Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Jose Kaimlett

2026-05-08T07:03:11Z

Randy603804187: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Heralds of Good News]]
{{R with history|Heralds of Good News}}

VadFest

2026-05-03T15:14:22Z

Randy603804187: added new entry

{{Short description|Art and Culture Festival}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Film festival infobox
| name = VadFest
| image = VadFest 2015.png
| caption = VadFest - Vadodara International Art and Cultural Festival 2015
| opening =
| closing =
| awardsreceived =
| awardsgiven =
| films =
| directors =
| producers =
| writers =
| starring =
| host =
| date = 23–26 January 2015
| number =
| location = [[Vadodara]], India
| awards =
| founded = 2015
| language =
| website = {{URL|VadFest.com}}
}}

'''VadFest''' ([[Vadodara]] International Art and Culture Festival), organized by Art and Culture Foundation Vadodara under the aegis of Vadodara International Art and Culture Festival Authority, [[Government of Gujarat]] and Gujarat Tourism, is an initiative to promote and restore Vadodara as a cultural capital of India. It is one of India's biggest art and cultural festivals.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/Gujarat-CM-launches-VadFest-website/articleshow/45124349.cms Gujarat CM launches VadFest website, ''The Times of India'', 12 November 2014]</ref> Vadodara is famous for its rich heritage, fine arts, performing arts, iconic architecture, industrious nature and academic infrastructure. The first such festival was on 23–26 January 2015.

==VadFest 2015==
VadFest 2015 was an international art and culture festival spread across the four-day Republic Day weekend (from January 23 to 26) 2015. Legends from across India and around the world graced the cityscape for a fabulous four-day celebration of art, music, dance, drama, culture, food and a special kids’ theater fest. NRIs and people from 42 countries attended the first VadFest.<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/3-bjp-mlas-to-shun-vadfest/ 3 BJP MLAs to Shun VadFest, The Indian Express, 20-Jan-2015]</ref>

VadFest showcased some of the finest performances, illustrious artists and a program remarkably kaleidoscopic in diversity.<ref>[http://vadfest.com/about-vadfest.php About VadFest 2015]</ref>

===Garvi Gujarat Festival===
*Sugam Sangeet (16-Jan-2015): Prahar Vora, Kalyani Kauthalkar, Bhaumik Trivedi, Aanal Vasavada
*Gujju Rocks (16-Jan-2015): [[Parthiv Gohil]], [[Bhoomi Trivedi]]
*Lok Nritya (17-Jan-2015): Dang Tribal dance, Katchchi dance and Saurashtra dance
*Lok Dayro (17-Jan-2015): Sairam Dave, Shahbuddin Rathod, Abhesinh Rathod, Farida Mir, Suraj Mir, Chand Mir, Arvind Barot
*Shaam-e-Mushayra (18-Jan-2015): [[Rahat Indori]], [[Khalil Dhantejvi]], [[Rajendra Shukla (poet)|Rajendra Shukla]], Shobhit Desai
*Shaam-e-Ghazal (18-Jan-2015): [[Manhar Udhas]]
*Vadodara Day (19-Jan-2015): Achal Mehta, [[Ashit Desai]], Garima Khiste, Gautam Dabir, Dr Kirti Sahay, Megha Bhosle, Sanat Pandya

=== Main Events===
*Live-in-concerts: [[Yanni]] along with his daughter Krystal, [[A. R. Rahman|A R Rahman]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Kailash Kher]]
*Music: Flute by [[Hariprasad Chaurasia|Pandit Hariprasad Chaurasia]], [[Sivamani (percussionist)|Sivamani Trio]], [[Rahul Sharma (musician)|Rahul Sharma]] & Buddy Wells
*Theatre: [[Anupam Kher]], [[Sharman Joshi]], [[Paresh Rawal]]
*Dance: Shiva Shakti by [[Isha Sharvani]], Geeta Chandran
*VadMasters: [[Zoya Akhtar]], [[Homi Adajania]], [[Makarand Deshpande]] and [[Sriram Raghavan]] moderated by [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1907581/ Rajesh Mapuskar] <ref>[http://www.vadfest.com/vadmasters.php VadMasters in VadFest]</ref>
*Vintage Car show<ref>[http://missionsharingknowledge.com/reasons-why-you-should-attend-vadfest-2015-2/ Attending VadFest 7-Dec-2014]</ref>
*Fine Arts
*Food Festival: Royal cuisine
*Drum Circle: 10,000 school children would create a symphony from the drum beats as to uphold the idea of ‘Swaach Bharat’ mission on 23-Jan-15.<ref>[http://missionsharingknowledge.com/reasons-why-you-should-attend-vadfest-2015-2/ Attending VadFest 7-Dec-2014]</ref>
*Garvi Gujarat: Geodesic Craft dome shell structure, 2015 cm (66 running ft) Pithora Painting’s Live Demonstration, More than 40 National Award Winning Artisans, Live Demonstration of Handicraft & Handloom in Craft Village, Tribal Museum, Handicraft & Handloom Exhibition, Craft Theme Pavilion

===Venues===
* Sir Sayajirao Nagar Gruh
* [[Laxmi Vilas Palace, Vadodara|Luxmi Vilas Palace]]
* Gandhinagar Gruh
* FGI Auditorium
* Navlakhi ground
* Polo ground
* The M S University pavilion
* Prof C C Mehta general auditorium
* Mayfair Atrium
* Fine Arts College, The M S University of Baroda
* Kirti Mandir
* Gulab Baug
* Samta Ground, Subhanpura, Vadodara
* Inox, Race course circle
* SAMTA GROUND

===Artists and Event Show line-up===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Line up on 23rd Jan !! Line up on 24th Jan !! Line up on 25th Jan !! Line up on 26th Jan
|-
| [[Yanni]] || [[Sunidhi Chauhan]] & [[Kailash Kher]] || [[Sonu Nigam]] || [[A. R. Rahman|A.R Rahman]]
|-
| [[Hariprasad Chaurasia|Pt. Hairprasad Chaurasia]] || [[Rahul Sharma (musician)|Rahul Sharma]] & Buddy Wells || Between the lines || Golf
|-
| Blame it on yashraj || Raju Raja Ram aur Main || Kishan Vs Kanhaiya || [[Sivamani (percussionist)|Sivamani Trio]]
|-
| Chapa kata || Mareez || Garvi Gurjari || [[The Anupam Kher Show - Kucch Bhi Ho Sakta Hai|kuch bhi ho sakta hai]]
|-
| Garvi Gurjari || Garvi Gurjari || Magnificent '7' || Chanakya
|-
| Magnificent '7' || Magnificent '7' || Path Finders || Garvi Gurjari
|-
| Path Finders || Path Finders || Indian Contemporary || Magnificent '7'
|-
| Indian Contemporary || Indian Contemporary || Baroda Chronicles || Path Finders
|-
| Baroda Chronicles || Baroda Chronicles || Back to College || Indian Contemporary
|-
| Back to College || Back to College || Art Pop-up || Baroda Chronicles
|-
| Art Pop-up || Art Pop-up || [[Gavin Turk]] & Donald Woodman || Back to College
|-
| [[Gavin Turk]] & Donald Woodman || [[Gavin Turk]] & Donald Woodman || Vintage Vadodara || Art Pop-up
|-
| Vintage Vadodara || Vintage Vadodara || Papyrus Indic the paper show || [[Gavin Turk]] & Donald Woodman
|-
| Papyrus Indic the paper show || Papyrus Indic the paper show || Drama Workshop || Vintage Vadodara
|-
| [[Isha Sharvani]] || [[Beauty and the Beast]] || [[Street food|Street Food]] and Royal Cuisine || Geeta Chandran
|-
| [[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs|Snow white & the 7 dwarfs]] || || Vintage Car Show || The Story Of Diwali
|-
| [[Street food|Street Food]] and Royal Cuisine || || || [[Street food|Street Food]] and Royal Cuisine
|-
| || || || Papyrus Indic the paper show
|-
| || || || Vintage Car Show

|}

===Controversies===
Three BJP MLAs had decided to stay away from VadFest quoting they have not received invitation of Garvi Gujarat festival. Later it was resolved.<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/3-bjp-mlas-to-shun-vadfest/ 3 BJP MLAs to Shun VadFest, The Indian Express, 20-Jan-2015]</ref>

==See also==
* [[Vadodara]]
* [[Baroda State]]
* [[Vadodara district]]
* [[Cultural Festival (India)|Cultural Festival in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Festivals in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Entertainment events in India]]
[[Category:Cultural festivals in India]]
[[Category:Arts festivals in India]]
[[Category:Music festivals in India]]
[[Category:Theatre festivals in India]]
[[Category:Food and drink festivals in India]]
[[Category:Film festivals in India]]
[[Category:Dance festivals in India]]
[[Category:Vadodara]]

Salim Ali

2026-04-30T04:08:41Z

Randy603804187: added biography

{{Short description|Indian ornithologist (1896–1987)}}
{{For|the President of South Yemen|Salim Rubai Ali}}
{{other people|Saleem Ali}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Salim Ali
| image = Salim ali mns.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1896|11|12}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| spouse = Tehmina Ali
| relatives = [[Tyabji family]] [[Abbas Tyabji]] (uncle)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1987|6|20|1896|11|12}}
| death_place = [[Bombay, Maharashtra]], India
| field = [[Ornithology]] [[Natural history]]
| work_institutions =
| alma_mater =
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = {{plainlist|
* [[Bird Books]]
* [[Salim Ali Lake|Salim Ali Lake, Aurangabad]]
* [[Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan]] }}
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| prizes = [[Padma Bhushan]] (1958) 
[[Padma Vibhushan]] (1976) 
[[J. Paul Getty Award for Conservation Leadership]] (1975)
| religion =
| footnotes =
| signature =
}}
'''Sálim Moizuddin Abdul Ali''' (12 November 1896 – 20 June 1987)<ref name=obit>{{cite journal|journal=Ibis| volume=130| issue=2|pages=305–306|doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1988.tb00986.x|title=Obituary:Salim Moizuddin Abdul Ali |year=1988|author=Perrins, Christopher|doi-access=free}}</ref> was an Indian [[ornithologist]] and [[Natural history|naturalist]]. Sometimes referred to as the "Birdman of India", Salim Ali was the first Indian to conduct systematic bird surveys across India and wrote several [[bird books]] that popularized [[ornithology]] in India. He became a key figure behind the [[Bombay Natural History Society]] after 1947 and used his personal influence to garner government support for the organisation, establish the Bharatpur bird sanctuary ([[Keoladeo National Park]]) and prevent the destruction of what is now the [[Silent Valley National Park]] in Kerala.

Along with [[Sidney Dillon Ripley]] he wrote the landmark ten volume ''[[Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan]]'', a second edition of which was completed after his death. He was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1958 and the [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 1976, India's third and second highest civilian honours respectively.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Salim Ali's swift]] and the [[Himalayan thrush]] are named after him as are [[Salim Ali's fruit bat]] and [[Salim Ali's dwarf gecko]]. Several bird sanctuaries and institutions have also been named after him.

==Early life ==
Salim Ali was born into a [[Sulaimani Bohra]] family in Bombay, the ninth and youngest child of Moizuddin Abdul Ali. His father died when he was a year old and his mother Zeenat-un-nissa died when he was three. Along with his siblings, Ali was brought up by his maternal uncle, Amiruddin Tyabji, and childless aunt, Hamida Begum, in a middle-class household in Khetwadi, Mumbai.<ref>Ali (1985):1</ref> Another uncle was [[Abbas Tyabji]], a well known Indian freedom fighter. Ali's early interest was in books on hunting in India and he became the most interested in [[sport-shooting]], encouraged by his foster-father Amiruddin. Shooting contests were often held in the neighbourhood in which he grew and his playmates included [[Iskandar Mirza]], a distant cousin who was a particularly good marksman and went on in later life to become the first [[President of Pakistan]].<ref>Ali (1985):18</ref>

Salim was introduced to the serious study of birds by [[Walter Samuel Millard|W. S. Millard]], secretary of the [[Bombay Natural History Society]] (BNHS) where Amiruddin was a member, who identified an unusually coloured sparrow that young Salim had shot for sport with his toy air gun. Millard identified it as a [[chestnut-shouldered petronia|yellow-throated sparrow]], and showed Salim around the Society's collection of stuffed birds.<ref name=nandy>{{Cite journal|author= Nandy, Pritish |url=|title= In search of the Mountain Quail|journal=[[The Illustrated Weekly of India]]|date=14 July 1985|pages= 8–17}}</ref> Millard lent Salim a few books including [[Edward Hamilton Aitken|Eha]]'s ''Common birds of Bombay'', encouraged Salim to make a collection of birds and offered to train him in skinning and preservation. Millard later introduced young Salim to (later Sir) [[Norman Boyd Kinnear]], the first paid curator at the BNHS, who later supported Ali from his position in the [[British Museum]].<ref>Ali (1985):8</ref> In his autobiography, ''[[The Fall of a Sparrow]]'', Ali notes the yellow-throated sparrow event as a turning point in his life, one that led him into ornithology, an unusual career choice, especially for an Indian in those days.<ref>Ali (1985):10</ref> Even at around 10 years of age, he maintained a diary and among his earliest bird notes were observations on the replacement of males in paired sparrows after he had shot down the male.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Ali, S |year=1962| title=Extracts from Salim Ali's note book – 1| journal= Newsletter for Birdwatchers| volume=2| issue=6|pages=4–5| url=https://archive.org/stream/NLBW2#page/n81/mode/1up}}</ref>

Salim went to primary school at [[Queen Mary School, Mumbai|Zenana Bible and Medical Mission Girls High School]] at Girgaum along with two of his sisters and later to [[St. Xavier's College, Bombay]]. Around the age of 13 he suffered from [[chronic headache]]s, making him drop out of class frequently. He was sent to [[Sindh|Sind]] to stay with an uncle who had suggested that the dry air might help and on returning after such breaks in studies, he barely managed to pass the matriculation exam of the [[Bombay University]] in 1913.<ref>Ali (1985):15</ref>

==Burma and Germany==
[[File:Petronia xanthocollis.jpg|right|thumb|[[Yellow-throated sparrow]]]]
Salim Ali's early education was at [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]]. Following a difficult first year in college, he dropped out and went to [[Tavoy]], [[Burma]] (now Dawei, Myanmar) to look after the family's mining and timber interests there. The forests surrounding this area provided an opportunity for Ali to hone his naturalist and hunting skills. He also made acquaintance with J C Hopwood and [[Berthold Ribbentrop]] who were with the Forest Service in Burma. On his return to India in 1917, he decided to continue formal studies. He went to study commercial law and accountancy at Davar's College of Commerce but his true interest was noticed by Father [[Ethelbert Blatter]] at St. Xavier's College who persuaded Ali to study zoology. After attending morning classes at Davar's College, he then began to attend zoology classes at St. Xavier's College and was able to complete the course in zoology.<ref>Ali (1985):30</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Yahya, HSA |year=1996| title= Transcript of an interview with Salim Ali| journal= [[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]]| volume=36| issue=6| pages=100–102| url=https://archive.org/stream/NLBW36_6#page/n3/mode/1up/}}</ref> Around the same time, he married Tehmina, a distant relative, in December 1918.<ref>Ali (1985):37.</ref>

Ali was fascinated by motorcycles from an early age and starting with a 3.5 HP [[NSU Motorenwerke AG|NSU]] in Tavoy, he owned a [[Sunbeam Cycles|Sunbeam]], [[Harley-Davidson]]s (three models), a [[Douglas (motorcycles)|Douglas]], a [[The Scott Motorcycle Company|Scott]], a [[New Hudson Motorcycles|New Hudson]] and a [[Zenith Motorcycles|Zenith]] among others at various times, although he regretted never having owned a [[BMW]].<ref>Ali (1985):158–167.</ref> On invitation to the 1950 [[International Ornithological Congress]] at [[Uppsala]] in Sweden he shipped his Sunbeam aboard the [[SS Stratheden|SS ''Stratheden'']] from Bombay and biked around Europe, injuring himself in an accident in France and having several falls on cobbled roads in Germany.
[[File:Salim Ali 1927.jpg|thumb|left|Ali (standing at left) with students of the Victoria Jubilee School for the Blind at the [[Prince of Wales Museum]] in 1927<ref>{{cite journal|author=Ali, S|title=A note on the work of nature study teaching at the Prince of Wales' Museum, Bombay, from 16th November 1926 to 10th February 1928| pages=163–165|volume= 33 |year=1929|journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47859938}}</ref>]]
Ali failed to get an ornithologist's position which was open at the [[Zoological Survey of India]] due to the lack of a formal university degree and the post went instead to [[Mithan Lal Roonwal|M. L. Roonwal]].<ref>Ali (1985):46.</ref> He was hired as guide lecturer in 1926 at the newly opened natural history section in the [[Prince of Wales Museum]] in Mumbai with a salary of Rs 350 per month.<ref name=nandy/><ref>Ali (1985):55</ref> He however tired of the job after two years and took leave in 1928 to study in Germany, where he was to work under Professor [[Erwin Stresemann]] at the [[Natural History Museum, Berlin|Berlin's Natural History Museum]]. Part of the work involved studying the specimens collected by [[J. K. Stanford]] in Burma. Stanford being a BNHS member had communicated with [[Claud Buchanan Ticehurst|Claud Ticehurst]] and had suggested that he could work on his own with assistance from the BNHS. Ticehurst did not appreciate the idea of an Indian being involved in the work and resented even more, the involvement of Stresemann, a German. Ticehurst wrote letters to the BNHS suggesting that the idea of collaborating with Stresemann was an insult to Stanford.<ref>Ali (1985):57–58</ref> This was however not heeded by [[Reginald Arthur Spence|Reginald Spence]] and Prater who encouraged Ali to conduct the studies at Berlin with the assistance of Stresemann. Ali found Stresemann warm and helpful right from his first letters sent before even meeting him. In his autobiography, Ali calls Stresemann his ''guru'', to whom all his later queries went. In Berlin, Ali made acquaintance with many of the major German ornithologists of the time including [[Bernhard Rensch]], [[Oskar Heinroth]], [[Rudolf Drost]] and [[Ernst Mayr]] apart from meeting other Indians in Berlin including the revolutionary [[Chempakaraman Pillai]]. Ali also gained experience in [[bird ringing]] at the [[Heligoland Bird Observatory]]<ref>Ali (1985):59–61.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Ali, Salim |year=1930|title= The ornithological station at Heligoland. A short account and some reflections. |journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=34|pages=743–751|url=https://archive.org/stream/journalof343419301931bomb#page/743/mode/1up/}}</ref> and in 1959 he received the assistance of Swiss ornithologist [[Alfred Schifferli]] in India.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Futehally, Z.|year=1969|title=[Editorial]|url=https://archive.org/stream/NLBW9#page/n77/mode/1up/|journal=Newsletter for Birdwatchers|volume=9|issue=5|page=8}}</ref>

==Ornithology==
[[File:Mary Livingston Ripley (d. 1996), S. Dillon Ripley (1913-2001), Salim Ali.jpg|thumb|With Mary and [[Dillon Ripley]] on a collection trip (1976)]]
On his return to India in 1930, he discovered that the guide lecturer position had been eliminated due to lack of funds. Unable to find a suitable job, Salim Ali and Tehmina moved to [[Kihim]], a coastal village near Mumbai. Here he had the opportunity to study at close hand, the breeding of the [[baya weaver]] and discovered their [[mating system]] of sequential polygamy.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Ali, S |year=1931 | title=The nesting habits of the Baya (''Ploceus philippinus'')| journal= [[J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.]]|volume=34| issue=4|pages= 947–964|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48294292}}</ref> Later commentators have suggested that this study was in the tradition of the Mughal naturalists that Salim Ali admired and wrote about in three-part series on the Moghul emperors as naturalists.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Newton, Paul |author2=Matt Ridley |name-list-style=amp | title= Biology under the Raj|journal= [[New Scientist]]|year=1983|volume=99| pages=857–867|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zyglVsl-iN0C&pg=PA857}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Ali, Salim|year=1927|title=The Moghul emperors of India as naturalists and sportsmen. Part I|journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=31|issue=4|pages=833–861|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47860712}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Ali, Salim |year=1927|title=The Moghul Emperors of India as Naturalists and Sportsmen. Part II|journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=32|issue=1|pages=34–63|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47859192}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Ali, Salim|year=1927|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=32|issue=2|title=The Moghul Emperors of India as Naturalists and Sportsmen. Part III.|pages=264–273|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47859525}}</ref> A few months were then spent in Kotagiri where he had been invited by K.M. Anantan, a retired army doctor who had served in Mesopotamia during World War I. He also came in contact with Mrs Kinloch, widow of BNHS member Angus Kinloch who lived at Donnington near Longwood Shola, and later her son-in-law [[Ralph Camroux Morris|R C Morris]], who lived in the [[Biligirirangan Hills]].<ref>Ali (1985):78–83</ref> Around the same time he discovered an opportunity to conduct systematic bird surveys in the [[princely states]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]], [[Cochin]], [[Travancore]], [[Gwalior]], [[Indore]] and [[Bhopal]] with the sponsorship of their rulers. He was aided and supported in these surveys by [[Hugh Whistler]] who had surveyed many parts of India and had kept very careful notes. Whistler published a note on ''The study of Indian birds'' in 1929 where he mentioned that the racquets at the end of the long tail feathers of the [[greater racket-tailed drongo]] lacked webbing on the inner vane.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Whistler, H |year=1929| title= The study of Indian birds, part 2|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=33|issue=2|pages=311–325|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47860138}}</ref> Salim Ali wrote a response pointing out that this was in error and that such inaccuracies had been carried on from early literature and pointed out that it was incorrect observation that did not take into account a twist in the rachis.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Ali, S |year=1929| title= The racket-feathers of ''Dissemurus paradiseus''|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=33| issue=3| pages=709–710|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47489881}}</ref> Whistler was initially resentful of an unknown Indian finding fault and wrote "snooty" letters to the editors of the journal [[Stanley Henry Prater|S H Prater]] and Sir [[Reginald Arthur Spence|Reginald Spence]]. Subsequently, Whistler re-examined his specimens and not only admitted his error<ref>{{cite journal|author=Whistler, H |year=1930| title= The tail-racket of ''Dissemurus paradiseus''| journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=34|issue=1|page=250|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48295687}}</ref> but became a close friend.<ref>Ali (1985):64–65</ref> Whistler wrote to Ali on 24 October 1938:
{{Blockquote|It has been a very great benefit to me that we drifted into collaboration largely in its beginning as an accident-when you pointed out my mistake over the webs of Drongo's tail feather-and the mistake has proved to me well worth while. And here and now I must thank you very warmly for making my collaboration a condition of your undertaking the Mysore and Sunderbans surveys.<ref>{{cite journal|pages=579–586 |title=A portrait of Salim Ali|author=Futehally, Zafar|year=1974| journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society| volume=71| issue=3 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48286804}}</ref>}}

Whistler also introduced Salim to [[Richard Meinertzhagen]] and the two made an expedition into [[Afghanistan]]. Although Meinertzhagen had very critical views of him they became good friends. Salim Ali found nothing amiss in Meinertzhagen's bird works but later studies have shown many of his studies to be fraudulent. Meinertzhagen made his diary entries from their days in the field available and Salim Ali reproduces them in his autobiography:<ref>Ali (1985):248–249</ref>
{{blockquote|30.4.1937 I am disappointed in Salim. He is quite useless at anything but collecting. He cannot skin a bird, nor cook, nor do anything connected with camp life, packing up or chopping wood. He writes interminable notes about something-perhaps me... Even collecting he never does on his own initiative...}}

{{blockquote|20.5.1937 Salim is the personification of the educated Indian and interests me a great deal. He is excellent at his own theoretical subjects, but has no practical ability, and at everyday little problems is hopelessly inefficient... His views are astounding. He is prepared to turn the British out of India tomorrow and govern the country himself. I have repeatedly told him that the British Government have no intention of handing over millions of uneducated Indians to the mercy of such men as Salim:...}}

He was accompanied and supported on his early surveys by his wife, Tehmina, and was shattered when she died in 1939 following a minor surgery. After Tehmina's death in 1939, Salim Ali stayed with his sister Kamoo and brother-in-law. In the course of his later travels, Ali rediscovered the [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] [[Terai]] population of the [[Finn's weaver|Finn's baya]] but was unsuccessful in his expedition to find the [[Himalayan quail|mountain quail]] (''Ophrysia superciliosa''), the status of which continues to remain unknown.

[[File:SalimAliLabel.jpg|thumb|Label for a specimen collected by Salim Ali during his Mysore State survey]]
Ali was not very interested in the details of bird systematics and taxonomy and was more interested in studying birds in the field.<ref name=lewis>{{cite book|author=Lewis, M. L.|year=2003|title= Inventing global ecology: Tracking the Biodiversity Ideal in India, 1945–1997|publisher= [[Orient Longman]]|isbn= 978-81-250-2377-7|pages=66–67}}</ref><ref>Ali (1985):196</ref> [[Ernst Mayr]] wrote to Ripley complaining that Ali failed to collect sufficient specimens: "as far as collecting is concerned I don't think he ever understood the necessity for collecting series. Maybe you can convince him of that."<ref name=lewis/> Ali himself wrote to Ripley complaining about bird taxonomy:
{{blockquote|My head reels at all these nomenclatural metaphysics! I feel strongly like retiring from ornithology, if this is the stuff, and spending the rest of my days in the peace of the wilderness with birds, and away from the dust and frenzy of taxonomical warfare. I somehow feel complete detachment from all this, and am thoroughly unmoved by what name one ornithologist chooses to dub a bird that is familiar to me, and care even less in regard to one that is unfamiliar ----- The more I see of these subspecific tangles and inanities, the more I can understand the people who silently raise their eyebrows and put a finger to their temples when they contemplate the modern ornithologist in action.|Ali to Ripley, 5 January 1956<ref>Ripley Papers. Accession 92-063, Box 1. Quoted in Lewis (2003)</ref>}}
Ali later wrote that his interest was in the "living bird in its natural environment."<ref>Ali (1985):195</ref>

Salim Ali's associations with [[Sidney Dillon Ripley]] led to many bureaucratic problems. Ripley's past as an [[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]] agent led to allegations that the [[CIA]] had a hand in the bird-ringing operations in India.<ref name=spies>{{cite journal|author=Lewis, Michael |year=2002| title= Scientists or Spies? Ecology in a Climate of Cold War Suspicion| journal= [[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume= 37| issue= 24| pages=2324–2332|author-link=Michael Lewis}}</ref>

Salim Ali took some interest in bird photography along with his friend [[Loke Wan Tho]]. Loke had been introduced to Ali by [[Jack Gibson (schoolmaster)|J.T.M. Gibson]], a BNHS member and Lieutenant Commander of the [[Royal Indian Navy]], who had taught English to Loke at a school in Switzerland. A wealthy Singapore businessman with a keen interest in birds, Loke helped Ali and the BNHS with financial support.<ref>Ali (1985):122</ref> Ali was also interested in the historical aspects of ornithology in India. In a series of articles, among his first publications, he examined the contributions to natural-history of the [[Mughal emperors]]. In the 1971 Sunder Lal Hora memorial lecture and the 1978 Azad Memorial Lecture he spoke of the history and importance of bird study in India.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ali, S |year=1979|title= Bird study in India: Its history and its importance|publisher= Indian Council for Cultural Relations, New Delhi|url=https://archive.org/details/AzadMemorialBirds}}</ref><ref name=insa>{{cite book|author=Ali, S|year=1971|title=Ornithology in India: Its past, present and future. Sunder Lal Hora Memorial Lecture|publisher=[[Indian National Science Academy|INSA, New Delhi]]|url=http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b6d_99.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316084132/http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b6d_99.pdf|archive-date=16 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="bboc">{{cite journal |author=Ali |first=Salim |year=1980 |title=Indian Ornithology: The Current Trends |url=https://archive.org/details/bulletinofbritis100brit/page/80/mode/1up |journal=Bull. Brit. Orn. Club |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=80–83}}</ref> Towards the end of his life, he began to document the lives of people in the history of the Bombay Natural History Society but did not complete the series with only four parts published.<ref>{{cite journal| journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=75| year=1978| issue=3|pages=559–569 |title=Bombay Natural History Society - the Founders, the Builders and the Guardians. Part 1.| author=Ali, Salim| url=https://archive.org/details/journalofbomba751978bomb/page/n16/mode/1up/}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=78| year=1981| issue=3|pages=232–239 |title=Bombay Natural History Society - the Founders, the Builders and the Guardians. Part 2.| author=Ali, Salim| url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48228752}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=79| year=1982| pages=38–46 |title=Bombay Natural History Society - the Founders, the Builders and the Guardians. Part 3.| author=Ali, Salim| url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48744426}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=80| year=1982| pages=320–330 |title=Bombay Natural History Society - the Founders, the Builders and the Guardians. Part 4.| author=Ali, Salim| url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48743924}}</ref>

==Other contributions==
[[File:Krishna Raju and Salim Ali 1975.jpg|thumb|Ali with [[K. S. R. Krishna Raju]], 1975]]
Salim Ali was very influential in ensuring the survival of the [[Bombay Natural History Society|BNHS]] and managed to save the then 100-year-old institution by writing to the then Prime Minister [[Pandit Nehru]] for financial help. Salim also influenced other members of his family. A cousin,<ref>Ali (1985):192</ref> [[Humayun Abdulali]] became an ornithologist while his niece Laeeq took an interest in birds and was married to [[Zafar Futehally]], a distant cousin of Ali, who went on to become the honorary Secretary of the BNHS and played a major role in the development of bird study through the networking of birdwatchers in India. A grand-nephew Shahid Ali also took an interest in ornithology.<ref>{{cite book|pages=69–71|publisher=Yale University Press| year=2009| isbn=9780300158335| title=Lost Worlds: Adventures in the Tropical Rainforest|author=Beehler, Bruce M.}}</ref> Ali also guided several MSc and PhD students, the first of whom was Vijaykumar Ambedkar, who further studied the breeding and ecology of the baya weaver, producing a thesis that was favourably reviewed by [[David Lack]].<ref>Ali (1985):168</ref><ref>{{cite book|pages=74–80|author=Gadgil, M|title=Ecological Journeys|year=2001 |publisher=Permanent Black, New Delhi| isbn=978-81-7824-112-8}}</ref><ref>Ali (1985):213</ref>

Ali was able to provide support for the development of ornithology in India by identifying important areas where funding could be obtained. He helped in the establishment of an economic ornithology unit within the [[Indian Council for Agricultural Research]] in the mid-1960s<ref>{{cite journal|author=Ali, S|year=1936|title=Economic ornithology in India|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_004_07_0472_0478_0.pdf|journal=[[Current Science]]|volume=4|pages=472–478}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/BF02703176|author1=Dhindsa, MS |author2=Harjeet K Saini |name-list-style=amp |year=1994| title=Agricultural ornithology: an Indian perspective| journal=[[J. Biosci.]] |volume=19|issue=4| pages=391–402| url=http://www.ias.ac.in/jarch/jbiosci/19/391-402.pdf|citeseerx=10.1.1.571.6439 |s2cid=19183508 }}</ref> although he failed to gain support for a similar proposal in 1935.<ref>Ali, Salim (1935) [http://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/2692743 A scheme for research in economic ornithology]. Proposal to Government. National Archives of India. PR_000003020572. File number: Education And Health_Agriculture_1935_Na_F-37-6_35A</ref> He was also able to obtain funding for migration studies through a project to study the [[Kyasanur forest disease]], an arthropod-borne virus that appeared to have similarities to a Siberian tick-borne disease.<ref name="insa" /> This project partly funded by the [[Food for Peace|PL 480]] grants of the USA however ran into political difficulties with allegations made on [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] involvement.<ref>{{cite journal|author= Lewis, Michael| title= Indian Science for Indian Tigers?: Conservation Biology and the Question of Cultural Values| journal=Journal of the History of Biology |year=2005| pages=185–207|volume= 38 |issue=2| doi= 10.1007/s10739-004-1486-8| s2cid= 84709932}}</ref> The funding for the early bird migration studies actually came for the early studies from the US Army Medical Research Laboratory in Bangkok under the SEATO (South Atlantic Security Pact) and headed by [[Elliott McClure|H. Elliott McClure]]. An Indian science reporter wrote in a local newspaper that the collaboration was secretly exploring the use of migratory birds for spreading deadly viruses and microbes into enemy territories. India was then a [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-aligned country]] and the news led to political upheaval and a committee was set up to examine the research and allegations. Once cleared of these allegations, the project however stopped routing the funds through Bangkok to avoid further suspicions and was directly funded by the Americans to India.<ref>{{cite book|title=Wissenschaftler in turbulenten Zeiten|last=Nowak|first=Eugeniusz|publisher=Stock & Stein Verlag|year=2005|isbn=978-3937447162|pages=379–383|language=de}}</ref> In the late 1980s, Ali also headed a BNHS project to reduce [[bird hits]] at Indian airfields. He also attempted a [[citizen science]] project to study [[house sparrow]]s in 1963 through Indian birdwatchers subscribed to the ''[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Anonymous|year=1986| title= A talk with Salim Ali about where do we go from here| journal= [[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]]| volume=26| issue=7–8| pages=2–3| url=https://archive.org/stream/NLBW26_78#page/n2/mode/1up/}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title= Cooperative field studies of birds|last=Ali|first=Salim| journal=Newsletter for Birdwatchers| volume=3| issue=2| year=1963|url=https://archive.org/stream/NLBW3#page/n13/mode/2up}}</ref>

Ali had considerable influence in conservation related issues in post-independence India especially through Prime Ministers [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and [[Indira Gandhi]]. Indira Gandhi, herself a keen birdwatcher, was influenced by Ali's bird books (a copy of the ''[[Book of Indian Birds]]'' was gifted to her in 1942 by her father Nehru who was in [[Dehra Dun]] jail<ref>{{cite book|title=Our Birds|author=Sinha, Rajeshvar Prasad Narain|year=1959|publisher=Publications Division. Government of India|place=New Delhi|page=foreword|url=https://archive.org/stream/OurBirds/BirdsSinha#page/n1/mode/2up}}</ref> while she herself was imprisoned in [[Naini Jail]]<ref>Ali (1985):205–206</ref>) and by the Gandhian birdwatcher [[Horace Alexander]]. Ali influenced the designation of the [[Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary]], the [[Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary]]<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/stream/journalofbomba751978bomb#page/n461/mode/2up/| title=Preface: Salim Ali, Naturalist Extraordinary: a historical perspective| author=Gadgil, Madhav| year=1975| journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society| volume=75|pages=i–v}}</ref> and in decisions that saved the [[Silent Valley National Park]]. One of Ali's later interventions at Bharatpur involved the exclusion of cattle and graziers from the sanctuary and this was to prove costly as it resulted in ecological changes that led to a decline in the waterbirds. Some historians have noted that the approach to conservation used by Salim Ali and the BNHS followed an undemocratic process.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Lewis M.|title=Cattle and Conservation at Bharatpur: A Case Study in Science and Advocacy|journal=Conservation and Society|year=2003|volume=1|pages=1–21|url=http://www.conservationandsociety.org/text.asp?2003/1/1/1/49354|issue=1|access-date=29 May 2021|archive-date=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018161732/http://www.conservationandsociety.org/text.asp?2003%2F1%2F1%2F1%2F49354|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.4103/0972-4923.65175|author=Rangarajan M. |title=Striving for a balance: Nature, power, science and India's Indira Gandhi, 1917–1984|journal=[[Conservation and Society]]|year= 2009| volume = 7| pages=299–312 | issue=4|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Ali lived for some time with his brother Hamid Ali (1880-1965) who had retired in 1934 from the Indian Civil Service and settled at Southwood, ancestral home of his father in law, [[Abbas Tyabji]], in Mussoorie. During this period Ali became a close friend of [[Arthur Foot]], principal of [[The Doon School]] and his wife Sylvia (referred to jocularly by Ali as the "Feet").<ref>Ali (1985):104.</ref> He visited the school often and was an engaging and persuasive advocate of ornithology to successive generations of pupils. As a consequence, he was considered to be part of the [[List of Doon School alumni|Dosco]] fraternity and became one of the very few people to be made an honorary member of ''The Doon School Old Boys Society''.<ref>''The Doon School Register'', published by The Doon School Old Boys Society every few years. The 1998 edition, among others lists Dr. Ali.</ref>

==Personal views==
Salim Ali held many views that were contrary to the mainstream ideas of his time. A question he was asked frequently in later life was on the contradiction between the collection of bird specimens and his conservation related activism. Although once a fan of ''shikar'' (hunting) literature, Ali held strong views against sport hunting but upheld the collection of bird specimens for scientific study.<ref>Ali (1985):20</ref> He held the view that the practice of wildlife conservation needed to be practical and not grounded in philosophies like ''[[ahimsa]]''.<ref>Ali (1985):233</ref> Salim Ali suggested that this fundamental religious sentiment had hindered the growth of bird study in India.<ref name=bboc />
{{blockquote|...it is true that I despise purposeless killing, and regard it as an act of vandalism, deserving the severest condemnation. But my love for birds is not of the sentimental variety. It is essentially aesthetic and scientific, and in some cases may even be pragmatic. For a scientific approach to bird study, it is often necessary to sacrifice a few, ... (and) I have no doubt that but for the methodical collecting of specimens in my earlier years – several thousands, alas – it would have been impossible to advance our taxonomical knowledge of Indian birds ... nor indeed of their geographic distribution, ecology, and bionomics.|Ali (1985):195}}

In the early 1960s, the [[national bird]] of India was under consideration and Salim Ali was intent that it should be the endangered [[Great Indian bustard]], however this proposal was over-ruled in favour of the [[Indian peacock]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/stream/NLBW1#page/n14/mode/1up|volume=1|issue=4|year=1961|author=Ali, S|title=Our national bird|pages=3–4|journal=[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/stream/NLBW1#page/n23/mode/1up|volume=1|issue=6|page=4|title=National bird|author=Ali, Salim|year=1962|journal=[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main41.asp?filename=hub250409extinction.asp|title=On the brink|journal=Tehelka Magazine|author=Bindra, PS|year=2009|volume=6|issue=16|access-date=27 August 2010|archive-date=18 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618151559/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main41.asp?filename=hub250409extinction.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title= The Peacock Cult in Asia|author= Nair, P Thankappan|journal= [[Asian Folklore Studies]]|volume= 33|issue= 2|year= 1974|pages= 93–170|url= http://www.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/afs/pdf/a272.pdf|doi= 10.2307/1177550|jstor= 1177550|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090205195010/http://www.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/afs/pdf/a272.pdf|archive-date= 5 February 2009|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

Ali was known for his frugal lifestyle, with money saved at the end of many of his projects. Shoddy jobs by people around him could make him very angry. He discouraged smoking and drinking and detested people who snored in their sleep.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Daniel, J.C.|author2=Sivanand, Mohan|year=1988|title=Unforgettable Salim Ali|url=https://archive.org/details/unforgettablesalimali|journal=Reader's Digest (India)|issue=November|pages=146–154}}</ref>

==Honours and memorials==
[[File:Salim Ali 1996 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Birth centenary commemorative stamps showing [[painted stork]]s in [[Keoladeo National Park|Bharatpur]] and Salim Ali (1996)]]
Although recognition came late, he received several honorary doctorates and numerous awards. The earliest was the "Joy Gobinda Law Gold Medal" in 1953, awarded by the [[Asiatic Society of Bengal]] based on an appraisal of his work by [[Sunder Lal Hora]] (and in 1970 he received the Sunder Lal Hora memorial Medal of the [[Indian National Science Academy]]). He received honorary doctorates from the [[Aligarh Muslim University]] (1958), [[Delhi University]] (1973) and [[Andhra University]] (1978). In 1967 he became the first non-British citizen to receive the Gold Medal of the [[British Ornithologists' Union]]. In the same year, he received the [[J. Paul Getty Wildlife Conservation Prize]] consisting of a sum of $100,000, which he used as a corpus for the Salim Ali Nature Conservation Fund. In 1969 he received the John C. Phillips memorial medal of the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources]]. The [[USSR Academy of Medical Sciences]] awarded him the Pavlovsky Centenary Memorial Medal in 1973 and in the same year he was made Commander of the Netherlands [[Order of the Golden Ark]] by [[Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands]]. The Indian government decorated him with a ''[[Padma Bhushan]]'' in 1958 and the ''[[Padma Vibhushan]]'' in 1976.<ref>Ali (1985):215–220</ref> He was nominated to the [[Rajya Sabha]] in 1985.<ref>{{cite book|author=Anon|year=2005|title=Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]] Secretariat, New Delhi|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/practice_procedure/nominated_member.pdf }}</ref>

{{Quote box|
|title=Citation of the Paul Getty Prize
|quote=<poem>The International Jury for the
[[J. Paul Getty Wildlife Conservation Prize]]
of the [[World Wildlife Fund]] has selected for 1975
'''Salim A. Ali'''
Creator of an environment for conservation in India,
your work over fifty years in acquainting Indians
with the natural riches of the subcontinent
has been instrumental in the promotion of protection,
the setting up of parks and reserves,
and indeed the awakening of conscience in all circles
from the government to the simplest village [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]].
Since the writing of your book, the [[Book of Indian Birds]]
which in its way was the seminal natural history volume
for everyone in India, your name has been the single one
known throughout the length and breadth of your own country,
Pakistan, and Bangladesh as the father of conservation
and the fount of knowledge on birds.
Your message has gone high and low across the land
and we are sure that weaver birds weave your initials
in their nests, and swifts perform parabolas in the sky in your honor.

For your lifelong dedication to the preservation
of bird life in the Indian subcontinent and your identification
with the Bombay Natural History Society as a force for education,
the World Wildlife Fund takes delight in presenting you with
the second J. Paul Getty Wildlife Conservation Prize.
February 19, 1976.
</poem>
|align=left
|qalign=center
}}

[[File:Ranganthittu Bird Sanctuary.jpg|thumbnail|An interpretation centre at [[Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary]] named after Salim Ali]]
Dr. Salim Ali died in Bombay at the age of 90 on 20 June 1987, after a protracted battle with [[prostate cancer]]. In 1990, the [[Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History]] (SACON) was established at [[Coimbatore]] by the [[Government of India]]. Pondicherry University established the Salim Ali School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences. The government of Goa set up the [[Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary]] and the Thattakad bird sanctuary near [[Vembanad]] in Kerala also goes by his name. The location of the BNHS headquarters in Mumbai was renamed as "Dr Salim Ali Chowk". In 1972, [[Kitti Thonglongya]] discovered a misidentified specimen in the collection of the BNHS and described a new species that he called ''[[Latidens salimalii]]'', considered one of the world's rarest [[bat]]s, and the only species in the genus ''[[Latidens]]''. The subspecies of the [[rock bush quail]] (''Perdicula argoondah salimalii'') and the eastern population of [[Finn's weaver]] (''Ploceus megarhynchus salimalii'') were named after him by [[Hugh Whistler|Whistler]] and [[Humayun Abdulali|Abdulali]] respectively.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Abdulali, H. |year=1960| title= A new race of Finn's Baya, ''Ploceus megarhynchus'' Hume| journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=57|issue=3|pages=659–662|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47542267}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Ali, Salim |author2=Whistler, Hugh |name-list-style=amp |year=1943| title= The birds of Mysore. Part V|journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=44| issue=2|pages=206–220|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48294775}}</ref> A subspecies of the black-rumped flameback woodpecker ([[Dinopium benghalense|''Dinopium benghalense tehminae'']]) was named after his wife, Tehmina, by Whistler and Kinnear.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Whistler, H and [[Norman Boyd Kinnear|N B Kinnear]]|year=1934| title= The Vernay scientific survey of the Eastern Ghats. (Ornithological Section). Part VIII|pages=281–297| journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=37| issue=2|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48185687}}</ref> [[Salim Ali's swift]] (''Apus salimalii'') originally described as a population of ''Apus pacificus'' was recognised as a full species in 2011<ref>{{cite journal|author=Leader, P. J. |year=2011|title= Taxonomy of the Pacific Swift Apus pacificus Latham, 1802, complex|journal= Bull. Brit. Orn. Club|volume= 131|pages= 81–93}}</ref> while ''[[Zoothera salimalii]]'', an undescribed population within the ''[[Zoothera mollissima]]'' complex, was named after him in 2016.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Per |last1=Alström|first2= Pamela C. |last2=Rasmussen|first3=Chao |last3=Zhao|first4= Jingzi |last4=Xu|first5= Shashank|last5= Dalvi|first6= Tianlong |last6=Cai|first7= Yuyan |last7=Guan|first8= Ruiying|last8= Zhang|first9= Mikhail V.|last9= Kalyakin|first10= Fumin|last10= Lei|first11= Urban |last11=Olsson|title= Integrative taxonomy of the Plain-backed Thrush (Zoothera mollissima) complex (Aves, Turdidae) reveals cryptic species, including a new species.|journal= Avian Research|year=2016|doi=10.1186/s40657-016-0037-2|volume=7|pages=1–39|doi-access= free}}</ref>
On his 100th birth Anniversary (12 November 1996) Postal Department of Government of India released a set of two postal stamps.<ref name="Jain2008">{{cite book |last=Jain |first=Manik |title=Phila India Guide Book|page=141 |edition=1st|year=2008 |publisher=Philatelia}}</ref>

==Writings==
Salim Ali wrote numerous journal articles, chiefly in the ''[[Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society]]''. He also wrote a number of popular and academic books, many of which remain in print. Ali credited Tehmina, who had studied in England, for helping improve his English prose. Some of his literary pieces were used in a collection of English writing. A popular article that he wrote in 1930, "Stopping by the woods on a Sunday morning", was reprinted in ''[[The Indian Express]]'' on his birthday in 1984.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Ali, S|year=1930|url=https://archive.org/stream/NLBW37_6#page/n13/mode/1up/|title=Stopping by the woods on a Sunday morning (reprinted)|journal=[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]]|volume=37|issue=6|pages=104–106}}</ref> His most popular work was ''The Book of Indian Birds'', written in the style of Whistler's ''Popular Handbook of Birds'', first published in 1941 and subsequently translated into several languages with numerous later editions. The first ten editions sold more than forty-six thousand copies.<ref>Ali (1985):205</ref> The first edition was reviewed by [[Ernst Mayr]] in 1943, who commended it while noting that the illustrations were not to the standard of American bird-books.<ref>{{cite journal|author= Mayr, Ernst |year=1943| title=Review: Birds of India|url= http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v060n02/p0287-p0305.pdf|journal=[[The Auk]] |volume= 60| issue=2|page=287|doi= 10.2307/4079679|jstor=4079679}}</ref> His ''magnum opus'' was however the 10 volume ''[[Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan]]'' written with [[Sidney Dillon Ripley|Dillon Ripley]] and often referred to as "the handbook". This work began in 1964 and ended in 1974 with a second edition completed after his death by others, notably J. S. Serrao of the BNHS, [[Bruce Beehler]], Michel Desfayes and [[Pamela Rasmussen]].<ref name=hbk>{{cite book|author1=Ali, S |author2=Ripley, SD |name-list-style=amp | year=1999| title=Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Edition 2|volume=10|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> A single volume ''compact edition'' of the ''Handbook'' was also produced and a supplementary illustrative work, the first to cover all the birds of India, ''A Pictorial Guide to the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent'', by [[John Henry Dick]] and Dillon Ripley was published in 1983. The plates from this work were incorporated in the second edition of the ''Handbook''.<ref name=hbk/> He also produced a number of regional field guides, including ''The Birds of [[Kerala]]'' (the first edition in 1953 was titled ''The Birds of [[Travancore-Cochin|Travancore and Cochin]]''), ''The Birds of [[Sikkim]]'', ''The Birds of [[Kutch]]'' (later as ''The Birds of [[Gujarat]]''), ''Indian Hill Birds'' and ''Birds of the Eastern [[Himalayas]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Anonymous|year= 1987| title= On Salim Ali| journal= [[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]]| volume= 27| issue=7–8|pages=2–7| url=https://archive.org/stream/NLBW27#page/n56/mode/1up/}}</ref> Several low-cost book were produced by the [[National Book Trust]] including ''Common Birds'' (1967) coauthored with his niece Laeeq Futehally which was reprinted in several editions with translations into Hindi and other languages.<ref>Ali (1985):213–214</ref><ref>{{cite journal| pages=199–200|journal=The Auk|volume=88|issue=1 |author=Watson GE|year=1971|title=Review: Common Indian birds, a picture album by Salim Ali and Laeeq Futehally| url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v088n01/p0187-p0201.pdf| doi=10.2307/4083999|jstor=4083999}}</ref> In 1985 he wrote his autobiography ''The Fall of a Sparrow''. Ali provided his own vision for the [[Bombay Natural History Society]], noting the importance of conservation action.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Bombay Natural History Society Its Past, Present and Future|author= Ali, Salim| journal= Interdisciplinary Science Reviews| volume = 12| issue= 3| year= 1987|pages= 206–210|doi=10.1179/030801887789798962|bibcode= 1987ISRv...12..206A}}</ref> In the 1986 issue of the ''Journal'' ''of the BNHS'' he noted the role that the BNHS had played, the changing interests from hunting to conservation captured in 64 volumes that were preserved in microfiche copies, and the zenith that he claimed it had reached under the exceptional editorship of [[Stanley Henry Prater|S H Prater]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Ali, S|year=1986|volume=83|issue=supplement|title=The journal: Its role in Indian natural history|pages=1–6|journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.}}</ref>

A two-volume compilation of his shorter letters and writings was published in 2006, edited by Tara Gandhi, one of his last students.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Gandhi, Tara|title=A Bird's Eye View : The Collected Essays and Shorter Writings of Salim Ali|publisher= Permanent Black| isbn= 978-81-7824-170-8|year=2007}}</ref> She also edited a collection of transcripts of radio talks given by Salim Ali, which was published in 2021.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ali, S.|title=Words for Birds- The Collected Radio Broadcasts|publisher=Black Kite|year=2021|isbn=978-9391028299|editor=Gandhi, Tara}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
;Autobiography
* {{Cite book |last=Ali |first=Salim |url= |title=The Fall of a Sparrow |title-link=The Fall of a Sparrow |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1985 |isbn=9780195618372}}

==External links==
* {{cite book|last= Ali |first=Salim|title=Book of Indian Birds|url=https://archive.org/stream/BookOfIndianBirds/BookIndianBirds#page/n5/mode/2up|year=1941|publisher= Bombay Natural History Society|isbn= 978-0-19-563732-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Ali | first= Salim|author2=Laeeq Futehally|year=1967| title =Common Birds|publisher=[[National Book Trust]]|place=New Delhi|url=https://archive.org/details/CommonBirds}}
* {{cite book|last=Ali| first= Salim|year=1945| title=The Birds of Kutch|publisher= Oxford University Press for the Kutch Government|url=https://archive.org/details/birdsofkutch00unse}} [https://archive.org/details/birdsofkutchsalimali alternate scan]
* {{cite book|last=Ali | first=Salim| title=The Birds of Sikkim|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125100|year=1962| publisher=Oxford University Press }}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/arts-letters/my-grand-uncle-s-lim |title=My Grand Uncle Sálim |author=Ali, Rauf|date=7 May 2011|publisher=OPEN Magazine}}
* {{cite journal|author=Futehally, Laeeq |year=1976|journal=SPAN|title=Birdwatching in India. Ornithologist Extraordinary.|pages=38–45|url=https://archive.org/details/span-1976-salim-ali}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rcI2zMzO3tw 1974 Indian Government documentary – In the company of birds (1974)]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V0szOZ_RVtA Commentary with recordings from the All India Radio archives]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MSMevPcxQvI Radio interview Part 1] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6mXouDu7EIs Part 2]
* Interviewed on Doordarshan (Bombay) by [[S. A. Hussain]] - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5E2uR_HM2bE Part 1][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_dLsSIBbB4s Part 2]
* [https://www.bnhs.org/public/hornbill_pdf/1701848319.pdf ''Hornbill'' 1995 - Salim Ali birth centenary issue]

{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1954–59}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Salim}}
[[Category:Indian ornithologists]]
[[Category:Indian naturalists]]
[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from prostate cancer in India]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Indian Ismailis]]
[[Category:Sulaymani Bohras]]
[[Category:Naturalists from British India]]
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian zoologists]]
[[Category:Members of the Bombay Natural History Society]]
[[Category:Tyabji family]]
[[Category:Himalayan studies]]

Gayatri Devi (Uttar Pradesh politician)

2026-04-24T18:42:42Z

Randy603804187: New!

