https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=RamonTietjen8Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-07T00:37:23ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paravur_Assembly_constituency&diff=524409Paravur Assembly constituency2026-05-07T04:23:46Z<p>RamonTietjen8: creating a article</p>
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<div>{{short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Paravur<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 78<br />
| map_image = File:Eranakulam district wise kerala assambly election 2016 constituency map.svg<br />
| map_caption = Paravur within Ernakulam district<br />
| state = [[Kerala]] <br />
| district = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Ernakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Ernakulam]]<br />
| established = 1957<br />
| electors = 2,01,478 (2021)<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| incumbent_image =<br />
| mla = [[V. D. Satheesan]]<br />
| party = [[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|20px]] [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
| alliance = {{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|'''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Paravur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]], India. It is one of the seven assembly segments that constitute the [[Ernakulam Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url = https://ernakulam.nic.in/legislative-assembly<br />
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Ernakulam district, Kerala<br />
}}</ref> Since 2001, it has been represented by [[V. D. Satheesan]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], who is the current [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Kerala Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition in the Kerala Legislative Assembly]].<br />
<br />
==Local self-governed segments==<br />
Paravur Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref name="ekm">{{cite web<br />
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/ernakulam.html<br />
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in<br />
|title = State Assembly constituencies in Ernakulam district, Kerala.<br />
|access-date = 10 March 2021<br />
|archive-date = 14 March 2011<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110314055251/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/ernakulam.html<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"<br />
!width="30px" |Sl no.<br />
!width="100px" |Name<br />
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])<br />
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|[[North Paravur]]<br />
|Municipality<br />
|[[Paravur Taluk|Paravur]]<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|[[Chendamangalam]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Paravur Taluk|Paravur]]<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|[[Chittatukara]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Paravur Taluk|Paravur]]<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|[[Ezhikkara]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Paravur Taluk|Paravur]]<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|[[Kottuvally]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Paravur Taluk|Paravur]]<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|[[Puthanvelikkara]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Paravur Taluk|Paravur]]<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|[[Varappuzha]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Paravur Taluk|Paravur]]<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|[[Vadakkekara]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Paravur Taluk|Paravur]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Election<br />
!Niyama<br />
Sabha<br />
!Name<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
!Tenure<br />
|-<br />
|[[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br />
|1st<br />
|[[N. Sivan Pillai]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|1957 – 1960<br />
|-<br />
|[[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]<br />
|2nd<br />
|[[K. A. Damodara Menon]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|1960 – 1965<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
|3rd<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[K. T. George]]<br />
|1967 – 1970<br />
|-<br />
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]<br />
|4th<br />
|1970 – 1977<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
|5th<br />
|[[Xavier Arakkal]]<br />
|1977 – 1980<br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
|6th<br />
|[[A. C. Jose]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Urs)}}<br />
|1980 – 1982<br />
|-<br />
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]<br />
|7th<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[N. Sivan Pillai]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|1982 – 1987<br />
|-<br />
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]<br />
|8th<br />
|1987 – 1991<br />
|-<br />
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br />
|9th<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[P. Raju]]<br />
|1991 – 1996<br />
|-<br />
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br />
|10th<br />
|1996 – 2001<br />
|-<br />
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br />
|11th<br />
| rowspan="6" |[[V. D. Satheesan]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=6|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|2001 – 2006<br />
|-<br />
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br />
|12th<br />
|2006 – 2011<br />
|-<br />
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br />
|13th<br />
|2011 – 2016<br />
|-<br />
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br />
|14th<br />
|2016 – 2021<br />
|-<br />
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
|15th<br />
|2021 - 2026<br />
|-<br />
|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br />
|16th<br />
|2026 - incumbent <br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.<br />
<br />
===2026===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Paravur}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[V. D. Satheesan]]|votes=78,658|percentage=49.2|change=-2.67}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[E. T. Tyson]]|votes=58,058|percentage=36.3|change=-2.14}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=BJP|candidate=Valsala Prasanna Kumar|votes=20,377|percentage=12.7|change=+4.53}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=935|percentage=0.58|change=}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
|votes =20,600 <br />
|percentage =12.7 <br />
|change =-0.53<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,59,555|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner =Indian National Congress <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2021 ===<br />
There were 2,01,478 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/statistical_report.pdf |title=Legislative Assembly 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260121075941/https://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/statistical_report.pdf |website=ceo.kerala.gov.in |archive-date=21 January 2026|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Paravur}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[V. D. Satheesan]]<br />
|votes = 82,264<br />
|percentage = 51.87<br />
|change = {{gain}}5.17<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Communist Party of India<br />
|candidate = M. T. Nixon<br />
|votes = 60,963<br />
|percentage = 38.44<br />
|change = {{gain}}4.59<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharath Dharma Jana Sena<br />
|candidate = A. B. Jayaprakash<br />
|votes = 12,964<br />
|percentage = 8.17<br />
|change = {{loss}}9.33<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = None of the above<br />
|votes = 1,113<br />
|percentage = 0.70<br />
|change = {{gain}}0.14<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = N. K. Biju<br />
|votes = 724<br />
|percentage = 0.46<br />
|change = {{gain}}0.11<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent politician<br />
|candidate = Sathyaneasan Ezhikkara<br />
|votes = 287<br />
|percentage = 0.18<br />
|change = –<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent politician<br />
|candidate = Prasanth<br />
|votes = 279<br />
|percentage = 0.18<br />
|change = –<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory<br />
|votes = 21,301<br />
|percentage = 13.47<br />
|change = {{gain}}0.62<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = 1,59,217<br />
|percentage = 79.02<br />
|change = {{loss}}4.92<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = {{gain}}5.17<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2016 ===<br />
There were 1,91,307 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref><br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Paravur}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[V. D. Satheesan]]|votes=74,985|percentage=46.70|change={{decrease}}5.08|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Sarada Mohan|votes=54,351|percentage=33.85|change={{decrease}}10.06|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| |party = Bharath Dharma Jana Sena| BDJS|candidate=Hari Vijayan|votes=28,097|percentage=17.50|change=''New''}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Faizal|votes=923|percentage=0.57|change=–}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=900|percentage=0.56|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Sijikumar K. K.|votes=557|percentage=0.35|change={{increase}}0.06}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Shinsa Selvaraj|votes=302|percentage=0.19|change=–}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Sathyaneasan|votes=261|percentage=0.16|change=– }}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|candidate=Jose Thomas|votes=200|percentage=0.12|change=–}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=20,364|percentage=12.85|change={{increase}}4.98}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,60,576|percentage=83.94|change={{decrease}}0.26}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|swing={{decrease}}5.08}}{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2011 ===<br />
