2025"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]: Deoli<ref name="Deoli Constituency Election Results 2025">{{cite news |title=Deoli Constituency Election Results 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/deoli |access-date=20 March 2025 |work=The Times of India |publisher=20 March 2025 |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320073010/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/deoli |archive-date=20 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Deoli">{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Deoli |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0547.htm |access-date=20 March 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320072857/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0547.htm |archive-date=20 March 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = Prem Kumar Chauhan
| votes = 86,889
| percentage = 55.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)
| candidate = Deepak Tanwar
| votes = 50,209
| percentage = 31.83
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Rajesh Chauhan
| votes = 12,211
| percentage = 7.74
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Asmita
| votes = 2,581
| percentage = 1.64
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 36,680
| percentage = 13.26
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,57,734
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2025"/>

=== 2020 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2020]]: Deoli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Prakash Jarwal]]
| votes = 92,575
| percentage = 61.59
| change = -9.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Arvind Kumar
| votes = 52,402
| percentage = 34.86
| change = +11.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Arvinder Singh Lovely (Deoli MLA)|Arvinder Singh Lovely]]
| votes = 2,711
| percentage = 1.80
| change = -1.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Ravi Kumar
| votes = 620
| percentage = 0.61
| change = -0.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the Above
| candidate = None of the Above
| votes = 703
| percentage = 0.47
| change = +0.10
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 40,173
| percentage = 26.73
| change = -20.04
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,50,388
| percentage = 63.53
| change = -4.06
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing = -9.02
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2015 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2015"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: Deoli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Prakash Jarwal]]
| votes = 96,530
| percentage = 70.61
| change = +26.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Arvind Kumar
| votes = 32,593
| percentage = 23.84
| change = -5.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Rajesh Chauhan
| votes = 4,968
| percentage = 3.63
| change = -17.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Dalchand Kapil
| votes = 1,569
| percentage = 1.15
| change = -2.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the above]]
| votes = 502
| percentage = 0.37
| change = -0.34
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 63,937
| percentage = 46.77
| change = +32.31
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,36,721
| percentage = 67.59
| change = +15.55
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing = +26.96
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2015"/>

=== 2013 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2013"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: Deoli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Prakash Jarwal]]
| votes = 51,646
| percentage = 43.65
| change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Gagan Rana
| votes = 34,538
| percentage = 29.19
| change = +5.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Arvinder Singh Lovely (Deoli MLA)|Arvinder Singh Lovely]]
| votes = 26,140
| percentage = 22.09
| change = -21.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Kishor Kumar Rajora
| votes = 4,419
| percentage = 3.73
| change = -22.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 838
| percentage = 0.71
| change = New
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 17,108
| percentage = 14.46
| change = -2.93
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,18,364
| percentage = 64.22
| change = +23.80
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing = +43.65
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2013"/>

=== 2008 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2008"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2008]]: Deoli<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/stats_DL_2008.pdf 2008 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Arvinder Singh Lovely (Deoli MLA)|Arvinder Singh Lovely]]
| votes = 41,497
| percentage = 43.41
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Shri Lal
| votes = 24,869
| percentage = 26.02
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Bhim Singh
| votes = 22,661
| percentage = 23.71
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Lok Jan Shakti Party
| candidate = Dal Chand Kapil
| votes = 4,758
| percentage = 4.98
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
| party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
| candidate = Rakesh Kumar
| votes = 1,244
| percentage = 1.30
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 16,628
| percentage = 17.39
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 95,587
| percentage = 56.40
| change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
[[Deoli, Delhi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}
{{coords|28.502|77.230|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]
[[Category:South Delhi district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Thungathurthi Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:51:57Z

Ras: Starting Article!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Thungathurthi
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (96-Thungathurthi highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Thungathurthi Assembly constituency within Telangana
| mla = [[Mandula Samuel]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = 2023
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Suryapet district|Suryapet]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = SC
| electors = 2,35,349
| incumbent_image =
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 96
| loksabha_cons = [[Bhongir Lok Sabha constituency|Bhongir]]
}}

'''Thungathurthi Assembly constituency''' is a SC ([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]])<ref name=loksabha>{{cite book |chapter= TABLE B - Parliamentary Constituencies |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher= The Election Commission of India |page=31}}</ref> reserved constituency of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is one of four constituencies in [[Suryapet district]]. It is 42 km far away from the district headquarters [[Suryapet]].

Mandula Samel of [[Indian National Congress]] is representing the constituency for the first time.

==Mandals==
The Thungathurthy Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following Mandals:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal !!Districts
|-
| [[Thungathurthi]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Suryapet district|Suryapet]]
|-
| [[Maddirala]]
|-
| [[Nagaram mandal|Nagaram]]
|-
| [[Thirumalagiri, Nalgonda district|Thirumalagiri]]
|-
| [[Noothankal]]
|-
| [[Jajireddigudem]]
|-
| [[Shaligowraram]]
| [[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]]
|-
| [[Mothkur]]
| rowspan=2|[[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district|Yadadri Bhuvanagiri]]
|-
| [[Addagudur]]
|}

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! MLA
! colspan="2" | Party
! class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 1967
| [[B. Narayana Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|
|-
| 1972
| [[Guruganti Venkat Narsaiah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|
|-
| 1978
| [[Mallu Swarajyam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|
|-
| 1983
| Mallu Swarajyam
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|
|-
| 1985
| [[Ramreddy Damodar Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| 1989
| [[Ramreddy Damodar Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| 1994
| [[Ramreddy Damodar Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|
|-
| 1999
| [[Sankineni Venkateswar Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|
|-
| 2004
| [[Ramreddy Damodar Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|<ref>{{Cite news|date=3 June 2014|title=Plum posts for Nalgonda leaders|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/plum-posts-for-nalgonda-leaders/article6079377.ece|url-status=live|access-date=21 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120144503/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/plum-posts-for-nalgonda-leaders/article6079377.ece|archive-date=20 January 2022|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| 2009
| [[Mothukupalli Narsimhulu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|
|-
| 2014
| [[Gadari Kishore]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|
|-
| 2018
| [[Gadari Kishore]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|
|-
|2023
|[[Mandula Samuel]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|}

==Election results==
===2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Thungathurthi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Mandula Samuel
| votes =1,29,535
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[Gadari Kishore]]
| votes =78,441
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Kadiyam Ramachandraiah
| votes =4,412
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes =51,094
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes =2,25,170
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Thungathurthi<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9691-telangana-general-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Telangana General Legislative Election 2018 - Statistical Report |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 20 February 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[Gadari Kishore]]
| votes = 90,857
| percentage = 45.47%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Addanki Dayakar]]
| votes = 89,010
| percentage = 44.54%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Bade Anil
| votes = 3,729
| percentage =1.87%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Ramachandraiah Kadiyam
| votes = 3,222
| percentage = 1.61%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 1,392
| percentage = 0.70%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 1,847
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,99,822
| percentage =86.33%
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Thungathurthi<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2014/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[Gadari Kishore]]
| votes = 64,382
| percentage = 37.1%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Addanki Dayakar
| votes = 62,003
| percentage = 35.7%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = Palvai Rajani Kumari
| votes = 31,612
| percentage =18.2%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Palvai Venu
| votes =6,142
| percentage = 3.5%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 2,379
| percentage =1.4%)
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,74,462
| percentage =78.1%
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Thungathurthi]]
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{coord|17.41|79.59|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Suryapet district]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Atrauli Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:15:26Z

Ras: creating a info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Atrauli
| map_image = 73-Atrauli.svg
| mla = [[Sandeep Singh (politician)|Sandeep Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Aligarh district|Aligarh]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 4,04,658 (2022)
| type = SLA
| loksabha_cons = [[Aligarh Lok Sabha constituency|Aligarh]]
| constituency_no = 73
}}

'''Atrauli Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Aligarh district|Aligarh]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Aligarh Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1952 after the "DPACO (1951)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1951.<ref name="DPACO (1951)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1951)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=5 November 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-51.pdf}}</ref> After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 73.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 5 November 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=5 November 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=5 November 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Atrauli Assembly constituency is KCs Atrauli, Dadon, Bijoli, PCs Gaonkhera, Ganiyawali, Jujharka, Gobli, Chendauli Buzurg, Bhavigarh, Koreh Raghupura, Fazalpur, Rehmapur, Gajipur, Tebthu, Madapur, Utara, Puraini Ismailpur of Barala KC & Atrauli MB of Atrauli Tehsil.<ref name=" Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 "/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1951 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Shriniwas<ref name="election1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3241-uttar-pradesh-1951/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1971 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=21 April 2023}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Nek Ram Sharma<ref name="election1957">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3242-uttar-pradesh-1957/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=21 April 2023}}</ref>
|-
| [[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Babu Singh<ref name="election1962">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3244-uttar-pradesh-1962/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=21 April 2023}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}
|-
| [[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<ref name="election1967">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3246-uttar-pradesh-1967/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=27 October 2024}}</ref>
| rowspan="4"| [[Kalyan Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<ref name="election1969">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3247-uttar-pradesh-1969/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1969 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=27 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]<ref name="election1974">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3249-uttar-pradesh-1974/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1974 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<ref name="election1977">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3253-uttar-pradesh-1977/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Anwar Khan<ref name="election1980">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3254-uttar-pradesh-1980/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<ref name="election1985">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3255-uttar-pradesh-1985/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
| rowspan="6"| [[Kalyan Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<ref name="election1989">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3256-uttar-pradesh-1989/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<ref name="election1996">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3259-uttar-pradesh-1996/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=18 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<ref name="election2002">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3260-uttar-pradesh-2002/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Kranti Party}}
|-
| 2004^
| rowspan="2"| Prem Lata Devi
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<ref name="election2007">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3261-uttar-pradesh-2007/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>
|-
| [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Viresh Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Sandeep Singh (politician)|Sandeep Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

^By Poll

== Election results ==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Atrauli<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sandeep Singh (politician)|Sandeep Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:125691}}
|percentage = 52.03
|change = {{increase}}2.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=Viresh Yadav|votes={{formatnum:86367}}|percentage=35.75|change={{increase}}8.05}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Omveer Singh|votes={{formatnum:23134}}|percentage=9.58|change={{decrease}}9.78}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|votes={{formatnum:1149}}|percentage=0.48|change={{decrease}}0.09}}
{{Election box majority|votes={{formatnum:39324}}|percentage=16.28|change={{decrease}}5.63}}
{{Election box turnout|votes={{formatnum:241581}}|percentage=60.02|change={{decrease}}0.78}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{up}}2.42
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|U. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: [[Atrauli]]<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sandeep Singh (politician)|Sandeep Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:115397}}
|percentage = 49.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Viresh Yadav]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:64430}}
|percentage = 27.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Iliyas Chaudhary
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:45041}}
|percentage = 19.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1325}}
|percentage = 0.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:50967}}
|percentage = 21.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:232591}}
|percentage = 60.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing = {{up}}22.98
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|U. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 2012]]: [[Atrauli]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Viresh Yadav]]
|votes = 54785
|percentage = 26.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Jan Kranti Party|JKP(R)]]
|candidate = Prem Lata Devi
|votes = 45,918
|percentage = 22.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Saqib
|votes = 42,436
|percentage = 20.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Bijendra Singh]]
|votes = 30,517
|percentage = 14.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rajesh Kumar Bhardwaj
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 22,671
|percentage = 11.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 8,867
|percentage = 4.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,05,699
|percentage = 62.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Aligarh district]]
*[[Aligarh Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Election results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Politics of Aligarh district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:Aligarh]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Jugraj Singh (field hockey, born 1996)

2026-04-13T06:14:57Z

Ras: starting new biography added tags

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = Jugraj Singh
| image = Jugraj Singh.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Singh in 2022
| full_name = 
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|12|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Attari]], [[Punjab, India]]<ref name="scroll"/>
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| height =
| weight =
| position = [[Defense (sports)|Defender]]
| currentclub =
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| youthyears2 =
| youthclubs2 =
| years1 = 2024–
| clubs1 = [[Rarh Bengal Tigers]]
| years2 =
| clubs2 =
| nationalyears1 = 2022–
| nationalteam1 = [[India men's national field hockey team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 = 97
| nationalgoals1 = 31
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]]|[[Hockey at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's tournament|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Men's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2025 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2025 Rajgir]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Men's Asian Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2023 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2023 Chennai]]|}}
{{MedalGold|[[2024 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2024 Hulunbuir]]|}}
}}
'''Jugraj Singh''' (born 11 December 1996<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Games 2022 (M) -teams |url=https://tms.fih.ch/competitions/1386/reports/teams}}</ref>) is an Indian [[field hockey]] player who plays as a [[Field hockey#Positions|defender]] for the [[India men's national field hockey team|Indian national team]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-14 |title=FIH Pro League: "Learnt a lot during these four matches in South Africa," says new drag-flicker Jugraj Singh |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/press-releases/fih-pro-league-learnt-a-lot-during-these-four-matches-in-south-africa-says-new-drag-flicker-jugraj-singh |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=Hockey India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |date=2022-07-21 |title=CWG 2022: After Tokyo high, India now 'target' historic gold at Birmingham |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/sports/cwg-2022-after-tokyo-high-india-now-target-historic-gold-at-birmingham-122072000753_1.html |access-date=2022-07-22}}</ref><ref name="scroll">{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |title=Hockey: Jugraj Singh, the new talent unearthed from the Indian team’s South African sojourn |url=https://scroll.in/field/1017359/hockey-jugraj-singh-the-new-talent-unearthed-from-the-indian-teams-south-african-sojourn |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-08 |title=New Jugraj reminds one of original |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/new-jugraj-reminds-one-of-original-7761389/ |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{FIH|26999}}
*[https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/jugraj-singh-profile-1340 Jugraj Singh] at [[Hockey India]]

{{India FH Squad 2022 Commonwealth Games}}
{{India FH Squad 2025 Asia Cup}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Jugraj}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian men's field hockey players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Men's field hockey defenders]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]

{{India-fieldhockey-bio-stub}}

Ahsan Muhammad Khan

2026-04-13T05:12:48Z

Ras: creating new post - done

{{short description|Indian field hockey player}}
{{other people|Ahsan Khan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Ahsan Muhammad Khan
| image =
| caption =
| fullname = 
| birth_date = {{birth-date|April 7, 1916}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = unknown
| death_place =
| headercolor = lightsteelblue
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport | Men's [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry | {{flag|British India|name=India}} }}
{{MedalOlympics}} [[File:Olympic rings.svg|center|80px]]
{{MedalGold| [[1936 Summer Olympics|1936 Berlin]] | [[Field hockey at the 1936 Summer Olympics|Team competition]]}}
}}

'''Ahsan Muhammad Khan''' (born April 7, 1916, date of death unknown) was an [[British India|Indian]] [[field hockey]] player who played as a halfback and competed in the [[1936 Summer Olympics]].

In the 1936 Olympic hockey tournament, he was a member of the gold-winning Indian field hockey team.

==External links==
* {{Olympedia}}
* {{databaseOlympics|KHANAHS01}}
* {{Sports reference}}

{{India FH Squad 1936 Summer Olympics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Ahsan}}
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Bhopal]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1936 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Indian men's field hockey players]]
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1936 Summer Olympics]]

{{India-Olympic-medalist-stub}}
{{India-fieldhockey-bio-stub}}

Wikipedia in India

2026-04-11T07:22:23Z

Ras:

{{Short description|none}}

'''Wikimedia in India''' refers to all the Wikipedia and Wikimedia projects which are of special interest to people in India or interested in topics relating to India.

==Content in languages of India==
Wikipedia has different versions for various languages in India. These language Wikipedia versions have their own culture and history of development.

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Assamese Wikipedia]]
*[[Bengali Wikipedia]]
*[[Bhojpuri Wikipedia]]
*[[Gujarati Wikipedia]]
*[[Hindi Wikipedia]]
*[[Kannada Wikipedia]]
*[[Kashmiri Wikipedia]]
*[[Konkani Wikipedia]]
*[[Malayalam Wikipedia]]
*[[Marathi Wikipedia]]
*[[Odia Wikipedia]]
*[[Punjabi Wikipedia]]
*[[Sanskrit Wikipedia]]
*[[Santali Wikipedia]]
*[[Tamil Wikipedia]]
*[[Telugu Wikipedia]]
*[[Tulu Wikipedia]]
*[[Sindhi Wikipedia]]
*[[Maithili Wikipedia]]
*[[Nepali Wikipedia]]
{{div col end}}

Hindi and English language versions are the most popular in India.<ref name="Sibal 2022">{{cite web |last1=Sibal |first1=Sidhant |title=EXCLUSIVE - Wikipedia founder sees enormous potential in India; brushes aside Elon Musk's criticism |url=https://www.wionews.com/science-technology/exclusive-wikipedia-founder-sees-enormous-potential-in-india-brushes-aside-elon-musks-criticism-509660 |website=wionews.com |publisher=[[WION]] |language=en |date=24 August 2022 |access-date=5 September 2022 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908144408/https://www.wionews.com/science-technology/exclusive-wikipedia-founder-sees-enormous-potential-in-india-brushes-aside-elon-musks-criticism-509660 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Wikimedia chapter in India organized the Wikimedia community to establish Santhali language Wikipedia in August 2018.<ref name="Bhattacharya August 2019">{{cite web |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Snigdhendu |title=Santhali becomes India's first tribal language to get own Wikipedia edition |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/santhali-becomes-india-s-first-tribal-language-to-get-own-wikipedia-edition/story-fUP5LRZI0lEBlVGNCjW5cK.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |date=9 August 2018 |access-date=1 September 2019 |archive-date=22 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222174300/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/santhali-becomes-india-s-first-tribal-language-to-get-own-wikipedia-edition/story-fUP5LRZI0lEBlVGNCjW5cK.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This was part of an effort to feature a tribal language.<ref name="Bhattacharya August 2019"/>

Google advises Wikipedia and suggests topics on which Wikimedia community volunteers should write articles, based on the most frequent Google search terms.<ref name=GenderGap>{{cite web |last1=S |first1=Ribhu |title=Can Wikipedia Overcome Gender Gap As It Looks To Translate Articles In Indian Languages? |url=https://inc42.com/features/can-wikipedia-overcome-gender-gap-as-it-looks-to-translate-articles-in-indian-languages/ |website=Inc42 Media |date=3 June 2019 |access-date=1 September 2019 |archive-date=1 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901211437/https://inc42.com/features/can-wikipedia-overcome-gender-gap-as-it-looks-to-translate-articles-in-indian-languages/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2019 the [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Ministry of Science and Technology]] expressed an intent to promote the development of Hindi language Wikipedia articles on sciences.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Koshy |first1=Jacob |title=Science Ministry to go on a Hindi Wikipedia blitz |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/science-ministry-to-go-on-a-hindi-wikipedia-blitz/article29402577.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=12 September 2019 |access-date=13 September 2019 |archive-date=12 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912184303/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/science-ministry-to-go-on-a-hindi-wikipedia-blitz/article29402577.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Health experts have collaborated with Wikipedia editors to share information about vaccines in local language.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Surya |first1=Jisha |title=Antidote for a stigma |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/antidote-for-a-stigma/ |website=Times of India Blog |date=22 October 2016 |access-date=21 February 2020 |archive-date=29 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129033724/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/antidote-for-a-stigma/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Readers of various languages have differing interests. For example, in 2019 "[[Shivaji]]" was the most popular article in Marathi Wikipedia,<ref name="Sukumar 2020">{{cite web |last1=Sukumar |first1=Tanay |title=Shivaji Maharaj top page on Marathi Wikipedia, Guru Granth Sahib on Punjabi |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/shivaji-maharaj-top-page-on-marathi-wikipedia-guru-granth-sahib-on-punjabi-11597460003374.html |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Livemint]] |language=en |date=15 August 2020 |access-date=2 September 2020 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907143626/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/shivaji-maharaj-top-page-on-marathi-wikipedia-guru-granth-sahib-on-punjabi-11597460003374.html |url-status=live }}</ref> "[[Guru Granth Sahib]]" was the most popular in Punjabi,<ref name="Sukumar 2020"/> and "[[vagina]]" was the most popular in Bhojpuri.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yadav |first1=Jyoti |title='Vagina' is top search on Bhojpuri Wikipedia, bringing vulgar songs back under scanner |url=https://theprint.in/india/vagina-is-top-search-on-bhojpuri-wikipedia-bringing-vulgar-songs-back-under-scanner/491405/ |website=[[ThePrint]] |date=29 August 2020 |access-date=2 September 2020 |archive-date=9 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009213045/https://theprint.in/india/vagina-is-top-search-on-bhojpuri-wikipedia-bringing-vulgar-songs-back-under-scanner/491405/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Wikipedia articles are sometimes the targets of political debate.<ref name="Benjakob">{{cite magazine |last1=Benjakob |first1=Omer |title=A vicious culture war is tearing through Wikipedia |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/wikipedia-culture-war |magazine=Wired UK |date=5 November 2020 |access-date=6 November 2020 |archive-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220013912/https://www.wired.co.uk/article/wikipedia-culture-war |url-status=live }}</ref> Articles where there have been discussions and controversy include "[[2020 Delhi riots]]" and "[[Jai Shri Ram]]".<ref name="Benjakob"/>

==Wikimedia community organization in India==
[[WikiConference India]] is a Wikipedia conference first hosted in India in 2011.<ref name="ICA">{{cite web |url=http://indiacurrentaffairs.org/mumbai-to-host-first-wikiconference-in-india/ |title=Mumbai to host first WikiConference in India |author=IANS |date=9 November 2011 |publisher=India Current Affairs |access-date=15 November 2011 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226132615/http://indiacurrentaffairs.org/mumbai-to-host-first-wikiconference-in-india/%20 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2004 Wikimedia editors in India began planning a regional organization, Wikimedia India.<ref name="Gautam 2011">{{cite book |last1=Gautam |first1=John |editor1-last=Lovink |editor1-first=Geert |editor1-link=Geert Lovink |editor2-last=Tkacz |editor2-first=Nathaniel |editor2-link=Nathaniel Tkacz |title=Critical point of view : a Wikipedia reader |url=https://networkcultures.org/blog/publication/critical-point-of-view-a-wikipedia-reader/ |date=2011 |publisher=Institute of Network Cultures |isbn=978-90-78146-13-1 |pages=283–287 |chapter=Wikipedia in India: Past, Present, Future}}</ref> Organizers drafted by-laws in 2007, and in 2008 convened meetings with the assistance of the [[Centre for Internet and Society (India)|Centre for Internet and Society]].<ref name="Gautam 2011"/> The organization was founded in July 2009 as the 29th Wikimedia chapter.<ref name="Gautam 2011"/>

A magazine editor named Sangram Keshari Senapati was praised for his development of Odia Wikipedia.<ref name="Odisha Diary 2019">{{cite web |author1=Odadmin |title=Odia guy made a record by writing articles on Wikipedia |url=https://orissadiary.com/odia-guy-made-record-writing-articles-wikipedia/ |website=Odisha Diary |date=25 August 2019 |access-date=1 September 2019 |archive-date=1 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901212206/https://orissadiary.com/odia-guy-made-record-writing-articles-wikipedia/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sangram sets world record |url=https://www.orissapost.com/sangram-sets-world-record/ |access-date=20 February 2023 |work=OrissaPost |date=30 July 2019 |location=Bhadrak |language=English |archive-date=1 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001184606/https://www.orissapost.com/sangram-sets-world-record/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Wikipedia in Education Programme (WEP) started in 2013 at various colleges.<ref name="Sadu 2020">{{cite web |last1=Sadu |first1=Charan |title=Building Wikipedia, in Kannada and Tulu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/building-wikipedia-in-kannada-and-tulu/articleshow/77959721.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |date=6 September 2020 |access-date=6 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517101129/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/building-wikipedia-in-kannada-and-tulu/articleshow/77959721.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2011, students at colleges and universities in Pune were recognized for participating in a Wikipedia education project.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Arya |first1=Aayush |title=Students in Pune, India to edit Wikipedia as part of college course |url=https://thenextweb.com/in/2011/08/22/students-in-pune-india-to-edit-wikipedia-as-part-of-college-course/ |website=The Next Web |language=en-us |date=22 August 2011 |access-date=13 September 2019 |archive-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926162732/https://thenextweb.com/in/2011/08/22/students-in-pune-india-to-edit-wikipedia-as-part-of-college-course/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=College of Engineering Pune students to co-author Wikipedia-India |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/academy/report-college-of-engineering-pune-students-to-co-author-wikipedia-india-1578420 |language=en |date=22 August 2011 |access-date=13 September 2019 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907143628/https://www.dnaindia.com/education/report-college-of-engineering-pune-students-to-co-author-wikipedia-india-1578420 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2020, participants in the WEP were developing content in [[Tulu language|Tulu]].<ref name="Sadu 2020"/>

In 2020, the volunteer Wikipedia community had been funding the majority of Wiki community activities in India.<ref name="Sadu 2020"/>

The [[Karavali]] Wikimedia community described that they edit among English, [[Kannada Wikipedia|Kannada]], the Tulu, and the [[Konkani Wikipedia]] language versions.<ref name="Hindu 2021">{{cite web |title='Write for Wikipedia with India focus' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/write-for-wikipedia-with-india-focus/article33648068.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |date=24 January 2021 |access-date=25 January 2021 |archive-date=24 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124211756/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/write-for-wikipedia-with-india-focus/article33648068.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> They edit on topics including health and women's interest.<ref name="Hindu 2021"/>

==Wikimedia Foundation engagement in India==
[[File:Wikipedia - Ektara (English subtitles).webm|thumb|right|''Ektara'', a 2018 Wikimedia Foundation, Hindi language, mass media advertisement<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gill |first1=Satdeep |last2=McCune |first2=Zach |title=How we're building awareness of Wikipedia in India – Wikimedia Blog |url=https://blog.wikimedia.org/2018/04/03/building-awareness-wikipedia-india/ |language=en |date=3 April 2018 |access-date=1 September 2019 |archive-date=1 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901211005/https://blog.wikimedia.org/2018/04/03/building-awareness-wikipedia-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

Google sponsored Project Tiger, which was a program to develop Wikipedia content in languages of India.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Matsakis |first1=Louise |title=Google Gives Wikimedia Millions—Plus Machine Learning Tools |url=https://www.wired.com/story/google-wikipedia-machine-learning-glow-languages/ |magazine=Wired |date=22 January 2019 |access-date=1 September 2019 |archive-date=9 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909025711/https://www.wired.com/story/google-wikipedia-machine-learning-glow-languages/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=GenderGap /> Google provided Chromebooks, while the Wikimedia Foundation offers stipends for an internet connection.<ref name=GenderGap /> Some volunteers balked at the list of subjects provided by Google – mostly topics trending on Google, which some volunteers found irrelevant.<ref name=GenderGap /> Later, a local list was provided.<ref name=GenderGap />

The Wikimedia Foundation runs fundraising campaigns asking Indian people to donate.<ref>{{cite web |author1=DNA Web Team |title=Why Wikipedia - a million dollar company is asking users in India to donate? |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/world/report-why-wikipedia-a-million-dollar-company-is-asking-users-in-india-to-donate-2785845 |website=DNA India |language=en |date=29 August 2019 |access-date=1 September 2019 |archive-date=1 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901211525/https://www.dnaindia.com/world/report-why-wikipedia-a-million-dollar-company-is-asking-users-in-india-to-donate-2785845 |url-status=live }}</ref> One news source described that request for money as awkwardly emotional.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wikipedia is Asking Indian Users to Contribute Money in Awkwardly Emotional Pitch |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/wikipedia-is-asking-indian-users-to-contribute-money-in-awkwardly-emotional-pitch-2288139.html |website=News18 |language=en |date=28 August 2019 |access-date=1 September 2019 |archive-date=29 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829181012/https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/wikipedia-is-asking-indian-users-to-contribute-money-in-awkwardly-emotional-pitch-2288139.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2011 the Wikimedia Foundation opened a branch office in India.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Raval |first1=Noopur |editor1-last=Fotopoulou |editor1-first=Aristea |editor2-last=O’Riordan |editor2-first=Kate |editor3-last=Juhasz |editor3-first=Alex |title=The Encyclopedia Must Fail! – Notes on Queering Wikipedia |journal=Ada: A Journal of Gender, New Media, and Technology |date=July 2014 |issue=5 |doi=10.7264/N37W69GC |doi-broken-date=10 November 2025 |url=https://adanewmedia.org/2014/07/issue5-raval/ |issn=2325-0496 |access-date=2019-09-13 |archive-date=2019-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014030644/https://adanewmedia.org/2014/07/issue5-raval/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> One of the goals of establishing an office there was to increase regional fundraising.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Linsell |first1=Katie |title=Wikipedia India Office Will Help Boost Fundraising, Founder Says |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-11-02/wikipedia-india-office-will-help-boost-fundraising-founder-says |website=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]] |date=November 2, 2011 |access-date=2019-09-13 |archive-date=2016-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316203249/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-11-02/wikipedia-india-office-will-help-boost-fundraising-founder-says |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sajan |first1=Kiran Tom |title=Shiju Alex in Wikipedia India core team |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/kochi/shiju-alex-wikipedia-india-core-team-638 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217045121/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/kochi/shiju-alex-wikipedia-india-core-team-638 |archivedate=17 December 2011 |date=10 October 2011}}</ref>

==Indian government, courts, and Wikipedia==
{{See also|Censorship of Wikipedia|Internet censorship in India|Litigation involving the Wikimedia Foundation}}
[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Devendra Fadnavis meeting the Union Minister for Finance, Corporate Affairs and Defence, Shri Arun Jaitley, in New Delhi on March 17, 2017 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Devendra Fadnavis]], [[chief minister of Maharashtra]], complained about Wikipedia's coverage of [[Sambhaji]] in 2025.]]
In 2020, the government of India issued an order to Wikipedia to remove certain maps of India's borders, threatening to block the platform in the country, although that map was in sync with the [[United Nations]] and internationally recognised borders.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=3 December 2020 |title=Govt orders Wikipedia to remove link showing incorrect map of India, says sources |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/govt-orders-wikipedia-to-remove-link-showing-incorrect-map-of-india-sources/article33238465.ece |access-date=12 October 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dovel |first=Pankaj |date=2 December 2020 |title=Govt warns Wikipedia of action over link showing 'wrong map' of J&K |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/govt-warns-wikipedia-of-action-over-link-showing-wrong-map-of-jk/articleshow/79534295.cms |access-date=12 October 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-04 |title=File:United Nations (Member States and Territories).svg - Wikimedia Commons |url=https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:United_Nations_(Member_States_and_Territories).svg#mw-jump-to-license |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=commons.wikimedia.org |language=en}}</ref>

The Indian government regulates websites including Wikipedia with the [[Information Technology Rules, 2021]].<ref name="Sheth 2020">{{cite web |last1=Sheth |first1=Hemani |title=Indian users may lose access to Wikipedia in light of new internet rules: Report |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/indian-users-may-lose-access-to-wikipedia-in-light-of-new-internet-rules-report/article30919897.ece |website=[[Business Line]] |language=en |date=26 February 2020 |access-date=28 February 2020 |archive-date=27 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227164415/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/indian-users-may-lose-access-to-wikipedia-in-light-of-new-internet-rules-report/article30919897.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Dash |first1=Sanchita |title=Wikipedia says it may not be accessible in India if government pushes through new internet rules |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/news/wikipedia-might-not-be-accessible-to-india-if-the-government-goes-ahead-with-its-proposed-internet-rules/articleshow/74295224.cms |website=[[Business Insider]] |publisher=[[Insider Inc.]] |date=25 February 2020 |access-date=28 February 2020 |archive-date=27 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227094922/https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/news/wikipedia-might-not-be-accessible-to-india-if-the-government-goes-ahead-with-its-proposed-internet-rules/articleshow/74295224.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> As those rules were being drafted in 2020, some news sources speculated that Wikipedia was not in compliance with those rules.<ref name="Sheth 2020"/>

Author [[Tuhin Sinha]] sued the WMF regarding the deletion of the English Wikipedia article about him in 2022. He said the suit was "a fight against the Western [[deep state]]."<ref name="diplomat">{{cite news |last1=Hunt |first1=Pete |title=Will Indian Courts Tame Wikipedia? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2024/09/will-indian-courts-tame-wikipedia/ |access-date=16 October 2024 |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |date=23 September 2024}}</ref> In 2022, India's [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] dismissed defamation suits by the [[Ayurvedic Medicine Manufacturers Organisation of India]] against Wikipedia.<ref name="Khan-2024">{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Khadija |date=10 July 2024 |title=Why has ANI slapped a defamation case against Wikipedia? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/why-has-ani-slapped-a-defamation-case-against-wikipedia-9443391/ |access-date=10 October 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

In July 2024, [[Asian News International]] filed the lawsuit ''[[Asian News International vs. Wikimedia Foundation]]'' in the [[Delhi High Court]] with an accusation of defamation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-05 |title=Delhi High Court cautions Wikipedia for non-compliance of order |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-high-court-cautions-wikipedia-for-non-compliance-of-order/article68610761.ece |access-date=2024-09-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914011253/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-high-court-cautions-wikipedia-for-non-compliance-of-order/article68610761.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Asian News International vs. Wikimedia Foundation'' opened in [[Delhi High Court]] in August 2024<ref name="The Hindu 12 July 2024">{{cite news |last1=Deep |first1=Aroon |title=Content determined by volunteer editors, says Wikipedia parent |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/wikipedia-parent-responds-ani-defamation-suit-says-content-by-volunteer-editors/article68395472.ece |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=12 July 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="The Diplomat 23 September 2024">{{cite news |last1=Hunt |first1=Pete |title=Will Indian Courts Tame Wikipedia? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2024/09/will-indian-courts-tame-wikipedia/ |access-date=22 September 2024 |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |date=23 September 2024}}</ref> with WMF being cited for contempt of court in September and ordered back to court in October.<ref name=":22">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-09-05 |title=Delhi High Court cautions Wikipedia for non-compliance of order |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-high-court-cautions-wikipedia-for-non-compliance-of-order/article68610761.ece |access-date=2024-10-10 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> From 21 October 2024 to 9 May 2025, the Wikimedia Foundation suspended access to the article on the court case due to an order from the court.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Deep |first=Aroon |date=2024-10-21 |title=Wikipedia suspends page on the ongoing defamation lawsuit filed by ANI against Wikimedia Foundation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/wikipedia-suspends-access-to-ani-defamation-case-page-following-delhi-hc-order/article68778075.ece |access-date=2024-10-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chaturvedi |first1=Arpan |title=India Supreme Court reverses content takedown order against Wikipedia operator |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-supreme-court-reverses-content-takedown-order-against-wikipedia-operator-2025-05-09/ |access-date=10 May 2025 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=9 May 2025}}</ref>

In September 2024, the [[Supreme Court of India]] ordered Wikipedia to remove the name of the victim in the Wikipedia article about the [[2024 Kolkata rape and murder incident]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kamble |first1=Manasi |title=Kolkata Rape-Murder Case: Supreme Court Orders Wikipedia To Remove Victim's Name And Photos, |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/kolkata-rape-murder-case-supreme-court-orders-wikipedia-to-remove-victims-name-and-photos |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |date=17 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

In February 2025, [[Devendra Fadnavis]], [[chief minister of Maharashtra]], complained about what he considered objectionable content in Wikipedia's article about [[Sambhaji]], the 17th century second king of the [[Maratha Empire]]. He said "The Constitution grants freedom of speech, but it is not limitless and cannot infringe on others' rights. When obscenity crosses all boundaries, taking action becomes necessary."<ref name="The Hindu 18 February 2025">{{cite news |last1=Sah |first1=Purnima |title=Remove objectional reference about Sambhaji Maharaj from Wikipedia: Fadnavis |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/fadnavis-asks-police-to-contact-wikipedia-over-objectionable-writing-about-sambhaji-maharaj/article69233656.ece |access-date=21 February 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=18 February 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Deccan Herald 18 February 2025">{{cite news |last1=Bose |first1=Mrityunjay |title=Remove derogatory and objectionable reference from Wikipedia about Sambhaji Maharaj: Fadnavis |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/remove-derogatory-and-objectionable-reference-from-wikipedia-about-sambhaji-maharaj-fadnavis-3410917 |access-date=21 February 2025 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=18 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="MediaNama 19 February 2025">{{cite news |last1=Parasnis |first1=Sharveya |title=Maharashtra Government vs. Wikipedia: What's Next? |url=https://www.medianama.com/2025/02/223-sambhaji-maharaj-wikipedia-controversy-devendra-fadnavis-wikipedia-action/ |access-date=21 February 2025 |work=[[MediaNama]] |date=19 February 2025}}</ref> Directed by Fadnavis, the [[Cyber Crime Investigation Cell|Maharashtra cyber police]] filed a [[first information report]] (FIR) against a Wikipedian.<ref>{{cite news |title=FIR against person who made 'derogatory edits' to Chhatrapati Sambhaji profile on Wikipedia |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/fir-filed-derogatory-edits-chhatrapati-sambhaji-wikipedia-profile-9849244/ |access-date=22 February 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=22 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref> In April, the cyber police asked the government of India to block Wikipedia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maharashtra Cyber urges Centre to block Wikipedia, Proton Mail |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/maharashtra-cyber-urges-centre-to-block-wikipedia-proton-mail-101744399169955.html |access-date=12 April 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=12 April 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Wikipedia}}

[[Category:Wikipedia in India|*]]
[[Category:Wikipedia controversies]]

J. S. Titiyal

2026-03-29T06:10:24Z

Ras: starting basic page and citations

{{Short description|Indian ophthalmologist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dr. Jeewan Singh Titiyal
| honorific_prefix = [[Padma Shri]]
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Tidang, [[Pithoragarh district|Pithoragarh]], [[Uttarakhand]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Ophthalmologist
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| alma_mater = [[AIIMS Delhi]] ([[MBBS]], [[MS]])
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}'''Jeewan Singh Titiyal ''' is an Indian [[ophthalmologist]], credited with the first live [[cornea transplant]] surgery by an Indian doctor.<ref name="The Tribune">{{cite web | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140128/dun.htm#11 | title=The Tribune | date=27 January 2014 | access-date=11 September 2014}}</ref> He was honoured by the [[Government of India]], in 2014, by bestowing on him the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award, for his services to the field of medicine.<ref name="Padma">{{cite web|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102735 |title=Padma Awards Announced |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |work=Circular |date=25 January 2014 |access-date=23 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222101141/http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102735 |archive-date=February 22, 2014 }}</ref> He currently serves as the President of [[AIIMS Rajkot]].

==Biography==
[[File:A human eye 1 day after a cornea transplant.jpg|thumb|245px|Cornea transplant one day after surgery.]]
{{quotebox|align = right|width=21em|''Titiyal is the first Indian eye surgeon who conducted live cornea transplantation at American Academy two years ago and got international fame,'', said Dr. Govind, in 2014.<ref name="The Tribune" />}}
[[File:IntacsAfterInsertion.jpg|thumb|245px|A pair of Intacs after insertion into the cornea]]
Jeewan Singh Titiyal was born at Tidang, a small village in [[Dharchula]], [[Pithoragarh district]], along the Indo-Nepalese border in [[Uttarakhand]] state in India and did his early schooling at a local school in Dharchula.<ref name="The Tribune" /> Choosing a career in medicine, Titiyal graduated from [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]] and did his higher studies in ophthalmology from Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences at [[AIIMS]]. He completed his senior residency in cornea and refractive unit from the same institute.<ref name="Professor of Ophthalmology">{{cite web | url=http://www.aiims.edu/aiims/departments/spcenter/RPC/jstitiyal/welcome.html | title=Professor of Ophthalmology | publisher=AIIMS | date=2014 | access-date=10 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="Sehat">{{cite web | url=http://www.sehat.com/doctors-in-delhi/dr-jeewan-singh-titiyal/190963/1/ | title=Sehat | publisher=Sehat.com | date=2014 | access-date=11 September 2014}}</ref> Dr. Titiyal, on completion of his senior residency, joined the faculty of Dr. RP Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences itself, January 1991, to kick start his career and has been working there ever since. Rising up the ranks, he is now a Professor there, head of unit in the cornea and refractive surgery division.<ref name="The Tribune" /><ref name="Professor of Ophthalmology" />

Titiyal's sibling, Dr. Govind Singh Titiyal, is also an ophthalmologist and Professor, serving as the principal of [[Government Medical College, Haldwani]].<ref name="The Tribune" />

==Achievements and legacy==
J. S. Titiyal, as a specialist in [[Keratoplasty]], Refractive surgery, [[Stem Cell]] transplantation, [[Contact lens]], Low Vision Aid and Cataract including [[Phacoemulsification]] and Pediatric cataract,<ref name="Professor of Ophthalmology" /><ref name="Sehat" /> has several notable achievements during his career. He is reported to have performed the first ''live cornea transplantation surgery'' among Indian surgeons.<ref name="The Tribune" /> He is credited with the first [[Intacs]] procedure for complex corneal problems.<ref name="Intacs">{{cite web | url=http://www.gettyimages.in/detail/news-photo/dr-js-titiyal-senior-ophthalmologist-aiims-who-first-news-photo/90524268 | title=Intacs | publisher=Getty Images | date=2014 | access-date=12 September 2014}}</ref> He has done successful surgeries on many eminent personalities such as [[Dalai Lama]], [[Manmohan Singh]] (former [[Prime Minister of India]]), [[Sheila Dikshit]] (former [[Chief Minister of Delhi]]), [[Murali Manohar Joshi|Dr. Murali Manohar Joshi]] (former Union Minister) and [[Prakash Singh Badal]] (former [[Chief Minister of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister of Punjab]]), among others.<ref name="The Tribune" />

Titiyal delivered the first ''Dr. B. D. Joshi Oration on Therapeutic Contact Lenses'' in June 1999, organized by Vidarbha Ophthalmic Society.<ref name="Professor of Ophthalmology" /><ref name="JS Titiyal">{{cite web | url=http://vidwan.inflibnet.ac.in/searchr.php?id=20501 | title=JS Titiyal | publisher=Vidwan | date=2014 | access-date=11 September 2014}}</ref> He has organized three international conferences on ophthalmology, the most notable one being the [[Orbis International]], at New Delhi, in 1999.<ref name="Professor of Ophthalmology" /> He regularly takes part in national and international conferences to give lectures and live surgical demonstrations.<ref name="Professor of Ophthalmology" /> He has conducted various free eye camps across the country such as:<ref name="Professor of Ophthalmology" /><ref name="Sehat" />

* IOL camp at Rewari, Haryana
* Mega Eye Camp at Odisha in October 1998
* Eye Camp at [[Andaman and Nicobar]], in 1992
* Mega Eye Camp at [[Shillong]], in September 2003

In 2001, Titiyal conducted a training program, in Thiruvananthapuram, in September 2001, on invitation from the [[Government of Kerala]].<ref name="Sehat" /> He sits on the examination boards of various universities for their medical examinations and serves as the official advisor to the [[Union Public Service Commission]].<ref name="The Tribune" /><ref name="Professor of Ophthalmology" />

==Positions==
Dr. J. S. Titiyal has been associated with many organizations, working with them holding positions of responsibility.
* Officer in Charge - National Eye Bank, India<ref name="Eye Bank">{{cite web | url=http://viewpoints.sightlife.org/global/article/dr_j.s._titiyal_honored | title=Eye Bank | publisher=Viewpoints.com | date=2014 | access-date=12 September 2014 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035357/http://viewpoints.sightlife.org/global/article/dr_j.s._titiyal_honored | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* President - Delhi Ophthalmological Society<ref name="The Tribune" /><ref name="Professor of Ophthalmology" /><ref name="Sehat" /><ref name="JS Titiyal" />
* President - Indian Society of Corneal and Kerato-Refractive Surgeons (ISCKRS)
* Member- American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery<ref name="Professor of Ophthalmology" /><ref name="JS Titiyal" />
* Member- Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologist (CLAO) USA<ref name="Professor of Ophthalmology" />
* Member- International Association of Contact Lens Educators (IACLE)<ref name="Professor of Ophthalmology" /><ref name="JS Titiyal" />
* Member- All India Ophthalmological Society<ref name="Professor of Ophthalmology" /><ref name="JS Titiyal" />
* Chief of R.P. Centre of Ophthalmic Centre
* President of [[AIIMS Rajkot]]

==Awards and recognitions==
Titiyal was honoured by the [[Government of India]] by awarding him the [[Padma Shri]], in 2014, in recognition of his efforts to the cause of medicine.<ref name="Padma" />

==Publications==
Titiyal has written many articles which have been published in per-reviewed journals of international repute.<ref name="Microsoft Academic Search Profile">{{cite web | url=http://65.54.113.26/Author/24566599/jeewan-singh-titiyal | title=Microsoft Academic Search Profile | publisher=[[Microsoft Academic Search]] | date=2013 | access-date=11 September 2014 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20140911121404/http://65.54.113.26/Author/24566599/jeewan-singh-titiyal | archive-date=11 September 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He has also written chapters in many ophthalmological text books.<ref name="Professor of Ophthalmology" /> He is the Chief Editor of ''DOS Times'',<ref name="DOS Times">{{cite web | url=http://www.dos-times.org/ | title=DOS Times | publisher=Delhi Ophthalmological Society | date=2014 | access-date=12 September 2014}}</ref> the monthly bulletin of Delhi Ophthalmological Society.<ref name="Professor of Ophthalmology" /><ref name="Sehat" />

'''Selected articles'''
* {{cite journal | url=http://65.54.113.26/Publication/49191722/ultrasound-biomicroscopy-guided-assessment-of-acute-corneal-hydrops | title=Ultrasound Biomicroscopy-Guided Assessment of Acute Corneal Hydrops | author1=Namrata Sharma | author2=Rashim Mannan | author3=Vishal Jhanji | author4=Tushar Agarwal | author5=Archna Pruthi | author6=Jeewan S. Titiyal | author7=Rasik B. Vajpayee | journal=Ophthalmology | year=2011 | volume=118 | issue=11 | pages=2166–2171 | doi=10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.03.040 | pmid=21777979 | access-date=12 September 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912162446/http://65.54.113.26/Publication/49191722/ultrasound-biomicroscopy-guided-assessment-of-acute-corneal-hydrops | archive-date=12 September 2014 | url-status=dead | url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal | url=http://65.54.113.26/Publication/30145688/amniotic-membrane-transplantation-as-an-adjunct-to-medical-therapy-in-acute-ocular-burns | title=Amniotic membrane transplantation as an adjunct to medical therapy in acute ocular burns | author1=Radhika Tandon | author2=Noopur Gupta | author3=Mani Kalaivani | author4=Namrata Sharma | author5=Jeewan S Titiyal | author6=Rasik B Vajpayee | journal=British Journal of Ophthalmology | year=2010 | volume=95 | issue=2 | pages=199–204 | doi=10.1136/bjo.2009.173716 | pmid=20675729 | s2cid=7416236 | access-date=12 September 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624141902/http://65.54.113.26/Publication/30145688/amniotic-membrane-transplantation-as-an-adjunct-to-medical-therapy-in-acute-ocular-burns | archive-date=24 June 2016 | url-status=dead | url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal | url=http://65.54.113.26/Publication/32956632/iatrogenic-conjunctival-entrapment-of-cilium-and-scleral-ulceration-after-subtenon-steroid-injection | title=Iatrogenic Conjunctival Entrapment of Cilium and Scleral Ulceration After Subtenon Steroid Injection | author1=Gaurav Prakash | author2=Namrata Sharma | author3=Radhika Tandon | author4=Jeewan S. Titiyal | journal=Eye & Contact Lens: Science & Clinical Practice | year=2010 | volume=36 | issue=2 | pages=137–138 | doi=10.1097/ICL.0b013e3181cf6165 | pmid=20093939 | s2cid=205658856 | access-date=12 September 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912142938/http://65.54.113.26/Publication/32956632/iatrogenic-conjunctival-entrapment-of-cilium-and-scleral-ulceration-after-subtenon-steroid-injection | archive-date=12 September 2014 | url-status=dead | url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal | url=http://65.54.113.26/Publication/32237427/nonresolution-of-acute-hydrops-because-of-intrastromal-migration-of-perfluoropropane-gas | title=Nonresolution of Acute Hydrops Because of Intrastromal Migration of Perfluoropropane Gas | author1=Namrata Sharma | author2=Rashim Mannan | author3=Jeewan S Titiyal | journal=Cornea | year=2011 | volume=29 | issue=8 | pages=944–946 | doi=10.1097/ICO.0b013e3181ca6353 | pmid=20508502 | s2cid=26762971 | access-date=12 September 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624165021/http://65.54.113.26/Publication/32237427/nonresolution-of-acute-hydrops-because-of-intrastromal-migration-of-perfluoropropane-gas | archive-date=24 June 2016 | url-status=dead | url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal |url=http://65.54.113.26/Publication/31574106/therapeutic-keratoplasty-for-microbial-keratitis |title=Therapeutic keratoplasty for microbial keratitis |author1=Namrata Sharma |author2=Ritika Sachdev |author3=Vishal Jhanji |author4=Jeewan S Titiyal |author5=Rasik B Vajpayee |journal=Current Opinion in Ophthalmology |year=2010 |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=293–300 |doi=10.1097/ICU.0b013e32833a8e23 |pmid=20531191 |s2cid=22009476 |access-date=12 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624160434/http://65.54.113.26/Publication/31574106/therapeutic-keratoplasty-for-microbial-keratitis |archive-date=24 June 2016 |url-status=dead |url-access=subscription }}

{{portal|India}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=50em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | url=http://65.54.113.26/Author/24566599/jeewan-singh-titiyal | title=Jeevan Singh Titiyal | publisher=[[Microsoft Academic Search]] | date=2013 | access-date=11 September 2014 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20140911121404/http://65.54.113.26/Author/24566599/jeewan-singh-titiyal | archive-date=11 September 2014 | url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/nm20/keep-children-away-from-lime-packets-dr-titiyal/article1-177069.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912135755/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/nm20/keep-children-away-from-lime-packets-dr-titiyal/article1-177069.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=12 September 2014 | title=Keep children away from lime packets: Dr Titiyal | publisher=The Hindustan Times | date=24 November 2006 | access-date=12 September 2014}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/08/30/aiims-doctors-conduct-medical-tests-on-girl-with-stone-tears-1156939795.html | title=AIIMS doctors conduct medical tests on girl with stone tears | publisher=One India News | date=30 August 2006 | access-date=12 September 2014}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Titiyal, J. S.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Indian ophthalmologists]]
[[Category:People from Pithoragarh district]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian surgeons]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian surgeons]]

Coorg Institute of Dental Sciences

2026-03-29T01:33:38Z

Ras: adjust intro per standard format and added references

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Coorg Institute of Dental Sciences|timestamp=20260329013338|year=2026|month=March|day=29|substed=yes|help=off}}


{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Coorg Institute of Dental Sciences, Coorg, India
|image = CIDS Logo.png
|image_size = 140px
|motto =
|established = 1999
|dean = Dr. Sunil Muddaiah
|principal = Dr. K.C. Ponnappa
|city = [[Virajpet, Kodagu]]
|state = [[Karnataka]]
|country = [[India]]
|students = about 300
|type =
|campus = KK Campus
|coor = {{coord|12|12|20.4|N|75|48|40.8|E|display=inline,title}}
|affiliations = [[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
|website= [http://www.cids.edu/ www.cids.edu]
}}

'''Coorg Institute of Dental Sciences (CIDS)''' is located a top a hill in [[Virajpet]] town. The institution was set up in September 1999.