{{Short description|Indian politician (1905–2002)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gayatri Devi
| office = [[Spouse of the Prime Minister of India]]
| order =
| predecessor = Gujraben Desai
| successor = [[Feroze Gandhi]]
| term_label = In role
| term_end = 14 January 1980
| term_start = 28 July 1979
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Kairana Lok Sabha constituency|Kairana, Uttar Pradesh]]
| successor1 = Akhtar Hasan
| predecessor1 = Chandan Singh
| term_end1 = 31 December 1984
| term_start1 = 18 January 1980
| office2 = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Iglas Assembly constituency|Iglas, Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_end2 = 23 February 1974
| term_start2 = 5 February 1969
| predecessor2 = M.L. Gautam
| successor2 = [[Rajendra Singh]]
| birth_date = 5 December 1905
| birth_place = [[Sonipat district|Sonipat]], [[British India]] (present-day [[Haryana]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2002|5|10|1905|12|5|df=yes}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Charan Singh]]|5 June 1925}}
| children = 6, including [[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh]]
| prime_minister = [[Charan Singh]]
| party = [[Janata Party (Secular)]]
| other_party = [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]] (before 1980)
| image =
| caption =
}}

'''Gayatri Devi''' (5 December 1905 – 10 May 2002) was an Indian politician. She was [[Spouse of the Prime Minister of India]], [[Charan Singh]]. She was elected to the [[7th Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the Parliament from [[Kairana Lok Sabha constituency|Kairana, Uttar Pradesh]]. She was also elected to the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. She was the first and only female [[MLA (India)|MLA]] from [[Mathura]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=जिले की एक महिला ही पहुंची विधानसभा, गायत्री देवी ही बड़ी कशमकश से बचा पाई थीं सीट|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/mathura/news/up-assembly-election-updates-2022-only-one-woman-could-reach-the-assembly-from-all-the-five-assembly-seats-of-mathura-except-gayatri-devi-no-female-candidate-got-success-129357558.html|website=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]|access-date=4 December 2022|archive-date=4 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204071159/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/mathura/news/up-assembly-election-updates-2022-only-one-woman-could-reach-the-assembly-from-all-the-five-assembly-seats-of-mathura-except-gayatri-devi-no-female-candidate-got-success-129357558.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of Lok Sabha |url=http://loksabha.nic.in/Members/lokprev.aspx?search=G |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=[[Lok Sabha]] |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204065936/http://loksabha.nic.in/Members/lokprev.aspx?search=G |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1969 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3247-uttar-pradesh-1969/?do=download |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

== Early life ==
She was born on 5 December 1905 at Garhi Kundal village in [[Sonipat district]] in the Indian state of [[Haryana]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Member's Bioprofile|url=https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1478.htm|access-date=2022-12-04|website=[[Lok Sabha]]}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly ===
Gayatri Devi began her reluctant political journey in 1969 when she became a consensus candidate due to the warring political factions of the [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal|Bhartiya Kranti Dal]] (BKD) in [[Mathura district]] who couldn’t agree on each other’s candidature. She was elected to the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Iglas Assembly constituency|Iglas]] constituency in 1969 for her first term under the banner of the BKD.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 1969 |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1969-election-results.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416133009/https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1969-election-results.html |archive-date=16 April 2024 |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref> She then won from the Gokul assembly, also in Mathura district, for a second term in 1974.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 1974 |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1974-election-results.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614171217/https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1974-election-results.html |archive-date=14 June 2023 |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref> She was elected to these both assemblies under the banner of [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]], led by [[Charan Singh]]. She remains till date the first and only women to get elected to the Legislative Assembly from [[Mathura]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=लोकसभा चुनाव फ्लैश बैक: जनता ने गायत्री देवी को हाथ जोड़ने से कर दिया था मना, कहा-आप वोट न मांगें |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/shamli/lok-sabha-election-flashback-public-had-stopped-gayatri-devi-to-join-hands-said-you-do-not-ask-for-votes-2024-03-20 |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

=== Parliament, Lok Sabha ===
After her tenure in the state assembly, She transitioned to national politics. She was elected as a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament (MP)]] to the [[7th Lok Sabha]] from the [[Kairana Lok Sabha constituency|Kairana]] constituency in Uttar Pradesh as a member of the [[Janata Party (Secular)]]. She served as MP from 18 January 1980 to 31 December 1984.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Uttar Pradesh [1947 - 1999] 1980 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha/1980/uttar-pradesh-%5B1947---1999%5D/7/8 |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
She married [[Charan Singh|Chaudhary Charan Singh]], [[List of prime ministers of India|5th Prime Minister of India]] on 5 June 1925.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charan Singh |url=https://loksabhadocs.nic.in/Refinput/eprofiles/English/21122021_162418_1021206200.pdf |website=Lok Sabha Documents |access-date=4 December 2022 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308183128/http://loksabhadocs.nic.in/Refinput/eprofiles/English/21122021_162418_1021206200.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The couple had six children, including [[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh]], a noted politician and also former Union Cabinet Minister.
[[File:Charan Singh with Gayatri Devi.jpg|thumb|Gayatri Devi with [[Charan Singh]]]]

== Death ==
She died on 10 May 2002 after prolonged illness at the age of 96.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LABOUR MINISTER CONDOLES THE DEATH OF SMT. GAYATRI DEVI |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/releases98/lyr2002/rmay2002/10052002/r1005200234.html |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]] |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204070501/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/releases98/lyr2002/rmay2002/10052002/r1005200234.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajit Singh's mother dead |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020511/spotlite.htm |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=[[The Tribune India]] |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204070851/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020511/spotlite.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

== External links ==

* [https://charansingh.org/tag/gayatri-devi Gayatri Devi - Charan Singh Archives]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Gayatri}}
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:Spouses of prime ministers of India]]
[[Category:People from Sonipat district]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1969–1974]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1974–1977]]
[[Category:Janata Party (Secular) politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Kranti Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Women from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]

Lethe wui

2026-04-20T02:28:06Z

Randy603804187: New page

{{Short description|Species of butterfly}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Close wing puddling position of Lethe wui (Huang, 1999) - Golden Mystic.jpg
| genus = Lethe
| species = wui
| authority = [[Hao Huang|Huang]], 1999
| synonyms = {{Species list
|Zophoessa wui|
}}
}}

'''''Lethe wui''''', the '''Tibetan silverfork''', '''golden mystic''' or '''Huang's mystic''', is a butterfly in the family [[Nymphalidae]]. It is found in [[Metok]] in [[Tibet]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]] in India. It was described by Hao Huang in 1999.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lang |first=Song-Yun |title=Notes on some little known Lethe Hübner, 1819 from Nujiang and Dulongjiang, NW Yunnan, China, with descriptions of a new subspecies |url=https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Atalanta_47_0216-0223.pdf |journal=Atalanta |volume=47 |issue=1/2 |pages=216–223}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=Hao |last2=Wu |first2=Chun-Sheng |last3=Yuan |first3=Feng |title=Zophoessa ocellata (Poujade, 1885) and its allies in China with the description of two new species. A review of the genera Lethe, Zophoessa and Neope in China |url=https://ia601807.us.archive.org/12/items/neue-entomologische-nachrichten-55-145-158/neue-entomologische-nachrichten-55-145-158.pdf |journal=Neue Entomologische Nachrichten |volume=55 |pages=145–158}}</ref>

This species was described from one male collected in [[Metok]], southeastern [[Tibet]]. Since then, this species has been sighted in [[Kachin State|Kachin]], Myanmar in 2011<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Koiwaya |first=Satoshi |last2=Shizuya |first2=Hideo |date=2011 |title=Description of a new species of Zophoessa (Satyridae) from Northern Myanmar. |journal=Gekkan-Mushi |volume=480 |pages=31–33}}</ref> and [[Mayodia Pass]], India in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lethe wui Huang, 1999 - Golden Mystic {{!}} Butterfly |url=https://www.ifoundbutterflies.org/lethe-wui |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=www.ifoundbutterflies.org}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q57493236}}

[[Category:Butterflies of Asia]]
[[Category:Butterflies described in 1999]]
[[Category:Lethe (butterfly)|wui]]
[[Category:Insects of India]]
[[Category:Insects of China]]

{{Satyrini-stub}}

Mantar Singh Brar

2026-04-20T02:02:03Z

Randy603804187: New biography - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mantar Singh Brar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1964|11|3|df=y}}
| birth_place = Sandhwan, Distt.[[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| image =
| office = [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Member of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Kotkapura Assembly constituency|Kotkapura]]
| term = 1997-2007
| predecessor = Upinder Sharma
| successor = Ripjit Singh Brar
| office2 = [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Member of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Kotkapura Assembly constituency|Kotkapura]]
| term2 = 2012-2017
| predecessor2 = Ripjit Singh Brar
| successor2 = [[Kultar Singh Sandhwan]]
| office3 =
| term3 =
| party = [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| other_party =
| children = 1 son & 1 daughter
| father = [[Jaswinder Singh Brar]]
| mother = Manjit Kaur
| profession = Agriculture Business
| website = {{Facebook|mantarsinghbrar}} {{Instagram|mantarsinghbrar}}
| spouse = Amanjit Kaur
| alma_mater = [[Punjabi University]]
}}
'''Mantar Singh Brar''' (born 3 November 1964) is an Indian politician and former Chief Parliamentary Secretary in the [[Government of Punjab, India|Punjab Government]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-18 |title=Mantar Singh Brar |url=https://www.ptcnews.tv/mantar-singh-brar |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=PTC News |language=en}}</ref> He won 1997 [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] elections from the [[Kotkapura Assembly constituency|Kotkapura constituency]], and again won in 2002 and 2012.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> He is the son of [[Jaswinder Singh Brar]], former Minister of Cooperation and former [[Leader of the Opposition|Leader of Opposition]] in the [[Government of Punjab, India|Punjab Government]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2013-08-23 |title=SAD MLA' brother elected Zila Parishad chairman |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/sad-mla-brother-elected-zila-parishad-chairman/articleshow/22009998.cms |access-date=2023-04-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2016-11-13 |title=MLA report cards: Sikander Singh Maluka and Mantar Singh Brar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/mla-report-cards-sikander-singh-maluka-and-mantar-singh-brar/story-trG8Up3pD5sVRuDxjZWnVJ.html |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Brar was born in 1964, to father [[Jaswinder Singh Brar]] and mother Manjit Kaur. He did his [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] from Brijindra College, Faridkot. He went on to do [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] in History from [[Punjabi University]], [[Patiala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mantar Singh Brar in Punjab Assembly Elections 2022 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/mantar-singh-brar-kotkapura-candidate-s19a088c01/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He is married to Amanjit Kaur who is a teacher by profession. He has one son and one daughter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mantar Singh Brar in Punjab Assembly Elections 2022 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/mantar-singh-brar-kotkapura-candidate-s19a088c01/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> His brother Kultar Singh Brar was elected as chairman of Zila Parishad, [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]] in 2013.<ref name=":0" />

== Political career ==
Brar was first elected to [[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Legislative Assembly]] in 1997 as an independent candidate. Brar won this election by a margin of 16,000 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Punjab 1997 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1997/punjab/133/www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1997/punjab/133/7 |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Elections |url=https://www.elections.in/punjab/assembly-constituencies/1997-election-results.html}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Elections 1997 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99aug09/punjab.htm}}</ref>

He was re-elected to Punjab Legislative Assembly in the year [[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]] defeating Vibha Sharma.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=2012 Elections |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/shiromani-akali-dals-first-list-of-69-candidates-324451}}</ref>

He was appointed district president of the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] for [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]] in 2008 by newly elected party president [[Sukhbir Singh Badal]], a position he has held to this day.<ref name=":2" />

In 2012, he was again elected to [[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Legislative Assembly]], defeating Ripjit Singh Brar of INC.<ref name=":1" /> Shiromani Akali Dal formed the government and he was made the Chief Parliamentary Secretary for rural development and panchayats.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-05-19 |title=SAD leaders' kin make their way into civic polls |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/sad-leaders-kin-make-their-way-into-civic-polls/articleshow/20130615.cms |access-date=2023-04-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

In December 2022, Brar was appointed as the senior vice-president of Shiromani Akali Dal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-15 |title=SAD expansion: Sukhbir appoints 19 senior VPs, expands advisory panel |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/sad-expansion-sukhbir-badal-adds-many-top-functionaries-into-party-fold-101671116978981.html |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
=== 2012 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Legislative Assembly Election, 2012]]: Kotkapura}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Mantar Singh Brar
|votes = 49,361
|percentage = 44.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ripjeet Singh Brar
|votes = 31,175
|percentage = 27.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Upinder Sharma
|votes = 15,202
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=111,499|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2002 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Legislative Assembly Election, 2002]]: Kotkapura}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Mantar Singh Brar
|votes = 42,725
|percentage = 39.9
|change = -8.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Prof. Vibha Sharma
|votes = 40,986
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kartar Singh
|votes = 11,104
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=107,069|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1997 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Legislative Assembly Election, 1997]]: Kotkapura}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Mantar Singh Brar
|votes = 50,562
|percentage = 48.56
|change = new
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Mohinder Singh
|votes = 34,933
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Joginder Singh
|votes = 18,278
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=104,123|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Facebook|mantarsinghbrar}}
* {{Instagram|mantarsinghbrar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brar, Mantar Singh}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 1997–2002]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:People from Faridkot, Punjab]]
[[Category:Sikh politics]]
[[Category:Shiromani Akali Dal politicians]]

Boro people

2026-03-28T14:01:33Z

Randy603804187: corrected citations per standard format and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Ethnolinguistic group in northeast India}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Boro
| native_name = Bara<ref>By 1921 the census reported that many Kacharis had abandoned tribal names and were describing themselves as Bara by caste and language.{{harvcol|Sharma|2011|p=211}}</ref>
| native_name_lang =
| image = Boro bwisagu dance.jpg
| image_caption = Boro bwisagu dance in traditional attire
| rawimage =
| population = {{sigfig|1.454|3}} million<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf|title=Census report 2011|access-date=5 January 2020}} Note: The number are for the L1 speakers of the Boro language</ref> (2011)
| region1 = [[Assam]], [[Meghalaya]]
| pop1 = 1.41 million<ref name="CensusIndia-mother-tongue">{{cite web |title=C -16 C-16 Population By Mother Tongue - Assam |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1800.XLSX |website=census.gov.in |access-date=23 August 2020}} Note: the number of L1 speakers of the [[Boro language (India)|Boro language]], which is likely a lower estimate of the number of ethnic Boro people.</ref> (2011)
| languages = [[Boro language (India)|Boro]]
| religions = [[Bathouism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Christianity]]
| related = Other [[Bodo–Kachari people]]
| footnotes =
| website =
}}
The '''Boro''' (बर'/बड़ो {{IPA|bo|bɔɽo|}}), also called '''Bodo''', are a [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] speaking [[ethnolinguistic]] group native to the state of [[Assam]] in [[India]]. They are a part of the greater [[Bodo-Kachari people|Bodo-Kachari]] family of ethnolinguistic groups and are spread across [[northeastern India]]. They are concentrated mainly in the [[Bodoland Territorial Region]] of Assam, though Boros inhabit all other districts of Assam<ref>{{harvcol|Dikshit|2013|p=376}}</ref> and [[Meghalaya]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Meghalaya - Data Highlights: The Scheduled Tribes - Census of India 2001 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/tables_published/scst/dh_st_meghalaya.pdf |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=12 March 2022}}</ref>

Boros were listed under both "Boro" and "Borokachari" in The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/19_The%20Constitution%20%28ST%29%20Order%201950.pdf |title=the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927192732/https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/19_The%20Constitution%20%28ST%29%20Order%201950.pdf |archive-date=27 September 2022 }}</ref> and continue to be called so in the Census of India documents.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/12177 |title=ST-14: Scheduled tribe population by religious community (district level), Assam, district Sonitpur - 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130015329/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/12177 |archive-date=30 January 2023}}</ref> Boros speak the [[Boro language (India)|Boro language]], a [[Boro-Garo languages|Boro-Garo]] language of the [[Tibeto-Burman]] family, which is recognised as one of twenty-two [[Scheduled languages of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/EighthSchedule_19052017.pdf|title=List of languages in the Eighth Schedule}}</ref> Over two-thirds of the people are bilingual, speaking Assamese as second language.<ref>{{harvcol|Dikshit|2013|p=375}}</ref> The Boro along with other cognate groups of [[Bodo-Kachari people]]s are prehistoric settlers who are believed to have migrated at least 3,000 years ago.<ref>"Most scholars suggest that the first Tibeto-Burman-speaking peoples began to enter Assam at least 3,000 years ago." {{harvcol|DeLancey|2012|pp=13–14}}</ref> Boros are mostly settled farmers, who have traditional irrigation, dong.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Devi |first=Chandam Victoria |date=1 April 2018 |title=Participatory Management of Irrigation System in North Eastern Region of India |journal=International Journal of Rural Management |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=69–79 |doi=10.1177/0973005218765552 |issn=0973-0052 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The Boro people are recognised as a plains tribe in the [[Autonomous administrative divisions of India|Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution]], and have special powers in the [[Bodoland Territorial Region]], an [[Autonomous administrative divisions of India|autonomous division]]; and also as a minority people.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Boro (Bodo)|url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/boro-bodo/|access-date=27 November 2020|website=Minority Rights Group|date=30 June 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Etymology==
Boro is the self-designation or autonym of the community.<ref>"The people very seldom call themselves by any other name other than ''Bodo'' or ''Boro''".{{harvcol|Mosahary|1983|p=42}}</ref> ''Boro'' comes from ''Bara-fisa'', which means "son of Bara", and ''Bara'' stands for "man" or "male member" of the group.<ref>"...we have references to the term ''Bara-fisa'' meaning child of the ''Baras'' and the term ''Bara-fisa'' must have been subsequently termed as simply as ''Bara'' pronounced as ''Boro''. Dr P C Bhattacharya writes that like other tribal names in Assam the name ''Bara'' stands for ''man'' or ''male member'' {{harvcol|Mosahary|1983|p=44}}</ref> In the cognate language [[Kokborok]], ''Borok'' means man ('k' being a suffix for nouns) and so logically, ''Boro'' would mean ''man'' even in the [[Boro language (India)|Boro language]].<ref>{{harvcol|Brahma|2008|p=1}} In closely allied Tripura language, “Boro” is pronounced as “Borok” which means Man.</ref> Generally, the word ''Boro'' means a ''man'', in the wider sense ''Boro'' means a ''human being'' (but not specific to a female member of the family) in the languages used by the [[Bodo-Kachari people]]s.<ref>{{harvcol|Brahma|2008|p=1}}</ref>

==Language==
{{Main|Boro language (India)}}
The [[Boro language (India)|Boro language]] is a member of the [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] language family. It belongs to the [[Boro–Garo languages|Boro–Garo]] group of the [[Tibeto-Burman languages]] branch of the Sino-Tibetan family. It is an [[official language]] of the state of [[Assam]] and the [[Bodoland Territorial Region]] of [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Assam Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2020
|url=https://legislative.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/legislative_medhassu_in_oid_3/menu/document/the_assam_official_languageamendment_act_2020_assam_act_no.xi_of_2021.pdf}}</ref> It is also one of the twenty-two languages listed in the [[Languages with official status in India#Schedule|Eighth Schedule]] of the [[Constitution of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Languages Included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution |url=https://rajbhasha.gov.in/en/languages-included-eighth-schedule-indian-constitution}}</ref>

==Religion==
Traditionally, Boros practised [[Bathouism]], which is the worshiping of [[God|supreme God]], known as ''Obonglaoree''. The shijou tree is taken as the symbol of Bathou and worshiped. It is also claimed as the supreme god.<ref name="Basumatary 2–3">{{Cite book|title=Boro Kachari Sonskritir Kinchit Abhas |last=Basumatary |first=Dhuparam |pages=2–3}}</ref> In the Boro language, Ba means five and thou means deep. Since Boros believe in the five mighty elements of God – land, water, air, fire, and ether – the number five has become significant in the Bathou culture, which is similar to the five elements of other Asian religions.

According to Bathouism, before the creation of the universe there was simply a great [[Void (astronomy)|void]], in which the [[God|supreme being]] 'Aham Guru', Anan Binan Gosai or Obonglaoree existed formlessly. Aham Guru became tired of living a '''formless''' existence and desired to live in flesh and blood. He descended on this great void with all human characteristics and created the universe.<ref name="Basumatary 2–3"/>

In addition to Bathouism, Boro people have also been converted to [[Hinduism]], especially [[havan|Hoom Jaygya]]. For this worship through fire ceremony, a clean surface near a home or courtyard is prepared. Usually, worship offerings include a [[betel nut]] called a 'goi' and a betel leaf called a 'pathwi' or 'bathwi' and rice, milk, and sugar. Another important Hindu festival, the Kherai Puja, where an altar is placed in a rice field, is the most important festival of the Boros. However, caste and dowry practices are not practised by the majority of Boro Hindus, who follow a set of rules called Brahma Dharma.<ref name="HOME">{{Cite web|url=http://udalguri.gov.in/bodo.htm|title=HOME|website=udalguri.gov.in|access-date=2 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410212956/http://www.udalguri.gov.in/bodo.htm|archive-date=10 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A majority of the Bodo people still follow Bathouism, but in censuses, they are often classified as Hindus, as their native religion has no official recognition under the [[Constitution of India|Indian constitution]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/ncm-asked-to-clarify-stand-on-status-of-bodo-tribes-religion/articleshow/16271328.cms | title=NCM asked to clarify stand on status of Bodo tribe's religion | newspaper=The Times of India | date=6 September 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/indian-constitution-shall-now-recognize-bathouism-officially-392371-2019-02-06 | title=Indian Census shall now recognize 'Bathouism' officially | date=6 February 2019 }}</ref>

[[Christianity]] is followed by around '''10%''' of the Boros and is predominantly of the [[Baptist]] denomination.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hundreds of Bodo-Christians joined a massive rally addressed by Indias PM but skepticism remains |url=http://southasiajournal.net/hundreds-of-bodo-christians-joined-a-massive-rally-addressed-by-indias-pm-but-skepticism-remains/ |access-date=4 September 2020 |work=southasiajournal.net |date=12 February 2020}}</ref> The major Boro Churches associations are the [[Boro Baptist Convention]] and [[Boro Baptist Church Association]].

[[File:Boro People.jpg|thumb|A group of Boro women at Delhi]]

==History==
After the break-up of [[Kamarupa]] around the 12th century till the colonial times (19th century) and beyond different ethnic groups settled in different ecological regions<ref>"Several communities inhabiting these areas since precolonial times, which include the Bodo, Garo, Khasi, Bhutia, Rajbanshi, etc, had settled across a wider geography characterised by similar ecological features (Nathan 1936). Over the second millennium of our common era, the process for consolidation of these habitats began. The Bodos, too, underwent this process." {{harvcol|Saikia|2012|p=17}}</ref> but the constant movements and intermixing of peoples led to the development of distinctive but hybrid cultural practices.<ref>"The historical movement of populations was often determined by local ecological pressures like a crisis of resources to support an increasing population or natural disturbances like the rapid change in the course of some river. The visible absence of boundaries representing the nation state also allowed a free flow of people. The region thus helped in the growth of a distinctively hybrid space of ecology and linguistic practices." {{harvcol|Saikia|2012|p=17}}</ref> According to {{harvtxt|Saikia|2012}}, even as different state systems emerged, expanded, and fell—such as the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]s, the [[Kamata Kingdom#Koch kingdom|Koch]], the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]]s, and [[Colonial Assam|British colonialism]]—the Boros resisted entry into their fiscal systems and moved slowly but continuously to avoid them.<ref>"The Bodos were continuously, albeit slowly, on the move for a long period. This practice was fairly true for most communities who resisted any entry into the formal state-led fiscal system whether it was the Mughal, Koch and Ahom rulers or the British colonial government." {{harvcol|Saikia|2012|p=17}}</ref> Due to the expansion of these states and the expansion of tenured peasantry,<ref>"The consolidation of the Hindu Assamese peasantry in the flat fertile valley over the past few centuries had demarcated agrarian boundaries. The tribal peasantry was further boxed inside a fixed geography, a process that made them strangers within the Hindu Assamese agrarian territory." {{harvcol|Saikia|2012|p=17}}</ref> the Boros were those who finally converged close to the forested regions of the lower Himalayan foothills.<ref>"Historically, they lived closer to the forested areas along the foothills of southern [[Bhutan]] region or the lower Himalayan ranges(Allen 1905)" {{harvcol|Saikia|2012|p=15}}</ref>

In this habitat, the Boros practised [[shifting cultivation]]<ref>"All these accounts confirm that the Bodo tribe followed slash and burn cultivation. Although wet rice cultivation and plow were a characteristic of the Indo-Aryans, Bodos transitioned from using these methods of cultivation by the 1870s due to closer contact with settled populations." {{harvcol|Daimari|Bedamatta|2021|p= 709}}</ref> for self-sustenance and controlled forest products. To cultivate in this difficult terrain the Boros developed innovative low-cost irrigation systems that supported shifting cultivation.<ref>"The Bodos have innovatively re-engineered the water flow into these areas and created a localised irrigation system (Guha 1982). But this did not support an overall production of surplus crop... The low-cost irrigation works facilitated through community labour did not stand against their tradition of shifting agriculture..." {{harvcol|Saikia|2012|p=15}}</ref> Landholding, sowing and harvesting, irrigation, and hunting were all performed collectively.<ref>"[H]istorically the Bodos have practised communal landownership. This was equally true in their preference for collective labour which was needed for irrigation works and during the sowing or harvesting seasons; even hunting was a collective effort." {{harvcol|Saikia|2012|p=16}}</ref> As those who controlled forest based produce, they emerged as intermediaries in the trade in these as well as other goods between the plains and the hills and complex relationships developed. The Boros remained shifting cultivators at least till the 18th century and then slowly became less mobile;<ref>"For long, the Bodo remained shifting cultivators in a flat valley. At least till the 18th century, they were yet to be fixed into a permanent geography. This meant they would hardly practise a permanent form of cultivation though slowly they became less mobile" {{harvcol|Saikia|2012|p=16}}</ref> even during the colonial period, most Boros refused permanent land tenure<ref>"During colonial rule, a majority of Bodo peasants, like many others in the
Brahmaputra Valley refused to accept permanent land tenure." {{harvcol|Saikia|2012|p=16}}</ref> or made no effort to secure landholding documents.<ref>"Colonial rule even failed to infuse a permanent nature of cultivation among the Bodos. This was true for most tribal communities of the region. The Bodos rarely tried to secure written records of landownership." {{harvcol|Saikia|2012|p=16}}</ref>

When the [[Koch dynasty]] (1515–1949) consolidated its rule in the 16th century into the regions that the Boro people had settled in, it demarcated the region north of the [[Gohain Kamal Ali]]—which came to be called the [[Duars]]—as the region where non-Brahmin culture could thrive. After the [[Ahom kingdom]] consolidated its power in [[Lower Assam|western Assam]] in the 17/18th century it made special arrangements with [[Bhutan]] to share administrative and fiscal responsibilities. But when the British banned forest lands from being used for cultivation in the last quarter of the 19th century the Boros suffered a major habitat loss since the forest lands historically used for shifting cultivation and the source of other produce suddenly became unavailable to them.<ref>{{harvcol|Saikia|2012|pp=16–17}}</ref> To alienate indigenous peasants from their lands was a stated colonial aim, to make them available as labour in other enterprises.<ref>"A principal aim in mid-19th century Assam was to flush out native peasants from the land, as documented in government reports and arbitrary land revenue increments. They were to be coerced into surrendering what Marx called "conditions of labour" to the tea planters; an achievement that was to ensure a ready [[reserve army of labour]]." {{harvcol|Das|Saikia|2011|p=73}}</ref>

===Boro identity formation===
Boros identity formation began in the colonial period,<ref>{{harvtxt|Saikia|2017|pp=160–161}}</ref> when the Boro elite and intelligentsia began differentiating themselves from the [[Assamese people|Assamese]] [[Caste system in India|caste]]-[[Hinduism|Hindu]] society.<ref>"From the colonial period, the Bodos have been defining themselves as a community in opposition to other communities. The Bodo-educated elites and intelligentsia have been articulating their divergence from the Assamese caste Hindu society and highlighting issues like land alienation and social and economic backwardness." {{harvcol|Pathak|2012|p=20}}</ref><ref name="bodo-kachari">"Bodos, who have historically shared their home with other communities in the Assam valley, were one of the first communities in the plains to challenge the Assamese [[hegemony]]. Under a broader appellate of [[Bodo–Kachari people|Bodo-Kachari]], they galvanized a political movement, mobilizing a separate identity from the caste-[[Historical Vedic religion|Hindu]] Assamese community." {{harvcol|Saikia|2017|p=161}}</ref> The Boro, as well as many other communities as also much of the indigenous elite, were not exposed to education till the end of the 19th century, and it was by the early 20th century when a class of Boro/Kachari publicists finally emerged<ref>"Twentieth-century Bodo Kachari publicists contributed an important new voice to Assam’s public sphere. Until the late nineteenth century few Kacharis had the wherewithal to obtain a high school or college education." {{harvcol|Sharma|2011|p=208}}</ref>—a small Kachari elite formed in the early 20th century from among traders, school teachers and contractors.<ref>"By the early twentieth century a small Kachari public emerged from among petty traders, schoolteachers, and small-time contractors. Its participants sought out alternatives to the limited mobility offered by established Hinduism." {{harvcol|Sharma|2011|p=210}}</ref> Foremost among them was [[Kalicharan Brahma]], a trader from [[Undivided Goalpara district|Goalpara]] who established a new [[monotheistic]] faith called "[[Brahma]]-ism" and most importantly, claimed for himself and his peers a new Bodo Identity.<ref>"The founder of this movement was Kalicharan (1860–1938), a Kachari trader based in Goalpara. A [[Bengalis|Bengali]] mendicant, [[Sibnarayan Paramhansa]], inspired him to venerate [[Brahma]], the Supreme Soul. Kalicharan summoned comrades to join him in a new, monotheistic faith whose members adopted a new surname, Brahma, in place of their older, demeaning tribal names. Simultaneously they claimed a new Bodo identity." {{harvcol|Sharma|2011|p=211}}</ref><ref>"Kalicharan Brahma, Sitanath Brahma Choudhary among the Kacharis and Samsonsing Ingti among the Mikirs were the real pioneers. Their attempts to redefine tradition, adjusting to colonial modernity, were also the first steps towards the construction of the tribal identity." {{harvcol|Pathak|2010|p=62}}</ref> Whereas earlier educated Kacharis like Rupnath had few options for social mobility other than assimilating into the Hindu lower castes, thus the Brahma religion developed by the Bodos that asserted respectable and [[autonomous]] Bodo identity while rejecting the cast dominance,<ref>"Modernizing Bodos felt that they had to distinguish themselves from ''savage'' tribal neighbours such as Nagas while resisting caste domination."{{harvcol|Sharma|2011|p=213}}</ref><ref>"Previously, educated Kacharis like Rupnath possessed few options for social mobility other than absorption into the Hindu lower castes. The Brahma religion offered him and his peers a new opportunity to assert a respectable and [[autonomous]] Bodo identity." {{harvcol|Sharma|2011|p=211}}</ref> and by the 1921 census the Boros began giving up their tribal names and identifying themselves as ''Boro'' by caste and language and ''Brahma'' by religion.<ref>"By 1921 the census reported that many Kacharis had abandoned tribal names and were describing themselves as Bara [sic] by caste and language, and Brahma by religion." {{harvcol|Sharma|2011|p=211}}</ref> Additional avenues, via conversion to [[Christianity]], were already available by the late 19th century especially with the evangelical work of Sidney Endle who is also known for his tome "The Kacharis",<ref>"Quite in Hodgson’s fashion, the S.P.G. missionary Sidney Endle, who wrote about the Kacharis at the end of the nineteenth century, praised them as diligent [[Aboriginal title|aboriginals]]. But he was less interested in their economic redemption than in the spiritual. Endle’s main objective was the Christian conversion of his Kachari flock." {{harvcol|Sharma|2011|p=210}}</ref> and this formed a parallel stream of Boro articulation till much later times.

''Boro'' as a self-referential term for all Kacharis was reported by [[Robert Montgomery Martin|Montgomery]] in 1838.<ref>"In fact, colonial officials seemed aware that Boro was a self-referential term. For instance, in 1838 Martin Montgomery reported that: "The Kachharis form a tribe, ..." {{harvcol|Daimari|2022|p=14}}</ref> ''Bodo'' was a term reported by [[Brian Houghton Hodgson]] (1847) as a [[Endonym and exonym|endonym]] that, he speculated, encompassed a wide group of peoples that included in the minimum the Mech and the Kacharis.<ref>"As (Hodgson) admits in the end, his way of seeing the "Bodos" is twofold: he starts by using "Bodo" to designate a wide range of people (“a numerous race”), then wonders if some others are not "Bodos in disguise". He ends on a cautionary note and refrains from unmasking the dubious tribes, registering only the Mechs and Kacharis,..." {{harvcol|Jacquesson|2008|p=21}}</ref> This led to two type of approaches to the Boro identity: one is the notion of a wide group was picked up by Kalicharan Brahma and his peers who posited the Boro identity in opposition to the caste-Hindu [[Assamese people|Assamese]],<ref name="bodo-kachari"/> and the other one, Jadunath Khakhlari who accepted the notion for the greater Bodo race but at the same time criticised it as a neologism and insisted on the use of the name Kachari and pointed to the Kachari's contribution to the Assamese culture to underline their historical political legacy.<ref>"Jadunath accepted the notion of a greater Bodo race which would unite different groups. Yet in contrast to Kalicharan and his followers, he wished to retain the name Kachari. He criticized the term Bodo as a neologism which denied the Kachari historical legacy: ''If we ourselves see the name Kachari as shameful so will other groups.'' In this manner Jadunath sought to reclaim past Kachari contributions to Assamese culture and literature. He reminded his readers that ''the Kachari language [was the one] from whose roots sprang the present Asomiya language, whose king was the first patron of the religion and its books.'' Jadunath voiced the views of those Bodos who felt that they might lose their claim to the rich heritage of Assam’s medieval Kachari and Koch kingdoms." {{harvcol|Sharma|2011|p=213}}</ref> Those of the Kacharis who preferred to progress socially by initiation into the [[Ekasarana Dharma]] are called [[Sarania Kachari]] and are not considered as Boros today.

===Pre-political Boro associations===
The period from 1919 saw the emergence of different Boro organisations: ''Bodo Chatra Sanmilan'' (Bodo Students Association), ''Kachari Chatra Sanmilan'' (Kachari Students Association), ''Bodo Maha Sanmilan'' (Greater Bodo Association), ''Kachari Jatiyo Sanmilan'' (Kachari Community Association), etc.<ref>{{harvcol|Sharma|2011|pp=212–213}}</ref> These organisations pushed divergent means for social and political progress.<ref>"It is not easy to reconstruct the thoughts and actions of this nascent Bodo public, since constituents had limited access to social capital and print media. Ideas and structures were constantly in flux as they flowed through multiple organizations and meetings. Fragmentary traces of Bodo publicists' ideas appear in the rare pamphlets that have survived in archives. These reveal the divergent approaches to social progress that were on offer." {{harvcol|Sharma|2011|p=213}}</ref> For example, ''Bodo Chatra Sanmilan'' advocated giving up tribal attributes and wanted women to follow the ideals of ''Sita'' of [[Ramayana]].<ref>"Association members were urged to abjure [[pork]], [[Alcohol (drug)|alcohol]], and the practice of [[animal sacrifice]] to the gods. Bodo women were exhorted to follow the examples of legendary females such as the virtuous wife Sita of the Ramayana epic in their lives and conduct." {{harvcol|Sharma|2011|p=213}}</ref> Even as self-assertive politics was on, the Boros were not ready to severe their relationship with the greater Assamese society, with even Kalicharan Brahma advocating Assamese as the medium of instruction in schools,<ref name="simon-pathak">"On the question of territorial transfer of [[Goalpara district|Goalpara]] to [[Bengal]], members of the various Kachari organisations claimed themselves to be Assamese on the basis of cultural affinity. As mentioned earlier, Kalicharan Brahma's efforts to introduce Assamese as the medium of instruction also point to a parallel political and cultural identification to an Assamese identity." {{harvcol|Pathak|2010|p=62}}</ref> and Boro associations seeking patronage from Assamese figures who showed sympathy for their cause.<ref>"The Bodo associations often sought patronage from established Assamese figures who showed sympathy to the Bodo cause. For example, the tea planter Bisturam Barua received the title of ''Kachari Raja'' for his financial support of the community's events." {{harvcol|Sharma|2011|p=212}}</ref> In the absence of an acknowledged past history of [[state formation]], the associations felt particularly pressed to show that the Boros were not primitive as some other tribal groups<ref>"In the vacuum created by the absence of an acknowledged history of state formation, colonial observers and Assamese élites had wrongly dismissed Bodo Kacharis as a primitive people." {{harvcol|Sharma|2011|p=213}}</ref> and at the same time did not fall into the caste-[[Historical Vedic religion|Hindu]] hierarchy.<ref>"Modernizing Bodos felt that they had to distinguish themselves from ''savage'' tribal neighbours such as [[Nagaland|Naga]]s even while resisting [[Caste system in India|caste]] domination.</ref>

The demand for community rights was made for the first time when at the 1929 [[Simon Commission]] the Boro leaders evoked colonial imagery of backward tribes and requested protection in the form of reserved representation in local and central legislatures.<ref>"In order to safeguard their interests, "the community demanded separate representative in the local council and one reserved seat for the Bodos in the Central Legislature". They deplored their backwardness and recognised education as a means of development and fight against exploitation. They complained that they were illiterate because "our people are always misled, they cannot understand the value of reforms, they cannot save themselves from the hands of the foreign moneylenders". The leaders, as representatives of respective tribes, used the colonial imagery of the tribe as backward, semi-savage, ignorant to put forward their political claims and for seeking colonial protection." {{harvcol|Pathak|2010|p=62}}</ref> The Boro delegation to the Simon Commission included, among others, Kalicharan Brahma and Jadav Khakhlari. The delegation submitted that Goalpara should remain with Assam and should not be included with [[Bengal]]; and that the Boros were culturally close to the Assamese.{{refn|"Goalpara is a part and parcel of Assam and history will prove what part she has been playing since the time immemorial. The habits and customs of the people of this district are more akin to Assamese than to Bengalis. We the Bodos can by no means call ourselves other than Assamese. The transfer of this district to Bengal will be prejudical to the interest not only of this community, but all the other communities, and this transfer will seriously hamper our progress in all directions." - part of the text of the memorandum to the Simon Commission.}}<ref name="simon-pathak"/>

===Boros in colonial tribal politics===
The only human category in the pre-colonial times was ''[[Jāti|jati]]''.<ref>"Nowadays in the North-East, “tribe” and “caste” are very commonly used as such, i.e. in English. It is worthwhile, however, underlining that this dichotomy does not exist in the Assamese language itself nor in other Indo-Aryan languages in India, which do not differentiate between different sorts of human “kinds” or “species”, jāti." {{harvcol|Ramirez|2014|p=18}}</ref> In the early 19th century the [[East India Company]] became interested in the 'tribal' question owing to situations arising out of insurgencies against local rulers who were seeking British protection; but over the years the East India Company/[[British Raj]] evolved its role as saviours of the not the local rulers but the local people by offering to protect them against these rulers just as the primitive people of Africa needed protection. The notion of primitive vs non-primitive difference was further refined by the introduction of European notions of [[Race (human categorization)|racial]] differences and by the census of 1872, categories such as 'aboriginal tribe' and 'semi-Hinduised aboriginals' emerged. The 1881 census proposed that India consisted of two hostile populations and thus did not possess a cohesive nationality. And by 1901 the official definition of a tribe was set down by Risley.<ref>{{harvcol|Gupta|2019|pp=109–112}}</ref> Within this formulation [[Northeast India]] was seen as a special case that required separate legislation.<ref>"While this largely pertained to central and southern India, the northeast was shown to have had a somewhat different trajectory, where indigenous communities represented a third category which descended from the ‘great wave of Mongoloid immigration southward’. It was stated that since the Indo-Aryans did not penetrate these areas till long after their own original traditions had been lost, the northeast constituted a discrete space, requiring separate legislation." {{harvcol|Gupta|2019|p=112}}</ref>

The elites from these social groups, including that from the Boros, used these categories for political articulation.<ref>"The "Plains Tribes" category was invented by the colonial authorities to ethnographically classify the tribal section of the population in the plains, which was later, after the 1935 Act, given the status of a separate constituency. The tribal elite appropriated this construction to articulate their political aspirations. {{harvcol|Pathak|2010|p=62}}</ref> The ''Tribal League'', a full political organisation, emerged in 1933<ref>"The early 20th century saw the emergence of various associations within these communities, which culminated in the emergence of the Tribal League in 1933." {{harvcol|Pathak|2010|p=62}}</ref> as the common platform for all ''plains tribes'' of the Brahmaputra valley<ref>"The formation and emergence of the Tribal League in 1933 as a common platform of all the Plains Tribes also involved a parallel process in self-representation. The numerically small, educated tribal elite attempted to define their tribal identity as a "community of the Plains Tribes". The Tribal League envisioned the unity of the various tribal communities. Thus, there emerged the single, monolithic notion of the "Plains Tribes". {{harvcol|Pathak|2010|p=62}}</ref> that included the ''Boro'', ''[[Karbi people|Karbi]]'', ''[[Mising people|Mising]]'', ''[[Tiwa people (India)|Tiwa]]'' and the ''[[Rabha people|Rabha]]''.<ref>"'Plains Tribes' is a term used in the contemporary political and administrative discourse from the 1930s when it was introduced by the British as a generic term clubbing the valley tribes like the Kacharis (Bodos), Mikirs (Karbis), Miris (Mishings), Lalung (Tiwa) and Rabhas together." {{harvcol|Pathak|2010|p=61}}</ref> This formation excluded the ''hills tribes'' which were not allowed political participation.<ref>"While the hill tribes of north-east India were constrained by colonial laws barring them from active politics, the plain tribes were not." {{harvcol|Pathak|2010|p=61}}</ref> The colonial state and ethnographers' desire to define the tribal people, the need of the people to define themselves, and the earlier pre-political associations were significant contributory factors in the development of the ''tribal'' identity among the Boro and other groups.<ref>"Parallel to the efforts of the colonial state and ethnographers to define and locate the "tribal" of the Brahmaputra valley... The Mels inspired tribal conventions (like the Kachari convention, Miri convention, etc), matured the nascent "tribal" consciousness, which resulted in the formation of the Tribal League as a mode of organised tribal politics." {{harvcol|Pathak|2010|p=61}}</ref>

The Tribal League, which included Boro leaders such as Rabi Chandra Kachari and [[Rupnath Brahma]], succeeded in protecting the Line system in 1937 against the proposal by the Muslim League.<ref>"In 1937, the Muslim League moved a resolution for the abolition of the Line system.21 Members of the Tribal League, Rabi Chandra Kachari, and Rupnath Brahma opposed the resolution and it was eventually withdrawn. {{harvcol|Pathak|2010|p=62}}</ref>

==Demographics==
Around 1.45 million Bodos are living in Assam, thus constituting 4.53% of the state population.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam-records-decline-percentage-assamese-bodo-speakers.html | title=Assam records decline in percentage of Assamese, Bodo, Rabha, Mishing speakers | date=28 June 2018 }}</ref> A majority of them around 68.96% alone are being concentrated in [[Bodoland Territorial Region]] of Assam, numbering 1 million out of total 3.15 million population, thus constituting 31% of the region's population.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/why-peace-in-bodoland-always-ephemeral-and-lasts-only-till-next-carnage/articleshow/34895109.cms | title=Why peace in Bodoland always ephemeral and lasts only till next carnage | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=10 May 2014 | last1=Singh | first1=Bikash }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://scroll.in/article/853922/a-revival-of-the-decades-old-bodoland-movement-in-assam-spells-trouble-for-the-bjp | title=A revival of the decades-old Bodoland movement in Assam spells trouble for the BJP | date=17 October 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/demands-for-separate-state-by-bodo-leaders-keep-region-unstable/story-9lEroKknTfhRVgdTcOOlYK.html | title=Assam attack: Calls for separate state by Bodo leaders keep region unstable | date=6 August 2016 }}</ref> In Bodoland's capital [[Kokrajhar]], they are in minority, forming only 25% of the town's population.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/451389/bodos-minority-their-turf.html | title=Bodos are minority on their turf | date=3 January 2015 }}</ref>

==Folk tradition and mythology==
The history of the Boro people can be explained from folk traditions. According to [[Padma Bhushan]] winner [[Suniti Kumar Chatterjee]], [[mythologically]], Boros are "the offspring of son of the Vishnu ([[Varaha|Baraha]]) and Mother-Earth ([[Bhumi (goddess)|Basumati]])" who were termed "Kiratas" during the Epic period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iitg.ac.in/rcilts/bodo.html|title=RCILTS, Phase-II|website=iitg.ac.in|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430200542/http://www.iitg.ac.in/rcilts/bodo.html|archive-date=30 April 2019|access-date=30 April 2019}}</ref>

== Boro clans ==
''Aroi'' or ''Ari'' or ''Ary'' is a suffix in Boro language, which means ''folk.''

Some of the important clans of Boros are:<ref>{{harvcol|Brahma|1998|pp=15–22}}</ref>
#'''''Swargiary''''': The priestly clan, with ''Deoris'' and ''Ojhas'' selected from this clan.
#'''''[[Basumatary]]''''': The land-holding clan.
#'''''[[Narzary]]''''': The clan associated with the jute cultivation and supply.
#'''''[[Mosahary]]''''': This clan is associated with the protection of cattle.
#'''''Goyary''''': This clan is associated with the cultivation of areca nuts.
#'''''Owary''''': This clan is associated with the supply of bamboos.
#'''''Khakhlary''''': This clan is associated with the supply of Khangkhala plant required for ''kherai puja''.
#'''''Daimary''''': This clan is associated with the river.
#'''''Lahari''''': This clan is associated with the collection of leaves in large quantities for the festival.
#'''''Hajoary''''': The Boros that lived in the hills and foothills.
#'''''Kherkatari''''': The Boros associated with thatch and its supply, found mostly in [[Kamrup district]].
#'''''Sibingari''''': The Boros traditionally associated with raising and supply of sesame.
#'''''Bingiari''''': The Boros associated with musical instruments.
#'''''Ramchiary''''': Ramsa is place name in kamrup. It is the name by which Boros were known to their brethren in the hills.
#'''''Mahilary''''': This clan is associated with collection of tax from Mahallas. Mahela and Mahalia are the variant forms of Mahilary clan.

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Bodo-Kachari 2.jpg|Boro women at Hornbill Festival
File:Kherai Dance of Assam.jpg|Kherai Group Dance
File:Kachári Girls playing Gogona.jpg|Boro woman playing harp
</gallery>
{{CSS image crop
|Image = Map of the Languages and Dialects of the Bârâ or Bodo Group of the Tibeto-Burman Family (cropped).jpg
|bSize = 937
|cWidth = 465
|cHeight = 210
|oTop = 200
|oLeft = 240
|Location = right
|Description = Distribution of Bârâ people, as reported in the Language Survey of India 1903
}}

==Notable people==


* [[Rajni Basumatary]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/actress-to-screen-conflict-tale-in-rural-btad/cid/1691536 |title=Actress to screen conflict tale in rural BTAD |date=31 May 2019| access-date=18 March 2020 }}</ref> Filmmaker and actress
* [[Ankushita Boro]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kapadia |first1=Novy |title=Indian boxing witnesses its finest hour in the World Youth Boxing Championships |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/sports/weekend-read-indian-boxing-finest-hour.html |access-date=16 February 2021 |work=The Week |date=30 November 2017}}</ref> Indian boxer
* [[Jamuna Boro]],<ref>{{cite news |title=How the 19-Year-Old Daughter of a Vegetable Seller in Assam Became an International Boxer |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/110998/jamuna-bodo-assam/ |access-date=16 February 2021 |work=The Better India |date=5 August 2017}}</ref> Indian boxer
* [[Pramod Boro]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Bodoland Territorial Council Election Results 2020: Pramod Boro New Chief Executive Member of BTC as BJP Extends Support to UPPL |url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/bodoland-territorial-council-election-results-103109165.html |access-date=30 December 2020 |work=in.news.yahoo.com |date=13 December 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Former President of ABSU, President of UPPL, [[Chief Executive Member of the Bodoland Territorial Council|CEM]] of [[Bodoland Territorial Council]]
* [[Harishankar Brahma]]<ref>{{cite news |title=The Assam Tribune Online |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=jan1915/state051 |access-date=24 January 2020 |work=www.assamtribune.com |date=19 January 2015}}</ref> 19th [[Chief Election Commissioner of India]]
* [[Upendra Nath Brahma]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Bodofa Upendra Nath Brahma's death anniversary observed by hundreds of people in Kokrajhar |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/bodofa-upendra-nath-brahmas-death-anniversary-observed-by-hundreds-of-people-in-kokrajhar/ |access-date=3 February 2020 |work=[[The Sentinel (Guwahati)|The Sentinel]] |date=2 May 2019}}</ref> Boro activist, known by the title ''Bodofa''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Desk |first1=Sentinel Digital |title=Bodofa Upendra Nath Brahma's death anniversary observed by hundreds of people in Kokrajhar - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/bodofa-upendra-nath-brahmas-death-anniversary-observed-by-hundreds-of-people-in-kokrajhar/ |access-date=29 September 2020 |work=www.sentinelassam.com |date=2 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sansuma Khunggur Bwiswmuthiary]],<ref>{{Cite news |title= BPF names Chandan Brahma for Kokrajhar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/BPF-names-Chandan-Brahma-for-Kokrajhar/articleshow/32658395.cms |date=25 March 2014| access-date=18 September 2020 }}</ref> former [[Member of parliament]]
* [[Hagrama Mohilary]],<ref>{{cite news |title=BTC Chief Hagrama Mohilary celebrates 50th Birth Anniversary in Udalguri - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/btc-chief-hagrama-mohilary-celebrates-50th-birth-anniversary-in-udalguri/?infinitescroll=1 |access-date=2 September 2020 |work=The Sentinel |date=1 March 2019 }}</ref> president of [[Bodoland People's Front]] political party and former [[Chief Executive Member of the Bodoland Territorial Council|Chief Executive Member]] of [[Bodoland Territorial Council]].
* [[Ranjit Shekhar Mooshahary]],<ref>{{cite news |title=BSF gets first Bodo DG |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/bsf-gets-first-bodo-dg/article27293294.ece |access-date=14 January 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=11 January 2005 |language=en-IN}}</ref> former governor of [[Meghalaya]], retired IPS officer, former director-general of [[National Security Guards]] (NSG) and the [[Border Security Force]] (BSF)
* [[Halicharan Narzary]],<ref>{{cite news |title=NEFU Player Holicharan Narzary Ties Knot With Geetanjali Deori |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/local-sports/nefu-player-holicharan-narzary-ties-knot-with-geetanjali-deori/ |access-date=14 January 2020 |work=The Sentinel |date=4 October 2019}}</ref> Indian footballer
* [[Proneeta Swargiary]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/proneeta-swargiary-crowned-winner-of-did-5/|title=Proneeta Swargiary crowned winner of 'DID 5'|date=11 October 2015}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} [[Dance India Dance (season 5)]] Winner

==See also==
* [[Bodo Sahitya Sabha]]
* [[Bodo culture]]
* [[Ual (tool)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|}}
*{{Cite book|last=Brahma|first=Kameswar|url=https://repository.tribal.gov.in/handle/123456789/73874|title=A Study in Cultural Heritage of the Boros|year=1998|publisher=Assam Institute of Research for Tribals and Scheduled Castes }}
* {{Cite thesis|last=Brahma|first=Nirjay Kumar|date=2008|title=Socio political institutions in Bodo society|type=PhD|chapter=Introduction: Interpretation of Bodo or Boro|publisher=Guwahati University|degree=PhD|hdl=10603/66535}}
*{{Cite thesis| last=Daimari| first=James|date=2022| url=http://gyan.iitg.ernet.in/handle/123456789/2261?show=full| title=Colonial Knowledge and the Quest for Unnati among the Boros of North-East India, 1880s-1940s| publisher=IIT Guwahati| degree=PhD}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Daimari |first1=Mizinksa |last2=Bedamatta |first2=Rajshree |title=The State of Bodo Peasantry in Modern-Day Assam: Evidence from Majrabari Village in the Bodoland Territorial Area Districts |journal=The Indian Journal of Labour Economics |volume=64 |pages=705–730 |year=2021 |issue=3 |doi=10.1007/s41027-021-00328-8 |s2cid=240506155}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Das |first1=Debarshi |last2=Saikia |first2=Arupjyoti |title=Early Twentieth Century Agrarian Assam: A Brief and Preliminary Overview |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |year=2011 |volume=46 |number=41 |pages=73–80 |jstor=23047190}}
*{{cite journal |last1=DeLancey |first1=Scott |editor3-first=Mark |editor3-last=w. Post |editor2-first=Stephen |editor2-last=Morey |editor1-first=Gwendolyn |editor1-last=Hyslop |year=2012 |title=On the Origin of Bodo–Garo |journal=Northeast Indian Linguistics |volume=4 |pages=3–20 |doi=10.1017/UPO9789382264521.003 |isbn=9789382264521}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Dikshit |first1=K. R. |title=North-East India: Land, People and Economy |date=2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-007-7055-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iorHBAAAQBAJ |pages=375–376}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=Sanjukta Das |title=Imagining the 'Tribe' in Colonial and Post-colonial India |journal=Politeja |year=2019 |volume=16 |number=2(59) |pages=107–121 |jstor=26916356 |doi=10.12797/Politeja.16.2019.59.07|s2cid=212430509 |hdl=11573/1366269 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal|last=Jacquesson|first=François|date=2008|title=Discovering Boro-Garo|url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ebhr/pdf/EBHR_32_02.pdf|journal=History of an Analytical and Descriptive Linguistic Category|access-date=15 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803001248/http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ebhr/pdf/EBHR_32_02.pdf|archive-date=3 August 2019|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite conference |last=Mosahary |first=R N |title=The Boros: Their Origin, Migration and Settlement in Assam |book-title=Proceedings of Northeast India History Association |url=http://dspace.nehu.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1/11330/The%20boros%20(RN%20Mosahary).pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701071648/http://dspace.nehu.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1/11330/The%20boros%20(RN%20Mosahary).pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 July 2019 |access-date=30 June 2019 |year=1983 |publisher=Northeast India History Association |location=Barapani |pages=42–70}}
* {{cite journal |last=Pathak |first=Suryasikha |title=Tribal Politics in the Assam: 1933-1947 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |year=2010 |volume=45 |number=10 |pages=61–69 |type= |jstor=25664196}}
* {{cite journal |last=Pathak |first=Suryasikha |title=Ethnic Violence in Bodoland |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |year=2012 |volume=47 |number=34 |pages=19–23 |type= |jstor=41720055}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ramirez |first1=Philippe |title=People of the margins : across ethnic boundaries in North-East India |date=2014 |publisher=Spectrum |location=Guwahati |isbn=9788183440639 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01446144/document}}
* {{cite journal |last=Saikia |first=Arupjyoti |title=The Historical Geography of the Assam Violence |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |year=2012 |volume=47 |number=41 |pages=15–18 |type=analysis |jstor=41720234}}
* {{cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Saikia |first=Simtana |date=2017 |title=Explaining Divergent Outcomes of the Mizo and Bodo Conflicts in the Ethno-Federal Context of India's Northeast |publisher=King's College |place=London |url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/files/80803121/2017_Saikia_Smitana_1218624_ethesis.pdf |access-date=31 August 2022}}
*{{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=Jayeeta|year=2011|url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/b11ba477-73c0-4a92-b158-043a50ef88e5/648153.pdf|title=Empire's Garden: Assam and the Making of India|publisher=Duke University Press|language=en}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite thesis|last=Deka|first=Hira Moni|date=2009|title=Politics of identity and the bodo movement in Assam|type=PhD|chapter=The Historical Background of Bodo Movement|publisher=Guwahati University|degree=PhD|hdl=10603/67844}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/kacharis009491mbp|title=The Kacharis|last=Endle|first=Sidney|publisher=MACMILLAN AND CO. LIMITED|year=1911}}
* {{Cite thesis|last=Kakoty|first=Suchitra|date=1981|title=A study of the educational development of the bodo tribe during the post independence period with particular reference to the northern region of Assam|type=PhD|chapter=The Historical Background of the Bodo-Kacharis|publisher=Guwahati University|degree=PhD|hdl=10603/67775}}
*{{Cite book|last=Siiger|first=Halfdan|url=http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:875116/FULLTEXT01.pdf|title=The Bodo of Assam: Revisiting a Classical Study from 1950|date=2015|publisher=NIAS Press|isbn=978-87-7694-160-4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811014709/http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:875116/FULLTEXT01.pdf|archive-date=11 August 2020}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Basumatary |first=Pompi |title=Bodo Folktales |journal=Indian Literature |volume=69 |issue=5 (349) |date=2025 |pages=108–13 |jstor=27395125}}.

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Assam}}

[[Category:Bodo-Kachari]]
[[Category:Bodo people|*]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Hindu ethnic groups]]
[[Category:Sino-Tibetan-speaking people]]
[[Category:Social groups of Assam]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Assam]]

Naveen Jindal

2026-03-28T07:14:10Z

Randy603804187:

{{Short description|Indian industrialist, philanthropist, politician, and sportsperson (born 1970)}}
{{for|Naveen Kumar Jindal, BJP Delhi leader|2022 Muhammad remarks controversy}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Naveen Jindal
| image = Naveen Jindal at the India Economic Summit 2010 cropped.jpg
| caption = Naveen Jindal at the [[World Economic Forum]] India Economic Summit, New [[Delhi]], 2010
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1970|03|09}}
| birth_place = [[Hisar, India|Hisar]], [[Haryana]], India
| residence = [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], India
| nationality = Indian
| constituency = [[Kurukshetra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kurukshetra, Haryana]]
| constituency2 = [[Kurukshetra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kurukshetra, Haryana]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| predecessor = [[Nayab Singh Saini]]
| successor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (since 2024)
| otherparty = [[Indian National Congress]] (1991–2024)
| spouse = {{marriage|Shallu Jindal|1994}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shallujindal.in/|title=Shallu Jindal|work=shallujindal.in}}</ref>
| alma_mater = [[Delhi University]] [[University of Texas at Dallas]]
| profession = {{hlist|[[Industrialist]]|[[Philanthropist]]|[[Politician]]|[[Sportsperson]]}}
| children = Venkatesh Jindal
Yashasvini Jindal
| father = [[Om Prakash Jindal]]
| mother = [[Savitri Jindal]]
| relatives = [[Shael Oswal]] (brother-in-law) [[Pankaj Oswal]] (brother-in-law)
| termstart2 = 22 May 2004
| termend2 = 16 May 2014
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor2 = [[Kailasho Devi]]
| successor2 = [[Raj Kumar Saini]]
}}

'''Naveen Jindal''' (born 9 March 1970) is an Indian industrialist, politician, and philanthropist. He is the chairman of [[Jindal Steel]] and the founding chancellor of [[O.P. Jindal Global University]]. He represents the [[Kurukshetra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kurukshetra]] constituency in the [[18th Lok Sabha]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). He previously served as a Member of Parliament from 2004 to 2014 representing the [[Indian National Congress]].

Jindal is known for his role in a landmark legal case that led to a 2004 Supreme Court ruling affirming the right of Indian citizens to fly the national flag on all days, a right previously restricted under the Flag Code of India.

As a polo player and sports enthusiast, Jindal has led the Jindal Panther Polo Team and also represented India in international shooting competitions, including the [[Asian Games]] and [[South Asian Games]]. He has received several recognitions, including the Lifetime Achievement Award from the University of Texas at Dallas in 2023 and the Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award in 2010.

Jindal is also active in the education and CSR sectors through institutions and initiatives established in memory of his father, O.P. Jindal.