There were 1,71,172 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Paravur}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[V. D. Satheesan]]|votes=74,632|percentage=51.78|change={{gain}}0.72}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[Pannian Ravindran]]|votes=62,955|percentage=43.91|change={{gain}}0.64}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=E. S. Purushottaman|votes=3,934|percentage=2.73|change={{loss}}0.13}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=K. K. Jyothivas|votes=754|percentage=0.52|change=-|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=P. P. Raveendran|votes=493|percentage=0.34|change=-|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=M. Manoj|votes=414|percentage=0.29|change={{gain}}0.63}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=11,349|percentage=7.87|change={{loss}}0.08}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,44,124|percentage=84.20|change={{loss}}9.19}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|swing=}}{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[North Paravur]]<br />
* [[South Paravur]]<br />
* [[Ernakulam district]]<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}<br />
<br />
{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Ernakulam district]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]<br />
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hattee_people&diff=502398Hattee people2026-05-06T21:19:08Z<p>RamonTietjen8: Created Some Info W/ Refs</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Socio-cultural community in India}}<br />
<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}<br />
<br />
{{Distinguish|Hatti}}{{Infobox ethnic group<br />
| group = Hatti<br />
| native_name_lang = [[Sirmauri language|Sirmauri]]<br />
| image = Sinhtoo Dance (2).jpg<br />
| image_caption = Singhtu dance by Hatti people<br />
| regions = [[Mahasu (region)|Mahasu region]], concentrated in its sub-regions of [[Jaunsar-Bawar]], [[Uttarakhand]] and [[Trans-Giri]] of [[Sirmaur district|Sirmaur]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
| languages = [[Sirmauri language|Sirmauri]], [[Western Pahari|Pahari]], minority [[Hindi]]<br />
| religions = [[Hinduism]]<br />
| related_groups = [[Jaunsari people|Jaunsaris]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Hatti''' or '''Hattee''' are a [[Western Pahari|Pahari]]-speaking socio-cultural community found in [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pradesh (India) |first=Himachal |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Administration_Report_of_the_Himachal_Pr/rUCW8fD6IUcC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=hatti+people+himachal&dq=hatti+people+himachal&printsec=frontcover |title=Administration Report of the Himachal Pradesh Administration |date=1964 |publisher=Director of Public Relations and Tourism |language=en}}</ref> They are an isolated community concentrated particularly in [[Trans-Giri]] region in [[Sirmaur district|Sirmaur]], Himachal Pradesh and adjacent region of [[Jaunsar-Bawar]] in Uttrakhand. They are famous for their distinct market places (known as ''Hatts'') and known for [[Fraternal Polyandry|faternal polyandry]] practice.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-25 |title=One bride, two grooms: The story of Himachal’s Hattis and the tradition of polyandry |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/one-bride-two-grooms-himachal-hatti-tradition-polyandry-10149630/ |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
They are currently recognized as [[Schedule Tribe]] community in Himachal Pradesh.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=4 August 2023 |title=THE CONSTITUTION (SCHEDULED TRIBES) ORDER (FOURTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 2022 |url=https://www.legislative.gov.in/static/uploads/2025/06/a6d8a2f1e3c775b02163b3db89ee1471.pdf |website=[[India.gov.in]] |publisher=Controller of Publisher, India |place=Delhi |pages=23}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
=== Etymology ===<br />
The isolated people of Trans-Giri region are famous for their traditional markets setup in the distinct styles known as ''Hatts'' from which the community is called to the ''Hattis'' (or ''Hattee''), deriving from the word ''Hatt.''<br />
<br />
=== Geographic distribution ===<br />
The Hattis are sub-divided into two groups: ''Giri Paar'' ''Hattis'' and ''Jaunsar Hattis'', of whom the 'Giri Paars' inhabitates the region of Trans-Giri (known as Giri Paar in [[Western Pahari]]) and 'Jaunsar Hatti' in region of Jaunsar-Bawar. They use to set up their markets (or Hatt) in their regions, often adjacent places of [[Dehradun district|Dehradun]], [[Shimla district|Shimla]] and [[Solan district|Solan]] leading to small population being settled in these places.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thakur |first=Ratika |last2=Bharadwaj |first2=Arun |last3=Sinha |first3=Anil Kishore |date=12 February 2024 |title=From a Community to a ‘Scheduled Tribe’: A Ethnographic Study of the Hatti |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2277436X241292690 |journal=Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India |volume=74 |issue=1 |doi=10.1177/2277436X241292690|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Culture ==<br />
They have inhabited the regions of Trans-Giri and have remained insolated due to the geographical barriers of high mountain ranges. The Hatts setup by them for trade is unique part of their culture and due to dependence on agriculture and animal husbandry, their trade is mostly related to plants and animal products. They are known for their tribal lifestyle, similar to the culture of the [[Jaunsaris]] and have prominence of traditional governing system called ''Khumbli'' (community councils) with strong customary laws on marriage, property and dispute.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Verma |first=Sarita |last2=Sharma |first2=Anurag |date=2020-06-01 |title=Folk customs and traditions prevalent in the Trans-Giri region of Himachal Pradesh: a case study |url=https://jtfp.jntbgri.res.in/index.php/jtfp/article/view/132 |journal=Journal of Traditional and Folk Practices |language=en |doi=10.25173/jtfp.132 |issn=2278-5906|doi-access=free }}</ref> They have many practices distinct from the neighbouring communities and unique form of [[Mask|mask dance]] called as Sinhtoo or Singhtu, where they dance portraying them as [[Cultural depictions of lions|Lions]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-24 |title=In a first, ancient folk dance ‘Sinhtoo’ to be performed at R-Day parade in Delhi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/ancient-folk-dance-sinhtoo-republic-day-parade-delhi-9796808/ |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> They also follows practice of [[Polyandry in India|polyandry]], though which is rare called "Jodidara".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parmar |first=Y S |author-link=Yashwant Singh Parmar |title=Polyandry in Himalayas |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |year=1975}}</ref><br />
<br />
Hattis have been [[Cultural Hindus|culturally Hindus]] and worship [[Mahasu Devta Temple|Mahasu Devta]], similar to other communities of [[Mahasu (region)|Mahasu region]]. During the time of [[Sirmur State]], they were introduced with traditional Hinduism and developed reverence of [[Kuldevi|kuldevis]] and with time the priest caste emerged in the community called ''[[Bhat]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapoor |first=R B |title=Gazetteer of the Sirmur State 1934 |publisher=B R Publishing Company |year=2012 |pages=32}}</ref> They have caste system among them with upper castes ([[Bhat|Bhatts]] and [[Khasas]]) and lower castes (Badhoi).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Ashutosh |date=2023-08-06 |title=Himachal’s Hatti community thanks PM Modi as tribal status finally comes through |url=https://www.indianarrative.com/india-news/himachals-hatti-community-thanks-pm-modi-as-tribal-status-finally-comes-through/ |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=India Narrative |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Scheduled Tribe status ==<br />