It is affiliated to the [[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]], [[Bangalore]] and recognized by the [[Dental Council of India]], the [[Government of Karnataka]] and the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.

==Departments==
===Non-clinical===
* Department of Anatomy
* Department of Physiology & Bio-chemistry
* Department of Dental Materials
* Department of Gen. & Dental Pharmacology
* Department of General Pathology & Microbiology
* Department of General Medicine
* Department of General Surgery

===Clinical===
* Department of Prosthodontics
* Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics
* Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery
* Department of Periodontics
* Department of Orthodontics
* Department of Pedodontics
* Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology
* Department of Community Dentistry
* Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology

==External links==
*[http://www.cids.edu/default.htm Coorg Institute of Dental Sciences - Official website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Coorg Institute Of Dental Sciences}}
[[Category:Dental colleges in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Kodagu district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1999]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Karnataka]]

{{Karnataka-university-stub}}

Kalpana (1970 film)

2026-03-24T07:58:49Z

Ras:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kalpana
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]]
| producer =
| writer = [[K. T. Muhammad]]
| screenplay = K. T. Muhammad
| starring = [[Prem Nazir]] [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]] [[Sheela]] [[Sheela]]
| music = [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]]
| cinematography = [[Melli Irani]]
| editing = P. V. Narayanan
| studio = Selvam Productions
| distributor = Selvam Productions
| released = {{Film date|1970|03|28|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Kalpana''''' is a 1970 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]]. The film stars [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]], [[Sheela]] in the lead roles. [[Sheela]] acted in equally important dual roles and a small third role. This was the first dual role of Sheela and the first ever well made, seamless double act in Malayalam cinema. The film had musical score by [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=323|title=Kalpana|accessdate=2014-10-12|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1711|title=Kalpana|accessdate=2014-10-12|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/kalpana-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006070459/http://spicyonion.com/title/kalpana-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 October 2014|title=Kalpana|accessdate=2014-10-12|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
Surendran joins a new company whose owner T S Muthaiah has twin daughters, Susheela and Sushama. Susheela is a traditional girl who wears traditional clothes and visits the temple frequently. Sushama is a modern girl who wears modern clothes and has a contemporary outlook. Muthiah wants to marry off one of his daughters to Surendran. Sushama falls in love with Surendran. Susheela on the other hand is in a relationship with Balan and has promised to marry him. Finally, the father decides to get Surendran married to Susheela and she doesn't object. This shatters Sushama. Balan too is shocked at Susheela's betrayal.
Unable to stay in the same house as Surendran and her sister, Sushama leaves home and her father disowns her.

Sushama starts staying at Balan's home. Balan has a bedridden mother. Everyone thinks Balan and Sushama are a couple though they aren't. Muthaiah leaves all his property to Susheela in his will but on his death bed, he has a change of heart and wants to alter his will, but dies before it can happen.

Susheela doesn't want Surendran to know of her past and asks him to get Sushama married to Balan. Surendran thinks it is a good idea but Balan and Sushama resist the idea. Susheela gets pregnant in the meantime. Still in love with Surendran and unable to move past him, Sushama tries to commit suicide and Balan asks Susheela to come and see her. Susheela goes with him reluctantly and in a heated exchange of words, he slaps Susheela leading to her death. He quickly replaces Sushama with Susheela and fakes Susheela's suicide because he doesn't want to leave his bedridden mother helpless and alone. The police take Susheela's body for post-mortem where it is revealed that Susheela was three months pregnant.

The police finally deduce that Susheela died due to Balan and he is arrested. Sushama takes over the responsibility of looking after Balan's mother after his incarceration. Surendran asks Sushama to marry him and she accepts.

==Cast==
*[[Prem Nazir]] as Surendran
*[[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]] as Balan
*[[Sheela]] as Sushama, Susheela and Kalpana
*[[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] as Surendran's Mother
*[[Adoor Bhasi]] as Nanu
*[[T. S. Muthaiah]] as Kalpana's Father
*[[Meena (Malayalam actress)|Meena]] as Lakshmi

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] and the lyrics were written by [[Vayalar Ramavarma]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Amrithavarshini" || [[S. Janaki]], [[L. R. Eeswari]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Anuraagam" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || Vayalar Ramavarma] ||
|-
| 3 || "Kunnathe Poomaram" || S. Janaki || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|-
| 4 || "Prapanchamundaaya" || [[P. Leela]] || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|-
| 5 || "Vajrakireedam" || S. Janaki || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0257830|Kalpana}}
{{K. S. Sethumadhavan}}

[[Category:1970 films]]
[[Category:1970 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1970 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. Sethumadhavan]]

{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Democratic National Convention

2026-03-19T13:34:09Z

Ras: small adjusted lead for clarity additionally and corrected details

{{Short description|Nominating meetings of the US Democratic Party}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{About||the most recent convention|2024 Democratic National Convention}}
{{About||the list of Democratic National Conventions|List of Democratic National Conventions}}
{{distinguish|text=the [[Democratic National Committee]]}}
[[File: Democratic National Convention - Invesco (2808851461).jpg |thumb| The final night of the [[2008 Democratic National Convention]] in [[Denver]] prior to [[Barack Obama]] giving his acceptance speech for the presidential nomination.]]
The '''Democratic National Convention''' ('''DNC''') is a series of [[presidential nominating convention]]s held every four years since [[1832 Democratic National Convention|1832]] by the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party of the United States]].{{efn|Exceptions are the 1835 national convention, which occurred 3 years after the 1832 national convention, and the 1840 national convention, which occurred 5 years after the 1835 national convention.}} They have been administered by the [[Democratic National Committee]] since the [[1852 Democratic National Convention|1852 national convention]]. The primary goal of the Democratic National Convention is to officially nominate a candidate for [[President of the United States|president]] and [[Vice President of the United States|vice president]], adopt a comprehensive [[party platform]], and unify the party. Pledged [[Delegate (American politics)|delegates]] from all fifty [[U.S. state]]s, the [[District of Columbia]], and the [[American territories]], and [[superdelegate]]s which are unpledged delegates representing the Democratic establishment, attend the convention and cast their votes to choose the party's presidential candidate. Like the [[Republican National Convention]], the Democratic National Convention marks the formal end of the [[primary election]] period and the start of the [[general election]] season. Since the 1980s, national conventions have become mostly inaugural events for the winning candidate, since winners are announced long before the convention. In 2020, both major parties, and many minor parties, replaced their usual in-person conventions with virtual programs due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].

==Delegations==
The party's presidential nominee is chosen primarily by pledged delegates, which are in turn selected through a series of individual [[United States presidential primary|state caucuses and primary elections]]. Pledged delegates are classified into three categories:<ref name="2020Call"/><ref name="CRSReport2015">{{cite web |first=Kevin J.|last=Coleman |title=Report No. R42533, The Presidential Nominating Process and the National Party Conventions, 2016: Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42533.pdf |publisher=Congressional Research Service |date=December 30, 2015 |access-date=February 12, 2020}}{{PD-notice}}</ref>
* '''At-large''' pledged delegates are allocated and elected at the statewide level.<ref name="CRSReport2015"/>
* '''District''' pledged delegates are allocated and elected at a district level, usually the congressional district, but sometimes by state or territory legislative district.<ref name="CRSReport2015"/>
* '''Add-on''' or '''PLEO''' pledged delegates, which allow for representation by '''p'''arty '''l'''eaders and '''e'''lected '''o'''fficials within the state.<ref name="2020Call"/><ref name="CRSReport2015"/>

Unpledged [[superdelegate]]s, delegates whose votes are not bound to the outcome of a state's caucus or primary, only vote in the event of a [[Contested convention|contested nomination]].<ref name="SuperdelegateOverhaul"/> These superdelegates may also be called unpledged PLEO ('''p'''arty '''l'''eaders and '''e'''lected '''o'''fficials) delegates.<ref name="2020Call"/><ref name="CRSReport2015"/>

The size of delegations to the Democratic National Convention, for each state, territory, or other political subdivision, are described in the party's quadrennial ''Call for the Democratic National Convention''.<ref name="2020Call">{{cite web | url=https://democrats.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/2020-Call-for-Convention-WITH-Attachments-2.26.19.pdf | title=Call for the 2020 Democratic National Convention | publisher=Democratic National Committee | access-date=September 20, 2019 | archive-date=April 3, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403113932/https://democrats.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/2020-Call-for-Convention-WITH-Attachments-2.26.19.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Pledged delegate allocation===
====Allocation formula for the 50 U.S. states and Washington, D.C.====
Since 2012, the number of pledged delegates allocated to each of the 50 U.S. states and Washington, D.C. is based on two main factors: (1) the proportion of votes each state gave to the Democratic candidate in the last three presidential elections, and (2) the number of electoral votes each state has in the [[United States Electoral College|Electoral College]].<ref name="greenpapersDEMDelegates">{{cite web|url=http://www.thegreenpapers.com/P12/D-Alloc.phtml|title=Democratic Detailed Delegate Allocation – 2012 |work=The Green Papers |access-date=January 5, 2015 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202082421/http://www.thegreenpapers.com/P12/D-Alloc.phtml |archive-date=February 2, 2012}}</ref><ref name="greenpapersDEMDelegates2020">{{cite web|url=http://www.thegreenpapers.com/P20/D-Alloc.phtml |title=The Math Behind the Democratic Delegate Allocation – 2020 |work=The Green Papers |access-date=March 5, 2019}}</ref>

The calculations for the [[2020 Democratic National Convention|2020 convention]] basically consist of the following three steps:<ref name="2020Call" />

'''Step 1''': The following formula is first used to determine each jurisdiction's ''allocation factor'':<ref name="2020Call"/><ref name="greenpapersDEMDelegates2020"/>

<math>\text{Allocation factor} = {1 \over 2} \times \left ( {\text{SDV}_{\text{2008}} + \text{SDV}_{\text{2012}} + \text{SDV}_{\text{2016}} \over \text{TDV}_{\text{2008}} + \text{TDV}_{\text{2012}} + \text{TDV}_{\text{2016}}} + {\text{SEV} \over 538} \right )</math>

where
: '''SDV''' = The state's Democratic vote in the indicated presidential election
: '''TDV''' = The nationwide total Democratic vote in the indicated presidential election
: '''SEV''' = The state's electoral votes

'''Step 2''': The ''base delegation'' for each state and the District of Columbia is then determined by multiplying its ''allocation factor'' by 3,200 (rounded to the nearest integer):<ref name="2020Call"/><ref name="greenpapersDEMDelegates2020"/>

<math>\text{Base delegation} = \text{Allocation factor} \times 3200</math>

'''Step 3''': Finally, the jurisdiction's ''base delegation'' is used to calculate the number of its District, At-Large, and pledged PLEO (''party leaders and elected officials'' who are not superdelegates) delegates (fractions 0.5 and above are rounded to the next highest integer):<ref name="2020Call"/><ref name="greenpapersDEMDelegates2020"/>

<math>\text{At-large delegates} = \text{Base delegation} \times 0.25</math>

<math>\text{District delegates} = \text{Base delegation} - \text{At-large delegates}</math>

<math>\text{Pledged PLEO delegates} = \text{Base delegation} \times 0.15</math>

====Allocations to other jurisdictions====
Jurisdictions without electoral votes are instead given a fixed amount of pledged delegates. In 2020, [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Northern Mariana Islands]], and the [[U.S. Virgin Islands]] each get six at-large delegates. [[Democrats Abroad]] gets 12 at-large and one pledged PLEO.<ref name="2020Call"/><ref name="greenpapersDEMDelegates2020"/>

[[Puerto Rico]] is assigned 44 base votes in 2020, then the same formulas used in Step 3 above for U.S. states are used to calculate the territory's at-large, district, and PLEO pledged delegates:<ref name="2020Call"/><ref name="greenpapersDEMDelegates2020"/>

<math>\text{At-large delegates}_{\text{PR2020}} = 44 \times 0.25 = 11</math>

<math>\text{District delegates}_{\text{PR2020}} = 44 - \text{At-large delegates}_{\text{PR2020}} = 44 - 11 = 33</math>

<math>\text{Pledged PLEO delegates}_{\text{PR2020}} = 44 \times 0.15 = 6.6 \to 7</math>

====Bonus delegates====
The Democratic Party awards bonus pledged delegates to each jurisdiction based on two factors: timing and clustering. The timing criterion is based on when the state holds its primaries or caucuses with those states scheduling their contests in May and June getting the higher bonus. For clustering, three or more neighboring states must concurrently begin on the same date.<ref name="2020Call"/><ref name="greenpapersDEMDelegates2020"/>

The bonus awarded is then a percentage increase in the jurisdiction's delegation (rounded to the nearest integer). A fourth of the bonus delegates are then designated as District, and the other three-fourths become At-Large.<ref name="2020Call"/><ref name="greenpapersDEMDelegates2020"/>

The bonuses are:<ref name="2020Call"/><ref name="greenpapersDEMDelegates2020"/>
* '''Timing Stage 1 (before April)''': ''No bonus''
* '''Timing Stage 2 (April)''': 10 percent increase
* '''Cluster''': 15 percent increase
* '''Both Timing Stage 2 and Cluster''': 25 percent increase
* '''Timing Stage 3 (May and June)''': 30 percent increase
* '''Both Timing Stage 3 and Cluster''': 35 percent increase

====Awarding delegates to the candidates====
Based on the results of each of the primaries and caucuses, pledged delegates are awarded to the candidates under [[proportional representation]], where candidates who get 15 percent or more of the popular vote in a state or one of its districts divide the respective delegates proportionally to the votes on the respective level (those who get under 15 percent of the votes in a state and all of its districts do not get any delegates). Statewide and district delegates are strictly separate, they are both proportionally allocated based on the popular vote in the state or the respective districts. The statewide delegates are furthermore separated into two groups, at-large delegates and pledged PLEO delegates, which are both allocated proportionally based on the statewide vote but calculated separately. This amounts to in fact three different delegate groups, allocated proportionally but separately, leading to contortion and slightly unproportional results.<ref name="greenpapersDEMDelegates2020"/>

===Superdelegates===
{{main|Superdelegate}}

A ''superdelegate'' is an unpledged delegate to the Democratic National Convention who is seated automatically and chooses for themselves for whom they vote. These superdelegates include elected officials, and party activists and officials. They make up slightly under 15 percent of all convention delegates.<ref name="WhoAre">{{cite web|first=Drew |last=DeSilver |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2016/05/05/who-are-the-democratic-superdelegates/ |title=Who are the Democratic superdelegates? |work=[[Pew Research Center]] |date=May 5, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-date=August 10, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810033819/https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2016/05/05/who-are-the-democratic-superdelegates/}}</ref>

Superdelegates fall into four categories:<ref name="greenpapersDEMDelegates2020"/>
* Elected members of the Democratic National Committee
* Democratic Governors, including territorial governors and the [[Mayor of the District of Columbia]]
* Democratic Members of Congress, [[Shadow congressperson#District of Columbia shadow senators|District of Columbia shadow senators]] and [[Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives|non-voting House members]].
* Distinguished party leaders (consisting of current and former Presidents, Vice Presidents, congressional leaders, and DNC chairs)

Democratic superdelegates are free to support any candidate for the presidential nomination. On August 25, 2018, the Democratic National Committee agreed to reduce the influence of superdelegates by generally preventing them from voting on the first ballot at the Democratic National Convention, allowing their votes only in a [[Contested convention|contested nomination]].<ref name="SuperdelegateOverhaul">{{cite news |last=Herndon |first=Astead W. |date=August 25, 2018 |title=Democrats Overhaul Controversial Superdelegate System |newspaper=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/25/us/politics/superdelegates-democrats-dnc.html |access-date=August 26, 2018}}</ref>

In the 2024 presidential election cycle, the Democratic National Committee held a virtual nomination vote in the first week of August to select its nominee.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Weissert |first1=Will |title=Democrats poised to virtually nominate Harris — and her running mate — by Aug. 7 |url=https://apnews.com/article/harris-democratic-convention-nominee-virtual-voting-78991bcc443e06c000d1d800e0d94cc5 |publisher=Associated Press |access-date=30 September 2024 |date=24 July 2024}}</ref> The virtual nomination rules allowed superdelegates to vote for a presidential candidate during the first ballot of the virtual roll call.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Navarro |first1=Aaron |title=The DNC's virtual roll call to nominate Kamala Harris started Aug. 1. Here's how the vote works. |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/dnc-virtual-roll-call-2024-how-it-works/ |publisher=CBS News |access-date=30 September 2024 |date=2 August 2024}}</ref>

==Presidential candidate nomination==

From [[1832 Democratic National Convention|1832]] to [[1936 Democratic National Convention|1936]], any nomination for president or vice-president was required to have a majority of two-thirds of the total number of delegates. Unless there was a popular incumbent, something that only happened three times between the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] and [[World War II]], getting that many votes on the first ballot were virtually impossible.<ref>{{cite book|first=Herbert |last=Eaton |title=Presidential Timber: A History of Nominating Conventions, 1868–1960 |year=1964 |publisher=Collier-Macmillan Limited |location=London |page= |url=https://archive.org/details/presidentialtimb00eato |url-access=registration}}</ref>{{pn|date=November 2024}}

This resulted in often contentious debate that riled the passions of party leaders, with delegates being forced to vote for a nominee until someone could receive the minimum number of delegates required. This situation occurred at the conventions of [[1852 Democratic National Convention|1852]], [[1856 Democratic National Convention|1856]], [[1868 Democratic National Convention|1868]], [[1912 Democratic National Convention|1912]], [[1920 Democratic National Convention|1920]] and most notoriously, [[1924 Democratic National Convention|1924]], where the voting went for at least a dozen ballots.

In [[1860 Democratic National Convention|1860]], the convention deadlocked after 57 ballots, during which 50 Southern delegates walked out; subsequently, second and third conventions nominated separate Northern and Southern tickets.

Backroom deals by party bosses were normal and often resulted in compromise nominees that became known as [[Dark horse candidate|dark horse candidates]], people who never imagined they would run for president until the last moments of the convention. Dark horse candidates were chosen in order to break deadlocks between more popular and powerful prospective nominees that blocked each other from gaining enough delegates to be nominated.

One of the most famous dark horse candidates nominated at a Democratic National Convention was [[James K. Polk]], who was chosen to become the candidate for president only after being added to the eighth and ninth delegate ballot.

The rules were changed to a simple majority in 1936. Since then, only one multi-ballot convention (in the [[1952 Democratic National Convention|1952]]) has taken place.

In [[2016 Democratic National Convention|2016]], [[Hillary Clinton]] became the first female presidential nominee of a major party in the United States.

==Vice-presidential candidate nomination==

Before [[1980 Democratic National Convention|1980]], the party's choice of the vice-presidential nominee was usually not known until the last evening of the convention. This was because the presidential nominee had little to do with the process, and in many cases was not known at the start of the convention.

In [[1944 Democratic National Convention|1944]] and [[1956 Democratic National Convention|1956]], the nominee let the convention choose the running mate without any recommendation, which led to two ballots of voting being required in each case.

However, since [[1984 Democratic National Convention|1984]] (Mondale was the incumbent VP in 1980), vice-presidential nominees have always been announced by the presumptive nominee prior to the convention. During the 1984 Democratic National Convention, [[Geraldine Ferraro]] became the first female vice presidential nominee of a major party in the United States.

==Midterm conferences==
In December 1974, the Democratic National Committee held a [[1974 Conference on Democratic Policy and Organization|Conference on Democratic Policy and Organization]], whose official focus was to "consider and adopt a permanent Charter for the Democratic Party ... and such other matters as may be authorized by the Democratic National Committee." The 1974 Conference was authorized by resolution of the [[1972 Democratic National Convention]], and was held in [[Kansas City, Missouri]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1974-11-19 |title=Democrats Face Challenge on Delegates (Published 1974) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/11/19/archives/democrats-face-challenge-on-delegates-primary-results.html |access-date=2025-09-16 |language=en}}</ref> Midterm conferences were subsequently held in 1978 in [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=1977-06-11 |title=Democratic Committee Agrees To Hold a 'Mini-Convention' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1977/06/11/democratic-committee-agrees-to-hold-a-mini-convention/d983dec8-9dd3-44c6-bba7-46ef44338d74/ |access-date=2025-09-17 |work=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> and 1982 in [[Philadelphia]], at which future candidates for subsequent [[List of Democratic Party presidential primaries|Democratic presidential primaries]] spoke.

Following the 1982 conference, the Democratic National Committee suspended further midterm conferences due to cost constraints. Revival of the Democratic midterm conference event has been repeatedly discussed, including as recently as 2025 in time for the [[2026 United States elections]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Alex |date=2025-08-27 |title=Scoop: Democrats weigh mini-convention before 2026 midterms |url=https://www.axios.com/2025/08/27/democrats-midterms-2026-convention |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=Axios |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:1876 Democratic National Convention - Missouri (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Black-and-white drawing of a vast assembly hall, viewed from the back of a left-side gallery. Far below (barely discernible) other delegates are gathered around the grand stage to our left. Closer, we see the backs of many men in long coats, most standing in excitement, holding or waving their top hats and bowlers.|Illustration of the [[1876 Democratic National Convention]] in [[St. Louis, Missouri]]]]
By 1824, the [[congressional nominating caucus]] had fallen into disrepute and collapsed as a method of nominating presidential and vice-presidential candidates. A national convention idea had been brought up, but nothing occurred until the next decade: state conventions and [[State legislature (United States)|state legislatures]] emerged as the nomination apparatus until they were supplanted by the national convention method of nominating candidates. President [[Andrew Jackson]]'s "[[Kitchen Cabinet]]" privately carried out the plan for the first Democratic National Convention: the public call for the first national convention emanated from Jackson's supporters in [[New Hampshire]] in 1831.

The first national convention of the Democratic Party began in [[Baltimore]] on May 21, [[1832 Democratic National Convention|1832]], only to nominate a vice-presidential candidate as it was clear that Jackson as the party's natural leader would run for the presidency again. In that year the rule requiring a two-thirds vote to nominate a candidate was created, and [[Martin Van Buren]] was nominated for vice president on the first ballot. Although this rule was waived in the 1836 and 1840 conventions – when Van Buren was nominated as presidential candidate by acclamation – in 1844, it was revived by opponents of former President Van Buren, who had the support of a majority (but not two-thirds) of the delegates, in order to prevent him from receiving the nomination after his 1840 defeat. The rule then remained in place until 1936, when the renomination of President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] by acclamation allowed it finally to be put to rest.

On seven occasions, this rule led to Conventions which dragged on for over a dozen ballots. The most infamous examples of this were in [[1860 Democratic National Conventions|1860 at Charleston]], when the convention deadlocked after 57 ballots: the delegates adjourned, and reconvened in separate Northern and Southern groups six weeks later, and in [[1924 Democratic National Convention|1924]], where "Wets" and "Drys" deadlocked between the frontrunners, [[Alfred E. Smith]] and [[William G. McAdoo]], for 102 ballots over 16 days before finally agreeing on [[John W. Davis]] as a compromise candidate on the 103rd ballot. Also, in [[1912 Democratic National Convention|1912]], [[Champ Clark]] received a majority of the votes, but did not subsequently go on to achieve a two-thirds vote and the nomination ([[Woodrow Wilson]] won the nomination on the 46th ballot), the only time this happened.

Since 1932, only one convention (in [[1952 Democratic National Convention|1952]]) has required multiple ballots. While the rule was in force, it virtually assured that no candidate without support from the South could be nominated. The elimination of the two-thirds rule made it possible for liberal [[Northern Democrats]] to gain greater influence in party affairs, leading to the disenfranchisement of [[Southern Democrats]], and defection of many of the latter to the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], especially during the [[Civil rights movement|Civil Rights struggles]] of the 1960s.

[[William Jennings Bryan]] delivered his "[[Cross of Gold]]" speech at the [[1896 Democratic National Convention|1896 convention]], while the most historically notable and tumultuous convention in recent memory was the [[1968 Democratic National Convention]] in [[Chicago, Illinois]], which was fraught with highly emotional battles between conventioneers and [[Vietnam War]] protesters and an outburst by Chicago mayor [[Richard J. Daley]]. Other confrontations between various groups, such as the [[Yippies]] and members of the [[Students for a Democratic Society (1960 organization)|Students for a Democratic Society]], and the Chicago police in city parks, streets and hotels marred this convention.

Following the 1968 convention, in which many reformers had been disappointed that Vice President [[Hubert Humphrey]], despite not having competed in a single primary, easily won the nomination over Senators [[Eugene McCarthy]] and [[George McGovern]] (who was announced after the assassination of another candidate, Senator [[Robert F. Kennedy]]), a commission headed by Senator McGovern reformed the Democratic Party's nominating process to increase the power of primaries in choosing delegates in order to increase the democracy of the process. Not entirely coincidentally, McGovern himself won the nomination in 1972. The [[1972 Democratic National Convention|1972 convention]] was significant in that the new rules put into place as a result of the [[McGovern commission]] also opened the door for quotas mandating that certain percentages of delegates be women or members of minority groups, and subjects that were previously deemed not fit for political debate, such as [[abortion]] and [[lesbian and gay rights]], now occupied the forefront of political discussion.

The nature of Democratic (and [[Republican National Convention|Republican]]) conventions has changed considerably since the 1972 McGovern reforms (which have largely influenced the Republican primaries as well). Every four years, the nominees are essentially selected earlier and earlier in the year, so the conventions now officially ratify the nominees instead of choose them. The [[1976 Democratic National Convention|1976 convention]] was the last where the vice-presidential nominee was announced during the convention, after the presidential nominee was chosen (Carter chose [[Walter Mondale]]). The [[1980 Democratic National Convention|1980 convention]] was the last convention for the Democrats that was seriously contested (when [[Ted Kennedy]] forced a failed vote to free delegates from their commitment to vote for [[Jimmy Carter]]). Even the close race of [[2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries|2008]], which was not decided until early June, did not signify a change of the modern function of the convention, as superdelegates and [[Hillary Clinton]]'s withdrawal ensured [[Barack Obama]]'s win before the convention.

Prior to the [[2020 Democratic National Convention|2020 convention]] in Milwaukee (which due to [[COVID-19]] was moved from the larger [[Fiserv Forum]] to the smaller [[Wisconsin Center]], with the acceptance speeches delivered from the [[Chase Center on the Riverfront]] in [[Wilmington, Delaware]]), the [[1984 Democratic National Convention|1984 convention]] at the [[Moscone Center]] in [[San Francisco]] was the last Democratic Convention to be held in a convention center complex; all the intervening and subsequent years saw their conventions held in sports arenas.

==See also==
{{Portal|United States|Politics}}
'''Democratic Party'''
* [[Democratic Party (United States) organizations]]
* [[Factions of the Democratic Party (United States)]]
* [[History of the Democratic Party (United States)]]
* [[Political positions of the Democratic Party (United States)]]
* [[List of Democratic National Conventions]]
* [[List of state parties of the Democratic Party (United States)]]
* [[List of United States Democratic Party presidential candidates]]
* [[List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Further reading cleanup|date=January 2023}}
* {{cite journal|last=Becker |first=Carl |title=The Unit Rule in National Nominating Conventions |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=5 |issue=1 |year=1899 |pages=64–82 |doi=10.2307/1832960 |jstor=1832960 |jstor-access=free}}
* Binkley, Wilfred E. ''American political parties: their natural history'' (1962) [https://archive.org/details/americanpolitica0000bink online]
* {{cite journal|last=Carleton |first=William G. |title=The Revolution in the Presidential Nominating Convention |journal=Political Science Quarterly |volume=72 |issue=2 |year=1957 |pages=224–240 |doi=10.2307/2145774 |jstor=2145774}}
* {{cite book|last=Chase |first=James S. |title=Emergence of the Presidential Nominating Convention, 1789–1832 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-25200312-7}}
* {{cite report|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]] |url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL30527/3 |title=Presidential Elections in the United States: A Primer |date=April 17, 2000 |id=RL30527 |version=Version 3}}
* {{cite journal|last=Costain |first=Anne N. |title=An Analysis of Voting in American National Nominating Conventions, 1940–1976 |journal=American Politics Quarterly |volume=6 |issue=1 |year=1978 |pages=95–120|doi=10.1177/1532673X7800600104 }}
* {{cite book|last=Davis |first=James W. |title=National Conventions in an Age of Party Reform |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-313-23048-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Kazin |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Kazin |title=What It Took to Win: A History of the Democratic Party |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-37420023-7}}
* Key Jr., V.O. ''Politics, Parties, and Pressure Groups'' (4th ed. 1958) pp 414–470. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.14705 online]
* {{cite journal|last=Miles |first=Edwin A. |title=The Keynote Speech at National Nominating Conventions |journal=Quarterly Journal of Speech |volume=46 |issue=1 |year=1960 |pages=26–31 |doi=10.1080/00335636009382388}}
* {{cite journal|last=Morison |first=Samuel E. |title=The First National Nominating Convention, 1808 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=17 |issue=4 |year=1912 |pages=744–763 |doi=10.2307/1832458 |jstor=1832458 |jstor-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|last=Pfau |first=Michael William |title=Conventions of Deliberation? Convention Addresses and Deliberative Containment in the Second Party System |journal=Rhetoric and Public Affairs |volume=9 |issue=4 |year=2006 |pages=635–654 |jstor=41940105}}
* {{cite book|last1=Sautter |first1=R. Craig |last2=Burke |first2=Edward M. |author2-link=Edward M. Burke |title=Inside the Wigwam: Chicago Presidential Conventions, 1860–1996 |publisher=Loyola Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-8294-0911-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/insidewigwamchic0000saut/ |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite journal|last=Silver |first=Adam |title=Consensus and Conflict: A Content Analysis of American Party Platforms, 1840–1896 |journal=Social Science History |volume=42 |issue=3 |year=2018 |pages=441–467 |doi=10.1017/ssh.2018.14 |jstor=90024189}}

==External links==
* {{official website}}
{{Commons category|Democratic National Convention}}
* [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/platforms.php The American Presidency Project], contains the text of the national platforms that were adopted by the conventions (1840–2004)

{{Democratic National Convention}}
{{U.S. presidential primaries}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Democratic National Conventions| ]]
[[Category:Quadrennial events]]

Raai Laxmi

2026-03-17T03:59:18Z

Ras: minor edit

{{short description|Indian actress, model}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lakshmi Rai
| image = Raai Laxmi Official Photoshoot 10.jpg
| caption = Lakshmi in 2025
| birth_name = Lakshmi Rai
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| occupation = {{Hlist | Actress | model}}
| yearsactive = 2005–present
}}

'''Lakshmi Rai''', professionally credited as '''Raai Laxmi''',<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=It's Raai Laxmi from now! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140604/entertainment-mollywood/article/it%E2%80%99s-raai-laxmi-now |work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=4 June 2014 |archive-date=5 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605084423/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140604/entertainment-mollywood/article/it%E2%80%99s-raai-laxmi-now |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lakshmi-rai-is-now-raai-laxmi/articleshow/35961472.cms |title=Lakshmi Rai is now Raai Laxmi |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=23 June 2021 |archive-date=20 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620151803/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Lakshmi-Rai-is-now-Raai-Laxmi/articleshow/35961472.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> is an Indian actress and model who predominantly works in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]] and [[Hindi]] languages.<ref>{{cite web |title=My journey into showbiz began from Belgaum: Lakshmi Rai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/my-journey-into-showbiz-began-from-belgaum-lakshmi-rai/articleshow/16978518.cms|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Raai Laxmi completes 14 years in the film industry |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/raai-laxmi-completes-14-years-in-the-film-industry/articleshow/69201757.cms|language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Raai Laxmi was born in [[Bangalore]], Karnataka to Ram Rai and Manjula Rai. Her family relocated to [[Belgaum]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/i-was-brought-up-like-a-boy-raai-laxmi/articleshow/46067321.cms |title=I was brought up like a boy: Raai Laxmi |website=[[The Times of India]] |last1=Kumar |first1=Hemanth |access-date=23 June 2021 |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628201338/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/i-was-brought-up-like-a-boy-raai-laxmi/articleshow/46067321.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="24thbirthday">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Lakshmi-Rai-flooded-with-messages-on-birthday/articleshow/34670947.cms"Lakshmi |title=Rai flooded with messages on birthday |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name=bnt>{{Cite news |title=I'm not a bunt, don't speak to me in Tulu: Raai Laxmi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/im-not-a-bunt-dont-speak-to-me-in-tulu-raai-laxmi/articleshow/39217167.cms |access-date=5 October 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005043700/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/im-not-a-bunt-dont-speak-to-me-in-tulu-raai-laxmi/articleshow/39217167.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Acting career==
===Early career (2005–2010)===
In 2005,<ref name="RaaiAkira">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/why-raai-laxmi-doesnt-share-space-with-sonakshi/articleshow/47955965.cms |title=Why Raai Laxmi doesn't share space with Sonakshi Sinha |website=[[The Times of India]] |last1=Guha |first1=Shilpi |access-date=15 February 2021 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110174048/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/why-raai-laxmi-doesnt-share-space-with-sonakshi/articleshow/47955965.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Laxmi made her film debut in the Tamil-language film ''[[Karka Kasadara]]''.<ref name="indiaglitz.2004.12.23">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/another-rai-another-beauty-queen-tamil-news-12209 |title=Another Rai, another beauty queen – Tamil News |date=23 December 2004 |website=IndiaGlitz.com |access-date=22 February 2018 |archive-date=22 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222165309/https://www.indiaglitz.com/another-rai-another-beauty-queen-tamil-news-12209 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Subsequently, she appeared in a number of Tamil films, including the comedy film ''[[Kundakka Mandakka]]'' (2005) opposite [[R. Parthiban]], [[Perarasu]]'s action-masala flick ''[[Dharmapuri (film)|Dharmapuri]]'' (2006) and the romance film ''[[Nenjai Thodu]]'' (2007). ''[[Valmiki (2005 film)|Valmiki]]'' (2005), opposite [[Shiva Rajkumar]], marked her maiden film in Kannada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2023 |title=Telugu To Bollywood, Actress Raai Laxmi Is Working In Film Industries Across India |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/telugu-to-bollywood-actress-raai-laxmi-is-working-in-film-industries-across-india-6870769.html |access-date=21 July 2023 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=21 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721041624/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/telugu-to-bollywood-actress-raai-laxmi-is-working-in-film-industries-across-india-6870769.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2008, she began working in more serious films such as the drama film ''[[Velli Thirai]]'', in which she played herself, and the action thriller ''[[Dhaam Dhoom]]'', directed by [[Jeeva (director)|Jeeva]]. She received positive feedback for her portrayal of a lawyer in the latter. A review from ''Behindwoods'' wrote: "The latter (Raai Laxmi) sizzles even as she is supposed to play the court professional who is caught in the web of smuggling drugs".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/dhaam-dhoom-review.html |title=DHAAM DHOOM – MOVIE REVIEW CAST Jayam Ravi Kangana Ranaut Lakshmi Rai |website=Behindwoods.com |date=5 December 2007 |access-date=1 December 2011 |archive-date=13 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213211441/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/dhaam-dhoom-review.html |url-status=live}}</ref> She won her first [[Filmfare Award]] nomination in the [[Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Award (Tamil)|Best Supporting Actress]] category.

She made her debut in Malayalam in 2007, starring in ''[[Rock n' Roll (2007 film)|Rock n' Roll]]'', opposite [[Mohanlal]]. She followed it up with several successful films such as ''[[Annan Thampi]]'' (2008), ''[[2 Harihar Nagar]]'' (2009),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/lakshmi-rais-hat-trick-with-mammootty-news-malayalam-kkfr9Kicjje.html |title=Lakshmi Rai's hat trick with Mammootty! |website=[[Sify]] |date=20 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710102146/https://www.sify.com/movies/lakshmi-rais-hat-trick-with-mammootty-news-malayalam-kkfr9Kicjje.html |access-date=1 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 July 2018}}</ref> ''[[Evidam Swargamanu]]'' (2009) opposite [[Mohanlal]], and ''[[Chattambinadu]]'' (2009) opposite [[Mammootty]]. She appeared in three Tamil films in 2009, ''[[Muthirai]]'', ''[[Vaamanan]]'' and ''[[Naan Avanillai 2]]''.

In ''[[Vaamanan]]'' (2009), she played a glamorous supermodel.<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Lakshmi-is-happy-with-life/articleshow/4410352.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103065154/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-17/news-interviews/28009464_1_satish-kaushik-lakshmi-rai-bollywood-debut |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2013 |title=Lakshmi is happy with life |date=17 April 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 December 2011}}</ref> In 2010, she was seen in three films. She made special appearances during song sequences in two of them, ''[[In Ghost House Inn]]'' and ''[[Pen Singam]]'' and portrayed a cowgirl in the Tamil film ''[[Irumbukkottai Murattu Singam]]''.<ref name="indiatimes1" />

===Public recognition and success (2011–2014)===
[[File:Raai Laxmi Official Photoshoot 3.jpg|thumb|Laxmi at the Stardust 50th Anniversary Honours, receiving her award for excellence in Indian cinema]]
Laxmi's first 2011 release was ''[[Christian Brothers (film)|Christian Brothers]]''. Her next two films were Tamil projects, the comedy horror ''[[Kanchana (2011 film)|Kanchana]]'' and the [[Venkat Prabhu]]-directed action thriller ''[[Mankatha]]'', starring [[Ajith Kumar]]. She played a negative character in the latter, which was received positively by critics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/i-m-on-cloud-nine-says-lakshmi-rai-news-tamil-ljhkFTgjdff.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003131405/http://www.sify.com/movies/i-m-on-cloud-nine-says-lakshmi-rai-news-tamil-ljhkFTgjdff.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 October 2013 |title=I'm on cloud nine, says Lakshmi Rai |publisher=ppSify |date=8 September 2011 |access-date=1 December 2011}}</ref> Following ''Kanchana''{{'s}} success, she was signed on to reprise the role in its Kannada remake, ''[[Kalpana (2012 film)|Kalpana]]'' (2012).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Lakshmi-in-Kanchana-Kannada-remake/etarticleshow/10637860.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928034217/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-06/news-interviews/30369894_1_lakshmi-rai-upendra-film |url-status=live |archive-date=28 September 2013 |title=Lakshmi in Kanchana Kannada remake |date=6 November 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 December 2011}}</ref> Her 2014 films were ''[[Irumbu Kuthirai]]'', ''[[Aranmanai]]'' in Tamil and ''[[RajadhiRaja]]'' in Malayalam.

===Recent work (2016–present)===
[[File:Raai Laxmi Official Photoshoot 14.jpg|thumb|Laxmi during an editorial photoshoot]]
In 2016, she signed two Tamil films, ''[[Bangalore Naatkal]]'' and ''[[Sowkarpettai]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-bangalore-naatkal-review-this-remake-does-not-measure-up-to-the-malayalam-original-2174349 |title='Bangalore Naatkal' review: This remake doesn't measure up to the original Malayalam superhit |first1=Latha |last1=Srinivasan |date=5 February 2016 |website=DNA India |access-date=11 March 2021 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108180510/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-bangalore-naatkal-review-this-remake-does-not-measure-up-to-the-malayalam-original-2174349 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/sowkarpettai-unintentionally-horrifying/article8318133.ece |title=Sowkarpettai: Unintentionally horrifying |first1=Vishal |last1=Menon |newspaper=The Hindu |date=5 March 2016 |via=www.thehindu.com |access-date=11 March 2021 |archive-date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005142528/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/sowkarpettai-unintentionally-horrifying/article8318133.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> After a brief gap, she performed her second item number opposite [[Pawan Kalyan]] in his Telugu film ''[[Sardaar Gabbar Singh]]'' (2016).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/excited-to-work-with-pawan-kalyan-raai-laxmi/articleshow/48865293.cms |title=Excited to work with Pawan Kalyan: Raai Laxmi |website=[[The Times of India]] |last1=Jonnalagedda |first1=Pranita |access-date=23 June 2021 |archive-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627040447/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/excited-to-work-with-pawan-kalyan-raai-laxmi/articleshow/48865293.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> She debuted in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] with the movie ''[[Akira (2016 Hindi film)|Akira]] directed by [[A. R. Murugadoss|AR Murugadoss]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/raai-laxmi-lands-a-special-role-in-akira/ |title=Raai Laxmi lands a special role in "Akira" |date=31 March 2015 |access-date=20 January 2022 |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120202020/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/raai-laxmi-lands-a-special-role-in-akira/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

She signed to perform her fourth item number with [[Chiranjeevi]] in his 150th film ''[[Khaidi No. 150]]'' (2017),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Laxmi-Raai-starts-shooting-for-Khaidi-No-150/articleshow/54878366.cms"Laxmi |title=Raai starts shooting for Khaidi No 150 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/raai-laxmi-to-shake-a-leg-with-chiru/articleshow/54831402.cms |title=Raai Laxmi to shake a leg with Chiru |website=[[The Times of India]] |last1=Menon |first1=Thinkal |access-date=23 June 2021 |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628062449/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/raai-laxmi-to-shake-a-leg-with-chiru/articleshow/54831402.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> and later in ''[[Motta Shiva Ketta Shiva]]'' (2017) in Tamil with [[Raghava Lawrence]].<ref name="RaaiInMSKS">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Raai-Laxmi-to-shake-a-leg-with-Lawrence/articleshow/52071500.cms"Raai |title=Laxmi to shake a leg with Lawrence |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Raai Laxmi portrayed the lead role in her second Hindi film ''[[Julie 2]]'' (2017).