==Background and personal life==
Jindal was born in [[Hisar, Haryana]], on 9 March 1970. He was the youngest of the four sons of the late industrialist-philanthropist-politician [[Om Prakash Jindal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/savitri-jindal-aftab-ahmed-sworn-into-haryana-cabinet/article1-1144948.aspx|title=Savitri Jindal, Aftab Ahmed sworn into Haryana cabinet|work=hindustantimes.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216100757/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/savitri-jindal-aftab-ahmed-sworn-into-haryana-cabinet/article1-1144948.aspx|archive-date=16 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>[[Om Prakash Jindal]]</ref> and [[Savitri Jindal]]. Both of them were ministers in the [[Government of Haryana]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-28 |title=Savitri Jindal, Haryana ex-minister, quits Congress after son Naveen Jindal's switch to BJP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/former-haryana-minister-savitri-jindal-quits-congress/articleshow/108840756.cms |access-date=2024-04-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=3 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403105948/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/former-haryana-minister-savitri-jindal-quits-congress/articleshow/108840756.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Founder |url=https://www.opjms.edu.in/our-founder.html |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=www.opjms.edu.in}}</ref> Jindal studied at [[Campus School, CCS HAU]]<ref>{{cite news|url= https://twitter.com/MPNaveenJindal/status/1169441303689433089|quote= Remembering with love & gratitude all my teachers from Campus School Hisar, Sawan Public School, DPS Mathura Road, Hansraj College, @jindal_utdallas, my parents, polo & shooting instructors, friends, colleagues and everyone who has enriched me with knowledge on #TeachersDay|title= Naveen Jindal on Twitter, @MPNaveenJindal|publisher= [[Twitter]]|date= 5 September 2019|access-date= 28 March 2020|archive-date= 18 September 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190918232539/https://twitter.com/MPNaveenJindal/status/1169441303689433089|url-status= live}}</ref> and [[Delhi Public School, Mathura Road|Delhi Public School]]<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/naveen-jindal-represented-india-in-asian-games/articleshow/48871337.cms |title = Naveen Jindal represented India in Asian Games|newspaper = The Economic Times|date = 9 September 2015}}</ref> before graduating in Commerce from [[Hans Raj College]], [[Delhi University]] in 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4041 |title=Detailed Profile - Shri Naveen Jindal - Members of Parliament (Lok Sabha) - Who's Who - Government: National Portal of India |access-date=30 August 2017 |archive-date=30 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830152221/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4041 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mani |first=Gayathri |date=24 September 2017 |title=Wall of fame to inspire students in Delhi's Hansraj College |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2017/Sep/24/wall-of-fame-to-inspire-students-in-delhis-hansraj-college-1661736.html |access-date=25 February 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He completed his [[MBA]] at the [[University of Texas at Dallas]] in 1992. There he served first as Student Government vice president, then president, at the same time earning the Student Leader of the Year Award.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.utdallas.edu/news/2011/10/7-13181_Naveen-Jindal-Philanthropist-Leader-Shows-the-Way_article-wide.html |title = Naveen Jindal: Philanthropist Leader Shows the Way}}</ref>

His father was born into a farming family in Haryana's [[Hisar district]], and became the founder of the steel and power conglomerate, the O.P. Jindal Group.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2018/01/19/lessons-rich-famous/|title=Lessons from the rich and famous |publisher=The Indian Sun|date=19 Jan 2018}}</ref> Om Prakash Jindal contested elections to the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]] and won in 1991, 2000 and 2005; he also contested elections to the [[Lok Sabha]] from Haryana's Kurukshetra constituency in 1996 and won. He served as a minister in the [[Government of Haryana]] until he died in a helicopter crash in 2005, aged 74.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Naveen Jindal joins BJP, is party nominee from Kurukshetra |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/naveen-jindal-joins-bjp-is-party-nominee-from-kurukshetra-604004 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403095951/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/naveen-jindal-joins-bjp-is-party-nominee-from-kurukshetra-604004 |archive-date=3 April 2024 |work=[[The Tribune (India)]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tragic deaths of Indian politicians - Gopinath Munde |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nation-world/tragic-deaths-of-indian-politicians/om-prakash-jindal-surinder-singh/slideshow/36028284.cms |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

After his death, her wife [[Savitri Jindal]] joined politics and contested the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]] elections from [[Hisar Assembly constituency|Hisar]] in 2005 and 2009 from the ticket of the [[Indian National Congress]] and won both terms. She was appointed as a minister in the [[Government of Haryana]]. She was elected in 2024 from Hisar as an independent member. She is the Chairperson Emeritus of [[Jindal Stainless Limited]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/savitri-jindal-inducted-in-haryana-govt-as-cabinet-minister-113102900658_1.html|title=Savitri Jindal inducted in Haryana govt as cabinet minister|author=Mansi Taneja|date=29 October 2013|work=business-standard.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-18 |title=Vision & Mission {{!}} Jindal Stainless |url=https://www.jindalstainless.com/overview#directors |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118001013/https://www.jindalstainless.com/overview#directors |archive-date=2024-01-18 |access-date=2024-04-03 }}</ref>

Naveen is married to Shallu Jindal. The couple has two children, a son and a daughter.

Naveen has eight siblings, including Prithviraj Jindal, [[Sajjan Jindal]] and Ratan Jindal. Prithviraj Jindal is the Chairman (Non Executive) of Jindal SAW Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2024 |title=Jindal Saw LTD |url=http://www.jindalsaw.com/jindal-organization.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403103322/https://www.jindalsaw.com/jindal-organization.php |archive-date=3 April 2024 |access-date=3 April 2024 |website=Jindal Saw}}</ref> Sajjan Jindal is the Chairman of JSW Group.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-07 |title=JSW - About Groups |url=https://www.jsw.in/groups/about-groups |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307174359/https://www.jsw.in/groups/about-groups |archive-date=2024-03-07 |access-date=2024-04-03 }}</ref>

=== Right to display the Indian national flag ===
In 1992, Naveen Jindal hoisted the Indian national flag at his factory in Raigarh, Chhattisgarh (then Madhya Pradesh). The local administration objected, citing the Flag Code of India, which restricted flag hoisting by private citizens to specific occasions. In response, Jindal filed a petition in the Delhi High Court, arguing that such restrictions were not law and violated the constitutional right to freedom of expression under Article 19(1)(a).<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.rediff.com/news/2001/jun/13spec.htm |title= My Flag, My Country |author= Ramesh Menon |date= June 2001 |work= rediff.com |archive-date= 10 April 2018 |access-date= 22 May 2025 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180410022736/http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/jun/13spec.htm |url-status= live }}</ref>

The Delhi High Court ruled in Jindal’s favor in 1995, stating that the Flag Code was a set of executive instructions and not enforceable law. The court held that flying the national flag was a form of expression protected under the Constitution.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1332036/ | title=Naveen Jindal vs Union of India on 22 September, 1995 | access-date=22 May 2025 | archive-date=5 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205155712/http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1332036/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

The Union Government appealed the decision, and the matter was heard by the Supreme Court. In its 2004 judgment, the Supreme Court upheld the High Court’s decision, affirming that the right to fly the national flag was indeed part of the fundamental right to freedom of expression, provided it adhered to the Flag Code of India.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.the-laws.com/Encyclopedia/Browse/Case?CaseId=004002801000 | title=UNION OF INDIA Vs. NAVEEN JINDAL | access-date=22 May 2025 | archive-date=30 January 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130145519/http://www.the-laws.com/Encyclopedia/Browse/Case?CaseId=004002801000 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Jindal’s efforts in the legal battle are widely regarded as pivotal in making it a right for all Indian citizens to display the national flag on any day. He has since advocated for declaring 23 January—the date of the Supreme Court ruling—as “National Flag Day”.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://theprint.in/opinion/india-must-mark-23-january-as-national-flag-day-naveen-jindal/182222 |title= India must mark 23 January as National Flag Day |author=Naveen Jindal |date=23 January 2019|work= theprint.in }}</ref>

==Business==
===Jindal Steel and Power===
Jindal is the Chairman of [[Jindal Steel and Power Limited]] (formerly known as Jindal Strips Limited) which was a moderately performing enterprise when Jindal first took over its [[Raigarh]] and Raipur operations in 1993.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/jindal-group-of-industries-jindal-steel-and-power-limited-166635-2013-06-13|title=Jindal empire in trouble, faces allegations in coal allocation scam|first1=Vikas|last1=Kahol|date=June 13, 2013|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-05-30|archive-date=30 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530100514/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/jindal-group-of-industries-jindal-steel-and-power-limited-166635-2013-06-13|url-status=live}}</ref> Today, JSPL operates an iron manufacturing plant in Raigarh, Chhattisgarh, and plants in [[Jharkhand]] and [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jindalsteelpower.com/businesses/business.html|title=Business {{!}} Steel Industry{{!}} Jindal Steel and Power Limited|website=www.jindalsteelpower.com|access-date=2019-05-30|archive-date=30 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530100720/https://www.jindalsteelpower.com/businesses/business.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The company has set up captive power plants using waste products from the sponge iron making process to generate power.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jindalsteelpower.com/sustainabilities/coal-gas-for-dri-plant.html|title=Coal Gas for DRI plant|website=www.jindalsteelpower.com|access-date=2019-05-30|archive-date=30 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530100505/https://www.jindalsteelpower.com/sustainabilities/coal-gas-for-dri-plant.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

He has been ranked amongst Asia’s 25 Hottest People in Business by the Fortune Asia magazine for turning a struggling steel company into an Asian blue-chip giant. He has also been ranked as India’s Best CEO by Business Today based on a BT-INSEAD-HBR study of top value creators for the period 1995 to 2011. JSPL has been rated the Second Highest Value Creator in the world by the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) of USA.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}

[[File:Naveen Jindal.jpg|thumb|Naveen Jindal (center)]]

Naveen Jindal set up the world's first coal-gasification based steelmaking plant at Angul, Odisha that uses the locally available high-ash coal and turns it into synthesis gas for steel making thus reducing the dependence on imported coke-rich coal.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} Jindal believes that coal gasification technology has immense potential for countries like India, where non-coking coal is abundantly available.
JSPL's coal gas-based steel tech became a case study at Harvard University.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/jspl-s-coal-gas-based-steel-tech-in-harvard-case-study-115011800659_1.html | title=JSPL's coal gas-based steel tech in Harvard case study | newspaper=Business Standard India | date=18 January 2015 | archive-date=8 June 2022 | access-date=8 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608040109/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/jspl-s-coal-gas-based-steel-tech-in-harvard-case-study-115011800659_1.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

Recently Union steel minister Ram Chandra Prasad Singh inaugurated Jindal Steel's 1.4 MTPA TMT rebar mill at its integrated complex in Odisha's Angul district.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/steel-minister-inaugurates-jindal-steel-s-tmt-rebar-mill-in-angul-odisha-11651303479173.html |title= Steel minister inaugurates Jindal Steel's TMT rebar mill in Angul, Odisha |author= Ujjval Jauhari |date= 30 April 2022 |work= livemint.com |archive-date= 2 July 2022 |access-date= 12 May 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220702141506/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/steel-minister-inaugurates-jindal-steel-s-tmt-rebar-mill-in-angul-odisha-11651303479173.html |url-status= live }}</ref>

Jindal Steel is expanding its Angul Plant capacity from 6 MTPA to 12MTPA and the company will achieve an overall 15 MTPA steelmaking capacity by 2025.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/jindal-steel-power-s-1-4-mtpa-rebar-mill-dedicated-to-the-nation-122042801080_1.html | title=Jindal Steel & Power's 1.4 MTPA Rebar Mill dedicated to the Nation | newspaper=Business Standard India | date=28 April 2022 | archive-date=12 May 2022 | access-date=12 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512112356/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/jindal-steel-power-s-1-4-mtpa-rebar-mill-dedicated-to-the-nation-122042801080_1.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2025, Jindal Steel & Power announced an additional investment of ₹70,000 crore in Odisha to expand the Angul plant from 6 MTPA to 12 MTPA, with plans to increase the capacity further by 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jindal Steel & Power to invest additional Rs 70,000 crore in Odisha |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/jindal-steel-power-to-invest-additional-rs-70-000-crore-in-odisha-125012801324_1.html |website=www.business-standard.com}}</ref>

===Coal Block Deallocation===
In 2014, the Supreme Court of India in a surprise move cancelled the coal blocks allocated to Indian steel and Power companies that had been allocated through successive Governments at the Centre.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} Jindal's company too was affected as its coal blocks got cancelled and it has to pay the arbitrary retrospective levy. This led to a scenario where most of the private steel and power companies in India became Non Performing Assets.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/prime/energy/policy-missteps-over-reliance-on-cil-how-power-plants-lost-their-coal-fuelled-blackout-worries/primearticleshow/86944233.cms | title=Policy missteps, over-reliance on CIL: How power plants lost their coal, fuelled blackout worries | newspaper=The Economic Times | last1=Mukherjee | first1=Prashant | archive-date=27 March 2022 | access-date=27 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327160526/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/prime/energy/policy-missteps-over-reliance-on-cil-how-power-plants-lost-their-coal-fuelled-blackout-worries/primearticleshow/86944233.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

Jindal's company JSPL saw a tough time with debt levels going to 50,000 crore rupees.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/jindal-steel-again-defaults-on-interest-payment-1620888|title=Jindal Steel Again Defaults on Interest Payment |date=3 November 2016 }}</ref>

===Turnaround===
The company went from the second-highest wealth creator with a share price of Rs 700 to a debt-ridden one with its share price tumbling down to Rs 62. The company however scripted a turnaround and came back green. In 2022 March, its share price jumped to Rs 530.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}

Business India magazine wrote: "JSPL has placed a singular focus on sweating its assets, improving capacity utilisations and deleveraging. From a loss-making company to making a PAT of Rs7,500 crore is a big story."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://businessindia.co/magazine/amazing-turnaround-of-jspl#:~:text=From%20a%20loss%2Dmaking%20company,Rs50%2C000%20crore%20by%202022 | title=Amazing turnaround of JSPL | date=28 June 2021 | access-date=27 March 2022 | archive-date=19 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519075546/https://www.businessindia.co/magazine/amazing-turnaround-of-jspl#:~:text=From%20a%20loss%2Dmaking%20company,Rs50%2C000%20crore%20by%202022 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Philanthropy==
=== OP Jindal Global University and OP Jindal University, Chhattisgarh ===
[[File:Naveen Jindal - OPJGU.jpg|thumb|Naveen Jindal (right) at O.P. Jindal Global University]]
Naveen Jindal founded the [[O.P. Jindal Global University]] (JGU) in 2009 in Sonipat, Haryana, in memory of his father, O.P. Jindal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jgu.edu.in/about-us|title=About Us – OP Jindal Global University|date=9 August 2018|access-date=22 May 2025|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212302/https://jgu.edu.in/about-us|url-status=live}}</ref> The institution is recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC) and has gained attention for its global faculty recruitment and multidisciplinary liberal arts education. JGU has been ranked among the top private universities in India by QS and other academic rankings.<ref>{{cite news |title=JGU ranked among top 150 young universities globally |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/jgu-ranked-among-top-150-young-universities-globally-in-qs-young-university-rankings-2023-2406606-2023-07-14 |work=India Today |date=14 July 2023 |access-date=22 May 2025}}</ref>

He is also the founding patron of OP Jindal University (OPJU) in Raigarh, Chhattisgarh. Established in 2008 as an engineering college, it later evolved into a private university offering specialized programs in steelmaking, metallurgy, and management. In 2020, it was recognized as the ‘Best Private University in Chhattisgarh’ at The Progress Global Awards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.opju.ac.in/patrons-message.php|title=Patron's Message – OP Jindal University|access-date=22 May 2025}}</ref>

=== Naveen Jindal School of Management ===
Jindal completed his MBA at the [[University of Texas at Dallas]]. In 2011, he made a major philanthropic contribution to the institution, following which the School of Management was renamed the "Naveen Jindal School of Management" in his honor.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://jindal.utdallas.edu/about/our-namesake/ |title=Our Namesake – Naveen Jindal |access-date=22 May 2025}}</ref>

=== Philanthropy During COVID-19 Pandemic ===
During the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021, Jindal Steel and Power (JSPL), under Jindal’s leadership, diverted industrial oxygen production for medical use. The company supplied oxygen to hospitals in several Indian states, including Delhi, Odisha, and Chhattisgarh. These efforts were acknowledged by various state governments and covered in national media.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jindal Steel to supply oxygen to hospitals in need |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/jindal-steel-to-supply-oxygen-to-hospitals-in-need-121042600081_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=26 April 2021 |access-date=22 May 2025}}</ref>

He was also recognized with the AsiaOne Super 50 COVID-19 Commitment Award for 2020–21 for these contributions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asiaone.co.in/super-50-covid-19-commitment-awards-2020-21/|title=AsiaOne Super 50 COVID-19 Commitment Awards 2020–21|access-date=22 May 2025}}</ref>

== Politics ==
Naveen Jindal's political journey began during his student years at the University of Texas at Dallas, where he served as President of the Student Government and received the Student Leader of the Year Award.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jgu.edu.in/content/naveen-jindal|title=Naveen Jindal|work=O P Jindal Global University|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402174249/http://www.jgu.edu.in/content/naveen-jindal|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref>

After returning to India, he entered active politics and contested the 2004 Lok Sabha election from the Kurukshetra constituency in Haryana as a candidate of the Indian National Congress (INC). He won by a margin of over 130,000 votes, defeating Abhay Singh Chautala.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/bline/2004/05/14/stories/2004051401580500.htm|title=Naveen Jindal wins Kurukshetra for Cong|work=The Hindu Business Line}}</ref> He was re-elected in 2009 and served as a Member of Parliament until 2014. During his tenure, Jindal advocated for issues such as food and nutrition security, women's empowerment, and environmental protection. He introduced a private member bill on food security that contributed to the National Food Security Act.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IndiaVotes PC: Kurukshetra 2014 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha-details/2014/haryana/kurukshetra/7898/31/16 |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> Jindal was named in the coal block allocation case involving the allocation of the Amarkonda Murgadangal coal block in Jharkhand. The CBI filed a final report in 2017 following its investigation.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cbi-files-final-report-in-coal-scam-case-against-naveen-jindal/ | title=CBI files final report in coal scam case against Naveen Jindal | date=13 January 2017 }}</ref>

He lost the 2014 Lok Sabha election to Raj Kumar Saini of the BJP.

=== Joining BJP ===
On 24 March 2024, Jindal resigned from the Indian National Congress and joined the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). He was fielded as the BJP candidate for the 2024 general elections from Kurukshetra.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/new-joinee-naveen-jindal-ex-calcutta-high-court-judge-abhijeet-gangopadhyay-actor-kangana-ranaut-on-bjps-latest-poll-list-5303408|title=New Joinees, Ex-Judge, Bollywood Actor On BJP's 5th Lok Sabha Polls List|work=NDTV}}</ref> He won the election and was elected to the 18th Lok Sabha for a third term.

In this term (2024–present), Jindal is serving as:
* Member, Committee on Commerce (since 26 September 2024)
* Member, Committee on Home Affairs (since 26 September 2024)
* Member, Committee on Estimates (since 14 August 2024)

== Sports ==
{{More citations needed|section=yes|date=May 2025}}

=== Polo ===
[[File:Naveen Jindal polo2.jpg|thumb|Naveen Jindal playing polo]]
Naveen Jindal is a long-time polo player and is the Captain and Patron of the Jindal Panther Polo Team. He began playing polo in his youth and established his own team in 1995. His team has participated in and won various tournaments, including the Indian Open, Indian Masters, Maharaja Hari Singh Memorial Cup, and the Bhopal Pataudi Cup. In an interview with *Mint*, Jindal spoke about his early interest in horse riding and how he developed a passion for polo after joining the President’s Estate Polo Club.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/news/business-of-life/how-staying-in-the-saddle-can-build-ability-to-strategize-1558331081499.html | title=How staying in the saddle can build ability to strategize | date=20 May 2019 | access-date=20 April 2022 | archive-date=6 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606081435/https://www.livemint.com/news/business-of-life/how-staying-in-the-saddle-can-build-ability-to-strategize-1558331081499.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Shooting ===
Jindal is also a skeet shooter and has represented India at international shooting events. He competed at the 2002 Asian Games held in Busan, South Korea, and captained the Indian shooting team that won a silver medal in the South Asian Federation (SAF) Games in 2004, held in Islamabad, Pakistan.

In 2007, he won a gold medal in the team skeet event at the Singapore Open Shooting Championship. He was also part of the Haryana shooting team that won a gold medal at the 54th National Shooting Championship (Big Bore) in the civilian category held in Gurgaon in May 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jindalsteelpower.com/media/pdf/nj-profile.pdf |title=Biographical Sketch of Mr. Naveen Jindal |publisher=Jindal Steel and Power |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511071530/http://www.jindalsteelpower.com/media/pdf/nj-profile.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2012 }}</ref>

=== Other Medals and Events ===
* Bronze medal in the team event at the Singapore Shooting Invitation, 2003
* Silver medal in the team event at the Singapore Shooting Invitation, 2002

== Recognitions ==
* In March 2023, Naveen Jindal was conferred with the '''Lifetime Achievement Award''' by the University of Texas at Dallas, his alma mater. He became the second individual to receive this distinction after Nobel Laureate Aziz Sancar. The award recognized his accomplishments in business, politics, and education.<ref>{{cite news |title=Industrialist Naveen Jindal conferred Lifetime Achievement Award by University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/world/industrialist-naveen-jindal-conferred-lifetime-achievement-award-by-university-of-texas-at-dallas/cid/1925832 |work=The Telegraph |date=26 March 2023 |access-date=22 May 2025}}</ref>
* Jindal received the '''Justice P.N. Bhagwati Award''' in 2011, presented by the Capital Foundation in recognition of his contributions to legal education and corporate philanthropy. The award was conferred by former President of India Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/26070-naveen-jindal-gets-bhagwati-award.html |title=Naveen Jindal gets Bhagwati Award |publisher=The Pioneer |access-date=22 May 2025}}</ref>
* In 2010, he was honored with the '''Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award''' in the category of Energy and Infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ey.com/IN/en/About-us/Entrepreneur-Of-The-Year/EOY-2010-India-finalist---Naveen-Jindal |title=Entrepreneur of the Year – Energy & Infrastructure |publisher=Ernst & Young |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602073646/http://www.ey.com/IN/en/About-us/Entrepreneur-Of-The-Year/EOY-2010-India-finalist---Naveen-Jindal |archive-date=2 June 2011 }}</ref>
* In 2024, he was awarded the '''Mahatma Hansraj Gaurav Award''' for his contributions to society, education, and national service.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kurukshetra MP Naveen Jindal receives Mahatma Hansraj Gaurav Award |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/kurukshetra-mp-naveen-jindal-receives-mahatma-hansraj-gaurav-award-585284 |work=The Tribune |date=15 April 2024 |access-date=22 May 2025}}</ref>

==Controversy==
A court in New Delhi on July 25, 2019 framed charges against industrialist Naveen Jindal, his company Jindal Steel and Power Limited and four others in a coal block allocation scam case.[https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/coal-case-charges-framed-against-naveen-jindal/article28714614.ece/ 47]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{14th LS members from Haryana}}{{15th Lok Sabha members from Haryana}}{{18th Lok Sabha members from Haryana}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jindal, Naveen}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthani people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople in the steel industry]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in mining]]
[[Category:Businesspeople in electricity]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Hansraj College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Texas at Dallas alumni]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:People from Hisar (city)]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Haryana]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2002 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Indian male sport shooters]]
[[Category:Coal block allocation scam]]
[[Category:Corruption in Haryana]]
[[Category:Sport shooters from Haryana]]
[[Category:South Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games competitors for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in shooting]]
[[Category:Jindal family]]
[[Category:Polo players from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Jindal Steel]]

Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008

2026-03-25T19:08:55Z

Randy603804187:

{{Short description|Act of the Parliament of India}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2009
| imagesize = 75
| imagealt = LLP Act
| long_title = An Act to make provision for the formation and regulation of limited liability partnerships and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
| citation = [http://www.mca.gov.in/LLP/pdf/LLP_Act_2008_15jan2009.pdf No. 6 of 2009]
| enacted_by = [[Parliament of India]]
| date_enacted = 12 December 2008
| date_assented = 7 January 2009
| date_commenced = 31 March 2009
| status = in force
}}

The '''Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008''' was enacted by the [[Parliament of India]] to introduce and legally sanction the concept of [[limited liability partnership]] (LLP) in India. Unlike the general partnerships in India, LLP is a [[body corporate]] and legal entity separate from its partners, have [[Perpetual succession]] and any change in the partners of an LLP shall not affect the existence, rights or liabilities of the LLP.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://indiankanoon.org/doc/161391573/|title = Section 3 of LLP Act, 2008|access-date = 2015-11-21|publisher = Indian Kanoon}}</ref>

Section 4. Non-applicability of the Indian Partnership Act, 1932.—Save as otherwise provided, the provisions of the Indian Partnership Act, 1932 (9 of 1932) shall not apply to a limited liability partnership.

== Overview ==
LLP is a corporate business vehicle that enables professional expertise and entrepreneurial initiative to combine and operate in flexible, innovative and efficient manner, as a hybrid of companies & partnerships providing benefits of limited liability while allowing its members the flexibility for organizing their internal structure as a partnership.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Ministry Of Corporate Affairs - The Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008|url = http://www.llp.gov.in/MinistryV2/llpact.html|website=Llp.gov.in|access-date = 2015-11-21}}</ref> LLP is a legal entity partnership act.
* '''Separate Legal Entity-''' Continue its existence irrespective of changes in partners,
* LLP itself can enter into contracts and hold properties,
* Partners' Liability limited to the agreed contribution,
* Professional & Non-professional (Businessmen), both can set up LLP.

== Definitions ==
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2025}}
'''Foreign Limited Liability Partnership:''' An LLP formed, incorporated or registered outside India which establishes a place of business within India.
A LLP is a new form of business entity with limited liability. It is hybrid of companies and partnership.

'''Partner:''' Partner means any person who becomes a partner in the LLP in accordance with the LLP agreement.

'''Financial Year:''' The period from the 1st day of April of a year to the 31st day of March of the following year. In the case of an LLP incorporated after the 30th day of September of a year, the financial year may end on the 31st day of March of the next following year.

== Salient features ==
=== LLP agreement ===
Any written agreement between the partners of the LLP or between the LLP and its partners which determines the mutual rights and duties of the partners and their rights and duties in relation to that LLP. It is not necessary to enter into an LLP agreement as per LLP Act, 2008. In the absence of LLP agreement, the mutual rights of corporates, at least two individuals who are partners of such limited liability partnership or nominees of such bodies corporate shall act as designated partners.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

=== Accounts and audit ===
LLP is required to maintain books of accounts for each year on cash basis or on accrual basis. Accounts shall be audited by Auditors appointed by the LLP. Audit of accounts is compulsory if turnover exceeds Rs. 40 lakhs in any financial year or contribution by partners exceed Rs. 25 lakhs.

The Statement of Accounts and Solvency for the year ended 31 March is required to be filed with the Registrar before 30 October in each year.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://indiankanoon.org/doc/161391573/|title = Section 34 of LLP Act, 2008|access-date = 2015-11-21|publisher = Indian Kanoon}}</ref>

=== Penalty ===
Any person guilty of an offence under this Act for which no punishment is expressly provided shall be liable to a fine which may extend to five lakh rupees but which shall not be less than five thousand rupees and which may extend to fifty thousand rupees for every day after the first day after which the default continues.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://indiankanoon.org/doc/161391573/|title = Section 74 of LLP Act, 2008|access-date = 2015-11-21|publisher = Indian Kanoon}}</ref>

==Taxation of a Limited Liability Partnership==
The entire taxation of LLPs is similar to the existing taxation pattern applicable to Partnerships registered and formed under [[The Indian Partnership Act, 1932]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mca.gov.in/LLP/pdf/pressreleaseonLLPtaxation.pdf|title=PRESS NOTE : SUBJECT : Taxation of Limited Liability Partnerships|website=Mca.gov.in|access-date=2022-07-23}}</ref> The income of an LLP is taxed at the flat rate of 30% (plus surcharge and cess, as applicable) on the total income.{{clarify|date=April 2025}} However, the partners of an LLP are not taxed on the income that is earned by the LLP. Instead, the income is taxed in the hands of the partners only when it is distributed as profits or remuneration. Another advantage of LLPs is that they are exempt from dividend distribution tax, which is a tax that is levied on companies when they distribute dividends to their shareholders.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agrawal |first=Garima |date=2024-05-03 |title=All About Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) in India: Formation, Advantages, and Compliance |url=https://mydigitalfiling.in/limited-liability-partnership-llp-in-india/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=mydigitalfiling.in}}</ref>

== Annual compliance ==
LLP has to complete the following compliance each year:

# Form 11- Annual Return of LLP (Filed pursuant to Rules 25(1) of the LLP Rules, 2009 <ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.mca.gov.in/Ministry/pdf/LLPRulesasnotified.pdf|title=G.S.R. 229 (E).- In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-sections (1) and (2) of section 79 of the Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008 (6 of 2009), the Central Government hereby makes the following rules, namely...|website=Mca.gov.in|access-date=2022-07-23}}</ref> (It usually contains the details of partners at the year end, details of changes in partnership firm during the year like admission of new partners, retirement and death of partner etc.) It specifically asks if the Capital committed by each partner has been received by the LLP.
# Form 8 - Statement of Account and Solvency (Filed pursuant to Rule 24 of the LLP Rules 2009 <ref name=":0" /> (It contains financial figures (Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss account), statement that the LLP is solvent. Attachments include Dues to MSME disclosures and Audit Report if the turnover of LLP Crosses Rs. 4 million for the financial year.
# DIR 3 KYC <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-18 |title=Annual MCA Compliance - Team Entrecap Business Services |url=https://entrecap.in/service/annual-mca-compliance/ |access-date=2022-07-16 |language=en-US}}</ref> - This is technically a requirement under the Companies Act but since the 'Designated partners Identification Number' (DPIN) has been merged with Director Identification Number (DIN), hence the annual requirement of DIR KYC is not applicable even to designated partners of LLP.

Tax compliances are not listed here.

* Earlier both Form 8 and Form 11 were pdf based forms where the forms were filled offline and uploaded after being digitally signed. However with the introduction of MCA -V3 in Feb 2022,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mca.gov.in/content/dam/mca/pdf/v3FAQs_20022022.pdf|title=FAQs - MCA V3 5th March Go Live|website=Mca.gov.in|access-date=2022-07-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=MCA21 portal's third version to be rolled out in March |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/mca21-portals-third-version-to-be-rolled-out-in-march/articleshow/89384508.cms |access-date=2022-07-16}}</ref> all forms have been converted to web based forms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mca.gov.in/content/dam/mca-aem-forms/instructionkits/Instruction_Kit_LLP_Form_No_11.pdf|title=Instruction Kit for webform LLP Form No. 11 (Annual Return of Limited Liability Partnership (LLP))|website=Mca.gov.in|access-date=2022-07-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mca.gov.in/content/dam/mca-aem-forms/instructionkits/Instruction%20Kit_LLP%20Form%20No.%208.pdf |title=Instruction Kit for webform LLP Form No. 8 (Statement of Account & Solvency and Charge filing)|website=Mca.gov.in|access-date=2022-07-23}}</ref>
* Form 8 has to be filed within 30 days of passage of 6 months of closure of the financial year. Due date is usually 30 October.
* Form 11 has to be filed within 60 days of closure of the financial year. Due date is usually 30 May.
* Both Form 8 and Form 11 are processed under STP mode i.e. Straight Processing mode. They are approved automatically and are not manually processed.
* Late fees for LLPs can go upto 25 times the normal fees for 'Small LLPs' and 50 times for 'Other than Small LLPs'.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mca.gov.in/Ministry/actsbills/pdf/LLP_Act_2008_15jan2009.pdf Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008]
* [http://www.mca.gov.in/ Ministry of Corporate Affairs]
* [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2023 THE LIMITED LIABILITY PARTNERSHIP ACT, 2008]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008, The}}
[[Category:Indian business law]]
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2008]]
[[Category:Partnerships]]
[[Category:Manmohan Singh administration]]

Lakecity FC

2026-03-22T01:21:10Z

Randy603804187: Place

{{Short description|Indian association football club based in Bhopal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Lakecity
| image = Lake City FC.svg
| upright = 1.2
| fullname = Lakecity Football Club
| nickname =
| short name = LFC LCFC
| founded = {{start date and age|2022}}
| ground = [[Jagran Lakecity University]] Stadium
| capacity = 1,800
| owner = HMG Centre for Sports Excellence
| chairman = Abhishek Mohan Gupta
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = Mangesh Desai
| league = [[I-League 3|Indian Football League 3]] [[Madhya Pradesh Premier League]]
| season =
| position =
| current =
| pattern_la1 = _skyblueborder
| pattern_b1 = _thinskycollar
| pattern_ra1 = _skyblueborder
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 =
| leftarm1 = 000080
| body1 = 000080
| rightarm1 = 000080
| shorts1 = 000080
| socks1 = 000080
| pattern_la2 = _skyblueborder
| pattern_b2 = _thinskycollar
| pattern_ra2 = _skyblueborder
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = FFFFFF
| body2 = FFFFFF
| rightarm2 = FFFFFF
| shorts2 = FFFFFF
| socks2 = FFFFFF
| pattern_la3 = _whiteborder
| pattern_b3 = _vneckwhite
| pattern_ra3 = _whiteborder
| pattern_sh3 = _whitebottom
| pattern_so3 = _3_stripes_black
| leftarm3 = DC143C
| body3 = DC143C
| rightarm3 = DC143C
| shorts3 = DC143C
| socks3 = DC143C
| website = {{url|https://hmgsports.org/football/}}
}}

'''Lakecity Football Club''' is an Indian professional [[Association football|football]] club based in [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]. The club currently competes in the [[Madhya Pradesh Premier League]]. After winning the 2023–24 MPPL season, they earned promotion to the [[I-League 3]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=Lakecity Football Club wins Bhopal League |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/state-editions/lakecity-football-club-wins-bhopal-league.html |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=The Pioneer |language=en |archive-date=2023-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724182401/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/state-editions/lakecity-football-club-wins-bhopal-league.html }}</ref>

==History==
Lakecity Football Club was founded in 2022 by Jagran Lakecity University. In 2023, Lakecity was nominated by the [[Madhya Pradesh Football Association]] for the [[2023–24 I-League 3]] season as being the champions of the Madhya Pradesh Premier League. Lakecity finished 2nd in group A, thus failing to qualify for the playoffs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarath |date=2023-12-22 |title=Lake City FC: Bringing Football Fever to Bhopal |url=https://athleticindia.com/football/lake-city-fc-bringing-football-fever-to-bhopal/,%20https://athleticindia.com/football/lake-city-fc-bringing-football-fever-to-bhopal/ |access-date=2023-12-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Points Table {{!}} I-League |url=https://i-league.org/points-table/ |access-date=2023-12-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jagran Lakecity University announces launch of Central India's Groundbreaking Football Talent Development Programme |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/jagran-lakecity-university-announces-launch-of-central-indias-groundbreaking-football-talent-development-programme20220225171631/ |website=www.aninews.in }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jagran Lakecity University announces launch of Central India's Groundbreaking Football Talent Development Programme |url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/content/press-releases-ani/jagran-lakecity-university-announces-launch-of-central-india-s-groundbreaking-football-talent-development-programme-122022501170_1.html |website=www.business-standard.com }}</ref>

==Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:center"
|-
! Period
! Kit manufacturer
! Shirt sponsor
|-
| 2022—2024
| rowspan="2" | [[Nivia Sports]]
| [[Jagran Lakecity University]]
|-
| 2024—present
| Shrewsbury
|}

==Personnel==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
! Name
|-
| Chairman
| {{flagicon|IND}} Abhishek Mohan Gupta
|-
| Head coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} Mangesh Desai
|-
| Assistant coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} Raj Hans
|-
| Team manager
| {{flagicon|IND}} Aman Solanki
|-
| Physio
| {{flagicon|IND}} Roopesh Gurjar
|-
| Operational officer
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sourabh Velvanshi
|}

==Honours==
===League===
* '''[[Madhya Pradesh Premier League]]'''
**Champions (3): 2022–23, 2023–24, 2024–25
* '''Bhopal League'''
**Champions (1): 2022
**Runners up (1): 2023
* '''U19 DFA Bhopal League'''
**Champions (1): 2024

==See also==
[[Madan Maharaj FC]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite web |date=2023-08-22 |title=Major AIFF Decisions: 15 Clubs Nominated In 3rd Division; Youth Quota In I League Teams |url=https://thefangarage.com/articles/19829-major-aiff-decisions-15-clubs-nominated-in-3rd-division-youth-quota-in-i-league-teams |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=thefangarage.com |archive-date=18 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918105857/https://thefangarage.com/articles/19829-major-aiff-decisions-15-clubs-nominated-in-3rd-division-youth-quota-in-i-league-teams }}
*{{Cite web |date=2023-08-22 |title=AIFF League Committee: Youth quota for I-League, State FAs nominate 3rd Division League clubs |url=https://theawayend.co/2023/08/22/aiff-league-committee-youth-quota-i-league-state-fas-nominate-3rd-division-league-clubs/ |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=The Away End |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108050756/https://theawayend.co/2023/08/22/aiff-league-committee-youth-quota-i-league-state-fas-nominate-3rd-division-league-clubs/ }}
*{{Cite web |first1=Flavio |last1=Lopes |date=25 September 2023 |agency=TNN |location=Panaji |title=THIRD DIVISION: Dempo to play at home, Sporting away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/third-division-dempo-to-play-at-home-sporting-away/articleshow/103913923.cms |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928075342/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/third-division-dempo-to-play-at-home-sporting-away/articleshow/103913923.cms }}

[[Category:Football clubs in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2013]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in India]]
[[Category:I-League 3 clubs]]

Nargis Begum

2026-03-17T16:45:38Z

Randy603804187:

{{Short description|West Bengal politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nargis Begum
| native_name =
| office = Member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2016
| term_end = 2021
| predecessor = [[Abul Hasem Mondal]]
| successor = [[Madhusudan Bhattacharya]]
| constituency = [[Memari Assembly constituency|Memari]]
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1965}}
| birth_place = [[Bardhaman district]], [[West Bengal]]
| death_place =
| death_date =
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alma_mater =
| relatives =
| children =
}}
'''Nargis Begum''' is an Indian lawyer and politician belonging to the [[All India Trinamool Congress]]. She was the inaugural MLA of [[Memari Assembly constituency]] in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]].

==Early life and family==
Begum was born in {{circa|1965}} to a [[Bengali Muslim]] family in [[Bardhaman district]], [[West Bengal]]. She was educated at the Nischintapur High Madrasah.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=885|title=Nargis Begum|website=MyNeta|access-date=17 April 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
Begum contested in the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] where she ran as an [[All India Trinamool Congress]] candidate for [[Memari Assembly constituency]], defeating Marxist politician [[Debashis Ghosh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/2016/memari/|title=Memari, 2016|website=Latestly|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Begum, Nargis}}
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Politicians from Purba Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:1960s births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

Srambia

2026-03-17T11:14:25Z

Randy603804187: added details

{{Short description|Type of mosque in Kerala, India}}
{{italics title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
[[File:Panamaram Srambia. Sanctum santorum.jpg|thumb|The ''[[mihrab]]'' of the [[Panamaram]] Srambia]]
A '''''srambia''''' or '''''niskarappalli''''' is a kind of small [[mosque]], built in the [[Architecture of Kerala|Kerala architectural style]], found in the state of [[Kerala]], India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mushthari |first1=Jabir |title=Little predecessor of mosques |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/little-predecessor-of-mosques/article7614268.ece |access-date=9 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 March 2016}}</ref> A ''srambia'' is distinguished by the smallness and antique value of the property.<ref>{{cite news |title=Project |url=https://www.mosquesofkerala.ugent.be/project/ |access-date=9 February 2026 |work=Mosques of Keral}}</ref> Very often the architecture is also unique. Often, the ''srambias'' were built by a single family or hamlet. Many of the srambias are very old and preserved with great care and passion.

== Overview ==
The unique features of a ''srambia'' include its very small size, extensive use of timber in the building's construction, often located in a [[paddy field]], and have access to a body of water, such as a pond.

Many of the ''srambias'' are threatened by the threat of modernization as people ignorant of their importance are razing them and replacing them with concrete structures.

==Notable srambias==
* Utharam Palli, Ettammel, [[Madayi]], [[Kannur District]]
* Pucholamad Cheroor Srambia, [[Vengara, Malappuram District|Vengara]], Malappuram
* Puzhakkara Srambia, [[Chaliyam]], Calicut
* Mundathot Thamarakkulam Srambia, Thalakkattoor, Ozhur, Malappuram

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Old Srambia at Thazhe Periya.jpg|Thazhe Periya Srambia, Thalappuzha, Wayanad
Madrasavdk.jpg|[[Vadakkuparamba]] Srambia, Mudikkod
UTHARAM MASJID.jpg|Utharam Srambia, [[Ettammal]], [[Madayi]]
Puzhakkara mosque, Chaliyam.jpg|Puzhakkara Srambia, [[Chaliyam]], Calicut
സ്രാമ്പ്യ.jpeg|Poocholamadu Cheroor Srambia in Vengara is built on a pond
Panamaram Srambia. Sanctum.jpg|Inside the [[Panamaram]] Srambia
Panamaram Srambia.jpg|[[Panamaram]] Srambia
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]
* [[List of mosques in Kerala]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Mosques in Kerala]]
[[Category:Arts of Kerala]]
[[Category:Mosque architecture]]

Sathyanarayana Beleri

2026-03-15T04:20:40Z

Randy603804187: added a post

{{Short description|Padmashri award winning Indian farmer and paddy conservationist}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sathyanarayana Beleri
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Nettanige, Bellur Grama Panchayat, Kasaragod district, Kerala, India
| occupation = Farmer; paddy conservator
| years_active=
| known_for = Maintaining a gene pool of 650+ traditional rice varieties; on-farm conservation of paddy diversity
| awards = {{plainlist|
* Plant Genome Savior Farmer Reward (2018–19)
* Padma Shri (2024)
}}}}
'''Sathyanarayana Beleri''' is a farmer and also a paddy conservator of Nettanige village in [[Bellur (Kasaragod)|Bellur]] Gramapanchayath in [[Kasaragod]] district in [[Kerala]].<ref name="Padanna">{{cite web |title=Plant Genome Saviour Award |url=https://coapad.kau.in/news/16921 |website=coapad.kau.in |publisher=College of Agriculture, Padannakkad |access-date=28 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="Deccan">{{cite web |last1=Ullasa M Y |title=Saving heirloom paddy varieties |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/saving-heirloom-paddy-varieties-923589.html |website=www.deccanherald.com |publisher=Deccan Herald |access-date=29 January 2024}}</ref> After completing his secondary education, he took up farming and has since developed a collection of more than 650 traditional rice varieties, which he maintains through cultivation and preservation methods developed on his farm.

In recognition of his contribution to the conservation of agricultural biodiversity, the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Authority, under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India, awarded him the Plant Genome Savior Farmer Reward for 2018–19.<ref name="Padanna"/> In 2024, he received the [[Padma Shri]], one of India’s highest civilian honours, for his work in the field of agriculture.<ref name="Manorama">{{cite news |last1=George Poikayil |title=One man genebank: Kasaragod farmer who conserves 650 rice varieties to get Padma Shri |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/01/26/kasaragod-farmer-sathyanarayana-beleri-to-get-padma-shri.html |access-date=29 January 2024 |publisher=ONmanorama |date=26 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Deepthy Sanjiv |title=Padma Shri Award comes with more responsibility: Beleri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/padma-shri-award-comes-with-more-responsibility-beleri/articleshow/107154340.cms |access-date=29 January 2024 |publisher=Times of India |date=25 January 2024}}</ref>

The rice varieties preserved by Beleri include ''Chitteni, Akrikaaya, Narikela, Suggi kayame, Vellatuven, Gandhasaale, Jeerige Sanna, Ghangadale, Kumkumsaale, Kalame, Kottambarasaale, Karigajavile, Raajamudi, Jugal Kagga, Karijeddu, Parambu Ucchan, Mysooru mallige''.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Padma Shri Awards}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in "Others" Category}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Beleri, Sathyanarayana}}
[[Category:People in agriculture]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in other fields]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Environmentalist-stub}}
{{India-activist-stub}}

Bastar division

2026-03-12T10:08:50Z

Randy603804187: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|Administrative division of Chhattisgarh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bastar division
| native_name = बस्तर संभाग
| settlement_type = [[Administrative divisions of Chhattisgarh|Division]]
| image_skyline = File:Chhattisgarh_districts_map.svg
| image_caption = Bastar division covers Seven districts of Southern Chhattisgarh.(Kanker, Narayanpur, Kondagaun, Bastar, Dantewada, Bijapur and Sukma).
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Chhattisgarh#India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.08|82.02|display=title,inline}}
| coor_pinpoint = Jagdalpur
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Jagdalpur]]
| parts_type = Districts
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 7 ([[Bastar district|Bastar]], [[Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh|Bijapur]], [[Dantewada district|Dantewada]], [[Kanker district|Kanker]], [[Kondagaon district|Kondagaon]], [[Narayanpur district|Narayanpur]] and [[Sukma district|Sukma]])
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2500000
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| website = {{URL|https://bastar.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Bastar division''' is an administrative unit of the Indian state of [[Chhattisgarh]]. Headquartered in [[Jagdalpur]], it is the southernmost region of the state and is known for its rich tribal culture, dense forests, and mineral wealth.<ref name="TOI_Bastar">{{cite news |last=Behera |first=Partha |title=Bastar: The Cultural Heartland of Chhattisgarh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/bastar-tribal-culture-and-economic-updates/articleshow/126172120.cms |work=The Times of India |date=December 25, 2025 |access-date=February 14, 2026}}</ref>

== History ==
Bastar Division was originally part of the larger [[Bastar State|Bastar princely state]]. It was formally organized as a division in 1999, when the historic Bastar district was subdivided into Jagdalpur (Bastar), [[Dantewada]], and [[Kanker district|Kanker]].<ref name="NewsRiveting_History">{{cite news |title=Evolution of Administration in Southern Chhattisgarh |url=https://newsriveting.com/the-industrial-and-tribal-history-of-bastar/ |work=News Riveting |date=January 15, 2026 |access-date=February 14, 2026}}</ref> Further administrative reforms led to the creation of [[Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh|Bijapur]] and [[Narayanpur district|Narayanpur]] in 2007, followed by [[Sukma district|Sukma]] and [[Kondagaon district|Kondagaon]] in 2012.

== Geography ==
The division covers a geographical area of approximately 39,117 km2. It is a mineral-rich plateau region primarily drained by the [[Indravati River]]. The landscape is dominated by the [[Abujmarh]] hills and dense deciduous forests.

== Administration ==
The division is headed by a [[Divisional Commissioner]]. It consists of seven districts:<ref name="Hindu_Election">{{cite news |title=Administrative setups and new developments in Bastar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/chhattisgarh-assembly/december-3-2023-updates/article67597720.ece |work=The Hindu |date=December 3, 2023 |access-date=February 14, 2026}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! District !! Headquarters !! Established !! Area (km²)
|-
| [[Bastar district|Bastar]] || [[Jagdalpur]] || 1999 || 4,030
|-
| [[Dantewada district|Dantewada]] || [[Dantewada]] || 1999 || 3,411
|-
| [[Kanker district|Kanker]] || [[Kanker district|Kanker]] || 1999 || 6,424
|-
| [[Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh|Bijapur]] || [[Bijapur, Chhattisgarh|Bijapur]] || 2007 || 6,555
|-
| [[Narayanpur district|Narayanpur]] || [[Narayanpur, Chhattisgarh|Narayanpur]] || 2007 || 7,010
|-
| [[Kondagaon district|Kondagaon]] || [[Kondagaon]] || 2012 || 7,768
|-
| [[Sukma district|Sukma]] || [[Sukma]] || 2012 || 5,897
|}

== Culture and economy ==
* '''Tribal Heritage:''' The region is home to several Scheduled Tribes, including the Gond, Maria, and Muria people. Local festivals like the '''Bastar Dussehra''' are internationally renowned.<ref name="Inheritage_Bastar">{{cite web |title=Bastar Dussehra: A 75-day Celebration |url=https://www.inheritage.foundation/blog/heritage/bastar-dussehra-traditions |publisher=Inheritage Foundation |access-date=February 14, 2026}}</ref>
* '''Resources:''' The division is known for the [[Bailadila Range|Bailadila]] iron ore mines, which are among the largest in the world.
* '''Tourism:''' Major attractions include the [[Chitrakote Falls]] (often called the "Niagara of India") and the [[Kanger Ghati National Park]].

== Internal security and conflict ==
Bastar division is recognized as one of the regions most significantly affected by [[Left Wing Extremism]] (LWE) in India, primarily involving the [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]].<ref name="TOI_LWE">{{cite news |last=Behera |first=Partha |title=LWE Situation in Bastar: 2025-26 Security Report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/security-forces-advance-in-bastar-lwe-zones/articleshow/126172120.cms |work=The Times of India |date=December 25, 2025 |access-date=February 14, 2026}}</ref>

=== Security situation ===
The division is a focal point of the Red Corridor. According to Ministry of Home Affairs statistics, the districts of [[Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh|Bijapur]], [[Sukma district|Sukma]], and [[Dantewada district|Dantewada]] remain categorized as "Most Affected Districts."<ref name="Hindu_Security">{{cite news |title=Security Grids and Counter-Insurgency in South Chhattisgarh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/chhattisgarh-lwe-updates-2026/article67597720.ece |work=The Hindu |date=January 5, 2026 |access-date=February 14, 2026}}</ref> The establishment of new security camps (Forward Operating Bases) in core areas like [[Abujmarh]] has significantly increased the presence of state functionaries in previously inaccessible zones.<ref name="NewsRiveting_Security">{{cite news |title=New Security Camps in Bastar Improving Civil Access |url=https://newsriveting.com/security-infrastructure-growth-in-bastar/ |work=News Riveting |date=February 1, 2026 |access-date=February 14, 2026}}</ref>

=== Impact on development ===
The prolonged conflict has impacted the pace of human development in the region. However, under recent initiatives, there has been a push for:
* '''Education:''' The reopening of schools in "closed" zones and the expansion of Pota Cabins (residential schools) for tribal children.<ref name="TOI_LWE" />
* '''Infrastructure:''' Accelerated construction of roads and bridges under the LWE-Road Requirement Plan (RRP) to connect remote village markets (Haats).<ref name="NewsRiveting_Security" />
* '''Health:''' Mobile medical units and health camps have been deployed to address the historically low health and nutrition indicators in the interior forest reaches.<ref name="Hindu_Security" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Districts of Chhattisgarh}}

[[Category:Divisions of Chhattisgarh]]

Kannagi

2026-03-07T08:05:05Z

Randy603804187: fixes

{{Short description|Character in Tamil epic of Cilappatikāram}}
{{About|the character from Tamil literature|other uses|Kannagi (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox character
| name = Kannagi
| image = Statue of Kannagi.jpg
| alt = Kannagi
| caption = Statue of Kannagi in [[Chennai]]
| creator =
| first = [[Naṟṟiṇai]]
| gender = Female
| spouses = [[Kovalan]]
| home = [[Poompuhar|Puhar]], [[Early Cholas|Early Chola Kingdom]]
}}
'''Kannagi''', sometimes spelled '''Kannaki''', is the titual character of the Tamil in [[Ilango Adigal|Ilango Adigal's]] ''[[Cilappatikaram]]'', one of the [[Five Great Epics]] in [[Tamil literature]]. She is described as a chaste woman who stays with her husband [[Kovalan]] despite his [[adultery]]. The epic further describes the couple's attempt to rebuild their marriage after her unrepentant husband had lost everything, how he is framed for a crime that he did not commit, and Kannagi's quest for justice. She later curses the entire [[Pandyas|Pandya]] city of [[Madurai]], which is burnt to the ground as a consequence of her curse. In Tamil folklore, Kannagi has been deified as the symbol of chastity, and she is worshipped as a goddess in certain regions in [[South India]] and Sri Lanka.