Hattis from long have argued that they were similar to the [[Jaunsaris]] of Uttarakhand with similar culture and practices, and asked the [[Government of India|Government]] to include them in the [[List of Scheduled Tribes in Uttarakhand|Scheduled Tribe category similar to Jaunsaris in Uttrakhand]] and [[List of Scheduled Tribes in Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Topno |first=S |title=Tribal Ethnography Customary Law and Change |last2=Ghatak |first2=N |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=1993 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=K S |pages=355-372 |chapter=The Jaunsaris of Uttar Pradesh}}</ref> They have insisted the government that their distinct culture and lifestyle qualifies the criteria of them being a Tribe, alongside they inhabit the remote areas of the Trans-Giri (Mahasu region) and Jaunsar-Bawar and their similar comunities in the Jaunsar-Bawar region have been granted as [[Scheduled Tribe]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pradesh (India) |first=Himachal |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Administration_Report_of_the_Himachal_Pr/rUCW8fD6IUcC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=hatti+people+himachal&dq=hatti+people+himachal&printsec=frontcover |title=Administration Report of the Himachal Pradesh Administration |date=1964 |publisher=Director of Public Relations and Tourism |language=en}}</ref> Though, their inclusion in the Scheduled Tribe (ST) list was met by opposition from other tribal communities due to their high landholding and better lifestyle and socio-economic conditions. The opposition was supported by the [[Schedule Caste|Scheduled castes community]] of Trans-Giri region arguing to grant of ST status to the [[Upper caste|upper castes]] within the community, which would provide them immunity from [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989|atrocity laws]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fresh hope for Hattis as HC sets final hearing on ST status |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/fresh-hope-for-hattis-as-hc-sets-final-hearing-on-st-status/ |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2023, the Government of India recognized the "''Hattee in Trans-Giri region of Sirmaur district''" as Scheduled Tribes through ''The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order (Fouth Amendment) Act, 2022'' after approval from [[Rajya Sabha]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Polyandry]]</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramesh_(politician)&diff=529238Ramesh (politician)2026-05-06T15:10:32Z<p>RamonTietjen8: creating a stub</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Ramesh<br />
| office = Member of the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency = [[Kalapet Assembly constituency|Kalapet]]<br />
| predecessor = [[P. M. L. Kalyanasundaram]]<br />
| term_start = 2026<br />
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
| profession = Politician<br />
}}<br />
'''Ramesh''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]. He was elected as a Member of the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Kalapet Assembly constituency|Kalapet]] constituency in the [[2026 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kalapet election results 2026: DMK’s Senthil Ramesh defeats BJP’s P M L Kalyanasundaram by 447 votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kalapet-election-results-2026/amp_articleshow/130577513.cms#amp_ct=1778058585441&amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17780582999847&referrer=https://www.google.com |access-date=2026-05-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Senthil Alias Ramesh(DMK):Constituency- KALAPET(PUDUCHERRY) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Puducherry2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=122 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SENTHIL ALIAS RAMESH |url=https://pyinfo.in/candidates/senthil-alias-ramesh/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=Pondicherry Information Bulletin |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramesh (politician)}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Nesar&diff=484931Ahmad Nesar2026-04-23T16:43:33Z<p>RamonTietjen8: Added New Info</p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian poet and author}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox writer<br />
| birth_name = Mohd Nesar Khan<br />
| name = Ahmad Nesar<br />
| native_name = احمد نثار<br />
| native_name_lang = ur<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1967|06|16}}<br />
| occupation = Writer, poet, editor<br />
| birth_place = [[Aurangabad, Bihar]]<br />
| language = [[Urdu]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Mohd Nesar Khan''' (born 16 June 1967 in [[Aurangabad, Bihar]]) in is an Indian poet and author known by the pen-name '''Ahmad Nesar''' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|احمد نثار}}}},[[Hindi]]:अहमद निसार). Writing primarily in [[Urdu]], Nesar is a prominent writer of [[Ghazal|Ghazal poetry]].<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
Graduating in information technology and working as a businessman, Nesar's literary career began in 1980 when he was first published. His poetic style is influenced by the work of [[Bashir Badr]]. Nesar has had four collections of poetry published. These were ''Waliel'' in 2006, ''Apne Virud'' in 2011, ''Breg Umeed'' in 2015, and ''Sarhane Meer Ke'' in 2022.<ref name="Financial Daily 2022">{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Rayees Ahmad |title="Sarhane Meer Ke" by Ahmad Nesar |url=https://thefinancialdaily.com/sarhane-meer-ke-by-ahmad-nesar/ |access-date=11 August 2025 |work=Financial Daily |date=13 June 2022}}</ref> Nesar received support from the National Urdu Language Development council in publishing the books.<ref name="Live Hindustan 2022">{{cite news |title=शायर अहमद निसार की किताब सराहने मीर का विमोचन |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/dhanbad/story-poet-ahmed-nisar-39-s-book-saarne-mir-released-7183608.html |access-date=11 August 2025 |work=Live Hindustan |date=7 October 2022 |language=Hindi}}</ref> In 2023, Nesar won the Indigo Club of [[Dhanbad]]'s Literary award.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zahir |first1=Mi |title=मशहूर शायर, अहमद निसार की साहित्य का श्रेष्ठ पुरस्कार |url=https://www.premnathbismil.com/2023/10/poet-ahmed-nisar-gets-literary-award.html |access-date=11 August 2025 |work=premnathbismil.com |date=5 October 2023 |language=Hindi}}</ref><br />
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From 1987 onwards, Nesar also worked as a journalist, and as of 2022 was the editor of the Urdu quarterly magazine ''Alami Falak''.<ref name="Kashmir Vision 2022">{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Rayees Ahmad |title=Book Review: 'Aalami Falak' |url=https://kashmirvision.in/2022/12/03/book-review-aalami-falak/ |access-date=11 August 2025 |work=Kashmir Vision |date=3 December 2022}}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nesar, Ahmad}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1967 births]]<br />
[[Category:Linguists of Urdu]]<br />
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]<br />
[[Category:Poets from Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Urdu-language writers]]<br />
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]<br />
[[Category:People from Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian writers]]</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tanu_Weds_Manu_Returns&diff=539593Tanu Weds Manu Returns2026-04-22T16:49:50Z<p>RamonTietjen8: starting a pg</p>
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<div>{{short description|2015 Indian film by Aanand L. Rai}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=October 2019}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Tanu Weds Manu Returns<br />
| image = Tanu weds Manu poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Aanand L. Rai]]<br />
| producer = [[Krishika Lulla]]<br/>Aanand L. Rai<br />
| writer = [[Himanshu Sharma]]<br />
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[R. Madhavan]]|[[Kangana Ranaut]]|[[Jimmy Sheirgill]]|[[Swara Bhaskar]]|[[Deepak Dobriyal]]}}<br />
| music = {{unbulleted list|'''Songs:'''|[[Krsna Solo]]|[[Tanishk-Vayu]]|([[Tanishk Bagchi]])|'''Background Score:'''|[[Krsna Solo]]}}<br />
| cinematography = [[Chirantan Das]]<br />
| editing = [[Hemal Kothari]]<br />
| studio = [[Colour Yellow Productions]]<br />
| distributor = [[Eros International]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|05|22}}<br />
| runtime = 128 minutes<!-- Theatrical runtime:128:0 --><ref name=Runtime>{{cite web |title=''TANU WEDS MANU RETURNS'' (12A) – British Board of Film Classification |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/tanu-weds-manu-returns-film |website=British Board of Film Classification |access-date=27 September 2015 |archive-date=28 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928044501/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/tanu-weds-manu-returns-film |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = {{INR|40}} crore<ref name="boibudgetwwg">{{cite web|title=Tanu Weds Manu Returns|url= http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/tanu_weds_manu_returns|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=30 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918184238/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/tanu_weds_manu_returns#.VvuN5uJ97IU|archive-date=18 September 2015}}</ref><br />
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|255.3 crore}}<ref name="boi">{{Cite web|date=22 May 2015|title=TANU WEDS MANU RETURNS BOX OFFICE|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/tanu-weds-manu-returns/box-office/|access-date=21 April 2022|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-date=21 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421122225/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/tanu-weds-manu-returns/box-office/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