In 2018, she made her comeback to Malayalam cinema with the [[Mammootty]] starrer ''[[Oru Kuttanadan Blog]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/raai-laxmi-is-a-modern-girl-in-oru-kuttanadan-blog/articleshow/65229155.cms |title=Raai Laxmi is a modern girl in "Oru Kuttanadan Blog" |website=[[The Times of India]] |last1=Soman |first1=Deepa |access-date=11 March 2021 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110200701/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/raai-laxmi-is-a-modern-girl-in-oru-kuttanadan-blog/articleshow/65229155.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2019, she starred in horror movies ''[[Where Is the Venkatalakshmi]]'' in Telugu and ''[[Neeya 2]]'' in Tamil; both were box office failures.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/mar/16/what-is-this-venkatalakshmi-1951860.html |title='Where Is The Venkatalakshmi' movie review: What is this Venkatalakshmi? |website=The New Indian Express |date=16 March 2019 |access-date=11 March 2021 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627001053/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/mar/16/what-is-this-venkatalakshmi-1951860.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/neeya-2-review-tamil-movie-22304 |title=Neeya 2 review. Neeya 2 Tamil movie review, story, rating |website=IndiaGlitz.com |access-date=11 March 2021 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110172549/https://www.indiaglitz.com/neeya-2-review-tamil-movie-22304 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She also starred in the Bollywood film, ''[[Officer Arjun Singh IPS Batch 2000]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/officer-arjun-singh-ips/movie-review/71651350.cms |title=Officer Arjun Singh IPS Movie Review: An attempt to redefine justice |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=11 March 2021 |archive-date=30 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730100053/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/officer-arjun-singh-ips/movie-review/71651350.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, she starred in the Tamil horror movie ''[[Cinderella (2021 Indian film)|Cinderella]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raai Laxmi's next is Cinderella |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/aug/11/raai-laxmis-next-is-cinderella-1856284.html |access-date=21 July 2023 |website=The New Indian Express |date=11 August 2018 |archive-date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005063257/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/aug/11/raai-laxmis-next-is-cinderella-1856284.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Film===
{{Pending films key}}
*''Note: She was credited as Lakshmi Rai until 2014.''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lakshmi-rai-is-now-raai-laxmi/articleshow/35961472.cms|title=Lakshmi Rai is now Raai Laxmi|date=16 January 2017|work= The Times of India}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Raai Laxmi film credits
|-
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Role(s)
! scope="col"| Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2005 || ''[[Karka Kasadara]]'' || Anjali || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Tamil debut || <ref name="indiaglitz1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/tamil-movies-karka-kasadara-photos-7238 |title=Karka Kasadara Photos – Tamil Movies photos, images, gallery, stills, clips |website=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=12 May 2022|archive-date=12 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512215030/https://www.indiaglitz.com/tamil-movies-karka-kasadara-photos-7238|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kanchanamala Cable TV]]'' || Sireesha / Kanchanamala || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Telugu debut || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/kanchanamala-cable-tv-review-telugu-movie-7508 |title=Kanchanamala Cable TV review. Kanchanamala Cable TV Telugu movie review, story, rating |website=IndiaGlitz.com |access-date=11 March 2021 |archive-date=1 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001180159/https://www.indiaglitz.com/kanchanamala-cable-tv-review-telugu-movie-7508 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kundakka Mandakka]]'' || Roopa || Tamil || || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.sify.com/movies/kundakka-mandakka-review-tamil-pclvMQfaghaij.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720153342/https://m.sify.com/movies/kundakka-mandakka-review-tamil-pclvMQfaghaij.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=20 July 2022 |title=Kundakka Mandakka |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Valmiki (2005 film)|Valmiki]]'' || Lakshmi Deshpande || [[Kannada]] || Kannada debut || <ref name="indiaglitz.2004.12.23"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2006 || ''[[Oru Kadhalan Oru Kadhali|Neeku Naaku]]'' || Saranya || Telugu || || <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/neeku-naaku-telugu-movie-review-8221.html |title=Neeku Naaku review. Neeku Naaku Telugu movie review, story, rating |website=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=14 September 2022|archive-date=14 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914213815/https://www.indiaglitz.com/neeku-naaku-telugu-movie-review-8221.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
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| ''[[Dharmapuri (film)|Dharmapuri]]'' || Valarmathy || rowspan="2" | Tamil || || {{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2007 || ''[[Nenjai Thodu]]'' || Aishwarya || || <ref name="indiaglitz1"/>
|-
| ''[[Rock n' Roll (2007 film)|Rock n' Roll]]'' || Daya Sreenivas || [[Malayalam]] || Malayalam debut || <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/rock-n-roll-preview-malayalam-movie-9604 |title=Rock N Roll Malayalam Movie Preview cinema review stills gallery trailer video clips showtimes |website=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=12 May 2022|archive-date=12 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512215031/https://www.indiaglitz.com/rock-n-roll-preview-malayalam-movie-9604|url-status=live}}</ref>
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| ''[[Snehana Preethina]]'' || Lakshmi || Kannada || || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/snehana-preethina-review-kannada-14496879.html |title=Movie Review : Snehana Preethina |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716034348/http://www.sify.com/movies/snehana-preethina-review-kannada-14496879.html |archive-date=16 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
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| rowspan="6" | 2008 || ''[[Velli Thirai]]'' || Herself || Tamil || Cameo || {{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
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| ''[[Annan Thampi]]'' || Thenmozhi || Malayalam || || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/apr/18ssannan.htm |title=Watch Annan Thambi for Mammootty |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=11 March 2021 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531080155/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/apr/18ssannan.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Minchina Ota (2008 film)|Minchina Ota]]'' || Lakshmi || Kannada || || <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jul/11ssmo.htm |title=Review: Minchina Ota |website=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=14 September 2022|archive-date=7 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707222310/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jul/11ssmo.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Parunthu]]'' || Rakhi || Malayalam || || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jul/21ssp.htm |title=Parunthu is lacklustre |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=11 March 2021 |archive-date=10 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210225321/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jul/21ssp.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ragasiya Snehithane]]'' || Jennifer || rowspan="2" | Tamil || || <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/horror-is-the-genre-now/article28576904.ece |title=Horror is the genre now |newspaper=The Hindu |date=12 August 2004 |access-date=14 September 2022 |archive-date=14 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914213816/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/horror-is-the-genre-now/article28576904.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dhaam Dhoom]]'' || Aarthi Chinappa || || {{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2009 || ''[[2 Harihar Nagar]]'' || Maya / Christina Honai / Serina || Malayalam || || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/2-harihar-nagar-review-malayalam-pclxa9hecggdj.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706111624/http://www.sify.com/movies/2-harihar-nagar-review-malayalam-pclxa9hecggdj.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 July 2017 |title=2 Harihar Nagar |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Muthirai]]'' || Kavyanjali "Kavya" || rowspan="4" | Tamil || || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/muthirai-wasted-potential/20090619.htm |title=Muthirai: Wasted potential |first1=Pavithra |last1=Srinivasan |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=11 March 2021 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531001655/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/muthirai-wasted-potential/20090619.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vaamanan]]'' || Pooja || || {{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
| ''[[Naan Avanillai 2]]'' || Deepa || || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/naan-avan-illai-2-review-tamil-pclxwahjdhibc.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317024228/http://www.sify.com/movies/naan-avan-illai-2-review-tamil-pclxwahjdhibc.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 March 2016 |title=Naan Avan Illai-2 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Oru Kadhalan Oru Kadhali]]'' || Charanya || || {{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
| ''[[Chattambinadu]]'' || Gouri || rowspan="3" | Malayalam || || <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/dec/01/south-malayalam-first-look-mammoottys-chattambinadu.htm |title=First Look: Mammootty's Chattambinadu |first1=Meghna |last1=George |website=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=23 November 2022|archive-date=29 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829102748/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/dec/01/south-malayalam-first-look-mammoottys-chattambinadu.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Evidam Swargamanu|Ividam Swargamanu]]'' || Adv. Sunitha || || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://movies.rediff.com/review/2009/dec/28/south-review-ividam-swargamanu.htm |title=Review: Ividam Swargamanu is worth watching |first1=Paresh C. |last1=Palicha |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=11 March 2021 |archive-date=8 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208180431/http://movies.rediff.com/review/2009/dec/28/south-review-ividam-swargamanu.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
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| rowspan="3" | 2010 || ''[[In Ghost House Inn]]'' || Serina || Special appearance in the song "Ole Ole" || <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/mollywood-beauties-who-sizzled-in-item-numbers/photostory/53559342.cms |title=Mollywood beauties who sizzled in item numbers |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=11 March 2021 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531163421/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/mollywood-beauties-who-sizzled-in-item-numbers/photostory/53559342.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Irumbukkottai Murattu Singam]]'' || Pakki || rowspan="2" | Tamil || || {{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
| ''[[Pen Singam]]'' || Herself || Special appearance in the song "Adi Aadi Asaiyum Edupu" ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2011 || ''[[Christian Brothers (film)|Christian Brothers]]'' || Sofia || Malayalam || || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-christian-brothers/20110318.htm |title=Review: Christian Brothers is entertaining |first1=Paresh C. |last1=Palicha |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=11 March 2021 |archive-date=23 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723192622/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-christian-brothers/20110318.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kanchana (2011 film)|Kanchana]]'' || Priya || rowspan="2" | Tamil || || {{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
| ''[[Mankatha]]'' || Sona || || <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/mankatha-close-game/article2431938.ece |title=Mankatha: Close game |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 September 2011 |last1=Vijayakumar |first1=Bharath |access-date=14 September 2022 |archive-date=14 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914213815/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/mankatha-close-game/article2431938.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Oru Marubhoomikkadha]]'' || Meenakshy Thampuran, Manasi Thampuran || rowspan="3" | Malayalam || Double role || <ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-watch-oru-marubhoomikkatha-only-for-mohanlal/20111219.htm Review: Watch Oru Marubhoomikkatha only for Mohanlal – Rediff.com Movies]. Rediff.com (19 December 2011).</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2012 || ''[[Casanovva]]'' || Hana || || <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-casanovva-disappoints-big-time/20120127.htm |title=Review: Casanovva disappoints big time |first1=Paresh C. |last1=Palicha |website=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=12 May 2022|archive-date=12 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512215030/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-casanovva-disappoints-big-time/20120127.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mayamohini]]'' || Maya / Katrina || || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/mayamohini-is-a-easy-watch-review-malayalam-pcmatWbbaadie.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123054741/https://www.sify.com/movies/mayamohini-is-a-easy-watch-review-malayalam-pcmatWbbaadie.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 January 2022 |title=Mayamohini is a easy watch [sic] |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
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| ''[[Adhinayakudu]]'' || Deepthi || Telugu || || <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/previews/adhinayakudu/articleshow/13637974.cms |title=Adhinayakudu |newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=8 March 2023 | archive-date=8 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308225638/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/previews/adhinayakudu/articleshow/13637974.cms | url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kalpana (2012 film)|Kalpana]]'' || Priya || Kannada || || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-kalpana-is-agood-horror-film/20120928.htm |title=Review: Kalpana is an enjoyable horror film |first1=Srikanth |last1=Srinivasa |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=11 March 2021 |archive-date=20 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220041959/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-kalpana-is-agood-horror-film/20120928.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
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| ''[[Thaandavam]]'' || Geetha || Tamil || || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/thaandavam-review-tamil-pcma73jgbahfb.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623090217/http://www.sify.com/movies/thaandavam-review-tamil-pcma73jgbahfb.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 June 2015 |title=Thaandavam |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2013 || ''[[Attahasa]]'' || Vijetha Vasisht || Kannada || Guest appearance || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kannada-review-attahasa-is-technically-brilliant-591086.html |title=Kannada Review: "Attahasa" is technically brilliant |date=15 February 2013 |website=News18 |access-date=11 March 2021 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531141405/https://www.news18.com/news/india/kannada-review-attahasa-is-technically-brilliant-591086.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Onbadhule Guru]]'' || Sanjana || Tamil || || <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-south-onbadhula-guru/20130308.htm |title=Review: Onbadhula Guru is a collection of comic scenes |first1=S. |last1=Saraswathi |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=11 March 2021 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225052117/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-south-onbadhula-guru/20130308.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aaru Sundarimaarude Katha]]'' || Fouzia Hassan IPS || Malayalam || || <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/aaru-sundarimarude-katha/movie-review/20132703.cms |title=Aaru Sundarimarude Katha Movie Review {2/5}: Critic Review of Aaru Sundarimarude Katha by Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
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| ''[[Balupu]]'' || Herself || Telugu || Special appearance in the song "Lucky Lucky Rai" || <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/lakshmi-rai-to-do-a-cameo-in-balupu/articleshow/20067419.cms |title=Lakshmi Rai to do a cameo in Balupu |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=11 March 2021 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531082459/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/lakshmi-rai-to-do-a-cameo-in-balupu/articleshow/20067419.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2014 || ''[[Irumbu Kuthirai]]'' || Christina || Tamil || || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/irumbu-kuthirai-review-tamil-movie-18626 |title=Irumbu Kuthirai review. Irumbu Kuthirai Tamil movie review, story, rating |website=IndiaGlitz.com |access-date=11 March 2021 |archive-date=19 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119105321/https://www.indiaglitz.com/irumbu-kuthirai-review-tamil-movie-18626 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[RajadhiRaja]]'' || Radha || Malayalam || || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-rajadhi-raja-fails-to-impress-south/20140905.htm |title=Review: Rajadhi Raja fails to impress |first1=Paresh C. |last1=Palicha |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=11 March 2021 |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203040930/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-rajadhi-raja-fails-to-impress-south/20140905.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aranmanai]]'' || Maya || rowspan="3" | Tamil || || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/aranmanai-Movie-Review-tamil-movie-review-18700 |title=Aranmanai review. Aranmanai Tamil movie review, story, rating |website=IndiaGlitz.com |access-date=11 March 2021 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924061240/http://www.indiaglitz.com/aranmanai-Movie-Review-tamil-movie-review-18700 |url-status=live}}</ref>
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| rowspan="4" | 2016 || ''[[Bangalore Naatkal]]'' || Lakshmi || || {{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
| ''[[Sowkarpettai]]'' || Maya || || <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Sowcarpettai/movie-review/51275462.cms|title = Sowcarpettai Movie Review {1.5/5}: Critic Review of Sowcarpettai by Times of India| website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

|-
| ''[[Sardaar Gabbar Singh]]'' || Herself || Telugu || Special appearance in the song "Tauba Tauba" || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chitramala.in/lakshmi-rai-poses-with-pawan-kalyan-in-sardaar-gabbar-singh-203251.html |title=Lakshmi Rai with Pawan Kalyan in Sardaar Gabbar Singh |date=3 October 2015 |website=Chitramala |access-date=11 March 2021 |archive-date=12 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412173944/https://www.chitramala.in/lakshmi-rai-poses-with-pawan-kalyan-in-sardaar-gabbar-singh-203251.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
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| ''[[Akira (2016 Hindi film)|Akira]]'' || Maya Amin || [[Hindi language|Hindi]] || Hindi debut || {{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
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| rowspan="3" | 2017 || ''[[Khaidi No. 150]]'' || Herself || Telugu || Special appearance in the song "Ratthaalu" || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/chiranjeevi-and-laxmi-rai-shoot-a-special-song-for-khaidi-no-150-1480853 |title=Chiranjeevi And Laxmi Rai Shoot a Special Song For Khaidi No 150 |website=NDTV.com |access-date=11 March 2021 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531144650/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/chiranjeevi-and-laxmi-rai-shoot-a-special-song-for-khaidi-no-150-1480853 |url-status=live}}</ref>
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| ''[[Motta Shiva Ketta Shiva]]'' || Herself || Tamil || Special appearance in the song "Hara Hara Mahadevaki" || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/hot-actress-raai-lakshmi-kuthu-song-with-raghava-lawrence-motta-siva-ketta-siva-tamil-news-158210.html |title=IndiaGlitz – Hot actress Raai Lakshmi kuthu song with Raghava Lawrence Motta Siva Ketta Siva – Tamil Movie News |date=3 May 2016 |publisher= |accessdate=10 March 2017 |archive-date=4 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204165915/http://www.indiaglitz.com/hot-actress-raai-lakshmi-kuthu-song-with-raghava-lawrence-motta-siva-ketta-siva-tamil-news-158210.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Julie 2]]'' || Julie / Sumitra Devi || Hindi || || <ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/julie-2-movie-review-raai-laxmi-1093267-2017-11-24 |title=Julie 2 movie review: Raai Laxmi's Bollywood debut is cringeworthy |first1=Samrudhi |last1=Ghosh |date=1 August 2017 |magazine=India Today |access-date=11 March 2021 |archive-date=18 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018034504/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/julie-2-movie-review-raai-laxmi-1093267-2017-11-24 |url-status=live}}</ref>
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|| 2018 || ''[[Oru Kuttanadan Blog]]'' || Sreejaya || Malayalam || || <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/oru-kuttanadan-blog/movie-review/65807203.cms |title=Oru Kuttanadan Blog Review {3/5}: The movie has enough drama and flair to make it an engaging one-time watch |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2019 || ''[[Where Is the Venkatalakshmi]]'' || Venkatalakshmi || Telugu || || <ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/telugu/2019/mar/15/where-is-the-venkatalakshmi-review-what-is-this-venkatalakshmi-10559.html |title=Where Is The Venkatalakshmi Review: What is this Venkatalakshmi? |magazine=[[Cinema Express]] |first1=Murali |last1=Krishna |date=15 March 2019 |access-date=11 March 2021 |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205180732/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/telugu/2019/mar/15/where-is-the-venkatalakshmi-review-what-is-this-venkatalakshmi-10559.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Neeya 2]]'' || Malar / Nagarani || Tamil || || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/neeya-2-movie-review-rating-5747303/ |title=Neeya 2 movie review: A bad spiritual sequel to Neeya that will make you go WTF |website=[[The Indian Express]] |date=24 May 2019 |access-date=11 March 2021 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225155826/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/neeya-2-movie-review-rating-5747303/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Officer Arjun Singh IPS Batch 2000]]'' || Durga Dayal Singh || Hindi || || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://bollyy.com/movie-review-officer-arjun-singh-ips-batch-2000/ |title=Movie Review: Officer Arjun Singh Ips Batch 2000 |date=22 October 2019 |access-date=11 March 2021 |archive-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305203215/https://bollyy.com/movie-review-officer-arjun-singh-ips-batch-2000/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
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| rowspan="3" | 2021 || ''[[Mirugaa]]'' || Lakshmi || Tamil || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Srikanth and Raai Laxmi team up once again for Miruga |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/dec/02/srikanth-and-raai-laxmi-team-up-once-again-for-miruga-9034.html |access-date=27 March 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=2 December 2018 |language=en |archive-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820021644/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/dec/02/srikanth-and-raai-laxmi-team-up-once-again-for-miruga-9034.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The trailer of Srikanth and Raai Laxmi's Mirugaa is here |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-trailer-of-srikanth-and-raai-laxmis-mirugaa-is-here/articleshow/81258907.cms |access-date=27 March 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=28 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228135909/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-trailer-of-srikanth-and-raai-laxmis-mirugaa-is-here/articleshow/81258907.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''Jhansi I.P.S'' || Jhansi I.P.S || Kannada || || <ref>{{cite web |last1=Adivi |first1=Sashidhar |date=15 June 2019 |title=Meaty roles are a rarity: Raai Laxmi |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/150619/meaty-roles-are-a-rarity-raai-laxmi.html |access-date=14 September 2020 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414192505/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/150619/meaty-roles-are-a-rarity-raai-laxmi.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Cinderella (2021 Indian film)|Cinderella]]'' || Thulasi / Akira || rowspan="2" | Tamil || Dual role || <ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborthy |first1=Antara |title=Cinderella first look: Raai Laxmi promises to deliver the goods with new adaptation of fairytale |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/cinderella-first-look-raai-laxmi-5433519/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=9 August 2021 |date=4 November 2018 |archive-date=9 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809023254/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/cinderella-first-look-raai-laxmi-5433519/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/aug/10/raai-laxmis-next-titled-cinderella-7376.html |title=Raai Laxmi's next titled, Cinderella |magazine=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=1 February 2019 |archive-date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005063128/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/aug/10/raai-laxmis-next-titled-cinderella-7376.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2022 || ''[[The Legend (2022 film)|The Legend]]''
|Herself
|Special appearance in the song "Vaadi Vaasal"
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=The Legend – Official Trailer {{!}} Legend Saravanan {{!}} Harris Jayaraj {{!}} JD –Jerry |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mvQK78iCxWY |language=en |access-date=30 May 2022 |via=YouTube |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530062950/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mvQK78iCxWY |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Bholaa]]'' || Herself || Hindi || Special appearance in the song "Paan Dukaniya" ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[DNA (2024 film)|DNA]]'' || Rachel Punnoose IPS || Malayalam || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-05-11 |title=Raai Laxmi's DNA gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/May/11/raai-laxmis-dna-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Raai Laxmi television credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" | Channel
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|2009 || ''Anu Alavum Baiyamillai 2'' || Host || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || [[Star Vijay|Vijay TV]] || rowspan=2|Reality show
|-
|2015 || ''Star Challenge'' || Contestant || [[Malayalam]] || [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2020 || ''[[Poison 2]]'' || Sara || [[Hindi]] || [[ZEE5]] || Web series
|-
|''[[Bigg Boss (Telugu season 4)]]'' || Guest || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[Star Maa]] || rowspan=2|Reality show
|-
|2021 || ''Comedy Stars Season 3'' || Celebrity Judge || [[Malayalam]] || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Raai Laxmi awards and nominations
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| [[12th Asianet Film Awards|2009]]
| [[Asianet Film Awards]]
| [[Asianet Film Awards#Most Popular Actress|Most Popular Actress]]
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Evidam Swargamanu]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |date=4 January 2010 |title=Kerala: Ujala-Asianet film awards announced |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2010/jan/04/kerala-ujala-asianet-film-awards-announced-118597.html |access-date=19 January 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531080155/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2010/jan/04/kerala-ujala-asianet-film-awards-announced-118597.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2009
| rowspan="2" | [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Malayalam|Best Supporting Actress – Malayalam]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=31 August 2017 |title=Meet Julie 2 actor Raai Laxmi |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/meet-julie-2-actor-raai-laxmi-bikini-photos-4821792/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324104816/http://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/meet-julie-2-actor-raai-laxmi-bikini-photos-4821792/ |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=19 January 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2011
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil|Best Supporting Actress – Tamil]]
| ''[[Mankatha]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| [[1st South Indian International Movie Awards|2012]]
| [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| Stylish Star of South Indian Cinema
| Various films
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/siima-awards-2012-winners-list/articleshow/14371865.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627054432/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-24/news-interviews/32393126_1_award-function-shruti-haasan-youth-icon |url-status=live |archive-date=27 June 2012 |title=SIIMA Awards 2012: Winners List |date=21 June 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=24 June 2012}}</ref>
|}
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Facebook|IamLakshmiRai}}
* {{Twitter}}
* {{Instagram|iamraailaxmi}}
* {{IMDb name|2843559}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Laxmi, Raai}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Belgaum]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Bommanahalli Assembly constituency

2026-03-16T11:15:26Z

Ras: updated page

{{Short description|Constituency of the Karnataka legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Bommanahalli
|type= SLA
| constituency_no = 175
| map_image = 175-Bommanahalli constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|state = [[Karnataka]]
|district = [[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore Urban]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bangalore South Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore South]]
|established = 2008
|electors = {{formatnum:452808}} (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| reservation = None
|mla = [[M. Satish Reddy]]
|party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
}}
'''Bommanahalli Assembly constituency''' is one of the 225 constituencies in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] of [[Karnataka]], a southern state of [[India]]. [[Bommanahalli]] is also part of [[Bangalore South Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Bommanahalli Assembly constituency |url=http://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/bommanahalli.html |work=Elections.in |access-date= October 6, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=List of elected members of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly |url=http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/14assemblymemberslist.htm |work=kar.nic|access-date=October 6, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= October 6, 2017 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan="4" | [[M. Satish Reddy]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bommanahalli <ref name=election2023/><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Bommanahalli">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Bommanahalli |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10175.htm?ac=175 |access-date=24 April 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424170715/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10175.htm?ac=175 |archive-date=24 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. Satish Reddy]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 113,574 |percentage = 52.82% |change = {{decrease}}4.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Umapathy Srinivasa Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 89,359 |percentage = 41.56% |change = {{increase}}8.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Narayan Raju |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 3,445 |percentage = 1.60% |change = {{decrease}}3.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,456 |percentage = 1.14% |change = {{decrease}}0.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sitharamu |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 1,989 |percentage = 0.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mamatha. R |party = Uttama Prajaakeeya Party |votes = 1,819 |percentage = 0.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,215 |percentage = 11.26% |change = {{decrease}}12.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 215,066 |percentage = 47.50% |change = {{increase}}0.28 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 215,037}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 452,808 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.35 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}4.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bommanahalli }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. Satish Reddy]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 111,863 |percentage = 57.22% |change = {{increase}}22.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sushma Rajagopala Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 64,701 |percentage = 33.09% |change = {{increase}}8.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. R. Prasad |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 9,379 |percentage = 4.80% |change = {{increase}}0.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,491 |percentage = 1.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Somashekar. N |party = Praja Parivartan Party |votes = 2,142 |percentage = 1.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 47,162 |percentage = 24.12% |change = {{increase}}13.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 195,542 |percentage = 47.22% |change = {{decrease}}6.87 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 195,510}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 414,080 |ref = |change = {{increase}}28.14 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}22.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bommanahalli <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. Satish Reddy]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 86,552 |percentage = 34.52% |change = {{decrease}}17.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagabhushana. C |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 60,700 |percentage = 24.21% |change = {{decrease}}16.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Ashwin Mahesh |party = Lok Satta Party |votes = 11,915 |percentage = 4.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Sharaschandra (babu) |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 10,621 |percentage = 4.24% |change = {{decrease}}0.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Ramesh Reddy |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 1,832 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,852 |percentage = 10.31% |change = {{decrease}}0.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 174,773 |percentage = 54.09% |change = {{increase}}9.74 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 250,737}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 323,143 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.04 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}17.37 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bommanahalli <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. Satish Reddy]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 62,993 |percentage = 51.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kupendra Reddy. D |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 49,353 |percentage = 40.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Muninarayana. H. M |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 6,313 |percentage = 5.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sathish Reddy. A |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,141 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Venkatesh. M |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,059 |percentage = 0.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,640 |percentage = 11.24% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 121,405 |percentage = 44.35% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 121,394}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 273,749 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Bommanahalli]]
* [[Bangalore Urban district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|12.902|77.621|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bengaluru Urban district]]
[[Category:Politics of Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Karnataka]]

Vijay Viswanathan

2026-03-15T08:48:40Z

Ras: Starting Entry!

{{Short description|Indian diabetologist}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vijay Viswanathan
| image = Vijay-Viswanathan.jpg
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = Diabetologist
| education = Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) Doctor of Medicine in Internal Medicine (MD) Doctor of Philosophy in diabetic nephropathy (Ph.D.)
| alma_mater = [[University of Mangalore]] [[Stanley Medical College]] [[The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University]] [[Royal College of Physicians]]
| boards = [[European Association for the Study of Diabetes]] (EASD) (Member)
European Diabetic Nephropathy Study Group (EDNSG) (Member)
Diabetic Foot Study Group (DFSG) (Founding Member)
European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) (Member)
}}

'''Vijay Viswanathan''' is a diabetologist from India<ref>{{Cite web |title=High level of Distress Affect Women Diabetic patients than men in South India |url=https://www.apnnews.com/high-level-of-distress-affect-women-diabetic-patients-than-men-in-south-india/ |website=APN News}}</ref> who is the chief diabetologist at M.V. Hospital for Diabetes<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-08-15 |title='No one should lose a leg to diabetes' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/no-one-should-lose-a-leg-to-diabetes/article35931679.ece |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> based in [[Royapuram|Chennai]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2022-12-29 |title=New guidelines for treatment of diabetic foot to be released on May 13 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/new-guidelines-for-treatment-of-diabetic-foot-to-be-released-on-may-13/article66318002.ece |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=21 March 2019 |title=Women with type 2 diabetes have high levels of distress: study |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/women-with-type-2-diabetes-have-high-levels-of-distress-study/article26602303.ece}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=10 August 2022 |title=Research society launches 'Save the feet and keep walking' campaign |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/research-society-launches-save-the-feet-and-keep-walking-campaign/article65754478.ece}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Week - Dr Vijay Viswanathan |work=Cdicindia.org |url=http://cdicindia.org/cdicadmin/uploads/professionals/upload_path/Dr_Vijay_Viswanathan.pdf}}</ref> He is also the President of Prof. M. Viswanathan Diabetes Research Centre<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-12 |title=App to help people with diabetic foot launched |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/app-to-help-people-with-diabetic-foot-launched/articleshow/97833166.cms?from=mdr |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and the first Asian President of D-Foot International, a non-profit organization based in [[Belgium]].<ref>{{cite news |date=4 June 2019 |title=डा. विजय विश्वनाथन बने डी-फुट इंटरनेशनल के इलेक्ट प्रेसीडेंट {{!}} Dr. Vijay Viswanathan becomes Elect President of D-Foot International |language=hi-IN |work=Patrika News |url=https://www.patrika.com/chennai-news/dr-vijay-viswanathan-becomes-elect-president-of-d-foot-international-4666865/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=17 November 2021 |title=World Diabetes Day: MV hospital lights up Anna Centenary Library |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2021/nov/17/world-diabetes-day-mv-hospital-lights-up-anna-centenary-library-2384437.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=10 November 2022 |title=Footcare awareness among diabetologists is need of the hour to prevent amputation: Dr Vijay Viswanathan |work=Navjeevan Express |url=https://navjeevanexpress.com/footcare-awareness-among-diabetologists-is-need-of-the-hour-to-prevent-amputation-dr-vijay-viswanathan/}}</ref> Viswanathan has published over 543 research papers, in publications including the [[United States National Library of Medicine|National Library of Medicine]], on topics such as primary prevention and management of diabetes, diabetic foot and prevention of amputation, diabetic nephropathy, socio-economics of diabetes care and Pulmonary TB and diabetes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Viswanathan V - PubMed |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Viswanathan+V&sort=pubdate&size=50 |website=PubMed |language=en}}</ref>

He has been awarded the Medical Council Award from the [[List of governors of Tamil Nadu|Governor of Tamil Nadu]] at the Tamil Nadu Medical Council in [[Chennai]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Vijay Viswanathan, MD, PhD - University of Michigan |work=[[University of Michigan]] |url=https://medicine.umich.edu/dept/mneuronet/vijay-viswanathan-md-phd}}</ref>

==Education and career==
In 1987, Viswanathan completed his [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]] degree from Govt. [[Stanley Medical College]]. He later went on to pursue his [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]] in [[Internal medicine|Internal Medicine]] at the [[Kasturba Medical College]], [[Mangalore]], which he completed in 1991. In 1999, Viswanathan earned his [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in [[Diabetic nephropathy|Diabetic Nephropathy]] from The [[Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University]] (TNMGRMU). Additionally, he has advanced post-graduate training in diabetes. In 2010, Viswanathan completed his [[Royal College of Physicians|FRCP]] from the [[Royal College of Physicians]] in [[London]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Diabetic Foot Research India and Diabetic Amputation Prevention Initiative |work=dfri.in |url=https://dfri.in/message-from-experts.php}}</ref> He serves as the President of Prof. M. Viswanathan Diabetes Research Centre, a WHO Collaborating centre for Research, Education and Training,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-01-16 |title=M.V. Hospital retains WHO tag |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/mv-hospital-retains-who-tag/article26008731.ece |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=12 November 2008 |title=Diabetes The Alarming Facts - Interview With Dr. V. Vishwanathan |work=Medindia |url=https://www.medindia.net/news/interviews/diabetes-the-alarming-facts-interview-with-dr-v-vishwanathan-43959-1.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Live Chennai: M.V. Hospital for Diabetes - Annual Oration and Lifetime Achievement Award, Hospital for Diabetes, Hospital for Diabetes Chennai, Chennai Hospital for Diabetes, Diabetes Hospital Chennai |url=https://www.livechennai.com/detailnews.asp?catid=&newsid=2167&nav=n |work=www.livechennai.com}}</ref> and a Scientific & Industrial Research Organization (SIRO) recognized by the [[Department of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (Govt. of India).<ref>{{cite news |date=12 June 2014 |title=1st Vivian Fonseca Scholar award for Dr Vijay Viswanathan |work=Express Healthcare |url=https://www.expresshealthcare.in/life-healthcare/1st-vivian-fonseca-scholar-award-for-dr-vijay-viswanathan/4276/}}</ref> In 2019, he was the National Vice President of the [[Research Society for the Study of Diabetes in India|Research Society for the Study of Diabetes]] (RSSDI).<ref>{{cite news |title=Vijay Viswanathan, Prof. M Viswanathan Diabetes Research Centre, Chennai, India - RePORT International |work=RePORT International |url=https://reportinternational.org/vijay-viswanathan/}}</ref>

Viswanathan is a member of the [[European Association for the Study of Diabetes]] (EASD), the European Association for Study of Diabetes (EASD) as well as the European Diabetic Nephropathy Study Group (EDNSG). Additionally, he is a founding member of the Diabetic Foot Study Group (DFSG).<ref>{{cite news |title=Managing diabetic foot |url=https://www.m3india.in/webinar/58e949/managing-diabetic |work=M3India}}</ref>

Viswanathan was involved in drafting guidelines for wound healing and offloading as part of The International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) will release these guidelines next year, which are updated every four years. Viswanathan has previously drafted infection guidelines in 2015 and recommendations for footwear for diabetic foot ulcers in 2019. He will be part of the wound healing and offloading working groups for the 2023 update.<ref name=":1" />

Viswanathan currently serves as national president of the [[Research Society for the Study of Diabetes in India|Research Society for the Study of Diabetes in India (RSSDI)]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-23 |title=39th Prof. M. Viswanathan oration highlights strategies to prevent diabetic foot amputations |url=https://navjeevanexpress.com/39th-prof-m-viswanathan-oration-highlights-strategies-to-prevent-diabetic-foot-amputations/ |access-date= |website=Navjeevan Express |language=en-US}}</ref> On 30 March 2024, MV Hospital for Diabetes and the Prof. M. Viswanathan Diabetes Research Centre, Royapuram, conducted the 38th Prof. M. Viswanathan DRC Gold Medal Oration in Chennai. During the event, the hospital launched a 'Wound Clinic Training Program' designed to educate healthcare professionals on preventing complications associated with diabetic foot infections.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-03-30 |title=Oration on diabetic foot remission held |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/oration-on-diabetic-foot-remission-held/article68009160.ece |access-date= |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In October 2024, MV Hospital for Diabetes, in collaboration with the Academy of Physicians in Wound Healing (United States), established a School of Podiatry under the name Diabetic Foot Research India, aimed at providing training in podiatric care for medical and paramedical professionals.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-10-22 |title=MV Diabetes launches School of Podiatry to train doctors in diabetic foot treatment |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/mv-diabetes-launches-school-of-podiatry-to-train-doctors-in-diabetic-foot-treatment/article68783137.ece |access-date= |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Selected publications==
*{{Citation |last1= Viswanathan|first1= V.|title=''Role of Technology for wound Care in Diabetic Foot'' |date=2023 |url=|work=Chronic Wound Management |pages= 67–76|editor-first=|access-date= |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-26110-7_4 |isbn=978-3-031-26109-1 |last2=Mirshad|first2=R.}}
*{{Cite journal |last1=Viswanathan|first1=Vijay|last2= Ahmed Khan|first2= Balkhiwala|last3=Nachimuthu|first3=Sukanya|last4=Kumpatla|first4=Satyavani|date= 2023|title=''Precision of Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) Tool for the Diagnosis of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy Among People with Type 2 Diabetes—A Study from South India'' |url= |journal=The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds |language=en |pages=|doi=10.1177/15347346231163209 |issn=1534-7346}}
*{{Cite journal |title=''Current and future perspective in the management of diabetes''|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/368845665 |journal=}}
* {{Cite journal |title=''Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus – The Epidemic Of The 21st Century: The Indian Scenario A Ramachandran, C Snehalatha*, Int. J. Diab. Dev. Countries (1999), Vol. 19'' |url= |journal=}}
*''High Prevalence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea among People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Tertiary Care Center''. J Assoc Physicians India. 2017 Nov;65(11):38-42. PMID 29322708.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Viswanathan |first1=Vijay |last2=Ramalingam |first2=Indira Priyadarshini |last3=Ramakrishnan |first3=Nagarajan |date= |title=High Prevalence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea among People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Tertiary Care Center |journal=The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India |volume=65 |issue=11 |pages=38–42 |issn=0004-5772 |pmid=29322708}}</ref>
*''Need for education on footcare in diabetic patients in India''. J Assoc Physicians India. 1999 Nov;47(11):1083-5. PMID 10862318.
*''Diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes: the Indian experience''. J Assoc Physicians India. 2001 Dec;49:1185-7. PMID 11996441.
*''Prevalence of pathogens in diabetic foot infection in South Indian type 2 diabetic patients''. J Assoc Physicians India. 2002 Aug;50:1013-6. PMID 12421021.
*''Is increased apolipoprotein B-A major factor enhancing the risk of coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetes?'' J Assoc Physicians India. 2002 Aug;50:1036-8. PMID 12421026.
*''Plasma homocysteine concentration and coronary artery disease in Asian Indians''. J Assoc Physicians India. 2002 Oct;50:1229-31. PMID 12568203.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Viswanathan V |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Viswanathan+V&cauthor_id=29322708 | website=PubMed |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards==
* 2005 Hoechst Senior Lecturership in Diabetes by Diamond APICON<ref name=":0" />
* 2009 Professor P.J. Mehta Oration Award by Association of Physicians of India<ref name=":0" />
* 2011: Received the Professor Sam G.P. Moses Oration from Research Society for the Study of Diabetes (RSSDI)<ref name=":0" />
* 2013 Vivian Foncseca Scholar Award from the [[American Diabetes Association]] for his research on the link between Diabetes and TB.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 June 2013 |title=Dr Vijay Viswanathan to receive First Vivian Fonseca Scholar Award |work=Express Pharma |url=https://www.expresspharma.in/dr-vijay-viswanathan-to-receive-first-vivian-fonseca-scholar-award/}}</ref>
* 2014 Professor Sam. G. P. Moses Oration and Gold Medal Oration from Research Society for the Study of Diabetes (RSSDI)<ref name=":0" />
* 2014 Dr. B Ramamurthy Endowment Lecture Award, Indian Medical Association Branch<ref name=":0" />
* 2015 Gold Medal Oration by Research Society for the Study of Diabetes (RSSDI)<ref name=":0" />
* 2015 Medical Council Award by [[List of governors of Tamil Nadu|Governor of Tamil Nadu]] at Tamil Nadu Medical Council, [[Chennai]]<ref name=":0" />
* 2017 Fellowship Award by Research Society for the Study of Diabetes (RSSDI)<ref name=":0" />
* 2018 Inspiring Diabetologist of India from [[Anupriya Patel]], [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Minister of State- Health and Family Welfare Govt of India]]<ref name=":0" />
* 2018 Excellence in Diabetic Foot Award from the National Diabetic Foot Conclave<ref name=":0" />
* 2019 Outstanding Investigator Award from the World-India Diabetes Foundation, a US-based organization in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 January 2022 |title=Award for Chennai doctor |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/award-for-chennai-doctor/article38198415.ece}}</ref>
* 2022 Second prize at the 18th European Diabetic Foot Study Group (DFSG) meeting in [[Bratislava|Bratislava, Slovakia]] for his research paper submitted on “Improving blood flow and saving the legs of people with Diabetes”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-10 |title=Footcare awareness among diabetologists is need of the hour to prevent amputation: Dr Vijay Viswanathan |url=https://navjeevanexpress.com/footcare-awareness-among-diabetologists-is-need-of-the-hour-to-prevent-amputation-dr-vijay-viswanathan/ |website=Navjeevan Express |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Viswanathan, Vijay}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian diabetologists]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar

2026-03-14T22:05:33Z

Ras:

{{Short description|Indian actor and carnatic singer (1910-1959)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mayavaram Krishnasamy Thiyagaraja Bhagavathar
| image = M.K.Thyagaraja Bhagavathar.jpg
| caption = Bhagavathar in an undated photograph
| birthname = Mayavaram Krishnasamy Thiyagaraja Bhagavathar
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1910|3|1}}
| birth_place = [[Mayavaram]], [[Tanjore district]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj]] {{small|(present-day [[Mayiladuthurai]], [[Mayiladuthurai district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1959|11|1|1910|3|7}}
| death_place = [[Madras]], [[Madras State]], India {{small|(present-day [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India)}}
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actor]]|[[Carnatic music|Carnatic singer]]}}
| yearsactive = 1934–1960
| spouse = Kamalam
| children = 3
}}

'''Mayavaram Krishnasamy Thiyagaraja Bhagavathar''' (1 March 1910 – 1 November 1959), also known by his initials '''M. K. T.,''' was an Indian actor and [[Carnatic music|carnatic]] singer. Critics and film historians acknowledge Bhagavathar as the first superstar of [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] cinema. Bhagavathar was born in the town of [[Mayiladuthurai]] in then-[[Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)|Tanjore district]] of the [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj]]. He started his career as a classical singer and stage artist in the late 1920s. In 1934, he made his debut in films with the hit movie ''[[Pavalakkodi (1934 film)|Pavalakkodi]]''. From 1934 to 1960, Bhagavathar acted in 14 films of which 10 were box-office hits. Bhagavathar's 1944 film ''[[Haridas (1944 film)|Haridas]]'' ran for three consecutive years at Broadway Theatre in [[Chennai|Madras]] (now Chennai) and created the record for the longest continuous run at a single theatre.

Bhagavathar was arrested in 1944 as one of the main suspects in the [[Lakshmikanthan murder case]] and spent three years in prison before being released in 1947 after a [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]] verdict came in his favor. Bhagavathar's career declined after his arrest. Although he did continue to act in Tamil films after his release from prison, none of them did well. Bhagavathar died of complications from [[Ayurveda|ayurvedic]] medication at the age of 49 on 1 November 1959. Bhagavathar was acclaimed for his powerful, melodious voice and the ease with which he could sing high-pitch notes.

==Early life==
Bhagavathar was born Thiyagaraja in [[Mayiladuthurai]] (then known as Mayavaram), [[Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)|Tanjore]] District on 1 March 1910,<ref name="madrasmusings_march1">{{cite journal|title=A legend in his lifetime|journal=Madras Musings|publisher=[[S. Muthiah]]|author=S. Sankaranarayanan|url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2019%20No%2022/a-legend-in-his-lifetime.html|volume=19|issue=22|date=1–15 March 2010|access-date=10 April 2011|archive-date=20 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820111613/http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2019%20No%2022/a-legend-in-his-lifetime.html|url-status=live}}</ref> the eldest son of Krishnasamy Aachari, a [[goldsmith]] Vishwakarma.<ref name="madrasmusings_march1" /> A few years after his birth, the family moved to [[Tiruchirappalli]] (then known as Trichinopoly), where Thyagaraja was admitted in a local school.<ref name="madrasmusings_march1" />

Right from his childhood, Thyagaraja neglected his studies and desired to become a singer instead. According to a popular anecdote, Thyagaraja once ran away from home after being reprimanded by his father for his decision to become a singer, as singing was not considered to be an honorable profession in the conservative Indian society of the early 20th century. Krishnasamy Aachary, eventually, found his son in the Telugu-speaking town of [[Kadapa]] as he was singing to a large group of admiring listeners. Krishnasamy Aachary relented and encouraged his son to hone his skills. Soon, Thyagaraja began to sing [[bhajan]]s.

== Career ==

=== Early singing and stage career ===
[[File:M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar.jpg|left|thumb|250px|M. K. T. in the film ''Ambikapathy''.]]
[[F. G. Natesa Iyer]], a railway officer with South Indian Railways, Trichy and the founder of an amateur theatre group, Rasika Ranjana Sabha, is credited with introducing Thyagaraja to the stage. One story is that he heard Thyagaja singing at a bhajan. Impressed with his talent, F. G. Natesa Iyer offered him the role of Lohitadasa in his play ''Harischandra'', with the permission of Thyagaraja's father. Thyagaraja, who was ten at the time, agreed, and the play was a success. He also started training under the guidance of theatre veterans at that time in Trichy.<ref name="madrasmusings_march1"/> However, Thyagaraja concentrated more on singing than acting and took a six-year training in Carnatic music from Madurai Ponnu Iyengar, an acclaimed violinist.

=== Early films ===
In 1934, businessmen Lakshmana Chettiar and [[Alagappa Chettiar]] and film director K. Subramaniam happened to watch a Hindu mythological play called "Pavalakkodi" in which Bhagavathar played the lead role of [[Arjuna]]. Thoroughly impressed with the performance, Chettiar planned to produce a movie based on the same story with Bhagavathar the lead role. The film was shot in [[Adyar (Chennai)|Adyar]] and was a success. It helped launch Bhagavathar's career in films.

Bhagavathar's second film ''Naveena Sarangadhara'' (1935) was again directed by K. Subramaniam and was based on a play called ''Sarangadhara''. Bagavathar's next film was his first own production film under the banner Trichy Thyagaraja Films, "Sathyaseelan" (1936). The film had the novel feature of two Bagavathars appearing on the same frame, though it was not strictly a film with Bagavathar playing a double role. Bagavathar, apart from playing Sathyaseelan, also briefly appears as a court singer himself in the film.

=== Rise to stardom 1937–1944 ===
In 1937, Bhagavathar was cast in role of Bilwamangal in the film ''[[Chintamani (1937 film)|Chintamani]]'' directed by [[Y. V. Rao]]. ''Chintamani'' was record-breaking success and became the first Tamil film to run continuously for a year. Bhagavathar's songs in the movie were especially popular. The Tamil writer [[Kalki Krishnamurthy]] wrote that the film has made such an impact on the viewers that housewives would sing the song ''Mayaprapanchattil'' from the movie while preparing coffee in the morning and her husband would sing ''Rathey unakku kobam'' in response.<ref name="MKT">{{Cite web|url=http://raja1630.tripod.com/mktb/id2.html |title=MKT Filmography Part I |access-date=12 October 2008 |work=M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar fan site |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704184423/http://raja1630.tripod.com/mktb/id2.html |archive-date=4 July 2008 }}</ref> However, the songs that were featured in the gramophone records produced by Saraswathi Stores were not sung by Bhagavathar as he did not have any business understanding with the company. With the profits obtained from the movie, the owners of Rayal Talkies constructed a theatre in [[Madurai]] and named it ''Chintamani''.<ref name="MKT" /><ref name="chintamani">{{cite news | last= Muthiah | first= S. | title= An unforgettable superhit | date= 3 March 2008 | url= http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/03/03/stories/2008030350910500.htm | access-date= 13 October 2008 | archive-date= 3 January 2013 | archive-url= https://archive.today/20130103090838/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/03/03/stories/2008030350910500.htm | work= [[The Hindu]] | url-status= dead }}</ref>

The very same year, Bhagavathar was offered the title role in the film ''[[Ambikapathy (1937 film)|Ambikapathy]]'' made by the American film director [[Ellis R. Dungan]]. The film was Bhagavathar's second consecutive hit in the year and broke records set by ''Chintamani''. Dungan was, however, heavily criticised by the conservative Hindu society for introducing controversially intimate scenes between Bhagavathar and the heroine Santhanalakshmi. Bhagavathar played the role of [[Saivite]] saint [[Thiruneelakanta Nayanar]] in the 1939 movie ''Thiruneelakantar''.

===Singing===

Most of M.K.T.'s songs were devotional with a South Indian classical base. Along with lyricist [[Papanasam Sivan]], M.K.T. composed many songs, including "Unai Alaal", "Neelakanta", "Amba Manam Kanindhu", "Soppana Vazhvil Makizhndu", "Maraivaai pudhaitha Odu", "Gnana Kann", "Sathva Guna Bodhan", "Rajan Maharajan", "Krishna Mukunda Murari", "Naatiya Kalaiye", "Radhe Unaku Kobam Aagadadi", "Vasantha Ruthu", and many others.

===Acting===

M.K.T. made his début in the 1934 film ''Pavalakodi''; in all, he appeared in 14 movies before he died. Most of his films were record-breakers. ''Thiruneelakandar'', ''Ambikapathi'', ''Chintamani'' were among the first highly successful Tamil films. ''Haridas'', released in 1944, ran continuously for three years at the [[Chennai]] Broadway Theatre. It even witnessed three Deepavali festivals of 1944, 1945 and 1946.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/The-first-Tamil-superstar/article16566621.ece |title=The first Tamil superstar |newspaper=The Hindu |date=12 March 2010 |access-date=7 September 2019 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011163450/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/The-first-Tamil-superstar/article16566621.ece |url-status=live |last1=Guy |first1=Randor }}</ref>

Between 1934 and 1944, Bhagavathar performed in 9 films, all hits, in Pavalakodi, Sarangadara (1935), Sathyaseelan (1936), Chintamani and Ambikapathi (both 1937), Thiruneelakantar (1939), Ashok Kumar (1941), Sivakavi (1942), and Haridas.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2003/11/03/stories/2003110308310200.htm |title = The Hindu : A golden voice forever |website = [[The Hindu]] |date = 27 May 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170527123158/http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2003/11/03/stories/2003110308310200.htm |archive-date=27 May 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> After his arrest and subsequent release, his only successful film was Amarakavi and Shyamala.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/mar/16/rise-and-fall-of-the-first-superstar-1788265.html|title=Rise and fall of the first superstar|date=17 March 2018 }}</ref>

== 1944 Arrest ==
In 1944, M.K.T., actor [[N. S. Krishnan]], and [[Coimbatore]] – based movie studio owner Sriramlu Naidu were charged in the [[Lakshmikanthan Murder Case|murder of Lakshmikanthan]]; M.K.T. was acquitted and released in April 1947.
The initial defense team included the future governor general Rajagopalachari, were not able to get him out of jail despite very weak evidence. It was Lawyer Ethiraj who successfully got him acquitted.
Prior to his arrest, he was signed up to act in 12 more films and the few movies he did make after his release were unsuccessful. People were not interested in watching someone who had been to jail on screen. This was sharp contrast to NSK, who was already arrested in the same case as Superstar. But NSK was able reclaim his spot as leading hero. Nevertheless, he still drew huge crowds at his concerts. He had lost almost all his wealth in his case defense.
He was associated with [[Indian National Congress]] initially, after his time in prison he stayed away from politics.

== Final years and death ==

MKT turned more towards temples and developed a philosophical attitude towards the end of his life. He undertook journeys to many pilgrimage centres. He lost interest in wealth and popularity.

After 1955, he visited many temples in South India including [[Dharmapuram Adheenam|Dharmapura Adheenam]] and other places such as Pandharpur etc., with one of his best friends, Mr. A. Nagarathnam, a school teacher from Erode and who also learnt carnatic music from Alathur Brothers along with MKT. He visited Ramakrishna Tapovanam near Trichy and stayed there for well over a month. He visited Tiruvannamalai and another place called Tirumoolaranyam near Tiruvannamalai and stayed in an ashram for a few days.

MKT also suffered from diabetes and used take the insulin injection himself in the middle of concerts in the last years of his life.

During the closing days of his life, Bagavathar suffered from high blood pressure and acute diabetes. Only ten days before his demise, he gave a concert at Pollachi. At the end of the concert, a person offered him some Ayurvedic tonic to cure the diabetics. But instead of providing relief, the tonic aggravated the condition so much so that he had to be taken to Madras to be admitted immediately in the General Hospital.

On 22 October 1959, he was admitted in the General Hospital, Madras. He took treatment for a week, but he died on 1 November 1959 at about 6.20 p.m.

His body was taken to Trichy and was buried in Sangiliyandapuram, a small village in the outskirts of Trichy. His funeral procession started in the cantonment from his house at about 4.30 p.m. and took about 4 hours to reach the burial ground due to the gathering of an overwhelming crowd.
M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar was laid to rest in Sangiliyandapuram, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, alongside his parents and other members of the Viswakarma community. Contrary to some reports, his burial site is not neglected. It has been consistently maintained by his family and community members, who have preserved the dignity of the site through regular upkeep and reverence.

In 2019, the Tamil Nadu government announced a ₹50 lakh manimandapam (memorial hall) project to honor Bhagavathar’s legacy. However, the memorial was never constructed, and the initiative has been criticized as a failed or mismanaged effort. Despite this, the Viswakarma community continues to honor Bhagavathar’s contributions to Tamil cinema and Carnatic music through grassroots efforts and cultural remembrance.

== Philanthropy ==

He has helped many people without publicity. It was a custom those days to arrange music concerts in family functions like weddings etc. Bhagavathar would sing without any remuneration in family functions of those who helped him to come up in life. When [[World War II]] started, the British colonial government in India asked him to stage dramas and donate the collections for the [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|Red Cross]]. He agreed and donated an impressive amount. When the war was over, the British government, as a gesture of gratitude, offered to honour him with the title [[Dewan Bahadur|Divan Bahadur]]. But he politely declined it saying he was only helping a humanitarian cause and did not expect to be rewarded.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://raja1630.tripod.com/id16.html|title=M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar Biography Page 3|access-date=11 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321090840/http://raja1630.tripod.com/id16.html|archive-date=21 March 2018}}</ref>

==Legacy==

During the Second World War, at the request of the [[Governor of Madras]], [[Arthur Hope, 2nd Baron Rankeillour|Arthur Oswald James Hope]], Bhagavathar organised concerts and plays to raise money for the British war effort.<ref name="baskaranp173">{{cite book|title=The message bearers|author=S. Theodore Baskaran|pages=173|year=1981}}</ref> The Governor recognised his contributions by offering him a [[Diwan Bahadur]] title which Bhagavathar declined.<ref name="baskaranp173" />

Bhagavathar was the first super star in Tamil film industry,<ref>{{Cite news|title = Gone, but not forgotten|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/gone-but-not-forgotten/article818658.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 2010-10-08|access-date = 2015-08-30|issn = 0971-751X|language = en|archive-date = 11 October 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201011163450/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Gone-but-not-forgotten/article15772127.ece|url-status = live}}</ref> himself along with [[P. U. Chinnappa|Chinnappa]] started the culture of dual stars ruling the Tamil industry who attained demigod status in Tamil Nadu.