==Literature==
Kannagi appears in the [[Sangam era]] poem ''[[Naṟṟiṇai]]''.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=51–52}} A more extended version of her character appears in the ''[[Cilappatikāram]]''.{{sfn|Pandian|1977|p=56}} ''Cilappatikāram'' ("the Tale of an Anklet"), is the one of the [[Five Great Epics]]s in [[Tamil literature]].{{sfn|Parthasarathy|2004|p=1-3}} It is attributed to a [[Ilango Adigal]], a [[Chera]] prince turned monk, and was probably composed between 2nd to 6th centuries CE.{{sfn|Sastri|2002|p=397}}{{sfn|Alain Danielou|1965|p=viii}} The epic consists of 5,730 lines,{{sfn|Parthasarathy|2004|p=5-6}} and narrates the tragic story of Kannagi and her husband [[Kovalan]].{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=174–175}}{{sfn|Pollock|2003|p=296–298}}

==Legend==
[[File:Puhar-Kannagi-Kovalan.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Statues of Kannagi and [[Kovalan]] at [[Poombuhar]]]]

Kannagi is the daughter of the merchant and ship captain Manayakan from [[Poompuhar|Puhar]]. She marries [[Kovalan]], the son of a wealthy merchant Macattuvan.{{sfn|Huskin|Meij|2013|p=119}} While their married life initially appears happy, Kovalan later becomes attracted to the [[courtesan]] and dancer [[Madhavi (Silappatikaram)|Madhavi]]. He becomes captivated by her beauty, and enters into an extra marital relationship with her. He spends most of his wealth on her, and the relationship creates tensions with Kannagi.{{sfn|Parthasarathy|1993|p=73–86}}

Kovalan has a misunderstanding with Madhavi, and after losing most of his wealth, he realises his mistake and returns to his wife Kannagi. Kannagi forgives him despite his earlier betrayal, and the couple decides to leave Puhar and travel to the [[Pandyas|Padnya]] capital of [[Madurai]] to start a new life.{{sfn|Parthasarathy|1993|p=87–90}}

At Madhurai, Kovalan attempts to sell one of the two [[silambu|anklets]] of Kannagi to raise money. The royal goldsmith, who had earlier stolen an anklet belonging to the queen [[Kopperundevi]], finds the that anklets are similar, and falsely accuses Kovalan of stealing the queen’s anklet. Enraged by the act, the king [[Neduncheziyan]] orders Kovalan’s arrest and execution without a fair trial.{{sfn|Dikshitar|1939|p=217–221}}{{Sfn|Bhanu|1997|p=7-9}}

After Kovalan is executed, Kannagi appears in the royal court, trying to prove her husband’s innocence and demanding justice. She breaks open her remaining anklet to reveal that her anklet contained [[rubies]] whereas queen Kopperundevi's missing anklet contained [[pearl]]s. When the king realised the truth and his mistake, he kills himself due to remorse. The queen, Kopperundevi, unable to bear the grief and shame caused by the unjust execution, also dies soon afterward.{{sfn|Dikshitar|1939|p=247–251}}

Kannagi later cursed the city of Madurai, and the entire city was burnt to ground. However, she was calmed by the goddess [[Meenakshi]], and later attained salvation.{{sfn|Bhanu|1997|p=16-19}}

==Iconography and worship==
Kannagi is eulogised as the epitome of chastity and is worshiped as a goddess in select regions in [[South India]] and Sri Lanka.{{sfn|Jones|2019|p=154}} Various sculptures and reliefs of Kannagi are found in [[Hindu temples]], which mostly depict her holding an anklet in her hand.{{sfn|Pandian|1977|p=56-61}}{{sfn|Parthasarathy|1993|p=318–327}} She is worshipped as Kannagi [[Amman]] by the [[Tamils]],{{sfn|Jones|2019|p=154}} as [[Attukal Temple|Bhagavati]] in [[Kerala]],{{sfn|Rajarajan|2016|p=412}} and as [[Pattini]] in [[Buddhism in Sri Lanka|Sinhalese Buddhism]].{{sfn|Rajarajan|2016|p=401-414}}

=== South India ===
[[File:Kodungallur-RD-11Nov11.jpg|thumb|[[Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple]]]]

The ''Cilappatikāram'', and its sequel ''[[Maṇimēkalai]]'', offer evidence that Kannagi was praised as a goddess during the lifetime of Maṇimekalai, the daughter of Kovalan and Madhavi.{{sfn|Danielou|1989|p=41-44}}{{sfn|Parthasarathy|1993|p=251–267}} ''Cilappatikāram'' describes that Chera king [[Senguttuvan]] deifying Kannagi and dedicating a temple for her.{{sfn|Parthasarathy|1993|p=251–267}} It also describes that the Pandya king Vetrivel Cheliyan prayed to Kanangi, for relieving his lands from the drought and curse of Kannagi.{{sfn|Dikshitar|1939|p=289–293}} However, Kannagi was deified in the ancient [[Tamilakam]], it does not have a significant presence in modern religious practice and insitutional practice in Tamil Nadu, whereas the cult became prominent in Sri Lanka and parts of Kerala.{{sfn|Parthasarathy|1993|p=16–18}}{{sfn|Zvelebil|1975|p=176–178}}{{sfn|Selby|Peterson|2008|p=148-152}} Kannagi's worship in Tamil Nadu might have been assimilated in the more common worship of the [[Dravidian folk religion|Dravidian]] goddess [[Mariamman]].{{sfn|Menon|2000|p=229}} As per ''Cilappatikāram'', the city of Madurai was destroyed on a Friday in the month of [[Aadi (month)|Aadi]],{{sfn|Parthasarathy|1993|p=257–259}}{{sfn|Dikshitar|1939|p=247–251}} and Fridays in the month are often associated with the cult of Mariamman.{{sfn|Hansen|1992|p=102–105}}{{sfn|Clothey|1978|p=211–213}}

The Kannaki cult initiated by the Cheras, is still preserved in the form of the Bhagavati cult in Kerala.{{sfn|Spuler|1975|p=111}} The [[Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple|Bhagavati Temple]] at [[Kodungallur]], which was the former capital of Cheras, mentions the Kannaki cult in its [[Sthala purana]].{{sfn|Choondal|1980|p=37}} Though the deity of the temple is still observed as [[Bhadrakali]], Kannagi is believed to be an incarnation of the goddess, and reached Kodungallur to attain salvation at the location of the temple.<ref>{{cite web |author=Shankar Radhakrishnan |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2004/03/15/stories/2004031500160300.htm |title=Bubbling over with devotion |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=15 March 2004 |access-date=1 June 2010}}</ref> [[Attukal Temple]], [[Mangala Devi Kannagi Temple]], and [[Thirupuraikkal Temple]] are some of the Bhagavati temples in Kerala, that are associated with the Kannagi cult, and are believed to have been located on the places visited by Kannagi on her journey to Chera Nadu after the burning of Madurai.{{sfn|Mathew|2013|p=50-62}}

=== Sri Lanka ===
[[File:Thambiluvil Amman.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Kannagi's idol in [[Thambiluvil]]]]

According to Sri Lankan folklore, after the burning of Madurai, Kannagi traveled to Kerala and eventually arrived at the island of Pungudutheevu, near the ancient Manipallavam, now known as [[Nainativu]].{{sfn|Spuler|1975|p=111}}{{sfn|Choondal|1980|p=37}} She is said to have visited approximately 25 sites in Sri Lanka, mainly along the east coast, and before she reached [[Vattappalai]]. Disguised as an old woman, she requested food from some herders, and they offered her [[Pongal (dish)|pongal]] made from buffalo [[milk]]. She later asked for a lamp lit with sea water. Fearing that she was a witch, the boys sought help from the villagers. When the villagers arrived, Kannagi revealed her divine form, displaying 1,000 eyes on her head, declaring herself as Kannagi of Poompuhar, and then ascended to heaven. The villagers light lamps, and offer pongal to her during the annual festival celebrated during the month of [[Vaikasi]].{{sfn|Choondal|1980|p=37}} Historical sources suggest that king [[Gajabahu I]] later recognised Kannagi as Pattini, establishing her as a guardian deity of Sri Lanka.{{sfn|Spuler|1975|p=111}}

Kannagi is revered as Kannakai Amman, particularly among the
[[Sri Lankan Tamils]] of [[Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|Eastern Sri Lankan]] and [[Vanni (Sri Lanka)|Vanni]] regions. ''[[Yalpana Vaipava Malai]]'', which gives a historical account of the [[Jaffna Kingdom]], attests to the widespread popularity of Kannagi worship during the rule of the [[Aryacakravarti dynasty]] (1215–1624) in [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern Sri Lanka]]. The Sri Lankan epic ''Kannaki Vaḻakkurai'', recited in Kannaki Amman temples, is believed to have been authored by king [[Jeyaveera Cinkaiariyan]] (1380–1410), and mirrors the narrative of the Cilappatikāram.{{sfn|Danielou|1989|p=120–125}}{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=176–178}} The Kannagi cult was particularly strong among coastal communities, who regarded Kannagi as a guardian deity due to her association with sea during her upbringing. During the [[Portuguese Ceylon|Portuguese rule]], many of these coastal populations converted to [[Catholicism]], and numerous Kannagi shrines were converted into churches.{{sfn|Ragupathy|1987|p=217}} In the 19th century, some of the remaining temples of Kannagi were transformed in the 19th century into [[Tripura Sundari|Raja Rajeshwari]] and [[Bhuvaneshvari]] temples by activists from the [[Jaffna]]-based [[Shaivism]] movement, under the leadership of [[Arumuka Navalar]], who actively fought against veneration of Kannagi, whom he considered to be a [[Jainism|Jain]] merchantess.{{sfn|Pfaffenberger|1968|p=88}}

[[File:Marble statue of Goddess Pattini.jpg|thumb|Marble statue of [[Pattini]]]]

In modern practice, Kannagi is chiefly venerated once a year during the Catangu or Katavu Tirattal festival, majorly celebrated in the [[Ampara District|Ampara]] and [[Batticaloa district]]s. The festival celebrated over a period of seven days, includes rituals such as ''kalyana kāl naduthal'' (planting wedding pillar), ''valakkurai paaduthal'' (reciting the verses of ''Kannaki Vaḻkkurai''), kulirthi paaduthal (singing cooling verses). At the conclusion of the festival, the sanctum of the temple is closed and remains so until the next festival begins.{{sfn|Spuler|1975|p=111}}{{sfn|Hansen|1992|p=102-105}}

The [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] Buddhists worship Kannagi as Pattini. The story of Kannagi differs from ''Cilappatikāram'' and she is revered as an avatar of [[Gautama Buddha]].{{sfn|Gombrich|Obeyesekere|1988|p=30-31}} Kannagi was born in the garden of the Pandyan king, and as she was neglected by him, she grew up at the port of Chola country. She eventually slew the evil Pandyan king, and was later anointed as a guardian god by the Buddha.{{sfn|Obeyesekere|1990|p=28, 46, 129}} The [[Esala Perahera]] festival was initially dedicated to Kannaki, [[Murugan|Kataragama]], [[Aiyanar|Natha]], and [[Vishnu]], which later incorporated the procession of holy tooth relic of Buddha during the 18th century.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka|year=2004|volume=47-48|page=86}}</ref> ''Polkeliya'' (coconut fight), ''Gammaduwa'' (village rituals), and ''ankeliya'' (horn play) are three main aspects of the Pattini cult.{{sfn|Spuler|1975|p=111}}{{sfn|Choondal|1980|p=37}}

==In popular culture==
[[Tamil cinema|Tamil films]] ''[[Kannagi (1942 film)|Kannagi]]'' (1942), directed by R. S. Mani and ''[[Poompuhar (film)|Poompuhar]]'' (1964) were based on Kannagi's story. [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] film ''[[Kodungallooramma]]'' directed by [[Kunchacko]] was released in 1968. [[Cinema of Sri Lanka|Sinhala film]] ''[[Paththini (2016 film)|Paththini]]'' was released on 5 May 2016 in which the role of Kannagi was played by [[Pooja Umashankar]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sandeshaya.org/pathini-sinhala-film-by-sunil-ariyaratne/ | title=Pathini Sinhala Film by Sunil Ariyaratne | publisher=Sandeshaya | access-date=2 May 2016}}</ref>

A [[Kannagi statue|statue of Kannagi]] holding her anklet, depicting a scene from ''Cilappatikaram'', was installed on [[Marina Beach]], [[Chennai]]. It was removed in December 2001 citing reasons that it hindered traffic,<ref>{{cite news|title=Presidency College ground ideal for Kannagi statue: panel|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 June 2002|url=http://hindu.com/2002/06/16/stories/2002061603490400.htm|access-date=9 October 2011}}{{dead link|date=March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kannagi statue to be reinstalled on Jun 3: Governor|work=[[One India]]|publisher=OneIndiaNews.com|date=24 May 2006|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/05/24/kannagi-statue-to-be-reinstalled-on-jun-3-governor-1148454269.html|access-date=9 October 2011}}</ref> and was reinstalled in 2006.<ref>{{cite news|last=Menon|first=Jaya|title=On Marina Beach, Karunanidhi keeps date with Kannagi|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=16 May 2006|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/on-marina-beach-karunanidhi-keeps-date-with-kannagi/4509/0|access-date=9 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Tiwari|first=Binita|title=Kannagi's statue adorned Marina Beach|work=Newstrack India|date=23 August 2007|url=http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/735|access-date=9 October 2011}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Lady Meng Jiang]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|first=Sharada|last=Bhanu|title=Myths and Legends from India – Great Women|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]]|year=1997|location=Chennai|isbn=0-333-93076-2|pages=7–9}}
* {{cite book|first=Chummar|last=Choondal|title=Kerala Folk Literature|publisher=Kerala Folklore Academy|year=1980}}
* {{cite book|first=Fred W.|last=Clothey|title=The Many Faces of Murukan: The History and Meaning of a South Indian God|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=1978|isbn=978-9-027-97632-1}}
* {{cite book|first=Alain|last=Danielou|title=Shilappadikaram (The Ankle Bracelet) by Iḷaṅkōvaṭikaḷ|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uu3QelRpmsgC|year=1965|publisher=[[New Directions Publishing]]|isbn=978-0-8112-0001-1}}
* {{cite book|first=Alain|last=Danielou|title=Manimekalai: The Dancer with the Magic Bowl|publisher=[[New Directions Publishing]]|year=1989|isbn=978-0-811-21088-1}}
* {{cite book|first=R.|last=Dikshitar|title=The Silappadikaram|year=2025|orig-year=1st pub. 1939|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201802/page/n5|isbn=978-9-390-03592-2|ref={{SfnRef|Dikshitar|1939}} }}
* {{cite book|first1=Richard Francis|last1=Gombrich|first2=Gananath|last2=Obeyesekere|year=1988|title=Buddhism Transformed: Religious Change in Sri Lanka|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-0-691-01901-7}}
* {{cite book|first=Frans|last=Husken|first2=Dick van der|last2=Meij|title=Reading Asia: New Research in Asian Studies|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2013|isbn=978-1-136-84384-6}}
* {{cite book|first=Demelza|last=Jones|title=Superdiverse Diaspora: Everyday Identifications of Tamil Migrants in Britain|publisher=[[Springer Publishing]]|year=2019|isbn=978-3-030-28388-9}}
* {{cite book|first=Co Na|last=Kantacami|title=Buddhism as Expounded in Manimekalai|publisher=[[Annamalai University]]|year=1978}}
* {{cite book|first=Kathryn|last=Hansen|title=Stages of Faith: Religion and Gender in South India|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1992|isbn=978-1-848-85427-7}}
* {{cite book|first=Biju|last=Mathew|title=Pilgrimage to Temple Heritage|publisher=[[Notion Press]]|year=2013}}
* {{cite book|first=Madhava|last=Menon|title=A Handbook of Kerala|year=2000|publisher=International School of Dravidian Linguistics}}
* {{cite book|first=Gananath|last=Obeyesekere|year=1990|title=The Work of Culture: Symbolic Transformation in Psychoanalysis and Anthropology|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-226-61598-1}}
* {{cite book|first=E.T.Jacob|last=Pandian|editor=K. Ishwaran|title=Contributions to Asian Studies: 1977|year=1977|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=90-04-04926-6}}
* {{cite book|first=R.|last=Parthasarathy|title=The Cilappatikaram of Ilanko Atikal: An Epic of South India|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|year=1993|isbn=0-231-07849-8}}
* {{cite book|first=R.|last=Parthasarathy|title=The Cilappatikāram: The Tale of an Anklet (Iḷaṅkōvaṭikaḷ)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWPg7EvPirgC|year=2004|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=978-0-14-303196-3}}
* {{cite journal|last=Pfaffenberger|first=Bryan|title=The Political Construction of Defensive Nationalism: The 1968 Temple-Entry Crisis in Northern Sri Lanka|journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies]]|volume=49|issue=1|date=1990}}
* {{cite book|first=Sheldon|last=Pollock|title=Literary cultures in history: reconstructions from South Asia|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=2003|isbn=0-520-22821-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC}}
* {{cite book|title=Early Settlements in Jaffna: An Archaeological Survey|last=Ragupathy|first=Ponnampalam|date=1987|publisher=[[University of Jaffna]]}}
* {{cite book|first=R.K.K.|last=Rajarajan|chapter=Dance of Ardhanārī: A Historiographical Retrospection|editor1=Tiziana Lorenzetti|editor2=Fabio Scialpi|title=Glimpses of Indian History and Art: Reflections on the Past, Perspectives for the Future|publisher=Sapienza Università Editrice|year=2012|pages=233–270|isbn=978-8-895-81485-8|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/3740760/Dance_of_Ardhan%C4%81r%C4%AB._A_Historiographical_Retrospection}}
* {{cite book|first=R.K.K.|last=Rajarajan|title=Masterpieces of Indian Literature and Art – Tears of Kaṇṇaki: Annals and Iconology of the Silappatikāram|publisher=Sharada Publishing House|year=2016|isbn=978-9-383-22114-1|url=https://www.academia.edu/30222114/Masterpieces_of_Indian_Literature_and_Art_-_Tears_of_Ka%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87aki_Annals_and_Iconology_of_the_Cilappatik%C4%81ram_}}
* {{cite book|first=Nilakanta|last=Sastri|title=A History of South India|orig-year=1955|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=New Delhi|edition=Reprinted|year=2002}}
* {{cite book|first1=Martha Ann|last1=Selby|first2=Indira Viswanathan|last2=Peterson|title=Tamil Geographies: Cultural Constructions of Space and Place in South India|publisher=[[SUNY Press]]|year=2008|isbn=978-0-791-47242-2}}
* {{cite book|first=Bertold|last=Spuler|title=Handbook of Oriental Studies, Part 2|year=1975|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=978-9-004-04190-5}}
* {{cite book|first=Kamil|last=Zvelebil|title=The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=degUAAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=90-04-03591-5}}
* {{cite book|first=Kamil|last=Zvelebil|title=Tamil Literature|series=Handbuch der Orientalistik|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|year=1975|isbn=978-9-004-04190-5|pages=176–178}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Kannagi}}

{{Cilappatikaram}}
{{HinduMythology}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Characters in Silappatikaram]]
[[Category:Deified Indian women]]
[[Category:Fictional Tamil people]]
[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Tamil deities]]

Tambaram

2026-03-04T12:11:21Z

Randy603804187: corrected formatting also and updated info

{{about|The City of Tambaram is located in the [[Chengalpattu district]] |the local government|Tambaram City Municipal Corporation|other uses|}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tambaram
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of Tamil Nadu|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chennai metropolitan area|Chennai Metropolitan Area]] 
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of metropolitan areas in India|Metro]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[File:TamilNadu Logo.svg|22px]] [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12|55|29.6|N|80|06|00.0|E|display=inline,title}}
| official_name =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Chennai Metropolitan Area##Location in Tamil Nadu##Location in India##Location in Asia##Location on Earth
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| pushpin_map = India Chennai#Tamil Nadu#India#Asia#Earth
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[City]] 
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-044]]
| population_total = 10,08,473
| population_rank = Tamil Nadu: [[List of cities in Tamil Nadu by population|6th]] India: [[List of cities in India by population|65th]]
| postal_code = 600043-600048, 600059, 600063, 600064, 600070, 600073 - 600075, 600091, 600100, 600117, 600126, 600127, 600129
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PINs]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="pop_census_2011" />
| governing_body = [[Tambaram City Municipal Corporation]]
| elevation_ft = 108
| elevation_m = 43
| area_total_km2 = 87.64
| seat_type = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| seat = [[Tropical savanna climate|Tropical Savanna climate with a Dry Winter (Aw)]]
| parts =
| unit_pref = Metric
| government_type = [[Council–manager government|Elected Council–Appointed Commissioner]]
| leader_title = [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Commissioner]]
| leader_name = S. Balachander [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| leader_title1 = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name1 = K. Vasanthakumari ([[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]])
| leader_title2 = [[Deputy mayor|Deputy Mayor]]
| leader_name2 = G. Kamaraj ([[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]])
| leader_title3 = [[Parliament of India|National representation]] ([[Lok Sabha|MP]])
| leader_name3 = [[T. R. Baalu|T.R. Baalu]] ([[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]])
| leader_title4 = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|State representation]] ([[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|MLAs]])
| leader_name4 = [[I. Karunanithi]] ([[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]) [[S. R. Raja|S.R. Raja]] ([[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]])
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#TN—Tamil Nadu|TN 11, TN 22, TN 85]] 
| image_skyline = Tambaram Railway Station Entrance.jpg
| established_title1 = Town incorporated
| established_date1 = 1951<ref name="census1961" />
| established_title2 = City incorporated
| established_date2 = 3 November 2021<ref name="tcmc act" />
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle Registration]]
| population_est =
| pop_est_as_of =
| pop_est_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref name=langoff>{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |title=52nd report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (July 2014 to June 2015) |page=132 |date=29 March 2016 |work=Ministry of Minority Affairs (Government of India) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = [[Languages with official status in India|Official]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| demographics1_title2 = [[Languages with official status in India|Additional official]]
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Law enforcement agency|Law enforcement]]
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Tambaram City Police]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Urban Development Authority (India)|Urban planning agency]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|CMDA]]
| image_blank_emblem = Emblem of Tambaram City Municipal Corporation.png
| blank_emblem_type = Emblem
| image_caption = [[Tambaram Railway Station]]
| imagesize = 300
}}

'''Tambaram''' is a [[City]] in [[Chengalpattu district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref name="tcmc act">{{Cite act|index=5|date=2022|legislature=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|title=The Tambaram City Municipal Corporation Act, 2022|url=https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/tamil-nadu/2022/Act%20No.%205%20of%202022%20Tamil%20Nadu.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627214611/https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/tamil-nadu/2022/Act%20No.%205%20of%202022%20Tamil%20Nadu.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2022-06-27}}</ref> The city is governed by [[Tambaram City Municipal Corporation]].<ref name="tm ref5" />

== Etymology ==
Tambaram is an ancient town referred to as Taamapuram in an inscription of the 13th century. The word was inscribed on the walls around the [[sanctum sanctorum]] at [[Marundeeswarar Temple, Thirukachur|Marundeeswarar temple]] in Tirukachur village, near [[Chengalpattu]].<ref name=":02">{{cite web |title=Dr.Gift Siromoney's Home Page |url=https://www.cmi.ac.in/gift/Archeaology/arch_tambaramhistory.htm |access-date=2022-02-16 |website=Cmi.ac.in}}</ref>

==History==
The earliest mention of Tambaram dates back to the 13th century when the word 'Taamapuram' was inscribed on the walls around the [[sanctum sanctorum]] at [[Marundeeswarar Temple, Thirukachur|Marundeeswarar temple]] in Tirukachur village, near Chengalpattu.<ref name=":02"/>

=== Old Stone Age ===
The oldest locality in the city is Pallavapuram which is considered one of the oldest inhabited places in South Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Pallavaram changed archeologists’ understanding of burial in South Asia |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2019/may/31/how-pallavaram-changed-archeologists-understanding-of-burial-in-south-asia-1983990.html |access-date=19 February 2022 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Pallavapuram is most commonly known today as [[Pallavaram]].<ref name="Muthiah_2014">{{cite book |last=Muthiah |first=S. |title=Madras Rediscovered |date=2014 |publisher=EastWest |isbn=978-93-84030-28-5 |location=Chennai |page=145 |author-link=S. Muthiah}}</ref>

On 13 May 1863, [[Robert Bruce Foote]], a British geologist with the [[Geological Survey of India]] (GSI), discovered a hand axe belonging to the [[Lower Paleolithic|Lower Palaeolithic Age]] at Pallavaram (Pallavapuram).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Muthiah |first1=S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbR_LLkqdI8C&dq=stone+tool+5+lakh+year+old+discovered+in+pallavaram&pg=PA196 |title=Madras: The land the people & their governance |year=2008 |isbn=9788183794688}}</ref><ref name="muthiahp129">[[Tambaram Municipal Corporation#Muthiah|Muthiah]], Pg 129</ref> Since then, several Stone Age artefacts have been discovered.<ref name="muthiahp129" /> Most of these artefacts are currently lodged in the [[Government Museum, Chennai|Egmore museum]].<ref name="muthiahp129" />

=== Early Medieval Period ===
==== Pallava Dynasty ====
{{Main|Pallava dynasty}}

The oldest locality in the city, Pallavapuram, existed during the reign of [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] king [[Mahendravarman I]] (600–630 CE). The Pallavas have left titles in early Pallava script at the cave temple in Pallavaram neighbourhood, which dates back to 600 CE. The remains of a cave shrine constructed by the Pallava ruler have been found at Asthana-E-Moula Ali Dargah.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkat |first=Vaishali R. |date=2014-07-17 |title=Silent presence for 400 years |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/silent-presence-for-400-years/article6221583.ece |access-date=2022-02-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==== Chola Dynasty ====
{{Main|Chola dynasty}}

During the reign of [[Later Cholas]], from ninth to twelfth century CE, the region was called Churathur Nadu. Churathur Nadu was named after Thiruchuram, the present-day [[Tirusulam|Trisulam]]. The Churathur Nadu extended from Tambaram in the south to [[Adambakkam]] and [[Alandur]] in the north. The region included the areas of Pammal, Pallavaram, and Thiruneermalai.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2018 |title=Now known for the airport, Tirusulam is actually an ancient, historical part of Puliyur Kottam, aka Chennai |url=https://inmathi.com/2018/09/24/now-known-for-the-airport-tirusulam-is-actually-an-ancient-historical-part-of-puliyur-kottam-aka-chennai/13200/}}</ref><ref name="cmi.ac.in">{{cite web |title=History of Chennai Southern Suburbs |url=https://www.cmi.ac.in/gift/Archeaology/arch_tambaramhistory.htm |access-date=2019-12-01 |website=Cmi.ac.in}}</ref>

=== Colonial Period ===
During the [[Carnatic wars]] in the late 17th century, the city was an entrenchment camp for the [[British East India Company]]. During the 17th century, Pallavaram neighborhood of the city remained dependent upon the Portuguese colony of [[San Thome]]. Later, the British established a cantonment at Pallavaram, supplementary to the one at [[St. Thomas Mount]].

A [[Wireless base station|wireless station]] was established in the early years of the 20th century. The Madras Aerodrome was opened at Pallavaram in 1929.

=== Post-Independence ===
In the 1951 census, Tambaram was classified as a [[Nagar panchayat|Town Panchayat]] for the first time.<ref name="census1961">{{Citation |last=Nambiar |first=P.K. |title=Madras District Census Handbook, Chingleput, Part X-VI, Vol-II, VoI-IX - Census 1961 |date=1965 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/31273/download/34454/22102_1961_CHI.pdf |work= |volume= |page=68 |type=Census Report |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922224511/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/31274/download/34455/22101_1961_CHI.pdf |chapter=General Population Tables—"A" Series |publication-place=Madras |publisher=The Director of Stationery and Printing |archive-date=22 September 2023}}</ref> In 1964, Tambaram Town Panchayat was incorporated as a Grade III Municipality by annexing the Village Panchayats of Pulikoradu, Kadapperi, Tambaram, Irumbliyur, and Selaiyur.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=<nowiki>Tamil Nadu Urban Development Fund, Government of Tamil Nadu</nowiki> |title=City Corporate cum Business Plan: Tambaram Municipality |date=October 2007 |url=http://tnuifsl.com/documents/ccpbp/Tambaram.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140801144944/http://tnuifsl.com/documents/ccpbp/Tambaram.pdf |archive-date=1 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite act|type=Government Order (Manuscript)|index=1756|date=1 December 1964|legislature=Department of Rural Development and Local Administration, [[Government of Tamil Nadu|State Government of Tamil Nadu]]}}</ref>

Due to rapid development and growth of the town commercially and residentially, the Municipality was classified as a 'Selection Grade Municipality'.<ref name=":0" /> The extent of the municipality was {{cvt|20.72|km2}}. The revenue villages under this municipality are Pulikoradu, Kadapperi, Tambaram, Irumbliyur, and Selaiyur. The number of households is 26,333, the number of notified slums is 17 and the number of unnotified slums is 7.<ref name="autogenerated12">{{cite web |date=1978-11-15 |title=Welcome to Tambaram Municipality Home Page |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/tambaram/gen_info.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309173119/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/tambaram/gen_info.htm |archive-date=2012-03-09 |access-date=2012-02-24 |publisher=Municipality.tn.gov.in}}</ref> The Tambaram range comprises forest lands in Nanmangalam, Madurapakkam, Tambaram, Pulikoradu, Kumili, Vandalur, Onnamancherry, Erumaiyur, Vattampakkam and Vadakupattu.<ref>{{cite web |title=After 14 years, encroachments in Nanmangalam reserve forest removed |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-30/chennai/28183139_1_forest-officials-reserve-forest-encroachments |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716003841/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-30/chennai/28183139_1_forest-officials-reserve-forest-encroachments |archive-date=16 July 2012 |access-date=18 September 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

In 2009, Tambaram taluk was trifurcated into Tambaram, Sholinganallur and Alandur taluks. Clubbing all the three taluks, a new revenue division with Tambaram as headquarters was formed.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tambaram trifurcated into 3 taluks |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-01/chennai/28196600_1_taluks-tambaram-cuddalore |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711171639/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-01/chennai/28196600_1_taluks-tambaram-cuddalore |archive-date=11 July 2012}}</ref>

=== City status ===

The [[Tambaram City Municipal Corporation]] was established to address administrative challenges stemming from rapid urbanization in the Tambaram region.<ref name="tm ref5">{{cite news |date=5 November 2021 |title=Tambaram, Chennai's southern gateway, now a municipal corporation |language=en |publisher=The News Minute |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tambaram-chennais-southern-gateway-now-municipal-corporation-157263 |access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="tm ref4">{{cite news |date=5 November 2021 |title=Tambaram becomes the 20th municipal corporation of Tamil Nadu, Ordinance promulgated |publisher=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/nov/05/tambaram-becomes-the-20th-municipal-corporation-of-tamil-naduordinance-promulgated-2379839.html |access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web |date= |title=Ordinance issued for formation of Tambaram Corporation |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2021/11/06062632/1327474/Ordinance-issued-for-formation-of-Tambaram-Corporation.vpf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202104857/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2021/11/06062632/1327474/Ordinance-issued-for-formation-of-Tambaram-Corporation.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 December 2021 |access-date=2022-02-16 |website=DTNext.in}}</ref> On 24 August 2021, Tamil Nadu’s Minister for [[Department of Municipal Administration and Water Supply (Tamil Nadu)|Municipal Administration]], [[K. N. Nehru]], announced a proposal in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] to create the corporation by merging five municipalities ([[Anakaputhur]], [[Pallavaram]], [[Pammal]], [[Sembakkam]] and Tambaram), five town panchayats ([[Chitlapakkam]], [[Madambakkam]], [[Perungalathur|Perungaluthur]], [[Peerkankaranai|Peerkangaranai]] and [[Thiruneermalai|Tiruneermalai]]), and 15 villages from the St Thomas Mount Panchayat Union.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-08-25 |title=Tamil Nadu: Corporation status for Tambaram, five more municipalities |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/corporation-status-for-tambaram-five-more-municipalities/articleshow/85605899.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825055334/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/corporation-status-for-tambaram-five-more-municipalities/articleshow/85605899.cms |archive-date=25 August 2021 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> However, the inclusion of the villages was halted after the [[Supreme Court of India]] mandated rural local body elections by October 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rural local body polls in 9 districts on Oct. 6, 9 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/rural-local-body-polls-in-9-districts-on-oct-6-9/article36444134.ece |access-date=2022-02-19}}</ref> Consequently, these villages were excluded from the final plan. The Tambaram City Municipal Corporation Act of 2022 formally established Tambaram City under the municipal corporation’s governance, incorporating only the municipalities and town panchayats. The excluded villages are anticipated to merge with the city after their elected term concludes in 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Village panchayats’ merger only in 2026 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/nov/04/village-panchayats-merger-only-in-2026-2379475.html |access-date=19 February 2022}}</ref>

== Geography ==

=== Climate ===
Tambaram features a [[Tropical savanna climate|tropical savanna climate with a dry winter]]. Tambaram lies on the [[thermal equator]] and is also coastal, which prevents extreme variation in seasonal temperature. For most of the year, the weather is hot and [[Humidity|humid]]. The hottest part of the year is late May and early June, known locally as ''Agni Nakshatram'' ("fiery star") or as ''Kathiri Veyyil'', with maximum temperatures around {{convert|38|–|42|C|lk=on|F}}. The coolest part of the year is January, with minimum temperatures around {{convert|18|–|20|C|F}}. The lowest temperature recorded is {{convert|15.8|°C|°F|abbr=on}} and highest {{convert|45|°C|°F|abbr=on}}(30 May 2003) both being recorded at the observatory at IMD Numgambakkam.<ref name="Singapore-temp">{{cite web |title=Climate of India |url=http://app.nea.gov.sg/cms/htdocs/article.asp?pid=1111 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006131405/http://app.nea.gov.sg/cms/htdocs/article.asp?pid=1111 |archive-date=6 October 2006 |access-date=4 August 2005 |work=National Environment Agency – Singapore}}</ref><ref name="hightemp">{{cite news |date=31 May 2003 |title=Highest temperature |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/05/31/stories/2003053104790101.htm |url-status=usurped |access-date=2007-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711171303/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/05/31/stories/2003053104790101.htm |archive-date=11 July 2011}}</ref>

The average annual [[rainfall]] is about {{convert|1400|mm|in|abbr=on}}. The city gets most of its [[season]]al rainfall from the north-east [[monsoon]] winds, from mid-September to mid-December. [[Cyclone]]s in the Bay of Bengal sometimes hit Tambaram. The highest annual rainfall recorded is {{cvt|2,570|mm}} in 2005 for IMD Nungambakkam.<ref>{{cite news |author=T. Ramakrishnan |date=3 January 2006 |title=Entering 2006, city's reservoirs filled to the brim |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/03/stories/2006010315310300.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=2007-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228083427/http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/03/stories/2006010315310300.htm |archive-date=28 February 2007}}</ref> The most prevailing winds in Tambaram is the Southwesterly between the end of May to end of September and the Northeasterly during the rest of the year.{{Weather box
| width = auto
| May record high C = 45.0
| Dec record high C = 33.0
| Nov record high C = 35.4
| Oct record high C = 39.4
| Sep record high C = 38.9
| Aug record high C = 40.0
| Jul record high C = 41.1
| year record high C = 45.0
| Jun record high C = 43.3
| Apr record high C = 42.8
| Mar record high C = 41.3
| Feb record high C = 36.7
| Jan record high C = 34.4
| single line = Yes
| metric first = Yes
| May mean C = 32.9
| Jun mean C = 32.4
| Oct high C = 32.1
| Mar mean C = 28.7
| Feb mean C = 26.6
| Jan mean C = 25.2
| year high C = 33.1
| Dec high C = 28.9
| Nov high C = 29.9
| Sep high C = 34.2
| Jan high C = 29.3
| Aug high C = 34.7
| Jul high C = 35.3
| Jun high C = 37.0
| May high C = 37.1
| Apr high C = 34.5
| Mar high C = 32.9
| Apr mean C = 30.9
| year record low C = 13.9
| location = {{align|left|{{ed|:Geography of Chennai}}}} Tambaram, Tamil Nadu, India ([[Nungambakkam]]) 1981–2010, extremes 1901–2012
| Jan low C = 21.2
| Aug low C = 25.9
| Jul low C = 26.4
| Jun low C = 27.5
| May low C = 28.0
| Apr low C = 26.6
| Mar low C = 24.2
| Sep low C = 25.6
| Feb low C = 22.2
| year mean C =
| Dec mean C = 25.3
| Nov mean C = 26.5
| Oct mean C = 28.4
| Sep mean C = 29.8
| Aug mean C = 30.3
| Jul mean C = 30.9
| Nov low C = 23.1
| Jun record low C = 20.6
| Dec record low C = 13.9
| Nov record low C = 15.0
| Oct record low C = 16.7
| Sep record low C = 20.6
| Aug record low C = 20.5
| Jul record low C = 21.0
| May record low C = 21.1
| Oct low C = 24.6
| Apr record low C = 20.0
| Mar record low C = 16.7
| Feb record low C = 15.0
| Jan record low C = 13.9
| year low C = 24.8
| Dec low C = 21.9
| Feb high C = 30.9
| rain colour = green
| Jun rain days = 4.0
| Sep rain mm = 147.7
| Mar rain days = 0.3
| Feb rain days = 0.8
| Jan rain days = 1.4
| year rain mm = 1382.9
| Dec rain mm = 177.4
| Nov rain mm = 399.9
| Apr rain days = 0.8
| Oct rain mm = 315.6
| Aug rain mm = 126.8
| Jul rain mm = 103.8
| Jun rain mm = 55.8
| May rain mm = 34.2
| Apr rain mm = 14.4
| Mar rain mm = 3.5
| Aug humidity = 66
| Sep humidity = 71
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jun humidity = 63
| May humidity = 68
| Apr humidity = 70
| Mar humidity = 67
| Feb humidity = 66
| Jan humidity = 67
| year rain days = 58.8
| May rain days = 1.8
| Dec rain days = 5.8
| Nov rain days = 11.5
| Oct rain days = 10.9
| Sep rain days = 7.3
| Aug rain days = 7.7
| Jul rain days = 6.5
| Jul humidity = 65
| Jan rain mm = 25.9
| Feb rain mm = 3.4
| Apr sun = 294.0
| Nov sun = 261.0
| Oct sun = 257.3
| Sep sun = 195.0
| Aug sun = 189.1
| Jul sun = 142.6
| Jun sun = 234.0
| Dec sun = 210.8
| May sun = 300.7
| Mar sun = 291.4
| Feb sun = 240.1
| Jan sun = 232.5
| year humidity = 69
| Dec humidity = 71
| Nov humidity = 76
| Oct humidity = 76
| Jand sun = 7.5
| Sepd sun = 6.5
| source 2 = Japan Meteorological Agency<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=43279 |title=Normals Data|publisher= Japan Meteorological Agency |access-date=May 11, 2020 }}</ref>
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]] (sun 1971–2000)<ref name=IMDnormals>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Chennai (Nungambakkam) Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 185–186
| access-date = 2 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M192
| access-date = 2 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDsun>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042602/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Daily%20Normals%20of%20Global%20&%20Diffused%20Radiations%20%201971_2000.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Daily%20Normals%20of%20Global%20&%20Diffused%20Radiations%20%201971_2000.pdf
| title = Table 3 Monthly mean duration of Sun Shine (hours) at different locations in India
| work = Daily Normals of Global & Diffuse Radiation (1971–2000)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M-3
| access-date = 2 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDcityweather>
{{cite web
| url = http://city.imd.gov.in/citywx/extreme/MAR/chennai2.htm
| title = Chennai Climatological Table 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 2 March 2020}}</ref>
| yeard sun = 7.8
| Decd sun = 6.8
| Novd sun = 8.7
| Octd sun = 8.3
| Augd sun = 6.1
| year sun =
| Juld sun = 4.6
| Jund sun = 7.8
| Mayd sun = 9.7
| Aprd sun = 9.8
| Mard sun = 9.4
| Febd sun = 8.5
| source = Indian Meteorological Department
}}

=== Water bodies ===
Some of the notable lakes in and around the suburb are [[Chitlapakkam Lake]], [[Pallavaram Lake]] (locally known as Periya eri), Thiruneermalai Lake, Thirupananthal Lake, Peerkankaranai Lake, and Perungalathur Lake.

== Government and politics ==
=== Local government ===
{{Main articles|Tambaram City Municipal Corporation}}

Tambaram is governed by the [[Tambaram City Municipal Corporation]], which was established on November 3, 2021.<ref name="thehindu.com6">{{Cite news |date=5 November 2021 |title=Gazette notification on Tambaram Municipal Corporation |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/gazette-notification-on-tambaram-municipal-corporation/article37339026.ece}}</ref> The executive authority is vested in [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Corporation Commissioner]].<ref name="thehindu.com6" />

The council of Tambaram City Municipal Corporation consists of elected [[councillors]] from each ward. The council is presided over by the mayor who is indirectly elected by the councillors.<ref name="thehindu.com6" /> The mayor is the head of the city government, but the role is largely ceremonial as executive powers are vested in the corporation commissioner. The office of the mayor combines a functional role of chairing the city government meeting as well as a ceremonial role associated with being the First Citizen of the city.<ref name="thehindu.com6" /> Deputy mayor is appointed by the mayor for a five-year term.<ref name="thehindu.com6" />
==== Administration divisions ====
{{See also|Tambaram City Municipal Corporation#Administrative Divisions|label 1=Administrative Divisions}}
When Tambaram City Municipal Corporation was established on 3 November 2021, it consisted of 70 wards under 5 zones.<ref name="thehindu.com6" />
==== Current administration ====
At the present, the corporation is governed by [[Secular Progressive Alliance]] which collectively holds 54 out of 70 seats in the council. The opposition is led by [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] which holds 9 seats in the council. The current mayor is Vasanthakumari Kamalakannan, who assumed the position on 4 March 2022. The current deputy mayor is G Kamaraj, who assumed the position on 4 March 2022.

=== Law enforcement ===
{{Main articles|Tambaram City Police|l1 = Tambaram City Police}}

On 1 January 2021, the [[Tambaram Police|Tambaram Police Commissionerate]] was established as the city police administration of the City of Tambaram.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-02 |title=Tamil Nadu: Two more police commissionerates opened to crack down on criminals |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-two-more-police-commissionerates-opened-to-crack-down-on-criminals/articleshow/88641853.cms |access-date=2023-09-21 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-11 |title=Tamil Nadu DGP issues instructions for trifurcation of Greater Chennai Commissionerate |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/tamil-nadu-instructions-trifurcation-greater-chennai-commissionerate-7565536/ |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
In September 2021, the government revealed its plans of reforming the [[Greater Chennai Police|Greater Chennai City Police]] and setting up two new commissionerates in Tambaram and Avadi. Subsequently, Director General of Police (DGP) M. Ravi was deputed as special officer to form the Commissionerate. The new Police Commissionerate in Tambaram was formally inaugurated by the Chief Minister [[M. K. Stalin]] on 1 January 2022. Additional Director General of Police (ADGP) Amalraj IPS took over charge as Commissioner of Police of [[Tambaram police commissionerate|Tambaram City Police]].<ref name=":2" />
====Jurisdiction and structure====
The Tambaram police commissionerate functions with two police districts⁠—Tambaram and Pallikaranai, comprising 20 police stations. For ease of administration, Somangalam and Manimangalam police stations from Kancheepuram district along with Otteri, Guduvanchery, Maraimalai Nagar, Thalambur and Kelambakkam police stations from Chengalpattu district have been attached to the Tambaram Police Commissionerate.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 2022 |title=New Police Commissionerates in Tambaram, Avadi opened |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/new-police-commissionerates-in-tambaram-avadi-opened/article38085909.ece}}</ref>

=== Urban planning ===
{{See also|Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority}}

The [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|CMDA]] is the nodal agency responsible for planning and development of Tambaram. It is responsible for all the three [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]] in the [[Chennai Metropolitan Area]]—[[Tambaram City Municipal Corporation]], [[Avadi Municipal Corporation]], [[Greater Chennai Corporation]] and [[Kancheepuram City Municipal Corporation]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Srivathsan |first=A. |date=2013-09-19 |title=Indecisiveness keeps urban projects on hold |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/indecisiveness-keeps-urban-projects-on-hold/article5142863.ece |access-date=2022-03-05 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Electoral history ===
==== National elections ====
{{See also|Sriperumbudur Lok Sabha constituency|label 1=Sriperumbudur House of the People constituency}}
{| style="text-align: center; border-spacing: 0;"
|-
! colspan="8" style="background: lavender; border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-right:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:none; border-left:1px #aaa solid" |Members of House of the People
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:6em; text-align:left; vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |Year
! colspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |[[Sriperumbudur Lok Sabha constituency|Sriperumbudur]]
|-
!colspan="2" style="width:6em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |Party
!colspan="2" style="width:6em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |Alliance
! scope="col" style="width:8em; border-bottom:1px solid black; padding-right:1em;" |Member
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |[[Sriperumbudur_Lok_Sabha_constituency#General Elections 2019|2019]]
! style="border-right:0.25px solid black; border-left:0.25px solid black; width:4px; background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
|{{no2|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]}}
! style="border-right:0.25px solid black; border-left:0.25px solid black; width:4px; background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}};"|
|{{no2|[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]}}
|{{no2|[[T. R. Baalu]]}}
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |[[Sriperumbudur_Lok_Sabha_constituency#General Elections 2024|2024]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Election Commission of India |title=Parliamentary Constituency 5 - SRIPERUMBUDUR (Tamil Nadu) |work=General Election to Parliamentary Constituencies Results June 2024 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S225.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611020629/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S225.htm |archive-date=11 June 2024 |publisher= |author-link=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
! style="border-right:0.25px solid black; border-left:0.25px solid black; width:4px; background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
|{{no2|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]}}
! style="border-right:0.25px solid black; border-left:0.25px solid black; width:4px; background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}};"|
|{{no2|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]}}
|{{no2|[[T. R. Baalu]]}}
|-
| colspan="15" style="text-align: left; border-top:1px solid black;" |Source: [[Election Commission of India]]
|}{{clear}}

==== State elections ====
{{See also|Pallavaram Assembly constituency|Tambaram Assembly constituency|label 1=Pallavaram Legislative Assembly constituency|label 2=Tambaram Legislative Assembly constituency}}
{| style="text-align: center; border-spacing: 0;"
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: lavender; border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-right:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:none; border-left:1px #aaa solid" |Members of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:6em; text-align:left; vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |Year
! colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |[[Pallavaram Assembly constituency|Pallavaram]]
! colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |[[Tambaram Assembly constituency|Tambaram]]
|-
!colspan="2" style="width:6em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |Party
! scope="col" style="width:8em; border-bottom:1px solid black; padding-right:1em;" |Member
!colspan="2" style="width:6em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |Party
! scope="col" style="width:8em; border-bottom:1px solid black; padding-right:1em;" |Member
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
! style="border-right:0.25px solid black; border-left:0.25px solid black; width:4px; background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
|{{yes2|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]}}
|{{yes2|[[I. Karunanithi]]}}
! style="border-right:0.25px solid black; border-left:0.25px solid black; width:4px; background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
|{{yes2|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]}}
|{{yes2|[[S. R. Raja]]}}
|-
| colspan="15" style="text-align: left; border-top:1px solid black;" |Source: [[Election Commission of India]]
|}{{clear}}

==== Local elections ====
{{See also|Tambaram City Municipal Corporation#Electoral history|label 1=Electoral history of Tambaram City Municipal Corporation}}
{| style="text-align: center; border-spacing: 0;"
|-
! colspan="15" style="background: lavender; border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-right:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:none; border-left:1px #aaa solid" |Popular vote
|-
! rowspan="3" style="width:6em; text-align:left; vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |Year
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-bottom:0.25px solid black;" |[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-bottom:0.25px solid black;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-bottom:0.25px solid black;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-bottom:0.25px solid black;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-bottom:0.25px solid black;" |[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-bottom:0.25px solid black;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-bottom:0.25px solid black;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|- style="height:6px;"
! colspan="2" style="border-bottom:0.25px solid black; background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};"|
! colspan="2" style="border-bottom:0.25px solid black; background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
! colspan="2" style="border-bottom:0.25px solid black; background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};"|
! colspan="2" style="border-bottom:0.25px solid black; background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};"|
! colspan="2" style="border-bottom:0.25px solid black; background:{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}};"|
! colspan="2" style="border-bottom:0.25px solid black; background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
! colspan="2" style="border-bottom:0.25px solid black; background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};"|
|-
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |Votes
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black; padding-right:0.25em;" |{{Abbr|+/-|Swing}}
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |Votes
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black; padding-right:0.25em;" |{{Abbr|+/-|Swing}}
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |Votes
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black; padding-right:0.25em;" |{{Abbr|+/-|Swing}}
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |Votes
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black; padding-right:0.25em;" |{{Abbr|+/-|Swing}}
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |Votes
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black; padding-right:0.25em;" |{{Abbr|+/-|Swing}}
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |Votes
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black; padding-right:0.25em;" |{{Abbr|+/-|Swing}}
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |Votes
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black; padding-right:0.25em;" |{{Abbr|+/-|Swing}}
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |[[2022 Tambaram City municipal corporation election|2022]]<ref name=":12">{{Citation |last=Tamil Nadu State Election Commission |title=Municipal City Corporations: Chengalpattu District |date=22 February 2022 |url=https://tnsec.tn.nic.in/tnsec_upload/results/ulbe2022/corp_cpt.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406132443/https://tnsec.tn.nic.in/tnsec_upload/results/ulbe2022/corp_cpt.pdf |archive-date=6 April 2023 |author-link=Tamil Nadu State Election Commission}}</ref>
| {{lost|1.05}}
| {{lost|—}}
| {{no2|24.65%}}
| {{no2|—}}
| {{lost|5.98%}}
| {{lost|—}}
| {{yes2|0.79%}}
| {{yes2|—}}
| {{lost|2.62%}}
| {{lost|—}}
| {{yes2|39.92%}}
| {{yes2|—}}
| {{yes2|2.26%}}
| {{yes2|—}}
|-
| colspan="15" style="text-align: left; border-top:1px solid black;" |Source: [[Tamil Nadu State Election Commission]]
|}{{clear}}
{| style="text-align: center; border-spacing: 0;"
|-
! colspan="15" style="background: lavender; border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-right:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:none; border-left:1px #aaa solid" |Seats
|-
! rowspan="3" style="width:6em; text-align:left; vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |Year
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-bottom:0.25px solid black;" |[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-bottom:0.25px solid black;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-bottom:0.25px solid black;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-bottom:0.25px solid black;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-bottom:0.25px solid black;" |[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-bottom:0.25px solid black;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-bottom:0.25px solid black;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|- style="height:6px;"
! colspan="2" style="border-bottom:0.25px solid black; background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};"|
! colspan="2" style="border-bottom:0.25px solid black; background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
! colspan="2" style="border-bottom:0.25px solid black; background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};"|
! colspan="2" style="border-bottom:0.25px solid black; background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};"|
! colspan="2" style="border-bottom:0.25px solid black; background:{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}};"|
! colspan="2" style="border-bottom:0.25px solid black; background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
! colspan="2" style="border-bottom:0.25px solid black; background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};"|
|-
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |Seats
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black; padding-right:0.25em;" |{{Abbr|+/-|Swing}}
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |Seats
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black; padding-right:0.25em;" |{{Abbr|+/-|Swing}}
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |Seats
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black; padding-right:0.25em;" |{{Abbr|+/-|Swing}}
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |Seats
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black; padding-right:0.25em;" |{{Abbr|+/-|Swing}}
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |Seats
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black; padding-right:0.25em;" |{{Abbr|+/-|Swing}}
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |Seats
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black; padding-right:0.25em;" |{{Abbr|+/-|Swing}}
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |Seats
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black; padding-right:0.25em;" |{{Abbr|+/-|Swing}}
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |[[2022 Tambaram City municipal corporation election|2022]]<ref name=":12" />
|{{lost|0}}
|{{lost|—}}
|{{no2|9}}
|{{no2|—}}
|{{lost|0}}
|{{lost|—}}
|{{yes2|1}}
|{{yes2|—}}
|{{lost|0}}
|{{lost|—}}
|{{yes2|50}}
|{{yes2|—}}
|{{yes2|2}}
|{{yes2|—}}
|-
| colspan="15" style="text-align: left; border-top:1px solid black;" |Source: [[Tamil Nadu State Election Commission]]
|}{{clear}}

== Demographics ==
{| style="float:right; text-align: center; border-spacing: 0;"
|-
! colspan="3" style="background: lavender; border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-right:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:none; border-left:1px #aaa solid" |Population
|-
! scope="col" style="width:6em; text-align:left; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |Year
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |Population
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black; padding-right:0.25em;" |{{Nowrap|{{Abbr|±%p.a|per annum change rate}}}}
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |2021 (est.)
|960,887
| style="padding-right:0.25em;" | +3.29%
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |2011
|722,982
| style="padding-right:0.25em;" |—
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align: left; border-top:1px solid black;" | Source: [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India]]
|}
According to the [[2011 Census of India]] conducted by the [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner]], Tambaram had a population of 722,982, with 364,012 being male and 358,970 being female.<ref name="pop_census_2011">{{cite web |title=Tambaram City Municipal Corporation: Ward-wise Population |url=https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/tambaram/population-2/ |access-date=24 September 2023}}</ref> The 2021 population estimates project the population of Tambaram at 960,887.<ref name="pop_est_2021_hindutamil">{{Cite web |title=தாம்பரம் மாநகராட்சிக்கு அரசாணை வெளியீடு: முதல்கட்டமாக 5 நகராட்சிகள், 5 பேரூராட்சிகள் மட்டுமே இணைப்பு |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/715219-tamabaram-corporation.html |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref><ref name="pop_est_2021_dinamani">{{Cite web |title=தாம்பரம் மாநகராட்சிக்கான அரசாணை வெளியீடு! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/tamilnadu/2021/sep/12/government-issues-order-for-tambaram-corporation-3697857.html |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=Dinamani |language=ta}}</ref>

=== Gender ===

{| style="text-align: center; border-spacing: 0;"
|-
! colspan="5" style="background: lavender; border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-right:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:none; border-left:1px #aaa solid" |Sex Ratio
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:6em; text-align:left; vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |Year
|
|
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width:12em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |Relative Difference
|-
! style="width:6em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |Sex Ratio
! style="width:6em; padding-right:0.25em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |{{Nowrap|{{Abbr|±%p.a|per annum change rate}}}}
! scope="col" style="width:6em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |Tamil Nadu
! scope="col" style="width:6em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |India
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |2011
|986
! style="padding-right:0.25em;" |—
|{{fluc|-10|maximize}}
|{{fluc|43|maximize}}
|-
| colspan="5" style="text-align: left; border-top:1px solid black;" |Source: [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India]]
|}
{| style="text-align: center; border-spacing: 0;"
|-
! colspan="5" style="background: lavender; border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-right:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:none; border-left:1px #aaa solid" |Gender Parity in Adult Literacy
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:6em; text-align:left; vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |Year
|
|
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width:12em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |Relative Difference
|-
! style="width:6em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |Literacy
! style="width:6em; padding-right:0.25em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |{{Nowrap|{{Abbr|±%p.a|per annum change rate}}}}
! scope="col" style="width:6em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |Tamil Nadu
! scope="col" style="width:6em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |India
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |2011
|0.93
| style="padding-right:0.25em;" |—
|{{fluc|0.09|maximize}}
|{{fluc|0.14|maximize}}
|-
| colspan="5" style="text-align: left; border-top:1px solid black;" |Source: [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India]]
|}
{{clear}}

=== Caste ===
{| style="text-align: center; border-spacing: 0;"
|-
! colspan="9" style="background: lavender; border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-right:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:none; border-left:1px #aaa solid" |Caste
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:6em; text-align:left; vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |Year
! colspan="2" |[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SCs]]
! colspan="2" |[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|STs]]
! colspan="2" |[[Other Backward Class|OBCs]]
! colspan="2" |Others
|-
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |%
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black; padding-right:0.25em;" |{{Nowrap|{{Abbr|±%p.a|per annum change rate}}}}
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |%
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black; padding-right:0.25em;" |{{Nowrap|{{Abbr|±%p.a|per annum change rate}}}}
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |%
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black; padding-right:0.25em;" |{{Nowrap|{{Abbr|±%p.a|per annum change rate}}}}
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |%
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black; padding-right:0.25em;" |{{Nowrap|{{Abbr|±%p.a|per annum change rate}}}}
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |2011
|15.09%
| style="padding-right:0.25em;" |—
|0.57%
| style="padding-right:0.25em;" |—
|—
| style="padding-right:0.25em;" |—
|84.32%
| style="padding-right:0.25em;" |—
|-
| colspan="9" style="text-align: left; border-top:1px solid black;" |Source: [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India]]
|}{{clear}}
=== Language ===
{| style="text-align: center; border-spacing: 0;"
|-
! colspan="13" style="background: lavender; border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-right:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:none; border-left:1px #aaa solid" |Native Language Speakers
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:6em; text-align:left; vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |Year
! colspan="2" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
! colspan="2" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
! colspan="2" |[[Urdu]]
! colspan="2" |[[Malayalam]]
! colspan="2" |[[Hindi]]
! colspan="2" |[[Kannada]]
|-
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |%
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black; padding-right:0.25em;" |{{Nowrap|{{Abbr|±%p.a|per annum change rate}}}}
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |%
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black; padding-right:0.25em;" |{{Nowrap|{{Abbr|±%p.a|per annum change rate}}}}
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |%
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black; padding-right:0.25em;" |{{Nowrap|{{Abbr|±%p.a|per annum change rate}}}}
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |%
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black; padding-right:0.25em;" |{{Nowrap|{{Abbr|±%p.a|per annum change rate}}}}
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |%
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black; padding-right:0.25em;" |{{Nowrap|{{Abbr|±%p.a|per annum change rate}}}}
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |%
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black; padding-right:0.25em;" |{{Nowrap|{{Abbr|±%p.a|per annum change rate}}}}
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |2011<ref>{{Citation |last=<nowiki>Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India</nowiki> |title=Table C-16 City: Population by mother tongue (town level), Tamil Nadu - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10259 |work=Census of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925183449/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10259 |url-status= |id=PC11_C16city-33 |archive-date=25 September 2023 |author-link=Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India}}</ref>
|87.02%
| style="padding-right:0.25em;" |—
|8.14%
| style="padding-right:0.25em;" |—
|2.37%
| style="padding-right:0.25em;" |—
|2.10%
| style="padding-right:0.25em;" |—
|1.44%
| style="padding-right:0.25em;" |—
|0.77%
| style="padding-right:0.25em;" |—
|-
| colspan="13" style="text-align: left; border-top:1px solid black;" |Source: [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India]]
|}{{clear}}
=== Religion ===
{| style="text-align: center; border-spacing: 0;"
|-
! colspan="13" style="background: lavender; border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-right:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:none; border-left:1px #aaa solid" |Religion
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:6em; text-align:left; vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |Year
! colspan="2" |[[Hinduism|Hindus]]
! colspan="2" |[[Christianity|Christians]]
! colspan="2" |[[Islam|Muslims]]
! colspan="2" |[[Jainism|Jains]]
! colspan="2" |[[Sikhism|Sikhs]]
! colspan="2" |[[Buddhism|Buddhist]]
|-
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |%
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black; padding-right:0.25em;" |{{Nowrap|{{Abbr|±%p.a|per annum change rate}}}}
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |%
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black; padding-right:0.25em;" |{{Nowrap|{{Abbr|±%p.a|per annum change rate}}}}
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |%
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black; padding-right:0.25em;" |{{Nowrap|{{Abbr|±%p.a|per annum change rate}}}}
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |%
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black; padding-right:0.25em;" |{{Nowrap|{{Abbr|±%p.a|per annum change rate}}}}
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |%
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black; padding-right:0.25em;" |{{Nowrap|{{Abbr|±%p.a|per annum change rate}}}}
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" |%
! scope="col" style="width:4em; border-bottom:1px solid black; padding-right:0.25em;" |{{Nowrap|{{Abbr|±%p.a|per annum change rate}}}}
|-
! style="text-align:left;" |2011<ref>{{Citation |last=<nowiki>Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India</nowiki> |title=Primary Census Abstract - By religion, Tamil Nadu - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11356 |work=Census of India |id=PCA_REL-33 |author-link=Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India}}</ref>
|82.97%
| style="padding-right:0.25em;" |—
|10.23%
| style="padding-right:0.25em;" |—
|6.47%
| style="padding-right:0.25em;" |—
|0.19%
| style="padding-right:0.25em;" |—
|0.05%
| style="padding-right:0.25em;" |—
|0.03%
| style="padding-right:0.25em;" |—
|-
| colspan="13" style="text-align: left; border-top:1px solid black;" |Source: [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India]]
|}{{clear}}

== Economy ==
When established, Tambaram City Municipal Corporation was estimated to earn {{INR}} 3 billion in revenue approximately through local bodies connected to it.<ref name="to ref22">{{cite news |last1=Ayyappan |first1=V. |date=25 September 2021 |title=Tamil Nadu: It's going to take more than a name change to make Tambaram a corporation {{!}} Chennai News – Times of India |language=en |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-its-going-to-take-more-than-a-name-change-to-make-tambaram-a-corporation/articleshow/86500004.cms |access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref>

=== Madras Export Processing Zone ===
{{Main|Madras Export Processing Zone}}

Madras Export Processing Zone (MEPZ) is a [[special economic zone]] located on [[Grand Southern Trunk Road|GST Road]], {{convert|6|km|spell=in}} south of [[Chennai International Airport]]. It is one of the seven export processing zones in the country set up by the central government.<ref>{{cite news |last=Narasimhan |first=T. E. |date=23 June 2010 |title=Six new SEZs to come up in TN |newspaper=Business Standard |location=Chennai |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/six-new-sezs-to-come-up-in-tn-110062300014_1.html |access-date=30 Mar 2013}}</ref> It was established in 1984 to promote [[foreign direct investment]], enhance [[International trade|foreign exchange]] earnings, and create greater employment opportunities in the region.<ref name="BS_MEPZNotToAllowMoreITFirms2">{{cite news |date=29 May 2010 |title=MEPZ not to allow more IT firms |newspaper=Business Standard |location=Chennai |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/mepz-not-to-allow-more-it-firms-110052900023_1.html |access-date=30 Mar 2013}}</ref>

The zone is under the administrative control of the Ministry of Commerce and Industries and caters to the needs of units within the SEZ, in addition to monitoring the functions of 100-percent export-oriented units (EOUs) located in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Pondicherry]], and [[Andaman & Nicobar Islands]].<ref name="BS_MEPZPosts25PCGrowth2">{{cite news |last=Menon |first=Ravi |date=8 October 2007 |title=MEPZ posts 25% growth in exports |newspaper=Business Standard |location=Chennai |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/mepz-posts-25-growth-in-exports-107100801048_1.html |access-date=30 Mar 2013}}</ref> The zone is headed by a development commissioner.