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'''''Tanu Weds Manu Returns''''' is a 2015 Indian [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Aanand L. Rai]], and is a sequel to the 2011 film ''[[Tanu Weds Manu]]''. [[R. Madhavan]], [[Kangana Ranaut]], [[Jimmy Sheirgill]], [[Deepak Dobriyal]], [[Swara Bhaskar]], and [[Eijaz Khan]] reprise their roles from the original film. Ranaut also portrays an additional role of a Haryanvi athlete in the sequel. The story, screenplay and the dialogues were written by [[Himanshu Sharma]]. The soundtrack and film score were composed by [[Krsna Solo]] and the lyrics were penned by [[Rajshekhar]]. [[Saroj Khan]] and [[Bosco–Caesar]] were the film's choreographers while the editing was done by Hemal Kothari.<br />
<br />
[[Principal photography]] began in October 2014 and the film was released on 22 May 2015. The film carries the story forward showing the next chapter in the couple's life. Made on a budget of {{INRConvert|39|c|lk=|year=2015}},<ref name="boibudgetwwg" /> the film earned a total of {{INRConvert|255.3|c|lk=|year=2015}} globally and became one of the [[List of Hindi films of 2015#Box office collection|highest-grossing Hindi film of 2015]].<ref name="boi" /><ref name="bollywoodhungama.com">{{Cite web|date=17 May 2023|title=Female Centric Movies (India Box Office Lifetime)|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/female-centric-movies/|access-date=17 May 2023|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-date=17 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517091205/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/female-centric-movies/|url-status=live}}</ref> It is also one of the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films#Highest-grossing franchises and film series|highest-grossing Indian franchises]].<ref name="TWMRFranchise">{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/franchises-box-office/ |title=Franchises Box Office |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=25 December 2019 |access-date=24 December 2021|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227151844/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/franchises-box-office/ |archive-date=27 December 2019}}</ref><br />
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''Tanu Weds Manu Returns'' received critical acclaim, with particular praise directed towards Ranaut's performance, with many considering it one of the best Bollywood sequels ever made.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sequel of 'Tanu Weds Manu' titled 'Tanu Weds Manu Returns' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sequel-of-tanu-weds-manu-titled-tanu-weds-manu-returns/ |access-date=8 April 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=24 December 2014 |language=en |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227225819/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sequel-of-tanu-weds-manu-titled-tanu-weds-manu-returns/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Check out: Kangna Ranaut's warming up session on Tanu Weds Manu sets |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/check-out-kangna-ranauts-warming-up-session-on-tanu-weds-manu-sets/ |access-date=8 April 2021 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=25 November 2014 |language=en |archive-date=17 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517091654/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/check-out-kangna-ranauts-warming-up-session-on-tanu-weds-manu-sets/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The film received 3 awards at the [[63rd National Film Awards]], including [[National Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Ranaut). At the [[61st Filmfare Awards]], it received 3 awards, including [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress|Best Actress (Critics)]] (Ranaut). ''[[Film Companion]]'' listed Ranaut's performance in the film among the 100 greatest performances of the decade (2010s).<ref name="FCTWMR">{{Cite web|url=https://mubi.com/lists/film-companion-s-100-greatest-performances-of-the-decade|title=Film Companion's 100 Greatest Performances of the Decade|website=[[MUBI]] and [[Film Companion]]|language=en|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209074124/https://mubi.com/lists/film-companion-s-100-greatest-performances-of-the-decade|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Tanu Sharma and Manoj Kumar Sharma, aka Manu are a couple in [[London]] that married four years ago and have an unhappy and dysfunctional marriage. Tanu gets Manu detained in a mental asylum as revenge, and returns to her hometown [[Kanpur]], India, when her friend Payal calls her from India and tells Tanu that she has given birth to a baby girl. Before leaving London, Tanu rings Manu's friend Pappi Kutti in [[Delhi]] and tells him to immediately leave for London and release Manu.<br />
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In Kanpur at her parents' home, Tanu encounters a crafty law student called Chintu who has become a lodger but refuses to pay rent or vacate the room. Chintu befriends Tanu and slowly develops a crush on her, bemused by her antics. Tanu also learns that her ex-boyfriend, Raja Awasthi, is getting engaged to another girl and gets jealous. Pappi reaches London and gets Manu out and they reach India, where Manu sends a legal notice to Tanu to make her apologise, but she does not respond.<br />
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One day Manu goes to [[Delhi University]] to give a medical speech, where he sees Kusum Sangwan, a young Haryanvi student-athlete, who resembles Tanu. He slowly gets obsessed with Kusum and keeps following her despite Pappi's warning. One day after Kusum confronts them, Manu tells her about Tanu. Kusum sympathises and they gradually develop feelings for each other. Manu tells Kusum he wants to marry her and meets Omi, her elder brother. Omi has no issues with Manu but shows a picture of the boy his wife wanted Kusum to marry, who turns out to be Raja. Payal Gill, Tanu's best friend, calls Tanu and confesses that her newborn baby's father is not her husband Jassi Gill.<br />
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Chintu gets jealous of Raja going around with Tanu and their ongoing feelings and tells her father about it. He even sends Manu a nasty legal notice for a divorce, without Tanu's consent, but Manu responds by agreeing, which shocks Tanu. She confronts Chintu who says he loves her but Raja shoves him off. Raja also discovers his engagement is being called off as Manu is going to marry the new girl in his life. Both Raja and Tanu are enraged and decide to go to Delhi to confront Manu.<br />
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Manu, Kusum and Pappi travel to Chandigarh to convince Komal Gill, Payal's sister-in-law whom Pappi loves, to ditch her own wedding and elope with Pappi instead. As Pappi tries to convince Komal, Kusum is mistaken by everyone at the wedding as Tanu, including Payal, who tells her she had a [[In vitro fertilisation|test-tube baby]] secretly as Jassi had [[azoospermia]]. Kusum gets frantic on hearing these secrets and gives Payal a karate chop which knocks her out. She also lands a karate chop on Komal and they smuggle her to Jhajjar, where Kusum's villagers are waiting. But once her family finds out she loves Manu, they attack Manu and Pappi and lock up Kusum. Omi arrives and saves the day with his logic. The village agrees to Kusum and Manu's marriage.<br />
<br />
As wedding preparations start, Tanu and Raja reach there with Jassi, Payal, their baby and Manu's parents. Tanu makes fun of Kusum who snaps at her saying she is a state-level champion who is independent, loving and honest. She also reveals the truth behind Payal's baby in front of Jassi. A shocked and drunk Tanu meets Manu at night who brutally brushes off her declarations of love. In the morning, Tanu tells Kusum she is sorry about her behaviour and tells her she would like to stay and help out in their wedding preparations as a final attempt to stop the wedding.<br />
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Payal and Jassi are reunited. On the eve of the wedding, Tanu gets drunk and dances in front of Manu during the baraat procession. Her parents arrive with Chintu and are shocked to see Tanu shattered as Manu leaves for his marriage. Tanu sits quietly as Manu is marrying Kusum, until Kusum stops and confronts Manu, who confesses he still loves Tanu and cannot marry her. Kusum honourably releases him and walks off, to break down privately.<br />
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Tanu and Manu are reconciled with a tearful embrace.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[R. Madhavan]] as Dr. Manoj "Manu" Kumar Sharma<br />
* [[Kangana Ranaut]] in a [[Dual role|double role]] as <br />
**Tanuja "Tanu" Trivedi Sharma<br />
**Kusum "Datto" Sangwan<br />
* [[Jimmy Sheirgill]] as Raja Awasthi, Tanu's Ex-Boyfriend<br />
* [[Swara Bhaskar]] as Payal Gill<br />
* [[Deepak Dobriyal]] as Pappi Kutti / Dr. Radheshyam Agarwal (Fake)<br />
* [[Eijaz Khan]] as Jassi Singh Gill<br />
* [[Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub]] as Advocate Arun "Chintu" Kumar Singh<br />
* [[Rajendra Gupta]] as Rajendra Trivedi<br />
* [[Navni Parihar]] as Radha Trivedi<br />
* [[K.K. Raina]] as Kishan Kumar Sharma<br />
* Dipti Misra as Anjana "Anju" Sharma<br />
* Aakash Dahiya as Deepak Chaudhary<br />
* [[Shishir Sharma]] as Digvijay Sangwan<br />
* Gulzar Dastur as Mohini Sangwan<br />
* [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as Omprakash "Omi" Sangwan<br />
* Rahul Shankalya as Rajinder Sangwan<br />
* Kajal Bhadana as Pinky Bhatia<br />