== In popular culture ==
In Selvamani Selvaraj's [[Period film|period]] [[crime drama]] [[Kaantha]] (2025) starring [[Dulquer Salmaan]], the character of Thiruchengode Kalidasa Mahadevan, portrayed by [[Dulquer Salmaan]], was inspired by M.K.T. nd draws from aspects of his professional and personal life. However, the makers of ''Kaantha'' later clarified that the film is a fictionalized work inspired by M.K.T.’s life.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Note
|-
|1934 || ''[[Pavalakkodi (1934 film)|Pavalakkodi]]''|| [[Arjuna]] ||
|-
|1936 || ''[[Naveena Sarangadhara (1936 film)|Naveena Sarangadhara]] ''|| Sarangadharan ||
|-
| 1936 || ''[[Sathyaseelan (1936 film)|Sathyaseelan]]'' || Sathyaseelan || Bhagavathar first and lastly did as dual role and also producer
|-
| 1937 || ''[[Chintamani (1937 film)|Chintamani]]''|| Bilwamangal ||
|-
| 1937 || ''[[Ambikapathy (1937 film)|Ambikapathy]]''|| Ambikapathy ||
|-
| 1939 || ''[[Thiruneelakantar]]''|| Thiruneelakanta Nayanar || Also producer
|-
| 1941 || ''[[Ashok Kumar (1941 film)|Ashok Kumar]]''|| Gunalan ||
|-
| 1943 || ''[[Sivakavi]]''|| Poyyamozhi Pulavar/Ambalatharasan ||
|-
| 1944 || ''[[Haridas (1944 film)|Haridas]]''|| Haridas ||
|-
| 1948 ||''[[Raja Mukthi]] ''|| Rajendravarman ||
|-
| 1952 ||''[[Amarakavi]] ''|| Amarakavi ||
|-
| 1952 || ''[[Shyamala (1952 film)|Shyamala]]''|| Shyamala ||
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Pudhu Vazhvu]]''|| Vaikuntam || Also producer and director
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Sivagami]]''|| M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar || Posthumous release
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|title=Bagavather – His life and times|author=Suresh Balakrishnan|year=2010}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0080165|M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes person|id=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/m_k_thyagaraja_bhagavathar}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080520050827/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/28/stories/2006092807950400.htm A legend fades into oblivion], ''[[The Hindu]]''
* [http://www.tamilnation.org/culture/music/mkt.htm M.K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar at tamilnation.org]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhagavathar, M. K. Thyagaraja}}
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1959 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Male Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:People from Mayiladuthurai district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:Deaths from diabetes in India]]
[[Category:Singers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]

Gangu Teli

2026-03-12T07:19:02Z

Ras: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Historical or apocryphal figure from the era of the Parmara dynasty of central India}}
'''Gangu Teli''' or '''Ganga Teli''' is an apocryphal oil-presser (''[[Teli]]'') from India. He appears in the proverb ''Kahaan Raja Bhoj, Kahaan Gangu Teli'' ("Where is the king [[Bhoja]], and where is the oilman Gangu"), which is used to compare an important or high-status person (such as Bhoja) to an ordinary or low-status person (such as Gangu).<ref name="KNSeth_1978"/><ref name="TSusheela_2001"/>

== Proverb ==

Many Indian languages feature the proverb comparing Bhoja and Gangu Teli (or an equivalent character). Besides "Gangu" and "Ganga", several variants of the name of the ''Teli'' ("oilman") appear in different languages and dialects. For example, Bhojva (Bhojpuri), Bhunjva (Bagheli) Doontha (Bundeli), Kāngla (Braj), Kangda (Haryanvi), Ganglo (Rajasthani), Gangva (Kumaoni), Gangaram (Bengali), and Ganga (Marathi).<ref name="BT_2007"/>

Variations of the phrase include (transliterations in [[IAST]]):<ref name="BT_2007">{{cite book |editor=Bholanath Tiwari |title=Vrihat Hindi Lokokti Kosh |year=2007 |publisher=Kitabghar |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788189859336 |page=239 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lRrPD7tOIrQC&pg=PA239 }}</ref>

* [[Hindi-Urdu]]: Kahān Rājā Bhoj, kahān Gaṃgū Telī
* [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]: Kahān Rājā Bhoj au kahān Bhojvā Telī
* [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]: Kahān Rājā Bhoj, kahān Bhojvā Telī
* [[Bundeli language|Bundeli]]: Kahān Rājā Bhoj, kahān Ḍoonṭha Telī
* [[Braj Bhasha|Braj]]: Kahān Rājā Bhoj, kahān Kanglā Telī
* [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]]: Kathe Rājā Bhoj, Kathe Gāṃglo Telī
* [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]]: Kān Rājā Bhoj, Kān Gaṃgva Telī
* [[Bengali language|Bengali]]: Kothāy Rāja Bhoj, Kothāy Gaṃgārām Telī
* [[Marathi language|Marathi]]: Kuthe Bhoj Rājā, Kuthe Gaṃgā Telī
* [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]]: Kitt Rājā Bhoj, Kitt Kāngḍā Telī
* [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]]: Kakh Rājā Bhoj, Kahh Bandar Chor
* [[Kauravi]]: Kahān Rājā Bhoj, Kahān Gaṃgū Telli
* [[Bagheli language|Bagheli]]: Kahān Rājā Bhoj, Kahān Bhunjvā Telī
* [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: Kithe Rājā Bhoj, Kithe Gaṃgū Telī

In [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], the proverb changed into "Yetih Raja Bhoj, Tatih Ganga Teli", equivalent of the Hindi "Jahān Rājā Bhoj, Vahān Gaṃgā Telī" ("Ganga Teli is wherever Raja Bhoj is").<ref>{{cite book |author=Kanhaiya Lal Sahal |title=Rājasthānī kahāvatēṃ - ēka adhyayana |year=1958 |publisher=Rajasthan University |language=Hindi |page=53 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GF8wAAAAMAAJ }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Mandan Lal Sharma |title=लोकोक्तियां और मुहावरे: सिद्धान्त तथा शिल्प |year=2006 |publisher=Vrajeśvarī |language=Hindi |isbn=9788190403443 |page=52 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UgtlAAAAMAAJ }}</ref>

In [[Telugu language]], the equivalent phrase is ''Nakka ekkada, nagalokam ekkada?'' ("Where is the jackal and where is heaven?").<ref name="TSusheela_2001">{{cite book |editor=T. Susheela |title=A comparative study of culture in Telugu, Punjabi & Hindi proverbs |year=2001 |publisher=Punjabi University |isbn=9788173804168 |page=93 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ag5lAAAAMAAJ }}</ref>

== Legends ==

According to scholar [[Parashuram Krishna Gode|P.K. Gode]], in Marathi language, the source of the proverb seems to be the [[Sanskrit]]-language text ''Kalpa-druma-kalika'', a commentary on the [[Jainism|Jain]] text ''[[Kalpa Sūtra|Kalpa-sutra]]''. The commentary is of uncertain date, but Gode dates its extant manuscript to earlier than 1650 CE, based on appearance. The ''Kalpa-druma-kalika'' narrates the story of Bhoja and Ganga-Teli as follows:<ref name="PKG_1945">{{cite journal |author=P.K. Gode |author-link=Parashuram Krishna Gode |title=The Story of King Bhoja and Ganga Teli in Sanskrit and Its Relation to a Proverb Current in the Marathi Language Poona Orientalist Vol.10, Nos 1 & 2 |editor=N.K. Gore |journal=The Poona Orientalist |volume=10 |issue=1–2 |pages=61–68 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100030/page/n113/mode/1up }}</ref>

: A scholar (''bhattacharya''), who had spent 30 years learning all the sciences at Pratishthana-pura ([[Paithan]]), was very proud of his knowledge. After winning debates in several regions including [[Gujarat]] and [[Marwar]], he went to king Bhoja of [[Ujjain|Ujjayini]], and defeated all the 50 scholars in Bhoja's royal assembly, including [[Kalidasa]] and [[Bhavabhuti]]. Bhoja felt disappointed to see his scholars lose their prestige to a man from outside his kingdom. One day, Bhoja met a one-eyed [[oilman]] called Ganga-Teli ([[IAST]]: Gāṃgā-Telī), who said he would easily defeat the scholar from Pratishthana. Bhoja then introduced Ganga-Teli as his leading scholar (''Bhoja-raja-bhattacharya'') to the scholar from Pratishthana (''Dakshina-bhattacharya'' or "southern scholar"), and arranged a debate between the two.

: The debate began with the southern scholar showing one finger to Ganga-Teli. An angry Ganga-Teli responded by showing him two fingers. The southern scholar responded by showing him a hand with five fingers unfolded. Ganga-Teli responded by showing him a fist. The southern scholar then accepted his defeat, and bowed to Ganga-Teli.

: Bhoja asked the southern scholar to explain what had just happened. The scholar replied that by showing one figure, he had indicated that the god [[Shiva]] is the only creator of the universe. Ganga-Teli replied with two fingers to indicate that Shiva is associated with [[Shakti]]. The scholar then showed five fingers to indicate that there are only [[five senses|five sense]] organs. Ganga-Teli responded by showing a closed fist to indicate it is possible to restrain these sense organs. The scholar then described Ganga-Teli as a scholar of unparalleled greatness who possessed "great powers of renunciation". Feeling excessively humiliated, he then left for his native place.

: Bhoja then asked Ganga-Teli to explain the nature of the debate. Ganga-Teli said that the southern scholar showed one finger to indicate that his opponent was one-eyed. Ganga-Teli responded by showing two fingers to indicate that he would make the scholar blind in both eyes. The scholar then showed his palm to indicate that he would slap Ganga-Teli.

: At this point, Bhoja and the members of his royal assembly started laughing. Bhoja honoured Ganga-Teli, who then returned home.

According to Gode, the antiquity of the proverb in Hindi and other north Indian languages is uncertain, and possibly other Jain texts contained a similar story.<ref name="PKG_1945"/>

[[Maive Stokes]], in ''Indian Fairy Tales'' (1880), records a story titled ''Raja Harichand's Punishment''. In this story, a divine punishment forces king Harichand and his queen to go into exile as destitutes. While wandering, they go to their friend Ganga Teli, who had provided them with a comfortable stay during their earlier visit. However, this time, because of their poor appearance, Ganga Teli provides them with unpleasant rooms and bad food. Next, they go to their other friend, king Bhoj, who treats them well.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Maive S. H. Stokes |editor-link=Maive Stokes |title=Indian Fairy Tales |year=1880 |orig-year=1879 |publisher=Ellis & White |page=228 |oclc=459087080 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DaZBAQAAIAAJ }}</ref>

Ganga Datt Upreti, in ''Proverbs and Folklore of Kumaun and Garhwal'' (1894), records another story about the origin of the proverb: Ganga and Bhoja were rival kings. Bhoja subjugated Ganga, seized his kingdom, had his limbs cut off. An oilman (''teli'') found Ganga, had him healed, and employed him. After the oilman's death, Ganga inherited his house and business. Even after becoming a handicapped oilman, Ganga continued to oppose Bhoja, inviting ridicule from people who declared that Gangu ''teli'' is not worthy of being compared to king Bhoja.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Ganga Datt Upreti |title=Proverbs and Folklore of Kumaun and Garhwal |edition=New |year=2003 |orig-year=1894 |publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts / Concept |isbn=9788170228943 |pages=201–202 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lwr0T0ffTNEC }}</ref>

Historian Kashinath Krishna Lele, in ''The Paramāras of Dhār and Mālwā'' (1908), suggested that the proverb referred to the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] king [[Bhoja]]'s military success against "Gangeya of Telangana", the [[Telangana]] region being subordinate to the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] king [[Gangeyadeva|Gangeya]] (Ganga or Gangu).<ref>{{cite book |author=Chintaman Vinayak Vaidya |author-link=Chintaman Vinayak Vaidya |title=Downfall of Hindu India |year=1926 |publisher=Aryabhushan |page=160 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lum1AAAAIAAJ }}</ref> Historian [[Ram Nath|R. Nath]] similarly connects the proverb to Bhoja's success against "Gangeya of Telingana".<ref>{{cite book |author=R. Nath |author-link=Ram Nath |title=Elements of Indian Art and Architecture |year=1986 |publisher=Historical Research Documentation Programme |location=Jaipur |isbn=9788185105079 |page=74 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vw3qAAAAMAAJ }}</ref>

''Maharashtra-Vaksampradaya'' (1942), a dictionary of [[Marathi language|Marathi]] proverbs, states that Gangu (or Ganga) in the proverb refers to the [[Chalukyas of Kalyani|Kalyani Chalukya]] king [[Tailapa II]] ("Gangaraja Tailapa") and Bhoj refers to the Paramara king [[Vakpati Munja|Munja]], the uncle of Bhoja. P.K. Gode finds this explanation unsatisfactory, noting that while Tailapa II had killed Munja in the late 10th century, it is not clear if "Gangaraja" was an epithet of Tailapa or how Munja can be identified with his nephew Bhoja. Y. R. Date and C. G. Karve, the editors of the dictionary, do not cite any source for the explanation.<ref name="PKG_1945"/> Some other historians, such as [[Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi|K. M. Munshi]] and K. N. Seth, similarly speculate that the proverb may have originated as an allusion to the military successes of Bhoja against Gangeya and the Kalyani Chalukyas who controlled the [[Telangana]] region, "Teli" being a corrupt form of "Telangana".<ref name="KNSeth_1978">{{cite book |author=K. N. Seth |title=The Growth of the Paramara Power in Malwa |publisher=Progress |year=1978 |oclc=8931757 |pages=169–170 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Q4dAAAAMAAJ }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi |author-link=Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi |title=Glory that was Gūrjaradeśa, A.D. 500-1300 |volume=2 |year=1955 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |page=292 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WUI-AAAAMAAJ }}</ref>

Ambedkarite author [[S. Anand]] states that according to "official history", when king Bhoj faced a problem during the construction of the [[Panhala Fort]], a priest (''pandit'') suggested a double human sacrifice - of a mother and her newborn child - as the solution. Gangu Teli is said to have 'volunteered' to sacrifice his wife Jakkubai and their newborn. Anand states that the fort has a small tomb for Jakkubai.<ref name="SA_2010">{{cite web|author=S. Anand |url=https://openthemagazine.com/features/india/the-ballad-of-gangu-teli/ |title=The Ballad of Gangu Teli |publisher=OPEN Magazine |date=2010-03-10 |accessdate=2014-02-20}}</ref> He identifies king Bhoj as the "eleventh-century ruler of the Malwa region" (the Paramara king),<ref name="SA_2010"/> but the Panhala fort was actually built by the [[Shilahara]] king [[Bhoja II (Shilahara dynasty)|Bhoja II]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Shankar Menon |title=Historical Monuments: Medieval Monuments (Maharashtra - Religious and Secular Architecture) |journal=[[Marg (magazine)|Marg]] |volume=37 |issue=1 |year=1983 |page=38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-2nrAAAAMAAJ }}</ref>

== Casteist connotations ==

Several modern interpreters consider the phrase as [[Indian caste system|casteist]], since the Teli community historically held a low status in the traditional [[varna (Hinduism)|caste hierarchy]]. Sumit Rajak, a research scholar at the [[Jadavpur University]], cites the phrase as an example of [[Bollywood]] "bashing the low-caste communities". In ''[[Sagina (film)|Sagina]]'' (1974), the song ''Sala Main to Saab Ban Gaya'' features a line ''Kaisa Raja Bhoj bana hain mera Gangu Teli'' ("How my Gangu Teli has become Raja Bhoj"). ''Dulhe Raja'' (1998) features a song containing the lines ''Chachundar ke sar pe na bhaye chameli / Kahaan Raja Bhoj aur kahan Gangu Teli'' ("A string of jasmine ain't no good on a rodent / Bhoj shall always be king, Gangu Teli redundant"). According to Rajak, the proverb "aptly indicates
how in Indian society it is seemingly imperative, or rather normative, to compare a person of lower quality with a low-caste group."<ref>{{cite book |author=Sumit Rajak |chapter=Visualising the Invisible: Decoding Caste Pride and the Casteist Slur in Bollywood Films |editor1=Joshil K. Abraham |editor2=Judith Misrahi-Barak |title=The Routledge Companion to Caste and Cinema in India |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2022 |isbn=9781000786262 |pages=110–111 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D2OSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT160 }}</ref> The Vidarbha Teli Samaj Mahasangh, an organization of the Teli caste, protested against the ''Dulhe Raja'' song, stating that it hurt the sentiments of the Teli community.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/another-ditty-draws-flak/ |newspaper=Indian Express |date=1998-09-19 |access-date=2022-11-07 |title=Another ditty draws flak |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426181858/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980919/26250284.html |archive-date=26 April 2010}}</ref>

In 2013, [[Indian National Congress]]'s [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]] referred to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'s prime ministerial candidate [[Narendra Modi]] (who belongs to the Teli caste) as Gangu Teli. The Bharatiya Janata Party criticized Azad's remarks as casteist and derogatory.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Azad-made-casteist-remarks-against-Modi-BJP/articleshow/21881133.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821202506/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-17/india/41420391_1_casteist-remarks-narendra-modi-ghulam-nabi-azad |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-08-21 |title=Azad made casteist remarks against Modi: BJP |date=2013-08-17 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=2022-11-07}}</ref>

Referring to the Panhala fort legend, the Punjabi [[Dalit]]-[[Naxalite]] [[Sant Ram Udasi]] and his daughter Iqbal Singh have portrayed Gangu Teli as an unwilling victim, coerced and brutalized by the monstrous king Bhoj.<ref name="SA_2010"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian folklore]]

Mukhyamantri (film)

2026-03-07T06:15:53Z

Ras: new a data

{{short description|1996 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Mukhyamantri
|image =
|caption =
|director = [[Anjan Choudhury]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Mukhya-Mantri|title=Mukhyamantri|work=The Times of India|accessdate=2015-10-22}}</ref>
|music = Mrinal Bandhyopadhay
|starring = [[Ranjit Mallick]] [[Dulal Lahiri]] [[Lokesh Ghosh]] [[Tota Roy Chowdhury]] [[Chumki Chowdhury]] [[Ashok Kumar]] [[Debika Mitra]]
|released = {{Film date|1996|||df=y|ref1=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/1990-1999/bengali-movies-1996|title=bengali movies of 1996|work=gomolo.com|accessdate=2015-10-22}}</ref>}}
|studio = Maa Kali Chitramandir
|language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|country = India
}}

'''''Mukhyamantri''''' ({{Translation|Chief Minister}}) is a 1996 [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[political drama]] film directed by [[Anjan Choudhury]]. This film's music was composed by Mrinal Bandhyopadhay.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webmallindia.com/buy-dvd-online-movie-mukhyamantri-p-14783.html?aid=10|title=Mukhyamantri 1996 movie|work=webmallindia.com|accessdate=2015-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hifimov.com/youtube-videos/16/wtK_NCJpPJc/kolkata-full-movie-sathi-amar-bondhu-amarla-natok-ar-song-tashan/priyotoma|title=Mukhyamantri- মুক্ষ্যমন্ত্রী Bengali Full Movie|work=hifimov.com|accessdate=2015-10-22}}</ref>

==Plot==
Circumstances force Bimal, a righteous headmaster who is well known in his village, to contest the local elections. An envious MLA teams up with the chief minister to plot against him.

==Cast==
* [[Ranjit Mallick]]
* [[Dulal Lahiri]]
* [[Lokesh Ghosh]]
* [[Tota Roy Chowdhury]]
* [[Chumki Chowdhury]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.induna.com/1000011243-productdetails/?oI6Sbg==|title=Mukhyamantri movie|work=induna.com|accessdate=2015-10-22}}</ref>
* [[Ashok Kumar]]
* [[Gyanesh Mukherjee]]
* [[Debika Mitra]]
* [[Rina Choudhury]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/mukhyamantri-movie-cast-crew/14949|title=Cast & Crew of Mukhyamantri|work=gomolo.com|accessdate=2015-10-22}}</ref>
* Sumanta Mukherjee
* Arun Bandyopadhyay

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gomolo.com/mukhyamantri-movie/14949 Mukhyamantri] at the Gomolo
* {{IMDb title|4270872}}

[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:1996 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Anjan Choudhury]]
[[Category:Indian political drama films]]

{{1990s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Project Tiger

2026-03-06T04:21:04Z

Ras: cleanup article for consistency and fixed typos

{{Short description|Tiger conservation programme in India (1973-present)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox government agency
|type= Tiger conservation programme
|logo= Project Tiger banner logo.jpg
|logo_caption= Banner logo of Project Tiger
|formed= 1 April 1973
|motto= India Leads Tiger Conservation
|parent_department = [[National Tiger Conservation Authority]]
|website= https://ntca.gov.in/
}}
'''Project Tiger''' is a [[wildlife conservation]] movement initiated in India to protect the [[endangered species|endangered]] [[tiger]]. The project was initiated in 1973 by the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] of the [[Government of India]]. As of March 2025, there are 58 protected areas that have been designated as [[Tiger reserves of India|tiger reserves]] under the project. As of 2022, there were 3,682 wild tigers in India, which is almost 75% of the world's wild tiger population.

== History and objectives ==
{{Wildlife of India}}
The tiger population in India had dwindled to 1,827 individuals by the early 1970s from an estimated 40,000 at the end of the 19th century. Due to the alarming decline of [[tiger]] population, the Indian Board of Wildlife, established in 1952, to advice the [[Government of India]] on wildlife conservation, formed a task force to save the tigers. Based on the recommendation of the task force, Project Tiger was launched on 1 April 1973 by the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] of the Government of India.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Yadav |first=S.P. |title=Tiger conservation in India: A critical analysis |url=https://ntca.gov.in/assets/uploads/stripes/Vol1_Issue1_2020.pdf? |journal=Stripes |publisher=[[National Tiger Conservation Authority]] |date=April–June 2020 |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=7}}</ref> The project was initiated to protect the tiger and its habitats and to establish dedicated [[Tiger reserves of India|tiger reserves]] for sustaining tiger populations.<ref name="PT">{{cite web|title=Project Tiger|publisher=National Tiger Conservation Authority|url=https://ntca.gov.in/about-us/#project-tiger|access-date=1 April 2024|archive-date=5 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405081950/https://ntca.gov.in/about-us/#project-tiger|url-status=live}}</ref> As per the section 38 of the [[Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972]], the state governments are responsible for preparing a Tiger Conservation Plan which includes planning and management of notified areas and maintaining the requisite competent staff to ensure the protection of the tiger reserve and providing inputs for maintaining a viable population of tigers, co-predators and prey animals.<ref name="Reserve">{{cite report |title=Tiger reserves |publisher=National Tiger Conservation Authority |url=https://ntca.gov.in/tiger-reserves/#tiger-reserves-2 |access-date=1 April 2024 |archive-date=18 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318135018/https://ntca.gov.in/tiger-reserves/#tiger-reserves-2 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="guidelines">{{cite web |url=http://projecttiger.nic.in/COMPENDIUM%20OF%20GUIDELINES.pdf |title=Project Tiger |publisher=Government of India |access-date=22 January 2016 |archive-date=2 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002055640/http://projecttiger.nic.in/COMPENDIUM%20OF%20GUIDELINES.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Tiger reserves consist of a core area which includes part(s) of protected areas such as a [[national park]] or a [[wildlife sanctuary]] and a buffer zone which is a mix of forested and non-forested land. Project tiger is aimed at performing the necessary activities to ensure viability of tiger population in the core area and to promote a balance between the existence of people and animals in the buffer zones.<ref name="PT"/> In 2006, [[National Tiger Conservation Authority]] was formed to administer the tiger reserves which were set up as a part of Project Tiger with Project Tiger becoming a centrally sponsored scheme (CSS) to provide funding for the establishment and administration of the tiger reserves.<ref name="PT"/>

In 1973, nine protected areas were initially designated as tiger reserves. By the late 1980s, the initial nine reserves covering an area of {{cvt|9115|km2}} had been increased to 15 reserves covering an area of {{cvt|24700|km2}}.<ref>{{cite book |author=Panwar, H. S. |year=1987 |chapter=Project Tiger: The reserves, the tigers, and their future |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YdC-wfyZwZEC&pg=PA110 |pages=110–117 |title=Tigers of the world: the biology, biopolitics, management, and conservation of an endangered species |editor1-last=Tilson, R. L. |editor2-last=Sel, U. S. |publisher=Minnesota Zoological Garden, IUCN/SSC Captive Breeding Group, IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group |location=Park Ridge, N.J. |isbn=978-0-815-51133-5 |access-date=19 November 2020 |archive-date=31 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331152818/https://books.google.com/books?id=YdC-wfyZwZEC&pg=PA110 |url-status=live }}</ref> By 1997, 23 tiger reserves encompassed an area of {{cvt|33000|km2}}.<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Seidensticker, J. |editor2=Christie, S. |editor3=Jackson, P. |year=1999 |title=Riding the Tiger. Tiger Conservation in human-dominated landscapes |publisher=Cambridge University Press |place=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-64057-1 |author=Thapar, V. |chapter=The tragedy of the Indian tiger: starting from scratch |pages=296–306}}</ref> As of December 2024, there are 57 [[protected area]]s that have been designated as tiger reserves.<ref name="Reserve"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/ratapani-mp-tiger-reserve-protected-areas-9708543/|title=With Ratapani in MP declared India's latest tiger reserve, all about the protected areas|date=5 December 2024|access-date=1 January 2025|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|quote=On December 2, India got its 57th tiger reserve in Madhya Pradesh’s Ratapani Wildlife Sanctuary...}}</ref>

==Tiger population==
[[File:Growth in Tiger population.jpg|thumb|Tiger population in India (2006–2022)]]

During the tiger census of 2006, a new methodology was used extrapolating site-specific densities of tigers, their co-predators and prey derived from [[camera trap]] and sign surveys using [[GIS]]. Based on the result of these surveys, the total tiger population was estimated at 1,141 individuals ranging from 1,165 to 1,657 adult and sub-adult tigers of more than 1.5 years of age.<ref>{{cite book |title=Status of the Tigers, Co-predators, and Prey in India |author=Jhala, Y. V. |author-link=Yadvendradev Vikramsinh Jhala |author2=Gopal, R. |author3=Qureshi, Q. |name-list-style=amp |publisher=National Tiger Conservation Authority, Govt. of India, New Delhi; Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun |year=2008 |series=TR 08/001 |url=http://projecttiger.nic.in/whtsnew/status_of_tigers_in_india_2008.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602124630/http://projecttiger.nic.in/whtsnew/status_of_tigers_in_india_2008.pdf |archive-date=2 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49148174|title=India's tiger population sees 33% increase|publisher=BBC|date=2019|access-date=11 April 2024|archive-date=1 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801021152/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49148174|url-status=live}}</ref> The 2010 National Tiger Assessment estimated the total population of wild tigers in India at 1,706. As per [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Ministry of Environment and Forests]], the wild tiger population in India stood at 2,226 in 2014 with an increase of 30.5% since the 2010 estimate.<ref name=NTA>{{cite web|url=http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/tiger-brochure.pdf|title=Tiger Estimate in India|work=Public Information Brochure|page=9|publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India|date=28 March 2011|access-date=21 June 2011|archive-date=12 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612082807/http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/tiger-brochure.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2018, according to the National Tiger Conservation Authority, there were an estimated 2,603–3,346 wild tigers with an average of 2,967 in existence in India.<ref>{{cite report |author=Jhala, Y. V. |author2=Qureshi, Q. |author3=Nayak, A. K. |name-list-style=amp |year=2020 |title=Status of tigers, co-predators and prey in India 2018 |publisher=National Tiger Conservation Authority, Government of India, Wildlife Institute of India |location=New Delhi, Dehradun |url=http://moef.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Tiger-Status-Report-2018_For-Web_compressed_compressed.pdf |access-date=17 September 2021 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028125314/http://moef.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Tiger-Status-Report-2018_For-Web_compressed_compressed.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The wild tiger population increased to 3,682 as of 2022.<ref name="Report">{{cite report |author1=Qureshi, Q. |author2=Jhala, Y. V. |author3=Yadav, S. P. |author4=Mallick, A. |name-list-style=amp |year=2023 |title=Status of tigers, co-predators and prey in India 2022 |publisher=National Tiger Conservation Authority & Wildlife Institute of India |location=New Delhi, Dehradun |url=https://wii.gov.in/images//images/documents/publications/statu_tiger_copredators-2022.pdf |access-date=11 April 2024 |archive-date=5 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505145403/https://wii.gov.in/images//images/documents/publications/statu_tiger_copredators-2022.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> As India is home to majority of the global wild tiger population, the increase in population of [[tigers in India]] played a major role in driving up global populations as well; the number of wild tigers globally rose from 3,159 in 2010 to 3,890 in 2016 according to the [[World Wide Fund for Nature|World Wide Fund]] and Global Tiger Forum.<ref name="Global">{{Cite web |url=http://tigers.panda.org/news/what-the-new-global-tiger-number-means/ |title=2967 – What the new global Tiger number means |publisher=WWF |date=2016 |access-date=11 April 2024 |archive-date=27 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927044921/http://tigers.panda.org/news/what-the-new-global-tiger-number-means/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Management and administration ==
[[File:Tiger Yawning Mudumalai Mar21 DSC01305.jpg|thumb|A [[Bengal tiger]] in [[Mudumalai National Park|Mudumalai tiger reserve]]]]
Project Tiger is headed by an additional director general (ADG) based at [[New Delhi]] with regional offices at [[Bangalore]], [[Guwahati]] and [[Nagpur]].<ref name="PT"/> The wildlife habitats that fall under Project Tiger are categorized into different conservation units: [[Siwalik Hills|Shivalik-Terai]], [[North East India|North East]], [[Sunderbans]], [[Western Ghats]], [[Eastern Ghats]], [[Central India]] and [[Sariska Tiger Reserve|Sariska]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.india.com/travel/articles/project-tiger-everything-you-need-to-know-about-this-initiative-3232921/|title=Project Tiger: Everything You Need to Know About This Initiative|date=27 February 2020|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322034853/https://www.india.com/travel/articles/project-tiger-everything-you-need-to-know-about-this-initiative-3232921/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Function under the ambit of Project Tiger include protection of tiger habitats, daily monitoring, facilitating ecological development for local people in the buffer zones, voluntary relocation of people from core/critical tiger habitats and addressing human-wildlife conflicts. As a part of the project, state are provided assistance on curtailing poaching activities such as disseminating information on poachers, assisting in combing forest floor to check for traps and other anti-poaching activities, maintaining tiger database, providing grants and training for deployment of Special Tiger Protection Force.<ref>{{cite web|title=About us, Project Tiger|publisher=National Tiger Conservation Authority|url=https://ntca.gov.in/about-us/#ntca|access-date=1 April 2024|archive-date=5 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405081950/https://ntca.gov.in/about-us/#ntca|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Wireless communication]] systems, [[infrared]] [[thermal camera]]s and [[M-STrIPES|monitoring system]]s have been developed within the tiger reserves to assist in patrol activities.<ref>{{cite web |title="MSTrIPES": Monitoring System for Tigers – Intensive Protection & Ecological Status |publisher=India Environment Portal |year=2010 |url=http://admin.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/mstripes-ppt.pdf |work=National Tiger Conservation Authority, Wildlife Institute of India, Zoological Society of London |access-date=8 September 2019 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806135612/http://admin.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/mstripes-ppt.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wwfindia.org/?12021/Valmiki-Tiger-Reserve-conducts-training-workshop-on-wildlife-monitoring-using-wireless-technology|title=Valmiki Tiger Reserve conducts training workshop on wildlife monitoring using wireless technology|work=WWF India|date=19 September 2014|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

== Challenges ==
Project Tiger's efforts are hampered by [[poaching]], [[deforestation]], construction and irregularities in administration of certain reserves.<ref>{{cite web|date=13 June 2019|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/rajasthans-sariska-may-become-tiger-less-again-fear-experts-as-male-relocated-to-reserve-dies-forest-department-sends-sos-to-ntca-6809781.html|title=Rajasthan's Sariska may become tiger-less again|work=Firstpost|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=21 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121022935/https://www.firstpost.com/india/rajasthans-sariska-may-become-tiger-less-again-fear-experts-as-male-relocated-to-reserve-dies-forest-department-sends-sos-to-ntca-6809781.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=24 February 2020|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/highway-threatens-tiger-territory-in-arunachal-pradesh/article30896798.ece|title=Highway threatens tiger territory in Arunachal Pradesh|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607131525/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/highway-threatens-tiger-territory-in-arunachal-pradesh/article30896798.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=Northeast Now|date=12 March 2020|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/arunachal-pradesh/arunachal-namdapha-national-park-facing-rampant-deforestation.html|title=Namdapha National Park facing rampant deforestation|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=1 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201032712/https://nenow.in/north-east-news/arunachal-pradesh/arunachal-namdapha-national-park-facing-rampant-deforestation.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Forest Rights Act]] enacted by the Indian government in 2006 recognizes the rights of forest dwelling communities in the buffer zones. Some of the wildlife experts have questioned the implications of the same on tiger conservation as it will increase human-animal conflict and might give opportunities for poaching.<ref>{{cite news|author=Buncombe, A.|date=31 October 2007|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-face-of-a-doomed-species-398373.html|title=The face of a doomed species|work=The Independent|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=4 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704130910/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-face-of-a-doomed-species-398373.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_NO8xdKRW5EC&pg=PA118|title=An Environmental History of Postcolonial North India: The Himalayan Tarai in Uttar Pradesh and Uttaranchal|last=Strahorn|first=Eric A.|date=2009-01-01|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-1-433-10580-7|pages=118}}</ref> While others argue that this overlooks the reality of human-tiger coexistence and the abuse of power by authorities wherein local people who have been co-existing with the animals are being evicted from their traditional lands rather than allowing them a proper role in decision-making to aid the tiger crisis.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Government of India|year=2005|url=http://projecttiger.nic.in/TTF2005/index.html|title=Tiger Task Force Report|access-date=27 March 2009|archive-date=27 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327203407/http://projecttiger.nic.in/TTF2005/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forestrightsact.com/tiger-conservation/item/4-tiger-conservation-a-disaster-in-the-making|title=Campaign for Survival and Dignity ''Tiger Conservation: A Disaster in the Making''|access-date=11 July 2011|work=Forestrightsact.com|archive-date=11 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711020220/http://www.forestrightsact.com/tiger-conservation/item/4-tiger-conservation-a-disaster-in-the-making|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Indian states by tiger population]]
* [[Tiger reserves of India]]
* [[Tiger poaching in India]]
* [[Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education]]
* [[Save China's Tigers]]
* [[Project Elephant]]
* [[Project Dolphin (India)|Project Dolphin]]
* [[Project Cheetah]]
* [[International Big Cat Alliance]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://ntca.gov.in/ Project Tiger official website]

{{Tiger Reserves Of India}}

[[Category:Wildlife conservation in India]]
[[Category:Tiger reserves of India]]
[[Category:Tigers in India]]
[[Category:1973 in India]]
[[Category:Conservation projects]]

Veer Kunal

2026-03-03T23:09:40Z

Ras: Starting New Info

{{short description|1945 Hindi historical fiction film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Veer Kunal
| image = Veer_Kunal_1945.jpg

| caption = Kishore Sahu and Shobhana Samarth in ''Veer Kunal'' from [[Filmindia]]
| director = [[Kishore Sahu]]
| producer = Kishore Sahu
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|Kishore Sahu|[[Shobhna Samarth]]|[[Durga Khote]]|Mubarak}}
| music = [[Khan Mastana]]
| cinematography = Chandu
| editing = Kantilal B Shukla
| distributor =
| studio = Ramnik Productions
| released = {{Film date|1945}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Veer Kunal''''' (Valiant Kunal) also called ''Son Of Ashoka'' is a [[List of Bollywood films of 1945|1945]] [[Hindi]] historical fiction film directed by [[Kishore Sahu]].<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014">{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha|author2=Paul Willemen|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&pg=RA39-PA1991|access-date=18 March 2015|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-94325-7|pages=39–}}</ref> Besides directing the film Sahu also produced it and wrote the story and screenplay. The cinematographer was Chandu. Produced under the Ramnik Productions banner, it had music by [[Khan Mastana]].<ref name=Gomolo>{{cite web|title=Veer kunal|url=http://www.gomolo.com/veer-kunal-movie/1338|website=gomolo.com|publisher=Gomolo|access-date=18 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402090343/http://www.gomolo.com/veer-kunal-movie/1338|url-status=dead}}</ref> The starcast consisted of Kishore Sahu, [[Shobhna Samarth]], [[Durga Khote]], Mubarak and Maya Banerji.<ref name=citwf>{{cite web|title=Veer Kunal|url=http://www.citwf.com/film369857.htm|website=citwf.com|publisher=Alan Goble|access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref>

The film based on popular historical folk myth, focuses on Emperor [[Ashoka]]'s son, [[Kunala|Kunal]]. Ashoka has brought in a third wife, who through her evil planning has Kunal blinded and thrown in the dungeons. The story then follows episodes in Kunal's life till he gets Ashoka's impartial justice.

==Plot==
Emperor [[Ashoka]]'s beloved wife, [[Asandhimitra]], mother of [[Kunala|Kunal]], is dead and Ashoka is grief-stricken. Kunal is much loved by his step-mother, [[Karuvaki]]. He is loved and admired by all in the kingdom and is Ashoka's favourite son. Over a period of time Ashoka overcomes his grief and marries a much younger, [[Tishyaraksha|Tishyarakshita]], daughter of a chieftain. Somdev, Ashoka's Prime Minister has opposed the alliance and is frequently humiliated by Tishya. When Tishya sees Kunal, she falls in love with him in spite of him having a wife, Kanchanmala, and a young son. Tishya is strongly rebuffed by Kunal. An angry Tishya has him accused of murder and put in the dungeon. She tells the guards to blind his eyes. Ashoka, enamoured of Tishya, is unable to see through her plotting. He falls ill and remains largely unaware of most incidents. Kurvaki, unable to see Kunal's plight, helps him escape. Kunal gets the help of the townspeople of [[Pataliputra]] and marches to the palace. Ashoka, on being told who is at the gates of the palace, calls for a [[durbar (court)|durbar]] meeting. When he hears the entire story, his sense of fair play, his impartial justice, and remorse at his son's blinding help him mete out a strict punishment to Tishya, condemning her to be burnt.

==Cast==
* [[Kishore Sahu]]
* [[Shobhna Samarth]] as Tishyarakshita
* [[Durga Khote]] as Kuruvaki
* Mubarak as Ashok
* Maya Banerji
* Nila Nagini as Kanchanmala, wife of Kunal
* Vasantrao Pahelwan
* Moni Chatterjee
* Kanta Kumari

==Reception==
Kishore Sahu "made news" by getting [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]] to inaugurate the film premiere at Novelty cinema in [[Bombay]] on 1 December 1945, according to the magazine ''[[Filmindia]]''.<ref name="Patel">{{cite journal|last1=Patel|first1=Baburao|title=Filmindia|journal=Filmindia|date=January 1946|volume=12|issue=1|pages=19|url=https://archive.org/stream/filmindia194814unse/filmindia194814unse_djvu.txt|access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref> Some of the comments from other newspapers of the time were quoted in ''Filmindia'' in an advertisement praising the film. ''[[The Bombay Chronicle]]'' praised its sets and costumes. The ''Sunday Standard'' called it the "greatest picture". The ''[[Free Press Journal]]'' explained its popularity due to "high level of performances" and Sahu's direction. The ''[[Times of India]]'', while acclaiming Sahu's direction also gave credit to the acting, sets, photography, and a tight "gripping" story.<ref name="Patel p.50">Patel, p.50</ref>

''Filmindia'' commended Sahu for casting Shobhana Samarth as the "vamp", which was in contrast to majority of her roles where she portrayed [[Sita]], [[Damayanti]] and Taramati in several films. Her acting was appreciated and was referred to as her "best performance". Sahu, Samarth and Durga Khote's performances were much-admired. Mubarak as Ashok was criticised for looking "stupid and unconvincing", while Nila Nagini was cited as having an "ungainly appearance". The symbolic use of eyes which attract Tishya, and her blinding Kunal, were highly praised by Patel, finding the thematic approach far superior. The film was criticised for being overly serious and "bordering on morbidity". The production values were stated to be inconsistent.<ref name="Patel, p.60">Patel, p. 60</ref>

The "expensive picture" was cited as being "more for the intellectuals than for the masses",<ref name="Patel p. 72">Patel, p. 72</ref> however, it was claimed to be a success at the box-office.<ref name=Filmindia>{{cite journal|title=Baburao Patel|journal=Filmindia|date=February 1946|volume=12|issue=2|pages=66|url=https://archive.org/stream/filmindia194814unse/filmindia194814unse_djvu.txt|access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref>

==Kunal In Films==
* In Hindi, ''Veer Kunal'' (1945) was the third film on the subject of Ashoka's son, Kunal. The earlier two were ''Veer Kunal'' (1925), a [[silent film]] directed by Manilal Joshi, and ''Veer Kunal'' (1932), a [[Talkie]] directed by M. D. Bhavnani and G. S. Devare.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/><ref name=Muvyz>{{cite web|title=Veer Kunal|url=http://muvyz.com/search_result.php|website=muvyz.com/|publisher=Muvyz, Ltd.|access-date=18 March 2015|archive-date=11 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311143506/http://muvyz.com/search_result.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* In [[Tamil language|Tamil]], the subject was made as ''[[Ashok Kumar (film)|Ashok Kumar]]'' (1941) directed by the "noted" film maker Raja Chandrasekhar. It starred the famous [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]] as Kunal and the film is remembered for Bhagavathar's "melodious songs". It was a commercial success.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|last1=Guy|first1=Randor|title=Ashok Kumar (1941)|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/ashok-kumar-1941/article3022478.ece|access-date=18 March 2015|agency=The Hindu|publisher=The Hindu|date=25 January 2008|ref=Cinemaplus}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The film had only four songs, and all of them according to Baburao Patel, were in keeping with the mood and theme of the film, and not frivolous.<ref name="Patel, p.60">Patel, p. 60</ref> The film had music by [[Khan Mastana]]. The three lyricists were Ambikesh Kuntal, Neelkanth Tiwari and Pandit Madhur.<ref name=MySwar>{{cite web|title=Veer Kunal|url=http://myswar.com/album/veer-kunal-1945|website=myswar.com|publisher=MySwar|access-date=18 March 2015|archive-date=20 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220033138/http://myswar.com/album/veer-kunal-1945|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Song list===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Lyricist
|-
| 1
| "Chalo Milkar Chale"
| Ambikesh Kuntal
|-
| 2
| "Ghir Aaye Re Patang"
| Neelkanth Tiwari
|-
| 3
| "Mere Nainon Ke Taare"
| Neelkanth Tiwari
|-
| 4
| "Veena Aisa Raag Suna De"
| Pandit Madhur
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id =0268741 |title =Veer Kunal (1945) }}

{{Kishore Sahu}}

[[Category:1945 films]]
[[Category:1945 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1945 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kishore Sahu]]
[[Category:Films scored by Khan Mastana]]
[[Category:Indian historical films]]
[[Category:1940s historical films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

Maryan (film)

2026-03-03T03:28:23Z

Ras: rework section per standard format also and fixed typos

{{short description|2013 Tamil film by Bharat Bala}}
{{other uses|Maryan (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Maryan film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Bharat Bala]]
| writer = [[Joe D'Cruz]] '''(Dialogue)'''
| screenplay = Bharat Bala Sriram Rajan
| story = Bharat Bala
| producer = [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|V. Ravichandran]]
| starring = [[Dhanush]] [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]]
| cinematography = [[Marc Koninckx]]
| editing = [[Vivek Harshan]]
| music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| studio = [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|Aascar Film Pvt Ltd]]
| distributor = Aascar Film Pvt Ltd
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|07|19}}
| runtime = 133 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Maryan''''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ər|ɪ|j|ɒ̃}} {{Translation|Immortal}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Survival film|survival]] [[drama film]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Maryan |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/maryan-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zody1mdy |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |quote=MARYAN is a Tamil language drama about a fisherman who goes to work in Africa for two years.}}</ref> directed by [[Bharat Bala]], and produced by [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|V. Ravichandran]], under the banner [[Aascar Films]], starring [[Dhanush]] and [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]]. The film has music and background score composed by [[A. R. Rahman]]; cinematography and editing were done by [[Marc Koninckx]] and [[Vivek Harshan]] respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2012 |title=Dhanush's next: 'Maryan'! |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/81016.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927005758/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/81016.html |archive-date=27 September 2013 |access-date=10 May 2012 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> The dialogues in the film were penned by [[Joe D' Cruz]]. [[Academy Awards|Oscar]]-award winner [[Resul Pookutty]] was the sound designer of the film.

The film revolves around a story of human survival adapted from a newspaper article of a real-life crisis event, when three oil workers from Tamil Nadu were kidnapped and taken hostage in [[Sudan]] by mercenaries.<ref name="fpsin">{{Cite web |date=24 May 2013 |title=Bharat Bala, Dhanush, AR Rahman: Maryan is a film to watch out for |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/dhanush-s-maryan-postponed-news-tamil-nfyjENgihic.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609010930/http://www.sify.com/movies/dhanush-s-maryan-postponed-news-tamil-nfyjENgihic.html |archive-date=9 June 2013 |access-date=24 May 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Bharatbala narrated the story to Dhanush in September 2011, and the film was announced officially in March 2012, revealing the details of the cast and crew. The commencement of the principal photography took place on the same date, and was primarily shot across Sudan and Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu. The underwater scenes were filmed in [[Andamans]] and scenes featuring arid land were filmed at [[Rann of Kutch]] in [[Gujarat]].

The film released in [[Auro 3D]] sound format<ref name="aur" /> on selective screens in India and worldwide on 19 July 2013. The film received positive critical reception in India And it was declared as a box office hit.<ref name="Review">{{Cite web |date=20 July 2013 |title=Maryan is a Must watch! |url=http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/tamil-movie-review-mariyaan-is-a-must-watch-50238474-in-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723013747/http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/tamil-movie-review-mariyaan-is-a-must-watch-50238474-in-1.html |archive-date=23 July 2013 |access-date=20 July 2013 |publisher=in.com}}</ref> The film had the biggest opening in the United States amongst all Indian films releasing on the same date.<ref name="us">{{Cite web |last=taran adarsh |author-link=Taran Adarsh |date=21 Jul 2013 |title=At the USA Boxoffice, amongst Indian releases, Tamil film #Maryan has opened bigger and better than Hindi releases. |url=https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/358768309346369538 |access-date=19 April 2025}}</ref> The dubbed Telugu version of the film titled ''Mariyaan'' was released on 11 September 2015 by SVR Media.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2015 |title=Dhanush Mariyaan is all set to release on July 31 |url=http://www.telugucinemas.in/2015/07/dhanush-mariyaan-is-all-set-to-release.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924114137/http://www.telugucinemas.in/2015/07/dhanush-mariyaan-is-all-set-to-release.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=7 August 2015 |publisher=telugucinemas.in}}</ref>

==Plot==
Mariyaan Joseph is a fisherman in a village named [[Neerody]] in [[Kanyakumari district|Kanniyakumari district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. He has an auspicious bond with sea and proudly claims himself as "Kadal Raasa" (King of Ocean). Panimalar falls in love with Maryan and does not shy away in confessing it to him. Maryan is loved and longed by Panimalar, but sadly, her feelings are not reciprocated. The more Maryan tries to keep Panimalar away from him, the closer she tries to get. This eventually leads to him falling for her. Once, Panimalar is caught in unfortunate circumstances and to support her financially, Maryan is forced to take up employment on contract basis for two years in [[Sudan]]. He then befriends Saami, and he is his only companion for four years. He successfully completes his tenure and packs bags in jubilation to return to his lady love, but tragedy strikes in the form of [[War in Darfur|Sudanese extremists]], who end up kidnapping Maryan and two of his coworkers, demanding money for their freedom. One of his coworkers gets killed by the head terrorist. After 21 days in captivity, Maryan escapes with Saami and runs for his life. He gets separated from Saami, who gets killed later on, and gets lost in the desert and suffers from dehydration and confronts [[cheetah]]s as his mirage. After finding the coast, he fights the terrorist who catches up with him and escapes. He then returns to his village where his love is waiting for him.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Dhanush]] as Maryan Vijayan Joseph
* [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]] as Panimalar
* [[Jagan (actor)|Jagan]] as Sami
* [[Appukutty]] as Sakkarai
* [[Uma Riyaz Khan]] as Seeli
* [[Salim Kumar]] as Thomayya
* [[Vinayakan]] as Theekkurissi
* [[Imman Annachi]] as Kuttyandi
* [[Ankur Vikal]] as Bappan
* Christopher Minnie as Head Terrorist
* Barry Mydou as Al-Jazeera
* Dagbeh Tweh
* [[Hari Krishnan (Tamil actor)|Hari Krishnan]] as Fisherman
* [[Joe D'Cruz]] as Negotiator at Hospital (cameo role)
{{colend}}

==Production==
===Development===
{{Quote box|width=40%|align=right|quote= "I was one of the jury members at the National awards committee that chose Dhanush as the best actor for ''[[Aadukalam]]''. His performance in ''Aadukalam'' moved me. I was looking for a real person to carry this character. I needed to believe the character, his emotions and his journey. Who else but Dhanush could give me what I wanted?" |source=—Director Bharat Bala on approaching [[Dhanush]], who had won the [[National Film Award for Best Actor|58th National Film Award for Best Actor]] for his performance in ''Aadukalam''.<ref name="rediff" /> }}
In early 2011, director Bharat Bala read about a 2008 incident involving three immigrant oil workers from India being kidnapped in the [[Darfur]] region of [[Sudan]] and how they had managed to escape from post being hostages. While improvising his script, the director met the former hostages who were held for 21 days under captivity. In late September 2011, the director narrated the first half of the film script to actor Dhanush and he agreed play the character Maryan. During this time, the filmmaker was done with half of the screenplay. Following his casting in the film, actor Dhanush became involved in character and screenplay-related discussions that were carried on for six months.<ref name="rediff">{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=25 March 2013 |title='Dhanush's performance in Aaduklaam moved me' |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-bharat-bala-mariyaan-is-the-story-of-human-survival/20130325.htm?sc_cid=fbshare#3 |access-date=28 March 2013 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> In March 2012, the film and collaborations were officially announced.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=15 March 2012 |title=Dhanush's next with Bharatbala |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Dhanushs-next-with-Bharatbala/articleshow/12275309.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331060731/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-15/news-interviews/31196273_1_dhanush-film-bollywood-flick |archive-date=31 March 2013 |access-date=10 May 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> After a lot of research, the director came up with the film title and stated it is the name of the character. In Tamil it translates to "A man who never dies". As per the film script, it implies that the spirit of the man never dies.<ref name="rediff" />

The director opined that the fishing community in southern India goes through terrible hardship and countries like [[Nigeria]], [[Sudan]], [[Libya]] borrow them as hard labor. The character played by actor Dhanush is a physically strong, economically poor but simple man from a very remote village who was in need of a job and hence, this forms the outline of the film.<ref name="rediff" /> Parvathy was signed on to play a key role as character Maryan's love interest after a successful audition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-10 |title=Bharat Bala, Dhanush, AR Rahman: Maryan is a film to watch out for |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bharat-bala-dhanush-ar-rahman-maryan-is-a-film-to-watch-out-for-769747.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250416034725/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bharat-bala-dhanush-ar-rahman-maryan-is-a-film-to-watch-out-for-769747.html |archive-date=16 April 2025 |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=[[Firstpost]] |language=en}}</ref> The director was inspired by the 2008 French-Liberian film ''[[Johnny Mad Dog]]'', which starred a real-life group of [[Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy|LURD]] [[Children in the military|child soldiers]] and subsequently chose them as well as the cinematographer of that film, [[Marc Koninckx]], to be a part of ''Maryan''.<ref name="rediff" />

A press release from March 2013 along with a poster revealed the film's outline as "A young man is faced with adversity. Life deals him immense challenges, and forces him to struggle to thrive. But he does, nevertheless, fighting to survive by thriving on the sheer undying spirit of the human will to survive. Along his thrilling journey is a tryst with adventure, a smattering of drama and a gritty tale that shows the power of love in extreme circumstances. And that is the story of ''Maryan''."<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 March 2013 |title=Dhanush's Maryan story revealed |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-30/news-interviews/38144624_1_mariyaan-bharatbala-marc-koninckx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528113643/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-30/news-interviews/38144624_1_mariyaan-bharatbala-marc-koninckx |archive-date=28 May 2013 |access-date=31 March 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In an interview with ''[[Zee News]]'', Bharatbala quoted, "Even though [''Maryan''] is about the fight for survival, it deals with several other emotions such as love, separation and struggle. The story recounts a beautiful journey about the separation of the protagonist from his loved ones and his struggle to reunite".<ref name="zn">{{Cite web |date=11 April 2013 |title=Tamil film industry more open to fresh stories: Bharatbala |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/regional/tamil-film-industry-more-open-to-fresh-stories-bharatbala_131852.htm |access-date=11 April 2013 |publisher=Zee News}}</ref>

===Filming===
As the film's story takes place in [[Sudan]] and in [[Kanyakumari]], India,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Actors should fit the landscape of film: Bharatbala |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-04/news-interviews/39025843_1_parvathi-menon-mariyaan-bharatbala |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823001652/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-04/news-interviews/39025843_1_parvathi-menon-mariyaan-bharatbala |archive-date=23 August 2013 |access-date=10 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Bharatbala noted that filming had to take place in two contrasting terrains. The sandy rugged locations in [[Africa]] were shot in [[Liberia]], made to look like Sudan, and several other portions were shot in a month. Subsequent close-up scenes featuring supporting cast members from Africa were filmed in India. The first schedule of the film began in [[Namibia]], with scenes including a fight sequence supervised by Dilip Subarayan, being canned.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2012 |title=Dhanush and AR Rahman make magic |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-12-01/dhanush-ar-rahman-06-06-12.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608202601/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-12-01/dhanush-ar-rahman-06-06-12.html |archive-date=8 June 2012 |access-date=6 June 2012 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> The song "Nenje Ezhu" was shot in [[Namibia#Coastal Desert|Namibia's Coastal Deserts]] featuring the leading duo.<ref name="deccan">{{Cite news |last=Anupama Subramanian |date=18 August 2012 |title=Rahman sings for Dhanush in Maryan |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/rahman-sings-dhanush-mariyaan-118 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819111822/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/rahman-sings-dhanush-mariyaan-118 |archive-date=19 August 2012 |access-date=18 August 2012 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Dhanush also shared screen space with a [[cheetah]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=1 August 2013 |title=Dhanush's animal instincts on screen! |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Dhanushs-animal-instincts-on-screen/articleshow/21506793.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801062307/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Dhanushs-animal-instincts-on-screen/articleshow/21506793.cms |archive-date=1 August 2013 |access-date=1 August 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The final schedule of the film started in [[Nagercoil]], [[Tamil Nadu]] in November 2012 and filming took place over a couple of months throughout the coastal region of South India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2012 |title=Maryan shooting enters final schedule |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/88396.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122114207/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/88396.html |archive-date=22 November 2012 |access-date=21 November 2012 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> Filming was also held in [[Mandaikadu|Mandaikadapudur]] village close to [[Kanyakumari]], India, named as Neerodi in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rinku Guptan |date=11 May 2013 |title='I see only Dhanush as Mariyaan' |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/I-see-only-Dhanush-as-Mariyaan/2013/05/11/article1584228.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602061321/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/I-see-only-Dhanush-as-Mariyaan/2013/05/11/article1584228.ece |archive-date=2 June 2013 |access-date=13 May 2013 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The entire film was shot in reverse with the climax scenes being filmed first and hence the last scene shot was the beginning scene of the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 January 2013 |title='Maryan' shot in reverse |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Mariyaan-shot-in-reverse/articleshow/18074028.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521062309/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-18/news-interviews/36414920_1_mariyaan-bharat-bala-dhanush |archive-date=21 May 2013 |access-date=20 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Dhanush underwent a special ocean diving course, to swim up to 50 feet underwater.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhanush immersed himself into Maryan character: Bharat Bala |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2013/dhanush-mariyaan-bharat-bala-107449.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518053855/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/news/2013/dhanush-mariyaan-bharat-bala-107449.html |archive-date=18 May 2013 |access-date=29 April 2013 |website=OneIndia}}</ref> Bharat Bala said that Dhanush would jump with the diving suit, go deep, settle down and get rid of the suit and then surge for the actual shot.<ref name="zn" /> Dhanush had two underwater support divers to supply him air during the underwater scenes. The underwater scenes were filmed in [[Andamans]].<ref name="promo">{{Cite web |last=Ramchander |date=3 April 2013 |title=Dhanush's Maryan promo gets 2 lakh hits |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2013/dhanush-mariyaan-promo-hits-106787.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518035132/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/news/2013/dhanush-mariyaan-promo-hits-106787.html |archive-date=18 May 2013 |access-date=3 April 2013 |publisher=One India Entertainment}}</ref> Certain arid land scenes were also shot at [[Rann of Kutch]] in [[Gujarat]].