Spread over an area of 265 acres (109 hectares),<ref name="BS_MEPZPosts25PCGrowth2" /> MEPZ SEZ is a multi-product zone housing 117 functional units.<ref name="MEPZ_AboutUs2">{{cite web |title=About us |url=http://www.mepz.gov.in/aboutus.asp |access-date=30 Mar 2013 |publisher=MEPZ.gov.in}}</ref> In addition, another 27 units are under various stages of implementation.<ref name="MEPZ_AboutUs2" /> The zone employs over 26,000 people.<ref name="BS_MEPZPosts25PCGrowth2" /> In the manufacturing front, there are 110 SME units in the zone. MEPZ's manufacturing sector employs nearly 20,000 people.<ref name="BS_MEPZPosts25PCGrowth2" /> IT companies housed in the zone include [[Cognizant Technology Solutions]], Computer Sciences Corporation, CSS and HTC Global Services among others.<ref name="BS_MEPZNotToAllowMoreITFirms2" /> About 50 container trucks arrive at and leave the zone every day.<ref name="Hindu_NewGateAtMEPZ2">{{cite news |date=24 March 2013 |title=New gate at Tambaram SEZ to end traffic hassles on GST Road |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/new-gate-at-tambaram-sez-to-end-traffic-hassles-on-gst-road/article4542360.ece |access-date=30 Mar 2013}}</ref>

== Culture ==

=== Architecture ===

==== Dravidian ====

===== Medieval Cholas =====

====== Dhenupureeswarar Temple ======
{{Main|Dhenupureeswarar Temple (Madambakkam)}}

[[Dhenupureeswarar Temple (Madambakkam)|Dhenupureeswarar Temple]] is also known as Dhenupurisvara, and Thiripureeswarar temple. These names are colloquial name of [[Hindus|Hindu]] deity [[Shiva]]. The temple is located in the area of [[Madambakkam]] and it was built during the reign of [[Parantaka Chola II]] (r. 962–980 CE).<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2003-12-06 |title=The Hindu : Ancient Chola temple at Madambakkam |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/09/26/stories/2003092601940800.htm |access-date=2022-03-06 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031206191220/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/09/26/stories/2003092601940800.htm |archive-date=6 December 2003 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[garbhagriha]], which is Sanskrit equivalent of [[sanctum sanctorum]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hardy |first=Adam |title=Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation: the Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa Tradition |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1995 |isbn=9788170173120}}</ref> houses the primary deity Dhenupureeswara in linga form.<ref name=":4" /> The main [[garbhagriha]] is apsidal in shape and this is a characteristic feature of Shiva Temples built during [[Chola dynasty|Chola Period]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Several gods adorn the walls here |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/jan/16/several-gods-adorn-the-walls-here-1755433.html |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> This type of [[garbhagriha]] are known as gajaprishta [[Vimana (architectural feature)|vimana]], where "gajaprishta" literally means "back of an elephant" in [[Sanskrit|Samskrit]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grover |first=Satish |title=The Architecture of India (Buddhist and Hindu period) |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |year=1981 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> This type of [[Vimana (architectural feature)|vimana]] here is a separate south-facing [[garbhagriha]] for the Dhenupureeswarar's Consort Goddess Dhenukambal adjacent to the main garbhagriha.

The temple is one of the 163 [[Megalith|megalithic sites]] in the state of Tamil Nadu.<ref name="Hindu_NISModifiesExpansionPlan">{{cite news |last=Madhavan |first=D. |date=20 December 2012 |title=National Institute of Siddha modifies expansion plan |newspaper=The Hindu |publisher=The Hindu |location=Chennai |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/national-institute-of-siddha-modifies-expansion-plan/article4218676.ece |access-date=23 Dec 2012}}</ref> The temple has been declared a monument of national importance under the [[AMASR Act|Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains]] (amendment and validation) 2010 Act.<ref name="legend">{{cite news |author=J. V. Siva Prasanna Kumar |date=3 August 2012 |title=1,000-year-old Chola legacy draws devotees |work=The Asian Age |url=http://archive.asianage.com/chennai/1000-year-old-chola-legacy-draws-devotees-412 |access-date=2014-07-24}}</ref> The temple has been conserved and restored by [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref>{{cite news |author=T. Ramakrishnan |date=2 October 2001 |title=Restoring past glory |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2001/10/02/stories/1302126h.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=2014-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020122111743/http://hindu.com/thehindu/2001/10/02/stories/1302126h.htm |archive-date=22 January 2002}}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==

=== Transportation ===

==== Rail ====
The [[Tambaram railway station|Tambaram Railway Station]] serves as one of the four primary terminals of the [[Indian Railways]] in the [[Chennai metropolitan area|Chennai Metropolitan Area]]. The other three terminals are [[Chennai Central]], [[Chennai Egmore]], [[Chennai Beach]]. The inter-state railway service is provided by [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]] of Indian Railways. The inter-city railway service is provided by [[Chennai Suburban Railway]] operated by Indian Railways.

===== Inter-state =====
{{Main|Tambaram railway station|Southern Railway zone}}

Similar to [[Chennai Egmore|Chennai Egmore Station]], [[Tambaram railway station|Tambaram Railway Station]] provides access to destinations primarily within Tamil Nadu; however, it also handles a few interstate trains.

===== Inter-city =====
====== Chennai Suburban Railway ======
{{Main|Chennai Suburban Railway|South Line, Chennai Suburban}}

The [[Chennai Suburban Railway]] is a [[commuter rail]] system in the [[Chennai metropolitan area|Chennai Metropolitan Area]], operated by the [[Indian Railways]]. Every day, 160 train services are operated between Chennai Beach and Tambaram, 70 between Tambaram and Chengalpet and 16 between Tambaram and Kancheepuram.<ref name="FundShortageForGuageConversion">{{cite news |last=Madhavan |first=D |date=24 March 2012 |title=Shortage of funds derails gauge conversion works at Tambaram |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |location=Chennai |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-24/chennai/31233546_1_gauge-conversion-broad-gauge-tambaram-station |url-status=dead |access-date=31 Mar 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215015618/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-24/chennai/31233546_1_gauge-conversion-broad-gauge-tambaram-station |archive-date=15 February 2013}}</ref>

The City is served by the [[South Line, Chennai Suburban|South Line]] of [[Chennai Suburban Railway]] which runs between [[Chennai Beach railway station|Chennai Beach]] to [[Chengalpattu Junction railway station|Chengalpattu]]. The South Line connects Tambaram with seven major interchange stations out of the eight in Chennai Suburban Railway Network.

The longest circular train in India runs through Tambaram, connecting the City with [[Chennai Beach]], [[Chennai Egmore|Egmore]], [[Chengalpattu]], [[Kanchipuram]], [[Takkolam]], [[Arakkonam Junction]], [[Tiruvallur]], [[Avadi]], [[Ambattur]], [[Vyasarpadi Jeeva (Chennai Suburban Railway)|Vyasarpadi Jeeva]], [[Washermanpet (Chennai Suburban Railway)|Washermanpet]] and [[Royapuram Railway Station|Royapuram]].

== Notable places ==
{{Div col}}
* [[Embassy Group|Embassy]] Splendid IT Park, Pallavaram
* [[Madras Institute of Technology]], Chromepet, Pallavapuram. Former president [[A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]] was a student of this institute.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Chandrasekhar |first1=Chandrakala |date=20 December 2014 |title=The_Hindu-Chromepet of my childhood |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/downtown/chromepet-of-my-childhood/article6710955.ece}}</ref>
* [[Madras Christian College]], East Tambaram
* [[Tambaram Air Force Station]], Selaiyur
* [[Thiruneermalai (temple complex)]], one among the 108 Divya desams
* Rettai Pillayar Koil, Pammal
* [[National Institute of Siddha]], Kadapperi, Tambaram
* [[Government Hospital of Thoracic Medicine, Chennai|Government Hospital of Thoracic Medicine]], Tambaram Sanatorium, Chitlapakkam
* Government Hospital, Chromepet, Pallavapuram<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government Hospital, Chromepet | Chengalpattu District, Government of Tamilnadu | India |url=https://chengalpattu.nic.in/public-utility/government-hospitalchromepet/ |access-date=19 February 2022 |website=Chengalpattu.nic.in}}</ref>
* Airport Authority of India Signal Office, Iyyappa Nagar, Pammal
* [[Dhenupureeswarar Temple (Madambakkam)|Dhenupureeswarar Temple]], Madambakkam
* Catholic Shrine of Our Lady of Fatima, East Tambaram
* Sankara Eye Hospital, Pammal
* Sri Sankara Vidyalaya Matriculation Higher Secondary School, Pammal
* PKS Fishmarket, Nagalkeni, Pammal
* Holy Family Convent Matriculation Higher Secondary School, Keelkattalai, Pallavapuram
* [[Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced Studies]], Pallavaram, Pallavapuram
{{Div col end}}

==Gallery==
[[File:Embassy Splendid Tech Zone Pallavaram.jpg|thumb|Embassy Splendid Tech Zone, Pallavaram]]
[[File:MIT ENTRANCE.jpg|thumb|MIT's newly built entrance]]
[[File:Madras Christian College.jpg|thumb|[[Madras Christian College]] entrance]]
[[File:National Institute of Siddha.jpg|thumb|[[National Institute of Siddha]] entrance]]
[[File:Perungalathur Gateway office park.jpg|thumb|Perungalathur Gateway office park]]
[[File:Thiruneermalai Temple.jpg|thumb|Thiruneermalai Temple overlooking the temple pond]]

==See also==
*[[Tambaram City Municipal Corporation]]
*[[Tambaram Police]]
*[[Chennai metropolitan area|Chennai Metropolitan Area]]
*[[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]]
*[[List of municipal corporations in Tamil Nadu]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Chennai Topics|left}}

{{Municipal corporations of Tamil Nadu}}
[[Category:Tambaram| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Chengalpattu district]]

Neetho Cheppalani

2026-03-03T21:58:09Z

Randy603804187: New post

{{Short description|2002 Indian Telugu-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Neetho Cheppalani.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = B. Satyanaidu
| writer = B. Satyanaidu
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogue by
| data1 = [[Marudhuri Raja]]
}}
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = G. Peddi Reddy K. Girija Kumari M. Sudhakar Reddy (presenter)
| starring = [[Jai Akash|Akash]] Anupriya
| narrator =
| cinematography = Jayaram
| editing =
| music = [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
| studio = Sri Srinivasa Sai films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2002|3|8}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Neetho Cheppalani''''' ({{Translation|To talk with you}}) is a 2002 Indian Telugu-language [[romantic film|romantic]] [[drama film]] directed by B. Satyanaidu and starring [[Jai Akash|Akash]] and newcomer Anupriya.

== Plot ==
Friends Balu and Aishwarya are in love but are unable to express their love towards each other in words. Balu is engaged to Ramya. How Balu and Aisharya reunite forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Jai Akash|Akash]] as Balu
*Anupriya as Aishwarya
*Ashita as Ramya
*[[M. S. Narayana]] as Balu's grandfather
*[[Giri Babu]] as Balu's father
*[[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as Surya
*[[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]]
*Krishnaveni
*[[Telangana Shakuntala]]
*[[Brahmanandam]]
*[[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]]
* Hariprasad
* [[Tirupathi Prakash]]
*[[Raghu Babu]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music is composed by [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]. The song "Meghala Aakashame" is based on "Jeeta Tha Jiske Liye" from ''[[Dilwale (1994 film)|Dilwale]]'' (1994).<ref name="I2"/> A [[ballad]] song was filmed with Giribabu, M. S. Narayana, Sudhakar, Krishnaveni, and Telangana Sakunthala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/coming/neethocheppalani.html|title=Movie Preview - Neetho Cheppalani|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=2023-12-30|archive-date=2023-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226080403/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/coming/neethocheppalani.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Yemo Yemaindo
| length1 = 4:38
| lyrics1 = [[Shiva Ganesh]]
| extra1 = [[Sunitha Upadrashta]], Sriram Prabhu
| title2 = Prema Koraku Jeevinchu
| length2 = 4:25
| lyrics2 = B. Satya Naidu
| extra2 = [[Koti (composer)|Koti]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| title3 = Oh! Missu! Oh! Vacchindi
| length3 = 4:33
| lyrics3 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]]
| extra3 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Gopika Poornima]]
| title4 = Ammaye Orakanta
| length4 = 5:05
| lyrics4 = Sahithi
| extra4 = Jayachandran, Srivardhini
| title5 = Chamakkuro
| length5 = 4:27
| lyrics5 = Pothula Ravi Kiran
| extra5 = [[Raghu Kunche]], Ganga
| title6 = Meghala Aakashame
| length6 = 4:58
| lyrics6 = Pothula Ravi Kiran
| extra6 = Sandeep, Ganga
| total_length = 28:06
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film one out of five stars and wrote that "This film is one of the best examples of bad direction and screenplay in the recent films I have seen. The screenplay of the film makes you squirm with grudge in your seat. The direction is very amateurish".<ref name="I2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-neetocheppalani.html|title=Movie review - Neeto Cheppalani|date=8 March 2002|last=Jeevi|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=30 December 2023|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226034654/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-neetocheppalani.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "Akash has a lot of improving to do in acting. The dubbing is equally poor. Anupriya is better, but looks older than Akash. The talent of quite a few senior artistes like Giribabu, Brahmanandam, Sudhakar, M.S. Narayana is wasted. Music by Koti is like a remix of vintage tunes".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-neetocheppalani.html|title=College Call|work=[[The Hindu]]|via=[[Idlebrain.com]]|last=Srihari|first=Gudipoodi|access-date=2023-12-30|archive-date=2023-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208081830/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-neetocheppalani.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''Full Hyderabad'' wrote that "Oh well, cheppalani vundaa? Vaddhu babu! ({{Translation|Oh well, is there anything to say? No dude!}})"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/neetho-cheppalani/telugu/neetho-cheppalani-movie-reviews-625-2.html|title=Neetho Cheppalani Review|work=Full Hyderabad|first=Smriti|last=Kashyap|access-date=2023-12-30|archive-date=2023-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208141404/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/neetho-cheppalani/telugu/neetho-cheppalani-movie-reviews-625-2.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|1575644}}

[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2002 Telugu-language films]]

Thupparivaalan

2026-03-03T03:14:17Z

Randy603804187: added info

{{Short description|2017 film by Mysskin}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thupparivaalan poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mysskin]]
| writer = Mysskin
| producer = [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]]
| starring = Vishal [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]] [[Vinay Rai]] [[Anu Emmanuel]] [[Andrea Jeremiah]]
| cinematography = V. I. Karthik
| editing = N. Arunkumar
| music = [[Arrol Corelli]]
| studio = [[Vishal Film Factory]]
| distributor = Madras Enterprises
| released = {{Film date|2017|09|14|df=y|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Thupparivaalan''''' ({{translation|Detective}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]] written and directed by [[Mysskin]], and produced by [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]], who also enacts the lead role with [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]]. The film features [[Vinay Rai]], [[Anu Emmanuel]] (in her Tamil debut), [[Andrea Jeremiah]] and [[K. Bhagyaraj]] in supporting roles. Loosely inspired by British writer [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s [[Sherlock Holmes]] stories, the film follows a private detective and his associate who investigate the death of a child's pet dog, which leads to them uncovering a bigger conspiracy. The film began production in 2016, and was released on 14 September 2017.

== Plot ==
The film starts with IT company owner Dhivakar celebrating his birthday with his family, when a sudden lightning strike fatally electrocutes him and his son before burning their bodies in front of his horrified wife and daughter. At a cinema, a man gropes a woman and a small commotion ensues, which is stopped by [[Assistant commissioner of police (India)|ACP]] Paul Dhanarajan, who dies in the middle of a police conference three days later. The plot shifts to the brash yet brilliant private detective Kaniyan Poongundran aka Kani, who lives with his associate Manohar aka Mano. They both come across Mallika, who leads a pickpocketing scheme with her younger siblings. After Kani deals with her alcoholic, abusive uncle, she comes to work as his housekeeper.

One day, a schoolboy named Naveen visits Kani and Mano with the case of his pet [[German Spitz]] (inaccurately identified as a [[Pomeranian dog|Pomeranian]]) Nemo, who was shot dead on a beach, and asks them to find the killer. Naveen gives them the bullet from Nemo's body. Kani finds that it is a 9 mm bullet which had [[ricochet]]ed before hitting Nemo. At the crime scene, he finds a tooth, whose owner is traced to be Swarnavel, a former university [[physics]] professor who lives alone and is now a stockbroker. Swarnavel's ex-wife reveals they divorced after their son's accidental death two years prior, which he blamed her for. Meanwhile, a shady man named Kamalesh visits a travel agency to deliver a sofa stashed with money to five people who run the agency as a cover for contract assassinations: Devil, Muthu, Pritha, a stout man, and a bald man.

Kani recollects a news article about the deaths of Dhivakar and his son and visits Mrs. Dhivakar's house, where he finds that Swarnavel was present at a nearby construction site on the day of the incident. He then concludes that it was artificial lightning devised by Swarnavel that killed Dhivakar. When the assassins learn that Kani is on their tail, Devil disposes of Swarnavel's body, who was killed earlier.

Kani and Manohar visit Dhivakar's office and learn that a tender which was to be awarded to Dhivakar is now with Ram Prasad, the head of a rival company. Before they can reach Ram Prasad, he is assassinated. Infuriated about assassinating their client, Kamalesh hires Chinese mercenaries to kill Kani, who defeats them and finds out about Kamalesh's involvement, but Kamalesh is killed by Pritha. A police chase occurs as Pritha and the bald man try to escape but are later cornered. The bald man then kills himself, allowing Pritha to escape. The next day in a shopping mall, Pritha makes a failed attempt to kill Kani, who is saved by Mallika.

Kani and Mano meet Police Inspector Madhivanan and ACP Vijayakumar in a hotel, where yet another failed assassin attempt is made. Muthu plans to inject Kani with a poison dart, but Mano is caught in the crossfire and rushed to the hospital. They learn that Mano was hit by the same dart as Paul. They raid the travel agency, and Devil kills Muthu to cover his tracks. They find some physics books related to lightning.

Kani receives a threat via SMS that his loved ones are in danger. He ensures that Manohar is safe in the hospital but cannot save Mallika, who is stabbed to death by Devil. It is later revealed that Madhivanan was an informer for Devil. Upon interrogating him, Madhivanan discloses that Ram Prasad hired Devil and his team to assassinate Dhivakar to get the tender, for which they recruited Swarnavel to create the artificial lightning. However, Swarnavel was guilt-ridden due to the collateral death of Dhivakar's son, who reminded him of his own late son, and decided to expose their involvement. Devil and his team pursued and killed Swarnavel, who was planning to flee India using fake passports, at a beach to keep him quiet. Nemo tried to intervene and bit Devil, causing him to shoot at the dog, unknowingly killing it with the ricocheted bullet, before the assassins hid Swarnavel's body in their office refrigerator. As for Paul, he was investigating a rape case committed by a hotelier on his driver's wife and was killed by Devil and his team (who were hired by the hotelier) since he was close to catching the culprit. Kani, Mano, and a police team go to a [[mangrove forest]] in search of Devil. All of them die except Kani, Mano, and Vijayakumar. Later, Kani and Vijayakumar are both caught by Devil, who has kidnapped Naveen to use as a hostage.

Tied by a rope on a dock, Kani reveals how he managed to uncover Devil's backstory and tells him that the police have been informed of the same. Infuriated by this, Devil tries to stab Kani, but Mano manages to untie him. Eventually, Kani kills Devil. In his dying moments, Devil tells Naveen that he is sorry for killing Nemo. Later, as Naveen returns home from school one afternoon, he finds a Pomeranian puppy along with a note bearing Kani's name in a basket at his doorstep.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] as Kaniyan Poongundran, a detective who is called upon to find the killer of Naveen's dog Nemo
*[[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]] as Manohar, Kaniyan's associate
*[[Vinay Rai]] as John Richardson Holcha/Devil, the man responsible for killing Nemo
*[[Anu Emmanuel]] as Mallika, a pickpocket who befriends Kaniyan
*[[Andrea Jeremiah]] as Pritha, a woman who runs the travel agency
*[[K. Bhagyaraj]] as Muthu aka Uncle, a man who runs the travel agency
*[[Shaji Chen]] as ACP Vijayakumar
*[[John Vijay]] as Kamalesh, a shady man who tries to kill Kaniyan
*Master Nishesh as Naveen, a young schoolboy whose dog Nemo was killed by Devil
*Ashvatt as Swarnavel, a physics professor-turned-stockbroker
*Dheeraj Rathnam as a stout man who runs the travel agency
*Siddhanth Venkatesh as a bald man who runs the travel agency
*[[Abhishek Shankar]] as Inspector Madhivanan, an informer for Devil
*[[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Ram Prasad, the head of Dhivakar's competitor company
*[[Ravi Mariya]] as Mallika's uncle
*[[Aadukalam Naren]] as ACP Paul Dhanarajan
*[[Ajay Rathnam]] as Police Chief
*[[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Madhavan
*[[Vincent Asokan]] as Dhivakar, a man who dies due to a lightning strike (Cameo appearance)
*[[Simran (actress)|Simran]] as Dhivakar's wife (Cameo appearance)
{{colend}}

== Production ==
In February 2016, director [[Mysskin]] was reported to have begun working on a film starring [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=28 February 2016 |title=Vishal to team up with Mysskin |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/280216/vishal-to-team-up-with-mysskin.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531132244/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/280216/vishal-to-team-up-with-mysskin.html |archive-date=31 May 2025 |access-date=31 May 2025 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> The film, titled ''Thupparivaalan'', was formally launched at a ceremony in Chennai on 10 March 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2016 |title=Vishal and director Mysskin come together for a fantasy film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vishal-and-director-mysskin-come-together-for-a-fantasy-film-312710-2016-03-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531131413/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vishal-and-director-mysskin-come-together-for-a-fantasy-film-312710-2016-03-10 |archive-date=31 May 2025 |access-date=31 May 2025 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 March 2016 |title=Vishal-Mysskin film titled Thupparivaalan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishal-mysskin-film-titled-thupparivaalan/articleshow/51342881.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250531063527/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishal-mysskin-film-titled-thupparivaalan/articleshow/51342881.cms |archive-date=31 May 2025 |access-date=31 May 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Prior to the start of shoot, Mysskin cast several other leading actors and the film was dubbed by the media to be a "multi-starrer". Actress [[Rakul Preet Singh]] was cast in a leading role, making her comeback to Tamil films after becoming popular in the Telugu film industry. Likewise actors [[Vinay Rai|Vinay]] and [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]] were signed to portray supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2016 |title=Vinay Rai in Vishal's 'Thupparivalan' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vinay-rai-in-vishal-s-thupparivalan-news-tamil-qjtqsIdagdhjf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924180920/http://www.sify.com/movies/vinay-rai-in-vishal-s-thupparivalan-news-tamil-qjtqsIdagdhjf.html |archive-date=24 September 2016 |access-date=12 September 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2016 |title=Rakul Preet Singh makes her comeback in Kollywood |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/270816/rakul-preet-singh-makes-her-comeback.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912060451/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/270816/rakul-preet-singh-makes-her-comeback.html |archive-date=12 September 2017 |access-date=12 September 2017 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> [[K. Bhagyaraj]] was also selected to portray a key antagonistic role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2016 |title=Filmmaker-actor K Bhagyaraj to join Thupparivaalan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/sep/21/filmmaker-actor-k-bhagyaraj-to-join-thupparivaalan-1522021.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912060121/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/sep/21/Filmmaker-actor-K-Bhagyaraj-to-join-Thupparivaalan-1522021.html |archive-date=12 September 2017 |access-date=12 September 2017 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Vinay said he accepted the film to break out of the "chocolate boy" image he had been stereotyped in for years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |first=Janani |title=Vinay Rai Interview: ‘I Had To Wait 11 Years To Shed My Chocolate Boy Image’ |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/interviews/vinay-rai-interview-i-had-to-wait-11-years-to-shed-my-chocolate-boy-image |website=Silverscreen India |access-date=16 November 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251026051924/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/interviews/vinay-rai-interview-i-had-to-wait-11-years-to-shed-my-chocolate-boy-image |archive-date=26 Oct 2025 |language=en |date=Sep 22, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The film began production in Chennai on 26 September 2016.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=780265712140943360 |user=VishalKOfficial |title=Startd my nxt home prod @VffVishal #Thupparivalan wit #mysskin sir wit @Prasanna_actor @ArrolCorelli.gna b an xciting one.need ya wishes.GB |author=Vishal |author-link=Vishal (actor) |access-date=31 May 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250531054402/https://x.com/VishalKOfficial/status/780265712140943360 |archive-date=31 May 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> Soon after the shoot began, Singh opted out of the film citing scheduling clashes,<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=14 October 2016 |title=Rakul Preet walks out of Thupparivaalan! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/141016/rakul-preet-walks-out-of-thupparivaalan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531131739/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/141016/rakul-preet-walks-out-of-thupparivaalan.html |archive-date=31 May 2025 |access-date=31 May 2025 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> and was replaced by Malayalam actress [[Anu Emmanuel]], who would make her debut in the Tamil film industry. Anu was signed following a test photo shoot in October 2016, where Mysskin asked her to sport a sari.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 October 2016 |title=Anu Emmanuel replaces Rakul in Mysskin's movie |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/Anu-Emmanuel-replaces-Rakul-in-Mysskins-movie/articleshow/54867824.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227101012/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/Anu-Emmanuel-replaces-Rakul-in-Mysskins-movie/articleshow/54867824.cms |archive-date=27 December 2016 |access-date=12 September 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Akshara Haasan]] was also signed on to portray another pivotal role during the same month and was expected to shoot for the film alongside her commitments in ''[[Vivegam]]'' (2017).<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2016 |title=Akshara Haasan to star with Vishal in Mysskin's Thupparivaalan |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/akshara-haasan-to-star-with-vishal-in-mysskin-s-thupparivaalan/story-skYqyJInF9lqYuQ0s1wzCK.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912055902/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/akshara-haasan-to-star-with-vishal-in-mysskin-s-thupparivaalan/story-skYqyJInF9lqYuQ0s1wzCK.html |archive-date=12 September 2017 |access-date=12 September 2017 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Haasan later opted out of the project and was replaced in the role by [[Andrea Jeremiah]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2016 |title=Andrea Jeremiah to be a part of Thupparivaalan |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/101216/andrea-jeremiah-to-be-a-part-of-thupparivaalan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912061852/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/101216/andrea-jeremiah-to-be-a-part-of-thupparivaalan.html |archive-date=12 September 2017 |access-date=12 September 2017 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2017 |title=Andrea replaces Akshara Haasan in 'Thupparivalan' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/andrea-replaces-akshara-haasan-in-thupparivalan-news-tamil-rbgllvfeagcai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106151442/http://www.sify.com/movies/andrea-replaces-akshara-haasan-in-thupparivalan-news-tamil-rbgllvfeagcai.html |archive-date=6 January 2017 |access-date=12 September 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Mysskin signed Ashvatt for the pivotal role of Swarnavel, after he was impressed by the actor's earlier performance in his film ''[[Pisaasu]]'' and ''[[Savarakathi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jyothsna |date=29 September 2016 |title=A New Addition in Mysskin's Camp |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/ashwath-to-play-a-key-role-in-savarakathi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203064156/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/ashwath-to-play-a-key-role-in-savarakathi.html |archive-date=3 February 2018 |access-date=24 August 2020 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref>

In May 2017, Mysskin said there were only ten days more of the shoot required. Mysskin added that he was inspired by the tales of [[Sherlock Holmes]] when writing the film and stated Vishal's character would resemble the detective. Likewise, Prasanna's character would be along the lines of [[Dr. Watson]] from [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s Holmes novels.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aiyappan |first=Ashameera |date=30 August 2017 |title=I am a dictator but one full of compassion: Thupparivalan director Mysskin |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/i-am-a-dictator-but-one-full-of-compassion-thupparivalan-director-mysskin-4820343/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912055657/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/i-am-a-dictator-but-one-full-of-compassion-thupparivalan-director-mysskin-4820343/ |archive-date=12 September 2017 |access-date=12 September 2017 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2017 |title=Mysskin: Vishal and Prasanna's characters are inspired by Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mysskin-vishal-and-prasanna-s-characters-are-inspired-by-sherlock-holmes-and-dr-watson-news-tamil-rftj8Rbfgdhjf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815232916/http://www.sify.com/movies/mysskin-vishal-and-prasanna-s-characters-are-inspired-by-sherlock-holmes-and-dr-watson-news-tamil-rftj8Rbfgdhjf.html |archive-date=15 August 2017 |access-date=12 September 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2017 |title='Thupparivaalan' features Sherlock, Dr Watson type characters |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/may/20/thupparivaalan-features-sherlock-dr-watson-type-characters-1607006.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912060130/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/may/20/thupparivaalan-features-sherlock-dr-watson-type-characters-1607006.html |archive-date=12 September 2017 |access-date=12 September 2017 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> In August 2017, near the end of filming, Vishal suffered a minor injury on his knee while Vinay hurt his shoulders while filming an action scene. The pair, however, chose to continue with the shoot to avoid delays.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2017 |title=Vishal, Vinay Injured On Sets Of 'Thupparivalan' |url=https://silverscreen.in/Tamil/news/vishal-vinay-injured-sets-thupparivalan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629074329/https://silverscreen.in/Tamil/news/vishal-vinay-injured-sets-thupparivalan/ |archive-date=29 June 2018 |access-date=12 September 2017 |website=Silverscreen India}}</ref>

== Music ==
Unlike most Indian films, the makers avoided including multiple songs; the only song in the film is "Ivan Thupparivaalan", written by Mysskin (who sings along with Hemambiga) and composed by [[Arrol Corelli]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |first=Janani |date=30 August 2017 |title='Ivan Thupparivaalan' Song Gives Insight into Vishal's Character |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/tamil/news/ivan-thupparivaalan-single-mysskin-narrates-vishals-character-in-this-song/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119105927/https://silverscreenindia.com/tamil/news/ivan-thupparivaalan-single-mysskin-narrates-vishals-character-in-this-song/ |archive-date=19 January 2024 |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=Silverscreen India}}</ref> who also composed the background music.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2017 |title=No songs in Mysskin's next |url=http://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2017/jul/08/no-songs-in-mysskins-next-1008.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629074225/http://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2017/jul/08/no-songs-in-mysskins-next-1008.html |archive-date=29 June 2018 |access-date=29 June 2018 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==
Thupparivaalan was released on 14 September 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2017 |title=WATCH Thupparivaalan trailer: Vishal's film looks like promising thriller |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/watch-thupparivaalan-trailer-out-vishal-prasanna-mysskin-1041807-2017-09-10 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115181811/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/watch-thupparivaalan-trailer-out-vishal-prasanna-mysskin-1041807-2017-09-10 |archive-date=15 January 2025 |access-date=15 January 2025 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "[..] what sets ''Thupparivaalan'' apart from regular action thrillers is how it not only thrills us, but also makes us feel".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=14 September 2017 |title=Thupparivaalan Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/thupparivaalan/movie-review/60508976.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108113325/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/thupparivaalan/movie-review/60508976.cms |archive-date=8 January 2023 |access-date=12 May 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote for ''[[Film Companion]]'', "It was perhaps only a matter of time before Mysskin reached for Arthur Conan Doyle for what are his films, in essence, if not mysteries that involve a lot of detecting and end with big reveals?".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=14 September 2017 |title=Thupparivaalan Movie Review |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/thupparivalan-movie-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221150839/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/thupparivalan-movie-review |archive-date=21 February 2024 |access-date=12 May 2024 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en}}</ref> Vishal Menon of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "After the disastrous 'Mugamoodi', 'Thupparivaalan' was always going to be Mysskin's trial-by-fire in the world of big budget commercial cinema. With 'Thupparivaalan', Myskkin has opened up his universe to the common man, reminding us that there's nothing as pleasurable as seeing someone sneak a bit of art into entertainment cinema".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=14 September 2017 |title='Thupparivaalan' review: The adventure of an eccentric bachelor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thupparivaalan-review-the-adventure-of-the-eccentric-bachelor/article19684814.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512101332/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thupparivaalan-review-the-adventure-of-the-eccentric-bachelor/article19684814.ece |archive-date=12 May 2024 |access-date=12 May 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Srivatsan of ''[[India Today]]'' wrote, "It's difficult not to think about [[Benedict Cumberbatch]]'s [[William Sherlock Scott Holmes|Sherlock Holmes]], in which he asks [[John Hamish Watson|Watson]] to think. But in ''Thupparivaalan'', Mysskin asks the audience to observe, with a fair bit of Mysskin-ness".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivatsan |date=15 September 2017 |title=Thupparivaalan review: Vishal's film is a solid crime thriller |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/thupparivaalan-movie-review-vishal-mysskin-prasanna-andrea-1045164-2017-09-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705155200/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/thupparivaalan-movie-review-vishal-mysskin-prasanna-andrea-1045164-2017-09-15 |archive-date=5 July 2022 |access-date=12 May 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Sequel ==
Directed by Vishal, a sequel titled ''Thupparivaalan 2'' was announced in 2019, with Vishal and Prasanna reprising their roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2020 |title=First look of Vishal's Thupparivaalan 2 is here |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/mar/11/first-look-of-vishals-thupparivaalan-2-is-here-17487.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028171143/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/mar/11/first-look-of-vishals-thupparivaalan-2-is-here-17487.html |archive-date=28 October 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The rest of the cast included [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]], [[Gautami]] and Suresh Chakravarthi.<ref name="floors" /> The music of the film was to be composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 September 2019 |title=Ilayaraja roped in to compose music for Vishal's Thupparivaalan 2, see pics |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/ilayaraja-roped-in-to-compose-music-for-vishal-s-thupparivaalan-2-see-pics/story-pSic6Kh3IIitwmZODJ690K.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007062117/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/ilayaraja-roped-in-to-compose-music-for-vishal-s-thupparivaalan-2-see-pics/story-pSic6Kh3IIitwmZODJ690K.html |archive-date=7 October 2019 |access-date=13 March 2020 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Principal photography began in early November 2019 in [[Bristol]],<ref name="floors">{{Cite news |date=5 November 2019 |title=Vishal's 'Thupparivaalan 2' begins rolling |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vishals-thupparivaalan-2-begins-rolling-111765 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105164731/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vishals-thupparivaalan-2-begins-rolling-111765 |archive-date=5 November 2019 |access-date=13 March 2020 |work=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> and the first schedule wrapped a month later.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 December 2019 |title=Vishal wraps up shoot of Thupparivaalan 2 |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2019/12/24063933/1205689/Vishal-wraps-up-shoot-of-Thupparivaalan-2.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314032135/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2019/12/24063933/1205689/Vishal-wraps-up-shoot-of-Thupparivaalan-2.vpf |archive-date=14 March 2020 |access-date=13 March 2020 |work=[[DT Next]]}}</ref> After Mysskin and Vishal drifted apart over budget issues,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Pradeep |date=11 March 2020 |title=Vishal responds to Mysskin on 'Thupparivaalan 2' rift: 'No producer should go through such an ordeal' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vishal-responds-to-mysskin-on-thupparivaalan-2-rift-no-producer-should-go-through-such-an-ordeal/article31039793.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109131537/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vishal-responds-to-mysskin-on-thupparivaalan-2-rift-no-producer-should-go-through-such-an-ordeal/article31039793.ece |archive-date=9 November 2022 |access-date=27 December 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> filming resumed in November 2020 with Vishal as the primary director of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2020 |title=Thupparivaalan 2 to resume shooting from November, Vishal to take over as director |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/thupparivaalan-2-to-resume-shooting-from-november-vishal-to-take-over-as-director/story-0J4Pw2j4aErmbkjPogu7VP.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321204003/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/thupparivaalan-2-to-resume-shooting-from-november-vishal-to-take-over-as-director/story-0J4Pw2j4aErmbkjPogu7VP.html |archive-date=21 March 2022 |access-date=27 December 2020 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> The film was planned to resume shooting in 2023, but the shooting never took place.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=20 December 2022 |title=Actor Vishal on playing a constable in 'Laththi' and his obsession with action films |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-vishal-on-playing-a-constable-in-laththi-and-his-obsession-with-action-films/article66284399.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204015922/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-vishal-on-playing-a-constable-in-laththi-and-his-obsession-with-action-films/article66284399.ece |archive-date=4 February 2023 |access-date=22 May 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The same year, Vishal announced his plans to revive the project in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajaraman |first=Kaushik |date=27 September 2023 |title=Let my films do the talking: Vishal Krishna |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/let-my-films-do-the-talking-vishal-krishna-738523 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119021013/https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/let-my-films-do-the-talking-vishal-krishna-738523 |archive-date=19 January 2024 |access-date=19 January 2024 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en}}</ref> Pre-production subsequently began in March 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2024 |title=Vishal begins pre-production work for Thupparivaalan 2 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Mar/17/vishal-begins-pre-production-work-for-thupparivaalan-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318060909/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Mar/17/vishal-begins-pre-production-work-for-thupparivaalan-2 |archive-date=18 March 2024 |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> and principal photography was expected to begin in May 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2024 |title=Vishal's Thupparivaalan 2 to commence filming from May |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Apr/16/vishals-thupparivaalan-2-to-commence-filming-from-may |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422032534/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Apr/16/vishals-thupparivaalan-2-to-commence-filming-from-may |archive-date=22 April 2024 |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> but was later pushed to that November.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2024 |title=Vishal's directorial debut Thupparivaalan 2 to go on floors next month |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vishals-directorial-debut-thupparivaalan-2-to-go-on-floors-next-month-9629218/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241028101137/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vishals-directorial-debut-thupparivaalan-2-to-go-on-floors-next-month-9629218/ |archive-date=28 October 2024 |access-date=20 October 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{Mysskin}}
{{Vishal Film Factory}}

[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2017 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2017 crime action films]]
[[Category:2017 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 martial arts films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films about murder]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mysskin]]
[[Category:Films scored by Arrol Corelli]]
[[Category:Films shot in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:Indian martial arts films]]
[[Category:Murder mystery films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Government Higher Secondary School, Palayamkunnu

2026-02-26T04:01:43Z

Randy603804187: Done!

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| name = GHSS Palayamkunnu
| caption = GHSS Palayamkunnu
| image =
| image_size = 240px
| alt = GHSS Palayamkunnu
| established = {{start date|1906}}
| type = Government Higher secondary school, Co-education
| classes_offered = Classes 1 to 12
| system = [[Kerala State Education Board]]
| language = [[English language|English]] and [[Malayalam]]
| yearbook =
| enrollment = 2400
| hours_in_day = 6 hrs (09:30-16:30)
| locale = Palayamkunnu
| city = [[Varkala]]
| district = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| country = [[India]]
| principal = Mrs.Sherly ....Headmistress Sailajadevi
| website =
| coordinates = {{coord|8.781171|N|76.742892|E|display=inline,title}}
| status = Working
| fees =
| affiliations = [[Kerala State Education Board]]
| campuses = GHSS, UP School
| grade11 = 300
| school_code = 1013 [sometimes : 01013] HS SCHOOL CODE= 42054
}}

'''Government Higher Secondary School, Palayamkunnu''' (short names: GHSS Palayamkunnu) (HSE<ref>{{cite web|title=DHSE|url=http://www.dhsekerala.gov.in/|website=DHSE|publisher=Govt of Kerala|access-date=14 May 2015|archive-date=14 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914101616/http://dhsekerala.gov.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Code: 01013) is a Higher Secondary School under The Government of Kerala following SCERT syllabus in Palayamkunnu, near [[Ayiroor, Thiruvananthapuram|Ayiroor, Varkala]] ([[Thiruvananthapuram]] district of [[Kerala]] State, [[India]]).

==Courses==

Higher secondary of GHSS Palayamkunnu provides classes for Bio-Maths Batch (PCMB), Maths-Computer(PCMC) and Commerce Batch. HSE classes are following English Medium. Secondary education is offered in both Malayalam and English media.

==Programmes==

The teaching methodology follows IT@School<ref>{{cite web|title=ITschool|url=http://www.itschool.gov.in}}</ref> Project which has remodeled conventional teaching methodologies in classrooms through the use of IT. The school follows the initiative, thus every teacher is allowed laptops and interactive software.

==Campus==

The campus consists of many blocks, like the HSS block, Secondary block, UP Block(Government Upper Primary School), Mini-Auditorium(Ramanujan Hall), Laboratory Block etc.

==Facilities==
The college has transportation facilities(school bus), laboratory, smart class, drisyavedhi (Malayalam:ദൃശ്യവേദി, stage) etc.

==References==
{{reflist}}
*{{cite web|title=hse kerala|url=http://www.education.kerala.gov.in/|access-date=14 May 2015|archive-date=5 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405050723/http://www.education.kerala.gov.in/|url-status=dead}}

[[Category:Schools in Thiruvananthapuram district]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Kerala]]

Jeevika: Asia Livelihood Documentary Festival

2026-02-20T05:20:25Z

Randy603804187: Done

{{external links|date=April 2020}}
'''Jeevika: Asia Livelihood Documentary Festival''' is an annual documentary festival started in January 2004 by [[Centre for Civil Society]]. The festival is a part of their Jeevika Campaign which advocates for livelihood freedom for street entrepreneurs. The festival showcases documentaries based on the issue of livelihood, to capture the challenges faced by the rural and urban poor by bringing them to the attention of the public.

== Organiser ==
Centre for Civil Society (CCS) is an independent, non-profit, research and advocacy organisation and a public policy think tank. CCS's search for truth has taken everyday cases of harassment caused by legal and regulatory restrictions as well as bureaucratic process of approvals and licences. The films provoke, arouse curiosities and shake many accepted notions.

Organised by CCS, over the years, Jeevika has screened films advocating the cause of numerous small entrepreneurs, self-employed — rickshaw pullers, street vendors, sex-workers, child labourers, farmers — and forest-dwellers.

Manoj Mathew was instrumental in scaling the festival. He was Festival Director for the year 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015 editions.

== Origin ==
CCS initiated the festival as part of its aim to create policy change, to complement their research and advocacy work.

Jeevika Festival is structured on two categories- ''Professional film makers and student film makers''. There is a two-tier evaluation process for the competition. The Screening Committee short-lists the top 15-20 films. The Jury selects the top three winners and the Best Student Film from the shortlisted films.

== History ==

=== 1st Jeevika: National Livelihood Documentary Festival 2003-04 ===
Jeevika 2003-04 was organized on January 17–18, 2004 at India Habitat Centre, New Delhi. Nine documentaries were screened at Jeevika 2003. The festival was inaugurated by film actress ''[[Nandita Das]]''. The festival showcased documentary films on issues from struggles and aspirations of sex workers to Punjab farmers lured by money power taking the dangerous and illegal road to a better life abroad.

=== 2nd Jeevika: National Livelihood Documentary Festival 2004-05 ===
Jeevika 2004-05 received 69 entries from students and professional filmmakers from all over India. 29 were student productions. 15 of these were screened at the India Habitat Center Festival in January 2005.''[[Rahul Bose]]'' was inaugurated Jeevika 2004.
Award ceremony was held on January 29, 2005 with inaugural address of ''Sanjaya Baru'' and award presentation by the chief guest ''[[Deepti Naval]]''.''[[Madhu Kishwar]]'' was also present to release the [[Centre for Civil Society|CCS]] Publication ‘Law, Liberty & Livelihood’. Jeevika 2004 was supported by [[Sir Ratan Tata Trust]] & [[John Templeton Foundation]]. Event partners were [[Red FM 93.5|Red FM]], [[The Indian Express]], [[India Habitat Centre|India Habitat Center]].

=== 3rd Jeevika: National Livelihood Documentary Festival 2005-06 ===
This was held at [[India Habitat Centre]] from January 21 to 28 2006 as well as at Kamala Nehru College. 85 entries were received from student and professional film-makers in various countries including ''[[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[Serbia]]'' of which 34 were student entries. The festival screened Lalitha Krishnan's ‘Sea City’, ‘Refugee of War’ by M.W. Geethani Senavirathna, ‘''Pretty Dyana''’ by ''Boris Mitic'', ‘Treacling Down’ by Upali Gamlath and ‘Of Hawks and Hawkers’ by Shankar S. Shown on the second day were ‘A Page from the Red Data Book’ by Saurav Dey, ‘Life on Four Wheels’ by Anshuman Jha, ‘In Search of the Job’ by Mrinal Talukdar and ‘Lakshmi and Vishwakarma’ by Vasudha Joshi. The festival closed with the screening of "One Show Less" by Nayantara C. Kotian, which also won the first prize at the festival.

=== 4th Jeevika: South Asia Livelihood Documentary Festival 2007 ===
In association with ''[[The Youth Parliament|Youth Parliament]]'', the festival was held from July 20–23, 2007 at the ''India Habitat Centre, Delhi''. Screenings were also held across various colleges, institutes and schools across ''[[Delhi]]'' from July 23-August 23, for public viewing. Festival received 40 entries from students and 88 from professional filmmakers.

[[Sheila Dikshit|Smt. Shiela Dikshit]] (Former Chief Minister, New Delhi), [[P. Chidambaram|Mr. P Chidamabram]] (Former Finance Minister, GOI), [[Ajay Maken|Mr. Ajay Maken]] (President Delhi Pradesh Congress Committee), [[Prashant Bhushan|Mr. Prashant Bhushan]] (Supreme Court Advocate, Social Activists), [[Renana Jhabvala|Ms. Renana Jhabvala]] (National Coordinator, SEWA Bharat), Mr. CR Jayasinghe (Sri Lankan High Commissioner) were among the chief guests.

=== 5th Jeevika: South Asia Livelihood Documentary Festival 2008 ===
Festival was held from August 29 to August 31, 2008. Opening ceremony was dedicated to the cause of ''Tibetan refugees'' in the country. Neal Karthik's ‘Tribute to Life - memoir of a lost land.’ was screened as the opening film. The official representative of the [[Dalai Lama]], [[Tempa Tsering]], opened the film festival. Jury selected 17 entries out of 101 entries from ''[[Bangladesh]], [[Pakistan]], [[Nepal]], [[United States]], [[Iran]] and [[India]]'' for the screening.

=== 6th Jeevika: Asia Livelihood Documentary Festival 2009 ===
175 entries were received from professional filmmakers and students. 11 documentaries were screened at the India Habitat Centre. ''Manoj Mathew'', Director of the Festival, said, “''The panel discussion which took place after the documentary screenings were the key-point of this festival. They encouraged people to think out of the box and break stereotypes. Through these discussions some plausible solutions to the problems also emerged''.” Shaji Pattanam's The Hunted - In search of Home and Hope, which won the 3rd prize highlighted the plight of tribes in Kerala, who were evicted from their natural habitat by corporate planters. One of the documentaries explored the unusual lives of the Neharwalas in Kolkata, who meticulously sweep drains in front of goldsmiths’ shops and try to distil gold from the dirt.

=== 7th Jeevika: Asia Livelihood Documentary Festival 2010 ===
Jeevika: Asia Livelihood Documentary Festival, 27-29 August 2010 at Indian Habitat Centre, New Delhi. 21 entries were selected for the three-day screening. ''S M Khan'', Director, Director General (Press Registrar and Head of Department) opened the festival. [[Nandan Saxena]] discussed on the topic “''Representation of Reality in Documentary Making''”. ''[[Sharad Yadav|Mr. Sharad Yadav]]'', MP Lok Sabha and ''[[Shabana Azmi]]'', Indian actress and social activist were among the high-profile chief guests of the festival who also gave away the prizes.

=== 8th Jeevika: Asia Livelihood Documentary Festival 2011 ===
In 2011 a total of 14 documentaries films were shortlisted from a total of 73 entries. On inaugural day noted filmmaker and ''Padma Vibhushan'', ''[[Adoor Gopalakrishnan|Shri Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]'' declared the festival open and gave away the awards. Keynote Address was given by ''[[Ram Jethmalani]], Lawyer and Member of Parliament''.''Shri Gopalakrishnan'' was quoted in the festival as: “''I am really happy that Jeevika is giving a platform to aspiring filmmakers to show their talent, and not just that, they are also funding some of the films. One has to think about the logistics, no matter how much talent you have''.”

=== 9th Jeevika: Asia Livelihood Documentary Festival 2012 ===
Held from 31 August - 2 September 2012 at the India Habitat Centre. 18 documentary (13 professionals and 5 students) films were screened during the festival. The films were based various subjects such as Mumbai's night rat killers, life of primitive tribes, sex workers, seaweed collectors.
[[Subhash Ghai]] was the chief guest of the event. He addressed the audience on the importance of reforming the education system in India to bring livelihood issues to the forefront of policy reform. The festival also conducted panel discussions on the issues of livelihood and documentary & public policy.

=== 10th Jeevika: Asia Livelihood Documentary Festival 2013 ===
In 2013, the festival received entries from across Asia including Singapore, China, Nepal, Malaysia, Indonesia and Bangladesh. 38 documentaries were shortlisted for screening which included long and short films by both professional and students documentary makers
CCS with the Delhi Photography Club hosted a photo exhibition and over 40 photographs will be showcased at the festival.
Prominent people who came to see the documentaries were [[Arundhati Roy]], [[Veerappa Moily|Mr. & Mrs. Veerappa Moily]] who came to see documentary by their daughter Sushma Veerappa "When Shankar Nag Comes Asking."