* [[Manu Rishi]] as Manu's lawyer (Tees Hazari Court, Delhi)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
<br />
Following the positive response to ''[[Tanu Weds Manu]]'' post release in February 2011, the team considered making a sequel to carry the story forward showing the next chapter of the couple's life. The lead couple [[R. Madhavan]] and [[Kangana Ranaut]] both announced their interest of being a part of a proposed sequel, months after the original's release.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metromasti.com/bollywood/gossip/Kangna-Ranaut-wants-Tanu-Weds-Manu-sequel/9947 |title=Kangna Ranaut wants Tanu Weds Manu sequel &#124; Gossip |publisher=Metromasti.com |date=29 June 2011 |access-date=22 May 2015 |archive-date=12 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012125642/http://www.metromasti.com/bollywood/gossip/Kangna-Ranaut-wants-Tanu-Weds-Manu-sequel/9947 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Maddy-wants-Tanu-Weds-Manu-2/articleshow/7664332.cms |title=Maddy wants Tanu Weds Manu 2 – The Times of India |work=The Times of India |date=10 March 2011 |access-date=22 May 2015 |archive-date=15 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215005944/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Maddy-wants-Tanu-Weds-Manu-2/articleshow/7664332.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2011, Sunil Lulla of [[Eros International]] announced that they had signed on director [[Aanand L. Rai]] to work on a second part of the film titled ''Tanu Weds Manu: Season 2''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/tanu-weds-manu-aanand-l-rai-eros-international-141304-2011-09-15 |title=Eros films to produce sequel of Tanu weds Manu |work=India Today |date=16 September 2011 |access-date=16 December 2015 |archive-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021021540/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/tanu-weds-manu-aanand-l.-rai-eros-international/1/151493.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Early reports claimed that the lead actors would be seen in dual roles, while it was also speculated that [[Shahid Kapoor]] may replace Madhavan in the lead role.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/double-roles-in-tanu-weds-manu-2/article1-750786.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201120204/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Double-roles-in-Tanu-weds-Manu-2/Article1-750786.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 December 2011 |title=Double roles in Tanu weds Manu 2? |work=Hindustan Times |date=28 September 2011 |access-date=22 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shahid-Kapoor-to-romance-Kangna-Ranaut/articleshow/10323870.cms |title=Shahid Kapoor to romance Kangna Ranaut – The Times of India |work=The Times of India |date=12 October 2011 |access-date=22 May 2015 |archive-date=27 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527134030/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shahid-Kapoor-to-romance-Kangna-Ranaut/articleshow/10323870.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2012, the project was postponed to allow Anand Rai to proceed with another venture ''[[Raanjhanaa]]'' (2013), while the makers also wanted Ranaut to finish her commitments with ''[[Krrish 3]]'' (2013) as the sequel demanded a different look.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tanu-weds-manu-sequel-delayed-or-shelved/243785-8-66.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402021455/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tanu-weds-manu-sequel-delayed-or-shelved/243785-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 April 2012 |title='Tanu Weds Manu' sequel delayed or shelved? – IBNLive |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=29 March 2012 |access-date=22 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Why-Tanu-Weds-Manu-2-got-postponed/articleshow/11553014.cms |title=Why Tanu Weds Manu 2 got postponed! – The Times of India |work=The Times of India |date=19 January 2012 |access-date=22 May 2015 |archive-date=15 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215005948/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Why-Tanu-Weds-Manu-2-got-postponed/articleshow/11553014.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Following the release and success of ''Raanjhanaa'' in July 2013, Anand Rai confirmed that the sequel to ''Tanu Weds Manu'' was still active and would feature the original cast in the leading roles, playing down reports that [[Imran Khan (Bollywood actor)|Imran Khan]] and [[Anushka Sharma]] were to replace them.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.desimartini.com/news/bollywood/kangna-ranaut-r-madhavan-confirmed-tanu-weds-manu-2-theres-no-sequel-raanjhanaa/article5581.htm |title=Kangna Ranaut, R. Madhavan confirmed for Tanu Weds Manu 2 but there's no sequel for Raanjhanaa – Bollywood News |publisher=Desimartini |date=1 May 2014 |access-date=22 May 2015 |archive-date=11 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011072509/http://www.desimartini.com/news/bollywood/kangna-ranaut-r-madhavan-confirmed-tanu-weds-manu-2-theres-no-sequel-raanjhanaa/article5581.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5154/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627023334/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5154 |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 June 2013 |title=I could have easily made Raanjhanaa as Tanu Weds Manu 2 – Aanand L Rai &#124; Latest Movie Features |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=25 June 2013 |access-date=22 May 2015}}</ref> Screenwriter [[Himanshu Sharma]] began working on the film in July 2013 and revealed that only the first ten minutes would have a [[London]] backdrop, before the story returns to [[Lucknow]], [[Kanpur]] and [[Delhi]]. He went on to confirm the working title, though added it potentially may also be known as ''Tanu Weds Manu Extra Large''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Tanu-Weds-Manu-2-will-have-U-Ps-launda-naach-says-writer/articleshow/21618116.cms |title=Tanu Weds Manu 2 will have U.P's launda naach, says writer – The Times of India |work=The Times of India |date=5 August 2013 |access-date=22 May 2015 |archive-date=15 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215005930/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Tanu-Weds-Manu-2-will-have-U-Ps-launda-naach-says-writer/articleshow/21618116.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Pre-production continued through late 2013, with Ranaut's two-month trip to the USA delaying the start of the shoot in early 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Kanganas-US-stint-delays-Tanu-Weds-Manu-2-shoot/articleshow/28318219.cms |title=Kangana's US stint delays 'Tanu Weds Manu 2' shoot – The Times of India |work=The Times of India |date=3 January 2014 |access-date=22 May 2015 |archive-date=15 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215005924/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Kanganas-US-stint-delays-Tanu-Weds-Manu-2-shoot/articleshow/28318219.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She later confirmed that she would play a dual role in the film, that of an athlete apart from Tanu, and the team scouted for a body double to be used in scenes featuring both characters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indialive.today/double-role-for-kangana-ranaut-in-tanu-weds-manu-sequel/ |title=Double role for Kangana Ranaut in Tanu Weds Manu sequel |publisher=Indialive.today |date=3 August 2014 |access-date=22 May 2015 |archive-date=12 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012130400/http://indialive.today/double-role-for-kangana-ranaut-in-tanu-weds-manu-sequel/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Dhanush]], who had worked in ''Raanjhanaa'', was revealed to be playing a [[cameo appearance]] in the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2574917/Dhanush-to-do-cameo-in-Tanu-Weds-Manu-sequel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712141505/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2574917/Dhanush-to-do-cameo-in-Tanu-Weds-Manu-sequel |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 July 2014 |title=Dhanush to do cameo in Tanu Weds Manu sequel &#124; Hindi Movies News |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=9 July 2014 |access-date=22 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianreads.com/2015/05/tanu-weds-manu-returns-2015-movie-wiki.html |title=Tanu Weds Manu Returns (2015) Movie Wiki&#124; Cast & Crew &#124; Official Trailer |publisher=Indianreads.com |date=15 May 2015 |access-date=22 May 2015 |archive-date=18 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518090736/http://www.indianreads.com/2015/05/tanu-weds-manu-returns-2015-movie-wiki.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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The team began filming in October 2014 in [[Lucknow]], after a small launch ceremony. The first motion poster of the film was released on 23 March 2015 on the birthday of the leading actress, Kangana Ranaut at a special event in Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141007/entertainment-bollywood/article/actor-began-shooting-sequel-lucknow |title=R Madhavan on the sets of 'Tanu Weds Manu 2' |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=7 October 2014 |access-date=22 May 2015 |archive-date=11 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011213608/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141007/entertainment-bollywood/article/actor-began-shooting-sequel-lucknow |url-status=live }}</ref> "Ja Ja Ja Ja Bewafa" sung by [[Geeta Dutt]] in 1954 film ''[[Aar Paar]]'', was picturised on Ranaut, playing the background.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tanu Weds Manu Returns review: Some swagger and spitting images |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/tanu-weds-manu-returns-review-kangana-ranaut-r-madhavan-aanand-l-rai-new-film-deepak-dobriyal-movie-review-254171-2015-05-22 |date=22 May 2015 |access-date=25 May 2015 |archive-date=25 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525065553/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/tanu-weds-manu-returns-review-kangana-ranaut-r-madhavan-aanand-l-rai-new-film-deepak-dobriyal-movie-review/1/439553.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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==Controversies==<br />