The film incorporates firm [[Barco NV]]'s [[Auro 11.1]] surround sound technology. The re-recording in the [[Auro 3D|Auro]] format was done at composer [[A R Rahman]]'s [[AM Studios]] making it the first Tamil film to mix native sounds in the format.<ref name="aur">{{Cite web |last=Nick Dager |date=19 June 2013 |title=AM Studios, Chennai, Mixes Maryan with Barco's Auro 11.1 |url=http://www.digitalcinemareport.com/article/am-studios-chennai-mixes-maryan-barco%E2%80%99s-auro-111#.UcHQVefYKpp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626181103/http://www.digitalcinemareport.com/article/am-studios-chennai-mixes-maryan-barco%E2%80%99s-auro-111#.UcHQVefYKpp |archive-date=26 June 2013 |access-date=19 June 2013 |publisher=Digital Cinema Report}}</ref> Bharatbala claimed, one would find three different contrasting uses of the Auro 3D sound in the film. First, in the fishing village and the feel of the ocean surface, then deep into the desert and the sonic sounds and textures of the ocean, 50–55 feet under the water.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sudhish Kamath |date=13 July 2013 |title=Bringing Maryan alive |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/bringing-maryan-alive/article4911901.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716154142/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/bringing-maryan-alive/article4911901.ece |archive-date=16 July 2013 |access-date=16 July 2013 |work=The Hindu |location=[[Chennai]]}}</ref> He revealed through [[Twitter]] that the film's [[digital intermediate]] works were completed by 9 July 2013. Scenes during the making of the movie were placed with the end credits of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharatbala |title=Maryan just finished DI with Colorist Rob |url=https://twitter.com/bharatbala/status/353829588767494144 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305040228/https://twitter.com/bharatbala/status/353829588767494144 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=9 July 2013 |publisher=Bharatbala on [[Twitter]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Main| Maryan (soundtrack)}}
The music and background score of the film was composed by [[A R Rahman|A. R. Rahman]]. The complete soundtrack album was released at the composer's recording studio in [[Chennai]] on 17 May 2013, along with ''[[Raanjhanaa (soundtrack)|Raanjhanaa]]'', another album composed by Rahman. The album was also made available as [[Audio mastering|mastered]] for [[iTunes]] version.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sony Music releases two 'Mastered for iTunes' albums |url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news/sony-music-releases-two-mastered-itunes-albums |access-date=11 May 2013 |publisher=Radio and Music}}</ref> The day after release, the track "Nenjae Ezhu" topped all the charts with over one crore online listeners.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2013 |title=Nenjae Yezhu – Topping The Charts |url=https://twitter.com/rahman360/status/334138496329584640/photo/1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115010511/https://twitter.com/rahman360/status/334138496329584640/photo/1 |archive-date=15 January 2014 |access-date=18 May 2013 |publisher=Rahman360}}</ref> After one month of the release of the soundtrack album, the songs "Nenjae Ezhu" and "Kadal Raasa Naan" attained the peak position on the [[Radio Mirchi|Radio Mirchi South]] Top 20 charts, whereas "Sonapareeya" peaked at #3 and "Innum Konjam Neram" at #18.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2013 |title=TAMIL TOP 20 – Radio Mirchi |url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/chennai/countdown/tamil-top-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323011728/http://www.radiomirchi.com/chennai/countdown/tamil-top-20 |archive-date=23 March 2015 |access-date=19 June 2013 |publisher=radiomirchi.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2013 |title=Maryan song Kadal Rasa no #1 on RadioMirchi top 20 |url=https://twitter.com/bharatbala/status/342940705922101250/photo/1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115005347/https://twitter.com/bharatbala/status/342940705922101250/photo/1 |archive-date=15 January 2014 |access-date=19 June 2013 |publisher=[[Twitter]] posts by Bharatbala}}</ref> The soundtrack album was entitled as "Tamil Album of Year" in [[iTunes]]’ Best of 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |title=What connects Rahman and Dhanush to Apple? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/What-connects-Rahman-and-Dhanush-to-Apple/articleshow/27776712.cms |access-date=23 December 2013 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Controversies==
The third teaser as well as a promotional film poster depicting a smoking Dhanush<ref name="auddate" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2013 |title=Maryan smoking scenes might be deleted! |url=http://www.kollyinsider.com/2013/04/mariyaan-smoking-scenes-might-be-deleted.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033922/http://www.kollyinsider.com/2013/04/mariyaan-smoking-scenes-might-be-deleted.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=18 April 2013 |publisher=KollyInsider}}</ref> were criticised by former [[Union Minister of Health and Family Welfare]] of India, [[Anbumani Ramadoss]]. He claimed that the scenes prioritise smoking in the movie and hence it is a punishable offence to appear smoking in cinemas. Following this, reports claimed that the actor was in discussions with the director for the removal of such contents from the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 April 2013 |title=Dhanush smoking to be scenes deleted? |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-16/news-interviews/38584938_1_mariyaan-bharat-bala-smoking-scenes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419233102/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-16/news-interviews/38584938_1_mariyaan-bharat-bala-smoking-scenes |archive-date=19 April 2013 |access-date=18 April 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Marketing==
The first official poster of the film was released on 28 March 2013.<ref name="fl">{{Cite web |title=Maryan – First Look |url=https://twitter.com/rahman360/status/317264714231058432/photo/1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115010201/https://twitter.com/rahman360/status/317264714231058432/photo/1 |archive-date=15 January 2014 |access-date=28 March 2013 |publisher=Rahman360}}</ref> A thirty-second teaser featuring only Dhanush only released on 29 March 2013.<ref name="sm">{{Cite web |title=first look at Dhanush starrer #Maryan! |url=https://twitter.com/south_sonymusic/status/317500705239859200 |access-date=29 March 2013 |publisher=Sony Music South on [[Twitter]]}}</ref> On 31 March 2013, another 40-second teaser with a musical score was released that showed Dhanush with a spear in his hand, diving into deep sea in a breath and hunting on the seabed.<ref name="promo" /> The third teaser of 30 seconds was released on 4 April 2013. It depicted the actor fighting and smoking.<ref name="auddate">{{Cite news |date=4 April 2013 |title=Maryan teasers getting better! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Mariyaan-teasers-getting-better/articleshow/19376024.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408081101/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-04/news-interviews/38277527_1_panimalar-construction-fisherman-mariyaan |archive-date=8 April 2013 |access-date=4 April 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The teaser of the song "Nenje Ezhu" was released on 26 April 2013. It crossed over three lakh views on [[YouTube]] in less than two days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2013 |title=A.R.Rahman's magic repeats itself for Maryan |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/arrahmans-magic-repeats-itself-again-for-mariyaan-a-r-rahman-mariyaan-29-04-13.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501184908/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/arrahmans-magic-repeats-itself-again-for-mariyaan-a-r-rahman-mariyaan-29-04-13.html |archive-date=1 May 2013 |access-date=29 April 2013 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> A. R. Rahman extended an invitation through [[YouTube]] for the premiere of the song "Nenjae Ezhu" on 3 May 2013.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UsPVbj0U0xI |title=AR.Rahman – Exclusive Invitation to Nenjae Yezhu Premier |date=30 April 2013 |type=YouTube |publisher=Sony Music}}</ref> The official trailer was released on 1 May 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 May 2013 |title=Dhanush announces release of 'Maryan' trailer |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-01/news-interviews/38956618_1_mariyaan-bharat-bala-dhanush |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511071929/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-01/news-interviews/38956618_1_mariyaan-bharat-bala-dhanush |archive-date=11 May 2013 |access-date=1 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> After the trailer garnered nearly seven lakh views in one day on Sony India's music channel, it was re-released as an upgraded [[Vevo]] version.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=80ZLOX1bhU8 |title=Maryan – Official Trailer by Director Bharatbala |date=2 May 2013 |type=YouTube |publisher=MaryanMovieVEVO |access-date=19 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411040536/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=80ZLOX1bhU8 |archive-date=11 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 13 June 2013, a press meet headed by the director claimed that the film utilised the [[Auro 3D]] sound technology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mariyaan using Auro 11.1 by Barco! |url=http://www.barco.com/en/News/Press-releases/major-post-production-facility-am-studios-chooses-auro-111-by-barco-on-account-of-unique-3d-sound-ex.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623034800/http://www.barco.com/en/News/Press-releases/major-post-production-facility-am-studios-chooses-auro-111-by-barco-on-account-of-unique-3d-sound-ex.aspx |archive-date=23 June 2013 |access-date=13 June 2013 |website=barco.com}}</ref> The actor, director and the music composer promoted the film at an event at [[Jaya TV|Jaya TV studios]] that was aired live on 23 June 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhanush Rahman & myself on Jaya TV / Maryan promotion |url=https://twitter.com/bharatbala/status/348819716871159809/photo/1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115832/https://twitter.com/bharatbala/status/348819716871159809/photo/1 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=24 June 2013 |publisher=Bharatbala on [[Twitter]]}}</ref>

The promotions for the dubbed Telugu version of the film began from February 2015. The dubbed trailer was released on 14 February 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Trailer: Dhanush-starrer Maryan in Telugu |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Trailer-Dhanush-starrer-Maryan-in-Telugu/articleshow/46231434.cms |access-date=7 August 2015 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Release==
''Maryan'' was initially set to release on 31 May 2013.<ref name="fpsin" /> Due to post-production and re-recording works, the release date was changed to 21 June 2013. There was a scarcity of scrutiny theatres for the certification process so, the film was censored on 17 June 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 June 2013 |title=Dhanush's 'Maryan' censor delayed |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-15/news-interviews/39992534_1_dhanush-censor-national-award-winning-actor |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619000857/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-15/news-interviews/39992534_1_dhanush-censor-national-award-winning-actor |archive-date=19 June 2013 |access-date=18 June 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was given a [[U/A certificate]] by the [[Censor Board]] for its theme and some violence in the climax. However, it was re-censored for [[entertainment tax]] relief and hence, was given a [[U certificate (India)|U certificate]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 June 2013 |title='Maryan' gets U", release on June 27 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-22/news-interviews/40133813_1_ua-certificate-raanjhanaa-tamil-titles |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730015902/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-22/news-interviews/40133813_1_ua-certificate-raanjhanaa-tamil-titles |archive-date=30 July 2013 |access-date=24 June 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The release date of 21 June 2013 was cancelled to avoid clash with Dhanush's Hindi debut film ''[[Raanjhanaa]]'' and delayed process for censoring.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}} The film was eventually released on 19 July 2013.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1864642/report-tamil-director-bharat-bala-praises-dhanush-in-maryan Tamil director Bharat Bala praises Dhanush in Maryan – Entertainment – DNA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729124610/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1864642/report-tamil-director-bharat-bala-praises-dhanush-in-maryan |date=29 July 2013 }}. Dnaindia.com. Retrieved on 7 January 2014.</ref>

The estimate number of screens of the film in [[Tamil Nadu]] were 350. As of July 2013, 27 screens out of these were equipped with the [[Auro 3D]] surround sound. The release in remaining India would be 100.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maryan in Auro 3D in limited screens |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/maryan-in-auro-3d-in-limited-screens-news-tamil-nhrja2gbbcf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721155146/http://www.sify.com/movies/maryan-in-auro-3d-in-limited-screens-news-tamil-nhrja2gbbcf.html |archive-date=21 July 2013 |access-date=18 July 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Maryan wasn't released in [[Andhra Pradesh]] whereas out of 50 screens all over [[Karnataka]], the film released on 39 screens in [[Bangalore]], three in [[Mysuru]], two in [[Mangaluru]] and rest in other areas of the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive: The nationwide screen counts for Dhanush's Maryan |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/exclusive-the-nationwide-screen-counts-for-dhanushs-maryan-dhanush-maryan-19-07-13.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721093342/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/exclusive-the-nationwide-screen-counts-for-dhanushs-maryan-dhanush-maryan-19-07-13.html |archive-date=21 July 2013 |access-date=20 July 2013 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> In [[Kerala]], distribution rights were acquired by Sagara Entertainment, releasing the film in about 79 screens.<ref name="siroundup">{{Cite web |title=South India Box Office roundup of Maryan |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/south-india-box-office-roundup-of-maryan-maryan-box-office-30-07-13.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809035810/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/south-india-box-office-roundup-of-maryan-maryan-box-office-30-07-13.html |archive-date=9 August 2013 |access-date=9 August 2013 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> The Telugu version was distributed by SVR Media.<ref>[http://www.telugucinemas.in/2015/02/svr-media-mariyan-teaser-launched.html S.V.R Media Mariyan teaser Launched – TeluguCinemas.in | Telugu Cinemas]. TeluguCinemas.in. Retrieved on 29 November 2015.</ref>

Bharat Creations secured the distribution rights of the film in the United States and [[North America]].<ref name="cen">{{Cite web |date=27 May 2013 |title=MARYAN'S THALAIVAA CONNECTION ! |url=http://cinemalead.com/news-id-maryan-thalaivaa-connection-usa-distribution-rights-27-05-132309.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609063933/http://www.cinemalead.com/news-id-maryan-thalaivaa-connection-usa-distribution-rights-27-05-132309.htm |archive-date=9 June 2013 |access-date=27 May 2013 |publisher=Cinemalead}}</ref> The screens in United States were 25 whereas 6 in Canada. The film was also released in several UK cities. A special screening of the film was held at [[Mumbai]] on 11 August 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 August 2013 |title=AR Rahman's special screening of Maryan |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/filmi-party/bollywood/AR-Rahmans-special-screening-of-Maryan/articleshow/21759015.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616174453/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/filmi-party/bollywood/AR-Rahmans-special-screening-of-Maryan/articleshow/21759015.cms |archive-date=16 June 2021 |access-date=12 August 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==

===Critical reception===
The film received generally positive reviews upon release. The film's technicalities, performances of the lead actors and the score were applauded by the critics.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shiva Prasad |date=20 July 2013 |title=Mariyaan garners amazing response |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Mariyaan-garners-amazing-response/articleshow/21185175.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720040317/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Mariyaan-garners-amazing-response/articleshow/21185175.cms |archive-date=20 July 2014 |access-date=20 July 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

At ''[[The Times of India]]'', N Venkateswaran gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and quoted, "A soulful love story, but candy floss is not on the menu."<ref>{{Cite news |last=N. Venkateswaran |date=21 July 2013 |title=Maryan |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/maryan/movie-review/21217584.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728171239/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/maryan/movie-review/21217584.cms |archive-date=28 July 2013 |access-date=24 July 2013 |work=Times of India}}</ref> At ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', Malini Mannath wrote, "Cocktail of love and action, lyrical in its narrative style in the first half, the film could, however, have done with more coherence and conviction in its second half".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cocktail of love and action |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Cocktail-of-love-and-action/2013/07/20/article1691911.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108020233/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Cocktail-of-love-and-action/2013/07/20/article1691911.ece |archive-date=8 January 2014 |access-date=20 July 2013 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> S Sarawasthi of ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' gave the film 3 stars out of 5 and claimed, "Mariyaan is a beautiful love story. However, what brings the film down a notch is the pace, especially the second half, which seems to drag quite a bit. And though the film may not appeal to all, it is definitely a must watch."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mariyaan is a beautiful love story |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-south-mariyaan-is-a-beautiful-love-story/20130719.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201081828/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-south-mariyaan-is-a-beautiful-love-story/20130719.htm |archive-date=1 February 2014 |access-date=20 July 2013 |publisher=Rediff}}</ref> Baradwaj Rangan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' noted, "A wonderful romance, but needed to be more."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Maryan: Labours of love |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/maryan-labours-of-love/article4935136.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723093237/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/maryan-labours-of-love/article4935136.ece |archive-date=23 July 2013 |access-date=20 July 2013 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Vivek Ramz of ''[[in.com]]'' summarised, "'Mariyaan' is a realistic and touching love saga and definitely deserves a watch! Better watch it in Auro 3D screen to experience it best." He rated the film 3.5 stars out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maryan is a must watch! |url=http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/tamil-movie-review-mariyaan-is-a-must-watch-50238474-in-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723013747/http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/tamil-movie-review-mariyaan-is-a-must-watch-50238474-in-1.html |archive-date=23 July 2013 |access-date=20 July 2013 |website=in.com}}</ref>

===Box office===
;International
At the box office of United States, the film had the biggest opening amongst all Indian films releasing on the same date.<ref name=us/> In its opening weekend, at the UK and Ireland Box Office the film has collected £13,675 on 5 screens.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Overseas Report: D-Day v/s Ramaiya Vastavaiya |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/trade/boxofficeoverseas/id/482 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130723140131/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/trade/boxofficeoverseas/id/482 |archive-date=23 July 2013 |access-date=24 July 2013 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> The film earned approximately {{INRConvert|10|l|year=2012}} in the second weekend. The total collections, one month estimate was {{INRConvert|23.23|l|year=2012}}. At the Australian box office, the film raked in approximately {{INRConvert|25|l|year=2012}} at the end of the second weekend.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=362417835722539009 |user=taran_adarsh |title=Tamil film #Maryan *total after 2nd Weekend* UK £ 25,324 [Rs. 23.13 lakhs] ... Australia A$ 45,676 [Rs. 25.03 lakhs]. |author=Taran Adarsh |author-link=Taran Adarsh |access-date=19 April 2025}}</ref>

;Domestic
The film netted approximately {{INRConvert|1.65|c|year=2012}} in first weekend from nearly 35 screens and overall 531 shows in Chennai and suburbs. 85% average occupancy was recorded for these days.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennai Box-Office – July 19–21 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=15034657&cid=13525926 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723145029/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=15034657&cid=13525926 |archive-date=23 July 2013 |access-date=24 July 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:50%;" 
|-
! style="width:23%;" scope="col"| Distributor
! style="width:15%;" scope="col"| Date announced
! style="width:25%;" scope="col"| Category
! style="width:23%;" scope="col"| Recipient
! style="width:8%;" scope="col"| Result
! style="width:2%;" scope="col"| Reference
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
| rowspan="5" | January 2014
| Best Actor
| [[Dhanush]]
| rowspan="5" {{nominated}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edison Awards Nominations |url=http://www.edisonawards.in/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213074130/http://www.edisonawards.in/ |archive-date=13 February 2014 |access-date=9 February 2014 |publisher=edisonawards.in}}</ref>
|-
|Best Music Director
| [[A R Rahman]]
|-
|Best Playback Singer – Male
| [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] {{small|(for the song "Kadal Raasa Naan")}}
|-
|Best DOP (cinematography)
| [[Marc Koninckx]]
|-
|Best Choreographer
| Bharathi Raghuraam
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[61st Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="3" | 12 July 2014
| [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Critics Best Actor – Tamil]]
| [[Dhanush]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=61st Idea South Filmfare Awards 2013–14 Winners List |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2014/61st-idea-south-filmfare-awards2013-14-winners-list-153986.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715014232/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/telugu/news/2014/61st-idea-south-filmfare-awards2013-14-winners-list-153986.html |archive-date=15 July 2014 |access-date=13 July 2014 |website=OneIndia}}</ref>
|-
|Best Music Director
| [[A R Rahman]]
|rowspan="2" {{nominated}}
|-
|Best Playback Singer – Male
| [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] {{small|(for the song "Kadal Raasa Naan")}}
|-
| rowspan="10" | [[8th Vijay Awards]]
| rowspan="10" | 5 July 2014
| Best Actor
| [[Dhanush]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| Best Actress
| [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| Favourite Hero
| [[Dhanush]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| Best Cinematographer
| [[Marc Koninckx]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| Best Male Playback Singer
| [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| {{won}}
|
|-
| Best Male Playback Singer
| [[A.R. Rahman]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| Best Female Playback Singer
| [[Shweta Mohan]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| Best Lyricist
| [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]], [[A.R.Rahman]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| Best Background Score
| [[A.R.Rahman]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| Best MakeUp
| Ramesh Mohanty, Thomas Van Der Nest
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="8" | [[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Awards]]
| rowspan="8" | 12–13 September 2014
| Best Actor
| [[Dhanush]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| Best Actor (Critics)
| [[Dhanush]]
| {{won}}
|
|-
| Best Actress
| [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| Best Actress (Critics)
| [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]]
| {{won}}
|
|-
|-
| Best Music
| [[A.R.Rahman]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| Best Male Playback Singer
| [[Vijay Prakash]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| Best Female Playback Singer
| [[Shweta Mohan]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| Best Cinematographer
| [[Marc Koninckx]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="1" | Behindwoods Gold Summit Award
| rowspan="1" | 2014
| Best Actress
| [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]]
| {{won}}
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|2793930|Maryan}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Namibia]]
[[Category:Films about hostage takings]]
[[Category:Films based on newspaper and magazine articles]]
[[Category:2013 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian survival films]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:2013 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Awadhi people

2026-02-24T01:35:55Z

Ras: quick fix

{{short description|Ethnolinguistic group}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Awadhi people
| caption =
| pop = 4,715,182<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=7 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |date=2021 |title=National Population and Housing Census 2021, Caste/Ethnicity Report |author=National Statistics Office |work=Government of Nepal |url=https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/downloads/caste-ethnicity}}</ref>
| region1 =
| pop1 =
| ref1 =
| region2 =
| popplace = [[India]] ([[Awadh]]) and [[Nepal]] ([[Terai]])
| rels = '''Majority:''' [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]] 
'''Minority:''' {{hlist
|[[File:Star and Crescent.svg|18px]] [[Islam]]|[[File:Christian cross.svg|12px]] [[Christianity]]|[[File:Jain Prateek Chihna.svg|12px]] [[Jainism]]|[[File:Dharma Wheel.svg|18px]] [[Buddhism]]}}
| langs = [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] Additionally [[Hindi]]-[[Urdu]]
| related-c = other [[Indo-Aryan peoples]]
| native_name = अवधी 𑂃𑂫𑂡𑂲 {{Nastaliq|اودھی}}
| native_name_lang = awa
| related_groups =
}}

The '''Awadhi people''' or '''Awadhis''' ([[Devanagari]]: अवधी, [[Kaithi]]: 𑂃𑂫𑂡𑂲, [[Perso-Arabic script|Perso-Arabic]]: {{Nastaliq|اودھی}}) are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] ethno-linguistic group who speak the [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] language and reside in the [[Awadh]] region of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Many Awadhis also migrated to [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Odisha]] in [[India]] and some adjoining regions of the [[Terai]] in [[Nepal]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Awadhis-48116.htm |title=Awadhis in India}}</ref> and in addition 3 per cent of [[Nepalis]] are Awadhi speakers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nepal/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260118110420/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nepal/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 18, 2026 |title=CIA – The World Factbook – Nepal}}</ref> Awadhi people can be found throughout the world, most notably in [[Fiji]], [[Guyana]], [[Mauritius]], [[South Africa]], [[Suriname]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], the [[United States]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Canada]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Australia]], and [[New Zealand]]. Historically, [[Indo-Aryans]] dominated the North Indian Gangetic Planes; thus, the [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] language continuously evolved over the centuries in the [[Awadh]] region of Uttar Pradesh.

== Language ==
{{main|Awadhi language}}

The Awadhi language is spoken by about 55 million people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/awadhi.htm|title=Awadhi language|website=www.omniglot.com|access-date=2019-04-14}}</ref> In India, native speakers are estimated to be 65 million,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2019-04-14}}</ref> while in Nepal native speakers are estimated to be 500,000 people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/wphc/Nepal/Nepal-Census-2011-Vol1.pdf|title=National Population and Housing Census 2011}}</ref>

Linguistically, Awadhi is a distinct language with its own grammar. However, the Indian government considers Awadhi to be a mothertongue under [[Hindi]] language due to political reasons. Awadhi is not formally taught in any institution.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

== Cuisine ==
{{main|Awadhi cuisine}}

Consisting of both vegetarian and non vegetarian dishes, Awadhi cuisine has influences that can be linked to the [[Mughal Empire]]. It is similar to much of North Indian cuisine and Pakistani cuisine. Awadhi cuisine is known for its use of aromatics and spices, such as [[cardamom]] and [[saffron]], in a slow fire cooking process. There is also notable variety in ingredients that are cooked, such as [[paneer]] and [[mutton]].

In addition, there are rice, curry, dessert, and [[chaat]] preparations that are specific to Awadhi cuisine.

==Notable Awadhis==
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2024}}


{{div col}}
*[[Afroz Ahmad]]
*[[Muzaffar Ali]]
*[[Naushad|Nahshad Ali]]
*[[Abhishek Bachchan]]
*[[Anand Satyanand]]
*[[Amitabh Bachchan]]
*[[Harivansh Rai Bachchan]]
*[[Piaa Bajpai]]
*[[Sarita Bhadauria]]
*[[Pali Chandra]]
*[[Abhishek Chaubey]]
*[[Rudrasen Chaudhary]]
*[[Narendra Deva]]
*[[Shanta|Shanta Devi]]
*[[Babu Gulabrai]]
*[[Ali Sardar Jafri]]
*[[Cheddi Jagan]]
*[[Kailas Nath Kaul]]
*[[Imdad Khan]]
*[[Wahid Khan]]
*[[Akhil Kumar]]
*[[Ram Manohar Lohia]]
*[[Amaresh Misra]]
*[[Satish Mishra]]
*[[Gopaldas Neeraj]]
*[[Rishyasringa|Shringi Rushi]]
*[[Babu Himmat Sah]]
*[[Ramchandra Shukla]]
*[[Lal Pratap Singh]]
*[[Babu Bhoop Singh]]
*[[Bajrang Bahadur Singh]]
*[[Nivedita Tiwari]]
*[[Bekal Utsahi]]
*[[Bhagwati Charan Verma]]
*[[Anand Sen Yadav]]
*[[Mitrasen Yadav]]
*[[Raju Srivastav]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Awadhi people]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups divided by international borders]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Nepal]]

{{asia-ethno-group-stub}}

[[hi:अवधी लोग]]

Deepar Beel Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-22T18:23:22Z

Ras: stub - done

{{short description|Wildlife sanctuary in Assam, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Deepar Beel Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| image = Gajaraj at Deepar Beel.jpg
| map = India Assam#India
| map_caption = Location in Assam, India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| location = Kamrup district, Assam, India
| nearest_city = Guwahati
| coordinates = {{coord|26.12|N|91.65|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| area_km2 = 4.14
| established = 1989
| governing_body = Department of Environment and Forests, Assam
}}

'''Deepar Beel Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a protected area in [[Assam]], [[India]]. It is located to the south-west of [[Guwahati]], covering an area of about 4.14 km². The sanctuary was notified in 1989 to protect the unique wetland ecosystem of [[Deepor Beel]], a permanent freshwater lake and [[Ramsar site]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-08-27 |title=Assam's Deepar Beel Wildlife Sanctuary breathes easy after eco-sensitive zone notification |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/assams-deepar-beel-wildlife-sanctuary-breathes-easy-after-eco-sensitive-zone-notification/article36133229.ece |access-date=2025-08-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The lake and sanctuary are important habitats for many resident and migratory bird species, including globally threatened species such as the [[spot-billed pelican]] and [[greater adjutant]]. It also supports fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals, and plays a key role in maintaining the ecological balance of the [[Brahmaputra River]] floodplains.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wildlife Sanctuary {{!}} Principal Chief Conservator of Forest & Head of Forest Force {{!}} Government Of Assam, India |url=https://forest.assam.gov.in/portlets/wildlife-sanctuary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321001423/https://forest.assam.gov.in/portlets/wildlife-sanctuary |archive-date=21 March 2025 |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=forest.assam.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Assam]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Guwahati]]
[[Category:Wetlands of India]]

Dhebar Lake

2026-02-15T14:14:07Z

Ras:

{{short description|Lake in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Jaisamand lLake
| other_name = Jaisamand Lake
| native_name = {{native name|hi|ढेबर झील, जयसमंद झील}}
| caption =
| image_bathymetry = Jaisamandlake.jpg
| pushpin_map = Rajasthan
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of Jaisamand la
| outflow = [[Gomati River (Rajasthan)|Gomati River]]
| catchment =
| basin_countries = India
| length = {{convert|9|mi|km|abbr=on}}
| width =
| area = {{convert|87|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| depth =
| max-depth = {{convert|160|ft|abbr=on}}
| volume =
| residence_time =
| shore = {{convert|30|mi|km|abbr=on}}
| elevation =
| islands = 3 Islands
| cities =
| mapframe = yes
}}

'''Dhebar Lake''' (also known as '''Jaisamand Lake''') is [[India]]'s second largest artificial fresh water lake in India.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gktoday.in/quiz-questions/jaisamand-lake-is-considered-as-the-second-largest-artificial-lake-in-the-world-and-first-in-asia-in-which-district-of-rajasthan-is-it-situated/ | title='Jaisamand lake' is considered as the second largest artificial lake in the world and first in Asia.In which district of Rajasthan is it situated? - GKToday }}</ref> It is located in the [[Salumbar|Salumber District]] of [[Rajasthan]] State in [[western India]]. It has an area of {{convert|87|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} when full, and was created at Namla Thikana (rathore-patvi)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Not Available|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.36062|title=Rajputana Agency Political Branch|date=1907}}</ref> in the 17th century, when [[Jai Singh of Mewar|Rana Jai Singh]] of [[Udaipur]] built a marble dam across the [[Gomati River (Rajasthan)|Gomati River]]. It is about {{convert|19|km|mile|abbr=on}} from the district headquarters of Salumbar. When first built, it was the largest artificial lake in the world. The surrounding Jaisamand Wildlife Sanctuary around Dhebar Lake can be reached by the state highway to [[Banswara]] from Udaipur. Jaisamand Wildlife Sanctuary protects about {{convert|162.0|km2|ha|lk=in}}, mostly [[teak]] forest, on the shores of Dhebar Lake. The lake has three islands measuring from {{convert|10|to|40|acre|m2}} each. The Dhebar Lake Marble Dam is {{convert|300.0|m|ft|abbr=on}} long and is a part of the "Heritage Monuments of India". The dam also has the Hawa Mahal Palace, winter capital of the erstwhile [[Maharana of Mewar|Maharanas of Mewar]]. 1687 to 1691.
However, the lake went almost dry in recent times affecting the eco system.

==History==

[[File:Jaisamand Lake.jpg|thumb]]

Dhebar Lake, built by Maharana Jai Singh in 1685, covers an area of {{convert|36|sqmi|km2}}. It remained the largest artificial lake in the world till the building of the [[Aswan Dam]] in [[Egypt]] by the British in 1902, that was reconstructed between 1960 and 1970.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}} During the reign of Maharana Jai Singh (1680–1698), there was a great need for water for cultivation in Mewar's southeastern corner. The Maharana emulated his father (Maharana Raj Singh I who built [[Rajsamand Lake]]) by damming a small river, the Gomati and building a massive embankment; the height of the dam is 36.6 meters. Jai Singh named the resultant lake Jaisamand after himself - its often-used nickname is 'Ocean of Victory' ('samand' meaning 'ocean'). On the day of its inauguration, 2 June 1691, Maharana Jai Singh walked around the dam charitably distributing gold equal to his own weight. The lake is {{convert|9|mi|km}} in breadth, {{convert|102|ft|m}} deep at its deepest end, a circumference of {{convert|30|mi|km}}, with marble staircases leading into the water. The summer palaces of the Queens of Udaipur surround Dhebar Lake. Maharna given special thanks to Namla thikana for their special land contribution .<ref>{{Cite book|last=Not Available|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.36062|title=Rajputana Agency Political Branch|date=1907}}</ref>

==Characteristics==
[[File:Jaisamand Lake Marble Elephant.jpg|thumb|Marble [[Indian elephant]] at Jaisamand Lake]]

There are three islands on Dhebar Lake, and the tribe of Bhil Minas (see People of Rajasthan) inhabits all. The two bigger islands are known as Baba ka Magra and the smaller island is called Piari. There is a bund on the lake, which has to be mentioned due to its sheer size – {{convert|1202|ft|m}} long, {{convert|116|ft|m}} high and {{convert|70|ft|m}} broad at the base. On the marble dam are six exotic cenotaphs and a [[Shiva]] temple in the centre. The northern end of the lake has a palace with a courtyard while its southern end has a pavilion of 12 pillars. The hills to its south have grand palaces that have an excellent view of the lake.

Dhebar Lake has elegant steps leading to the water and marble Chhatri (cenotaphs) on its bank with a small Shiv temple that marks the grace of the lake. On either side are the palaces built for the past kings favourite queens. The local tribe "Bhils" still inhabit the islands. Maharaja Jai Singh created Dhebar Lake in the 17th century utilizing the waters of the Gomti River. Encircled by hills and with a number of summer palaces along the shore, the lake is a natural and peaceful haven. There are eleven islands on the lake, some of which provide sanctuary inhabited by several species of migratory birds. Maharana Jai Singh at the time of digging the foundation for Dhebar Lake, celebrated the occasion by giving away gold in charity after a Tuladaan Ceremony. In the lake there are three islands whose inhabitants use Bhels (boats) to reach the shore. On the top of two nearby hillocks are two old palaces constructed by Maharana Jai Singh still exist in great condition. A very fine view of the lake is available from these Great Palaces. Graceful marble chhatris flank the embankment and beautiful summer palaces of the Udaipur queens.

==Jaisamand Wildlife Sanctuary==
[[File:Jaisamand Lake View.jpg|900px|centre|Jaisamand Lake's view]]
A trip to Jaisamand Wildlife Sanctuary allows a close encounter with the rich wildlife in their natural habitat. The [[fauna]] include the [[Indian leopard|panther]], [[wild boar]], [[deer]], [[four-horned antelope]], [[mongoose]] and various [[species]] of [[migratory bird]]s. The sanctuary's [[ecoregion]] is that of [[Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests]].<ref name="WWF, SA: NI">{{WWF ecoregion |id=im0206 |name=Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests |accessdate=2017-01-29}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Arid Forest Research Institute]]
* [[List of lakes in India]]
* [[Wildlife of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hydrography of Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests]]
[[Category:Reservoirs in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Udaipur district]]

Ameesha Patel

2026-02-12T05:19:14Z

Ras: typo fix

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1975)}}
{{Indian name|Ameesha|Patel}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{pp-semi-blp|small=yes}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ameesha Patel
| image = Ameesha Patel graces the store launch of Kamaal.jpg
| caption = Patel in 2023
| birth_date = {{birth date and age |df=yes|1975|06|09}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| othername = Amisha Patel
| alma_mater = [[Tufts University]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2000–present
| spouse =
| parents =
| relatives = [[Ashmit Patel]] (brother) [[Rajni Patel]] (grandfather)
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Ameesha Patel|Full list]]
}}

'''Ameesha Patel''' ({{IPA|hns|əˈmiːʂa pəˈʈeːl|pron}}; born 9 June 1975) is an Indian actress who appears in [[Bollywood|Hindi]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films. Patel is the recipient of [[List of awards and nominations received by Ameesha Patel|several awards]] such as a [[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Award]] and a [[Zee Cine Awards|Zee Cine Award]].

Patel made her acting debut in 2000 with the romantic thriller film ''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]'', a major commercial success, which earned her the [[Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut]]. This success continued with the Telugu action film ''[[Badri (2000 film)|Badri]]'' (2000) and the top-grossing period film ''[[Gadar: Ek Prem Katha]]'' (2001), which won her a [[Filmfare Special Performance Award]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=all_time_earners&PHPSESSID=5362d07f223b238dbd9c54edcba55bed |title=All Time Earners Inflation Adjusted (Figures in Ind Rs) |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=3 February 2007 |archive-date=2 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102062831/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=all_time_earners&PHPSESSID=5362d07f223b238dbd9c54edcba55bed |url-status=live}}</ref> After starring in ''[[Humraaz (2002 film)|Humraaz]]'' and ''[[Kya Yehi Pyaar Hai]]'' (both 2002), Patel's career declined, and she took on supporting roles in ''[[Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd.]]'' (2007), ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa]]'' (2007) and ''[[Race 2]]'' (2013).

After continued fluctuations, Patel made a career comeback by reprising her role in the sequel ''[[Gadar 2]]'' (2023), which emerged as her highest grossing release.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/gadar-2-box-office-collection-day-2-sunny-deol-starrer-declared-a-blockbuster-as-film-earns-rs-80-50-crore/articleshow/102695161.cms|title='Gadar 2' box office collection Day 2: Sunny Deol starrer declared a BLOCKBUSTER as film earns Rs 80.50 crore|website=The Times of India |access-date=14 August 2023}}</ref> In addition to her acting career, Patel is a humanitarian and works for a number of causes.

==Early life and background==
Patel was born to a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] father, Amit Patel,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2012/sep/070912-Ameesha-Patel-to-do-dandiya.htm |title=Ameesha Patel to do dandiya! |website=Mid-day.com |access-date=31 October 2013 |archive-date=2 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102215457/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2012/sep/070912-Ameesha-Patel-to-do-dandiya.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> and a [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] and [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] [[Indian diaspora|NRI]] mother, Asha,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chhibber |first=Kavita |date=3 November 2003 |title=Amisha Patel |url=https://www.kavitachhibber.com/2003/11/03/amisha-patel/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610191458/https://www.kavitachhibber.com/2003/11/03/amisha-patel/ |archive-date=10 June 2024 |quote=Asha Patel says she grew up in an elite pampered atmosphere abroad and met her husband as a teenager while visiting India. For him it was love at first sight, but Asha laughs and says as a Sindhi Punjabi she was not sure that she would fit into a Gujarati family.}}</ref> on 9 June 1975.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/birthday-special-ameesha-patel-then-and-now_136353.html |title=Birthday special: Ameesha Patel – then and now… |access-date=7 July 2020 |author=Zee Media Bureau |work=[[Zee News]] |archive-date=8 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708052924/https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/birthday-special-ameesha-patel-then-and-now_136353.html |url-status=live}}</ref> She is the sister of [[Ashmit Patel]] and the granddaughter of lawyer-politician Barrister [[Rajni Patel]], who was the Congress Pradesh Committee President of Mumbai. She was born in the [[Breach Candy Hospital]] in Mumbai and has been a trained [[Bharatnatyam]] dancer since the age of five.<ref name="r1">{{cite web |last1=Verma |first1=Sukanya |title='It's unfair to have just one goal in life' |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1999/nov/22amis.htm |website=Rediff |access-date=29 April 2016 |date=22 November 1999 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203839/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1999/nov/22amis.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Her birth-name is a blend of the first three letters of her father's name Amit and the last three letters of her mother's name Asha.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Karmalkar |first1=Deepa |title=The Ten-Crore B'day gift |url=http://www.screenindia.com/jan14/cover.htm |publisher=Screen |access-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000622080426/http://www.screenindia.com/jan14/cover.htm |archive-date=22 June 2000}}</ref>

Patel studied at [[Cathedral and John Connon School]] in Mumbai and was head girl for the academic year 1992–93 before heading to [[Tufts University]] in [[Boston]] in the [[United States]] to study bio-genetic engineering, which she studied for two years, before eventually switching her major to economics.<ref name="r1"/>

Patel's career began as an economic analyst at Khandwala Securities Limited after graduation. Later on, she received an offer from [[Morgan Stanley]] but turned it down. After returning to India, she joined [[Satyadev Dubey]]'s theatre group and acted in plays, including an [[Urdu]] language play titled ''Neelam'' (1999), that was written by Tanveer Khan,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/jul07/film3.htm |title=Gadar's special, very very special |access-date=4 September 2009 |author=Savvy Gehna Mehra |work=[[Screen Weekly]] |archive-date=11 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090711130229/http://www.screenindia.com/old/jul07/film3.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> upon receiving permission from her conservative parents.
At the same time she plunged into modelling, appearing in several commercial campaigns. Patel has also modelled for well-known Indian brands such as ''[[Bajaj Group|Bajaj]]'', ''[[Glow & Lovely|Fair & Lovely]]'', ''[[Cadburys]]'', ''Fem'', ''[[Lux]]'' and many more.

Her grandfather [[Rajni Patel]] was a lawyer and [[Indian National Congress|Indian national congress's]] politician. A street in Mumbai 'Barrisrer Rajani Patel Marge' was named after him in 1986.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barrister Rajni Patel Marg: Named after Cong chief close to MRS Gandhi & who nearly became CM |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/barrister-rajni-patel-marg-named-after-cong-chief-close-to-mrs-gandhi-who-nearly-became-cm-5179696/ |website=The Indian express |date=17 May 2018}}</ref>

==Acting career==
===Early widespread success (2000–2002)===
Patel's first opportunity for acting came in the form of an offer from her father's schoolmate, [[Rakesh Roshan]], to star opposite his son, [[Hrithik Roshan]], in the romantic thriller ''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]'' (2000). The offer came immediately after she graduated from high school, but she refused the project because she wanted to continue her education in the US.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/jul07/film3.htm |title=Celeb Chat with Amisha Patel |work=[[Screen Weekly]] |access-date=24 May 2009 |archive-date=11 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090711130229/http://www.screenindia.com/old/jul07/film3.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> Afterwards, [[Kareena Kapoor]] replaced her, but luckily, Kapoor dropped out a few days into the principal photography and Patel was given the opportunity once again during a family lunch.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaoz.com.au/bollywood/stars/amisha_patel/index.shtml |title=Amisha Patel Biography |publisher=indiaoz.com.au |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303144828/http://www.indiaoz.com.au/bollywood/stars/amisha_patel/index.shtml |archive-date=3 March 2009}}</ref> She readily agreed to do the project this time. The role of Sonia Saxena, an exuberant college girl in love, undergoing a tortuous time after losing her lover and rediscovering a more mature relationship, gave Patel scope to perform. The film was a major commercial success and established Patel as a rising star, earning her a nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=206&catName=MjAwMA== |title=Box Office 2000 |publisher=Box Office India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811213429/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=206&catName=MjAwMA%3D%3D |archive-date=11 August 2013}}</ref> In her second film, the [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] language drama ''[[Badri (2000 film)|Badri]]'', she starred opposite [[Pawan Kalyan]]. The film was a major success, earning more than ₹12 [[crore]] [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributor share]] in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pawan Kalyan |url=http://sify.com/movies/telugu/profile.php?id=16006616&cid=2411 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220084723/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/profile.php?id=16006616&cid=2411 |archive-date=20 December 2008 |access-date=24 November 2008 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

2001 saw her appearing in [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]]'s cross-border romance {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Gadar: Ek Prem Katha]]}}, alongside [[Sunny Deol]]. Patel signed on much before she shot into the limelight with ''Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai'' and was among 22 girls that were screen-tested from 500 girls who came to audition for the film. Patel had gone through a 12-hour audition before she got the part.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/jul/03amisha.htm |title=An interview with Amisha Patel |publisher=Rediff |access-date=3 July 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010706163331/http://rediff.com/entertai/2001/jul/03amisha.htm |archive-date=6 July 2001 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film went on to become the top-grossing film of the year, as well as the biggest hit of the 21st century, earning Rs 973 million in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=127&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5&PHPSESSID=5362d07f223b238dbd9c54edcba55bed |title=Top Earners 2000–2009 (Figures in Ind Rs) |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=3 February 2007 |archive-date=17 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117081716/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=127&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5&PHPSESSID=fa099368a445f18621d13fc8406a0f74 |url-status=live}}</ref> Set during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]], it featured Patel as Sakeena, a Muslim girl who finds refuge in Deol's house during the riots, and subsequently falls for him. Her performance was praised, and won her the [[Filmfare Special Award|Filmfare Special Performance Award]], in addition to her first nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]]. [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[IndiaFM]]'' concluded: "Despite being one-film-old, Patel deserves full marks for handling the complex role with elegance. She looks the character she is portraying and impresses with a natural performance."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/6748/index.html |title=Gadar: Ek Prem Katha Movie Review |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=12 June 2001 |archive-date=25 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225012521/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/6748/index.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> The film was perceived as being excessively anti-Pakistani.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.islamonline.net/english/News/2001-06/25/article15.shtml |title=Bollywood Film Offends Indian Muslims |publisher=IslamOnline.Net |access-date=25 June 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010715183045/http://www.islamonline.net/English/News/2001-06/25/article15.shtml |archive-date=15 July 2001 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

These successes were followed by a series of films that flopped at the box office. In the romantic drama ''[[Yeh Zindagi Ka Safar]]'' (2001) opposite [[Jimmy Sheirgill]], she played a successful singer who was abandoned by her mother at the time of her birth.