=== 11th Jeevika: Asia Livelihood Documentary Festival 2014 ===

=== 12th Jeevika: Asia Livelihood Documentary Festival 2015 ===

== Supported by (notable personalities) ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Celebrities !!
|-
| 2003-2004 || Nandita Das
|-
| 2004-2005 || Rahul Bose, Deepti Naval., Madhu Kishwar
|-
| 2005 - 2006 || Swaminathan Aiyar, prominent Indian journalist and columnist, consulting editor for the Economic Times
BL Joshi, Indian Politician, then Lieutenant-Governor of Delhi, presently Governor of Indian state of Uttar Pradesh since 2009
APJ Abdul Kalam, scientist and administrator, then 11th President of India
Shyam Benegal, Indian director and screenwriter
Kanak Dixit, Nepali publisher, editor and writer, founder of the magazine Himal Southasian.
Rahul Khanna, Indian Actor
BJ Panda, member Indian Parliament
|-
| 2007 || Smt. Shiela Dikshit (Hon Chief Minister, New Delhi),
Mr. P Chidambaram (Hon Finance Minister, Government of India),
Mr. Ajay Maken (then Minister of State, Urban Development, GOI),
Mr. Prashant Bhushan (Supreme Court Advocate, Social Activists),
Ms Renana Jhabvala (National Coordinator, SEWA Bharat),
Mr. CR Jayasinghe (Sri Lankan High Commissioner)
|-
| 2008 || Tempa Tsering, Official representative of the Dalai Lama,
Arvind Gaur, Head Asmita Theatre Group
Mr. Tarun J Tejpal Editor- in- Chief and Publisher of Tehelka
Dr. Amit Mitra, Padma Shree 2008 Recipient, Secretary General, Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry (FICCI)
|-
| 2009 || Agatha Sangma, Minister of State, Ministry of Rural Development,
Shriya Kishore, Miss India Earth2009
Gurcharan Das, Chairman of Centre for Civil Society
Gargi Sen, Film Maker, Magic Lantern Foundation
|-
| 2010 || S M Khan, Director, Film Festivals, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, GOI,
Mr Sharad Yadav, MP – LokSabha, Chairman, Committee on Urban Development,
Shabana Azmi, Actress and Social Activist,
Dr Adish C Aggarwala, President of International Council of Jurist
Nandan Saxena
|-
| 2011 || Shri Adoor Gopalakrishnan, National Award-winning filmmaker and Padma Vibhushan,
Shri Ram Jethmalani, Lawyer and Member of Parliament.
|-
| 2012 || Subhash Ghai, Indian film director, producer and screenwriter
Amir Ullah Khan, Economist & Deputy Director, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation;
Supriyo Sen & Amlan Datta,
Nandan Saxena, Anasuya Vaidya,
Anjan Roy, Economic Advisor, Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry (ASSOCHAM)
|-
| 2013 ||
|-
| 2014 ||
|-
| 2015 ||
|-
|}

== Winners ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Years !! Prize !! Film Maker !! Film
|-
| 2003-2004 || First Prize: Rs 25,000 || Tales of the Night Fairies|| Shohini Ghosh
|-
| || Second Prize: Rs 20,000 || The city Beautiful || Rahul Roy
|-
| || Third Prize: Rs 15,000 || Turf Wars || Sanjay Banrela and Vasant Saberwal
|-
| 2004-2005 || First Prize: Rs 45,000 || Aftershocks: A Rough Guide to Democracy || Rakesh Sharma
|-
| || Second Prize: Rs. 30,000 || ..3.2.1.0? ...Who Can Change Me? || Biju KC
|-
| || Third Prize: Rs. 20,000 || Pedal soldiers of India || Raza Haider & Kaukab
|-
| || Best Student Film: Rs. 10, 000 || Zarina || Suhail Bukhari & Piyush Pushak
|-
| 2005-2006 || First Prize: Rs. 45,000 || One Show Less || Nayantara C Kotian,Institute: NID-Ahmedabad
|-
| || Second Prize: Rs. 30,000 || Fight for Survival || Dakxin Nandlal Bajarange
|-
| || Third Prize: Rs. 20,000 || Treacling Down || Upali Gamlath (Sri Lanka)
|-
| || Best Student Film: Rs. 10,000 || Aamchi Kasauti || Rrivu Laha (FTII, Pune)
|-
|2007- 2008 || First Prize: Rs. 45, 000 || Ambi Jiji's Retirement || Ms Nandini Bedi
|-
| || Second Prize: Rs. 30, 000 || The Right to Survive || Ms Rita Banerji and Ms Shilpi Sharma
|-
| || Third Prize: Rs. 20, 000 || Seruppu (Footwear) || RP Amudhan
|-
| || Best Student Film || Prakash Travelling Cinema,Mandai || Ms Megha Lakhani,Ms Radhika Murthy & Mr Robert Stoeger
|-
| 2008 - 2009 || First Prize: Rs. 50, 000 ||Chilika Bank$ ||[[Akanksha Damini Joshi|Akanksha Joshi]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Jeevika|url=http://jeevika.org/festival/|publisher=jeevika.org|access-date=24 January 2020|archive-date=24 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124192243/http://jeevika.org/festival/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='Chilika Bank' awarded at South Asian film fest|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080902/delhi.htm#8|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|access-date=12 October 2020|archive-date=17 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217232214/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080902/delhi.htm#8|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| || Second Prize: Rs. 35, 000 || Laxmi and Me ||Nishtha Jain
|-
| || Third Prize: Rs. 25, 000 || Hollow Cylinder ||Nandan Saxena and Kavita Bahl
|-
| || Jeevika Rotary Students Award: Rs. 10, 000 || What is the point of Stories if they aren’t even true?|| Aditi Banerjee
|-
| || Special Jury Award || Hearts Suspended || Meghna Damani
|-
| 2009 - 2010 || First Prize || Not Given
|-
| || Second Prize || Not Given
|-
| || Third Prize: Rs. 30,000 ||The Hunted-In Search of Home & Hope || Shaji Pattanam
|-
| || Best Student Film: Rs. 10,000 || Rural Postal Employees ||Deepika Bhardwaj
|-
| ||Jury Mention ||Children of the Pyre ||Rajesh S Jala
|-
| || Jury Mention ||When you are Sleeping ||Naveen Kumar Pun
|-
| || CCS Freedom Award ||1876-An Entertainment || Anasuya Vaidya
|-
| 2010- 2011 || First Prize: Rs. 50,000 || Delhi Bound for Work ||Reena Kukreja
|-
| || Second Prize: Rs. 35,000 || The Nine Months ||Merajur Rahman Baruah
|-
| || Third Prize: Rs. 25,000 || Bhookh || Ramesh Vishwakarma
|-
| || Best Student Film: Rs. 15,000 ||Behind Closed Doors || Pracheta Sharma & Jessica Hopper
|-
| || Jury Mention || Dhananjay Kulkarni ‘Chandragupt’ || Rrivu Laha
|-
| 2011 - 2012 ||First Prize: Rs. 50,000 || Jharu Katha || Navroze Contractor
|-
| || Second Prize: Rs. 40,000 || Andhere se Pehle || Ajay T G
|-
| || Third Prize: Rs. 30,000 || Koh-I-Noor || Saikat Mallick
|-
| ||Best Student Film: Worth Above Rs. 20, 000 || Dekha Andekhi: kaal aur kala || Akash Kamthan
|-
| ||Jury Mention ||Made in India ||Rebacca Haimowitz & Vaishali Sinha
|-
| ||Special Mention for Student Film || Budhan Diaries ||K Harish Singh
|-
| || People's Choice Award ||Amar ||Andrew Hinton
|-
| 2012 - 2013 || First Prize: Rs. 60,000 || I Was Born In Delhi ||Bishnu Dev Halder
|-
| || Second Prize: Rs. 40,000 || Shifting Undercurrents – Seaweed Collectors of Gulf of Mannar ||Rita Banerji
|-
| || Third Prize: Rs. 30,000 || We Are Foot Soldiers || Debolina Dutta & Oishik Sircar
|-
| || Best Student Film: Rs. 20,000 ||Dimond Band ||Samridhi Dasot
|-
| ||Special Mention || The Rat Race ||Miriam Chandy Menacherry
|-
| ||Special Mention || Hide Under My Sole || Shradha Jain
|-
| ||Special Mention ||Cycle of Life ||Vishal Sharma
|-
| 2015 || Best Long Documentary: Rs. 50,000 || Les Derniers hommes éléphants || Daniel Ferguson and Arnaud Bouquet
|-
| || Best Short Documentary: Rs. 40,000 || Dancing Shoes ||Rishebh Batnagar and Jogavindra S. Khera
|-
| || Best Student Film: Rs. 10,000 || Sagar Manav || Tanumoy Bose
|-
| || Best Student Film: Rs. 10,000 ||Caste on the Menu Card || Ananyaa Gaur, Anurup Khillare, Atul Anand, Reetika Revathy Subramanian & Vaseem Chaudh
|-
| ||Best CINEMATOGRAPHY: Rs. 10,000 || Tyres || Kyaw Myo Lwin
|-
| ||Best EDITIING: Rs. 10,000 || Les Derniers hommes éléphants || Daniel Ferguson and Arnaud Bouquet
|-
| ||JEEVIKA Freedom Award: Rs. 10,000 ||Caste on the Menu Card|| Ananyaa Gaur, Anurup Khillare, Atul Anand, Reetika Revathy Subramanian & Vaseem Chaudhary
|}

== Beyond Jeevika Festival==
Jeevika on the road
Copies of the winning films are given to educational institutes and development organisations all across South Asia by CCS.
http://www.ccs.in/jeevika/index.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411060907/http://www.ccs.in/jeevika/index.html |date=2013-04-11 }}

Bamboo Campaign
Bamboo, scientifically proven as grass, is often confused as tree or shrub or weed. Even according to India's legislation Bamboo is treated as tree and hence the protection laws are implied on it. As a result, the forest dependent communities are often restricted from using it. Although, Supreme Court has instituted laws like Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers Act 2006 and has issued New Forest Policy 1988 to conserve forests and prevent their exploitation for commercial purposes, Bamboo is excluded from the provisions of the act.

CCS’ ‘Bamboo is not a tree’ campaign was a result of a documentary screened at the Jeevika Documentary Film Festival. They have conducted research on the issue and started online petition where they appeal to the Government of India to amend the Indian Forests Act (1927) to classify Bamboo as grass.
http://jeevika.org/research/bamboo/

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://jeevika.org/ Jeevika]

*{{cite web |title=Jeevika 2003: About common people |url=http://www.downtoearth.org.in/node/10802 |website=www.downtoearth.org.in |language=en}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040224160234/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2004/01/20/stories/2004012000210200.htm]
*
*
*{{cite web |title=Media 2010 |url=http://jeevika.org/media/media-2010/ |website=Jeevika |language=en}}
*{{cite web |title=Harsh Mander's UNSUNI Script Mallika Sarabhai at Jeevika Festival at IHC on 27th August 2010 |url=http://indiantheatre.blogspot.in/2010/08/harsh-manders-unsuni-script-mallika.html |website=Asmita theatre group |access-date=24 March 2023 |date=20 August 2010}}
*
*{{cite web |title=Call for Entry: 10th Jeevika, Asia Livelihood Documentary Festival |url=http://dearcinema.com/call-for-entry/call-for-entry-10th-jeevika-asia-livelihood-documentary-festival/0005 |website=dearcinema.com |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912020441/http://dearcinema.com/call-for-entry/call-for-entry-10th-jeevika-asia-livelihood-documentary-festival/0005 |archive-date=12 September 2014 |date=1 July 2013}}
*{{cite web |title=10th Jeevika: Asia Livelihood Documentary Festival 2013 |url=http://southasia.oneworld.net/news-you-can-use/event/10th-jeevika-asia-livelihood-documentary-festival-2013 |access-date=2015-09-21 |archive-date=2013-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826033837/http://southasia.oneworld.net/news-you-can-use/event/10th-jeevika-asia-livelihood-documentary-festival-2013 |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite web |title=Bamboo Is Not a Tree |url=http://jeevika.org/research/bamboo/ |website=Jeevika |access-date=24 March 2023 |language=en}}
*{{cite web |title=Unintended Consequences |url=http://jeevika.org/unintended-consequences/ |website=Jeevika |access-date=24 March 2023 |language=en |date=22 March 2013}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023837/http://southasia.oneworld.net/news-you-can-use/event/9th-jeevika-asia-livelihood-documentary-festival]
*http://www.eindiadiary.com/content/jeevika-documentary-film-festival-livelihood{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140821152158/http://swaminomics.org/livelihoods-the-man-in-the-street/]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120907023306/http://www.merinews.com/article/jeevika-showcasing-challenges-in-livelihood/15874549.shtml]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20240210094819/http://archive.digitalopportunity.org/article/view/151416]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040224160234/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2004/01/20/stories/2004012000210200.htm]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090923015312/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/09/03/stories/2009090351190100.htm]
*http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/07/27/stories/2007072750250400.htm{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070220193017/http://ccs.in/jeevika/index.html]
*[http://archive.digitalopportunity.org/article/view/151416 ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210094819/http://archive.digitalopportunity.org/article/view/151416 |date=2024-02-10 }}
*http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/for-a-better-life/article13862.ece{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*http://www.groundreport.com/Media_and_Tech/JEEVIKA-Film-Fest-2011/2941047{{dead link|date=April 2017 |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070220193017/http://ccs.in/jeevika/index.html]
*[https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/FbRUcP2TxiIjSdfMWWQz0L/Documentary-on-beef-consumption-fails-to-make-it-to-film-fes.html]

[[Category:Documentary film festivals in India]]

Being Cyrus

2026-02-19T00:17:30Z

Randy603804187: minor update

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Being Cyrus
| image = BeingCyrus.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Homi Adajania]]
| writer = Homi Adajania
| producer = Homi Adajania [[Dinesh Vijan]] Ambika Hinduja [[Vineet Jain]] AP. Pairagi
| starring = [[Saif Ali Khan]] [[Naseeruddin Shah]] [[Dimple Kapadia]] [[Boman Irani]] [[Simone Singh]]
| cinematography = [[:en:Jehangir_Choudhary|Jehangir Choudhary]]
| music = [[Salim–Sulaiman]]
| editing = [[Jon Harris (director)|Jon Harris]]
| studio = Miracle Cinefilms Serendipity Films [[Junglee Pictures|Times Infotainment Media Limited]]
| distributor = [[PVR Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2005|11|08|Lyon Asiexpo Film Festival|2006|03|24|India}}
| country = India
| runtime = 83 minutes
| language = English
| budget = {{INR}}40 million<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=281|title=Being Cyrus - Movie - Box Office India}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}46 million<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=beingcyrus.htm|title = Being Cyrus}}</ref>
}}
'''''Being Cyrus''''' is a 2005 Indian English-language [[dark comedy film]] directed by [[Homi Adajania]]. The film revolves around a dysfunctional [[Parsi]] family. The film was originally titled ''[[Akuri|Akoori]]'', a reference to a traditional Parsi scrambled eggs-like side dish. The film is the directorial debut of Homi Adajania and [[Saif Ali Khan]]'s first film in English. Upon its release, the film was reported to be released in a Hindi dubbed version in 2007, however, the director cancelled the plan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-being-cyrus-in-hindi-never-1078564 |title='Being Cyrus' in Hindi? Never |last=Ruhani |first=Faheem |date=7 February 2007 |publisher=[[DNA India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101121319/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-being-cyrus-in-hindi-never-1078564|archive-date=1 November 2017}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The plot is sometimes narrated from the perspective of Cyrus Mistry.

Dinshaw Sethna is a retired [[Sculpture|sculptor]] who lives with his wife Katy in [[Panchgani]]. Dinshaw's brother Farrokh, their father Fardoonjee, and Farrokh's wife Tina reside in Mumbai.

Cyrus Mistry, a wanderer hailing from [[Jamshedpur]], arrives at Dinshaw's house one morning. He professes his admiration for Dinshaw's work and asks if he can become a sculpting apprentice. Dinshaw and Katy agree, and soon the young man becomes a part of their life. Katy makes sexual advances towards Cyrus, which he tolerates, while cryptically telling the audience that he is "playing Katy". As time passes Cyrus gets to know the oddball couple better – Dinshaw is an affable, perpetually zoned-out eccentric, while the [[Promiscuity|promiscuous]] Katy, tired of slow-moving Panchgani life and her marriage, has embarked on an affair with her brother-in-law Farrokh in [[Mumbai]]. Katy makes Cyrus her pawn, sending him to Mumbai to visit her father-in-law Fardoonjee, who lives in an extension of Farrokh's flat, with orders to get a stash of money Fardoonjee supposedly has. On meeting Fardoonjee, Cyrus realizes that he is ill-treated by Farrokh. Farrokh's timid young wife, Tina, is unable to be herself except during the few hours Farrokh is at work. She enjoys smoking, loud music and goes to beauty appointments when Farrokh is gone.

Katy convinces Cyrus to murder both Fardoonjee and Tina, so that she can be with Farrokh. Unknown to Cyrus, Farrokh plans to kill him after the deed to close the loose end. Cyrus arrives at a time when Tina is coincidentally out for a waxing appointment. He meets with Fardoonjee and feeds him his favorite food before stabbing him to death immediately afterwards. Cyrus implies to the audience that he actually [[Euthanasia|mercy killed]] Fardoonjee, to release him from his wretched life. Farrokh sneaks into the house but Cyrus kills him first. When Katy calls to check on Farrokh, Cyrus picks up the phone and tells her that her plan has failed. Cyrus then vanishes.

Katy and Dinshaw are taken by the police for interrogation. She constantly blames Cyrus for the murders, but the police find no evidence of any person named Cyrus existing in Panchgani. Katy and Dinshaw are arrested for the murders, while Tina is sent home after being told that she was lucky to be away at that time.

A few months later, Tina is in her apartment when Cyrus arrives. Apparently, he has come to finish the last murder. Instead, the pair embrace and it is revealed that they are actually [[siblings]] and Cyrus's actual name is revealed to be Xerxes. The murders are shown to be an elaborate plot concocted by Tina to inherit the Sethna property. With Fardoonjee and Farrokh dead, and Katy and Dinshaw incarcerated, the plan has succeeded. While Tina is showering, Cyrus sees a newspaper where Tina has marked another prominent, wealthy family for this scheme. Unwilling to participate in this murderous scheme any further, Cyrus flees with their stolen money, leaving Tina alone.

== Cast ==
* [[Saif Ali Khan]] as Cyrus Mistry / Xerxes
* [[Naseeruddin Shah]] as Dinshaw Sethna
* [[Dimple Kapadia]] as Katy Sethna
* [[Boman Irani]] as Farrokh Sethna
* [[Simone Singh]] as Tina Sethna
* [[Honey Chhaya]] as Fardoonjee Sethna
* [[Manoj Pahwa]] as Inspector Maninder Singh Lovely

== Awards ==
At the [[52nd Filmfare Awards]] held in 2007, ''Being Cyrus'' received 7 nominations, all in the technical categories. This was the most number of nominations for a film that did not win any awards. At the [[2nd Global Indian Film Awards]], the film received 3 nominations; 2 for Adajania and 1 for Kapadia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Awards Category : GIFA 2006 Nominees|url=http://www.mygifa.com/awards-category.html|publisher=Global Indian Film Awards|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927233921/http://www.mygifa.com/awards-category.html|archivedate=27 September 2007}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film received mostly positive reviews from critics. [[Rajeev Masand]] rated the film 3 out of 5, praising the performances and story.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rajeevmasand.com/uncategorized/masands-verdict-being-cyrus/ |title=Masand's verdict: Being Cyrus |last=Masand |first=Rajeev |date=2006 |publisher=[[Rajeev Masand]]'s official page |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205074754/http://www.rajeevmasand.com/uncategorized/masands-verdict-being-cyrus/ |archive-date=5 December 2013}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/being-cyrus/movie-review/1772785.cms |title=Being Cyrus Movie Review |date=30 March 2016 |newspaper=The Times of India | accessdate=8 October 2018}}</ref> [[Anupama Chopra]] from ''[[India Today]]'' termed the film as a "competent, well-crafted debut."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20060410-movie-review-of-being-cyrus-starring-naseeruddin-shah-saif-ali-khan-boman-irani-785692-2006-04-09 |title=Living on edge |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |date=10 April 2006 |publisher=India Today}}</ref> Indrani Roy Mitra from [[Rediff.com]] rated the film 3 out of 5, terming it as "a unique attempt".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/mar/23cyrus.htm |title=Being Cyrus is a unique attempt |last=Roy Mitra |first=Indrani |date=23 March 2006 |publisher=Rediff}}</ref>

Poonam Joshi from [[BBC]] rated the film 3 out of 5, terming it as "The emphasis here is on strong storytelling and riveting visuals, making for a curiously original film."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2006/03/24/being_cyrus_2006_review.shtml |title=Being Cyrus (2006) Rating |last=Joshi |first=Poonam |date=19 March 2006 |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0412308|Being Cyrus}}
* {{Official website|http://beingcyrus.indiatimes.com/}}

{{Homi Adajania}}

[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:English-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films about dysfunctional families]]
[[Category:2005 psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:2005 black comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:2005 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2005 English-language films]]
[[Category:English-language black comedy films]]
[[Category:English-language thriller films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by PVR Inox Pictures]]

Y. S. Rajan

2026-02-12T06:20:11Z

Randy603804187: Created some post basic info!

{{short description|Indian physicist}}
{{Cleanup|reason=reads like a CV, especially in the Career section|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Y. S. Rajan
| image = YS Rajan at SPJIMR Mumbai Uddyam 2010.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = YS Rajan in 2010
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1943|4|10}}
| birth_place = [[Kottaram]] near [[Tirunelveli]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| residence =
| citizenship = [[India]]
| fields = [[Physics]]
| workplaces = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]
| alma_mater =
| doctoral_advisor =
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for =
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2012)
| signature = 
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
| spouse = Gomathi
}}

'''Yagnaswami Sundara Rajan''' or '''Y. S. Rajan''' (born 10 April 1943) is an Indian professor, scientist and administrator. He is Honorary Distinguished Professor in [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]. He has made major contributions to various aspects of management of science, technology and innovation. In 2012, he was awarded with [[Padma Shri]] for his contributions in science and engineering.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=79881|title= Padma Awards Announced|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]], Ministry of Home Affairs|date= 25 January 2012 |access-date= 29 July 2015 }}</ref> He is one of the well known scientists who has closely worked with [[Abdul Kalam]], former [[President of India]].<ref>{{cite news|title=A Friend Remembers Kalam: He belonged more at ISRO than DRDO |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/a-friend-remembers-kalam-he-belonged-more-at-isro-than-drdo/|date=29 July 2015|first=Amitabh|last=Sinha|access-date=31 January 2019|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==Early life==
Y. S. Rajan was born into a [[Tamil Brahmin]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajan |first=Y. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QtotCwAAQBAJ&q=y+s+rajan+brahman&pg=PT45 |title=Way Beyond The Three Rs: India's Educational Challenge in the 21st Century |date=2010-12-08 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5214-183-8 |pages=45 |language=en}}</ref> family on 10 April 1943 in [[Kottaram]] near [[Tirunelveli]]. His grandfather, Sundara Ganapadigal was a great Vedic scholar. His mother's name is Visalakshi and father's name is S Yagnaswami. His parents moved to [[Mumbai]], and Dr. Y S Rajan went on to do his schooling and later college education here. He received his master's degree in Physics from the [[University of Bombay]] in 1964. He started his career as a research scholar at Physical Research Laboratory.

==Career==
He went on to hold several positions including scientific secretary positions in [[Department of Space]], [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]. He contributed in areas like STI administration, institution building, diplomacy, strategic studies, environmental technologies, and natural resources management. He was elected as Member of [[International Academy of Astronautics]] (IAA) (1986). He was the first Executive Director of Technology Information and Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC), since (1988-2002) and executed Mission REACH, an initiative of TIFAC. He has held several senior positions in [[National Natural Resources Management System]], [[Confederation of Indian Industry]].<ref>{{cite web|title=ADVISORY BOARD|url=http://www.aserf.org.in/directors/ys_rajan.html|website=aserf.org|publisher=Apeejay Stya Education Research Foundation}}</ref> He also served as Vice-Chancellor in [[Punjab Technical University]] (PTU), Scientific Adviser to Punjab Chief Minister, Chairman of the Board in [[Nalanda University]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Kalam to attend first board meeting of Nalanda university|url=http://www.bihartimes.in/newsbihar/2008/jan/newsbihar30jan2.html|access-date=29 July 2015|agency=BiharTimes}}</ref> and adjunct professor in [[Birla Institute of Technology & Science]] (BITS), Pilani.

==Books and works==
He is a co-author of ''[[India 2020]]: A Vision for the New Millennium'' with [[A P J Abdul Kalam]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kalam|first1=A.P.J. Abdul|last2=Y.S.|first2=Rajan|title=India 2020: A Vision for the New Millennium|publisher=New York|year=1998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCN7NwAACAAJ&q=vision+2020+abdul+kalam|isbn=978-0-670-88271-7}}</ref> (Hindi version: ''Bharat 2020 Aur Uske Baad''). He has authored many books including ''Discover Your Power Quotient'' and more than 200 articles and papers, which have also been published in international journals.

==Honours==
He has been honored with many awards including [[Padma Shri]] (2012), Fellow of the Indian National Academy of Engineering (1998), Fellow of World Academy of Art and Science (WAAS) (2010), Honorary Degree of Doctor of Letters (D.Litt.) from Jain Vishva Bharati University, Ladnun, Rajasthan (2005)<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.ysrajan.com/index.php/articles/252-yagnaswami-sundara-rajan|title= YS Rajan Profile|access-date= 26 August 2013 }}</ref>

==References==
<References/>

{{authority control}}
{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajan, Y. S.}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:ISRO people]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Indian social sciences writers]]
[[Category:Indian self-help writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:People from Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Writers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Scientists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]

Arjun Babuta

2026-02-08T08:59:07Z

Randy603804187: put up a entry

{{short description|Indian sport shooter (born 1999)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}

{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Arjun Babuta
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1999|1|24}}
| birth_place = [[Jalalabad, Fazilka|Jalalabad]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| sport = [[Shooting sports|Shooting]]
| event = [[ISSF 10 meter air rifle|10 m air rifle]]
| coach = [[Deepali Deshpande]]<ref name="foo-bar">{{cite web|url=https://www.issf-sports.org/athletes/athlete.ashx?personissfid=SHINDM2401199901|title=ISSF - International Shooting Sport Federation|access-date=2023-08-10|website=www.issf-sports.org}}</ref>
| height = 1.68 m
| highestranking = 3
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[ISSF 10 meter air rifle|10 m air rifle shooting]]}} [[File:Shooting pictogram.svg|30px]] {{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCount | total = yes
| [[ISSF World Championships|World Championships]] | 1 | 0 | 0
| [[Asian Shooting Championships|Asian Championships]] | 7 | 2 | 1
| [[ISSF World Cup|World Cup]] | 3 | 2 | 0
| [[ISSF Junior World Cup|Junior World Cup]] | 1 | 0 | 2
| [[FISU World University Games|World University Games]] | 1 | 0 | 0
}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ISSF World Championships|World Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 ISSF World Shooting Championships|2022 Cairo]]|[[2022 ISSF World Shooting Championships#Men|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Shooting Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Asian Airgun Championships|2022 Daegu]]|[[2022 Asian Airgun Championships#Mixed|Mixed team]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Asian Airgun Championships|2022 Daegu]]|[[2022 Asian Airgun Championships#Men|Team]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2023 Asian Shooting Championships|2023 Changwon]]|[[2023 Asian Shooting Championships#Men|Team]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2025 Asian Shooting Championships|2025 Shymkent]]|[[2025 Asian Shooting Championships#Mixed - Senior|Mixed team]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2025 Asian Shooting Championships|2025 Shymkent]]|[[2025 Asian Shooting Championships#Men - Senior|Team]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2026 Asian Rifle/Pistol Championships|2026 New Delhi]]|[[2026 Asian Rifle/Pistol Championships#Mixed|Mixed team]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2026 Asian Rifle/Pistol Championships|2026 New Delhi]]|[[2026 Asian Rifle/Pistol Championships#Men|Team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2023 Asian Shooting Championships|2023 Changwon]]|[[2023 Asian Shooting Championships#Men|Individual]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2026 Asian Rifle/Pistol Championships|2026 New Delhi]]|[[2026 Asian Rifle/Pistol Championships#Men|Individual]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2024 Asian Rifle/Pistol Championships|2024 Jakarta]]|[[2024 Asian Rifle/Pistol Championships#Men|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ISSF World Cup|World Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 ISSF World Cup|2022 Changwon]]|[[2022 ISSF World Cup#Men's results|Individual]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 ISSF World Cup|2022 Changwon]]|[[2022 ISSF World Cup#Men's results|Team]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2025 ISSF World Cup|2025 Munich]]|[[2025 ISSF World Cup#Rifle events|Mixed team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2024 ISSF World Cup|2024 Cairo]]|[[2024 ISSF World Cup#Rifle events|Mixed team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2025 ISSF World Cup|2025 Lima]]|[[2025 ISSF World Cup#Rifle events|Individual]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ISSF Junior World Cup|Junior World Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2016 ISSF Junior World Cup|2016 Gabala]]|[[2016 ISSF Junior World Cup#Men's results|Team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2016 ISSF Junior World Cup|2016 Gabala]]|[[2016 ISSF Junior World Cup#Men's results|Individual]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2018 ISSF Junior World Cup|2018 Sydney]]|[[2018 ISSF Junior World Cup#Men's results|Individual]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[FISU World University Games|World University Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2021 Summer World University Games|2021 Chengdu]]|[[Shooting at the 2021 Summer World University Games#Men's events|Team]]}}
}}

'''Arjun Babuta''' (born 24 January 1999) is an Indian [[Shooting sports|sport shooter]] who competes in the [[ISSF 10 meter air rifle|10 m air rifle]] event. Babuta competed at the [[2024 Summer Olympics|2024 Paris Olympics]], where he narrowly missed the podium with a fourth-place finish in the [[Shooting at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Men's 10 metre air rifle|men's 10 m air rifle]] event.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-29 |title=Arjun Babuta's heartbreaking 4th place finish at Paris Olympics |url=https://www.indianshooting.com/news/arjun-babutas-heartbreaking-4th-place-finish-at-paris-olympics/ |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=indianshooting.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
Babuta was born on 24 January 1999 in [[Jalalabad, Fazilka|Jalalabad]], [[Punjab, India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 January 2024 |title=Arjun Babuta finishes fourth in Paris Olympics 2024 in Men's 10 meter air rifle: All about his family, education, journey |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/relationships/work/arjun-babuta-finishes-fourth-paris-olympics-2024-in-mens-10-meter-air-rifle-all-about-his-family-education-journey/articleshow/112107033.cms |access-date=25 February 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He is the son of Neeraj Babuta and renowned Punjabi author-poet Deepti Babuta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohali-based Deepti Babuta becomes first woman to bag Dhahan Prize for Punjabi literature |work=Hindustan Times |date=17 November 2023 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/mohalibased-deepti-babuta-becomes-first-woman-to-bag-dhahan-prize-for-punjabi-literature-101700216208396.html |access-date=4 August 2024}}</ref> He later moved to [[Chandigarh]] where he began his career in shooting. He obtained his undergraduate degree from [[DAV College, Chandigarh]], and has a mass communication and journalism degree from [[Lovely Professional University]].<ref name="star">{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=Santadeep |title=Once unable to stand for long with troubled back, Arjun Babuta outguns Olympic silver medallist |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/shooting/once-unable-to-stand-for-long-with-troubled-back-arjun-babuta-outguns-olympic-silver-medallist/article65664916.ece |access-date=28 July 2024 |work=Sportstar |date=21 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Silver for Arjun in international meet |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/chandigarh/silver-for-arjun-in-international-meet-414862# |access-date=28 July 2024 |work=Tribune India |date=29 May 2017}}</ref>

Babuta raised the issue of not receiving support from the Punjab State Government even though he was allegedly promised a government job in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-03 |title=Shooter Arjun Babuta slams Punjab government for lack of support: 'Have not received any benefit' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/olympics-2024-shooting-india-arjun-babuta-slams-punjab-government-for-lack-of-support-13800535.html |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

==Career==
Babuta won one gold medal and one bronze medal in the 10 m air rifle event at [[2016 ISSF Junior World Cup|2016 Junior World Cup]] in Gabala.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title = Chandigarh shooter Arjun Babuta shoots bronze at Junior World Cup|work = Indian Express|date = 2016-09-21|url = http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/chandigarh-shooter-arjun-babuta-wins-bronze-in-junior-world-cup-3041604/}}</ref> In 2017, he won silver at the [[2017 Asian Airgun Championships|10th Asian Airgun Championship]], [[Wakō, Saitama|Wako City]] in Japan.<ref name=":1">{{cite news|title = Arjun Babuta claims silver in 10m air rifle at Asian Airgun Championship|publisher =Hindustan Times|date = 2017-12-09|url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/arjun-babuta-claims-silver-in-10m-air-rifle-at-asian-airgun-championship/story-VhxznU7fIziIP6ggyFNwDO.html|accessdate = 2017-12-09}}</ref>

He also won the silver in the 27th Meeting of Shooting Hopes 2017 international junior competition, Plzen, Czech Republic.<ref>{{cite news|title = Meeting of Shooting Hopes: Arjun Babuta and Anmol Jain fire silver|publisher = Sportstarlive|date = 2017-05-27|url = http://www.sportstarlive.com/shooting/meeting-of-shooting-hopes-arjun-babuta-and-anmol-jain-fire-silver/article18591011.ece|accessdate = 2017-05-27}}</ref> He won one bronze in [[2018 ISSF Junior World Cup|2018 Junior World Cup]] in [[Sydney]].<ref>{{cite news|title = Arjun Babuta shoots his way to bronze at Junior world cup|work = Indian Express|date = 2018-03-23|url = http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/junior-world-cup-chandigarh-youngster-shoots-his-way-to-bronze-5107999/}}</ref>

A career-threatening back problem kept him out of action from 2018 to 2020. He won gold medals at the [[2022 ISSF World Cup|2022 World Cup]] in [[Changwon]] in 10 m air rifle, both in the individual and team events.<ref name="star"/>

At the [[2023 Asian Shooting Championships]], Babuta won silver in the 10 m air rifle event, earning India a quota place to the [[2024 Summer Olympics|2024 Paris Olympics]]. He also won gold in the team event with [[Divyansh Singh Panwar]] and Hriday Hazarika.<ref>{{cite news |title=Asian Championships: Arjun Babuta's silver and Tilottama Sen's silver secure Olympic quota in the 10m air rifle events |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/shooting/asian-championships-arjun-babutas-silver-and-tilottama-sens-silver-secure-olympic-quota-in-the-10m-air-rifle-events/articleshow/104745934.cms |access-date=29 July 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=27 October 2023}}</ref>

At the [[2024 Summer Olympics|2024 Pairs Olympics]], the pair of Babuta and [[Ramita Jindal]] finished 6th among 28 teams in the qualifying round of the [[Shooting at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Mixed 10 metre air rifle team|10 m air rifle mixed team]] event, failing to progress to the medal rounds.<ref>{{cite news |title=Paris Olympics: Indian shooters miss out on medal rounds in 10m Air Rifle Mixed Team event |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/paris-olympics-2024/indiaparis/paris-olympics-indian-shooters-miss-out-on-medal-rounds-in-10m-air-rifle-mixed-team-event/articleshow/112061253.cms |access-date=29 July 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=27 July 2024}}</ref> Babuta made it to the final of [[Shooting at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Men's 10 metre air rifle|men's 10 m air rifle]] after placing seventh in qualification.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-paris-olympics-2024-pv-sindhu-opens-campaign-with-dominant-win-arjun-babuta-through-to-men-10m-air-rifle-final-3099099|title=Paris Olympics 2024: PV Sindhu opens campaign with dominant win; Arjun Babuta through to men's 10m air rifle final|publisher=DNA india}}</ref> He finished fourth in the closely-contested final.<ref>{{cite news |title=Paris Olympics 2024: Arjun Babuta misses medal in 10m air rifle men's final, finishes fourth |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/arjun-babuta-paris-olympics-2024-10m-air-rifle-men-final-9481656/ |access-date=29 July 2024 |work=The Indian Express |date=29 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.issf-sports.org/athletes/athlete.ashx?personissfid=SHINDM2401199901 Arjun Babuta] at [[International Shooting Sport Federation|ISSF]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Babuta, Arjun}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Indian male sport shooters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:ISSF rifle shooters]]
[[Category:Sport shooters from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2024 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic shooters for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2021 Summer Universiade]]
[[Category:FISU World University Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Summer World University Games medalists in shooting]]

Divyesh Akbari

2026-02-06T15:40:56Z

Randy603804187: Starting

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''Divyesh Akbari''' is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. He is a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from Jamnagar South Assembly constituency in [[Jamnagar district]]. He won the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=Jamnagar South Election 2022 Final Results LIVE: BJP Candidate Akbari Divyeshbhai Ranchhodbhai wins from Jamnagar South , Details Inside |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/jamnagar-south-election-result-2022-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-tally-bjp-congress-aap-gujarat-assembly-election-result-news-1568206 |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-09 |title=Gujarat Election Results 2022: Full list of winners & constituencies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-election-results-2022-full-list-of-winners-constituencies/articleshow/96105904.cms |access-date=2025-01-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Election Result 2022: Constituency Wise Winning Candidates List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/gujarat-election-results-2022-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-list |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Akbari won from [[Jamnagar South Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=Gujarat Assembly Election Results 2022: Full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-elections-2022-winning-candidates-constituency-8312674/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He polled 86,492 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Manoj Kathiria of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 62,697 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS0679.htm?ac=79 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205165944/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS0679.htm?ac=79 |archive-date=2023-02-05 |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamnagar South Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Akbari Divyeshbhai Ranchhodbhai Of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/jamnagar-south-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6562471.html |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamnagar South Assembly Seat, Gujarat Election 2022 – Get Jamnagar South constituency news updates and complete details {{!}} Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/jamnagar-south-79 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203040310/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/jamnagar-south-79 |archive-date=2023-02-03 |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Akbari, Divyesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Jamnagar district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Gujarat-BJP-politician-stub}}

Adrit Roy

2026-02-05T18:06:13Z

Randy603804187: put up a post

{{short description|Bengali film actor|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Adrit Roy
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Adrit Roy
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1992|5|25|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India
| occupation = Actor
| known for = {{ubl|''[[Noor Jahaan]] (2018)'' ''[[Prem Amar 2]] (2019)'' ''[[Mithai (Bengali TV series)|Mithai]] (2021)'' ''[[Mittir Bari]] (2024)''}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Kaushambi Chakraborty]]|2024}}
| birth_name =
| years_active = 2018–
| father =
| mother =
| relatives =
}}
'''Adrit Roy''' (born 25 May 1992) is an Indian Bengali film and television actor and is known for portraying Siddharth Modak in ''[[Mithai (Bengali TV series)|Mithai]]'' and Dhrubo Mitra in ''[[Mittir Bari]]''.

== Early life and education ==
Roy was born in [[Kolkata]]. He went to [[La Martiniere Calcutta]] school, where he was active in theater and performance.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/feb/25/11277/i-don-t-see-much-of-noor-in-me-adrit-roy-on-playing-suburban-character-in-noor-jahaan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402142031/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/feb/25/11277/i-don-t-see-much-of-noor-in-me-adrit-roy-on-playing-suburban-character-in-noor-jahaan|url-status=live|archive-date=2 April 2019|title=I don't see much of Noor in me Adrit Roy on playing a suburban character in Noor Jahaan|work=Cinestaan}}</ref>

== Career ==
Roy made his film debut playing the eponymous role in Abhimanyu Mukherjee's 2018 film ''[[Noor Jahaan]]''.<ref name="India Times Janla Diye Bou Palabo">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/janla-diye-bou-palalo/movie-review/44888198.cms|title=Janla Diye Bou Palalo Movie Review {2.5/5}: Critic Review of Janla Diye Bou Palalo by Times of India|work=The Times of India}}</ref> In 2019, he starred in ''[[Prem Amar 2]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/the-plot-of-prem-amar-2-revealed/articleshow/67817750.cms|title=The plot of Prem Amar 2 revealed|website=The Times of India|date=3 February 2019 }}</ref> as Joy. He also acted in Dev Entertainment Ventures' ''Password'', directed by [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]], as well as Raj Chakraborty Productions' ''Parineeta'', directed by [[Raj Chakraborty]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/raj-da-asked-if-pujja-and-i-are-dating-adrit-roy/articleshow/62899785.cms|title=Raj da asked if Pujja and I are dating: Adrit Roy|website=The Times of India|date=13 February 2018 }}</ref>

==Filmography==

{| Class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
!Notes
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|2018
| ''[[Noor Jahaan]]''
| Noor
|Debut Film; [[Indo-Bangladesh joint production]]
|<ref name="India Times Janla Diye Bou Palabo" />
|-
|rowspan="3"|2019

| ''[[Prem Amar 2]]''
| Joy Chowdhury
|[[Indo-Bangladesh joint production]]
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/prem-amar-2/movie-review/67911583.cms|title=Prem Amar 2 Movie Review {2.0/5}: Critic Review of Prem Amar 2 by Times of India|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Password (2019 Indian film)|Password]]''
| Advait Upadhyay "Adi"
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Anand |first1=Akriti |title=Paoli Dam And Adrit Roy Introduce Their Characters in Film Password, Motion Posters Released |url=https://www.spotboye.com/bengali/bengali-news/paoli-dam-and-adrit-roy-introduce-their-characters-in-film-password-motion-posters-released/5d47c3d8a0c20052b1b85091 |work=www.spotboye.com |publisher=[[9X Media]] |date=5 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|
''[[Parineeta (2019 film)|Parineeta]]''
| Ananda
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aniruddha |first1=Biswas |title=Gaurav Chakraborty and Adrit Roy Talk 'Parineeta' The promise of ensemble pieces and the changes they wish to see in the industry |url=https://epaper.telegraphindia.com/imageview_289261_15952391_4_undefined_31-08-2019_10_i_1_sf.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526151119/https://epaper.telegraphindia.com/imageview_289261_15952391_4_undefined_31-08-2019_10_i_1_sf.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 May 2021 |work=epaper.telegraphindia.com |publisher=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |date=31 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2021
| ''[[Lockdown (Bengali film)|Lockdown]]''
| Raj
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Priyanka |title=Lockdown: 'মিঠাই'কে ভুলে শ্রাবন্তীর সঙ্গে রোম্যান্সে মজে 'উচ্ছেবাবু' আদৃত? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/madhubala-aka-srabanti-tries-to-seduce-adrit-check-out-abhimanyu-mukherjee-s-next-film-lockdown-s-thrilling-trailer-31629465011764.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015233106/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/madhubala-aka-srabanti-tries-to-seduce-adrit-check-out-abhimanyu-mukherjee-s-next-film-lockdown-s-thrilling-trailer-31629465011764.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] Bangla |date=20 August 2021|language=bn}}</ref>
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Channel
! Notes
! Production company(s)
! Ref
|-
| 2021–2023
| ''[[Mithai (Bengali TV series)|Mithai]]''
| Siddharth Modak
| rowspan="2" | [[Bengali Language|Bengali]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Zee Bangla]]
| rowspan="2" | Lead Role
| [[Zee Bangla|Zee Bangla Productions]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Adrit Roy and Soumitrisha Kundu to pair up for new TV show 'Mithai' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/adrit-roy-and-soumitrisha-kundu-to-pair-up-for-new-tv-show-mithai/articleshow/79541625.cms |work=The Times of India |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2024–2025
| ''[[Mittir Bari]]''
| Dhrubo Mitra
| [[Prosenjit Chatterjee|Nideas Creations]]
|
|}

===Television movies===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Comments
|-
| 2020
|Ami Didi No. 1
| Aditya
| [[Bengali Language|Bengali]]
|Zee Bangla Originals<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Bishwabijoy |title=#2020 was tough, but it made me stronger: Aindrila - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/2020-was-tough-but-it-made-me-stronger-aindrila/articleshow/79826638.cms |work=The Times of India |date=20 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Special appearances ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Serial
! Channel
! Role
! Character
! Reference
|-
| 2021
| [[Dadagiri Unlimited|Dadagiri Unlimited Season 9]]
| rowspan=2|[[Zee Bangla]]
| rowspan=2|Participant
| rowspan =2|Siddharth
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Priyanka |title=Dadagiri: 'মিঠাই' সৌমিতৃষার মা'কে ফোন করবেন সৌরভ! অবাক কাণ্ড 'দাদাগিরি'র সেটে |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dadagiri-mithai-aka-soumitrisha-confess-dadagiri-is-her-bachpan-ka-pyaar-sourav-wants-to-confirm-that-know-how-31632447895942.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021183729/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dadagiri-mithai-aka-soumitrisha-confess-dadagiri-is-her-bachpan-ka-pyaar-sourav-wants-to-confirm-that-know-how-31632447895942.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 October 2021 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] Bangla |date=24 September 2021 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|[[Didi No. 1|Didi No. 1 Season 9]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Mithai on Didi No 1: 'দিদি নম্বর ১'-এ হাজির টিম 'মিঠাই'! লক্ষ্মী পুজোয় নাচ -গান -আড্ডায় জমজমাট পর্ব |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/photo/didi-no-1-lakshmi-puja-2022-special-episode-team-mithai-soumitrisha-kaushambi-adrit-diya-oindrila-dance-sing-and-share-unknown-stories-soc-456243-2022-10-08 |access-date=15 October 2022 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Name
|-
|rowspan="5"| 2022
|rowspan="2"| Zee Bangla Sonar Sansar 2022
| Best Actor
|rowspan="9"|''[[Mithai (Bengali TV series)|Mithai]]''
|-
| Priyo Juti(with [[Soumitrisha Kundu]])
|-
| West Bengal Tele Academy Awards<ref>{{cite news |title=Tele Academy Awards 2022 Winners: মিঠাই -সিদ্ধার্থ থেকে জুন আন্টি! দেখুন টেলি আকাদেমিতে অ্যাওয়ার্ডসে কারা পেলেন সেরার সেরা পুরস্কার |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/mithai-soumitrisha-adrit-ushasie-aindrila-ambarish-and-others-gets-awards-see-west-bengal-tele-academy-awards-2022-winner-list-award-given-mamata-banerjee-soc-352738-2022-03-11 |access-date=11 March 2022 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
| Best Actor<ref>{{cite news |title=Tele Academy Awards 2022: Indrani Halder wins award for playing most inspiring character on TV; Dada Sourav Ganguly becomes best show host - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/tele-academy-awards-2022-indrani-halder-wins-award-for-playing-most-inspiring-character-on-tv-dada-sourav-ganguly-becomes-best-show-host/articleshow/90135888.cms |access-date=10 March 2022 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"| Telly Adda Awards 2022
| Best Actor
|-
| Best On Screen Couple(with [[Soumitrisha Kundu]])
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2023
| Zee Bangla Sonar Sansar 2023
| Best Actor
|-
| Telly Cine Award
| Best Actor (Television)
|-
|rowspan="2"| TV 9 Bangla Ghorer Bioscope Awards
| Priyo Juti(with [[Soumitrisha Kundu]])
|-
| Best Actor (Television)
|-
| 2025
|Zee Bangla Sonar Sansar 2025
| Priyo Bor
|Mittir Bari
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|9238474}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Adit}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kolkata]]

Shardul Gagare

2025-12-25T23:05:54Z

Randy603804187:

{{Short description|Indian chess grandmaster (born 1997)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox chess biography
| name = Shardul Gagare
| image = Shardul Gagare (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Shardul Annasaheb Gagare
| country = [[India]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1997|09|02|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Sangamner]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| title = [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (2016)
| rating = 
| peakrating = 2521 (August 2022)
| FideID = 5037883
}}

'''Shardul Gagare''' (born 2 September 1997 in [[Sangamner]]) is an Indian [[List of chess players|chess player]]. He received the [[FIDE title]] of [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (GM) in 2016 and became the [[List of Indian Grandmasters|42nd Grandmaster]] from India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 25, 2019 |first=Amit |last=Sampat |title=India's 42nd GM Shardul Gagare takes city's third IM Sankalp Gupta in stride |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/indias-42nd-gm-shardul-gagare-takes-citys-third-im-sankalp-gupta-in-stride/articleshow/69936008.cms |access-date=2021-09-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shardul Gagare! - ChessBase India |url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/shardul-01/ |access-date=2021-09-04 |website=www.chessbase.in|date=30 January 2016 }}</ref> Shardul is brother to Indian [[FIDE titles|WIM]] Shalmali Gagare.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Imtiaz |first=Md |date=2020-06-12 |title=Gagare siblings putting Ahmednagar in the world's chess map |url=https://thebridge.in/chess/gagare-siblings-putting-ahmednagar-worlds-chess-map/ |access-date=2021-09-04 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{FIDE|5037883}}

{{Indian grandmasters}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gagare, Shardul}}
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chess Grandmasters]]
[[Category:Game players from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]

{{India-chess-bio-stub}}

Tarun Arora

2025-12-08T11:32:50Z

Randy603804187:

{{short description|Indian model & actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tarun Arora
| image =
| caption = Arora in 2013
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Assam]], [[India]]
| othername = Arora
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|model|producer}}
| yearsactive = 1998–2023
| spouse = [[Anjala Zaveri]]
}}

'''Tarun Arora''' is an Indian
[[Model (person)|model]], actor and producer who works in [[Hindi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language films.<ref>{{Cite news |title=15 years of Jab We Met: Tarun Arora says even today, the film feels fresh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/15-years-of-jab-we-met-tarun-arora-says-even-today-the-film-feels-fresh-101666789154501-amp.html |access-date=18 May 2025 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> He is known for winning ''Gladrags Manhunt'' title, and appearing in commercials like Raymond and for his roles in movies like [[Pyaar Mein Kabhi Kabhi|''Pyaar Mein Kabhi Kabhi'']] and [[Jab We Met|''Jab We Met'']].

== Career ==
Tarun Arora began modelling while studying hotel management in [[Bangalore]]. He won the Gladrags Manhunt in 1998. He was later seen in advertisement campaigns for brands like [[Raymond]], Westside, Kwality Walls, McDowell's whiskey, and [[LG]], and walked the runway for several designers. He also appeared in the music video, ''Dil Chori'', by [[Hans Raj Hans]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

Arora filmed his first Bollywood role in 1999, in ''[[Pyaar Mein Kabhi Kabhi]]''. He had his first major role in the film, ''[[Hawas (2004 film)|Hawas]]'' (2004). Over the next three years, he performed in several low-budget films like ''Sheen'' (2004), ''19 Revolutions'' (2004), ''Men Not Allowed'' (2006) and ''Ghuttan'' (2007). In 2007, he performed in the film, ''[[Jab We Met]]'', in which he played the role of [[Kareena Kapoor]]'s lover, who rejects her and comes back, only to get rejected himself. The film was a major hit at the box office. In 2009, he appeared in two films: ''2'' and ''Love Guru''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chakpak.com/celebrity/tarun-arora/34681 |title=Tarun Arora |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411160203/http://www.chakpak.com/celebrity/tarun-arora/34681 |archive-date=11 April 2008 |access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> He received praise for his role in the 2016 film, ''[[Kanithan]]'', and he played the main antagonist in the [[Chiranjeevi]] starrer, ''[[Khaidi No. 150]]'' (2017).<ref>{{Cite news | title = Tarun Arora to play a baddie in Chiru's 150th film | last = Adivi | first = Sashidhar | work = The Hans India | date = 28 July 2016 | access-date = 24 March 2020 | url = https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2016-07-28/Tarun-Arora-to-play-a-baddie-in-Chirus-150th-film/245103 | archive-date = 24 March 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200324092726/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2016-07-28/Tarun-Arora-to-play-a-baddie-in-Chirus-150th-film/245103 | url-status = live }}</ref> Tarun made his Malayalam film debut with the period action film ''[[Mamangam (film)|Mamangam]]'' in 2019 with the ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]'' star [[Prachi Tehlan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-12 |title=Mammootty film Mamangam promises to be an epic period drama |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/mammootty-mamangam-photos-release-6161375/ |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Arora is married to actress [[Anjala Zaveri]].<ref name="itimes">{{Cite web | title = Meet Bigshot Tamil Villain Tarun Arora, The Guy Who Played Geet's Lousy Boyfriend in Jab We Met | last = Sadhwani | first = Bhavya | work = indiatimes.com | date = 18 May 2016 | access-date = 22 June 2016 | url = http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/meet-bigshot-tamil-villain-tarun-arora-the-guy-who-played-geet-s-lousy-boyfriend-in-jab-we-met-255278.html | archive-date = 12 May 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190512082707/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/meet-bigshot-tamil-villain-tarun-arora-the-guy-who-played-geet-s-lousy-boyfriend-in-jab-we-met-255278.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
|-
| 1999
|''[[Pyaar Mein Kabhi Kabhi]]''|| || Hindi
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2004
|''[[Hawas (2004 film)|Hawas]]'' || Karan || Hindi
|-
|''[[Sheen (film)|Sheen]]'' || Mannu || Hindi
|-
|''19 Revolutions'' || Sanjay || English
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2006
|''Men Not Allowed'' || Vikram || Hindi
|-
|''Hot Money'' || Rahul Kapoor || Hindi
|-
|''Ghuttan'' || Jaggi || Hindi
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Jab We Met]]''|| Anshuman Malhotra || Hindi
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Poley Poley Urey Mon]]''|| Amit Agarwal || Assamese
|-
| 2014
|''Karar''|| Aaryan || Hindi
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
|''[[Kanithan]]'' || Thura Sarkar || Tamil
|-
|''[[Kaththi Sandai]]'' || Tamizhselvan's accomplice ||Tamil
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
|''[[Khaidi No. 150]]'' || Aggarwal || Telugu
|-
|''[[Katamarayudu]]'' || Errasani Bhanu ||Telugu
|-
|''[[Jaya Janaki Nayaka]]'' || Arjun Pawar ||Telugu
|-
|2018
|''[[Amar Akbar Anthony (2018 film)|Amar Akbar Anthony]]''|| Karan Arora || Telugu
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|''[[Kanchana 3]]''
|| Minister Shankar || Tamil
|-
|''[[Arjun Suravaram]]''|| Tura Sarkar || Telugu
|-
|''[[Mamangam (2019 film)|Mamangam]]''|| Zamar Koya || Malayalam
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
| ''[[Dagaalty]]'' || Vijay Samrat || Tamil
|-
| ''[[Laxmii]]''
|| MLA Girija || Hindi
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Seetimaarr]]'' || Makhan Singh || Telugu
|-
|rowspan="4" |2023
|''[[Kranti (2023 film)|Kranti]]''
| Salatri
| Kannada
|-
|''[[Agilan]]''
| Kapoor
|Tamil
|-
|''[[Ramabanam]]''
| GK
| Telugu
|-
|''[[Bhola Shankar]]''
| Alexander
| Telugu
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name| id=1595577| name=Tarun Arora}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080207151916/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/filmography/11878/index.html Tarun Arora Profile.] [[Bollywood Hungama]]
* {{instagram|tarun_raj_arora}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arora, Tarun}}
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male models]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:1979 births]]

Navreh

2025-11-24T21:21:07Z

Randy603804187: quick enhance layout for accuracy and improved wording

{{Short description|Kashmiri New Year}}
{{see also|Indian New Year's days}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Navreh
| image = File:Navreh Thaal.jpg
| caption = A Navreh Thaal marks the beginning of the new year
| observedby = [[Kashmiri Hindus]]
| celebrations = Rituals
| longtype = Social, Cultural, Religious
| type = Hindu
| nickname = Kashmiri New Year
| frequency = Annual
| date = Chaitra Shukla Pratipada
| date2022 = 2 April (Saturday)
| date2023 = 22 March (Wednesday)
| date2024 = 9 April (Tuesday)
| relatedto = [[Navaratri#Chaitra Navaratri|Chaitra Navaratri]], [[Ugadi]], [[Gudi Padwa]]

}}
{{Hindu festival date info}}
{{Hinduism}}

'''Navreh''' ({{IPA|ks|naʋ rʲah}}) or '''Kashmiri New Year''' is the celebration of the first day of the Kashmiri new year by [[Kashmiri Hindus]], with the largest Kashmiri Hindu community being the [[Kashmiri Pandit]]s. Kashmiri Pandits dedicate Navreh festival to their Goddess Sharika, a form of Goddess [[Durga]] or Shakti,<ref name="Indian Express">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=30 October 2011|title=Fire in Shakira Temple, kitchen damaged|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/fire-in-shakira-temple-kitchen-damaged/|newspaper=Indian Express|access-date= 1 May 2024}}</ref> and pay homage to her during the festival. It takes place on the first day of the bright half (Shukla Paksha) on the month of Chaitra (March–April) of the Kashmiri Hindu calendar.

== History ==
According to the legend, Mother Goddess Sharika's dwelling was on Sharika Parvata ([[Hari Parbat]]) where the celebrated [[Sapta Rishis]] gathered. On the auspicious day of 1st Chaitra, as the first ray of sun fell on [[Hari Parbat|Chakreshwari]] and paid honor to her, this moment is considered the beginning of New Year and the Saptarishi era for astrologers. Kashmiri Hindu Tradition and astronomical calculations date the beginning of this era to 3076 BC. {{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

== Rituals ==
On the eve of the new year, the priest (''kulguru'') of the family provides a religious almanac (''nachipatra'') for the next year and a scroll (''kreel pach'') of the local goddess. Then a customary large plate (''thali'') is filled with rice and offerings like almanac, scroll, dried and fresh flowers, wye herb, new grass, curd, walnuts, pen, ink container, gold and silver coins, salt, cooked rice, wheat cakes and bread and covered on the eve of Navreh. On the day of the new year, the family members gather together, uncover the thali and view it on the holy day.

The rice and coins represent our daily bread and wealth, the pen and paper a reminder of the quest for learning, the mirror represents retrospection.
The calendar signals the changing time and the Deity the Universal Constant, and they together are a reminder of the constancy of changing time. The bitter herb is reminiscent of life's bitter aspects, to be taken in stride alongside the good. The bitter herb ‘wye’ is usually eaten with walnuts to bring wholeness of life's experiences in the admixture.

Symbolism aside, the consumption of this bitter herb has also been practiced by Native American cultures as well as by some of the American transcendentalist philosophers for various reasons.