In May 2014, the producers of the original film, Sanjay Singh, Vinod Bachchan and Shailesh Singh filed a legal notice stating that the director did not have the rights to make a sequel without their permission. Anand Rai replied stating that the trio only had rights over the first film and no direct rights over sequels or the franchise. In a further reply, Bachchan revealed that they were interested in making a sequel and should have been approached ahead of [[Eros International]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Aanand-Rai-receives-a-legal-notice-from-Tanu-Weds-Manu-producers/articleshow/35465297.cms |title=Aanand Rai receives a legal notice from Tanu Weds Manu producers – The Times of India |work=The Times of India |date=22 May 2014 |access-date=22 May 2015 |archive-date=15 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215005934/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Aanand-Rai-receives-a-legal-notice-from-Tanu-Weds-Manu-producers/articleshow/35465297.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2506477/Aanand-L-Rai-in-legal-trouble-over-Tanu-Weds-Manu-sequel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016185757/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2506477/Aanand-L-Rai-in-legal-trouble-over-Tanu-Weds-Manu-sequel |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 October 2014 |title=Aanand L Rai in legal trouble over Tanu Weds Manu sequel &#124; Hindi Movies News |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=21 May 2014 |access-date=22 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/How-can-Aanand-make-my-films-sequel-without-my-consent/articleshow/35384083.cms |title=How can Aanand make my film's sequel without my consent? – The Times of India |work=The Times of India |date=21 May 2014 |access-date=22 May 2015 |archive-date=6 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206102821/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/How-can-Aanand-make-my-films-sequel-without-my-consent/articleshow/35384083.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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In May 2015, a critic at the [[Mumbai Mirror]] gave the film 2.5 stars and a generally negative review. The newspaper later "revised" the critic's rating to 3.5 stars, based on reader feedback.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/mumbai-mirror-revises-tanu-weds-manu-returns-rating-tabloid-should-be-ashamed-2261510.html |title=Mumbai Mirror 'revises' Tanu Weds Manu Returns rating: Tabloid should be ashamed |work=Firstpost |date=26 May 2015 |access-date=27 May 2015 |archive-date=26 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526202837/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/mumbai-mirror-revises-tanu-weds-manu-returns-rating-tabloid-should-be-ashamed-2261510.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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== Soundtrack ==<br />
{{Further|Tanu Weds Manu Returns (soundtrack)}}<br />
The music and background score is composed by [[Krsna Solo]], and the lyrics were written by [[Rajshekhar]]. However, the song "Banno", which is a remake of the song "Banno Teri Ankhiyan Soorme", from the 1996 film ''"[[Dushmani: A Violent Love Story]]"'', has been composed by [[Tanishk-Vayu]] ([[Tanishk Bagchi]]), and written by [[Tanishk-Vayu|Vayu]], and the song "Mari Gali" has been written by N.S. Chauhan and SurjRDB.<br />
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==Release==<br />
The film was released worldwide on 22 May 2015 with nearly 2200 screens in India. The film was released overseas with 350 screens across the United States of America, United Kingdom, Canada, Pakistan, New Zealand, Australia and UAE. According to [[Box Office India]], the film had an average opening in circuits like Andhra Pradesh and [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-update/update-agneepath-has-unprecedented-opening/ |title=Box Office Update: BO Update: Tanu Weds Manu Returns starts strong |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=22 May 2015 |date=22 May 2015 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806184209/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-update/update-agneepath-has-unprecedented-opening/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Tanu Weds Manu Returns'' opened to almost 60% occupancies in screens up north, while screens across other states and metros had registered figures of 40–50%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/tanu-weds-manu-returns-takes-a-good-start-9269.html |title=Tanu Weds Manu Returns takes a good start |work=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=22 May 2015 |archive-date=24 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524014943/http://www.filmfare.com/news/tanu-weds-manu-returns-takes-a-good-start-9269.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The satellite rights of the film were sold to [[Zee TV]].<br />
<br />
== Critical reception==<br />
Upon release, ''Tanu Weds Manu: Returns'' garnered widespread critical acclaim, with Ranaut's performance receiving particular praise.<ref>{{cite web |last=Goswami |first=Parismita |title='Tanu Weds Manu Returns' Review Round-up: A Must-Watch Film |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/tanu-weds-manu-returns-review-round-must-watch-film-633245 |work=[[International Business Times]] |access-date=22 May 2014 |date=21 May 2015 |archive-date=22 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522132641/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/tanu-weds-manu-returns-review-round-must-watch-film-633245 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the Indian film review aggregator website The Review Monk, ''Tanu Weds Manu: Returns'' received an average score of 7.3/10 based on 43 reviews and 94% critics being in the favor.<ref>{{Cite web | url= https://thereviewmonk.com/movie/tanu-weds-manu-returns/ | title= Tanu Weds Manu Returns: Reviews | access-date= 29 November 2021 | archive-date= 29 November 2021 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211129095511/https://thereviewmonk.com/movie/tanu-weds-manu-returns/ | url-status= live }}</ref> On the [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film holds a score of 64% based on 11 reviews and an [[Weighted arithmetic mean|average rating]] of 7.2/10.<ref>{{cite web|title=TANU WEDS MANU RETURNS (2015)|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/tanu_weds_manu_returns|publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|access-date=29 November 2021|archive-date=25 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025131233/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/tanu_weds_manu_returns|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
[[File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Rajat Kamal Award to Ms. Kangana Ranaut (Best Actress) for Tanu Weds Manu, at the 63rd National Film Awards Function, in New Delhi.jpg|thumb|350px|Ranaut's performance in ''Tanu Weds Manu: Returns'' garnered widespread critical acclaim winning her the [[National Film Award for Best Actress]] at the [[63rd National Film Awards]].]]<br />
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=== India ===<br />
Stutee Ghosh of ''[[The Quint]]'' gave the film a rating of 5/5 and wrote, ‘‘''Tanu Weds Manu Returns'' is gob-smackingly good; It is a laugh riot and keeps you engaged till the end’’. Praising Ranaut's performance she further wrote, ‘‘In an industry where a ‘‘double – role” entails merely sporting two different shades of lipstick, Kangana is a delight to watch. Both as the madcap Tanu and the short haired, freckled Haryanvi Datto, she is incredible’’.<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 May 2015|title=Film Review: Tanu Weds Manu Returns is Superb|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/film-review-tanu-weds-manu-returns-is-superb|access-date=15 December 2021|website=[[The Quint]]|archive-date=15 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215043549/https://www.thequint.com/amp/story/entertainment/film-review-tanu-weds-manu-returns-is-superb|url-status=live}}</ref> Srijana Mitra Das of ''[[Times of India]]'' gave the film a rating of 4.5/5 and wrote, ‘‘''Tanu Weds Manu Returns'' is a total delight that keeps you laughing, sighing, cheering and guessing throughout’’. Praising Ranaut's performance she further wrote, ‘‘''Tanu Weds Manu Returns'' boasts one of the finest double roles ever in Hindi cinema; Kangana is breathtakingly good, both as doll-like drama queen Tanu and simple, dignified, earthy Kusum. Each role is performed with sensitivity, precision and flair, Kangana displaying the confidence of a talent Queen’’.