In 2002, Patel starred in three consecutive flops. In ''[[Aap Mujhe Achche Lagne Lage]]'', she played the role of Sapna, who is caged in protective custody of her own father. The film marked her second collaboration with [[Hrithik Roshan]]. Unlike their successful pairing in ''Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai'', the film proved to be a major disappointment and emerged as a critical and commercial failure.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/apr/24amall.htm |title=The buzz on what went wrong with Aap Mujhe Achche Lagne Lage |work=[[Rediff]] |access-date=24 April 2002 |archive-date=3 November 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031103061002/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/apr/24amall.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Patel's performance in the film was highly criticised by a section of the media, but during an interview she clarified that there was an "error" because the scene explaining that her character is supposed to be [[asthmatic]] in the film was edited out not knowing that one shot would make such a difference, thus creating confusion to the viewer about her appearing out of breath, as if she's overacting or crying.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/section/entertainment/ |title=Entertainment News: Latest Bollywood & Hollywood News |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=18 July 2022}}</ref> Patel's unsuccessful follow-up continued with ''[[Kranti (2002 film)|Kranti]]'' opposite [[Bobby Deol]] and [[David Dhawan]]'s comedy ''[[Yeh Hai Jalwa]]'' opposite [[Salman Khan]]. The same year, she tasted minor box office success with the romance ''[[Kya Yehi Pyaar Hai]]'',<ref>{{cite news |url=http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/june2002/sp1.html |title=Who Cares? Shrugs Amisha Patel |date=June 2002 |author=Bharadwaj, Praveena |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713025105/http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/june2002/sp1.html |archive-date=13 July 2011}}</ref> in which she played a career-oriented young woman who rejects the advances of [[Aftab Shivdasani]]'s character. She found major success when her final release of the year, the musical romantic thriller ''[[Humraaz]]'' alongside [[Bobby Deol]] and [[Akshaye Khanna]]. The [[Abbas–Mustan]] directorial saw her play a character with negative shades for the first time. She played the girlfriend of [[Akshaye Khanna]], who marries [[Bobby Deol]] to grab his wealth – but, seeing Bobby's honesty, her character surrenders to him. Taran Adarsh commented: "Patel is just about okay as Akshaye's lover (first half), but splendid as Bobby's wife (second half). This performance should silence her detractors for sure. Also, she's looked her best with admirable outfits and perfect make-up."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/6897/index.html |title=Humraaz |access-date=5 July 2002 |author=[[Taran Adarsh]] |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-date=8 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408022456/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/6897/index.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Humraaz'' emerged as the fifth highest-grossing film of the year at the box office, and her performance earned her a second nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress.

===Struggle phase (2003–2006)===
During 2003 to 2006, Patel's acting career entered a slump. After the success of ''Humraaz'', her string of unsuccessful films followed, and continued until 2006. In 2003, her only releases were the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] language film ''[[Pudhiya Geethai]]'' and the Hindi film [[Deepak Bahry]]'s ''[[Parwana (2003 film)|Parwana]]''. ''Pudhiya Geethai'' was the first and only Tamil film that she ever starred in. Her releases in 2004, [[Vimal Kumar (director)|Vimal Kumar]]'s comedy ''[[Suno Sasurjee]]'', a delayed production since 2000, and her second Telugu language film ''[[Naani]]'', followed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030309/spectrum/main6.htm |title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Lead Article}}</ref> The same year, she also appeared in the music videos for "O Meri Jaan" and "Hai Kasam Tu Na Ja" by [[Adnan Sami]].

In 2005, she starred in [[Satish Kaushik]]'s thriller ''[[Vaada (2005 film)|Vaada]]'', playing [[Arjun Rampal]]'s unfaithful wife who is followed by her obsessive ex-lover. In her next release, ''[[Elaan (2005 film)|Elaan]]'', she played a TV reporter. She later appeared in [[Ketan Mehta]]'s historical drama ''[[Mangal Pandey: The Rising]]'' alongside [[Aamir Khan]], where she played the role of the soft-spoken Jwala, a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] widow who gets rescued from committing [[Sati (practice)|Sati]] by a British commanding officer. Patel was cast as a replacement for [[Aishwarya Rai]] under the recommendation of Khan, who was impressed by her IQ level when he saw her on ''[[BBC]]'' under the segment of ''Question Time India'' in 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |title=When Aishwarya Rai Bachchan’s Disagreement With Mangal Pandey Makers Led Her To Move Out Of Aamir Khan Starrer |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/when-aishwarya-rai-bachchans-disagreement-with-mangal-pandey-makers-led-her-to-move-out-of-aamir-khan-starrer/}}</ref> The film, which saw her in a deglamorized role for the first time, emerged as an average grosser at the box office.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/08/12/stories/2005081202030100.htm |title=Rising like a phoenix |access-date=12 August 2005 |location=Chennai, India |date=12 August 2005 |archive-date=19 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419042035/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/08/12/stories/2005081202030100.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Box Office India |title=Box Office 2005 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=211&catName=MjAwNQ==&PHPSESSID=c32541636c44ca59b30b1f228313b737 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131163252/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=211&catName=MjAwNQ%3D%3D&PHPSESSID=b6bdc249e6300e8e023fad72a21b88c5 |archive-date=31 January 2009}}</ref> Her other releases that year include ''[[Zameer: The Fire Within]]'', a delayed production since 2001, and the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Narasimhudu]]'', both which failed at the box office.

Patel featured in six films in 2006, all of which failed commercially. She first appeared alongside [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Karisma Kapoor]] in [[Suneel Darshan]]'s musical romance ''[[Mere Jeevan Saathi (2006 film)|Mere Jeevan Saathi]]'', a delayed production since 2003. Her second release, ''[[Humko Tumse Pyaar Hai]]'', saw her playing a blind village girl who gets stuck in a love triangle after undergoing eye surgery. The production was halted since 2002 due to the passing of its director-producer, until Patel's boyfriend then, [[Vikram Bhatt]], took it upon himself to complete the project.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bT0o-Vn_ssk |title=Bobby Deol, Vikram Bhatt and Anu Malik on the Muhurat of the film 'Jurm' |date=6 October 2017 |via=YouTube}}</ref> The film had a limited release and failed to perform at the box office with some critics terming it as "outdated". In ''[[Teesri Aankh: The Hidden Camera]]'', Patel played the role of a mute girl who witnesses a murder. She learned [[sign language]] for the role.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiafm.com/features/2006/03/02/1054/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060316145037/http://www.indiafm.com/features/2006/03/02/1054/index.html |archive-date=16 March 2006 |title=I think Sunny is like the bottle of wine, which just becomes better with age - Amisha Patel}}</ref> She was next cast alongside [[Sanjay Dutt]] in ''[[Tathastu]]'', based on [[Denzel Washington]]'s thriller ''[[John Q.|John Q]]'' (2002). Patel's fifth release in 2006, ''[[Ankahee (2006 film)|Ankahee]]'', earned her critical praise, despite emerging as a commercial failure at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/22718.html== |title=Amisha Patel – When dear Vikram forgot to call CUT! |website=IndiaGlitz |access-date=30 May 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613220133/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/22718.html%3D%3D |archive-date=13 June 2011}}</ref> The film centred around an extramarital affair with Patel playing a housewife whose husband cheats on her with a model. To understand the mentality of a wronged wife, Patel spoke to her own grandmother who had undergone a similar situation.<ref>{{cite web |author=Syed Firdaus Ashraf |work=[[Rediff]] |title=Men are emotionally weaker than women |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/may/15sld3.htm |access-date=15 May 2006 |archive-date=3 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703184126/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/may/15sld3.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Diganta Guha from ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' noted "...it's Patel's performance that remains in your mind. She is dignity personified in the film, playing a woman betrayed in marriage, going all out to save it and in the end choosing her own path."<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |title=Ankahee deserves an applause |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=afc70bef-3199-44c7-b323-b27b64374b3b |access-date=20 May 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220033319/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=afc70bef-3199-44c7-b323-b27b64374b3b |archive-date=20 December 2008}}</ref> Later that year, she appeared alongside Akshaye Khanna and [[Priyanka Chopra]] in [[Dharmesh Darshan]]'s romantic comedy ''[[Aap Ki Khatir (2006 film)|Aap Ki Khatir]]''.

===Career fluctuations and ''Gadar 2'' (2007–present)===
[[File:AmeeshaPatel01.jpg|thumb|right|Patel in 2009]]
After appearing in a series of box office flops during 2003–2006, Patel's career prospects improved in 2007. Her first release that year was the ensemble comedy drama ''[[Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd.]]''. The low-budget film achieved moderate success at the box office. Patel played the role of Karan Khanna's talkative wife who tries to overcome her husband's gay leanings. Her comic timing in the film was well received.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |title=Hotstepper! |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Everybody-is-happy-about-my-daughters-break-up/articleshow/15777242.cms? |access-date=1 March 2007 |archive-date=29 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929081241/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Everybody-is-happy-about-my-daughters-break-up/articleshow/15777242.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Later in 2007, she co-starred opposite Akshay Kumar, [[Vidya Balan]] and [[Shiney Ahuja]] in [[Priyadarshan]]'s horror comedy ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa]]'' as a rejected adopted girl who is accused of trying to disrupt the marriage of her childhood crush.

In an attempt to renew her image, Patel appeared in a [[bikini]] [[item number]], "[[Lazy Lamhe]]", in [[Kunal Kohli]]'s fantasy comedy-drama ''[[Thoda Pyaar Thoda Magic]]'' (2008). She learned [[scuba diving]] for the song that took 15 days to complete.<ref>[http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2008/feb/977672.htm This training programme is for Kunal Kohli?s untitled Yash Raj film] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617120521/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2008/feb/977672.htm|date=17 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=NLetter&id=14ef064a-6c65-416e-8416-eabfe08144fb&Headline=Magically+yours |title=Magically yours |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=16 June 2008 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011235916/https://www.hindustantimes.com/us/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Although the film flopped at the box office, Patel managed to garner attention for her appearance.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-06-17/news-interviews/27741913_1_ameesha-patel-kanav-puri-hot-bod |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126163823/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-06-17/news-interviews/27741913_1_ameesha-patel-kanav-puri-hot-bod |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |title=Ameesha is hot! |date=17 June 2008}}</ref>

After the release of ''Thoda Pyaar Thoda Magic'', Patel signed on to two comedies; ''[[Neeraj Vora|Run Bhola Run]]'' and ''[[Chatur Singh Two Star]]''. However, both films were continuously delayed despite being completed in 2009. She next attempted a comeback by signing on to [[Rajkumar Santoshi]]'s ''[[Rajkumar Santoshi|Power]]''. Patel was set to alongside an ensemble cast which also included [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Ajay Devgn]] and [[Kangana Ranaut]], but the film was shelved after eight days of principal photography.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Has-Rajkumar-Santoshi-lost-his-midas-touch/articleshow/13145048.cms |title=Has Rajkumar Santoshi lost his midas touch? - Times of India |website=The Times of India |access-date=20 September 2020 |archive-date=30 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230015602/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Has-Rajkumar-Santoshi-lost-his-midas-touch/articleshow/13145048.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Despite repeated attempts to land a starring role, Patel dropped out of several projects due to various reasons.

Following a two-and-a-half-year sabbatical, she made a comeback to the Telugu film industry in a brief role with ''[[Parama Veera Chakra]]'' (2011) alongside [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]]; the film flopped. In the same year, the long-delayed ''Chatur Singh Two Star'' saw the light of day after three years and emerged as a critical and commercial disaster.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/chatur-singh-two-star-not-chatur-enough-review-bollywood-14977123.html |title=Movie Review : ''Chatur Singh Two Star'': Not chatur enough! |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=25 June 2013 |archive-date=7 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107233532/http://www.sify.com/movies/chatur-singh-two-star-not-chatur-enough-review-bollywood-14977123.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Run Bhola Run'' remains unreleased following the shutting down of the production company [[Shree Ashtavinayak Cine Vision]], despite the trailer and posters being unveiled in late 2010.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shutters-down-for-Shree-Ashtavinayak-Cine-Vision-Ltd/articleshow/37626243.cms |title=Shutters down for Shree Ashtavinayak Cine Vision Ltd - Times of India |website=The Times of India |access-date=20 September 2020 |archive-date=8 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708203529/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shutters-down-for-Shree-Ashtavinayak-Cine-Vision-Ltd/articleshow/37626243.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Ameesha Patel at Farah Khan 's store launch.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Patel in 2015]]

On 23 April 2011, Patel hosted an event launching her production company, Ameesha Patel Productions, in collaboration with her friend and business partner Kuunal Goomer.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://mumbaimirror.com/article/30/2011042020110420040222798181ae464/When-the-going-gets-tough-turn-producer.html |title=When the going gets tough, turn producer |access-date=20 April 2011 |date=20 April 2011 |author=Lalwani, Vickey |newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424134535/http://mumbaimirror.com/article/30/2011042020110420040222798181ae464/When-the-going-gets-tough-turn-producer.html |archive-date=24 April 2011}}</ref> Their debut home production, ''[[Desi Magic]]'', was launched at an event on 2 April 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/entertainment/ameesha-patel-creates-some-desi-magic/photo-gR4zuJ30NV3dd5kbN961xO.html |title=Ameesha Patel creates some Desi Magic |website=Hindustan Times |date=3 April 2013 |access-date=24 October 2017 |archive-date=24 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024205944/http://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/entertainment/ameesha-patel-creates-some-desi-magic/photo-gR4zuJ30NV3dd5kbN961xO.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2013, Patel returned to Hindi cinema with a special appearance in Abbas–Mustan's ''[[Race 2]]'', replacing [[Sameera Reddy]] as [[Anil Kapoor]]'s ditzy assistant. Though the film was critically panned, it emerged a box office success. She followed it with a starring role alongside [[Neil Nitin Mukesh]] in ''[[Shortcut Romeo]]'', a Hindi remake of the 2006 Tamil hit ''[[Thiruttu Payale]]''. The film opened to mixed reviews and performed poorly at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5155 |title=Featured Movie News - Featured Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |first=Bollywood |last=Hungama |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=11 August 2013 |archive-date=22 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022225646/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5155 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The teaser trailer for ''Desi Magic'' was launched on 18 December 2014.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-0EL1b9ZUxw |title=Official: 'Desi Magic' Teaser {{!}} Ameesha Patel {{!}} Zayed Khan {{!}} Sahil Shroff |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

In 2018, she played a movie star in the ensemble action comedy ''[[Bhaiaji Superhit]]'' alongside Sunny Deol and [[Preity Zinta]], a production in the making since 2012. The film was poorly received by critics.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Kharaj-to-share-screen-with-Sunny-Deol-Preity-Zinta/articleshow/21678923.cms |title=Kharaj to share screen with Sunny Deol, Preity Zinta? |date=8 August 2013 |access-date=11 August 2013 |archive-date=14 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814152313/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-08/news-interviews/41168524_1_sunny-deol-neeraj-pathak-prakash-raj |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 19 January 2019, it was announced her debut home production ''Desi Magic'' has been complete after six years in the making.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/taran_adarsh/status/1086531597594091520 |title=Ameesha Patel and Sahil Shroff in #DesiMagic... Filming complete... Produced by Ameesha Patel and Kunaal Goomer... Directed by Mehul Atha... Filmed in #Mumbai, #Punjab, #London, #Paris, #Georgia and #Bangkok... Ameesha will be seen in a double role. |via=Twitter |access-date=18 July 2022}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=February 2024}} However, it remains unreleased due to a legal battle.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/lifestyle/news-detail-794975 |title=Ameesha in legal trouble |website=The Tribune}}</ref>

In the same year, she entered the reality show ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 13)|Bigg Boss 13]]'' with a twist. She was seen as the ''maalkin'' of the house for the first week to give different interesting tasks to the housemates.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-13-ameesha-patel-to-add-spice-and-reveal-housemates-secrets-watch-promo/articleshow/71275326.cms |title=Bigg Boss 13: Ameesha Patel to add spice and reveal housemates' secrets; watch promo |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 September 2019 |access-date=1 October 2019 |archive-date=23 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023000729/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-13-ameesha-patel-to-add-spice-and-reveal-housemates-secrets-watch-promo/articleshow/71275326.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-13-here-s-what-ameesha-patel-is-doing-on-salman-khan-s-show/story-PnDaZLhppKExWrlHBqpMDL.html |title=Bigg Boss 13: Here's what Ameesha Patel is doing on Salman Khan's show |date=29 September 2019 |access-date=1 October 2019 |archive-date=1 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001135800/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-13-here-s-what-ameesha-patel-is-doing-on-salman-khan-s-show/story-PnDaZLhppKExWrlHBqpMDL.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2023, Patel returned to acting after five years by reprising her role as Sakeena in ''[[Gadar 2]]'', 22 years since its predecessor released.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-anil-sharma-gears-gadar-2-november-sunny-deol-utkarsh-and-ameesha-patel-901834 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Anil Sharma gears up for Gadar 2 from November with Sunny Deol, Utkarsh and Ameesha Patel {{!}} PINKVILLA |date=23 September 2021}}</ref> Despite a mixed critical response, the film was declared an all time blockbuster.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/gadar-2-box-office-film-emerges-second-movie-2023-pathaan-enter-rs-300-cr-club/ |title=Gadar 2 Box Office: Film emerges as the second movie of 2023 after Pathaan to enter the Rs. 300 cr club {{!}} BollywoodHungama |date=19 August 2023}}</ref> "Ameesha Patel doesn’t have much to do and is competent in her emotional scenes," noted Devesh Sharma of ''Filmfare''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/gadar-2-movie-review-60586.html |title=Gadar 2 Movie Review {{!}} Filmfare |date=18 August 2023}}</ref> She followed it up with a special appearance in ''[[Mystery of the Tattoo]]''.

In 2024, Patel appeared in the romantic thriller ''[[Tauba Tera Jalwa]]'', a delayed production since 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ameesha-is-back-31323 |website=The Tribune |title=Ameesha is back! : The Tribune India |accessdate=14 March 2020}}</ref>

==Other work==
===Stage performances===
[[File:Ameesha Patel still4.jpg|thumb|Ameesha Patel during a ramp walk in 2012]]
Patel performed in a number of concerts and world tours during her career. Her first world tour; ''The Roshans: Hrithik Live in Concert'' (2001), along with Hrithik Roshan, was performed across India.
In 2004, Patel took part in a series of concerts in the world tour ''Craze 2004'' alongside Hrithik Roshan, [[Saif Ali Khan]] and [[Lara Dutta]]. In 2005, Patel participated in [[Adnan Sami]]'s world tour ''Kuch Dil Se…'' that was performed across the US and Canada from 15 April till 15 May.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shreebalajiconcerts.com/ |title=Kucch Dil Se-Live in concert |access-date=27 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226181223/http://www.shreebalajiconcerts.com/ |archive-date=26 February 2012}}</ref>
In October 2008, she participated in [[Himesh Reshammiya]]'s comeback concert ''[[Karzzzz]] Musical Curtain Raiser'' joined by [[Neha Dhupia]], [[Riya Sen]] and [[Amrita Arora]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.sawf.org/Bollywood/53773.aspx |title=Bollywood hotties sizzle at scintillating 'Karzzzz' curtain raiser |publisher=Sawf News |access-date=12 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016033850/http://news.sawf.org/Bollywood/53773.aspx |archive-date=16 October 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2008, she took part in Akshay Kumar's Christmas Eve show ''Chandni Chowk to Hong'' along with [[Bipasha Basu]], [[Priyanka Chopra]], Riya Sen, [[Aarti Chhabria]], Himesh Reshammiya and Punjabi rapper [[Bohemia]] as part of a promotional campaign for Kumar's film ''[[Chandni Chowk to China]]'' (2009).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2008/dec/271208-Chandni-Chowk-to-Hong-Kong-Akshay-Kumar-Bipasha-Basu-Priyanka-Chopra-Ameesha-Patel-Riya-Sen.htm |title=Exclusive look at Chandni Chowk to Hongkong show held in Hong Kong |newspaper=Mid-Day |access-date=27 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227212857/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2008/dec/271208-Chandni-Chowk-to-Hong-Kong-Akshay-Kumar-Bipasha-Basu-Priyanka-Chopra-Ameesha-Patel-Riya-Sen.htm |archive-date=27 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> In response to [[26/11]], many New Year's Eve concerts for 2009 were cancelled,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-08/news-interviews/27933170_1_terror-attacks-organisers-neha-dhupia |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120724183454/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-08/news-interviews/27933170_1_terror-attacks-organisers-neha-dhupia |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 July 2012 |title=No show on New Year's eve! |access-date=8 December 2008 |first1=Afsana |last1=Ahmed |first2=Smrity |last2=Sharma |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 December 2008}}</ref> but Patel and Country Club India decided to go ahead with their show because they thought it would be against the terrorists' will.

===Humanitarian work===
In September 2004, Patel joined [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals|PETA]], one of the organisations championing the cause of animals, as part of an [[advertising campaign]] which highlights the lives of captive animals in a zoo who are robbed of their natural surroundings for the amusement of others. Patel posed as a petrified prisoner in a jail cell to throw focus on the plight of animals in zoos. She said: {{blockquote|George Washington, Nelson Mandela, Mahatma Gandhi... we had them. Animals don't; they need us. Let's fight for their freedom.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amisha Patel decries zoos as 'pitiful prisons' in new PETA ad |url=http://www.petaindia.com/newsnew/NewsItem.asp?id=2954 |publisher=PETA India |access-date=2004-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040917081930/http://www.petaindia.com/newsnew/newsItem.asp?id=2954 |archive-date=17 September 2004 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}

In February 2005, along with other Bollywood stars, Patel performed at the ''HELP! Telethon Concert'' raising money for the victims of the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]].<ref name="auto"/> She also took part in the ''Temptations 2005'' charity function in New Delhi on 24 December 2005 at the [[Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium]] in aid of the National Centre for Promotion of Employment of Disabled Persons (NCPEDP), a leading disabled rights' group.<ref name="auto"/>

In November 2006, Patel joined an NGO called ''[[PlanetRead]]'', which helps people in villages to learn reading through film songs.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/2006-lowest-openers-in-u-k/ |title=Amisha Patel joins an NGO |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=17 November 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207234703/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2006/11/17/8235/index.html |archive-date=7 December 2008}}</ref> In October 2007, Patel along with [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]] and [[Kirron Kher]] joined the [[United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime]] (UNODC) to curb [[human trafficking in India]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/12/stories/2007101250140200.htm |title=Stars speak up for human dignity |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=12 October 2007 |location=Chennai, India |date=12 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013090846/http://hindu.com/2007/10/12/stories/2007101250140200.htm |archive-date=13 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==In the media==
[[File:Ameesha Patel walks the ramp at the All India Gem And Jewellery Domestic Council (03).jpg|thumb|upright|Patel walks for the All India Gem And Jewellery Domestic Council]]

Between 2002 and 2005, Patel made an appearance in a number of talk shows such as ''Rendezvous with Simi Garewal'' and ''[[The Manish Malhotra Show]]''. In 2006, Patel appeared as the guest judge on the special Valentine's Day episode of the singing talent contest ''[[Indian Idol 2]]''.

Patel is frequently cited as one of the sexiest Bollywood actresses.<ref name="2008's Sexiest Actresses">{{Cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/dec/22sld1-the-hottest-item-numbers.htm |title=rediff.com: The hottest item numbers |work=Rediff.com |access-date=19 June 2009 |archive-date=2 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802073618/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/dec/22sld1-the-hottest-item-numbers.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Bollywood's sexiest heroines">{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/mar/07slid10.htm |title=rediff.com: Bollywood's sexiest heroines |work=Rediff.com |access-date=20 September 2020 |archive-date=2 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002123540/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/mar/07slid10.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bollywood's Hottest Bodies">{{cite news |title=Bollywood's Hottest Bodies |newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/articleshow/3891651.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210110040/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/articleshow/3891651.cms |archive-date=10 February 2009}}</ref> ''[[Rediff]]'' featured Patel as one of Bollywood's sexiest actresses<ref name="Bollywood's sexiest heroines" /> and top Bollywood actresses of 2001.<ref name="This year's best female stars">{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/dec/29heroin.htm |title=rediff.com, Movies: Bollywood's best heroines |work=Rediff.com |access-date=20 September 2020 |archive-date=25 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225210806/https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/dec/29heroin.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> She was ranked tenth on ''Rediff''{{'}}s list of 2008's Sexiest Actresses.<ref name="2008's Sexiest Actresses" /> Patel was also cited by ''Rediff'' as one of 2008's Sexiest Magazine Cover Girls.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2009/jan/06slide8-best-covergirls-2008.htm |title=rediff.com: The Sexiest Cover Girls, 2008 |work=Rediff.com |access-date=19 June 2009 |archive-date=21 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421030226/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2009/jan/06slide8-best-covergirls-2008.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> She has featured on the cover of ''Maxim India'' three times, as well as other men magazines such as ''The Man'', ''FHM'', and ''Man's World''.

==Personal life==
In 1999, Patel met filmmaker [[Vikram Bhatt]] on the set of their first film together; ''[[Aap Mujhe Achche Lagne Lage]]'' (2002),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/aug/30vikram.htm |title=I want to make a film that expresses me |work=[[Rediff]] |access-date=20 February 2009 |archive-date=2 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202021320/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/aug/30vikram.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> and they started dating since the film's release. Later, it caused a rift between the Patel and Bhatt families with Patel running through a financial crisis after her father used her hard-earned money to resurrect a family business, causing misunderstandings between Patel and her parents.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=13444883 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716103415/http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=13444883 |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 July 2012 |title=Amisha-Vikram's mom at war! |work=[[Sify]] |access-date=1 April 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2005/2/21/394/index.html |title="My mom beat me with a slipper" – Amisha Patel |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=21 February 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090911075810/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2005/2/21/394/index.html |archive-date=11 September 2009}}</ref> In July 2004, Patel sent a legal notice to her father for mismanaging her accounts and assets amounting to Rs 120 million and demanding the money back.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040726/asp/frontpage/story_3543285.asp |title=Pushy papa's girl grows up & hits back |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=25 July 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040820133812/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040726/asp/frontpage/story_3543285.asp |archive-date=20 August 2004 |url-status=dead |location=Calcutta, India |date=26 July 2004}}</ref> Patel's relationship with Bhatt was often reported to the media speculating on a possible marriage.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bombay-times/ameesha-patel-and-vikram-bhatt-to-wed/articleshow/1440080.cms |title=Ameesha Patel and Vikram Bhatt to wed? |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=6 March 2006 |first1=Aakanksha |last1=Navalshetye |date=6 March 2006 |archive-date=13 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113144741/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bombay-times/Ameesha-Patel-and-Vikram-Bhatt-to-wed/articleshow/1440080.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2008, the media reported that Patel and Bhatt broke their five-year relationship. Bhatt confirmed the break-up in a conversation with ''[[Mid-Day]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2008/jan/909217.htm |title=Vikram Bhatt admits he's no longer with girlfriend of five years Ameesha Patel |newspaper=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=17 January 2008 |archive-date=17 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617120911/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2008/jan/909217.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Shortly afterwards, Patel's parents explained their willingness to reconcile with their daughter and that "everybody is happy about the break-up" but their relationship remained strained.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=Entertainment-Bollywood&sectid=30&contentid=200801162008011604092435910149b04 |title=Everybody is happy about my daughter's break-up |newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |access-date=16 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223141500/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=Entertainment-Bollywood&sectid=30&contentid=200801162008011604092435910149b04 |archive-date=23 February 2012}}</ref> On 12 March 2008, Patel was spotted with London-based businessman Kanav Puri at [[India Fashion Week|Wills Lifestyle India Fashion Week]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=14622281 |title=New man in Amisha Patel's life? |work=[[Sify]] |access-date=14 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317172227/http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=14622281 |archive-date=17 March 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In June 2008, she confirmed their relationship in an interview with ''Mid-Day'': "I did not admit to Kanav sooner because he's very special and I did not want to jinx it. It was too precious for me to talk about it to people. It's almost six months now and now I am feeling secure and now I know our relationship is too strong for anything or anyone to come between us."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/web/guest/entertainment/bollywood/article?_EXT_5_articleId=1184641&_EXT_5_groupId=14 |title=Amisha breaks silence on beau |newspaper=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=17 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617170231/http://www.mid-day.com/web/guest/entertainment/bollywood/article?_EXT_5_articleId=1184641&_EXT_5_groupId=14 |archive-date=17 June 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> The media once reported that she married Puri but she denied these rumours.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=Entertainment%20-%20Bollywood&sectid=30&contentid=2008120920081209020938219b70b9189 |title=I'm very very unmarried at the moment |newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |access-date=9 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223141518/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=Entertainment%20-%20Bollywood&sectid=30&contentid=2008120920081209020938219b70b9189 |archive-date=23 February 2012}}</ref>

In August 2009, ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]'' reported that Patel and her brother, Ashmit, had patched up on the occasion of [[Raksha Bandhan]] and were spotted together at [[PVR Cinemas]] in [[Juhu]]. Although the siblings agreed that the matter is sorted, they preferred not to speak about it publicly.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/30/20090806200908060212093593e47f10a/Patel-siblings-patch-up.html |title=Patel siblings patch up |newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |access-date=6 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090808065151/http://mumbaimirror.com/article/30/20090806200908060212093593e47f10a/Patel-siblings-patch-up.html |archive-date=8 August 2009}}</ref> In December 2009, Patel's mother Asha had revealed they have finally ended their five-year estrangement during an interview with ''[[The Times of India]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/News/Amisha-Patels-mother-breaks-her-silence/articleshow/5340605.cms |title=Amisha Patel's mother breaks her silence! |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |author=Ahmed, Afsana |access-date=15 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712104838/http://movies.indiatimes.com/News/Amisha-Patels-mother-breaks-her-silence/articleshow/5340605.cms |archive-date=12 July 2012}}</ref>

In September 2010, ''Mumbai Mirror'' reported that Patel broke off the relationship with her long-time boyfriend Kanav Puri, to focus on her career.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://mumbaimirror.com/article/30/2010092420100924020350395c9329d0e/Amisha-Patel-is-single-again.html |title=Amisha Patel is single (again) |access-date=25 September 2010 |date=24 September 2010 |newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927171301/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/30/2010092420100924020350395c9329d0e/Amisha-Patel-is-single-again.html |archive-date=27 September 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She confirmed it via [[Twitter]].<ref>{{cite tweet |user=ameesha_patel |author=ameesha patel |number=25466523398 |date=25 September 2010 |title=@tyrantasorus yes I am single}}</ref>

===Controversies===
In August 2006, an [[Air India]] employee had filed a police complaint, alleging that Patel had misbehaved with her after her companion was not upgraded to first class on the Mumbai-New York flight on 18 August. Patel was on her way to attend India's [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] parade in New York.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Amisha-stopped-only-after-CISF-intervened/articleshow/1906265.cms |title=Amisha stopped only after CISF intervened |access-date=19 August 2006 |date=19 August 2006 |archive-date=2 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102112504/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-08-19/india/27827482_1_frequent-flier-airline-staff-cisf |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=197496 |title=Air-India to investigate Amisha's run-in with staffer |work=The Indian Express |access-date=19 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101204726/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=197496 |archive-date=1 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Officers at the police station said Patel could be called in and warned about her behaviour, if charges against her are proved, and would be questioned once she returns from abroad.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2006/aug/142336.htm |title=AI enquiry into Amisha incident |newspaper=Mid-Day |access-date=19 August 2006 |archive-date=17 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617121037/http://www.mid-day.com/news/2006/aug/142336.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Later, CISF personnel have corroborated the Air India employees' version of the incident.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/AI-probes-Amishas-airport-fracas/articleshow/1908528.cms |title=AI probes Amisha's airport fracas |access-date=20 August 2006 |date=20 August 2006 |archive-date=2 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102111621/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-08-20/mumbai/27800610_1_cisf-personnel-airport-fracas-airline-staff |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref> Once Patel returned to India, she stated that the employees "are only trying to safeguard themselves by filing a false complaint against us."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Amisha-gets-involved-in-airport-fracas/articleshow/1906101.cms |title=Amisha gets involved in airport fracas |access-date=19 August 2006 |date=19 August 2006 |archive-date=2 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102113458/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-08-19/india/27811980_1_airport-fracas-false-complaint-frequent-flier |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref> Incidentally, there was also a drunken passenger, who joined in this verbal fight.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/i-am-a-frequent-flier-i-deserve-respect/articleshow/1917014.cms |title=I am a frequent flier… I deserve respect |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=22 August 2006 |date=22 August 2006 |archive-date=11 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211125644/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/i-am-a-frequent-flier-i-deserve-respect/articleshow/1917014.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Afterwards, the organisers of the annual parade sent a written apology and a clarification to Patel and said it had booked two first class seats for Patel and her companion for the Mumbai-New York flight but the booking was automatically transferred from one flight to another, creating confusion.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/City/Bangalore-Times/I-should-be-more-aggressive/articleshow/1945151.cms |title=I should be more aggressive |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=31 August 2006 |date=31 August 2006 |archive-date=24 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024123918/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/City/Bangalore-Times/I-should-be-more-aggressive/articleshow/1945151.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2000
| ''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]''
| Sonia Saxena
|
|-
| ''[[Badri (2000 film)|Badri]]''
| Sarayu
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2001
| ''[[Gadar: Ek Prem Katha]]''
| Sakeena "Sakku" Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Yeh Zindagi Ka Safar]]''
| Sarena Devan
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2002
| ''[[Kranti (2002 film)|Kranti]]''
| Sanjana Roy
|
|-
| ''[[Kya Yehi Pyaar Hai]]''
| Sandhya Patil
|
|-
| ''[[Aap Mujhe Achche Lagne Lage]]''
| Sapna Dholakia
|
|-
| ''[[Humraaz]]''
| Priya Singhania
|
|-
| ''[[Yeh Hai Jalwa]]''
| Sonia Singh
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2003
| ''[[Pudhiya Geethai]]''
| Jo
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film
|-
| ''[[Parwana (2003 film)|Parwana]]''
| Pooja
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004
| ''[[Suno Sasurjee]]''
| Kiran Saxena
|
|-
| ''[[Naani]]''
| Priya
| [[Telugu Language|Telugu]] film
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2005
| ''[[Vaada (2005 film)|Vaada]]''
| Pooja
|
|-
| ''[[Elaan (2005 film)|Elaan]]''
| Priya
|
|-
| ''[[Zameer: The Fire Within]]''
| Pooja
|
|-
| ''[[Narasimhudu]]''
| Subba Lakshmi
| [[Telugu Language|Telugu]] film
|-
| ''[[Mangal Pandey: The Rising]]''
| Jwala
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2006
| ''[[Mere Jeevan Saathi (2006 film)|Mere Jeevan Saathi]]''
| Anjali
|
|-
| ''[[Humko Tumse Pyaar Hai]]''
| Durga
|
|-
| ''[[Teesri Aankh: The Hidden Camera]]''
| Ammu
|
|-
| ''[[Tathastu]]''
| Sarita Rajput
|
|-
| ''[[Ankahee (2006 film)|Ankahee]]''
| Nandita Saxena
|
|-
| ''[[Aap Ki Khatir (2006 film)|Aap Ki Khatir]]''
| Shirani Khanna
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2007
| ''[[Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd.]]''
| Pinky Kapoor
|
|-
| ''[[Heyy Babyy]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance in the title song <nowiki>''Heyy Babyy''</nowiki>
|-
| ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa]]''
| Radha Chaturvedi
|
|-
| ''[[Om Shanti Om]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Thoda Pyaar Thoda Magic]]''
| Malaika
| credited as Ameesha
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011
| ''[[Parama Veera Chakra]]''
| Rajni
| [[Telugu Language|Telugu]] film
|-
| ''[[Chatur Singh Two Star]]''
| Sonia Varma
| credited as Ameesha
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013
| ''[[Race 2]]''
| Cherry
|
|-
| ''[[Shortcut Romeo]]''
| Monica
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Aakatayi]]''
| Herself
| [[Telugu Language|Telugu]] film; Special appearance in title song "Ammammo Ela"
|-
| 2018
|''[[Bhaiaji Superhit]]''
| Mallika Kapoor
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023
| ''[[Gadar 2]]''
| Sakeena
|
|-
|''[[Mystery of the Tattoo]]''
| Chitra Devi
| Special appearance
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2024
| ''[[Tauba Tera Jalwa]]''
| Laila Khan
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes !! Ref.
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 13)|Bigg Boss 13]]'' || Herself || Guest appearance
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":0" />
|}
=== Music video appearances ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align: margin;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" | Year
! scope="col" style="width: 18em;" | Title
! scope="col" style="width: 8em;" | Album
! scope="col" style="width: 8em;" | Singer
! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004
| scope="row" | "Hai Kasam Tu Na Ja"
| rowspan="2" | ''Teri Kasam''
| rowspan="2" | [[Adnan Sami]]
|
|-
|"O Meri Jaan"
|
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Ameesha Patel}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Trivedi, Hiten J. {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20130128081401/http://www.magnamags.com/content/view/8432/56/lang,english/ In the Pursuit of Happiness]}}. Stardust. 6 September 2011.
* Udasi, Harshikaa. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090606200433/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/06/01/stories/2009060150410100.htm Reasons to smile]. The Hindu. 1 June 2009.
* Bharadwaj, Praveena. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110713025105/http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/june2002/sp1.html Who Cares? Shrugs Amisha Patel]. Indiatimes.com. June 2002.
* Dubey, Bharati. [http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/apr/17amisha.htm The Amisha Patel interview]. Rediff.com. 17 April 2002.
* Shariff, Faisal. [http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/jul/03amisha.htm 'Gadar – my heartbeat, my passion, my life!']. Rediff.com. 3 July 2001.
* Verma, Sukanya. [http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1999/nov/22amis.htm 'It's unfair to have just one goal in life']. Rediff.com. 22 November 1999.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ameesha Patel}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0665349}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama|Ameesha Patel}}

{{Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Ameesha}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Female models from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Gujarati actresses]]
[[Category:Tufts University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Sindhi people]]
[[Category:Cathedral and John Connon School alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women engineers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Punjabi women]]

Padampur Assembly constituency

2026-02-07T20:58:52Z

Ras: added references

{{Short description|Constituency in Odisha, India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Padampur, Bargarh district|other uses|Padampur (disambiguation){{!}}Padampur}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Padampur
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 1
| type = SLA
| map_image = 1-Padampur.svg
| map_caption = Padampur Assembly constituency in [[Bargarh district]]
| map_alt =
| division = Northen Division
| district = [[Bargarh district|Bargarh]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bargarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bargarh]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Barsha Singh Bariha.jpg
| mla = [[Barsha Singh Bariha]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,70,450{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Padampur''' is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] [[List of constituencies of the Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Bargarh district]] in [[Odisha]] [[States and union territories of India|State]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=1|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170113141549/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=1|url-status= usurped|archive-date= 13 January 2017|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote=Constituency: Padampur (1) District : Bargarh|accessdate=29 December 2013}}</ref> It was established in 1951.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317193120/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |archive-date=2024-03-17 |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=Election Commission of India |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Extent of Assembly Constituencies ==

* Jharbandh Block
* Paikmal Block
* Rajborasmbar Block
* Padampur NAC.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls|title=Seats of Odisha}}</ref>

== Elected members ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp123.htm|title= 123 - Padampur Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 5 March 2014}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|43.53}}
{{bar percent|2022 (bypoll)|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|58}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|41.29}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|38.94}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|44.15}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.27}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|48.41}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|52.51}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|65.71}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|64.49}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|42.58}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|63.58}}
}}

Since its formation in 1951, 19 elections were held till date including 2 bypolls in 1952 & 2022. It was a 2-member constituency in 1952 & 1957.

List of members elected from Padampur constituency are:<ref name="prevMLAs">{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual - 2011 - List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly - (1951–2004) |access-date=6 October 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Padampur Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/padampur.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 14 April 2014}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Padampur Assembly Election Results 2024: Padampur Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/padampur-constituency-result-18001 |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|[[Barsha Singh Bariha]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2022 elections in India#Odisha|2022 (bypoll)]]{{efn|Death of [[Bijaya Ranjan Singh Bariha]]}}<ref name="Padampur By Poll 2022 Result" />
|-
||[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners">{{cite news |last1=Zee News |date=24 May 2019 |title=Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners |url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108183944/https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |archivedate=8 November 2022 |accessdate=8 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Bijaya Ranjan Singh Bariha]]
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
|[[Pradip Purohit]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2" />
|[[Bijaya Ranjan Singh Bariha]]
|{{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|Satyabhusan Sahu
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|rowspan=3|[[Bijaya Ranjan Singh Bariha]]
|{{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|rowspan=2|Satyabhusan Sahu
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Bikramaditya Singh Bariha
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|rowspan=2|Krupasindhu Bhoi
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan=3|Bikramaditya Singh Bariha
|{{full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}
|-
|L. M. S. Bariha
|{{full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
|1952 (Bypoll){{efn|Death of Lal Ranjit Singh Bariha}}
|Bikramaditya Singh Bariha
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1952 Orissa Legislative Assembly election|1952]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}
|Aniruddha Mishra
|{{full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|Lal Ranjit Singh Bariha
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 20 May 2024 in 2nd phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 5th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Barsha Singh Bariha]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Gobardhan Bhoy by a margin of 10,993 votes.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Odisha Assembly Elections Results - 2024">{{cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=Odisha Assembly Elections Results - 2024 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S181.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211155623/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S181.htm |archivedate=11 February 2025 |accessdate=11 February 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Padampur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Barsha Singh Bariha]]
|votes = 91,995
|percentage = 48.53
|change = {{decrease}}9.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Gobardhan Bhoy
|votes = 81,002
|percentage = 38.33
|change = {{increase}}0.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Tankadhar Sahu
|votes = 30,453
|percentage = 14.41
|change = {{increase}}12.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,617
|percentage = 0.77
|change = {{decrease}}0.23
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 10,993
|percentage = 10.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,11,320
|percentage = 75.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2022 Bypoll ===
In the 2022 by-election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Barsha Singh Bariha]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Pradip Purohit]] by a margin of 42,679 votes.<ref name="Padampur By Poll 2022 Result">{{cite news |title=Padampur By Poll 2022 Result |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeDec2022/ConstituencywiseS181.htm?ac=1 |access-date=11 February 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211153232/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeDec2022/ConstituencywiseS181.htm?ac=1 |archive-date=11 February 2025}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2022 elections in India|2022 Odisha Vidhan Sabha by-election]]: Padampur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Barsha Singh Bariha]]
|votes = 1,20,807
|percentage = 58.0
|change = {{increase}}20.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Pradip Purohit]]|votes=78,128|percentage=37.51|change={{decrease}}0.94}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Satyabhusan Sahu|votes=3,594|percentage=1.73|change={{decrease}}14.52}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=2,087|percentage=1.0|change={{decrease}}0.11}}
{{Election box majority||votes=42,679|percentage=20.49|change={{increase}}17.65}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=2,08,303|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Bijaya Ranjan Singh Bariha]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Pradip Purohit]] by a margin of 5,734 votes.<ref name="Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners" />

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Padampur<ref name="SP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-II) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase2/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%282nd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=17 April 2019}}</ref><ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=7 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Bijaya Ranjan Singh Bariha]]
|votes = 83299
|percentage = 41.29
|change = {{increase}}4.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Pradip Purohit]]|votes=77565|percentage=38.45|change={{decrease}}0.49}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Sataya Bhusan Sahu|votes=32787|percentage=16.25|change={{decrease}}1.36}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=2234|percentage=1.11|change=''-''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=5734|percentage=2.84|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=2,01,729|percentage=79.16|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Pradip Purohit]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Bijaya Ranjan Singh Bariha]] by a margin of 4,513 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|access-date=2014-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=2014-08-18|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Padampur<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3631-orissa-2014/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2014 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Pradip Purohit]]
|votes = 68,942
|percentage = 38.94
|change = {{increase}}19.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Bijaya Ranjan Singh Bariha]]
|votes = 64,429
|percentage = 36.39
|change = {{decrease}}7.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Prakash Narayan Tripathy
|votes = 31,179
|percentage = 17.61
|change = {{decrease}}14.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,751
|percentage = 0.99
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,513
|percentage = 2.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,77,037
|percentage = 79.16
|change = 3.65
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,23,649
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===

In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Bijaya Ranjan Singh Bariha]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Satyabhusan Sahu by 18,066 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=18066 |accessdate=21 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title = [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Padampur<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_OR_April2009.pdf |title=Statistical report on general election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |access-date=29 December 2013 |archive-date=17 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217135150/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_OR_April2009.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Bijaya Ranjan Singh Bariha]]
|votes = 67,913
|percentage = 44.15
|change = {{decrease}}4.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Satyabhusan Sahu|votes=49,847|percentage=32.41|change={{decrease}}18.86}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Pradip Purohit]]|votes=29,651|percentage=19.28|change=''-''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=18,066|percentage=11.75|change=''-''}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,53,837|percentage=75.51|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = 1.42{{efn|2004 Voter turnout was 74.09%}}
}}
{{Election box end}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://ceoodisha.nic.in/acmaps/AC001.pdf Map of Padampur Constituency]

{{Bargarh district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}
{{coord|21.00|83.06|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Bargarh district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

Bhandup Assembly constituency

2026-01-26T16:35:43Z

Ras: creating info - done

{{Short description|Defunct seat in Maharashtra Legislative Assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhandup
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district =
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Mumbai North East Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North East]]
| constituency_no =
| established = 1972
| reservation =
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}
[[Bhandup]] Vidhan Sabha seat was one of the seats in [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] in India. It was made defunct after the constituency map of India was redrawn in 2008. Now there is a new constituency named Bhandup West which is a segment of [[Mumbai North East Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North East]] Lok Sabha seat.