After seeing (darshan) the thali, each person takes a walnut to be thrown into a river. The walnuts from the thali are dropped in the river as a sign of thanksgiving. Then the family members offer turmeric rice in ghee (tahar) to the goddess at the temple and seek blessings.<ref>Crump, William D. (2014), [https://books.google.com/books?id=cDTfCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide], MacFarland, page 114-115</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Kashmiri Pandits]]
* [[Kashmiri Hindus]]
* [[Kashmiri Hindu festivals]]
* [[Mela Patt]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Toshkhani, S.S. (2009). Cultural Heritage of Kashmiri Pandits. Pentagon Press.
* {{cite book|author=Robert Sewell|title=The Indian Calendar – With Tables for the Conversion of Hindu and Muhammadan Into A. D. Dates, and Vice Versa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T9z33n6Q1nwC&pg=PA149|date=15 March 2010|publisher=Read Books Design|isbn=978-1-4455-3119-9}}

{{Hindu festivals}}
{{New Year by Calendar}}

[[Category:New Year in India]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:New Year celebrations]]
[[Category:Festivals in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Hindus]]
[[Category:Culture of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Jammu and Kashmir]]

{{holiday-stub}}
{{Hindu-festival-stub}}

Lal Masjid, Tijara

2025-11-23T03:07:51Z

Randy603804187: New a entry

{{Short description|Mosque in Tijara, Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Lal Masjid
| infobox_width =
| image =
| caption =
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| map_type = India Rajasthan
| map_size = 250
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the mosque in [[Rajasthan]]
| location = [[Tijara]], [[Rajasthan]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|27.93303|76.86419|region:IN_type:landmark_source:wikimapia|format=dms|display=it}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
| rite =
| consecration_year =
| status = [[Mosque]]
| functional_status = Active
| heritage_designation =
| leadership =
| website =
| architect =
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]]
| founded_by = [[Hindal Mirza]]
| funded_by =
| general_contractor =
| facade_direction =
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = 17th century
| construction_cost =
| specifications =
| capacity =
| length = {{cvt|115|ft|m|order=flip}}
| width = {{cvt|40|ft|m|order=flip}}
| width_nave =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity = {{nowrap|Three {{small|(once since collapsed)}}}}
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity = Four
| minaret_height =
| spire_quantity =
| spire_height =
| materials = Red stone
| designated =
| module = {{Infobox historic site
| embed = yes
| designation1 = MANI | designation1_offname = Tijara | designation1_type = | designation1_criteria = | designation1_date = 19 April 1976 | delisted1_date = | designation1_partof = | designation1_number = N-RJ-145 | designation1_free1name = | designation1_free1value = | designation1_free2name = | designation1_free2value = | designation1_free3name = | designation1_free3value = }}
}}
The '''Lal Masjid''' ({{literally|Red Mosque}}) is a [[mosque]] located in [[Tijara]], in the state of [[Rajasthan]], India. It is listed as a [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|monument of national importance]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shokoohy |first=Shokoohy Mehrdad |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Bayana/9HgxEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Lal+Masjid,+Tijara&pg=PT1116&printsec=frontcover |title=Bayana: The Sources of Mughal Architecture |date=2020-03-18 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-1-4744-6074-3 |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
The Lal Masjid' is so named due to its reddish colour, and is situated to the east of the town of Tijara. It was built by [[Hindal Mirza]], who had received Tijara as a ''[[jagir]]'' from his father, the Mughal emperor [[Babur]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Cunningham |first=Alexander |author-link=Alexander Cunningham |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.85073/page/n131/mode/2up |title=Report of a tour in Eastern Rajputana in 1882-83 |date= |publisher=Director General, [[Archaeological Survey of India]] |year=2000 |volume=XX |location=New Delhi |pages=117 |orig-year=1885}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Chandramani |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Protected_Monuments_of_Rajasthan/i-jVAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=lal+masjid+++tijara&dq=lal+masjid+++tijara&printsec=frontcover |title=Protected Monuments of Rajasthan |date=2002 |publisher=Jawahar Kala Kendra |isbn=978-81-86782-60-6 |language=en}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The mosque building is rectangular, measuring {{convert|115|ft|m|order=flip}} by {{convert|40|ft|m|order=flip}}. There are fluted [[minaret]]s at each of the four corners. The [[façade]] contains three arched doorways leading into the prayer hall. It was originally covered by three domes, with the central dome being larger than the others; {{as of|2024|lc=y}}, the southern dome has collapsed. The remains of a pillared [[cupola]] can be seen atop the central dome.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://asijaipurcircle.nic.in/Tijara.html |website=[[Archaeological Survey of India]], Jaipur Circle |title=Tijara |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721033603/https://asijaipurcircle.nic.in/Tijara.html |archive-date=2024-07-21}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

The prayer-hall measures {{convert|100|ft|m|order=flip}} by {{convert|25|ft|m|order=flip}}.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Rajasthan]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mosques in India}}

[[Category:17th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in India]]
[[Category:Mosques in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Mughal mosques]]
[[Category:Stone buildings in India]]

Indian cricket team in Pakistan in 2003–04

2025-11-11T06:02:56Z

Randy603804187:

{{Short description|none}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2019}}


{{EngvarB|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
|series_name = Indian cricket team in Pakistan in 2003–04
|team1_image = Flag of India.svg
|team1_name = India
|team2_image = Flag of Pakistan.svg
|team2_name = Pakistan
|from_date = 11 March
|to_date = 16 April 2004
|team1_captain = [[Sourav Ganguly]] (ODIs and 3rd Test) [[Rahul Dravid]] (1st and 2nd Tests)
|team2_captain = [[Inzamam-ul-Haq]]
|no_of_tests = 3
|team1_tests_won = 2
|team2_tests_won = 1
|team1_tests_most_runs = [[Virender Sehwag]] (438)
|team2_tests_most_runs = [[Mohammad Yousuf (cricketer)|Mohammad Yousuf]] (280)
|team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Anil Kumble]] (15)
|team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Danish Kaneria]] (7)
|player_of_test_series = [[Virender Sehwag]] (Ind)
|no_of_ODIs = 5
|team1_ODIs_won = 3
|team2_ODIs_won = 2
|team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Rahul Dravid]] (248)
|team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Inzamam-ul-Haq]] (340)
|team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Irfan Pathan]] (8)
|team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Mohammad Sami]] (11)
|player_of_ODI_series = [[Inzamam-ul-Haq]] (Pak) |
}}

The [[Indian national cricket team]] toured [[Pakistan]] during the 2003–04 cricket season to play five [[One Day International]] matches and three [[Test cricket|Test]] matches against the [[Pakistan cricket team]]. The series was called the Samsung Cup for sponsorship reasons. India won the ODI series 3-2 and the Test series 2–1.

== Background ==
It was announced in early January 2004 that India would tour Pakistan in March that year.<ref>{{cite news |title=India to tour Pakistan in March |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-to-tour-pakistan-in-march-137337 |access-date=16 January 2021 |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=5 June 2004 |language=en}}</ref> After India's team management and players expressed security concerns in Pakistan,<ref>{{cite news |title=India's players raise security concerns |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-s-players-raise-security-concerns-137620 |access-date=16 January 2021 |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=16 January 2004 |language=en}}</ref> the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] sent a three-member team in February to assess the situation and reported that they were "satisfied with the (security) measures being planned by Pakistan".<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian delegation happy with arrangements |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/indian-delegation-happy-with-arrangements-136651 |access-date=16 January 2021 |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=11 February 2004 |language=en}}</ref> Happy with their report, the [[Indian government]] gave a go-ahead to the tour after a few days.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tour to go ahead |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/tour-to-go-ahead-136715 |access-date=16 January 2021 |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=14 February 2004 |language=en}}</ref>

India entered the Test series never having won a Test on Pakistani soil.<ref name="PakTestSquad">{{cite news |title=Younis Khan, Shahid Afridi dropped |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040326/sports.htm#7 |access-date=16 January 2021 |work=The Tribune |date=26 March 2004}}</ref>

== Squads ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" |ODIs
! colspan="2" |Tests
|-
!{{Flagicon|Pakistan}} '''Pakistan'''
!{{Flagicon|India}} '''India''' <ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/indian-team-to-be-picked-on-march-1-137234 'Indian team to be picked on March 1']</ref><ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bhandari-to-replace-injured-nehra-140099 'Bhandari to replace injured Nehra']</ref>
!{{Flagicon|Pakistan}} '''Pakistan'''
!{{Flagicon|India}} '''India''' <ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/agarkar-and-kumble-in-test-squad-140235 'Agarkar and Kumble in Test squad']</ref>
|-
|
* [[Inzamam-ul-Haq]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Shahid Afridi]]
* [[Yasir Hameed]]
* [[Mohammad Yousuf (cricketer)|Mohammad Yousuf]]
* [[Younis Khan]]
* [[Abdul Razzaq (cricketer)|Abdul Razzaq]]
* [[Shoaib Malik]]
* [[Shoaib Akhtar]]
* [[Moin Khan]] [[Wicket-keeper|(wk]])
* [[Mohammad Sami]]
* [[Shoaib Akhtar]]
* [[Shabbir Ahmed (cricketer)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
* [[Saqlain Mushtaq]]
* [[Naved-ul-Hasan]]
* [[Taufeeq Umar]]
* [[Imran Farhat]]
|
* [[Sourav Ganguly]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Rahul Dravid]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]], [[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Virender Sehwag]]
* [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
* [[VVS Laxman]]
* [[Zaheer Khan]]
* [[Yuvraj Singh]]
* [[Mohammad Kaif]]
* [[Ashish Nehra]]
* [[Lakshmipathy Balaji]]
* [[Parthiv Patel]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Murali Kartik]]
* [[Irfan Pathan]]
* [[Ramesh Powar]]
* [[Hemang Badani]]
* [[Amit Bhandari]]
|
* [[Inzamam-ul-Haq]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Shabbir Ahmed (cricketer)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
* [[Shoaib Akhtar]]
* [[Imran Farhat]]
* [[Umar Gul]]
* [[Yasir Hameed]]
* [[Asim Kamal]]
* [[Moin Khan]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Danish Kaneria]]
* [[Shoaib Malik]]
* [[Saqlain Mushtaq]]
* [[Abdul Razzaq (cricketer)|Abdul Razzaq]]
* [[Mohammad Sami]]
* [[Misbah-ul-Haq]]
* [[Taufeeq Umar]]
* [[Mohammad Yousuf (cricketer)|Mohammad Yousuf]]
|
* [[Sourav Ganguly]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Rahul Dravid]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]], [[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Aakash Chopra]]
* [[Virender Sehwag]]
* [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
* [[VVS Laxman]]
* [[Yuvraj Singh]]
* [[Parthiv Patel]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Anil Kumble]]
* [[Ajit Agarkar]]
* [[Zaheer Khan]]
* [[Irfan Pathan]]
* [[Ashish Nehra]]
* [[Lakshmipathy Balaji]]
* [[Murali Kartik]]
* [[Ramesh Powar]]
|}
India's 15-man squad for the Test series was announced on 22 March 2004. [[Yuvraj Singh]], rewarded for his consistent performances in the domestic circuit, and spinner [[Anil Kumble]] and medium-pacer [[Ajit Agarkar]], who recovered from injuries, were included. The squad comprised seven batsmen, four medium-pacer and three spinners.<ref name="IndTestSquad">{{cite news |title=Yuvraj, Kumble in Test squad |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040323/main5.htm |access-date=16 January 2021 |work=The Tribune |date=22 March 2004}}</ref> The Pakistan Test squad was announced three days later. Batsmen [[Shahid Afridi]] and [[Younis Khan]] were dropped, and leg-spinner [[Danish Kaneria]] was included.<ref name="PakTestSquad"/>

India's captain [[Sourav Ganguly]] was ruled out of the side due to an injured back before the First Test. [[Rahul Dravid]], who had previously led India only once, was named the stand-in captain.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=M. R. |title=Injured Ganguly out of first Test |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040328/main3.htm |access-date=16 January 2021 |date=28 March 2004}}</ref> Ganguly returned for the Third Test as player and captain. Also, [[Ashish Nehra]] was brought in the side in [[Ajit Agarkar]]'s place for that Test.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chopra axed; Ganguly may open |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040413/sports.htm#2 |access-date=16 January 2021 |work=The Tribune |date=13 April 2004}}</ref>

== Tour match ==
=== Pakistan A v Indians ===

{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 March 2004
| time =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND|name=Indians}}
| team2 = [[Pakistan A cricket team|Pakistan A]]
| score1 = 335/6 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rahul Dravid]] 92[[not out|*]] (69)
| wickets1 = [[Qaiser Abbas]] 2/56 (10 overs)
| score2 = 336/4 (46 overs)
| runs2 = [[Taufeeq Umar]] 104 (89)
| wickets2 = [[Virender Sehwag]] 1/22 (5 overs)
| result = Pakistan A won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/139916.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Gaddafi Stadium]], [[Lahore]]
| umpires = [[Asad Rauf]] (Pak) and [[Zameer Haider]] (Pak)
| motm =
| toss = Pakistan A won the toss and elected to field.
| notes =
}}

==ODI series==

===1st ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 13 March 2004
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 349/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 344/8 (50 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| runs1 = [[Rahul Dravid]] 99 (104)
|wickets1 = [[Rana Naved-ul-Hasan]] 3/73 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Inzamam-ul-Haq]] 122 (102)
| wickets2 = [[Zaheer Khan]] 3/66 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 5 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64880.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[National Stadium, Karachi|National Stadium]], [[Karachi]]
| umpires = [[Nadeem Ghauri]] (Pak) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Inzamam-ul-Haq]] (Pak)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| notes =
}}

===2nd ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 16 March 2004
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| score1 =329/6 (50 overs)
| score2 =317 (48.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Yasir Hameed]] 86 (108)
| wickets1 = [[Ashish Nehra]] 3/44 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 141 (135)
| wickets2 = [[Mohammad Sami]] 3/41 (9.4 overs)
| result = Pakistan won by 12 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64882.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium]], [[Rawalpindi]]
| umpires = [[Asad Rauf]] (Pak) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] (Ind)
| toss = Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat.
| notes = [[Ramesh Powar]] made his [[One Day International|ODI]] debut for India.
*''[[Shoaib Akhtar]] (Pak) played his 100th ODI.''<ref name="2ndODI">{{cite web |title=Pakistan win despite Tendulkar's ton |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/pakistan-win-despite-tendulkar-s-ton-140080 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=17 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
*''[[Sachin Tendulkar]] (Ind) passed 13,000 runs in ODIs.''<ref name="2ndODI"/>
*[[Sachin Tendulkar]] (Ind) became the first Indian batsman to score an ODI century in [[Pakistan]].<ref name="2ndODI"/>
}}

===3rd ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 19 March 2004
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 =244/9 (50 overs)
| score2 =247/6 (47.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| runs1 = [[Yuvraj Singh]] 65 (76)
| wickets1 = [[Shabbir Ahmed (cricketer)|Shabbir Ahmed]] 3/33 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yasir Hameed]] 98 (116)
| wickets2 = [[Irfan Pathan]] 3/58 (10 overs)
| result = Pakistan won by 4 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64883.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Arbab Niaz Stadium]], [[Peshawar]]
| umpires = [[Nadeem Ghauri]] (Pak) and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Yasir Hameed]] (Pak)
| toss = Pakistan won the toss and elected to field.
}}

===4th ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 21 March 2004
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| score1 =293/9 (50 overs)
| score2 =294/5 (45 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Inzamam-ul-Haq]] 123 (121)
| wickets1 = [[Zaheer Khan]] 2/43 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rahul Dravid]] 76[[not out|*]] (92)
| wickets2 = [[Mohammad Sami]] 2/50 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64884.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Gaddafi Stadium]], [[Lahore]]
| umpires = [[Asad Rauf]] (Pak) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Inzamam-ul-Haq]] (Pak)
| toss = Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat.
}}

===5th ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 24 March 2004
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 =293/7 (50 overs)
| score2 =253 (47.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| runs1 = [[V. V. S. Laxman]] 107 (104)
| wickets1 = [[Mohammad Sami]] 3/63 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Moin Khan]] 72 (71)
| wickets2 = [[Irfan Pathan]] 3/32 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 40 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64885.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Gaddafi Stadium]], [[Lahore]]
| umpires = [[Nadeem Ghauri]] (Pak) and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]] (Eng)
| motm = [[V. V. S. Laxman]] (Ind)
| toss = Pakistan won the toss and elected to field.
}}

==Test series==

===1st Test===
{{Test match
| date =28 March–1 April 2004
| team1 ={{cr-rt|India}}
| team2 ={{cr|Pakistan}}

| score-team1-inns1 =675/5[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (161.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 =[[Virender Sehwag]] 309 (375)
| wickets-team1-inns1 =[[Mohammad Sami]] 2/110 (34 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 =407 (126.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 =[[Yasir Hameed]] 91 (151)
| wickets-team2-inns1 =[[Irfan Pathan]] 4/100 (28 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =216 [[Follow-on|f/o]] (77 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 =[[Mohammad Yousuf (cricketer)|Mohammad Yousuf]] 112 (164)
| wickets-team2-inns2 =[[Anil Kumble]] 6/72 (30 overs)

| result =India won by an innings and 52 runs
| venue =[[Multan Cricket Stadium]], [[Multan]]
| umpires =[[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]] (Eng) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| report =[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/64081.html Scorecard]
| toss =India won the toss and decided to bat.
| rain =
| motm = [[Virender Sehwag]] (Ind)
| notes = [[Virender Sehwag]] (Ind) became the first batsman for India to score a [[List of Test cricket triple centuries|triple century in Tests]]. It was also the second fastest in Tests, in terms of balls faced (364).
* This was India's first Test win on Pakistani soil.
}}

===2nd Test===
{{Test match
| date =5–8 April 2004
| team1 ={{cr-rt|India}}
| team2 ={{cr|Pakistan}}

| score-team1-inns1 =287 (64.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 =[[Yuvraj Singh]] 112 (129)
| wickets-team1-inns1 =[[Umar Gul]] 5/31 (12 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 =489 (160.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 =[[Inzamam-ul-Haq]] 118 (243)
| wickets-team2-inns1 =[[Lakshmipathy Balaji]] 3/81 (33 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =241 (62.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 =[[Virender Sehwag]] 90 (134)
| wickets-team1-inns2 =[[Danish Kaneria]] 3/14 (6.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =40/1 (7 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 =[[Yasir Hameed]] 16[[not out|*]] (12)
| wickets-team2-inns2 =[[Lakshmipathy Balaji]] 1/15 (3 overs)

| result =Pakistan won by 9 wickets
| venue =[[Gaddafi Stadium]], [[Lahore]]
| umpires =[[Steve Bucknor]] (WI) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| report =[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/64082.html Scorecard]
| toss =India won the toss and decided to bat.
| rain =
| motm=[[Umar Gul]] (Pak)
| notes = [[Yuvraj Singh]] (Ind) scored his first century in Tests.
}}

===3rd Test===
{{Test match
| date =13–16 April 2004
| team1 ={{cr-rt|Pakistan}}
| team2 ={{cr|India}}

| score-team1-inns1 =224 (72.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 =[[Mohammad Sami]] 49 (122)
| wickets-team1-inns1 =[[Lakshmipathy Balaji]] 4/63 (19 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 =600 (177.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 =[[Rahul Dravid]] 270 (495)
| wickets-team2-inns1 =[[Shoaib Akhtar]] 3/47 (21.2 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =245 (54 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 =[[Asim Kamal]] 60 (90)
| wickets-team1-inns2 =[[Anil Kumble]] 4/47 (8 overs)

| result =India won by an innings and 131 runs
| venue =[[Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium]], [[Rawalpindi]]
| umpires =[[Rudi Koertzen]] (RSA) and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]] (Eng)
| report =[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/64083.html Scorecard]
| toss =India won the toss and decided to field.
| rain =
| motm=[[Rahul Dravid]] (Ind)
|notes = [[Rahul Dravid]] (Ind) faced 495 balls for his 270 runs, the most deliveries faced by an Indian batsmen in a Test innings, beaten in 2017 by [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] (525 balls).<ref>{{cite web|title=Pujara plays India's longest innings|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1087627.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 March 2017}}</ref>
* [[Sourav Ganguly]] broke [[Mohammad Azharuddin]]'s record for most wins as India captain in Tests (15).<ref>{{cite news |title=India’s biggest win abroad |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040417/sports.htm#2 |access-date=16 January 2021 |work=The Tribune |date=17 April 2004}}</ref> The record was subsequently broken by [[MS Dhoni]] and [[Virat Kohli]] respectively.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sportstar |first1=Team |title=Kohli, Dhoni, Ganguly – India's top three Test captains |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/virat-kohli-test-captain-record-ms-dhoni-india-vs-west-indies-cricket/article29321485.ece |access-date=16 January 2021 |work=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>
}}

== In popular culture ==

This series is the subject of the Netflix documentary ''[[The Greatest Rivalry: India vs Pakistan]].''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-07 |title=The Greatest Rivalry – India vs Pakistan review: Boys played well, but Netflix’s cricket documentary is run out by randomness |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/the-greatest-rivalry-india-vs-pakistan-review-netflix-documentary-series-9820682/ |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/series/62332.html Tour home] at [[ESPNcricinfo]]
* [https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/specials/indopak.htm Tour home] at ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]''
* {{CricketArchive|ref=Archive/Events/3/India_in_Pakistan_2003-04.html|name=India in Pakistan 2003/04}}

{{International cricket in 2003–04}}
{{International cricket tours of Pakistan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian cricket team in Pakistan in 2003-04}}
[[Category:2004 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2004 in Pakistani cricket]]
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of Pakistan|2003-04]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2003–04]]
[[Category:Pakistani cricket seasons from 2000–01]]

Zareef Ahmad Zareef

2025-11-05T17:31:52Z

Randy603804187: added new info

{{Short description|Indian Kashmiri writer}}
{{multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=August 2016}}
{{promotional|date=August 2016}}
{{notability|Biographies|date=August 2016}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}

[[File:Zareef Ahmad Zareef addressing a gathering of people at Sher-i-Kashmir International Conference Centre (SKICC).jpg|thumb|Zareef Ahmad Zareef]]
'''Zareef Ahmad Zareef''' (born 17 April 1943) is a [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] [[poet]], writer, social activist and environmentalist. He is best known for his [[satirical poetry]] and efforts to highlight various social and political problems. He is involved in the preservation of the environment, culture and heritage of [[Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-05-17|title=Zareef Ahmad Zareef - Poet|url=https://hokstories.com/zareef-ahmad-zareef-poet-kashmir/|access-date=2021-01-05|website=Humans of Kashmir - Stories|language=en-US|archive-date=7 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107230818/https://hokstories.com/zareef-ahmad-zareef-poet-kashmir/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Keen|first=Sualeh|date=2012-10-09|title=Kashmir Kaleidoscope: Taaran Garee - Zareef Ahmad Zareef|url=http://kashmirkaleidoscope.blogspot.com/2012/10/taaran-garee-by-zareef-ahmad-zareef.html|access-date=2021-01-05|website=Kashmir Kaleidoscope|archive-date=7 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107184821/http://kashmirkaleidoscope.blogspot.com/2012/10/taaran-garee-by-zareef-ahmad-zareef.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Zareef Ahmed Zareef was born as Zareef Ahmed Shah in 1943, in the downtown city of [[Srinagar]] (Aali Kadal) to Ghulam Mohi-ud-Din. His father owned an [[embroidery]] workshop, in a locality that was also a hub for [[Hakim (title)|Hakim]]s, [[Sufis]], poets, traders, and merchants. As a child, Zareef held the Sufi saint Khawja Habibullah Ataar in great esteem, and still visits his mausoleum regularly to pay obeisance. Zareef received his education from Islamia High School, Rajouri Kadal. He was an enthusiast and a regular face in seminars, symposiums, debates, and annual events throughout his formative years. He received guidance from his teachers and noted writer - especially Sattar Shahid - and eventually found himself uttering lines expressing personal feelings and thoughts on stage. He soon developed the ambition to become a poet.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chakravarty|first=Ipsita|title=The Art of Resistance: 'What frenzy is this?' asks a poet from conflict-ridden Kashmir|url=https://scroll.in/article/948196/the-art-of-resistance-what-frenzy-is-this-asks-a-poet-from-conflict-ridden-kashmir|access-date=2021-01-05|website=Scroll.in|date=January 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Influence==
As stated by Zareef numerous times, it was Ghulam Ahmed Mir Abid, a lesser known writer was the one who showed Zareef how to use his own imaginative powers and fine-tuned his writing aptitude. [[Hakeem Manzoor]], an eminent Urdu writer, introduced Zareef to the great beauty of verse and the profoundness of literature.

==Career==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=July 2024}}

===Government Service===
In 1968, Zareef was appointed as a scriptwriter in the Department of Information. While serving in the cultural unit of the Department of Information he remained active in organizing public shows, dramas, [[mushaira]]s and features. He retired from the department as an assistant cultural officer.

===Writing===
After retirement, Zareef started his life as a poet, with [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] being the medium. Much of the poetry portrays social evils, and Zareef aims to raise public awareness in order to address these issues. Imbalances in society, the plight of the weaker sections, and environmental filth have been some main themes of his writing.

== Published works ==
Zareef has authored six (6) books:
* ''Khabar Togme Wanun'', 2007 (a compilation of essays reflecting eclectic issues and problems of our society)
* ''Taaran Garee'', 2012 (a compilation of satirical poems)
* ''Kath cha Taeti'', 2014 (a compilation of social, political, and cultural essays)
* ''T'choenche poot'', 2016 (a compilation of poems and prose for kids)
* ''Buzeiy ne kaensi zaeree'', 2019 (a compilation of satirical poems)
* ''Jyoi roazi pakaan'', 2023 (a collection of research essays)

==Other activities==
After retirement from government service, Zareef's services have been utilized in numerous public, social, and literary fields. He has been selected/chosen as:
* Chairman, Ahad Zargar Memorial Research Foundation, Kashmir.
* Chairman, Valley Citizens Council, Kashmir (an organization looking after the common problems of the people).
* Writer and Member, Rajeev Gandhi Foundation, Kashmir Syllabus Committee.

==Awards and appreciation==
* Zareef has been awarded and appreciated for his works in different social, cultural, environmental and literary fields by various associations and organizations:
* Sahitya Academy Award, for his book "T'choenche poot"
* Ahad Zargar Memorial Award in 2010, for prominent works in the literary field.
* He was also given the Green Citizen Award in 2011 by Rahim Greens (a member of the International Association for voluntary effort) for his contribution to protecting the environment of Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Images News Network|title=AIL, KU hosts Zareef Ahmad Zareef at 'Meet the Eminent'|url=https://thekashmirimages.com/2019/08/01/ail-ku-hosts-zareef-ahmad-zareef-at-meet-the-eminent/|access-date=2021-01-05|website=Kashmir Images Newspaper|date=August 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links==
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120327183043/http://www.thekashmirwalla.com/2011/08/zareef-ahmad-zareef-a-native-poet/ Zareef Ahmad Zareef]}} at ''The Kashmir Walla''

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]
[[Category:Kashmiri poets]]
[[Category:Kashmiri writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Srinagar]]

Pavagadh Hill

2025-10-26T02:17:02Z

Randy603804187: Stub

{{Short description|Hill in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Pavagadh Hill
| other_name =
| photo = Top of Pavadagh hill.JPG
| photo_size =
| photo_alt =
| photo_caption = Summit of Pavagadh Hill with the famed [[Kalika Mata Temple, Pavagadh|Kalika Mata Temple shrine]] on the peak
| elevation =
| elevation_m = 800
| range = [[Vindhyachal Range]]
| parent_peak =
| location = [[Panchmahal district]], Gujarat, western India
| map = India Gujarat
| coordinates = {{coord|22.46672|73.50048|type:mountain_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| topo =
| type = Hill
| volcanic_arc/belt =
| age =
| last_eruption = 65 million years ago
| first_ascent =
| easiest_route = Ropeway
}}

'''Pavagadh Hill''' is situated within a plain in [[Panchmahal district]], Gujarat, western [[India]]. A volcanic eruption occurred in the region approximately 500 million years ago and the etymology of Pavagadh is associated with this eruption: ''Pav-gadh'' means "one fourth hill" or "fire-hill". At its base is the historical city of [[Champaner]], while the [[hill station]] of [[Pavagadh]] was built upon the volcanic cone itself. With Champaner, Pavagadh hill forms the [[Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] which is spread over an area of more than {{convert|1329|ha}}.<ref name= "whc">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1101| title=Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park | publisher= United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization | access-date=24 September 2012}}</ref> Known for its forts, there are also dozens of heritage structures on the hill.<ref name="RugglesSilverman2009">{{cite book|last1=Ruggles|first1=D. Fairchild|last2=Silverman|first2=Helaine|title=Intangible Heritage Embodied|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmicDzxG0NoC&pg=PA84|access-date=29 September 2012|date=15 June 2009|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4419-0071-5|pages=84–}}</ref> The site is {{convert|50|km}} east of [[Vadodara]] and {{convert|68|km}} south of [[Godhra]].

Faith based legend surrounding Pavagadh formation suggests that the right foot of Sati is believed to have fallen at Pavagadh, thus forming a deep valley and the God later on "sent a large hill as per the request of Rishi Vishwamitra to fill up this deep valley so that the sage's sacred cows do not fall into it." Thus [[Kalika Mata Temple, Pavagadh|Kalika Mata Temple at Pavagadh]] is one of the holiest of [[Shakta pithas]] in Indian subcontinent."<ref name="Burman2005">{{cite book|last=Burman|first=J. J. Roy|title=Gujarat Unknown: Hindu-Muslim Syncretism and Humanistic Forays|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VemsIky3QzEC&pg=PA79|access-date=29 September 2012|year=2005|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-052-9|page=79}}</ref><ref name="SilvermanRuggles2008">{{cite book|last1=Silverman|first1=Helaine |last2=Ruggles |first2=D. Fairchild |author2-link=D. Fairchild Ruggles |title=Cultural Heritage and Human Rights|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pKN_JIP1LQgC&pg=PA55|access-date=29 September 2012|date=14 October 2008|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-387-76579-2|pages=55–}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Path on Pavadagh hill.JPG|thumb|left|Path up the hill.]]
The hill is a southern [[Aravalli Range]] outlier, rising {{convert|800|m|ft}} above the surrounding plains.<ref name="SilvermanRuggles2008"/> The [[Dhadhar River]] and [[Vishwamitri River]] originate on the hill.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dhadhar River|url=http://guj-nwrws.gujarat.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=1584&lang=English|publisher=guj-nwrws.gujarat.gov.in, [[Government of Gujarat]]|access-date=29 September 2012}}</ref> The Surya stream, which also rises on the hill, joins the Vishvamitri.<ref name="Gujarat1979">{{cite book|author=Gujarat (India: state)|title=Gujarat State Gazetteers: Vadodara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIhhAAAAIAAJ|access-date=29 September 2012|year=1979|publisher=Directorate of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State|page=12}}</ref> There are five successive plateaus, Kalikamata Plateau, Mauliya Plateau, Bhadrakali Plateau, Machi Plateau and Atak Plateau.<ref name="Heritage 2002">{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:9P4n-LZfVYAJ:whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/1101.pdf+&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShyEt43tO2NA1-YfsYOVASrC8C9DSo7saRqUO-Z_rWCH2mc3u5lk0Ykc17W8c8SzgDrQ6PhdLsMpmrw7B9M4J86FVSwCgnteR9N5Dr28N_2VWhM-fWbp973ghEQOLLYmUNmnii-&sig=AHIEtbQRNBRq_jQc5Eg5BJAPTuiy4bHaBw|title=World Heritage Scanned Nomination|date=January 2002|work=Excerpt from the Report of the 28th Session of the World Heritage Committee, UNESCO|publisher=Heritage Trust|pages=21|access-date=30 September 2012}}</ref> Plateau reservoirs (''talaos'') form a chain up the hill. Other features include dense forest, reddish-orange [[rhyolite]] boulders, and a natural cave just below the summit. Strong [[monsoon]] breezes blow winds upwards onto steep hill slopes.<ref name="SilvermanRuggles2008" />

The arrangement of the rock formations of Pavagadh Hill is stated as being "rhyolite, green bedded tuffs, porphyritic basalt, olivine dolerite and nonporphyritic alkaline basalt."<ref name="ChavanOza1966">{{cite book|last1=Chavan|first1=Appasaheb Ramachandrarao|last2=Oza|first2=G. M.|title=The flora of Pavagadh, Gujarat State, India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mSO1AAAAIAAJ|access-date=29 September 2012|year=1966|publisher=Dept. of Botany, Faculty of Science, M. S. University of Baroda}}</ref> There are steep rock exposures whose geological formation is attributed to ancient volcanic eruptions and lava flows. Pavagadh Hill has a geological setting of reddish-yellow coloured stone, and is considered to be one of the oldest rock formations in India.<ref name= "whc"/><ref name=Advisory>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/1101.pdf|title= Advisory Body Evaluation, Champaner-Pavagadh (India) No 1101|access-date=24 September 2012|publisher= United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|pages=26–29}}</ref><ref name=Fact>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1101 |title=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Fact Sheet|access-date=24 September 2012|publisher= United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}</ref><ref name=Champa>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_champaner.asp|title=Champaner-Pavagarh Archaeological Park (2005), Gujarat|access-date=24 September 2012|publisher=National InformaticCentre (NIC) for Arechaeological Survey of India (ISI)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501061825/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_champaner.asp|archive-date=2012-05-01|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The geological formation of Pavagadh Hill is thus very complex. It is interpreted as part of the [[Deccan Traps]], which arose from the "tumultuous outpour of lava beyond 106 cubic km in volume. Eruption is deduced to have occurred 69-65 Ma age. These basaltic rocks said to be one of the largest continental flood basaltic provinces in the world." Studies carried by geologists have indicated eleven basic flows superposed by felsic volcanics. New varieties of rocks such as "rhyodacite, alkal-olivine basalt, mugearite and ankaramite" are reported. It is also recorded that except for [[rhyolite]], all the rocks have an "alkaline-oloivine lineage." Geologists have also observed that "seventeen horizontal flows have occurred in Pavagadh" and postulated that the "whole series resulted by fractionalism in two episodes."<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://govtvytpgautonomousdurg.academia.edu/HariKR/Papers/1412165/Melt_inclusions_in_pyroxene_and_plagioclase_phenocrysts_from_Pavagadh_igneous_suite_Gujarat_India|title=Melt inclusions in pyroxene and plagioclase phenocrysts from Pavagadh igneous suite, Gujarat, India|author1=K.R.Hari, M.Santosh |author2=Furuyama Katsuhiko |name-list-style=amp |journal=Journal of Geosciences |access-date=1 October 2011 |date=March 2000 |publisher=Osaka State University |volume=43 |issue=7 |pages=135–148}}</ref>

The highest point of the hill presents an undulating forested topography in the direction of [[Jambughoda]]. The path ascending the hill passes through many old gates and cuts through natural ledges of rock like a staircase, with precipitous sides. Midway up this path is a flat ground which is strewn with boulders. The mountain above the flat ground is a very steep hill scarp.<ref name=Near>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000003263u00000000.html|title=Champaner, near Baroda, India. Febr. 1879|access-date=29 September 2012|publisher=Online Gallery, British Library, UK|archive-date=22 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322015059/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000003263u00000000.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Transportation==

While private vehicles are not allowed, registered buses and government vehicles provide transportation up the hill. As the road ends before reaching the summit, there are only two options to reach the top, either on foot or by [[Aerial lift|ropeway]].<ref name="Kumar2011">{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-11-24/news/30437639_1_mosques-kevda-masjid-jama-masjid|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418184608/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-11-24/news/30437639_1_mosques-kevda-masjid-jama-masjid|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 April 2015|title=The mosques and monuments of Champaner-Pavagarh|last=Kumar|first=Arjun |date=24 November 2011|publisher=The Economic Times|access-date=30 September 2012}}</ref> The mono-cable ropeway is {{convert|740|m}} in length. It can carry 1,200 people per hour. It is stated to be the country's highest ropeway, connecting the summit of the hill with the plateaus of Champaner.<ref name=Limca>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Champaner-Pavagadh+Archaeological+Park&btnG=Search+Books&tbm=bks#hl=en&tbo=1&tbm=bks&sclient=psy-ab&q=Rope+way+at+Pavagadh&oq=Rope+way+at+Pavagadh&gs_l=serp.12...11395.24834.0.26669.42.28.0.0.0.11.160.3067.10j18.28.0...0.0...1c.1.SRchSY1qzSs&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.&fp=feba6114275f50ab&biw=1920&bih=895|title=Limca Book of Records|year=1990|publisher= Bisleri Beverages Ltd.|access-date=28 September 2012}}</ref>

==History and legends==
This was a [[Jainism|Jain]] pilgrimage. There were several attempts to destroy evidences of its [[Jain temples, Pavagadh|Jain heritage]]. However, a court ordered against destruction of facts and heritage. Its Jain history dates back to 3rd century BC.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krause |first=Charlotte |title=Ancient Jaina Hymns |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/011036/91?highlight=pavagadh |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Ramnik |title=Jainism by Vividus |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/006582/72}}</ref>

# [[Samprati|King Samprati]], in the 3rd century BC, constructed and installed the idol of [[Sambhavanatha|Sambhavnatha]] which was consecrated by Svetambara Jain monk Acharya Suhastisuri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Education Committee |first=JAINA |title=King Samprati |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/201071/2}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Acharya |first=Kalaprabhasuri |title=Aetihasik Tirth Pavagadh Champaner - Arya Kalyan Gautam Smruti Granth |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/230048/1}}</ref>
# In 1055 AD, [[Śvetāmbara]] monk Acharya Gunsagarsuri consecrated a new temple of [[Jirawala Tirth|Jirawala Parshvanath]] and reconstructed an ancient 52-shrine temple of [[Abhinandananatha|Abhinandanswami]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Sompura |first=Kantilal |title=Structural Temples of Gujarat |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/006728/273}}</ref>
# In 10th century AD, the Achalgacch of the [[Śvetāmbara]] sect of Jainism was established here by Acharya [[Aryarakshitsuri]]. He was unhappy with the wrong practices that had crept into the conduct of Jain monks due to the influence of [[Yati|yatis]]. He attempted reforms, but failed. Therefore, he ascended the hill to perform [[Sallekhana]]. Legend says that demi-goddess [[Mahakali]] appeared before him and requested the Acharya to not perform [[Sallekhana]] and said that he was the only one who could spread the truth. She asked him to start a new order based on the truth of the [[Aagam|Agamas]] and assured him that she would safeguard the lay-followers of the new order and that they will prosper. Thus, in 1112 AD, Acharya Aryarakshitsuri founded the Achalgacch (or Viddhipaksh) at Pavagadh, and installed demi-goddess [[Mahakali]] as the ''adhishthayika'' ({{Translation|protecting deity}}) of the ''gaccha''. The founder [[Śrāvaka|Śrāvakas]] of the ''gaccha'' installed the idol of [[Mahakali]] on the hill to mark their respects. This is the idol and the shrine which was later encroached upon by Hindus.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muni |first=Ratnaprabhavijay |title=Shramana Bhagwaan Mahavira Part 5 |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/008006/435}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Acharya |first=Jagacchandrasuri |title=Pavagadh Tirth ki Aetihasikta |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/211351/2}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
# There is a reference to a temple called “Sarvatobhadra” (transl. auspicious on all sides) built by Minister Tejpal in 12th century.<ref name=":3" />
# Ceremonial installation and consecration of a temple built by Jayawant Seth by Acharya Vijaysensuri in 1581 AD.<ref name=":2" />
# Under guidance of Acharya [[Kalyansagarsuri]], a monk and reformer of Achalgacch, sravakas Sheth Vardhaman and Sheth Padamshin reconstructed the shrine of Mahakali in 16th century AD.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />
# In 1689 AD, Gani Shilvijay Maharaj has referred to the existence of a temple of [[Neminatha]].<ref name=":2" />
# In a laudatory poem dedicated to [[Jirawala Tirth|Jirawala Parshvanatha]] and composed by Jain monk Dipvijay Kaviraaj in late 18th century AD, the temples existing here are described in detail.<ref name=":3" />

Several monks of the Achalgacch such as Mahendraprabhasuri, Merutungasuri, and Jaykesarisuri amongst many, and those of the Tapagacch such as Dharmaratnasuri, Hemvimalsuri, Laxmisagarsuri, Bhuvansundarsuri etc. consecrated numerous temples and idols on the hill. According to several [[Śvetāmbara]] scriptures, at one time, these shrines were considered to be of equal rank and importance as those atop the hill at [[Palitana temples|Palitana]].<ref name=":0" />

It is believed that there was one large [[Śvetāmbara]] temple earlier on the hill, which faced multiple invasions. The ruins of this temple were used to construct 3 smaller [[Digambara|Digambar]] temples.

Known for its forts, there are also dozens of heritage structures on the hill.<ref name="RugglesSilverman2009"/> It is part of the [[Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]].<ref name= "whc"/><ref name =Champa/><ref name="Ruggles2009">{{Cite book|last1=Ruggles|first1= D. Fairchild |last2= Silverman |first2= Helaine |title= Intangible Heritage Embodied|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmicDzxG0NoC&q=Champaner+Pavagadh&pg=PA79|access-date=10 October 2012|publisher= Springer|year=2009|isbn=9781441900715|pages=79–}}</ref>

==Jain Temple==
{{Main|Jain temples, Pavagadh}}
[[File:Jain Temple, Pavagadh (cropped).jpg|thumb|200px|Pavagadh Jain temple]]

The temples of [[Jainism]] at Pavagadh are also noteworthy. They are of three groups: The first consists of the Bhavanaderi temples near the Naqqarkhana gate called the Navalakka temples, the second group is in honour of the [[tirthankara]]s [[Suparshvanatha]] and [[Chandraprabhu]] and the third group, situated on the south east of Pavagarh Hill (''Mataji's'' cliff), is near the [[Pārśva]] temple next to the Dudhia tank. On the basis of their "stylistic and architectural features", the date of construction of these temples is deduced to be the 14th–15th centuries. The temple is made up of pure white stone with elaborately carved seated and standing images of the Jain [[Pantheon (gods)|pantheon]] are seen on the outer walls of the temples. The Garbabrihas are enshrined with beautiful stone images of tirthankaras in these temples. All the temples have been renovated over time.<ref name=Science>{{Cite web|url=http://portal.unesco.org/pv_obj_cache/pv_obj_id_1BE01ADA16E57D45AE12B1BAA3A6840B7ABF0A00/filename/B+B+Goud.pdf|title=Scientific Conservation of World Heritage Monuments of Champaner-Pavgadh|author=B. Busa Goud|access-date=29 September 2012|publisher=UNESCO. Org}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The temple also has a 30 ft. tall statue of God Bahubali stands tall in its vicinity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://champaner-pavagadh.blogspot.in/2008/08/shwetamber-jain-temple.html|title = Champaner-Pavagadh: Shwetamber Jain Temple|date = 18 August 2008}}</ref>

The Greek geographer Ptolemy many centuries ago in his work regarded this temple as an ancient and holy place. In 1480 [[Mahmud Begada]], the Muslim sultan of Gujarat, heavily damaged this temple. In 1880 this temple was repaired. The entire complex houses a Dharmshala or guesthouse, a Jain restaurant and gardens.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jinalaya.com/gujarat/pavagadh.htm |title=www.Jinalaya.com - Shri Pavagadh Tirth - Jain Temples in Gujarat |access-date=24 August 2016 |archive-date=1 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801102425/http://www.jinalaya.com/gujarat/pavagadh.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Issues and Controversy ==
On June 16, 2024, an incident of severe vandalism was reported to have happened on the hill. Several [[Tirthankara]] idols at the sides of the staircase on the old path to reach the [[Kalika Mata Temple, Pavagadh|Kalika Mata shrine]] were desecrated and broken down. Jain monk Jinpremvijaya spearheaded a peaceful but powerful protest at the local collector's office where local Jains turned up in huge numbers. The protest is said to have begun at the evening of June 16, 2024 and went on overnight into June 17, 2024. Most desecrated idols were over 400 years old, some even ancient and belonged exclusively to the [[Śvetāmbara]] sect.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Age-old Jain idols removed by Pavagadh authorities, community protests |url=https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/age-old-jain-idols-removed-by-pavagadh-authorities-community-protests |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=english.gujaratsamachar.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=2024-06-17 |title=Jain community protests removal of Tirthankar idols from stairs of Pavagadh |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2024/06/17/jain-community-protests-removal-of-tirthankar-idols-from-stairs-of-pavagadh/ |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=x.com |url=https://x.com/PTI_News/status/1802636388778528807 |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=X (formerly Twitter)}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Sacred mountains#India|Sacred mountains of India]]
* [[Jain temples, Pavagadh]]
* [[Palitana temples]]
* [[Monuments of Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hills of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Panchmahal district]]
[[Category:Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park]]
[[Category:Aravalli Range]]
[[Category:14th-century Jain temples]]

List of Indian state mottos

2025-09-21T13:58:26Z

Randy603804187:

{{short description|Indian state mottos}}

[[India]] is a [[country]] in [[South Asia]]. It is made up of 28 states and 8 union territories. 6 [[states and union territories of India|states]] have adopted their own state mottos, while 22 states and 6 [[Union territory|union territories]] use the national motto of India as their state motto.

==States==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!State
!Motto
!Language
!English transliteration
!English translation
|-
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|సత్యమేవ జయతే
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| rowspan="5" |''[[Satyameva Jayate]]''
| rowspan="5" |''Truth alone triumphs''
|-
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of Arunachal Pradesh.svg}} [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| rowspan="4" |सत्यमेव जयते
| rowspan="13" |[[Sanskrit]]
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Assam, India.svg}} [[Assam]]
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Bihar Government Banner.png}} [[Bihar]]
|-
|{{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Chhattisgarh.svg}} [[Chhattisgarh]]
|-
| {{Flagicon image|Flag_of_Goa,_India.svg}} [[Goa]]
|सर्वे भद्राणि पश्यन्तु मा कश्चिद् दुःखमाप्नुयात् <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dip.goa.gov.in/pages.php?id=9|title=Department of Information and Publicity | Goa Government|date=July 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722101821/http://www.dip.goa.gov.in/pages.php?id=9|archive-date=2018-07-22}}</ref>
|''Sarve bhadrāṇi paśyantu mā kaścid duḥkhamāpnuyāt''
|''May everyone see goodness, may none suffer any pain.''
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Gujarat.svg}} [[Gujarat]]
|rowspan="7"|सत्यमेव जयते
|rowspan="7"|''[[Satyameva Jayate]]''
|rowspan="7"|''Truth alone triumphs''
|-
|{{flagicon image|..Haryana Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Haryana]]
|-
|{{Flagicon image|}} [[Himachal Pradesh]]
|-
|{{flagicon image|Government banner of Jharkhand.png}} [[Jharkhand]]
|-
|{{flagicon image|..Karnataka Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Karnataka]]
|-
|{{flagicon image|..Kerala Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Kerala]]
|-
|{{flagicon image|..Madhya Pradesh Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
|{{flagicon image|..Maharashtra Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Maharashtra]]
|प्रतिपच्चंद्रलेखेव वर्धिष्णुर्विश्व वंदिता महाराष्ट्रस्य राज्यस्य मुद्रा भद्राय राजते <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/cover-story/state-govts-spin-on-chhatrapati-shivajis-rajmudra-draws-public-ire/articleshow/65015105.cms|title=State govt's spin on Chhatrapati Shivaji's rajmudra draws public ire|website=Pune Mirror}}</ref>
|''Pratipaccandralēkhēva vardhiṣṇurviśva vanditā mahārāṣṭrasya rājyasya mudrā bhadrāya rājatē''
|''The glory of Maharashtra will grow like the first day moon. It will be worshipped by the world and will shine only for the well being of people.''
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Government_of_Manipur.svg}} [[Manipur]]
| {{lang|mni|ꯀꯪꯂꯥꯁꯥ}}
|[[Meitei language|Meitei]]
|''[[Nongshaba|Kanglasha]]''
|''The Dragon Lord''
|-
|{{flagicon image|}} [[Meghalaya]]
|rowspan="2"| {{lang|sa|सत्यमेव जयते}}
|rowspan="2"|[[Sanskrit]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Satyameva Jayate]]''
|rowspan="2"|''Truth alone triumphs''
|-
|{{flagicon image|Mizoram Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Mizoram]]
|-
| [[Nagaland]]
|Unity <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/kohima-set-to-stamp-out-ashoka/cid/873536|title=Kohima set to stamp out Ashoka|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>
|[[English language|English]]
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| -
|-
|{{flagicon image|..Orissa Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Odisha]]
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|sa|सत्यमेव जयते}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Sanskrit]]
| rowspan="3" |''[[Satyameva Jayate]]''
| rowspan="3" |''Truth alone triumphs''
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Banner_of_Punjab,_India.svg}} [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|-
|{{flagicon image|..Rajasthan Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Rajasthan]]
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Government of Sikkim.svg}} [[Sikkim]]
|{{lang|bo|༄༅།ཁམས་གསུམ་དབང་འདུས}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaSikkim.htm|title=SIKKIM / DÄMOJONG|website=www.hubert-herald.nl}}</ref>
|[[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]]
|''[[Trailokyavijaya|Kham-sum-wangdu]]''
|''Conqueror of the three worlds''
|-
|{{flagicon image|..Tamil Nadu Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Tamil Nadu]]
|{{lang|ta|வாய்மையே வெல்லும்}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaTamilNadu.htm|title=TAMIL NADU|website=www.hubert-herald.nl}}</ref>
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|''Vāymaiyē vellum''
| rowspan="6" |''Truth alone triumphs''
|-
| [[Telangana]]
|सत्यमेव जयते
|[[Sanskrit]]
| rowspan="5" |''[[Satyameva Jayate]]''
|-
|{{flagicon image|Tiripura Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Tripura]]
|সত্যমেব জয়তে
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Uttar Pradesh.svg}} [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| rowspan="2" |सत्यमेव जयते
| rowspan="2" |[[Sanskrit]]
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag_of_Uttarakhand.svg}} [[Uttarakhand]]
|-
|{{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
|সত্যমেব জয়তে
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|}

==Union territories==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Union territory
!Motto
!Language
!English transliteration
!English translation
|-
|{{flagicon image|Andaman and Nicobar Administration Banner.png}} [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
|rowspan="6"|सत्यमेव जयते
|rowspan="6"|[[Sanskrit]]
|rowspan="6"|''[[Satyameva Jayate]]''
|rowspan="6"|''Truth alone triumphs''
|-
|{{flagicon image|Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu emblem.png}} [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Delhi Capital Territory.svg}} [[Delhi]]
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir.svg}} [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Ladakh, India.svg}} [[Ladakh]]
|-
|{{flagicon image|Banner of Puducherry.png}} [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|}

==Autonomous administrative divisions==
Some of the [[Autonomous administrative divisions of India|autonomous administrative divisions]] established by the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India have adopted their own motto.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Autonomous Administrative Division
!Motto
!Language
!English transliteration
!English translation
|-
|[[Bodoland Territorial Region]]
| सत्यमेव जयते<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bihog.com/company/bodoland-territorial-council/|title=Bodoland Territorial Council|website=Bihog.com}}</ref>
|[[Sanskrit]]
|{{center|''[[Satyameva Jayate]]''}}
|{{center|''Truth alone triumphs''}}
|}

==See also==
*[[Satyameva Jayate]], the national motto of India
* [[List of Indian state symbols]]
* [[List of Indian state flags]]
* [[List of Indian state emblems]]
* [[List of Indian state songs]]
* [[List of Indian state foundation days]]
* [[List of Indian state animals]]
* [[List of Indian state birds]]
* [[List of Indian state flowers]]
* [[List of Indian state trees]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Symbols of Indian states}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:State mottos}}
[[Category:Lists of mottos|India states]]
[[Category:Indian culture-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian state symbols|Mottos]]

Date palm farming in India

2025-08-25T06:04:24Z

Randy603804187: New!

{{short description|none}}
{{orphan|date=June 2021}}

[[Date palm]] farming was started in 2007 in [[India]]. In India at present Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Kerala, Gujarat these five states have started its production.<ref name="indiatimes">{{Cite web|date=2019-07-23|title=Date Palm Farmers In Gujarat Have Come Together To Improve Their Lives And Product Quality|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/date-palm-farmers-in-gujarat-have-come-together-to-improve-their-lives-and-product-quality-371914.html|access-date=2021-06-14|website=IndiaTimes|language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Import ==
India imports 38% of world's production of Date palm.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajasthan Date palm|url=https://rkvy.nic.in/Uploads/SucessStory/RAJASTHAN/2018/2018123509Date%20Palm.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614073419/https://rkvy.nic.in/Uploads/SucessStory/RAJASTHAN/2018/2018123509Date%20Palm.pdf |archive-date=2021-06-14 }}</ref> In 2019, India imported just about 282,580 metric tonnes of dates, with the most amount imported in the last two decades being 2016 with a little over 458,210 metric tonnes of dates being imported.

== Production ==
[[File:Dates on date palm.jpg|thumb|Dates growing on a date palm. ]]
Kutch is the largest producer of date palm in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Date Palm Cultivation: Basic Guide for Beginners|url=https://krishijagran.com/agripedia/date-palm-cultivation-basic-guide-for-beginners/|access-date=2021-06-14|website=krishijagran.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Gujarat ==
{{Main|Date palm farming in Gujarat}}
[[Date palm]] in India occurs in the western border, especially in the [[Kutch district|Kutchh]] district of [[Gujarat]] with about 18286 ha. with a production of 171522 MT of fresh fruits. It was at initial stage in 2014. Among Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala and other states Gujarat is the top producer.<ref name="indiatimes"/> Gujarat state gives subsidy to its producers.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 19, 2014|first=Himansshu|last=Bhatt|title=Date palm farming catching up fast in South Gujarat|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/date-palm-farming-catching-up-fast-in-south-gujarat/articleshow/36814898.cms|access-date=2021-06-14|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Rajasthan ==
{{Main|Date palm farming in Rajasthan}}
[[Date palm]] farming in [[Rajasthan]] was started in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-05|title=Date Palm farming in Rajasthan|url=https://www.rajras.in/date-palm-farming-rajasthan/|access-date=2021-06-14|website=RajRAS|language=en-US}}</ref> Rajasthan grows date palm varieties like Barhee, Khuneji, Khalas, Medjool, Khadravi, Jamli and Sagai.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-06-22|title=Rajasthan date palm production triples in three years|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/rajasthan-date-palm-production-triples-in-three-years/story-zrEZvUGrZd8PNL0YhMxbKL.html|access-date=2021-06-14|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Rajasthan produced nearly 800 tonnes of date palm from the first harvest in 2015–16.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajasthan produces 800 tonnes date palms from first harvest|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/sectors/agriculture/rajasthan-produces-800-tonnes-date-palms-from-first-harvest/story/236233.html|access-date=2021-06-14|website=www.businesstoday.in}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Atul (company)]]

==See also==
*[[Agriculture in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Agriculture in India}}

[[Category:Agricultural production in India by commodity]]

India naming dispute

2025-08-13T21:08:44Z

Randy603804187: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Names of India#India naming dispute]] {{R to section}}

Katayun Virkar

2025-08-03T21:51:09Z

Randy603804187: Created

{{short description|Indian scientist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Katayun Virkar
| image = KatayunVirkar1976.png
| alt = The face of a middle-aged Indian woman
| caption = Katayun Virkar, from a 1976 publication
| other_names =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1918|8|4}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2011|7|28|1918|8|4}}
| death_place = India
| occupation = Medical researcher, physician
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| spouse(s) =
| relatives =
}}

'''Katayun Dattatraya Virkar''' (4 August 1918 – 28 July 2011) was an Indian physician and medical researcher, head of the contraception division at India's National Institute of Research on Reproductive Health (NIRRH).