<ref name="TWMRTOI">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/Tanu-Weds-Manu-Returns/movie-review/47379910.cms |title=Tanu Weds Manu Returns Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India |work=[[Times of India]] |access-date=22 May 2015 |archive-date=24 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524044541/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/Tanu-Weds-Manu-Returns/movie-review/47379910.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] of ''[[CNN-IBN]]'' gave the film a rating of 4/5 and praised Ranaut's performance by writing, ‘‘''Tanu Weds Manu Returns'' is no doubt a showcase for the immense talent of Ranaut, who sinks her teeth into this ‘double-role’ challenge, and creates two strikingly different characters; The actress makes you care for both characters. Watch this film for Kangana Ranaut, who's at the top of her game’’.<ref>{{cite news|author=Rajeev Masand|date=27 May 2015|title='Tanu Weds Manu Returns' review: It's funnier, better acted and far superior to its prequel|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/tanu-weds-manu-returns-review-its-a-crowd-pleaser-in-every-sense-995542.html|access-date=16 August 2021|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816073116/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/tanu-weds-manu-returns-review-its-a-crowd-pleaser-in-every-sense-995542.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Anupama Chopra]] of ''[[Film Companion]]'' gave the film a rating of 4/5 and praised Ranaut's performance by writing, ‘‘Watching Kangana Ranaut in ''Tanu Weds Manu Returns'' is like watching an athlete at the top of her game — consummate skill with effortless grace. As both the rebel without a cause, Tanu, and the Haryanvi sportswoman Kusum, Kangana is pitch-perfect. The film rests on Kangana’s shoulders and she carries it with her Herculean talent’’.<ref>{{cite web|last=Chopra|first=Anupama|date=23 May 2015|title=Tanu Weds Manu Returns review by Anupama Chopra: Datto overshadows the bumps in the film|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/tanu-weds-manu-returns-review-by-anupama-chopra-datto-overshadows-the-bumps-in-the-film/story-OI6kcWL5w0vCJoryItdfVJ.html|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=1 August 2020|archive-date=24 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824232441/http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/tanu-weds-manu-returns-review-by-anupama-chopra-datto-overshadows-the-bumps-in-the-film/story-OI6kcWL5w0vCJoryItdfVJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Sweta Kaushal of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave the film a rating of 4/5 and called it an "entertainer" and a "must-watch". Praising Ranaut's performance she wrote, ‘‘Kangana has done a fabulous job with her characters Tanu and Datto; From the body languages of the two women to their accents, Kangana aces it to the T. She proves yet again that she is one of the few heroines in Bollywood who is willing to experiment with different roles and still come out as the most convincing every time’’.<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 May 2015|title=Tanu Weds Manu Returns review: Kangana shines in this entertainer|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/tanu-weds-manu-returns-review-kangana-shines-in-this-entertainer/story-wvPlOsA8ZIHDbfXptAYnEI.html|access-date=15 December 2021|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=15 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215044116/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/tanu-weds-manu-returns-review-kangana-shines-in-this-entertainer/story-wvPlOsA8ZIHDbfXptAYnEI.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Ananya Bhattacharya of ''[[India Today]]'' gave the film a rating of 4/5 and wrote, ‘‘''Tanu Weds Manu Returns'' deserves a watch for the sheer brilliance that it is, and the way Kangana has nailed her roles’’. Praising Ranaut's performance she further wrote, ‘‘Kangana carries the film on her able shoulders, reminding one why the actress is among the most sought-after ones in the industry today. Ranaut infuses her Tanu with a rare charm and as far as Kusum is concerned, the actress does a mind-blowing job of getting the Haryanvi girl pitch-perfect. Never for a moment is one allowed the opportunity to think that it is one actress cast in dual roles in the film’’.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhattacharya|first=Ananya|date=22 May 2015|title=Tanu Weds Manu Returns review: Some swagger and spitting images|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/tanu-weds-manu-returns-review-kangana-ranaut-r-madhavan-aanand-l-rai-new-film-deepak-dobriyal-movie-review-254171-2015-05-22|access-date=17 September 2021|website=[[India Today]]|language=en|archive-date=17 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917061843/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/tanu-weds-manu-returns-review-kangana-ranaut-r-madhavan-aanand-l-rai-new-film-deepak-dobriyal-movie-review-254171-2015-05-22|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave the film a rating of 4/5 called it a ‘‘must-watch’’. They wrote, ‘‘''Tanu Weds Manu Returns'' is a must watch, especially for Kangana's spellbinding performance, outstanding plot and amazing one-liners’’. They called Ranaut's performance in the film her ‘‘career-best’’ and further wrote, ‘‘The undisputed captain of the ship is Kangana Ranaut, who delivers a career best performance. Her performance in the film is definitely award worthy. She really knows how to carry the film on her shoulders; The impact of her roles is so significant that you just cannot imagine any other actress in her role’’.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tanu Weds Manu Returns : Review|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/tanu-weds-manu-returns/critic-review/tanu-weds-manu-returns-movie-review/|access-date=17 September 2021|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=24 May 2015|language=en|archive-date=17 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917061840/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/tanu-weds-manu-returns/critic-review/tanu-weds-manu-returns-movie-review/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sukanya Verma of ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' gave the film a rating of 4/5 and called Ranaut a ‘‘powerhouse’’. Praising her performance she wrote, ‘‘As Datto her body language, which alternates between assertive and serene depending on the surrounding, and the sureness with which she rattles off her mother tongue is nothing short of flawless and as Tanu the talented star's calibre shines through in her understanding of a wife's thinly veiled manipulations that are but an attempt to restore what she haughtily believes to be rightly hers. Kangana, the powerhouse makes it difficult to pick a side’’.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Verma|first=Sukanya|title=Review: Kangana is a double delight in Tanu Weds Manu Returns!|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-kangana-is-a-double-delight-in-tanu-weds-manu-returns/20150522.htm|access-date=17 September 2021|website=[[Rediff.com]]|language=en|archive-date=17 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917061845/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-kangana-is-a-double-delight-in-tanu-weds-manu-returns/20150522.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave the film a rating of 3.5/5 and called it a ‘‘entertaining’’ and ‘‘engaging’’ film. Praising Ranaut's performance he wrote, ‘‘Kangana Ranaut, in a magnificently effective double role, powers the comic drama forward with an effortless act. The film vindicates the general belief that Kangana is currently in a zone where she can do no wrong; On one hand she is the bubbly and recklessly rebellious Tanu and on the other she embodies the no-nonsense persona of Datto, The actress fleshes out this pair of distinct individuals with such energy and finesse that it becomes difficult at times to tell that it is the same actress playing the two roles. In one word, astounding’’.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tanu Weds Manu Returns Movie Review – NDTV Movies |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/tanu-weds-manu-returns-movie-review-1129 |access-date=14 December 2021 |website=[[NDTV]] |date=22 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522090047/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/tanu-weds-manu-returns-movie-review-1129 |archive-date=22 May 2015 }}</ref> Manjusha Patil of ''Koimoi'' gave the film a rating of 3.5/5 and wrote, ‘‘This is a real Desi rom com with a slightly quirky touch. It will leave a big smile on your face as you leave the theatre’’. Praising Ranaut's performance she further wrote, ‘‘This film belongs to Kangana Ranaut; This is another stellar performance by her after ''[[Queen (2014 film)|Queen]]'' (2014)’’.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 May 2015|title=Tanu Weds Manu Returns Review|url=https://www.koimoi.com/reviews/tanu-weds-manu-returns-review/|access-date=17 September 2021|website=Koimoi|language=en-US|archive-date=17 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917061843/https://www.koimoi.com/reviews/tanu-weds-manu-returns-review/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sarita Tanwar of ''[[DNA India|DNA]]'' gave the film a rating of 3.5/5 and called its dialogues ‘‘great’’, its characters ‘‘endearing’’ and the performances ‘‘top class’’. She called Ranaut the ‘‘crowning glory’’ of the film and wrote, ‘‘The film’s crowning glory is Kangana who betters herself with every film she does. This time, as Tanu, she gets to do much more in terms of diversity. But her portrayal of Kusum steals the show this time. Heartwarming, honest and edgy, Kangana as Kusum is the life of the film; Watch this film for the one-woman-show of Kangana Ranaut’’.