== Members of Vidhan Sabha ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
| colspan="4"| {{center|''1960-1972: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Prabhakar Sanzgiri
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" | Vaman Sherekar
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Liladhar Dake]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
| rowspan="3" | [[Shiv Sena]]
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| [[Sanjay Dina Patil]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| colspan="4"| {{center|''2008 onwards: See [[Bhandup West Assembly constituency|Bhandup West]]''}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhandup}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sanjay Dina Patil]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 79,440 |percentage = 44.90% |change={{increase}}8.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Liladhar Dake]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 73,760 |percentage = 41.69% |change={{decrease}}0.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anandraj Ambedkar |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 6,654 |percentage = 3.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrakant Bhimrao Nirbhavane |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 5,057 |percentage = 2.86% |change={{decrease}}0.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madan Naik |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 4,925 |percentage = 2.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sanjay Jagannath Keni |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 2,132 |percentage = 1.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vitthalrao Janaji Sonawane |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,677 |percentage = 0.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,680 |percentage = 3.21% |change= {{decrease}}2.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 176,941 |percentage = 53.00% |change= {{increase}}5.44 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 176,933}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 333,853|ref = |change= {{increase}}3.98 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}2.75 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhandup<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Liladhar Dake]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 64,328 |percentage = 42.15% |change={{decrease}}5.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sanjay Dina Patil |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 55,572 |percentage = 36.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Ashok Gajanan Talwatkar |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 22,549 |percentage = 14.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Popatrao Pandurang Adangle |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,499 |percentage = 2.95% |change={{increase}}1.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrashekhar M. Shetty |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,660 |percentage = 1.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=A. K. Maini |party=Akhil Bharatiya Sena |votes = 1,633 |percentage = 1.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sukhdeo Chandu Dandge |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,396 |percentage = 0.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,756 |percentage = 5.74% |change= {{decrease}}5.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 152,684 |percentage = 47.55% |change= {{decrease}}14.66 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 152,613}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 321,069|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.32 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}5.90 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhandup<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Liladhar Dake]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 93,807 |percentage = 48.05% |change={{increase}}3.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Manorama Dinanath |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 71,449 |percentage = 36.60% |change={{decrease}}0.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madan Naik |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 16,803 |percentage = 8.61% |change={{decrease}}1.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gangurde Chintaman Nana |party=Janata Dal |votes = 6,916 |percentage = 3.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Takalkar Jijabai Kashinath |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,823 |percentage = 1.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,358 |percentage = 11.45% |change= {{increase}}3.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 198,272 |percentage = 63.19% |change= {{increase}}2.46 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 195,208}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 313,788|ref = |change= {{increase}}18.74 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}3.20 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhandup<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Liladhar Dake]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 70,834 |percentage = 44.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Dinanath Bama |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 58,523 |percentage = 37.06% |change={{decrease}}1.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sanzgiri Prabhakar Pandurang |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 15,320 |percentage = 9.70% |change={{decrease}}3.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chouhan Lalsing Hnatsingh |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 11,995 |percentage = 7.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,311 |percentage = 7.80% |change= {{decrease}}13.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 159,405 |percentage = 60.32% |change= {{increase}}9.59 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 157,904}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 264,268|ref = |change= {{increase}}31.44 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.51 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhandup<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shekerkar Waman Ramchandra |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 38,674 |percentage = 38.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madhukar R. Desai |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 17,600 |percentage = 17.45% |change={{decrease}}7.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sanzgiri Prabhakar Pandurang |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 13,633 |percentage = 13.52% |change={{decrease}}17.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kadam Edanath Hari |party=Independent politician |votes = 11,618 |percentage = 11.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shishir Shinde]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 8,582 |percentage = 8.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=V. D. Khade |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,986 |percentage = 6.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chintaman Nana Gangurde |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,153 |percentage = 1.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,074 |percentage = 20.89% |change= {{increase}}9.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 101,855 |percentage = 50.66% |change= {{increase}}15.97 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 100,859}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 201,059|ref = |change= {{increase}}19.79 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}4.10 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhandup<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shekerkar Waman Ramchandra |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 24,354 |percentage = 42.44% |change={{increase}}25.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sanzgiri Prabhakar Pandurang |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 17,955 |percentage = 31.29% |change={{decrease}}17.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madhukar R. Desai |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 14,435 |percentage = 25.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Thakker Bipin Naranji |party=Independent politician |votes = 418 |percentage = 0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,399 |percentage = 11.15% |change= {{decrease}}17.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 57,876 |percentage = 34.48% |change= {{decrease}}31.70 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 57,384}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 167,841|ref = |change= {{increase}}12.81 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}6.22 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhandup<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sanzgiri Prabhakar Pandurang |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 47,708 |percentage = 48.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Dinanath Bama |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 19,555 |percentage = 19.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nirbhavane Bhimrao Dhondiram |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 16,139 |percentage = 16.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Padwal Ramchandra Vishnu |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 13,267 |percentage = 13.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Batia Jogindersigh Gurudayalsingh |party=Independent politician |votes = 920 |percentage = 0.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 28,153 |percentage = 28.72% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 99,515 |percentage = 66.89% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 98,036}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 148,783|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|19.145|72.937|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Mumbai Suburban district]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Britannica Malayalam Encyclopedia

2026-01-24T05:58:15Z

Ras: done - done

{{italic title}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Sarvavijnanakosam]] also known as Malayalam Encyclopedia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''''Britannica Malayalam Encyclopedia'''''<ref>{{cite web |title=Britannica Malayalam Encyclopedia 3 Vol|url=https://www.sapnaonline.com/books/britannica-malayalam-encyclopedia-3-volumes-group-authors-8126406216-9788126406210 |website=Sapnaonline.com}}</ref> (also known as ''Malayalam Britannica'' and ''Malayalam Encyclopedia'') is a reference work in the [[Malayalam]] language. Its content is in large part a translation of the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica Concise Encyclopædia]]''.<ref name="hindu">{{cite web |title=Britannica in Malayalam |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/09/20/stories/2002092001770200.htm |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=September 20, 2002}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="the hindu2"/>

While it won an award from the [[Federation of Indian Publishers]] in 2004,<ref name="the hindu2">{{cite web |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica wins awards |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/02/19/stories/2004021901520400.htm |website=[[The Hindu Businessline]] |date=February 18, 2004}}</ref> a [[Consumer Court]] banned the sale of the book because it was found to be an erroneous reference with many factual errors. The court also found that there was [[unfair trade practice]] on the part of the publishers, which are [[DC Books]], [[Kerala]] and [[Encyclopædia Britannica India]] Pvt.Ltd, a subsidiary of [[Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=George |first1=Sanu |title=Errors in Encyclopaedia Britannica in Malayalam |url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/040810/43/2fffq.html |website=[[Yahoo News]] |publisher=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060115095834/http://in.news.yahoo.com/040810/43/2fffq.html |archivedate=15 January 2006 |date=August 8, 2004}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://opac.ssus.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=au:%22Theodore%20Pappus%20%20(ed.)%22 Encyclopaedia Britannica: Malayalam] listed at [[Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit]] library

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Malayalam encyclopedias]]
[[Category:DC Books books]]
[[Category:Non-English works based on the Encyclopædia Britannica]]

{{encyclopedia-stub}}
{{Kerala-stub}}

Amrita Sher-Gil Self Portrait (1931)

2026-01-12T02:26:04Z

Ras: creating new info - done

{{Short description|1931 painting by Amrita Sher-Gil}}
{{Infobox artwork
| title = Amrita Sher-Gil self portrait
| other_language_1 =
| other_title_1 =
| other_language_2 =
| other_title_2 =
| wikidata =
| image = Amrita Sher-Gil Self-portrait, untitled.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| artist = [[Amrita Sher-Gil]]
| year = 1931
| completion_date = 
| catalogue =
| medium = [[Oil on canvas]]
| movement =
| subject =
| height_metric = 65.1
| width_metric = 54
| length_metric =
| diameter_metric =
| height_imperial = 
| width_imperial =
| length_imperial =
| diameter_imperial =
| dimensions =
| dimensions_ref =
| metric_unit = cm 
| imperial_unit = in 
| weight =
| designation =
| condition =
| museum =
| city =
| coordinates = 
| owner =
| accession =
| preceded_by = 
| followed_by = 
| module =
| website = 
}}
The untitled self portrait by Hungarian-born Indian artist [[Amrita Sher-Gil]] (1913–1941), is an [[oil on canvas]] painting completed in 1931 in Paris, and gifted to her friend [[Boris Taslitzky]]. It was created in the same year that she produced portraits of [[Yusuf Ali Khan]], who she was engaged to, and [[Viktor Egan]], her cousin who she later married. In 2015 it was sold for £1.7 million at auction in London.<ref name=Christies2015>{{cite web |date=2015 |title=Amrita Sher-Gil (1913-1941) Untitled (Self Portrait) |url=https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-5895257 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125061832/https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-5895257 |archive-date=25 November 2023 |access-date=25 November 2023 |website=www.christies.com |publisher=Christies}}</ref><ref name=Josh2015>{{cite book |last1=Josh |first1=Jagran |title=Current Affairs: October 2015 |date=2015 |publisher=Jagran Josh |page=418 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=24zZCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA418 |language=en |chapter=Amrita Sher-Gil self-portrait sold for 17 crore rupees in London}}</ref><ref name=Nair2015>{{cite news |last1=Nair |first1=Uma |date=24 April 2015 |title=Amrita Sher-Gil's portrait at Christies |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/plumage/amrita-sher-gils-portrait-at-18-christies/ |access-date=25 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125061711/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/plumage/amrita-sher-gils-portrait-at-18-christies/ |archive-date=25 November 2023}}</ref><ref name=Roy2023>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Amit |date=2015 |title=Sold: Sher-Gil self-portrait for £1.7m |language=en |work=www.telegraphindia.com |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/world/sold-sher-gil-self-portrait-for-pound-1-7m/cid/1357659 |access-date=25 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125061540/https://www.telegraphindia.com/world/sold-sher-gil-self-portrait-for-pound-1-7m/cid/1357659 |archive-date=25 November 2023}}</ref><ref name=Basu2015>{{cite news |last1=Basu |first1=Shrabani |author-link=Shrabani Basu |date=31 May 2015 |title=Portrait of an artist |language=en |work=www.telegraphindia.com |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/portrait-of-an-artist/cid/1313926 |access-date=25 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125061332/https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/portrait-of-an-artist/cid/1313926 |archive-date=25 November 2023}}</ref>

In Sher-Gil's lifetime, 19 were self-portraits painted in Europe between 1930 and 1934, and two, including one in a blue sari, were later completed in India.<ref name=Sundaram2010.412>Sundaram, pp. 412-413</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of paintings by Amrita Sher-Gil]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book |last=Dalmia|first=Yashodhara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj3mlgEACAAJ |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Life |date=2013 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=Gurugram |isbn=978-0-14-342026-2 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sundaram |first1=Vivan |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Self-Portrait in Letters and Writings |date=2010 |publisher=Tulika Books |location=New Delhi |volume=1|pages=1–417|isbn=978-81-89487-59-1}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sundaram |first1=Vivan |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Self-Portrait in Letters and Writings |date=2010 |publisher=Tulika Books |location=New Delhi |volume=2|pages=418–821|isbn=978-81-89487-59-1}}

{{Amrita Sher-Gil}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amrita Sher-Gil self portrait}}
[[Category:Paintings by Amrita Sher-Gil]]
[[Category:1931 paintings]]
[[Category:Oil paintings on canvas]]
[[Category:Self-portraits]]
[[Category:Portraits of women]]
[[Category:20th-century portraits]]

{{1930s-painting-stub}}

Bengali Language Movement (Barak Valley)

2026-01-06T13:04:22Z

Ras:

{{Short description|Protest against Assamese as the sole official language}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = Barak Valley Language Movement
| subtitle =
| partof = [[Bengali language movements in India]]
| image = Procession in Silchar on 20 May 1961.jpg
| caption = The condolence procession in [[Silchar]] on 20 May 1961 in memory of the deceased language martyrs in results of
''[[lathicharge]]'' on 19 May 1961
| date = 1960 – 1961
| place = [[Barak Valley]], [[Assam]]
| coordinates = {{coord|24.82|N| 92.81|E|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = India
| map_label = Barak Valley
| map_caption = Location of the movement
| causes = [[Assamese Language Movement|Assamese imposition]]
| goals = [[Bengali nationalism]]
| methods = Protests, sit-ins, demonstrations
| status =
| result = Bengali become the regional official language
| side1 =
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}}

[[File:New Silchar Railway Station 2016.jpg|thumb|250px|A memorial built in memory of language martyrs]]The '''Bengali Language Movement''' of [[Barak Valley]] was a period of protests that began in 1960 against the decision of the [[Government of Assam]] to make [[Assamese language|Assamese]] the state's sole official language, even though most Barak Valley residents spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. About 80% of the valley's residents are ethnic [[Bengalis]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/politics/assam-elections-2021-can-barak-valley-pay-bjp-the-dividend-of-caa-bid-6706541.html |title=Assam Elections 2021 | Can Barak Valley Pay BJP the Dividend of CAA Bid?}}</ref> and the Bengali population in the Barak Valley region consists of both [[Bengali Hindus|Hindus]] and [[Bengali Muslims|Muslims]] in about equal number, constituting the overwhelming majority of the population. There is also a substantial minority of native tribes and immigrants from other parts of India.

The main incident took place on 19 May 1961 at [[Silchar railway station]] in which the [[Assam Police|Assam police]] killed 11 ethnic Bengalis.

== Background ==
{{See also|Barak state movement}}
[[File:Language in Cachar district (1951-1961).svg|thumb|300px|left|Languages spoken in [[Barak Valley]] (administratively the erstwhile [[Cachar district]]), [[1951 census of India|1951]]-[[1961 Census of India|1961 Census]]<ref name=1961Census/>]]

The Barak Valley, forming the major part of the erstwhile Cachar district in undivided Assam, though predominantly Hindu (59.6%) and Muslim (39.13%), was overwhelmingly Bengali-speaking (78.73%), followed by Hindi (10.33%), while Assamese was spoken by only a small minority (0.33%).<ref name=1961Census>{{cite web|title= Cultural and Migration Tables, Part II-C, Vol-III, Assam - Census 1961|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28300/download/31482/52000_1961_CUL.pdf |year=1965 |publisher=Superintendent of Census Operations, Assam |last=Pakyntein |first=E. H.}}</ref> After independence, the growth of [[Assamese Language Movement|Assamese linguistic nationalism]] in the Brahmaputra Valley was reflected in political initiatives to establish Assamese as the sole official language of the state, extending to the Bengali-speaking Barak Valley. The issue took a decisive turn in 1960 when a proposal was introduced to formalise Assamese as the state’s only official language.

In April 1960, a proposal was raised at the [[Assam Pradesh Congress Committee]] to declare [[Assamese language|Assamese]] as the state's sole official language.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bodhi |first=S. R. |year=2021 |chapter=Khasi Political Reality and the Struggle for Statehood: History, Context, and Political Processes |editor1-last=Ambagudia |editor1-first=Jagannath |editor2-last=Xaxa |editor2-first=Virginius |title=Handbook of tribal politics in India |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2mYQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT498 |publisher=SAGE Publications |page=398 |isbn=978-93-5388-460-4}}</ref> On 10 October 1960, [[Bimala Prasad Chaliha]], the then Chief Minister of Assam, presented a bill in the [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] that sought to legalize Assamese as the sole official language of the state.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bodhi |first=S. R. |year=2021 |chapter=Khasi Political Reality and the Struggle for Statehood: History, Context, and Political Processes |editor1-last=Ambagudia |editor1-first=Jagannath |editor2-last=Xaxa |editor2-first=Virginius |title=Handbook of tribal politics in India |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2mYQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT500 |publisher=SAGE Publications |page=398 |isbn=978-93-5388-460-4}}</ref> Ranendra Mohan Das, the legislator from [[Karimganj North Assembly constituency|Karimganj (North) assembly constituency]] and an ethnic [[Bengalis|Bengali]], protested against the bill on the grounds that it sought to impose the language of a third of the population over the other two-thirds.<ref name="es19052013">{{cite news |script-title=bn:বিস্মৃত বলিদান |last=Chowdhury |first=Ranajit |url=http://www.epaper.eisamay.com/Details.aspx?id=3850&boxid=32416359 |date=19 May 2013 |work=Ei Samay |language=bn |access-date=22 May 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130619223401/http://www.epaper.eisamay.com/Details.aspx?id=3850&boxid=32416359 |archive-date=19 June 2013}}</ref> On 24 October, the bill was passed in the Assam legislative assembly, making Assamese the state's only official language.<ref name="es19052013" />

== The Movement ==
=== Protest ===
On 5 February 1961, the Cachar Gana Sangram Parishad was formed to protest the imposition of Assamese in the Bengali-speaking [[Barak Valley]]. On 14 April, the people of [[Silchar]], [[Karimganj]], and [[Hailakandi]] observed a Sankalpa Divas in protest against the injustice of the Assamese government.<ref name="choudhuri">{{cite web |url=http://wethepeople-barakvalley.com/bhasha-shahid-divas-language-martyrs%E2%80%99-day/843 |title=Bhasha Shahid Divas |last=Choudhuri |first=Arjun |publisher=We The People, Barak Valley |access-date=23 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529232759/http://wethepeople-barakvalley.com/bhasha-shahid-divas-language-martyrs%E2%80%99-day/843 |archive-date=29 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> On 24 April, the Parishad left for a two-week [[padayatra]] in the Barak Valley, in the regions surrounding Silchar and Karimganj to raise awareness among the populace. The Satyagrahis, who took part in the padayatra, walked over 200 miles and covered several villages. The procession ended on 2 May in Silchar. Later on, a similar padayatra was organized in Hailakandi. After the padayatra, Rathindranath Sen, the Parishad leader, declared that if Bengali was not accorded the status of official language by 13 April 1961, a complete work stoppage (called a ''hartal'') would be observed on 19 May from dawn to dusk.<ref name="es19052013-2">{{cite news |script-title=bn:বাঙালির চেতনায় শুধু একুশে, স্থান নেই উনিশের শহীদদের |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Baidyanath |date=19 May 2013 |work=Ei Samay |language=bn |location=Kolkata}}</ref> The Parishad also called for due recognition of the languages of other linguistic minorities.

On 12 May, the soldiers of the Assam Rifles, the Madras Regiment, and the Central Reserve Police staged a flag march in Silchar.<ref name="report-1">{{cite web |url=http://www.unishemay.org/english-pages/lang-content/NCChatterjee.pdf |title=Report of Non-Official Enquiry Commission on Cachar |publisher=A. K. Das Memorial Trust |page=14 |access-date=25 May 2013 |location=Silchar |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229042659/http://www.unishemay.org/english-pages/lang-content/NCChatterjee.pdf |archive-date=29 December 2013}}</ref> On 18 May, the Assam police arrested three prominent leaders of the movement, namely Nalinikanta Das, Rathindranath Sen, and Bidhubhushan Chowdhury, the editor of weekly Yugashakti.

=== Main incident of 19 May ===
[[File:Lathicharge on satyagrahis at Tarapur railway station on 19 May 1961.jpg|thumb|left|Assam police resort to lathi charge on the satyagrahis at the Tarapur railway station (now, [[Silchar railway station]]).]]
On 19 May, the dawn-to-dusk hartal began. Picketing started early in the morning in the sub-divisional towns of Silchar, [[Karimganj]], and Hailakandi. In Karimganj, the agitators picketed in front of government offices, courts, and railway stations. In Silchar, the agitators picketed in the railway station. The last train from Silchar was around 4 p.m., after which the hartal would be effectively dissolved. Not a single ticket was sold for the first train at 5:40 a.m. The morning passed peacefully without incident. However, in the afternoon, the [[Assam Rifles]] arrived at the railway station.

At around 2:30 p.m., a [[Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]] truck carrying nine arrested [[Satyagraha|Satyagrahis]] from Katigorah was passing by the Tarapur railway station (present-day [[Silchar railway station]]). Seeing their fellow activists arrested and being taken away, the Satyagrahis assembled at the railway tracks and broke out in loud protests. At that point, the truck driver and the policemen escorting the arrested activists fled the scene. Immediately after they fled, an unidentified person set fire to the truck.<ref name="choudhuri" /> A firefighting team rushed to the spot to bring the fire under control. Within five minutes, at around 2:35 p.m., the paramilitary forces guarding the railway station started beating the protesters with rifle butts and batons without provocation. Within a span of seven minutes, the paramilitary forces fired 17 rounds into the crowd. Several people were hit by bullets and were carried to hospitals. Nine people died that day. On 20 May, the people of Silchar defied curfew with to make a procession for the martyrs' bodies in protest against the killings.<ref name="es19052013-2" /> Two more people were martyred the next day.<ref name="tsi04032013">{{cite news |url=http://www.thesundayindian.com/bn/story/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F/7/1256/ |script-title=bn:উনিশের সংগ্রাম অনন্য, অতুলনীয় |last=Laskar |first=Dilip Kanti |date=4 March 2012 |work=The Sunday Indian |language=bn |access-date=23 May 2013 |archive-date=2 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150902221121/http://www.thesundayindian.com/bn/story/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F/7/1256/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Post Movement Effect ==
After the incident, the Assam government had to withdraw and Bengali was ultimately given official status in Barak Valley's three districts.<ref name="tt27dec">{{cite news |title=No alliance with BJP, says AGP chief |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1031227/asp/northeast/story_2721710.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120914104422/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1031227/asp/northeast/story_2721710.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 September 2012 |access-date=26 May 2017 |newspaper=The Telegraph, Calcutta |date=27 December 2003}}</ref><ref name="toi9jun">{{cite news |title=Silchar rly station to be renamed soon |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Silchar-rly-station-to-be-renamed-soon/articleshow/4633120.cms?referral=PM |access-date=26 May 2017 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=9 Jun 2009}}</ref> Section 5 of Assam Act XVIII, 1961 safeguards the use of Bengali in the Cachar district. It states, "Without prejudice to the provisions contained in Section 3, the Bengali language shall be used for administrative and other official purposes up to and including district level".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://silcharnews.wordpress.com/2013/07/24/compulsory-use-of-bengali-language-in-cachar/ |title=Compulsory use of Bengali Language in Cachar |date=2013-07-24 |website=Silchar News |access-date=26 May 2017}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Statue of martyrs of Bengali Language movement of Barak valley.jpg|thumb|250px|Statue dedicated to martyrs of Bengali Language movement of Barak valley, located in [[Udharbond]]]]

In the movement, eleven people were martyred. They were [[Kanailal Niyogi]], Chandicharan Sutradhar, Hitesh Biswas, Satyendra Deb, Kumud Ranjan Das, Sunil Sarkar, [[Tarani Debnath]], [[Sachindra Chandra Pal]], Birendra Sutradhar, Sukamal Purakayastha, and [[Kamala Bhattacharya]]. Nine people died on 19 May 1961, and two died later. In subsequent effect, Bijan Chakraborty martyred on 17 August 1972, Jaganmay Deb and Dibyendu Das on 1986.

Other than 11 martyrs of 19 May 1961, many protesters of the 1961 language movement were badly beaten by the armed forces with [[Lathi (stick)|lathis]] and bayonets. Many received bullet wounds. At least 30 protesters were admitted to Silchar Civil Hospital, while others were released after first aid treatment. Of these 30 activists, some lived with pain and disfigurement from bullet wounds for the remainder of their lives.

This massacre is compared with [[Bengali language movement#Events of 1952|the one in Bangladesh on 21 February 1952]] when students demonstrating for recognition of their language, Bengali, as one of the two national languages of what was then Pakistan, were shot and killed by police in Dhaka, the capital of present-day Bangladesh.<ref>[[International Mother Language Day]] {{circular reference|date=February 2020}}</ref>

[[Bhasha Shahid Divas (ভাষা শহীদ দিবস)|Bhasha Shahid Divas]] is celebrated every year on 19 May to commemorate those 11 martyrs who sacrificed their lives for the sake of protecting Bengali language. Various cultural programmes are conducted, rallies are held, and the busts of the martyrs are decorated with flower garlands.

The movement also credited to Pradip Kumar Dutta, Krishna Kanta Biswas, Manik Miya Laskar, Nishitendra Narayan Thakur, Santosh Chandra Kirtoniya, Bhupendra Kumar Paul, Sita Dey, Monoranjan Sarkar, and Anjali Rani Deb for their organizations and literary support.<ref>Raktanjali, Bangla Bhasa sangramer Itihas, by Paritosh Paul Chaudhury, Raktim Giganta, Natun Diganta Prakashani, Silchar</ref>

=== Memorial ===
[[File:Commemoration of Bengali language movement in Barak Valley - Kolkata 2019-05-26 182610.jpg|thumb|Dr. Mohit Ray, speaking at a commemorative event in Kolkata in 2019.]]
A martyr's tomb, known as the [[Shahid Minar, Silchar|Shahid Minar]] was erected in Silchar in memory of the martyrs. This stone tomb contains the ashes of the brave individuals who chose death for their right to get formal education in their mother tongue in their free country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cacharclub.com/silchar.asp |title=Learn A Little About Silchar |publisher=The [[Cachar Club]] | access-date=23 May 2013}}</ref> In 2011, Gopa Dutta Aich unveiled a bronze bust of Kamala Bhattacharya on the premises of the [[Chhotelal Seth Institute]] under the initiative of Shahid Kamala Bhattacharya Murti Sthapan Committee.<ref name="ts18052011">{{cite news |title=Bronze bust of martyr Kamala Bhattacharya installed |url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/cachar/story.php?sec=2&subsec=12&id=75299&dtP=2012-04-24&ppr=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235620/http://www.sentinelassam.com/cachar/story.php?sec=2&subsec=12&id=75299&dtP=2012-04-24&ppr=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 March 2016 |newspaper=The Sentinel |date=18 May 2011 |access-date=10 May 2012}}</ref>

==Contemporary issues==
The Assam government had, on 30 November 2013, issued a circular asking the deputy commissioners of all the state's districts to ensure the use of Assamese as an official language, which generated a lot of protests in the three Barak Valley districts—Cachar, Karimganj, and Hailakandi. However, Section 5 of the Assam Official Language Act of 1960 as amended in 1967 had specified Bengali as the official language. This prompted the state government to issue a fresh circular on September 9 saying that Bengali, the official language of Barak Valley, will continue to be used for all official works.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/gogoi-draws-flak-over-official-language-circular-for-barak-valley/ |title=Gogoi draws flak over official language circular for Barak Valley |date=2014-09-10 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=2018-01-06 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Bengali language movement in India]]
* [[Bengali language movement in Bangladesh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Bengali Language Movement in India}}
{{Bengali Language Movement}}
{{Assam}}
{{Bengali language topics}}

[[Category:1960s in Assam]]
[[Category:1961 in India]]
[[Category:1961 protests]]
[[Category:Bengali language movement]]
[[Category:Language conflict in India]]
[[Category:Protests in India]]
[[Category:History of the Bengali language]]
[[Category:Bengali language in India]]

Mora Well Inscription

2025-12-31T22:26:24Z

Ras: new details!

{{Short description|1st century Sanskrit inscription found near Mathura}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox artifact
|image = 1st century CE Mora Well Inscription Sanskrit Mathura.jpg
|name = Mora Well Inscription
|image_caption = Ancient [[Sanskrit]] inscription Mathura GMM Q.1
|material =
|size =
|writing = Sanskrit<ref name=salomon84>{{cite book|author=Richard Salomon|title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-4RDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA84 |year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-509984-3|pages=84-88}}</ref>
|created = circa 15 CE
|period =
|place = [[Mathura]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|discovered =
|discovered_coords ={{coord|27.515040|N|77.587409|E|display=inline}}
|location = Government Museum, Mathura ({{coord|27.495382|N|77.679540|E|display=inline}})
| map =
{{Location map
| India
| float = center
| relief = yes
| label = Mora (Mathura)
| lat_deg = 27.515040
| lon_deg = 77.587409
}}
{{OSM Location map
| coord = {{coord|27.515040|N|77.587409|E}} 
| float = center
| zoom = 10
| width = 230 
| height = 150
| label = Mora
| label-pos = top
| caption = {{center|Location of Mora, near Mathura}}
| mark-coord = {{coord|27.515040|N|77.587409|E}}
| mark = Archaeological site icon (red).svg
| mark-size1 = 12
}}
|id =GMM Q.1
|registration =
}}
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=270|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| header=Mora artefacts
| image1 = Mora Vrishni Mathura circa 15 CE.jpg
| image2 = Mora carved doorjamb, circa 15 CE, Mathura.jpg
| footer=The Mora inscription is associated with three statue remains and a decorated doorjamb, all thought to be related to the temple built for the Vrishni heroes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0 |page=437 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA437 |language=en}}</ref> Left: torso said to be probably a figure of one of the five [[Vrishni heroes]], Mora, circa 15 CE, [[Art of Mathura]], [[Mathura Museum]].<ref name="SRQ">{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-15537-4 |pages=211-213 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA212 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="VSA253">"We have actually discovered in the excavations at the Mora shrine stone torsos representing the Vrishni Heroes (...) Their style closely follows that of the free-standing Yakshas in that they are carved in the round. They are dressed in a ''dhoti'' and ''uttaraya'' and some types of ornaments as found on the Yaksha figures, their right hand is held in ''ahbayamudra''..." in "{{cite book |last1=Agrawala |first1=Vasudeva Sharana |title=Indian Art: A history of Indian art from the earliest times up to the third century A.D |date=1965 |publisher=Prithivi Prakashan |page=253 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJo0AQAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>This statue appears in Fig.51 as one of the statues excavated in the Mora mound, in {{cite book |last1=Rosenfield |first1=John M. |title=The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans |date=1967 |publisher=University of California Press |page=151-152 and Fig.51 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=udnBkQhzHH4C&pg=PA151 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lüders |first1=H. |title=Epigraphia Indica Vol.24 |date=1937 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56526/page/n247 199]-200 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56526}}</ref> Right: Mora carved doorjamb, also circa 15 CE, found together with the Mora Well Inscription.<ref name="SRQ171">{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |page=171 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA171 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-15537-4 |page=206 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA206 |language=en}}</ref>
| footer_align = center
}}
The '''Mora Well inscription''' is an ancient [[Sanskrit]] inscription found in the village of Mora about {{convert|7|mi}} from [[Mathura]], [[India]].<ref name="Srinivasan1997p211"/><ref name=luders1961p154>Heinrich Lüders and Klaus Ludwig Janert (1961), Mathurā inscriptions, Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, {{oclc| 717966622}}, page 154, image on page 301</ref> It is notable for its early mention of ''[[murti|pratima]]'' (images), stone temple, and the [[Vrishni heroes|Pancaviras]].<ref name="Srinivasan1997p211"/><ref name="Quintanilla2007p260"/>

==Description==
The Mora Well Inscription makes an early mention of pratima (murti, images), stone shrine (temple) and calls the [[five Vrishnis]] as ''bhagavatam''.<ref name="Srinivasan1997p211"/><ref name="Quintanilla2007p260"/><ref name=Vemsani203>{{cite book|author=Lavanya Vemsani |title=Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA202 |year=2016|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-211-3|pages=202–203}}</ref> It is dated to the early decades of 1st century CE during the reign of [[Sodasa]], probably circa 15 CE.<ref name="Srinivasan1997p211">{{cite book|author=Doris Srinivasan|title=Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&pg=PA211 |year=1997|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-10758-4|pages=211–214, 308-311 with footnotes}}</ref>

===Identification===
The Mora Well inscription does not use specifically sectarian language, and various interpretations have been given.<ref name="SRQ211"/>

The Hindu [[Puranas]], such as the medieval ''[[Vayu Purana]]'' in section 97.1-2, name Samkarsana, Vasudeva, Pradyumna, Samba and Aniruddha as "heroes of the dynasty of the Vrishni".<ref name="Srinivasan1997p211"/><ref name=Vemsani203/><ref name="SRQ211"/> The inscription may also signify the growth of Bhagavatism in 1st millennium BCE to Vaishnavism by the early centuries of the common era, and a process by which heroes and heroic ideas attract devotion.<ref name="Srinivasan1997p211"/> There is no mention of these heroes in ancient Brahmanical literature,<ref name="SRQ211"/> but some scholars, such as Chandra, state that the five Vrishnis mentioned in the inscription is a reference to the [[Pandava]]s of the ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref name="SRQ211"/>

According to Sonya Quintanilla, the Mora inscription is not sectarian and may not necessarily relate to the roots of [[Vaishnavism]]. It could be cross-sectarian – Jainism and Hinduism, or equally possibly reflect early Bhagavata movement, states Quintanilla.<ref name="SRQ211"/> According to Rosenfield, the Mora well inscription refers to the five [[Vrishni heroes]], but their exact identity is unclear. They – including Vasudeva and Krishna – may have been ancient kings in the Mathura area, who became deified because of their heroic accomplishments. They "personified certain qualities of [[Vishnu]] and thus in effect [were deified as] his avatars", states Rosenfield, and this may be "an extremely early form of Vaishnavism now called Pancaratra system" also found in Besnagar, Nanaghat and Ghasundi.<ref name="JMR151">{{cite book |last1=Rosenfield |first1=John M. |title=The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans |date=1967 |publisher=University of California Press |page=151-152 and Fig.51 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=udnBkQhzHH4C&pg=PA151 |language=en}}</ref> Another explanation is that of Luders, who relying on Jain texts dated between 9th and 12th-century CE, states that the Vrishnis may have been the five Jain heroes led by [[Akrura|Akrūra]].<ref name="SRQ211"/> The cult of the Vrishnis may have been cross-sectarian, much like the cult of the Yakshas.<ref name="SRQ211">{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-15537-4 |pages=211-213 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA212 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="JMR151"/>

===Reign of Sodasa===
The inscription mentions the name of the [[Northern Satraps|Great Satrap]] [[Rajuvula]],<ref name=JRAS>{{cite book |title=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |date=1911 |publisher=Cambridge University Press for the Royal Asiatic Society |page=151 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LssAAAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref> and was apparently made by his son,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Parmanand |title=Geography from Ancient Indian Coins & Seals |date=1989 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=9788170222484 |page=58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LzHpZ5N5MhcC&pg=PA58 |language=en}}</ref> the Great Satrap of [[Mathura]] [[Sodasa]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chakravarti |first1=N. p |title=Epigraphia Indica Vol.24 |date=1937 |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56526/page/n238 194] |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56526}}</ref>

The discovery of the Mora Well Inscription in the 19th-century led archaeologists to excavate the Mora Mound in 1911-12, near the Mora well.<ref name="Rosenfield1967p151"/> They found large inscribed bricks of a round brick building with the name of a female, probably the daughter of king Brihasvatimitra from Kausambi of late 2nd century BCE. In the mound were also found two male torsos, as well as a lower half of a female torso with inscribed names Kanishka and Tosha, confirming the possible link between the inscription stone and the mound.<ref name="Rosenfield1967p151">{{cite book|author=John M. Rosenfield|title=The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=udnBkQhzHH4C&pg=PA151|year=1967|publisher=University of California Press|pages=151–152|id=GGKEY:0379L32LPNJ}}</ref>

==Inscription==
The discovered inscription is incomplete.<ref name=luders1961p154/> The opening is [[Epigraphical Hybrid Sanskrit|hybrid Sanskrit]], while the remaining three lines are standard Sanskrit.<ref name=salomon84/> It reads:<ref name="Quintanilla2007p260">{{cite book|author=Sonya Rhie Quintanilla|title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC |year=2007|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-15537-6|page=260}}</ref><ref name=luders1961p154/>

<blockquote style="background-color:none;margin-right:5em;margin-left:0em;border-left:solid 6px #FFE0BB;padding:1.0em">
<poem>
1. mahakṣatrapasa rāṁjūvulasa putrasa svāmi ...
2. bhagavatāṁ vr̥ṣṇīnā[ṁ] paṁcavīrāṇāṁ pratimā[ḥ] śailadevagr̥[he] ...
3. ya[s] toṣāyāḥ śailaṁ śrimadgr̥ham atulam udadha samadhāra ...
4. ārcādeśāṁ śailām paṁca jvalata iva paramavapuṣā ...
</poem>
– Mora Well Inscription, 1st century CE
</blockquote>

==Translation==

Sonya Quintanilla translates it as,<ref name="Quintanilla2007p260" />

{{quote|
<poem>
. . . of the son of [[Northern Satraps|mahakṣatrapa]] [[Rajuvula|Rāṁjūvula]], svāmi . . .
the images of the holy [[Vrishni heroes|paṁcavīras]] of the Vr̥ṣṇis. . .
the stone shrine... whom the magnificent matchless stone house of Toṣā was erected and maintained...
five objects of adoration made of stone, radiant, as it were with highest beauty...
</poem>
}}

==See also==
*[[Hindu temple]]
*[[Hindu temple architecture]]
*[[Mountain Temple inscription]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Mathura Museum}}
{{Hindu inscriptions and arts|state=autocollapse}}

[[Category:1st-century inscriptions]]
[[Category:19th-century archaeological discoveries]]
[[Category:Indian inscriptions]]
[[Category:Mathura]]
[[Category:Sanskrit inscriptions in India]]

Nicholas Eymerich

2025-12-30T21:52:13Z

Ras:

{{short description|Roman Catholic theologian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
[[File:Eymerich, Nicolás – Directorium inquisitorum, 1607 – BEIC 14142106.jpg|thumb|''[[Directorium Inquisitorum|Directorium inquisitorum]]'']]

'''Nicholas Eymerich''' ({{langx|ca|Nicolau Eimeric}}) ([[Girona]], ''c.'' 1316 – [[Girona]], 4 January 1399) was a [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[Theology|theologian]] in Medieval [[Principality of Catalonia|Catalonia]] and Inquisitor General of the [[Inquisition]] in the [[Crown of Aragon]] in the later half of the 14th century. He is best known for authoring the ''[[Directorium Inquisitorum]]'', that mostly summarized previous texts and mores.

==Life==

===Education and early tenure as Inquisitor General===
Nicholas Eymerich was born in [[Girona]] c. 1316.<ref>Although the most commonly given birth year of Eymerich is 1320, he actually could not have been born later than in 1317. According to the canon law, he must have been at least 40 when he became inquisitor, and his nomination to that post took place in 1357; besides, it has been reported that he was over 80 in 1397. See Claudia Heimann, ''Nicolaus Eymerich (vor 1320-1399): praedicator veridicus, inquisitor intrepidus, doctor egregius'', Aschendorff, 2001, p. 11. {{ISBN|3-402-06361-1}}, {{ISBN|978-3-402-06361-3}}</ref> He entered the local monastery of the [[Dominican Order]] on 4 August 1334. Here, during his [[novitiate]] he was instructed in theology by the [[friar]] Dalmau Moner. In order to complete his studies, he went to [[Toulouse]], and then to [[Paris]], where he obtained his doctorate in 1352. He then returned to the monastery in Girona where he replaced Moner as the teacher of theology.
[[File:Eymerich, Nicolas – In isto volumine sunt terdecim tractatus compositi per magistrum Nicholaum Eymerici ordinis predicatorum..., 14th-15th-century – BEIC 14954713.jpg|thumb|Collection of 13 treatises written by Eymerich. Manuscript, 14th-15th century. Paris, [[Bibliothèque Nationale de France]].]]

In 1357, Eymerich replaced Nicola Roselli as the Inquisitor General of Aragon, as Roselli had been raised to a [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]]. A year after obtaining the position, Eymerich was given the honorific Chaplain of the [[Pope]] as a recognition of his diligence in pursuing [[Heresy|heretics]] and [[Blasphemy|blasphemers]]. However, the zeal he displayed as Inquisitor General earned him many enemies. As he directed much of his efforts to the apparent errors of members of the clergy, he often found his investigations blocked by the court, curia, or papacy. When Eymerich interrogated the [[Franciscan]] spiritualist, Nicholas of Calabria, King [[Peter IV of Aragon]] had him removed from office at the general chapter held at Perpignan in 1360.<ref name=Kirsch>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05735c.htm Kirsch, Johann Peter. "Nicolas Eymeric." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 27 February 2016</ref>

Eymerich was elected to be the Vicar General of the Dominicans in Aragon in 1362 however, this election was contested by one of them: priest Bernardo Ermengaudi who, in addition to having a long-standing dispute with Eymerich, was also politically backed by Peter IV. When called on to settle the matter, [[Pope Urban V]], invalidated Eymerich's election on the grounds that the office of Vicar General conflicted with the office of Inquisitor General. He did not, however, confirm Ermengaudi in the position, opting for a neutral third, Jacopo Dominici.<ref name=Kirsch/>

For a time Peter IV prevented Eymerich from serving as inquisitor. His hostility toward Eymerich intensified in 1366 when Eymerich began to attack the written works of [[Ramon Llull]] and to harass his followers, who were known as Lullists. The king forbade Eymerich to preach in the city of Barcelona. Eymerich disobeyed covertly and subsequently supported the revolt of the [[diocese]] of [[Tarragona]] against the monarch. This conflict ended around 1376 when the local governor took 200 horsemen and encircled the Dominican monastery where Eymerich was residing. Eymerich fled to the papal court of [[Pope Gregory XI]] in [[Avignon]].<ref name=Sullivan/> While Raimon Llull supported the concept, now [[Dogma]], of [[Immaculate Conception]] of [[Virgin Mary]], Eymerich did not accept it.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

An example of Eymerich as Inquisitor General is his sentence of the [[Jew]] Astruc Dapiera in 1370. Dapiera was a native of [[Barcelona]] accused of [[Magic (paranormal)|sorcery]]. He was sentenced to publicly repent in a cathedral and then to life imprisonment. He was the first inquisitor to circumvent the Church's prohibition against torturing a subject twice by interpreting directive very liberally, permitting a separate instance of torture for a separate charge of heresy. The ''[[Directorium Inquisitorum]]'' includes the sentence: "{{lang|la|Quaestiones sunt fallaces et inefficaces}}", 'Interrogatories are misleading and futile'.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

===First exile and return===
While living in Avignon, Eymerich completed his most famous work, the ''Directorium Inquisitorum''. In 1377, he accompanied Gregory XI to [[Rome]], where he remained until the Pope's death in 1378. In the [[Western Schism|schism]] that erupted after the death of Pope Gregory XI, Eymerich sided with [[Antipope Clement VII]], and so returned to Avignon late in 1378. While living in Avignon, Eymerich conflicted with St. [[Vincent Ferrer]], because Eymerich believed that Ferrer had begun to sympathize with [[Pope Urban VI]], the Pope in opposition to Clement VII.

Eymerich returned to Aragon in 1381. Where he discovered that in his absence, Bernardo Ermengaudi had assumed the position of Inquisitor General. Eymerich refused to recognize Ermengaudi in that office, and in 1383, acting as Inquisitor General, notified the inhabitants of Barcelona that he had banned the works of Ramon Llull. Furious, Peter IV ordered Eymerich to be drowned, however, the Queen [[Eleanor of Sicily]] influenced him to change the sentence to permanent exile. Once again, Eymerich ignored the sentence and remained in his native land, thanks largely to the support of Peter's son, [[John I of Aragon|John]].<ref name=Sullivan/>

King Peter IV died in 1386 and was succeeded by his son, John I, who recognized Eymerich's authority as Inquisitor General. At first, John I favored the repression of the Lullists, but this lasted only until 1388 when Eymerich decided to investigate the entire town of [[Valencia (city in Spain)|Valencia]] for heresy. King John I intervened to free the Chancellor of the University (secretary of the municipality), who had been imprisoned. Calling Eymerich a ''diabolicus fratrem'', the King then forced him into exile again.<ref name=Vargas>[https://books.google.com/books?id=5KGpa0A7aakC&dq=nicholas+eymerich&pg=PA290 Vargas, Michael A., ''Taming a Brood of Vipers: Conflict and Change in Fourteenth-Century Dominican Convents'', BRILL, 2011] {{ISBN|9789004203150}}</ref>

===Second exile and return===
After the violence at Valencia, Eymerich sought [[Sanctuary|shelter]] from John's reprisals in a church, but two years later, retreated again to Avignon, where he remained until the death of King John I. In Avignon, Eymerich devoted himself to the defence of the legitimacy of Clement VII as Pope. He remained in Avignon after the death of Clement VII in 1394, writing in support of Clement's successor, [[Antipope Benedict XIII]]. After King John's death in 1396, Eymerich returned to the Dominican monastery in Girona, where he remained until his death on 4 January 1399. His epitaph describes him as ''praedicator veridicus, inquisitor intrepidus, doctor egregius'' (i.e. "''a preacher of truth, intrepid inquisitor, excellent scholar").''

==Writings==

===The ''Directorium Inquisitorum''===
{{main article|Directorium Inquisitorum}}
Eymerich's most prominent and enduring work was the ''Directorium Inquisitorum'', which he had composed as early as 1376.<ref name="Sullivan">{{Cite book |last=Sullivan |first=Karen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNtsVAgxG4EC&dq=nicholas+eymerich&pg=PA169 |title=The Inner Lives of Medieval Inquisitors |date=2011-04-15 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-78167-9 |language=en}}</ref> It defined [[witchcraft]], and described means for discovering witches. In compiling the book, Eymerich used many of the magic texts he had previously confiscated from accused sorcerers. The ''Directorium Inquisitorum'' was to become the definitive handbook of procedure for the Spanish Inquisition until into the seventeenth century. It can also be considered as an assessment of a century and half of official Inquisition in the "[[albigensian]]" country. For another clergyman, the Directorium Inquisitorum is written in 'Barbarian Latin'.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

===Other works===
Although the ''Directorium Inquisitorum'' was Eymerich's only book-length work, he wrote numerous [[Tract (literature)|tract]]s and papers on various theological and philosophical subjects.

A good deal of Eymerich's life and writings were taken with opposing the writings of Ramon Llull. Owing to Aymerich's work, Pope Gregory XI banned several of Llull's writings and issued a papal decree against some postulates derived from his works. He would later dedicate his ''Tractatus contra doctrinam Raymundi Lulli'' to Clement VII. In this document, he indicated 135 heresies and 38 errors in the Lullists' theology. His ''Dialogus contra Lullistas'' is another example of his anti-Lullist works.

Eymerich also wrote numerous works, including his ''Tractatus de potestate papali'' (1383) defending the legitimacy of the Avignon antipopes, Clement VII and Benedict XIII.

==Variant spellings of Aymerich's name==
There appears to be very little scholarly consensus on the spelling of Aymerich's name. "Nicolau Aymerich" is the correct form of his name in medieval [[Catalan language]] spelling, and the most used form in Catalan, although nowadays it would be spelled "Eimeric". Aymerich, or Eimeric, is still a common Catalan surname, also a French name, as in Aimery de Gramont, an oncologist, "Nicolau" is the Catalan spelling for "Nicholas". Jose Meir Estrugo, in his book about 'Sephardim', points about a converse, Vidal Abnarrabí (Ibn-Arabí), who pick-up the surname Aymerich in Girona, 1492, this surname is found in the [[Hebrew]] communities of [[Salonica]] and [[Smirna]]. The [[Spanish language|Spanish]] spelling, "Nicolas" is also occasionally used. The title page of the 1578 impression of the ''Directorium Inquisitorum'', which is printed in [[Latin]] gives his name as "Nicolai Eymerici", -ich being a derivative of Roman genitive -ici, also used as diminutive, to point a child's parenthood. The most common ways his name is spelled in [[English language|English]] writing on the subject is "Nicholas Eymerich", with the spelling "Eymeric" being a close second. Occasionally, the Spanish form of Nicolas is used in English writings as well. Other, less common, variant spellings of his last name include, Emeric, Eimeric, Aimery, and Eymericus. The surname of blessed nun [[Anne Catherine Emmerich]] -Emmerick- comes from a town to which her family was bond, is not a [[Patronimic]]

==Literary character==
[[Valerio Evangelisti]], an [[Italians|Italian]] [[novelist]], has written a cycle of ten [[science fiction]] [[Valerio Evangelisti#Eymerich series|books]] featuring Eymerich as the main character. There is also a French comic book series on Eymeric, which is an adaptation of Evangelisti's novels.

Eymerich is also one of the main antagonists in the novel ''[[Cathedral of the Sea]]'' by [[Ildefonso Falcones]].

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*Richard Gottheil & [[Meyer Kayserling]], [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=57&letter=D Astruc Dapiera] at [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/index.jsp Jewish Encyclopedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628180823/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/index.jsp |date=28 June 2011 }} Retrieved 8 April 2005
*[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=9002830 Nicholas Eymeric] at [http://www.britannica.com/ Encyclopædia Britannica] Retrieved 8 April 2005
*Eymeric, Nicholas (1821) - ''Manual de Inquisidores, para uso de las Inquisiciones de España y Portugal -'' Translated from French into Spanish language, by J. Marchena (abridged version) - Imprenta de Feliz Avinon.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050413225852/http://cfpeople.org/Apologetics/page51a058.html Inquisition] Retrieved 8 April 2005
*Valerio Evangelisti, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110710212811/http://www.eymerich.com/eymerich/eym7.htm Eymerich Storico (Historical Eymerich)] Retrieved 7 March 2011
*Heinrich Finke: ''Nicolau Eimeric publicist in the beginning of western schism'', in: ''Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Kulturgeschichte Spaniens'', Vol 1, Münster, Germany, 1928, article: ''Drei Spanische Publizisten aus den Anfängen des grossen Schismas''
*Andrés Ivars: ''Los jurados de Valencia y el inquisidor Fr. Nicolás Eymerich'', Madrid, Spain, 1916.
*Faustino D. Gazulla, mercedarian: ''Historia de la falsa bula a nombre del obispo de Roma Gregorio XI inventada por el dominico fray Nicolás Eymerich'', Palma de Mallorca, Spain, 1909
*E Grahit i Papell: ''El inquisidor fray Nicolás Eymerich'', Girona, Catalunya, 1874. Includes a list of Aymerich' writings.

==External links==
*[http://racerel.library.cornell.edu:8090/Dienst/UI/1.0/Display/cul.witch/045 Text of the ''Directorium Inquisitorum'' (1578) in Latin]
*{{Cite Americana|wstitle=Eymericus, Nicolas |short=x}}
*{{Cite Catholic Encyclopedia|wstitle=Nicolas Eymeric}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eymerich, Nicholas}}
[[Category:1316 births]]
[[Category:1399 deaths]]
[[Category:Inquisitors]]
[[Category:People from Girona]]
[[Category:Spanish Dominicans]]
[[Category:Supporters of witch hunting]]
[[Category:Witch trials in Spain]]

Man Mohan Singh (pilot)

2025-12-15T13:14:32Z

Ras: small changes

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Short description|Indian pilot (1906–1942)}}
{{Infobox military person
|honorific_prefix =
|name = Man Mohan Singh
|image = Man Mohan Singh (died 1942).jpg
|alt =
|caption =
|nickname = "Chacha Man Mohan Singh"
|birth_date = 21 March 1906
|birth_place = [[Loralai District]], [[British India]]
|death_date = 3 March 1942
|death_place = [[Broome, Western Australia|Broome]], Western Australia
|allegiance = British Indian Air Force
|branch =
|branch_label = 
|serviceyears =
|serviceyears_label =
|rank =
|rank_label =
|unit=[[No. 205 Squadron RAF]]
|battles =
{{tree list}}
* [[World War II]]
** [[Battle of the Atlantic]]
** [[Battle of Singapore]]
** [[Attack on Broome]]
{{tree list/end}}
|battles_label =
|awards =
|memorials = [[Darwin Military Museum]] Memorial Wall Engravings in Singapore
}}

'''Man Mohan Singh''' (21 March 1906 – 3 March 1942), also spelled '''Manmohan Singh''', was an early Indian [[aircraft pilot]] who, in 1930, was the first Indian to fly solo from [[Croydon Airport]], England, to [[PAF Base Faisal|Karachi]], [[British India|India]].

Singh was born in [[Loralai District]] (now in Pakistan). He later travelled to England and trained in [[civil engineering]], [[aeronautical engineering]] and learnt to [[flight|fly]]. He was of one of the contestants who participated in a competition set by the [[Aga Khan III|Aga Khan]] in 1929, who offered a prize to the first Indian to fly the England-India journey (either way), solo and within a one-month time frame. In 1930, Singh was the first to complete the journey solo, in his [[de Havilland DH.60 Moth|aircraft]] which he named "Miss India". However, he missed the deadline by one day and the prize was awarded to pilot [[Aspy Engineer]]. Singh later also became the first Indian to fly solo to South Africa from England.

Singh joined the [[Indian Air Force#History|Indian Air Force]] Volunteer Reserve as a [[pilot officer]] at the onset of the [[Second World War]], following which he joined the [[RAF Coastal Command]] and took command of a [[Sunderland flying boat|Sunderland]] flying boat during the [[Battle of the Atlantic]]. He later became a [[flying officer]] with the British Indian Air Force. In 1942, he was with the [[flying boats]] that arrived at [[Broome, Western Australia]] when a [[Attack on Broome|Japanese air attack]] destroyed them all. Singh survived the attack only to drown in the harbour.

== Early life ==
[[File:Manmohan Singh and Gipsy Moth Miss India with Maharanee of Cooch Behar 1930.jpg|thumb|Manmohan Singh at the christening of his Gipsy Moth ''Miss India'' at [[Stag Lane Aerodrome]] with the [[Indira Devi of Cooch Behar|Maharani of Cooch Behar]], 1930.<ref name=AeroCert1928>{{Cite web|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/141427456|title=Pictures from overseas|date=1 March 1930|website=www.trove.nla.gov.au}}</ref>]]
[[File:Man Mohan Singh and Gipsy Moth.jpg|thumb|Man Mohan Singh and aircraft.]]