== Early life ==
Virkar was born in Bombay (now Mumbai). She earned a medical degree at the [[University of Mumbai]] in 1946.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/worldwhoswhoofwo0000unse |title=The world who's who of women |date=1976 |location=Cambridge, Eng. |publisher= International Biographical Centre |isbn=978-0-900332-40-1 |pages=869–870}}</ref> She held a Technical Assistance Fellowship from the [[Population Council]], to study obstetrics and gynaecology at the [[Michigan Medicine|University of Michigan Medical Center]] in the United States in 1964.<ref>{{Cite book |last=United States Congress Senate Committee on Government Operations Subcommittee on Foreign Aid Expenditures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tgY3AQAAIAAJ&dq=Virkar+Katayun&pg=PA1874 |title=Population Crisis: Hearings, Eighty-ninth Congress, First Session |date=1966 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |isbn= |location= |pages=1874 |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Virkar's early career included hospital positions in [[Surat]] and [[Pune]].<ref name=":11" /> She was a reproductive physiology researcher at the Indian Cancer Research Center. Virkar's research concerned the physiological effects of contraceptive methods, including [[intrauterine device]]s and [[Hormonal contraception|hormonal contraceptives]] in pill, implant, and injection forms.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=September 1973 |title=Milk nutrients lower in women using Pill |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X_oyKtK2OmoC&dq=%22Katayun+D.+Virkar%22&pg=PA14 |journal=Family Planning Digest |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=14}}</ref> She was head of the contraception division at the National Institute for Research on Reproductive Health (NIRRH) in Mumbai, and active in the Family Planning Association of India (FPAI). In the 1980s she did research for the [[World Health Organization]]'s Task Force on Oral Contraceptives.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Joshi |first1=U M |last2=Virkar |first2=K D |last3=Amatayakul |first3=K |last4=Singkamani |first4=R |last5=Bamji |first5=M S |last6=Prema |first6=K |last7=Whitehead |first7=T P |last8=Belsey |first8=M A |last9=Hall |first9=P |last10=Parker |first10=R A |date=1986-05-01 |title=Impact of hormonal contraceptives vis-à-vis non-hormonal factors on the vitamin status of malnourished women in India and Thailand |url=https://europepmc.org/article/med/3087915 |journal=Human Nutrition: Clinical Nutrition |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=205–220 |issn=0263-8290 |pmid=3087915}}</ref>

Virkar's research was published in international scholarly journals,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Virkar |first=K. D. |date=November 1968 |title=Experience with oral contraceptives |journal=The Antiseptic |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=843–846 |issn=0003-5998 |pmid=12255572 }}</ref> including ''[[Contraception (journal)|Contraception]]'',<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Joshi |first1=Usha M. |last2=Lahiri |first2=Anurupa |last3=Kora |first3=Shaila |last4=Dikshit |first4=Suhasini S. |last5=Virkar |first5=Katayun |date=October 1975 |title=Short-term effect of ovral and norgestrel on the vitamin B6 and B1 status of women |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0010782475900785 |journal=Contraception |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=425–436 |doi=10.1016/0010-7824(75)90078-5 |pmid=1192731 |issn=0010-7824 |via=|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Barsivala |first1=Villi M. |last2=Virkar |first2=Katayun D. |date=April 1973 |title=The effect of oral contraceptives on concentrations of various components of human milk |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-7824(73)90148-0 |journal=Contraception |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=307–312 |doi=10.1016/0010-7824(73)90148-0 |issn=0010-7824|url-access=subscription }}</ref>''[[American Society for Reproductive Medicine|Fertility and Sterility]]'',<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Donde |first1=Uday M. |last2=Virkar |first2=Katayun |date=1975-01-01 |title=The Effect of Combination and Low Dose Progestogen Oral Contraceptives on Serum Lipids |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0015028216408769 |journal=Fertility and Sterility |language=en |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=62–67 |doi=10.1016/S0015-0282(16)40876-9 |pmid=1109941 |issn=0015-0282|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Barsivala |first1=Villi M. |last2=Virkar |first2=Katayun |last3=Kulkarni |first3=Ramesh D. |date=1976-01-01 |title=Carbohydrate Metabolism of Indian Women Taking Steroid Contraceptives |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0015028216415992 |journal=Fertility and Sterility |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=87–91 |doi=10.1016/S0015-0282(16)41599-2 |pmid=1245247 |issn=0015-0282|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Federation of Obstetric and Gynaecological Societies of India|''Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of India'']],<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Virkar |first1=K. D. |last2=Kelkar |first2=S. D. |date=April 1968 |title=Cytological studies of smears from removed loops |journal=Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of India |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=266–269 |issn=0971-9202 |pmid=12331817}}</ref> ''[[Indian Journal of Medical Research]],''<ref name=":7">Gopalkrishnan, K., and K. D. Virkar. "A comparative study of loop smears and copper device smears." ''Indian Journal of Medical Research'' 70 (1979): 44-48.</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last1=Joshi |first1=J. |last2=Virkar |first2=K. D. |last3=Devi |first3=P. K. |date=July 1977 |title=Effect of an Ayurvedic preparation on peripheral parameters of the menstrual cycle |journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=39–42 |issn=0971-5916 |pmid=924582}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Sheth |first1=A. R. |last2=Adarkar |first2=M. A. |last3=Rao |first3=S. S. |last4=Virkar |first4=K. D. |last5=Kora |first5=S. |date=November 1967 |title=Liver function tests in women using oral contraceptives |journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research |volume=55 |issue=11 |pages=1205–1212 |issn=0971-5916 |pmid=5582787}}</ref> ''[[Reproduction (journal)|Journal of Reproduction and Fertility]],''<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Virkar |first1=K. |last2=Kora |first2=S. |last3=Dikshit |first3=S. |last4=Lodaya |first4=M. |date=1971-11-01 |title=Long-acting injectable therapy for fertility control |url=https://rep.bioscientifica.com/doi/10.1530/jrf.0.0270305-a |journal=Reproduction |language=en |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=305–a–305 |doi=10.1530/jrf.0.0270305-a |doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |pmid=5125034 |issn=1470-1626 |url-access=subscription }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rangnekar |first1=K. |last2=Rao |first2=S. |last3=Joshi |first3=U. |last4=Virkar |first4=K. |last5=Kora |first5=S. |last6=Dikshit |first6=S. |date=1974-05-01 |title=Proceedings: Humoral antibody formation during pregnancy |url=https://rep.bioscientifica.com/doi/10.1530/jrf.0.0380237 |journal=Reproduction |language=en |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=237–238 |doi=10.1530/jrf.0.0380237 |doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |issn=1470-1626 |url-access=subscription }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ''Journal of Family Welfare,''<ref name=":10">Kirtikar, M. R., & Virkar, K. D. (1966). [https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1969-11203-001 Socio-economic study of women attending an urban clinic and their attitude towards oral contraceptives]. ''Journal of Family Welfare, 13''(2), 22–27.</ref> and ''[[American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology]]''.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Toddywalla |first1=Willi S. |last2=Joshi |first2=Lata |last3=Virkar |first3=Katayun |date=1977-02-01 |title=Effect of contraceptive steroids on human lactation |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378%2877%2990462-8 |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |language=en |volume=127 |issue=3 |pages=245–249 |doi=10.1016/0002-9378(77)90462-8 |pmid=835620 |issn=0002-9378|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Virkar was a member of the council of the Indian Academy of Cytologists,<ref>[https://www.cytoindia.com/2021/06/1979-vol-1.pdf "Message"] ''Indian Academy of Cytologists Newsletter'' 4(1)(Jan-June 1979): 2.</ref> and presented the academy's 1979 oration, on the subject "Review of Vaginocervical Cytology with Exogenous Estrogens and Progestins".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Virkar |first=Katayun D. |date=January–June 1980 |title=Review of Vaginocervical Cytology with Exogenous Estrogens and Progestins |url=https://www.cytoindia.com/2021/06/1980-vol-1.pdf |journal=Indian Academy of Cytologists Newsletter |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=7, 13}}</ref> She held memberships in the Bombay Obstetrics and Gynaecology Society, the Fertility and Sterility Association, the All-India Medical Women's Association, and Friends of Trees.<ref name=":11" />

== Publications ==

* "Effect of a Plastic Intrauterine Device upon Implantation in the Rabbit" (1966, with William J. Ledger<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-26 |title=William J. Ledger '54 |url=https://paw.princeton.edu/memorial/william-j-ledger-54 |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=Princeton Alumni Weekly |language=en}}</ref> and L. A. Irvin)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ledger |first1=W. J. |last2=Virkar |first2=K. D. |last3=Irvin |first3=L. A. |date=October 1966 |title=Effect of a Plastic Intrauterine Device upon Implantation in the Rabbit |url=https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/citation/1966/10000/effect_of_a_plastic_intrauterine_device_upon.13.aspx |journal=Obstetrics & Gynecology |language=en-US |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=521 |issn=0029-7844}}</ref>
* "Socio-economic study of women attending an urban clinic and their attitude towards oral contraceptives" (1966, with M. R. Kirtikar)<ref name=":10" />
* "[[Liver function tests]] in women using oral contraceptives" (1967, with A. R. Sheth, M. A. Adarkar, S. S. Rao, and S. Kora)<ref name=":9" />
* "Experience with oral contraceptives" (1968)<ref name=":0" />
* "Cytological studies of smears from removed loops" (1968, with S. D. Kelkar)<ref name=":6" />
* "Effect of steroidal contraceptives on antibody formation in the human female" (1971, with Usha M. Joshi, Shanta S. Rao, Shaila J. Kora, Suhasini S. Dikshit)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Joshi |first1=Usha M. |last2=Rao |first2=Shanta S. |last3=Kora |first3=Shaila J. |last4=Dikshit |first4=Suhasini S. |last5=Virkar |first5=Katayun D. |date=May 1971 |title=Effect of steroidal contraceptives on antibody formation in the human female |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-7824(71)90071-0 |journal=Contraception |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=327–333 |doi=10.1016/0010-7824(71)90071-0 |issn=0010-7824|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* "Long-acting injectable therapy for fertility control" (1971, with S. J. Kora, S. S. Dikshit, and M. J. Lodaya)<ref name=":12" />
* "The effect of oral contraceptives on concentrations of various components of [[Breast milk|human milk]]" (1973, with Villi M. Barsivala)<ref name=":2" />
* "[[Thyroid function tests|Thyroid functions]] of women taking oral contraceptives" (1974, with Villi M. Barsivala and Ramesh D. Kulkarni)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barsivala |first1=Villi |last2=Virkar |first2=Katayun |last3=Kulkarni |first3=R.D. |date=March 1974 |title=Thyroid functions of women taking oral contraceptives |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-7824(74)90021-3 |journal=Contraception |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=305–314 |doi=10.1016/0010-7824(74)90021-3 |pmid=4442279 |issn=0010-7824|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* "Short-term effect of ovral and norgestrel on the vitamin B6 and B1 status of women" (1975, with Usha M. Joshi, Anurupa Lahiri, Shaila Kora, and Suhasini Dikshit)<ref name=":1" />
* "The effect of combination and low dose progestogen oral contraceptives on [[Blood lipids|serum lipids]]" (1975, with Uday M. Donde)<ref name=":3" />
* "[[Carbohydrate metabolism]] of Indian women taking steroid contraceptives" (1976, with Villi M. Barsivala and R. D. Kulkani)<ref name=":5" />
* "Cytological follow-up of 200 women using copper device for contraception" (1976, with M. Z. Affandi)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Affandi |first1=M.Z. |last2=Virkar |first2=K.D. |date=June 1976 |title=Cytological follow-up of 200 women using copper device for contraception |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-7824(76)90126-8 |journal=Contraception |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=739–748 |doi=10.1016/0010-7824(76)90126-8 |pmid=1277846 |issn=0010-7824|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* "Effect of contraceptive steroids on human lactation" (1977, with Willi S. Toddywalla and Lata Joshi)<ref name=":4" />
* "Effect of an [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] preparation on peripheral parameters of the menstrual cycle" (1977, with J. Joshi and P. K. Devi)<ref name=":8" />
* "A comparative study of loop smears and copper device smears" (1979, with K. Gopalkrishnan)<ref name=":7" />

== Personal life ==
Virkar was married to a fellow doctor, and had two sons,<ref name=":11" /> Jeevan and Prakash. She died in 2011, in India, at the age of 92.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|last2=|last3=|first3=|date=29 July 2011|title=Dr. Virkar Katayun|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/DR-VIRKAR-KATAYUN/articleshow/9409851.cms|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-11-18|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Virkar, Katayun}}
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Scientists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]

Nagwa

2025-07-03T18:26:24Z

Randy603804187: New a page

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nagwa
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|45|00|N|84|12|40|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Ballia
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 =[[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
|demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 277001
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 05498
| registration_plate = UP-60
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Ballia
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Moderate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Nagwa''' is a village with a population of 8,000 and {{convert|1300|acre|km2|adj=on}} in the [[Ballia district]] in the eastern part of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in India. A large percentage of the population consists of Hindus. The village is 6 km east of [[Ballia]] District Headquarters close to the [[River Ganges]]. It is the birthplace of Indian hero [[Mangal Pandey]]. Many statues and sculptures of martyrs were placed in Ballia after the Independence of India.

[[Mangal Pandey]], widely regarded in India as the First Martyr in [[India]]'s [[War of Indian Independence of 1857|First War of Independence in 1857]], was born and brought up in this village. In the movie "Mangal Pandey" the name of Ballia is not mentioned due dispute amongst the locals. People from Ballia believe that he lived in the thatched kutiyas. After a certain period he moved to the main Ballia market from Nagwa for trade.

== An overview over rival claims ==
News in [http://www.mid-day.com/news/nation/2004/august/90059.htm Mid Day] of August 15, 2004:

"One hundred and forty-seven years after this sepoy of the 35th battalion in Barrakpur (Kolkata) was executed by the colonial rulers, he seems to have lost his identity, with two districts, four villages and several families in Uttar Pradesh fighting among themselves to claim him, and the state administration's not sure enough to be the last word on the issue."
In the heart of the village there is a primary school. After many efforts of villagers, government recognised a university named after Mangal Pandey which is under construction.

== External links ==
* [http://www.mid-day.com/news/nation/2004/august/90059.htm The legacy of Mangal Pandey: An Uprising]

[[Category:Villages in Ballia district]]

Chandrawati Jain temple

2025-06-18T07:48:45Z

Randy603804187: Location!

{{short description|Jain temple in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox religious building
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| sect = [[Digambara]], [[Śvētāmbara]]
| image = File:Chandrawati Jain temple (5).jpg
| alt = Chandrawati temple
| caption = Chandrawati digambar temple
| native_name = चंद्रावती मंदिर
| native_name_lang = hi
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh
| map_alt =
| map_size = 200
| map_caption = Location within Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|25|27|56.1|N|83|07|46.7|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location = Chandrawati village, [[Varanasi district|Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| festivals = [[Mahavir Jayanti]]
| deity = [[Chandraprabha]]
| established =
| creator =
| governing_body =
| materials =
| temple_quantity = 2
| architecture_style =
}}

'''Chandrawati Jain temple''' is a [[Jain]] {{lang|sa|[[Tirtha (Jainism)|tirth]]}} located in the Chandrawati village located {{convert|23|km}} from [[Varanasi]]. This place is believed to be birthplace of [[Chandraprabha]], the 8th [[Thirthankara]], of Jainism.

== History ==
According to local tradition, the establishment of this place is attributed to King Domana Deva. In 1877, the English archaeologist [[A. C. L. Carlleyle]] conducted excavations at the site and unearthed the remnants of three Jain temples. The architectural style of these remains reflects the characteristics of the 9th and 10th centuries. Today, these precious remains, along with copper plate inscriptions, are carefully preserved at the [[State Museum Lucknow]]. Among the inscriptions is one dating back to 1091 CE, which highlights the temple's receipt of grants from King [[Chandradeva]] of [[Gahadavala dynasty]].{{sfn|Reddy|2022|pp=51-52}}{{sfn|Singh|2009|p=54}}

== About temple ==
There are two Jain temples one [[Digambara]] & one [[Śvētāmbara]] in the area. The temples were built to commemorate place for [[Panch Kalyanaka|three kalyanaka]] of Chandraprabha.{{sfn|Reddy|2022|p=51}}{{sfn|Singh|2009|p=54}}{{sfn|Singh|2015}} Every year, Chandrawati entices hundreds of thousands of devoted pilgrims, and an additional ghat is presently being constructed in this sacred location.{{sfn|TNN|2023}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Chandrawati Jain temple - Main vedi.jpg|Digambar temple - main vedi
File:Chandrawati Shvetambar Jain temple (2).jpg|Chandrawati Shvetambar temple
File:Chandrawati Shvetambar Jain temple (1).jpg|Shvetambar temple - main vedi
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Chandra Prabha Wildlife Sanctuary]]
* [[Sarnath Jain Tirth]]
* [[Parshvanath Jain temple, Varanasi]]

==References==
=== Citation ===
{{reflist|23em}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Reddy |first=Pedarapu Chenna |author-link=P. Chenna Reddy |title=Nagabharana: Recent Trends in Jainism Studies |url={{Google books|kfNgEAAAQBAJ|page=51|keywords= |text= |plainurl=yes}} |year=2022 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |isbn=978-93-56114-46-3 }}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Rana |title=Banaras: Making of India's Heritage City | series=Planet Earth & Cultural Understanding |url={{Google books|JwMaBwAAQBAJ|page=54|plainurl=yes}} |year=2009 |publisher=[[Cambridge Scholars Publishing]] | isbn=9781443815796 }}
* {{cite news | author=TNN | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/new-ghat-to-come-up-at-chandravati-a-jain-pilgrimage-site/articleshow/100863779.cms | title=New ghat to come up at Chandravati, a Jain pilgrimage site | date=9 June 2023 }}
* {{cite news | last=Singh | first=Binay | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/new-ghat-to-come-up-at-chandravati-a-jain-pilgrimage-site/articleshow/100863779.cms | title=4 Jain Tirthankaras born in Varanasi | date=25 August 2015 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Chandrawati Jain temple}}

{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism Topics}}
[[Category:Jain temples in Uttar Pradesh]]

Malabar script

2025-05-28T10:59:12Z

Randy603804187: New new entry - done

The '''Malabar script''' ({{langx|ml|മലവാരലിപി}}, {{Transliteration|ml|ISO|Malavāralipi}}, {{IPA|ml|mɐləbaːrɐ lɪβɪ|IPA}}) is a [[Brahmic family of scripts|Brahmic]] script used commonly to write the Malabari Malayalam or [[Arabi Malayalam|Mappila Malayalam]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chatonnet |first=F. B. |last2=Desreumaux |first2=A. |date=2010-06-29 |title=A Study and Characterization of the Syro-Malabar Script |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/jss/fgq006 |journal=Journal of Semitic Studies |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=407–421 |doi=10.1093/jss/fgq006 |issn=0022-4480|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Like many other Indic scripts, it is an [[abugida]], or a writing system that is partially “alphabetic” and partially syllable-based.

==Overview==
Malabar script is very similar to [[Malayalam script]]. However, some letters have different pronunciation. For example, വ (ba) in Malabar script is വ (va) in Malayalam script.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Brahmic scripts]]

{{brahmic-stub}}

Nyabi Jini Dirchi

2025-05-25T15:53:51Z

Randy603804187: Added - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|Member]] of [[11th Arunachal Pradesh Assembly|Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1 June 2024
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Basar Assembly constituency|Basar]]
| predecessor = [[Gokar Basar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''Nyabi Jini Dirchi''' is an Indian politician from [[Arunachal Pradesh]] belonging to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. She is a member of the Legislative Assembly in the [[11th Arunachal Pradesh Assembly|11th Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. She won over [[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]'s candidate Gokar Basar, securing 1791 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-02 |title=Basar, Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Live Updates |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/basar-arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2546665-2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-02 |title=Basar Assembly Election Result 2024: Basar Arunachal Pradesh Elections Poll Result Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/basar-assembly-election-results-2024-basar-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110639249.cms |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="Basar Assembly Election Result 2024: BJP's Nyabi Jini Dirchi wins">{{cite news |title=Basar Assembly Election Result 2024: BJP's Nyabi Jini Dirchi wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/basar-assembly-election-results-2024-basar-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110639249.cms |access-date=25 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250525153518/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/basar-assembly-election-results-2024-basar-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110639249.cms |archive-date=25 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="All 4 female candidates of BJP win">{{cite news |title=All 4 female candidates of BJP win |url=https://echoofarunachal.in/news_details.php?nid=26874 |access-date=25 May 2025 |publisher=Echo of Arunachal |date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250525153656/https://echoofarunachal.in/news_details.php?nid=26874 |archive-date=25 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="All four women BJP candidates win in Arunachal polls">{{cite news |title=All 4 women BJP candidates win in Arunachal polls |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/all-four-women-candidates-of-bjp-win-in-arunachal-polls/articleshow/110641591.cms?from=mdr |access-date=25 May 2025 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250525153659/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/all-four-women-candidates-of-bjp-win-in-arunachal-polls/articleshow/110641591.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=25 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="All four women candidates of BJP win in Arunachal polls">{{cite news |title=All four women candidates of BJP win in Arunachal polls |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/arunachal-pradesh-assembly/all-four-women-candidates-of-bjp-win-in-arunachal-polls/article68243388.ece |access-date=25 May 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250525153815/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/arunachal-pradesh-assembly/all-four-women-candidates-of-bjp-win-in-arunachal-polls/article68243388.ece |archive-date=25 May 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref
|-
|[[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]||[[Basar Assembly constituency|Basar]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||{{Won}}||55.26%||Gokar Basar||{{party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}||44.47%||<ref name="Basar (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Basar (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/basar |access-date=25 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250525155138/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/basar |archive-date=25 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Basar">{{cite news |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Basar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0229.htm |access-date=25 May 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250525155031/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0229.htm |archive-date=25 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Education ==
She graduated with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] from [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] in December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nyabi Jini Dirchi(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BASAR (ST)(LEPA RADA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/ArunachalPradesh2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=15 |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dirchi, Nyabi Jini}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indira Gandhi National Open University alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{ArunachalPradesh-politician-stub}}

Machhand

2025-05-11T05:02:24Z

Randy603804187: New new info - done

{{Multiple issues|
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
{{Orphan|date=November 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Machhand
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.3112|N|79.0476|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bhind district|Bhind]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 28
| population_total = 10003
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages, English
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Hindi
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN Code]]
| postal_code = 477441
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07534
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#MP.E2.80.94Madhya Pradesh|MP]]-30
| website = Bhind.nic.in
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
| Populer Schools =
| Populer Colleges =
}}

'''Machhand''' is a [[Gram panchayat|village panchayat]] situated in [[Bhind district]] of the Indian State of [[Madhya Pradesh]] in central India.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 10, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Bhind district]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-geo-stub}}

Pratibha Advani

2025-02-11T09:33:32Z

Randy603804187: Done

{{Short description|Indian television presenter}}
{{Notability|1=Biographies|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| spouse = Kailash Thadani (divorced)
| father = [[L. K. Advani]]
}}

'''Pratibha Advani''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] talk show host anchor and a television producer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com: Pratibha Advani on her father L K Advani |url=http://specials.rediff.com/news/2005/dec/30sld01.htm |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=specials.rediff.com}}</ref> She is the daughter of [[L. K. Advani]], former [[deputy Prime Minister of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=LK.Advani's daughter anchors a chat show |url=http://entertainment.in.msn.com/tv/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3031741 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103205028/http://entertainment.in.msn.com/tv/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3031741#selection-565.0-568.0 |archive-date=2013-01-03 |website=TellyChakkar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Pratibha on politics and beyond |work=Times of India |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-13/tv/28183724_1_pratibha-politics-film |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103091635/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-13/tv/28183724_1_pratibha-politics-film |archive-date=2013-01-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Pratibha Advani the heir apparent? |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Patna/Is-Pratibha-Advani-the-heir-apparent/Article1-756537.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926221619/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Patna/Is-Pratibha-Advani-the-heir-apparent/Article1-756537.aspx |archive-date=2013-09-26}}</ref> She heads Swayam Infotainment, a media company engaged in the production of entertainment software for Indian television. She is producer of two shows on the broadcast network [[Doordarshan]]: ''Yaadein'' and ''Take Care''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/feb/feb166.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050312085941/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/feb/feb166.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 March 2005 |title= Pratibha Advani sets eye on serial production | publisher=Indiantelevision.com'}}</ref>

Advani also hosted many other shows like ''Retake with Pratibha Advani'' and ''Namaste Cinema''. She produced a documentary film ''Ananya Bharati'' on the subject of patriotism in [[Hindi cinema]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/01/29/stories/2005012901560200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050211141346/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/01/29/stories/2005012901560200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2005-02-11 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2005-01-29 |title= Not just her father's daughter }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Ram and only Ram |work=hindustantimes |url=http://blogs.hindustantimes.com/just-people/2011/04/12/ram-and-only-ram/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121152436/http://blogs.hindustantimes.com/just-people/2011/04/12/ram-and-only-ram/ |archive-date=2012-01-21}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081202162159/http://indiantelevision.com/release/y2k7/sep/seprel73.php Indiantelevision.com]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Advani, Pratibha}}
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian television producers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian Sindhi people]]
[[Category:L. K. Advani]]

Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho

2024-12-12T19:27:11Z

Randy603804187:

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Khajuraho, India}}
{{One source|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox Mandir
| name = Lakshmana Temple
| image = Khajuraho-Lakshmana temple.JPG
| alt = Lakshmana temple at Khajuraho
| caption = Lakshmana temple at Khajuraho
| map_type = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|24|51|7.7|N|79|55|18.1|E|type:landmark_region:IN-MP_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Chhatarpur district|Chattarpur]], [[Khajuraho]]<ref name="ASI" >{{cite web|title=Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) - Lakshmana Temple|url=http://asibhopal.nic.in/monument/chhatarpur_khajuraho_lakshmantemple.html|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)|access-date=21 March 2012}}</ref>
| location = [[Khajuraho]]<ref name="ASI" />
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Vaikuntha Vishnu]]<ref name="ASI" />
| festivals =
| architecture =
| temple_quantity = 1 (+4 small temples on corners)
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = {{circa|930|950}} CE<ref name="ASI" />
| creator = Yashovarman,<ref name="ASI" /> ([[Chandella]] Ruler)
| website =
}}
The '''Lakshmana Temple''' is a 10th-century Hindu temple built by [[Yashovarman (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman]] during the [[Chandela]] dynasty<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/240|title = Khajuraho Group of Monuments}}</ref> located in [[Khajuraho]], India. It is dedicated to [[Vaikuntha Vishnu]] - an [[Aspect (religion)|aspect]] of [[Vishnu]].<ref name="ASI" /> As part of the [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments]], and owing to its architecture and religious importance, the temple was inscribed on the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage List]] in 1986.<ref name = "unesco">{{cite web|title=Khajuraho Group of Monuments |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/240 |website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher = United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization |access-date = 25 June 2023}}</ref>

==Location==

This temple is located in the Western Temple complex in [[Khajuraho]].<ref name="ASI" /> [[Khajuraho]] is a small village in the Chhatarpur District of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]].

==Architecture==

It is a Sandhara<ref name="ASI" /> Temple of the [[Panchayatana (temple)|Panchayatana]]<ref name="ASI" /> Variety. The entire [[temple]] complex stands on a high platform ([[Jagati (temple)|Jagati]]), as seen in image. The structure consists of all the elements of [[Hindu temple architecture]]. It has entrance porch<ref name="ASI" /> (ardh-mandapa), [[Mandapa]],<ref name="ASI" /> Maha-Mandapa,<ref name="ASI" /> [[Antarala]] and [[Garbhagriha]].

Unlike other temples in [[Khajuraho]], its sanctum is [[Pancharatha]] on plan (top-view). Its [[shikhara]] is clustered with minor [[urushringa]]s (refer images of temple top i.e. shikhara).

The wall portion is studded with balconied windows with ornate [[balustrade]]s. It has two rows of sculptures (refer images of temple's outer wall) including divine figures, couples and erotic scenes. The [[Sanctum (Temple)|sanctum]] doorway is of seven sakhas (vertical panels).<ref name="ASI" /> The central one being decorated with the ten [[incarnation]] of Vishnu. The Lintel depicts goddess Lakshmi<ref name="ASI" /> in the centre flanked by [[Brahma]] and Vishnu. The sanctum contains four-armed sculpture of Vishnu. One of the niches has the image of the sculptor and his disciples at work.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Grand temples of Madhya Pradesh|journal=Tattvaloka|date=September 2018|volume=XLI|issue=6|publisher=Sri Abhinava Vidyatheertha Mahaswamigal Educational Trust|location=[[Sringeri]]|issn=0970-8901|last=Ramakrishna|first=Lalitha|pages=47–52}}</ref>

==Sculptures==

===Main idol===
[[Image:Khajuraho India, Lakshman Temple, Sculpture 07.JPG|thumb|Main Idol (Tri-Headed Vishnu), Lakshman Temple, Khajuraho India]]
Main image is of three-headed & four-armed sculpture of [[Vaikuntha Vishnu]].<ref name="ASI" />

The central head is of human,<ref name="ASI" /> and two sides of boar<ref name="ASI" /> (depicting [[Varaha]]) and lion<ref name="ASI" /> (depicting [[Narashima]]).

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Lakshmana Temple 01.jpg
File:Lakshmana Temple 02.jpg
File:Lakshmana Temple 03.jpg
File:Lakshmana Temple 04.jpg
File:Lakshmana Temple 05.jpg
File:Lakshmana Temple 06.jpg
File:Lakshmana Temple 07.jpg
File:Lakshmana Temple 08.jpg
File:Lakshmana Temple 09.jpg
File:Lakshmana Temple 10.jpg
File:Lakshmana Temple 11.jpg
File:Lakshmana Temple 12.jpg
File:Lakshmana Temple 13.jpg
File:Lakshmana Temple 14.jpg
File:Lakshmana Temple 15.jpg
File:Lakshmana Temple 16.jpg
File:Lakshmana Temple 17.jpg
File:Lakshmana Temple 18.jpg
File:Lakshmana Temple 19.jpg
File:Lakshmana Temple 20.jpg
File:Lakshmana Temple 21.jpg
File:Lakshmana Temple 22.jpg
File:Lakshmana Temple 23.jpg
File:Lakshmana Temple 24.jpg
File:Lakshmana Temple 25.jpg
</gallery>

===Outer wall sculpture===
<gallery>
File:Khajuraho India, Lakshman Temple, Sculpture 02.JPG|Ganesha sculpture (outer wall), Lakshman Temple, Khajuraho, India
File:Khajuraho India, Lakshman Temple, Sculpture 03.JPG|Sculpture (outer wall), Lakshman Temple, Khajuraho, India
File:Khajuraho India, Lakshman Temple, Sculpture 04.JPG|Sculpture (outer wall), Lakshman Temple, Khajuraho, India
File:Khajuraho India, Lakshman Temple, Sculpture 05.JPG|Sculpture (outer wall), Lakshman Temple, Khajuraho, India
File:Khajuraho India, Lakshman Temple, Sculpture 06.JPG|Sculpture (outer wall), Lakshman Temple, Khajuraho, India
</gallery>

===Sculptures inside temple===
<gallery>
File:Khajuraho India, Lakshman Temple, Sculpture 08.JPG|Narshima sculpture (inside temple sanctum), Lakshman Temple, Khajuraho, India
File:Khajuraho India, Lakshman Temple, Sculpture 09.JPG|Damaged Varaha sculpture (inside temple sanctum), Lakshman Temple, Khajuraho, India
File:Khajuraho India, Lakshman Temple, Sculpture 10.JPG|Devi Killing Mahisasura sculpture (inside temple sanctum), Lakshman Temple, Khajuraho, India
File:Khajuraho India, Lakshman Temple, Sculpture 11.JPG|Lakshman Temple, Khajuraho, India
File:Khajuraho India, Lakshman Temple, Sculpture 12.JPG|Hayagriva sculpture (inside temple sanctum), Lakshman Temple, Khajuraho, India
File:Khajuraho India, Lakshman Temple, Sculpture 13.JPG|Vamana sculpture (inside temple sanctum), Lakshman Temple, Khajuraho, India
File:Khajuraho India, Lakshman Temple, Sculpture 14.JPG|Shiva and Brahma sculpture (inside temple sanctum), Lakshman Temple, Khajuraho, India
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Lakshmana Temple}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131021160514/http://www.mptourism.com/web/explore/destinations/khajurao.aspx M.P. Tourism Website, Official Website of Madhya Pradesh State Tourism Corporation, Khajuraho]
* [http://asibhopal.nic.in/monument/chhatarpur.html Archaeological Survey of India, Bhopal Division, Index Page for Khajuraho - Chhatarpur]
* [http://asibhopal.nic.in/monument/chhatarpur_khajuraho_lakshmantemple.html Archaeological Survey of India, Bhopal Division, Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho]

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}
{{Khajuraho Group of Monuments}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Khajuraho]]
[[Category:Vishnu temples]]
[[Category:10th-century Hindu temples]]

Sambhu Ghosh

2024-11-09T15:42:47Z

Randy603804187: add details

{{Short description|Indian politician (1927–1986)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}

'''Sambhu Charan Ghosh''' (10 June 1927 – 15 June 1986) was an Indian politician and scholar, belonging to the [[All India Forward Bloc]]. He was a member of the [[Central Committee]] of the party.<ref name=a/>

==Biography==
Ghosh was born on 10 June 1927.<ref name=a>{{cite book|title=Calcutta Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cdtMAAAAMAAJ|year=1977|publisher=University of Calcutta.|page=158}}</ref> He was the son of Nityananda Ghosh.<ref name=a/> He was married to Chitra Ghosh and they had their only son namely Ritabrata Ghosh. Ghosh obtained B.Sc., B.A. and M.A. degrees from [[Calcutta University]].<ref name=a/> As a student he became a follower of [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose]].<ref name=a/> He took up a position as lecturer of [[philosophy]] at [[Uluberia College]].<ref name=a/> He took part in the Indian struggle for independence and in 1944 he became a member of the All India Forward Bloc.<ref name=a/> Ghosh served as Commissioner of Hooghly-Chinsurah municipality for many years.<ref name=a/> He served as president of the West Bengal Municipal Primary Teachers' Association for a short period.<ref name=a/> He was a co-founder of Jatish Chandra Vidyapith.{{explain|reason=what is Jatish Chandra Vidyapith?|date=September 2019}}<ref name=a/>

Ghosh contested the [[Chinsurah (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chinsurah constituency seat]] in the [[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | publisher= [[Election Commission of India]] | accessdate = 4 December 2016}}</ref> He finished in second place with 16,582 votes (40.64%).<ref name=vidhansabha1957/> Ghosh won the Chinsurah seat in the 1962, 1967, 1969, 1977 and 1982 assembly elections.<ref name="Committee"/> Ghosh was named Minister for Cottage and Small Scale Industries in the second [[United Front (1967)|United Front]] cabinet formed in 1969. He was also Higher Education Minister in first Left Front Ministry in 1977 under Chief Minister Jyoti Basu and in the second term of left front government also he held the same portfolio in 1982 until his death in 1986.<ref name="Committee">{{cite book|author=Communist Party of India (Marxist). West Bengal State Committee|title=Election results of West Bengal: statistics & analysis, 1952-1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNeNAAAAMAAJ|publisher=The Committee|pages=379, 412}}</ref>

Ghosh lost the Chinsurah seat in the [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=vidhansabha1971/> He finished in third place behind the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and [[CPI(M)]] candidates, obtaining 6,050 votes (11.34%).<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | publisher= [[Election Commission of India]] | accessdate = 4 December 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Sambhu}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:1986 deaths]]
[[Category:All India Forward Bloc politicians]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1967–1969]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1969–1971]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1977–1982]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1982–1987]]

Beliaghata metro station

2024-10-18T06:48:00Z

Randy603804187: correct references for clarity and fixed typos

#REDIRECT [[Beleghata metro station]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from subtopic}}
{{R with history}}
{{R with possibilities}}
}}

Bhāṇaka

2024-10-11T19:36:16Z

Randy603804187:

{{Italic title}}
{{short description|People in Buddhist history}}
{{EarlyBuddhism}}

'''''Bhāṇaka''''' ([[Pali language|Pali]]: '''reciter''') were [[bhikkhu|Buddhist monks]] who specialized in the memorization and recitation of a specific collection of texts within the [[Tripitaka|Buddhist canon]]. Lineages of bhāṇakas were responsible for preserving and transmitting the teachings of the Buddha until the canon was committed to writing in the 1st century BC, and declined as the oral transmission of early Buddhism was replaced by writing.

==Early Buddhist era==
Academic consensus and Buddhist tradition holds that all early Buddhist traditions preserved their texts via [[Oral tradition|oral transmission]] – significant evidence of this includes the structure and distinctive features of early Buddhist texts, the absence of [[Vinaya]] regulations dealing with writing and writing materials, and terms derived from practices of listening and recitation used to describe the Buddha's teaching and the acts of the early [[Sangha]].<ref name=Norman2/>

The bhāṇaka system is believed to have originated in India, but the majority of the literary and inscriptional evidence relating to bhāṇakas comes from [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name=Deegalle/> Scholars suspect that the same techniques were used by the monks of all [[early Buddhist schools]] to fix and transmit the contents of the [[Āgama (Buddhism)|Agamas]], but outside of the [[Theravada]] tradition little information about the pre-literary period of these traditions is available.<ref name=Norman/> The earliest evidence for the association of monks known as bhāṇaka with knowledge and recitation of specific parts of the Buddhist canon dates to the 2nd or 3rd century BCE.<ref name=Deegalle/><ref name=Norman2/>

All schools of Buddhism agree that shortly after the death of the [[Buddha]], a council of his senior students was held to clarify and record his teachings.<ref name=Norman>{{cite book | last = Norman | first = Kenneth Roy | author-link = K. R. Norman | title = Pali Literature | url = https://archive.org/details/historyindianlit00norm | url-access = limited | publisher = Otto Harrassowitz | date = 1983 | location = Wiesbaden | pages = [https://archive.org/details/historyindianlit00norm/page/n16 7]-12 | language = en | isbn = 3-447-02285-X}}</ref> At this gathering (known as the [[First Buddhist Council]]), [[Upali]] was questioned regarding the contents of the [[Vinaya]] and [[Ananda]] was similarly questioned regarding the [[Dharma#Buddhism|Dhamma]]. Once the council had agreed on the contents of the teachings, they acknowledged their acceptance of the sutras by reciting them together.<ref name=Norman/>

Subsequent major and minor [[Buddhist Councils|councils]] are depicted as following the same basic procedure to compare, correct, and fix the contents of the canon, with specialists in each area of the collection called upon to recite the complete text for confirmation by the gathered Sangha.<ref name=Norman/>

== Theravada tradition ==
{{TheravadaBuddhism}}
Buddhaghosa reported that according to the oral tradition of the [[Mahavihara]], each of the four Nikayas were entrusted to an individual elder of the early [[Sangha]] and their students for preservation.<ref name=Norman/> [[Ananda]] was given responsibility for the [[Digha Nikaya]], [[Sariputta]] for the [[Majjhima Nikaya]], [[Mahakassapa]] for the [[Samyutta Nikaya]], and [[Anuruddha]] for the [[Anguttara Nikaya]].<ref name=Norman/>

Scholars doubt that the sutras and four Nikayas were established in their final form this early, with [[K.R. Norman]] suggesting that this story may be a reflection of later practices.<ref name=Norman2/> Some texts of the Theravada [[Abhidhamma Pitaka]] and Khuddaka Nikaya clearly originate after the First Council, but Theravadins have generally regarded portions of the Abhidhamma as being included at this stage as part of the dhamma/suttas.<ref name=Norman/> Texts known to have relatively late origins (after the Third Council) are included in the Theravada accounts of the First Council.<ref name=Norman/><ref name=Norman2/> Texts that did not fit into any of the four Nikayas were assigned to the Khuddaka (which included the Abhidhamma in some traditions).<ref name=Norman/>

In the [[Theravada]] commentaries, references are found to bhāṇakas that specialized in each of the four Nikayas, as well as [[Jataka]]-bhāṇakas, [[Dhammapada]]-bhāṇakas, and [[Khuddaka Nikaya|Khuddaka]]-bhāṇakas.<ref name=Norman/> Each group of bhāṇakas was responsible for reciting and teaching their texts, and seem to have exercised independent judgement as to how their texts were organized and the versions of stories and doctrines that they preserved – variant readings between versions of content preserved in both the [[Digha Nikaya]] and [[Majjhima Nikaya]], for instance, may be attributable to the preservation of different versions by different schools of bhāṇakas.<ref name=Norman/> Different schools of bhāṇakas may have 'closed' their canon at different times, and seem to have differed in some cases in which texts of the Khuddaka Nikaya and [[Abhidharma Pitaka]] they accepted as canonical.<ref name=Norman/>

[[Stupa]] inscriptions from India dating to the 2nd century BCE mention bhāṇakas who specialized in teaching the sutras or knew the four Nikayas/Agamas but do not represent them as specializing in a single Nikaya.<ref name=Deegalle>{{cite book | last = Mahinda | first = Deegalle | title = Popularizing Buddhism: Preaching as Performance in Sri Lanka | publisher = SUNY Press | date = 2007 | pages = 40–44 | language = en | isbn = 978-0791468982}}</ref> By contrast, cave inscriptions from Sri Lanka ranging in date from the 3rd century BCE to the 1st century CE make specific references to monks who specialized in the [[Samyutta Nikaya]], [[Majjhima Nikaya]], or [[Anguttara Nikaya]].<ref name=Deegalle/> Roles as bhāṇaka of a particular Nikaya were passed down from teacher to student.<ref name=Deegalle/>

KR Norman suggests that the Theravada practice of organizing bhāṇakas by Nikaya may not have originated until after the [[Second Buddhist Council]].<ref name=Norman2/> The [[Dipavamsa]] mentions a 'nine-fold' organization of the early texts being divided into individual chapters at the First Council, which may reflect an earlier method of organization.<ref name=Norman/>

References to ''abhidhammikas'' (specialists in the Abhidhamma) but not to Abhidhamma-bhāṇakas in the [[Milindapanha]] may suggest that the bhāṇaka system originated before the Abhidhamma Pitaka was 'closed' by the Theravadins (dated by them to the era of [[Ashoka]] at the [[Third Buddhist Council]]) but, since the Abhidhamma may have been recited by some variety of sutta-bhāṇaka, could also indicate that being a specialist in a branch of texts was distinct from being responsible for its recitation.<ref name=Norman2/>

== Decline ==
No fixed date has been established for the end of the bhāṇaka tradition, but scholars generally believe that the tradition went into decline as the Buddhist canon increasingly began to be preserved through written texts.<ref name=Norman/><ref name=Deegalle/> Buddhaghosa wrote about the bhāṇakas as though they were contemporary in approximately the 5th century CE, but may have been reflecting the perspective of the earlier Sinhala commentaries – his remarks do not definitively establish that the bhāṇaka practice persisted into his own era.<ref name=Norman/><ref name=Deegalle/><ref name=Norman2>{{cite book | last = Norman | first = Kenneth Roy | author-link = K. R. Norman | title = A Philological Approach to Buddhism: The Bukkyō Dendō Kyōkai Lectures 1994 | publisher = The Institute of Buddhist Studies | date = 2012 | location = Berkeley | pages = 41–56 | language = en | isbn = 978-0-7286-0276-2}}</ref>

The [[Culavamsa]] refers to a bhāṇaka as late as the 13th century CE, but by this date the term may have become generic for a preacher or specialist in recitation, rather than a monk who preserved a significant portion of the canon by memory.<ref name=Deegalle/>

== See also ==
* [[Oral tradition]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Buddhism topics}}

[[Category:Tripiṭaka]]
[[Category:Theravada]]
[[Category:Early Buddhism]]
[[Category:Buddhist religious occupations]]
[[Category:Buddhist titles]]
[[Category:Oral tradition]]

Dadhivadia

2024-09-07T05:01:35Z

Randy603804187: Article

{{Short description|Charana clan}}
'''Dadhivadia''' is a clan of [[Charan|Charanas]] of Rajasthan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo |date=1987 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-1803-1 |language=en |quote=A few of the prominent sub-castes which have produced good poets, are- Asiya, Adha, Kaviya, Vithu, Dadhawadiya, Gadana, Lalasa, and others.}}</ref> It is also used as a surname.

== History ==
Dadhivadia is a sub-clan of Deval-Charanas who held the [[Sasan (land grant)|sasan]] estate of Dadhwada, which was located in Merta tehsil, [[Nagaur district|Nagaur]]. Initially, the Deval-Charanas were positioned as ''proḷapāta'' to the Sankhla ([[Rajput]]) rulers of Roon. But in the 15th century, [[Jodha of Mandore|Rao Jodha]] defeated the Sankhla and took control of Roon. Henceforth, due to the political turmoil, the families of Deval-Charanas started migrating to other regions and kingdoms, such as Marwar, Mewar, Bikaner and Jaipur, where they became known as ''Dadhivadia,'' signifying their origin from Dadhwada. They contributed to the polity of these kingdoms as litterateurs, historians, administrators and warriors.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5b-4AAAAIAAJ |title=Mevaṛa itihāsa ke katipaya pahalū |date=1995 |publisher=Pratāpa Śodha Pratishṭhāṇa |language=hi}}</ref> Lineages of the clan include the Madhodasot, Mukandasot, Dvarkadasot, Prayagdasot, Harbhanot, Venidasot, and Mokamdasot Dadhivadia.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sāmaura |first=Bhaṃvara Siṃha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vYJ0AAAAIAAJ |title=Śaṅkaradāna Sāmaura |date=1995 |publisher=Sāhitya Akādemī |isbn=978-81-7201-867-2 |language=hi}}</ref>

=== Mewar ===
One such Dadhivadia family moved along with the Sankhlas to Mewar, where the reigning king [[Kumbha of Mewar|Maharana Kumbha]] was a maternal-nephew of the Sankhlas. Dadhivadia Jaitsinh, poet and scholar in Kumbha's court, was granted the jagir of Dharta and Gotipa (Naharmagra pargana).<ref name=":0" /> His son Mahipal (Mehpa), was a renowned poet in [[Rana Sanga|Rana Sanga's]] court, who then awarded him the estate of Dhokaliya in 1496 (VS 1553).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Swami |first=Narottam Das |title=Bankidas-ri-Khyat |date=1956 |publisher=Rajasthan Oriental Research Institute |location=Jaipur}}</ref>

Mandan, younger brother of Mehpa, was a bhakta-poet and composed poetry devoted to [[Rama]] and [[Krishna]]. He received Shavar in sasan from Rana Sanga. He died in 1527, fighting against the Mughal army in the [[Battle of Khanwa]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Bhāṭī |first=Hukamasiṃha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JAX2zgEACAAJ |title=Rajasthan main bhoomidaan pranali |date=2021 |publisher=Rājasthānī Granthāgāra |isbn=978-93-91446-21-5 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

In the 17th century, Khemraj Dadhivadia, a poet-scholar-warrior, saved the life of prince [[Jagat Singh I]] of Mewar. Jagat Singh, after his coronation, awarded the estate of Thikariya to Khemraj, now known as [[Khempur]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Qanungo |first=Kalika Ranjan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F149AAAAMAAJ |title=Studies in Rajput History |date=1960 |publisher=S. Chand |language=en}}</ref> Due to his literary skills, character and diplomacy, Khemraj received honors and grants from other kingdoms as well. He received the estates of Rajakiyawas (1637 CE) from [[Gaj Singh of Marwar|Gaj Singh I of Marwar]], Kasandra from Akheraj II of Sirohi, among others.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ram |first=Lala Sita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YGCLzgEACAAJ |title=History of Sirohi Raj, from the Earliest Times to the Present Day |date=1920 |publisher=Pioneer Press |language=en}}</ref>

Askaran, son of Khemraj, held the jagir of Oda in [[Rajsamand district|Rajsamand]]. It was here that Askaran and [[Raj Singh I|Maharana Raj Singh I]] had their final meal together in 1680. However, it was poisoned, leading to their deaths.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhati |first=Hukam Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dehYuKHweOYC |title=Rājasthānī Aitihāsika Dohe |date=1995 |publisher=Pratap Shodh Pratishthan, Bhupal Nobles' University |location=Udaipur |language=hi}}</ref>

=== Marwar ===
Chundaji (grandson of Mandan Dadhivadia) was a saint-poet and authored several texts (no longer extant) - ''Rāmalīlā'', ''Chāṇakya-Vel,'' and ''Nimandhabandha.'' He is also known for building the Charbhuja Temple of Merta. Contemporary rulers like Rao Viramdeo of Merta and Achaldas Raimalot Mertiya honored him.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Jigyasu |first=Mohan Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zmw5uAAACAAJ |title=Charan Sahitya ka Itihas - Volume 1 |date=1968 |publisher=Jain Bros |language=hi |chapter=4}}</ref> Rao Chanda of Balunda granted Balunda-ka-Vas to Chunda. Chundaji died in battle in 1585, fighting alongside Rao Chanda against Hasan Ali of Nagaur. Mohkamdas, son of Mandan, was granted Gadhsuriya in sasan by Mertiya Balbhadra Surtanot.<ref name=":1" />

Madhavdas, the forefather of Madhodasot-Dadhivadia, was taught by his father Chunda. He was renowned as a saint-poet-scholar-warrior and was honored by [[Sur Singh|Sur Singh of Marwar]] for his literary skills. Sur Singh granted him the estates of Napawas (Pali pargana) and Jalora (Merta pargana). Madhavdas was one of the four Charanas who offered their opinions on ''Veli Krisan Rukmani ri'' of Prithviraj Rathore, his opinion being favourable. He authored several texts including ''Rama Raso'', ''Nisani Gajamokha'', and ''Bhasha Dasham Skandha''. He died in 1633, fighting in a battle protecting the cattle against the muslims.<ref name=":3" />

Sundardas, son of Madhavdas, was among the eight Charanas who were honored by [[Jaswant Singh of Marwar]] in [[Lahore]]. Mukandas, the forefather of Mukandasot-Dadhivadia, died in 1730, fighting valiantly in the Battle of Ahemdabad (Siege of Ahmedabad) against Sarbuland Khan. He was a close friend of [[Abhai Singh of Marwar]] who composed ''[[marsiya]]'' in his memory and granted the estate of Kooprawas (Bilara pargana) to his descendants.<ref name=":1" />

Dwarikadas, ancestor of Dvarkadasot-Dadhivadia, also a veteran of Battle of Ahemdabad,<ref name=":2" /> was a respected poet-scholar and was honored by Abhai Singh of Marwar with the sasan of Basni-Dadhivadian (in Pali pargana). Dwarikadas represented Marwar in the debate of superiority among Marwar, Mewar and Jaipur.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Śekhāvata |first=Saubhāgyasiṃha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E61jAAAAMAAJ |title=Īsaradāsa nāmaka vibhinna Cāraṇa kavi |date=1980 |publisher=Rājasthāna Sāhitya Samiti |language=hi}}</ref> One of his notable work is ''Davavait Ajitsingh ri'' (''Dwarikadas Dadhivadia ri Davavait'').<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jigyasu |first=Mohan Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zmw5uAAACAAJ |title=Charan Sahitya ka Itihas - Volume 1 |date=1968 |publisher=Jain Bros |language=hi |chapter=5}}</ref>

=== Bikaner ===
In [[Churu district|Churu]] region of Bikaner kingdom, Puraji and Dasaji Dadhivadia, were granted the sasan of Surawas by Sura [[Mohil]], one of the last Mohil chieftains of Chhapar-Dronpur. Here, Prayagdas (ancestor of Prayagdasot-Dadhivadia), Harbhan (ancestor of Harbhanot-Dadhivadia), Gangadan were notable poet-scholars of their time.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Agravāla |first=Govinda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M0ZFAQAAIAAJ |title=Cūrū Maṇḍala kā śodhapūrṇa itihāsa |date=1974 |publisher=Loka Saṃskr̥ti Śodha Saṃsthāna |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Siṃha |first=Rājendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8QcuAAAAMAAJ |title=Bīdāvata Rāṭhaudoṃ kā itihāsa |date=1988 |publisher=Yūnika Treḍarsa |language=hi}}</ref> Sihaji Dadhivadia was granted the jagir of Ranasar in sasan. Aside from these, Dadhivadias held Mangasar, Raghunathpura, Redi-Bhurawas and Karnisar in sasan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sāmaura |first=Bhaṃvara Siṃha |url= |title=Churu Mandal ke Yashasvi Charana |date=1995 |publisher= |isbn= |language=hi}}</ref>

== Notable people ==

* [[Kaviraj Shyamaldas|Kaviraja Shyamaldas]]<ref name=":0" />
* [[C D Deval]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seva |first=Samachar |date=2018-08-10 |title=अखिल भारतीय चारण समाज के अध्यक्ष सी.डी. देवल की अध्‍यक्षता में गांव चम्‍पानगर में 22 अगस्‍त को होगा धाटपारकर चारण समाज का प्रतिभा सम्मान समारोह |url=https://samacharseva.in/akhil-bhartiya-charan-samaj-ke-adhyakash-cd-deval-ki-adhkashyata-me-ganv-champa-nagar-me-22-august-ko-hoga-dhat-parkar-samaj-ka-pratibha-samman-samaroh/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Samachar Seva |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />{{Charan Clans}}
[[Category:Charan clans]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]

Janakadeipur railway station

2024-03-22T22:48:31Z

Randy603804187: Created

{{short description|Railway station in Odisha}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Janakadeipur
| type = [[Indian Railways]]
| style = Indian Railways
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|80px]]
| image_caption =
| address = [[Puri]]-Balanga Road, [[Janakadeipur]], [[Puri district]], [[Odisha]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|19.88918635390527|N|85.81945836425147|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|10|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| line = [[Kharagpur–Puri line]]
| other =
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| tracks = [[Broad gauge]] {{track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}}
| parking =
| opened = 1897
| platform = 2
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = JKDP
| zone = [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Khurda Road}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator =
| status = {{color|green|Functioning}}
| former = [[East Coast State Railway]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Odisha#India
| map_dot_label =
| map_caption = Location in Odisha##Location in India
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=East Coast Railway zone|left=Sakhigopal|right=Malatipatpur|to-left=Kharagpur Junction|to-right=Puri|type=[[Khurda Road–Puri section]]}}
}}
'''Janakadeipur railway station''' is a railway station on [[Kharagpur–Puri line]] in [[East Coast Railway zone]] under [[Khurda Road railway division]] of [[Indian Railways]]. The station is situated beside [[Puri]]-Balanga Road at [[Malatipatapur]] in [[Puri district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Odisa|Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=singh|first=pintoo|title=Janakadeipur Railway Station Map/Atlas ECoR/East Coast Zone – Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/janakadeipur-jkdp/5799|access-date=2021-01-03|website=India Rail Info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MJanakadeipur railway station (JKDP) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/malatipatpur-mlt-station|access-date=2021-01-03|publisher=NDTV}}</ref>

==History==
As the branch of [[Howrah–Chennai main line]], the [[Khurda Road Junction railway station|Khurda Road]]–{{stnlnk|Puri}} section was opened to traffic on 1 February 1897. The complete track became doubled in July 2015.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/94803-ecors-rs279-cr-plan-for-bhubaneswar-puri.html|title = ECoR's Rs. 279-cr plan for Bhubaneswar, Puri| work=The Pioneer|date=16 September 2012| access-date = 2021-01-03 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Railway stations in Odisha}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1897]]
[[Category:Khurda Road railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Puri district]]

{{Odisha-railstation-stub}}

Dahirapur

2024-02-25T15:23:35Z

Randy603804187:

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dahirapur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Khiron block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Dahirapur (#582) in Khiron CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.2602|N|81.0043|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here |title=Geonames Search}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 0.526
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 386
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Dahirapur''' is a village in [[Khiron]] block of [[Rae Bareli district, Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=244–61 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref> It is located {{cvt|12|km}} from [[Lalganj, Uttar Pradesh|Lalganj]], the tehsil headquarters.<ref name="Census 1981"/> As of 2011, it has a population of 386 people, in 81 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has a public school and no healthcare facilities and does not host a weekly [[haat]] or a permanent market.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It belongs to the [[nyaya panchayat]] of [[Tikwamau]].<ref name="Census 1991"/>

The [[1951 Census of India|1951 census]] recorded Dahirapur as comprising one hamlet, with a population of 176 people (99 male and 77 female), in 35 households and 35 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1951">{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1951: District Census Handbook Uttar Pradesh (42 - Rae Bareli District) |date=1955 |location=Allahabad |pages=106–7 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/933/1/23644_1951_RAE.pdf |access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as {{cvt|128|acre}}.<ref name="Census 1951"/> Only 12 residents were literate, all of them male.<ref name="Census 1951"/> The village was listed as belonging to the [[pargana]] of Khiron and the [[thana]] of [[Khiro]].<ref name="Census 1951"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Dahirapur as comprising 1 hamlet, with a population of 231 people (108 male and 126 female), in 40 households and 40 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=lxvi-lxvii of section "Dalmau Tahsil" |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as {{cvt|128|acre}}.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Dahirapur as having a population of 326 people, in 53 households, and having an area of {{cvt|52.61|ha}}.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=128–9 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were given as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

The [[1991 Census of India|1991 census]] recorded Dahirapur as having a total population of 359 people (181 male and 178 female), in 57 households and 57 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1991">{{cite book |title=Census 1991 Series-25 Uttar Pradesh Part-XII B Village & Townwise Primary Census Abstract District Census Handbook District Raebareli |date=1992 |pages=xxiv-xxviii, 150–1 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1443/1/36846_1991_RAE.pdf |access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was listed as {{cvt|53|ha}}.<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of the 0-6 age group numbered 62, or 17% of the total; this group was 45% male (28) and 55% female (34).<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of [[scheduled castes]] made up 17% of the village's population, while no members of [[scheduled tribes]] were recorded.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The [[literacy rate]] of the village was 77% ( 200 men and 81 women).<ref name="Census 1991"/> 147 people were classified as main workers (94 men and 53 women), while no people were classified as marginal workers; the remaining 212 residents were non-workers.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The breakdown of main workers by employment category was as follows: 99 cultivators (i.e. people who owned or leased their own land); 27 agricultural labourers (i.e. people who worked someone else's land in return for payment); no workers in livestock, forestry, fishing, hunting, plantations, orchards, etc.; no in mining and quarrying; no household industry workers; six workers employed in other [[manufacturing]], processing, service, and repair roles; no [[construction worker]]s; one employed in trade and commerce; no employed in transport, storage, and communications; and 14 in other services.<ref name="Census 1991"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]

Dhaurasi

2024-02-21T21:26:26Z

Randy603804187: Stub!

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dhaurasi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.24337|N|78.75677|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.203
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1813
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 205121
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Dhaurasi''' ({{IAST|Dhaurāsī}}) is a village in [[Ghiror]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. As of 2011, it has a population of 1,813, in 263 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Dhaurasi had a population of 1,813, in 263 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|73}} This population was 52.8% male (958) and 47.2% female (855). The 0-6 age group numbered 338 (178 male and 160 female), or 18.6% of the total population. 326 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 18.0% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|64-5}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Dhaurasi as having a population of 611 people, in 92 households.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Mainpuri |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/29484/download/32665/28516_1981_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|128-9}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Dhaurasi as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 611 people (315 male and 296 female), in 104 households and 78 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 685 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|lxx}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Dhaurasi had 2 primary schools; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by hand pump and tube well/borehole; there were no public toilets. The village did not have a post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|73-8}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mainpuri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]