Man Mohan Singh was born in [[Loralai District|Loralai]] (now in Pakistan), on 21 March 1906,<ref name=RAC1928>{{cite web |title=Great Britain, Royal Aero Club Aviator's certificates, 1910-1950|url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/discoveryui-content/view/12502:1283?tid=&pid=&queryId=3c6e6ea7cb39a07d2bd5ac81a163143a&_phsrc=Kyb1&_phstart=successSource|access-date=8 November 2022 |work=1928 Faculty of Engineering, University of Bristol|date=4 September 1928|via=ancestry.co.uk|url-access=subscription}}</ref> to physician Makhan Singh, who had at one time received the [[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal]].<ref name=Chowdhry2018/><ref name="WhoswhoIndia1914">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/secondsupplement00luckrich|title=Second supplement to Who's who in India [microform] : brought up to 1914|date=1914|publisher=Lucknow : Newul Kishore Press|others=University of California Libraries}}</ref>

He completed his early education in Rawalpindi, first attending Denny's High School and then [[Gordon College (Pakistan)|Gordon College]]. At the age of 17 years, in 1923, he travelled to England to study [[civil engineering]] and received his [[bachelor's degree]] four years later from the [[University of Bristol|Bristol University]]. In addition, with a scholarship from the Government of British India, he studied [[aeronautical engineering]] and learnt to fly<ref name="AustralianSikhHeritage">{{cite web |title=Remembering Flying Officer Manmohan Singh |url=http://www.australiansikhheritage.com/flying-officer-manmohan-singh/ |website=Australian Sikh Heritage |access-date=16 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116163438/http://www.australiansikhheritage.com/flying-officer-manmohan-singh/ |archive-date=16 November 2022 |language=en-AU}}</ref> while a member of [[Bristol and Wessex Aeroplane Club]].<ref name=Chowdhry2018>{{cite book |last1=Chowdhry |first1=Mohindra S. |title=Defence of Europe by Sikh Soldiers in the World Wars |date=2018 |publisher=Troubador Publishing Ltd |location=Leicestershire |isbn=978-1788037-983 |pages=365–369 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=twFQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA365 |language=en |chapter=7. Sikhs in the Second World War}}</ref> He received his [[Pilot licensing and certification|pilot certificate]] from [[Bristol Filton Airport|Filton]] on 4 September 1928.<ref name=AeroCert1928/><ref name="Flight10Jan1930">{{Cite journal |date=10 January 1930 |title=Private Flying and Club News |url=https://archive.org/details/Flight_International_Magazine_1930-01-10-pdf/page/n7/mode/2up?q=singh |journal=Flight |pages=103}}</ref> He lived in Bristol for five years, residing at 24 Woodfield Road with the Leate family.<ref name=Chowdhry2018/>

== Career in aviation ==

=== The Aga Khan contest ===

In November 1929, keen to promote aviation, the [[Aga Khan III|Aga Khan]], 48th Imam of the [[Isma'ilism|Ismaili]] sect of Muslims<ref name=Chowdhry2018/> announced a prize of £500<ref name=Chowdhry2018/> to the first Indian pilot who could fly solo between England and India.<ref name="Rao2000"/> The contestants in 1930 included; [[J. R. D. Tata]], who later founded [[Tata Motors]] and [[Air India#History|Air India]], [[Aspy Engineer]], who would later be appointed head of the Indian Air Force, [[Ram Nath Chawla]], who was Engineer's friend, and Singh.<ref name=Chowdhry2018/><ref name="Rao2000">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pBCIAwAAQBAJ&q=Aga+Khan+1929+flight+prize&pg=PP8|title=J. R. D. TATA|last=Rao|first=Prof L. S. Seshagiri|date=2000|publisher=Sapna Book House (P) Ltd.|isbn=9788128017438|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airspacemag.com/history-of-flight/karachi-to-bombay-to-calcutta-77003851/|title=Karachi to Bombay to Calcutta|last=Shaftel|first=David|date=November 2011|website=Air & Space Magazine|language=en|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref>

The [[Indira Devi|Maharani of Cooch Bihar]] presided over the naming ceremony of Singh's aircraft, a [[de Havilland DH.60|Gipsy Moth]] he named ''Miss India''.<ref name=Chowdhry2018/><ref name="Wings">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tatasteel100.com/people/wings-for-nation.asp|title=JRD Tata :: Wings for a nation|website=www.tatasteel100.com|access-date=30 December 2018|archive-date=27 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927035727/http://www.tatasteel100.com/people/wings-for-nation.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was fitted with an additional 20-gallon fuel tank.<ref name=Flight10Jan1930/> Singh, a self-confessed poor navigator, had a map of India painted on its rudder because,<ref name=Chowdhry2018/> he jokingly claimed, he frequently lost his way.<ref name=Lala2017>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcUDAQAAQBAJ&q=man+mohan+singh+miss+india+1930+flight&pg=PT102|title=Beyond the Last Blue Mountain|last=Lala|first=R. M.|date=2017|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=9788184753318|language=en}}</ref><ref name=Bhattacharya2013>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xj-VAgAAQBAJ&q=man+mohan+singh+croydon+flight&pg=PA126|title=Nothing But!: Book Two: the Long Road to Freedom|last=Bhattacharya|first=Brigadier Samir|date=2013|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=9781482814743|pages=126|language=en}}</ref> One editor of a flight journal reported, "Mr Man Mohan Singh called his aeroplane ''Miss India'' and he is likely to!"<ref name=Lala2017/>

On 11 January 1930 Singh made his first attempt to fly to India.<ref name=C&MG1930>{{cite news |title=England - India flight accomplished|work= Civil & Military Gazette|location=Lahore|date=12 May 1930|page=1|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/19300512/002/0001|via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|url-access=subscription}}</ref> That day, he departed from [[Croydon Airport]] near London, but smashed his propeller when landing at [[Noyon]], France, the following evening.<ref name=C&MG1930/> His second attempt, from [[Lympne Airport|Lympne]] on 24 January 1930, was also abandoned before completion.<ref name=C&MG1930/> After flying for six days, he reached Rome and after reaching Naples, thick fog forced him to land on a mountain road in [[Paola, Calabria|Paola]], southern Italy, damaging his aircraft and injuring his left eye.<ref name="AustralianSikhHeritage" /><ref name=C&MG1930/> Both times, he returned to Croydon.<ref name="Wings" />

It was at his third attempt that he completed the journey from Croydon to India, starting off on 8 April 1930,<ref name=C&MG1930/><ref name=Flight1930>{{Cite journal|date=23 May 1930|title=The Aga Khan Prize|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/FlightPDFArchive/1930/UNTITLED0%20-%200583.PDF|journal=Flight|pages=559}}</ref> and was the first to land at [[PAF Base Faisal|RAF Drigh Road, Karachi]] on 9 May 1930, one day after the one-month deadline.<ref name=Chowdhry2018/><ref name=Sapru/> As he had not completed the journey within the specified time frame due to a forced landing near [[Marseille]],<ref name="AustralianSikhHeritage" /> the prize was awarded at the decision of the [[Royal Aero Club]],<ref name=Sapru/> to Aspy Engineer, who completed the journey solo and within a month.<ref name="AustralianSikhHeritage" /><ref name=Sapru>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SEa6DQAAQBAJ&q=Aga+Khan+1929+flight+prize&pg=PT95|title=Combat Lore: Indian Air Force 1930–1945: Indian Air Force 1930–1945|last=Sapru|first=Somnath|date=2014|publisher=KW Publishers Pvt Ltd|isbn=9789383649259|language=en}}</ref><ref name=Sapru2014>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k35_SlDMyUsC&q=Aga+Khan+1929+flight+prize&pg=PA153|title=Services Chiefs of India|last1=Abidi|first1=S. Sartaj Alam|last2=Sharma|first2=Satinder|date=2007|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=9788172111625|pages=153|language=en}}</ref>

J. R. D. Tata did the journey starting in Karachi and arrived at Croydon one day after Engineer made his landmark arrival at Karachi. He later recalled that while refuelling, he came across Singh at Gaza, where he described Singh's "split-arse landing" and as he "turned to park alongside my aeroplane, just missed crashing into it by inches! It was Man Mohan Singh". He described Singh as "enthusiastic" and explained how Singh hunted desert gazelles while flying close to ground.<ref name=Lala2017/>

The whole series of events was regularly reported by ''[[The Times]]'' and ''[[Flight (magazine)|Flight]]''.<ref name=Fyzee1991>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NkDbAAAAMAAJ&q=man+mohan+singh+flight+1930|title=Aircraft and engine perfect: the story of JRD Tata who opened up skies for his country|last=Fyzee|first=Murad|date=1991|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Pub. Co.|isbn=9780074601204|language=en}}</ref> Singh received a hero's welcome upon his return to Bristol when he was greeted at the station by his landlords Mr and Mrs Leate and their daughters Jean and Margaret with garlands of flowers. The president of the Bristol Indian Student Society, G. A. Ahmad recalled his students from university holidays to attend a special reception.<ref name=Chowdhry2018/>

=== Aviator for Patiala state ===
[[File:PBY-5A VP-52 Black Cat Dec 1943.jpg|thumb|Catalinas in flight during the Second World War]]

As a result of his achievement, [[Maharaja Bhupinder Singh]], ruler of [[Patiala|Patiala state]], appointed Singh as his chief personal pilot and he subsequently became the first Indian to fly solo the journey from England to South Africa, albeit following his fourth attempt to do so and after a crash which resulted in a broken leg and a wrecked "Miss India".<ref name=Chowdhry2018/><ref name="AustralianSikhHeritage" /> By this time, he was a familiar and popular figure at Croydon airport.<ref name="Flight22Aug1935">{{Cite journal|date=22 August 1935|title=A Week at Croydon|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1935/1935%20-2-%200238.html?search=man%20Mohan%20singh|journal=Flight|pages=212|via=Flightglobal Archive}}</ref>

=== Air Force pilot during the Second World War ===
[[File:Broome B-24 destroyed P02039.jpg|thumb|Aftermath of the Japanese attack on Broome.]]

Singh joined the [[History of the Indian Air Force|Indian Air Force]] Volunteer Reserve as a [[pilot officer]] at the onset of the Second World War.<ref name=Nair2019.2>{{cite book |last1=Nair |first1=K. S. |title=The Forgotten Few; The Indian Air Force in World War II |date=2019 |publisher=Harper Collins |location=Noida, UP |isbn=978-93-5357-067-5 |pages=42–70 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7SufDwAAQBAJ|chapter= 2. 1939-40: War in Europe |language=en}}</ref> He was one of the [[24 Indian pilots (1940)|24 Indian pilots]] seconded to England for training and action, where he was affectionately referred to by colleagues as "Chacha Man Mohan Singh" (uncle).<ref name="AustralianSikhHeritage" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Air Force Gallery :: IAFVR pilots in UK |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Galleries/History/WW2/RAF24/ |website=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=8 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108051828/https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Galleries/History/WW2/RAF24/ |archive-date=8 November 2022}}</ref>

He was appointed to the [[RAF Coastal Command]] and took command of a [[Sunderland flying boat]] during the [[Battle of the Atlantic]]. His role was to find submarines. Later, he became a [[flying officer]] in the British Indian Air Force based in Singapore, taking responsibility for a [[Consolidated PBY Catalina|Catalina]] flying boat in operations in Indonesia and the Philippines. After withdrawing from Singapore due to the extent of their losses in the [[Battle of Singapore|Japanese invasion]], his squadron moved to Java and then to [[Broome, Western Australia|Broome]], Western Australia, where he contributed to the rescue of Dutch civilians.<ref name="AustralianSikhHeritage" /><ref name=Chowdhry2018/>

On 3 March 1942, after the [[flying boats]] reached Broome, a [[Attack on Broome|Japanese air attack]] by nine Japanese [[Mitsubishi A6M Zero|Mitsubishi Zeroes]] began just before 10 am and caused the destruction of all the flying boats remaining on the water in Broome harbour. Singh is believed to have survived the initial attack only to drown in the harbour, being unable to swim.<ref name="AustralianSikhHeritage" /> Eighty-seven other people were also killed.<ref name=AG2015>{{Cite web|url=https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/blogs/on-this-day/2015/03/on-this-day-in-history-broome-air-raids/|title=On this day in history: WWII Broome air raid|date=3 March 2015|website=Australian Geographic|language=en-AU|access-date=28 January 2019}}</ref>

== Legacy ==

Singh is remembered on the [[Darwin Military Museum]] Memorial Wall<ref name="AustralianSikhHeritage" /> and his name is also inscribed on the [[Kranji War Memorial]] in Singapore.<ref name=Chowdhry2018/> His story is recounted in ''Defence of Europe by Sikh Soldiers in the World Wars'', written by his nephew Mohindra S Chowdhry and published by Troubador in 2018.<ref name=Chowdhry2018/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.troubador.co.uk/bookshop/history-politics-society/defence-of-europe-by-sikh-soldiers-in-the-world-wars/|title=Defence Of Europe By Sikh Soldiers In The World Wars – Troubador Book Publishing|website=www.troubador.co.uk|access-date=1 January 2019}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Australian Sikh Heritage Trail]]
* [[Sikhism in Australia]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Man Mohan Singh}}
*{{YouTube|QtLwn5sSmsI|Indian Air Force Volunteer Reserve Pilots In England 1940}}
*[https://player.bfi.org.uk/free/film/watch-for-the-aga-khans-prize-1930-online For the Aga Khan's Prize], Stag Lane, 1930

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Man Mohan}}
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:1942 deaths]]
[[Category:Aviation pioneers]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force officers]]
[[Category:Indian military aviators]]
[[Category:Indian World War II pilots]]
[[Category:Military personnel killed in World War II]]
[[Category:Indian Sikhs]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Bristol]]
[[Category:People from Rawalpindi]]
[[Category:Deaths by drowning in Australia]]
[[Category:24 Indian pilots]]

Ayyampuzha

2025-12-11T10:30:14Z

Ras:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ayyampuzha
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ml
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10|15|0|N|76|28|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Angamaly Ayyampuzha grama panchayath
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 14253
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 683581
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0484
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-63
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Angamaly
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Chalakkudy]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Angamaly]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank4_info_sec1 = Angamaly block Panchayath
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

''' Ayyampuzha '''is a village and panchayat in [[Angamaly]], [[Ernakulam district]], in the [[India]]n state of [[Kerala]]. [[Kalady]] plantations are a part of the panchaayat.<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/P|title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=2008-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx|archive-date=2008-12-08|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==Tourism==
Ayyampuzha shares the famous [[Athirappilly Falls]] with [[Athirappilly]] in Thrissur.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Ayyampuzha had a population of 14253 with 7227 males and 7026 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayyampuzha Village Population - Aluva - Ernakulam, Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/627967-ayyampuzha-kerala.html |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref name="censusindia" />

==See also==
*[[Angamaly]]
*[[Ernakulam District]]
*[[Kochi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ernakulam district}}

[[Category:Villages in Ernakulam district]]

{{Ernakulam-geo-stub}}

Doha (poetry)

2025-10-14T00:01:31Z

Ras: Page updated with additional details

#REDIRECT [[Doha (Indian literature)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from other disambiguation}}
{{R printworthy}}
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Damdiei

2025-09-19T10:26:03Z

Ras: article

{{Short description|Village in Pherzawl, Manipur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Damdiei
| native_name =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Damdiei village
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.32026|N|93.17532|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pherzawl District]].<ref name="pherzawl">{{cite web | url=https://pherzawl.nic.in/sub-division-villages/ | title=Villages | Pherzawl District | India }}</ref>
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1976
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 682<ref>{{cite book |title="Village and Town Directory", District Census Handbook, Churachandpur |date=2011 |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Manipur |page=86}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hmar language|Hmar]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = MN
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Damdiei''' or "Damdei" is a [[Hmar people|Hmar]] village under [[Tipaimukh Sub-Division]] in [[Pherzawl District]], [[India]].<ref name="pherzawl" /> The [[National Highway 150 (India, old numbering)]] runs through this village, hence providing an economic linkage between [[Mizoram]] and [[Manipur]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/9/22/PHERZAWL-Sep-21-DIO-Swachhta-Hi-Seva-Cleanliness-is-Service-organized-by-the-District-Administration-an.html|newspaper=The Sangai Express| title=Swachhta Hi Seva underway in full swing |date= 22 September 2023 |access-date=25 February 2024|author=staff }}</ref> The village lies approximately 10 kilometres from [[Pherzawl]], the district headquarters. The village was established in 1976 and currently holds around 140 houses.

== Economy ==
Damdiei is known for its abundant [[banana]] cultivation, contributing to both its local economy and diet. It is distinguished among the villages in [[Pherzawl district|Pherzawl District]] for having an abundant water supply.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-14 |title=Damdiei Village – A Scenic Wonderland |url=https://hmarram.com/hmar-villages/damdiei-village-a-scenic-wonderland/ |access-date=2024-02-26 |language=en-US}}</ref>
== Institutions ==
=== Zawlbuk (Youth Dormitory) ===
=== PMS School ===
== Climate ==
The climate is relatively cold, aligning with the general climatic conditions of the [[Pherzawl district|Pherzawl District]], which experiences a humid subtropical climate. The district's temperature ranges from a minimum of 3.4 °C to a maximum of 34.1 °C, with annual rainfall varying between 670 and 1,450 mm.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About District {{!}} Pherzawl District {{!}} India |url=https://pherzawl.nic.in/about-district/ |access-date=2024-02-26 |language=en-US}}</ref>
== Local Sites ==
=== Damdiei Caves ===
=== Damdiei Lake ===
Locally known as "Neikhup Dil", it is an artificial lake believed to have been built by one Mr. Neikhup back in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pherzawldistrict.com/directory/damdiei-lake-neikhup-dil/ | title=Neikhup Dil (Damdiei Lake) }}</ref>

=== ICI Lake ===
Locally known as "ICI Dil," the lake is owned by the Independent Church of India (ICI), Hmarbiel Presbytery, India, and is where the lake takes its name.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://hmarram.com/hmar-villages/ici-lake-dil-damdiei-village/ | title=ICI Lake (Dil) – Damdiei Village | date=14 February 2024 }}</ref>
== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Pherzawl district]]

{{Manipur-geo-stub}}

Rajmohan Gandhi

2025-09-13T21:55:28Z

Ras: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Indian historian, biographer and academic (born 1935)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajmohan Gandhi
| image = Rajmohan Gandhi (1960).jpg
| caption = Gandhi in 1960
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1935|08|07|df=y}}<ref name="Jamnalal" />
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| residence =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Member of Parliament, [[Rajya Sabha]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/g.pdf | title=Rajya Sabha members biographical sketches 1952 - 2003 | publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]] | access-date=4 September 2017}}</ref>
| constituency = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| term = 1990-92
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 =
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| otherparty = [[Janata Dal]]
| occupation = Biographer, journalist, politician
| spouse = Usha Gandhi
| children = 2
| father = [[Devdas Gandhi]]
| awards = International Humanitarian Award (human rights)
| website = {{official website|http://www.rajmohangandhi.com/}}
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| relatives = [[Ramchandra Gandhi]] (brother) [[Gopalkrishna Gandhi]] (brother) [[Mahatma Gandhi]] (paternal grandfather) [[Kasturba Gandhi]] (paternal grandmother) [[C. Rajagopalachari]] (maternal grandfather)
}}
'''Rajmohan Gandhi''' (born 7 August 1935)<ref name="Jamnalal">{{cite web |title=Professor Rajmohan Gandhi |url=http://www.jamnalalbajajfoundation.org/awards/archives/2015/chief-guest/rajmohan-gandhi |website=Jamnalal Bajaj Foundation |access-date=4 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313182730/http://www.jamnalalbajajfoundation.org/awards/archives/2015/chief-guest/rajmohan-gandhi |archive-date=13 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> is an Indian biographer, historian, politician and research professor at the Center for South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]], US. His paternal grandfather is [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi]], and his maternal grandfather is [[C. Rajagopalachari|Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari]]. He is also a scholar in residence at the [[Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar]].

In 1989, he joined [[Janata Dal]] and unsuccessfully contested [[Lok Sabha]] elections against [[Rajiv Gandhi]].<ref name=RG3/> In 2014, he joined the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name=politics1/> He again ran for the Lok Sabha from the [[East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|East Delhi constituency]] but lost.<ref name="h381"/>

==Early life==
Rajmohan Gandhi was born 7 August 1935 in [[New Delhi]], to [[Devdas Gandhi|Devdas]] and Lakshmi Gandhi. His father was the managing editor of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]''. Rajmohan Gandhi attended [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]]. His maternal grandfather was [[C. Rajagopalachari]], the last [[Governor General of India]] (succeeding [[Lord Louis Mountbatten]]), who was one of the foremost associates of Mahatma Gandhi.

== Career ==

=== Academic career and activism ===
In the 1960s and early 1970s, Gandhi played a leading role in establishing Asia Plateau, the conference centre of Initiatives of Change in [[Panchgani]], in the mountains of western India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.in.iofc.org/ap |title=Initiatives of Change |website=in.iofc.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223075109/http://in.iofc.org/ap |archive-date=23 February 2007 |access-date=21 October 2017 }}</ref>

In 2002, Gandhi received the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for ''Rajaji: A Life, a Biography of [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]] (1878–1972)'', about his maternal grandfather, a leading figure in India's independence movement.<ref name="southasia.uchicago.edu">See [https://southasia.uchicago.edu/node/344028 "Discussion of Modern South India: A History from the 17th Century to Our Times"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925231919/https://southasia.uchicago.edu/node/344028 |date=25 September 2020 }}</ref>

His other works include ''[[Ghaffar Khan]]: Nonviolent Badshah of the [[Pakhtuns]]'' (Penguin 2004); ''Revenge & Reconciliation: Understanding South Asian History'' (Penguin, 1999); ''Patel: A Life, a Biography of [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] (1875–1950)'', Deputy Prime Minister of India, 1947-50 (Navajivan, Ahmedabad, 1990); and ''Eight Lives: A Study of the Hindu-Muslim Encounter'' (SUNY, 1987). One of his earlier books, ''The Good Boatman: A Portrait of Gandhi'', was published in 2009 in a Chinese translation in [[Beijing]]. Most recently, Gandhi has published a book titled, ''Punjab'' (Aleph Book Company 2013), which is a historical account of undivided [[Punjab]], from the death of [[Aurangzeb]] to the [[Partition of India|Partition]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/life-of-letters/article4034454.ece|title=Life of letters|work= The Hindu|date=26 October 2012}}</ref>

Before teaching at the [[University of Illinois]], he served as a [[research professor]] with the [[New Delhi]] [[think-tank]], [[Centre for Policy Research]]. From 1985 to 1987, he edited the daily ''[[Indian Express]]'' in [[Madras]] (now [[Chennai]]). In 2004 he received the International Humanitarian Award (Human Rights) from the city of [[Champaign, Illinois]], and in 1997, he was awarded an honorary doctorate of law from the [[University of Calgary]], and an honorary doctorate of philosophy from [[Obirin University]], Tokyo. He currently serves as a Jury Member for the [[Nuremberg International Human Rights Award]] and co-chair of the Centre for Dialogue & Reconciliation in [[Gurgaon]].<ref name="southasia.uchicago.edu"/> In 2019 he was a contributor to ''A New Divan: A Lyrical Dialogue Between East and West'' (Gingko Library).

In 2018, he opposed the [[Partition of India|partition of the British India]] at the [[Oxford Union]] and said, “To welcome Partition is to imply that people with different backgrounds and different blood-lines cannot live together in one nation. A regressive suggestion.”<ref name="NH2018">{{cite web |title=Oxford Union debate: House regrets the partition of India |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/news/oxford-union-debate-house-regrets-the-partition-of-india-salman-khurshid-rajmohan-gandhi-mridula-mukherjee-ashis-ray |work=[[National Herald]] |access-date=4 July 2020 |date=23 March 2018 |quote=He went on to say, 'To welcome Partition is to imply that people with different backgrounds and different blood-lines cannot live together in one nation. A regressive suggestion.' He lamented that the 'Muslim majorities who got Pakistan did not need it; Muslim minorities remaining in India who needed security became more insecure.' 'If tyranny had ended with partition, I would have welcomed division. In fact, however, tyranny was multiplied by partition.'}}</ref> He opined that "The corollary that those possessing a common religion or common race enjoy blissful companionship in their homes, nations or regions is, well, hilarious."<ref name="Roy2018">{{cite web |last1=Roy |first1=Amit |title=At Oxford, a stereotype on Partition is busted |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/at-oxford-a-stereotype-on-partition-is-busted/cid/1339828 |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |access-date=4 July 2020 |date=26 March 2018}}</ref> He holds that "tyranny was multiplied by partition".<ref name="NH2018"/> Gandhi further believes that "India belongs to all who live in it."<ref name="Indianexpress11">{{cite web |title=Rajmohan Gandhi writes on textbook deletions: You can't delete Gandhi's truth |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/rajmohan-gandhi-textbook-deletions-mahatma-gandhi-8542909/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=24 June 2024 |language=en |date=8 April 2023}}</ref>

=== Politics ===
In 1989, Gandhi unsuccessfully contested the [[Indian general elections 1977-1999#1989|Lok Sabha election]] from [[Janata Dal]] against [[Rajiv Gandhi]] in [[Amethi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amethi]].<ref name=RG3>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1989 to the Ninth Lok Sabha|page=265|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=30 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2014}}</ref> He served (1990–92) in the [[Rajya Sabha]] (the upper house of the Indian Parliament) and led the Indian delegation to the [[UN Human Rights Commission]] in Geneva in 1990. In the Indian Parliament he was the convener of the all-party joint committee of both houses addressing the condition of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

On 21 February 2014, he joined the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name=politics1>{{cite news|title=Mahatma's grandson Rajmohan Gandhi joins AAP, will contest from east Delhi|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mahatmas-grandson-rajmohan-gandhi-joins-aap-may-contest-from-delhi/453374-37-64.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226142618/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mahatmas-grandson-rajmohan-gandhi-joins-aap-may-contest-from-delhi/453374-37-64.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 February 2014|publisher=IBN Live|date= 21 February 2014}}</ref> He contested the 2014 general election from the [[East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|East Delhi constituency]] and lost.<ref name=politics>{{cite news | url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/politics/aap-to-field-rajmohan-gandhi-from-east-delhi/article5732494.ece | title = Rajmohan Gandhi to lead AAP battle in Delhi East | date = 27 February 2014 | newspaper = The Hindu }}</ref><ref name="h381">{{cite web | title=Election results 2014: Many offsprings of politicos get a thumbs down in polls | website=The Economic Times | date=18 May 2014 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/election-results-2014-many-offsprings-of-politicos-get-a-thumbs-down-in-polls/articleshow/35291392.cms?from=mdr}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Rajmohan Gandhi is married to Usha. They have two children.<ref>{{cite web|title = Short Biography -Rajmohan Gandhi|url = http://www.rajmohangandhi.com/short-biography|access-date = 22 February 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://rajmohangandhi.com Rajmohan Gandhi's website]
* Crossette, Barbara, [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE7D9103BF93AA15753C1A96F948260 "In an Impatient Pocket of Rural India, Gandhi Fights for His Political Future"], Special to ''The New York Times'' Sunday, 29 October 1989
* Gandhi, Rajmohan, [http://rediff.co.in/news/oct/31raj.htm Biographical Essay on C. Rajagopalachari] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117052835/http://rediff.co.in/news/oct/31raj.htm |date=17 January 2008 }}
* {{C-SPAN|1028075}}

{{Mohandas K. Gandhi}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Award for English}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gandhi, Rajmohan}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party candidates in the 2014 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Family of Mahatma Gandhi|Rajmohan]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in English]]
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]

Dhandhan

2025-08-17T20:24:11Z

Ras: info

{{short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dhandhan
| settlement_type = Village
| other_name =
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|28.09|N|74.89|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_caption = Village in India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sikar district|Sikar]]
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name3 = [[Fatehpur, Shekhawati|Fatherpur]]
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| leader_title = Member of Legislative Assembly
| leader_name = Hakam Ali Khan
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| established_title =
| established_date =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_metro_km2 =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_note =
| population_total = 3271<ref name="cen">{{cite web |title=Dhandhan Population - Sikar, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/81197-dhandhan-rajasthan.html}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 =
| population_urban =
| population_density_urban_km2 =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 332302
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 01571
| registration_plate = RJ-23
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 331
| elevation_ft =
| blank_name =
| blank_info =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Dhandhan''' is a village located in the [[Sikar]] district of [[Shekhawati]] region, in [[Rajasthan]] state, [[India]]. Dhandhan is within the [[Fatehpur, Shekhawati|Fatehpur]] Tehsil. The village had a total population of 3271.<ref>{{cite web |title=Village/Town-wise Primary Census Abstract, 2011 - Sikar District of RAJASTHAN |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/datagov/CDB_PCA_Census/PCA_CDB_0813_F_Census.xls |website=censusIndia.gov.in |page=1 |quote=S.N. 14}}</ref><ref name="cen" />

==Geography==
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2024}}
Dhandhan is located at 27°62' North, 75°15' East. The total geographical area of the village is 8013 [[Bigha]] ({{convert|2029|acre|disp=or}}). It is located at a distance of 19 km from Fatehpur. Dhandhan is near to the historical village of Jandwa, Ramsisar, Bagas, and [[Nagardas]]. The [[temperature]] ranges from sub-zero in the winter to above 44°C during the summer.

==Demographics==
As per the census of 2011, the population was 3271, of whom 1633 were male and 1638 were female with [[literacy rate]] of 70.38%.<ref name="cen" />
* Dhandhan has 418 children, 231 boys and 187 girls.
* Scheduled caste counts for 400 (12.23%) males constitute 196 (5.99%) of the population and females 204 (6.24%).

==Employment==
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2024}}
According to a census 2011 report, 1315 people of the total population are employed. The workforce is 723 male, 592 female with 876 (66.62%) of all workers being employed full-time, this includes 590 males and 286 females. 394 males and 265 females are considered as the main cultivators with the help of 15 male and 5 female agricultural labor. 439 people are reported to work for a marginal period of time in the year.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Sikar district]]

Telangana II Solar Power Plant

2025-08-13T01:36:45Z

Ras: Starting New Page!

{{short description|Indian power utility}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}

{{Infobox power station
| name = Telangana II
| name_official =
| image = Solar Power Plant Telangana II in state of Telangana, India, 12-MWp DC.jpg
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|16|9|10|N|77|45|56|E|region:IN_type:building_source:dewiki|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| location = [[Gadwal]], [[Mahbubnagar district]], [[Telangana]]
| status = Operational
| construction_began =
| commissioned = {{Start date and age|2016|06|1|df=y}}
| decommissioned =
| cost =
| owner = Talettutayi Solar Projects Private Limited
| operator =
| employees =
| solar_type =
| solar_collectors = 38,430
| ps_units_operational =
| ps_units_manu_model =
| solar_collectors_area = 40 acres
| ps_electrical_capacity = 12 [[Megawatt|MWDC]]
| ps_electrical_cap_fac =
| ps_annual_generation =
| website =
| extra =
}}

{{Location map|India Telangana
|AlternativeMap =
|width = 260
|float = right
|caption = Location of Power Plant Telangana II in the State of Telangana
|alt = Map of Telangana with mark showing location of Power Plant
|label = Telangana II
|lat_deg = 16.152778
|lon_deg = 77.765556
}}

The solar park '''Telangana II''' is at Palwai village near [[Gadwal]] in the [[Mahbubnagar district]] of [[Telangana]]. It is a 12 [[megawatt]] (MWDC) [[photovoltaic power station]], commissioned in June 2016. It is in direct neighbourhood to its sister project [[Telangana I Solar Power Plant|Telangana I]]. Telangana II was constructed using 38,430 solar modules. The plant covers an area of {{convert|40|acres|abbr=off|lk=on}} and supplies about 18,000 people with energy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thomas-lloyd.com/en/portfolio-item/telangana-ii/|title=Telangana II|publisher=}}</ref> The estimated reduction of CO2 is more than 8,000 metric tons per year.

Owner of the power plant is Solar Arise India Projects Limited, which the shareholders are Thomas Lloyd Group, the European Initiative on Clean, Renewable Energy, Energy Efficiency and Climate Change related to Development SICAV SIF in relation to Global Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund (“GEEREF”), advised by the European Investment Bank Group, Kotak Mahindra managed Core Infrastructure India Fund (“CIIF”) and the founding management team Anil Nayar, James Abraham and Tanya Singhal.<ref>[http://www.fiinews.com/thomaslloyd-takes-stake-solararise ThomasLloyd takes stake in SolarArise] Foreign Investors on India, issue of 2018, october, 10. Retrieved 2019-02-03.</ref><ref>[http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-10-09/kotak-mahindra-eib-to-invest-in-india-s-solararise Business: Kotak Mahindra, EIB to Invest in India’s SolarArise], Bloomberg, issue of 2014, october, 9. Retrieved 2019-03-18.</ref> Solar Arise currently owns and operates 130 MW of grid-connected solar power projects in India. The park is operated by Talettutayi Solar Projects Six Private Limited.

The state of telangana has started its “Telangana Solar Power Policy” in 2015 to create "an enabling environment for prospective solar power developers".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/energy/telangana-announces-new-solar-power-policy-49863ref=true|title=Telangana announces new solar power policy|website=www.downtoearth.org.in}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The government of India has a target of developing {{convert|22000|MW|Btu/h|-7|abbr=off|lk=on}} of solar power plants and an additional {{convert|8000|MW|Btu/h|-7|abbr=off}} is expected in local generation, bringing the total to {{convert|30000|MW|Btu/h|-7|abbr=off}} by 2022, which was later increased to 100,000 megawatts by the [[First Modi ministry|Narendra Modi government]] in the [[2015 Union budget of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=122566|title=Revision of cumulative targets under National Solar Mission from 20,000 MW by 2021–22 to 1,00,000 MW|last=|first=|date=|website=pib.nic.in|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2017-03-27}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* https://www.thomas-lloyd.com/en/portfolio-item/telangana-ii/
{{Portal bar|Renewable energy}}

{{Solar energy}}
{{Renewable energy by country}}

[[Category:Photovoltaic power stations in India]]
[[Category:Mahbubnagar district]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Telangana]]
[[Category:Power stations in Telangana]]

Sri Ranveer Sanskrit Vidyalaya

2025-08-03T18:00:36Z

Ras: Starting Details!

{{Short description|BHU School in Varanasi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox school
| box_width = 250
| region = Kamachha
| city = Varanasi
| state = Uttar Pradesh
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.3050|82.9952|display=inline,title}}
| other_name = Ranveer Sanskrit Vidyalaya
| former_names = Jammu Kashmir Pathshala
| fundingtype = Public
| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| established = {{start date and age|1883|df=y}}
| status = Active
| oversight = [[Banaras Hindu University]]
| website = {{official|https://www.bhu.ac.in/Site/UnitHomeTemplate/1_3361_6462_Main-Site-Schools}}
}}
'''Sri Ranveer Sanskrit Vidyalaya''', informally '''Ranveer Sanskrit Vidyalaya''' or '''RSV''' is more than a century old [[Sanskrit]] school under the [[Banaras Hindu University]] in [[Varanasi|Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh]] India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Ranveer Sanskrit Vidyalaya |url=https://bhu.ac.in/Site/UnitHomeTemplate/1_3361_6462_Sri-Ranveer-Sanskrit-Vidyalaya-Home |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=Banaras Hindu University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=बीएचयू के पूर्व कुलाधिपति डॉ कर्ण सिंह ने रणवीर संस्कृत विद्यालय में किया भ्रमण |url=https://www.hindusthansamachar.in/Encyc/2023/2/10/Dr-Karan-Singh-visits-Ranvir-Sanskrit-Vidyalaya.php |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=www.hindusthansamachar.in |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Sri Ranveer Sanskrit Vidyalaya was established in 1883 by [[Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Maharaja Ranveer Singh]], [[Maharaja]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu & Kashmir]] as the Jammu Kashmir Pathshala.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Bhavanath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9qOIEAAAQBAJ |title=धर्मायण, 2079 वि.सं. भाग-1, अंक 117-120 |publisher=Mahavir Mandir, Patna |pages=59 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BHU News:चारू महल अब बीएचयू के रणवीर संस्कृत विद्यालय का हॉस्टल होगा |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/bhu-news-charu-mahal-will-now-be-the-hostel-of-ranvir-sanskrit-vidyalaya-of-bhu-varanasi-news-c-20-vns1075-639426-2024-06-20 |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> In 1901, it was transferred to [[Central Hindu School|Central Hindu Collegiate]] of [[Annie Besant]]. On establishment of the Banaras Hindu University, the Ranveer Sanskrit Vidyalaya along with [[Central Hindu Girls School]] and [[Central Hindu Boys School]] was transferred to the Central Hindu School Board under Banaras Hindu University.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=Kaushal Kishore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K0hkEAAAQBAJ |title=भारत रत्न पं मदन मोहन मालवीय जी के चिंतन का अध्ययन ( Bharat Ratan Pt. Madan Mohan Malviye ji ke Chintan ka Adhyayan ) |date=2022-03-15 |publisher=K.K. Publications |pages=127 |language=hi |quote=...रणवीर संस्कृत पाठशाला हस्तान्तरित कर दिये गये}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Arya |first=Banarasi Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YmcdAAAAMAAJ |title=Mahārāja Balavanta Siṃha aura Kāśī kā atīta |date=1975 |publisher=Āryā |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=शास्त्री |first=प्रभाकर |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6N5jAAAAMAAJ |title=श्नद्धा-भक्ति सारस्वत स्मृति ग्रन्थ: राजगुरु कथाभट्ट स्व. प. नन्दकिशोर जी नामावाल, साहित्याचार्य की प्रथम जन्म शताब्दी (3 दिसम्बर, 2005) को लोकार्पित : व्यक्तित्व एवं कृतित्व परिचयात्मक ग्रन्थ |date=2005 |publisher=Sāṃskr̥tika Jñāna Nirjhara Saṃsthāna |language=hi}}</ref>

== Admissions ==
Admissions to Sri Ranveer Sanskrit Vidyalaya are done by the [[Banaras Hindu University#Other administrative bodies|Office of Controller of Examinations, Banaras Hindu University]]. Intake is at class one, class six, seven, eight (''Prathama''), class nine (''Praveshika'') and class eleven (''Madhyama'').<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranveer Sanskirt Vidyalaya Admission Notice |url=https://www.bhu.ac.in/notices/jun2022/14/0001.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626044018/https://www.bhu.ac.in/notices/jun2022/14/0001.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=hi:बीएचयू प्रशासन ने जारी किया आदेश, अब सीएचएस और रणवीर संस्कृत विद्यालय में एडमिशन में आरक्षण का मिलेगा लाभ |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/now-there-will-be-benefit-of-reservation-in-admission-in-chs-and-ranveer-sanskrit-vidyalaya |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

== Hostel ==
In 2024, over a century old heritage building ''Charu Mahal'' was renovated and handed over to the Ranveer Sanskrit Vidyalaya for use as hostel by Banaras Hindu University with a capacity of 120 students.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Varanasi |date=20 June 2024 |title=BHU's Ranveer Sanskrit Vidyalaya gets heritage building as hostel |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/bhus-ranveer-sanskrit-vidyalaya-gets-heritage-building-as-hostel-101718824569105.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> The school also has Bhargava House Hostel in Kamachha, Varanasi.<ref>{{Cite web |website=Banaras Hindu University |title=Sri Ranveer Sanskrit Vidyalaya Facilities |url=https://www.bhu.ac.in/Site/Page/1_3361_6624_Sri-Ranveer-Sanskrit-Vidyalaya-Facilities}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is primary. ([[WP:PSTS]]).|date=June 2024}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Banaras Hindu University}}
[[Category:Hindu schools in India]]
[[Category:Schools in Varanasi]]
[[Category:1883 establishments in India]]

Nadabhanga

2025-07-21T02:08:38Z

Ras: basic adjust details as per guidelines additionally and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nandabhanga
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| imagesize = 300px
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.4049|N|88.2340|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| subdivision_type3 = CD block
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bishnupur II]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.52
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 9
| population_total = 5927
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 743384
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 33
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-19 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-22, [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-95 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-99
| blank1_name_sec1 = Lok Sabha constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Vidhan Sabha constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Satgachhia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Satgachhia]]
| website = {{URL|www.s24pgs.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Nadabhanga''' is a [[census town]] within the jurisdiction of the [[Bishnupur, South 24 Parganas|Bishnupur]] police station in the [[Bishnupur II]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Alipore Sadar subdivision]] of the [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=320| height=200| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|22|23|30|N|88|15|40|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the eastern part of Alipore Sadar subdivision (including Bishnupur I & II CD blocks) in South 24 Parganas district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|26|7|N|88|18|25|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Daulatpur| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Daulatpur, Bishnupur]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000|label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|24|52|N|88|17|1|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Bhasa | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Bhasa, Bishnupur]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|23|5|N|88|16|12|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Bishnupur | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Bishnupur, South 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|23|10|N|88|14|55|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Kanyanagar | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Kanyanagar]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|22|0|N|88|16|35|E}} | label-pos5=bottom|label5= Amtala | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Amtala]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|21|10|N|88|15|29|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Ramkrishnapur | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Ramkrishnapur, Bishnupur]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|21|0|N|88|16|4|E}} | label-pos7=bottom|label7= Kriparampur | numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Kriparampur]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|22|18|N|88|17|39|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Chak Enayetnagar| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Chak Enayetnagar]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|26|4|N|88|14|55|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Nahazari| numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Nahazari]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|24|17|N|88|14|12|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Nadabhanga| numbered10=CT| mark-title10= Nadabhanga (CT)|shape-color10=black| label-size10=13|label-color10=black 
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|23|56|N|88|14|37|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Kanganbaria| numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Kanganbaria]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|23|30|N|88|15|38|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Bora Gagangohalia| numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Bora Gagangohalia]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|22|20|N|88|14|4|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Barkalikapur| numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Barkalikapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|22|45|N|88|13|25|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Chanddandaha| numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Chanddandaha]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|21|50|N|88|12|34|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Patharberia| numbered15=CT| mark-title15= [[Patharberia]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|21|28|N|88|17|59|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Doulatabad| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Doulatabad, Bishnupur]] (R)|shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|24|0|N|88|12|50|E}} | label-pos17=top|label17= Bakrahat| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Bakrahat]] (R)|shape-color17=#C42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|22|45|N|88|14|36|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Vidyanagar| numbered18=N |mark-title18= [[Vidyanagar, Bishnupur]] (N)|shape-color18=#C42222}}

===Area overview===
The Alipore Sadar subdivision is the most urbanized part of the South 24 Parganas district. 59.85% of the population lives in the urban areas and 40.15% lives in the rural areas. In the southern portion of the subdivision (shown in the map alongside) there are 15 [[census town]]s. The entire district is situated in the [[Ganges Delta]] and the subdivision, on the east bank of the [[Hooghly River]], is an [[alluvium|alluvial]] stretch, with industrial development.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South Twety-four Parganas |work = Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 13, Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 9: Sundarbans and the Remote Islanders, p 290-311 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 5 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

===Location===
Nadabhanga is located at {{coord|22.4049|N|88.2340|E|format=dms}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|9|m}}.

Nadabhanga, [[Kanganbaria]], [[Bora Gagangohalia]], [[Barkalikapur]], [[Chanddandaha]] and [[Patharberia]] (a little away) form a cluster of census towns, as per the map of the Bishnupur II CD block on page 233 of the District Census Handbook 2011 for the South 24 Parganas.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 233 – Map of Bishnupur II CD block | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 2 November 2019}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Nadabhanga had a total population of 5,927, of which 3,000 (51%) were males and 2,927 (49%) were females. There were 577 in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate persons in Nadabhanga was 4,496 (84.04% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 17 October 2019}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook'' 2011, Nadabhanga covered an area of 2.5178 km2. Among the civic amenities, the protected water supply involved over-head tank and service reservoir. It had 551 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities it had 1 dispensary/ health centre and a nursing home 3.9 km away. Among the educational facilities it had were 3 primary schools, 2 middle schools, 3 secondary schools, 2 senior secondary schools.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook South Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 999-1006 Statement I: Status and Growth History, Pages 1006-1010; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Pages 1010-1015; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Pages 1015-1019; Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 1019-1027 Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Pages 1027- 1029: Statement VI: Industry and Banking | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 9 November 2018}}</ref>

==Transport==
A short stretch of local roads link Nadabhanga to the [[National Highway 12 (India)|National Highway 12]].<ref>Google maps</ref>

==Education==
Nandabhanga High School is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution, established in 1964. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class X.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.icbse.com/schools/nandabhanga-high-school-743q03 |title = Nandabhanga High School | publisher= ICBSE | access-date = 4 November 2019 }}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Amtala Rural Hospital, with 50 beds, at [[Amtala]], is the major government medical facility in the Bishnupur II CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =4 November 2019 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]

Jhajhoo Village

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Ras: starting the location w/ refs!

{{more footnotes needed|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jhajhoo Village
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|27.7735|N|72.9992|E|display=inline,title}}
| native_name =
| governing_body = [[Panchayati Raj]]
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bikaner District|Bikaner]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| native_name_lang =
| subdivision_type = Country
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| unit_pref = Metric
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 217
| population_total = 7574
| population_as_of = 2011<ref>{{cite book|title=Census of India, 2011 - General Population Tables|volume=4|publisher=Controller of Publications|author=Directorate of Census Operations, Rajasthan|date=2015|page=604}}</ref>
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| area_footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Rajasthani Language|Rajasthani]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| area_total_km2 =
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 334302<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/rajasthan/bikaner/jhajhoo|title=Jhajhoo Pin Code|website=Indiatvnews.com|access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate = RJ-07
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bikaner]]
| website =
| area_rank =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Jhajhoo Village''' is a large rural village located in [[Kolayat]] Tehsil of [[Bikaner District|Bikaner]] of [[Rajasthan state]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Rajasthan District Gazetteers: Bikaner|date=1972|publisher=Government Central Press|place=Rajasthan (India)|page=339}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ourhero.in/villages/jhajhoo-69508|title=Jhajhoo, Kolayat Village Polpulation and Location {{!}} Ourhero.In|website=ourhero.in|access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref>

It is located {{convert|347|km|0|abbr=}} from [[Jaipur]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps?saddr=Jhajhu,+Rajasthan+334302&daddr=Jaipur,+Rajasthan&geocode=FRXKpwEdIeFZBClJoo4Z-40_OTFw1cwmxkr_jg%3D%3D;FbGmmgEdBmyEBCmB4ldM30psOTEJLvIMOsbhDA%3D%3D&dirflg=d&shorturl=1|title=Jhajhu to Jaipur|website=Jhajhu to Jaipur|language=en|access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref>
{{convert|202|km|0|abbr=}} from [[Jodhpur]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps?saddr=Jhajhu,+Rajasthan+334302&daddr=Jodhpur&geocode=FRXKpwEdIeFZBClJoo4Z-40_OTFw1cwmxkr_jg%3D%3D;FeJfkAEdNUNaBCm5zAaqToxBOTG4q-EKW-oUgQ%3D%3D&dirflg=d&shorturl=1|title=Jhajhu to Jodhpur|website=Jhajhu to Jodhpur|language=en|access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref> and
{{convert|460|km|0|abbr=}} from [[Mount Abu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps?saddr=Jhajhu,+Rajasthan+334302&daddr=Mount+Abu&geocode=FRXKpwEdIeFZBClJoo4Z-40_OTFw1cwmxkr_jg%3D%3D;Fc5AdwEda41VBClPwliceypdOTHJLnea2EjsQQ%3D%3D&dirflg=d&shorturl=1|title=Jhajhu to Mount Abu|website=Jhajhu to Mount Abu|language=en|access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref>

In accordance with the Panchyati Raaj Act the village is administrated by a sarpanch (head of the village), who is elected every five years. In 2011 the population in the village was 7574, comprising 1229 households.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rdprd.gov.in/PDF/All%20District%20Smart%20Village%20List.pdf|title="Rajasthan Census 2011 Village wise-Population Above 3000"|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920175811/http://rdprd.gov.in/PDF/All%20District%20Smart%20Village%20List.pdf|archive-date=20 September 2018|access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Bikaner district]]

{{Bikanerdivision-geo-stub}}

Ranjit Singh (athlete)

2025-03-29T16:52:19Z

Ras: updated page

#REDIRECT [[Ranjit Singh (disambiguation)]]{{R from incomplete disambiguation}}

Ramhal Assembly constituency

2025-01-24T15:33:02Z

Ras: new a article

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ramhal
| type= SLA
| state = Jammu and Kashmir
| established = 1962
| abolished = 1967
| electors = 21,088
| mla = Ghulam Mohammad Wani
| party = {{Party index link|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Ramhal Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-

|-
| [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Ghulam Mohammad Wani || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Ramhal<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006183842/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammad Wani |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=21,088 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,088 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

{{coord missing|Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]

{{JammuandKashmir-geo-stub}}

List of Marathi films of 1954

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Ras: cleanup

{{Short description|None}}
{{Marathi films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
A list of films produced by the Marathi language film industry based in [[Maharashtra]] in the year 1954.

==1954 Releases==
A list of Marathi films released in 1954.

{| class ="wikitable sortable collapsible"
! style="width: 05%;" |Year
! style="width: 15%;" |Film
! style="width: 15%;" |Director
! style="width: 40%;" class="unsortable" |Cast
! style="width: 10%;" |Release Date
! style="width: 15%;" class="unsortable" |Notes
! style="width: 15%;" class="unsortable" |Source
|-
| rowspan=9 align="center" | 1954
| ''Postatil Mulgi''||[[Ram Gabale]] || || || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0215073/|title=Postatil Mulgi (1954)|work=IMDb}} {{unreliable?|date=August 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''Sansar Karaichai Mala''||[[Shantaram Athavale]] || || ||||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0155141/|title=Sansar Karaichai Mala (1954)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| ''Maharani Yesubai''||[[Bhalji Pendharkar]] ||Sulochana || ||||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0252676/|title=Maharani Yesubai (1954)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
|''Kanchanganga''||[[Madhav Shinde]] || || ||||<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Kanchanganga (1954)|url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt12487346/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
|''Owalni''||[[Anant Mane]] || || ||||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0238484/|title=Owalni (1954)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mahatma Phule (film)|Mahatma Phule]]''||[[P. K. Atre]] || || ||The film won the first prestigious [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi|President's silver medal for Best Feature Film]] (Rajat Kamal) in Marathi in the 2nd National Film Awards function presented on 21 December 1955.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm2ndNFAAward.aspx|title=Directorate of Film Festival|work=iffi.nic.in|access-date=2015-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314145008/http://iffi.nic.in/dff2011/frm2ndnfaaward.aspx|archive-date=2016-03-14|url-status=dead}}</ref>||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0154817/|title=Mahatma Phule (1954)|date=16 January 2002|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| ''Tarka''||Dinkar Patil || Damuanna Malvankar || ||||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0252037/|title=Tarka (1954)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| ''Oon Paoos''||[[Raja Paranjpe]] || Sumati Gupte, [[Raja Paranjpe]] || ||||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0250631/|title=Oon Paoos (1954)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| ''Shubhamangal ''||Anant Mane || || ||||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0238600/|title=Shubhamangal (1954)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{1954 films|state=collapsed}}
{{Indian film list|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marathi Films Of 1954}}
[[Category:Lists of 1954 films by language]]
[[Category:1954 in Indian cinema| Marathi]]
[[Category:Lists of Marathi films by year|1954]]
[[Category:1950s Marathi-language films| ]]