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tanwar|first=Sarita A.|date=22 May 2015|title='Tanu Weds Manu Returns' Review: Great dialogues, endearing characters and top class performances|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-tanu-weds-manu-returns-review-great-dialogues-endearing-characters-and-top-class-performances-2087983|access-date=17 September 2021|website=[[DNA India]]|language=en|archive-date=17 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917061839/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-tanu-weds-manu-returns-review-great-dialogues-endearing-characters-and-top-class-performances-2087983|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film a rating of 3/5 and praised Ranaut's performance by writing, ‘‘Kangana Ranaut plays it beautifully, mixing up the familiar with the new. I would buy a ticket for her’’.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/tanu-weds-manu-returns-movie-review-kangana-ranaut-plays-tanu-beautifully/ |title='Tanu Weds Manu Returns' review: It's better than the original |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=22 May 2015 |access-date=22 May 2015 |archive-date=22 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522181543/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/tanu-weds-manu-returns-movie-review-kangana-ranaut-plays-tanu-beautifully/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, ‘‘Known for creating a tangible atmosphere of small town, the team once again hit the ground running and doesn’t leave the audience’s pulse for even a moment’’. Calling Ranaut's performance in the film ‘‘gutsy’’ he further wrote, ‘‘Carrying forward her good form, it is a double delight from Kangana as she brilliantly delineates both the characters. She gives each of them a distinct identity which goes much deeper than the haircut and artificial dentures. It is her gutsy performance that prevents the film from getting reduced to a frivolous comedy’’.<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 May 2015|title=Tanu Weds Manu Returns: The taming of Tanu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/tanu-weds-manu-returns-the-taming-of-tanu/article7235207.ece|access-date=15 December 2021|website=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=15 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215043915/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/tanu-weds-manu-returns-the-taming-of-tanu/article7235207.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Rachit Gupta of ''[[Filmfare]]'' called ''Tanu Weds Manu Returns'' a ‘‘intricately designed’’ and a ‘‘well crafted’’ film. Praising Ranaut's performance he wrote, ‘‘Kangana Ranaut’s performance as both Tanu and Kusum is so enchanting that you can hardly see past her. She owns this film and she delivers it in five star fashion; The film is another fine feather in Kangana Ranaut’s flourishing hat’’.<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 May 2015|title=Movie Review: Tanu Weds Manu Returns|url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/movie-review-tanu-weds-manu-returns-9254.html|access-date=15 December 2021|website=[[Filmfare]]|archive-date=15 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215044650/https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/movie-review-tanu-weds-manu-returns-9254.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ajit Duara of ''[[Open (Indian magazine)|Open]]'' named ''Tanu Weds Manu Returns'' as the ‘‘funniest movie of the year’’ and praised Ranaut's performance by writing, ‘‘What Ranaut cleverly does with this double role is to demarcate feminine and masculine characteristics in women; Both women are attractive, but in different ways. This is a complex portrait of a woman’s persona and sexuality, and Ranaut has delivered it beautifully through a hilarious comedy of manners’’.<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 May 2015|title=Movie Review: Tanu Weds Manu Returns|url=https://openthemagazine.com/cinema/tanu-weds-manu-returns/|access-date=15 December 2021|website=[[Open (Indian magazine)]]|archive-date=15 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215044653/https://openthemagazine.com/cinema/tanu-weds-manu-returns/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mihir Fadnavis of ''[[Firstpost]]'' called the film a ‘‘crowd pleaser’’ and praised Ranaut's performance by writing, ‘‘The real draw of ''Tanu Weds Manu Returns'' is that you get two Kangana Ranauts to entertain you, and she delivers in a huge way. Both her avatars are likeable’’.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/tanu-weds-manu-returns-review-kangana-is-brilliant-in-a-sequel-thats-half-good-and-half-idiotic-2257562.html |title=Tanu Weds Manu Returns review: Kangana is brilliant in a sequel that's half-good and half-idiotic |publisher=[[Firstpost]] |date=23 February 2011 |access-date=22 May 2015 |archive-date=24 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524225059/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/tanu-weds-manu-returns-review-kangana-is-brilliant-in-a-sequel-thats-half-good-and-half-idiotic-2257562.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Overseas ===<br />
Prarthna Sarkar of ''[[International Business Times]]'' gave the film a rating of 4.5/5 and wrote, ‘‘To make a sequel better than its prequel is a tough challenge, but director Aanand. L. Rai aces it’’. Calling Ranaut the ‘‘star of the show’’ he further wrote, ‘‘Kangana is the star of the show. Unmistaken accent, perfect gait and subtle expressions, the leading lady's portrayal of Datto and Tanu is praiseworthy’’.<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 May 2015|title='Tanu Weds Manu Returns' Movie Review: Kangana Ranaut is the Star of the Show|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/tanu-weds-manu-returns-movie-review-kangana-ranaut-star-show-633344|access-date=15 December 2021|website=[[International Business Times]]|archive-date=15 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215045820/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/tanu-weds-manu-returns-movie-review-kangana-ranaut-star-show-633344|url-status=live}}</ref> Faiza S Khan of ''[[The Guardian]]'' gave the film a rating of 4/5 and called it a ‘‘unusually spiky Bollywood romcom’’. Praising Ranaut's performance she wrote, ‘‘Kangana Ranaut shines in this entertaining and slightly unconventional look at marriage which takes swipes at [[elitism]] and potshots at [[patriarchy]]’’.<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 May 2015|title=Tanu Weds Manu Returns review: unusually spiky Bollywood romcom|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/may/28/tanu-weds-manu-returns-review-witty-bollywood-take-on-marriage|access-date=15 December 2021|website=[[The Guardian]]|archive-date=15 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215045922/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/may/28/tanu-weds-manu-returns-review-witty-bollywood-take-on-marriage|url-status=live}}</ref> Manjari Saxena of ''[[Gulf News]]'' gave the film a rating of 3.5/5 and described it as a ‘‘hilarious journey’’. Praising Ranaut's performance he wrote, ‘‘Ranaut portrays gamut of emotions brilliantly in her double role as the wife who feels wronged and the practical but young girl in love. The National Award winning actress nabs Datto’s tomboyish and rustic demeanour with the same elan as the stylish and sexy Tanu; The ''[[Queen (2014 film)|Queen]]'' actress is clearly here to rule’’.<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 May 2015|title=Film review: 'Tanu Weds Manu Returns'|url=https://gulfnews.com/going-out/movie-reviews/film-review-tanu-weds-manu-returns-1.1519412|access-date=15 December 2021|website=[[Gulf News]]|archive-date=15 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215050029/https://gulfnews.com/going-out/movie-reviews/film-review-tanu-weds-manu-returns-1.1519412|url-status=live}}</ref> Shilpa Jamkhandikar of ''[[Reuters]]'' praised Ranaut's performance in the film by writing, ‘‘Kangana Ranaut walks away with the entire film, playing both Tanu and Kusum with panache, in what is probably the defining female performance of 2015’’.<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 May 2015|title=Movie Review: Tanu Weds Manu Returns|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUK76415521220150522|access-date=15 December 2021|website=[[Reuters]]|archive-date=15 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215050215/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUK76415521220150522|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Year-end lists ===<br />
Sukanya Verma of ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' cited ''Tanu Weds Manu Returns'' as one of the best Hindi films of 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 December 2015|title=Sukanya Verma's Best Films of 2015|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/sukanya-vermas-best-films-of-2015/20151222.htm|access-date=16 December 2021|website=[[Rediff.com]]|language=en|archive-date=16 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216081405/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/sukanya-vermas-best-films-of-2015/20151222.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Times of India]]'' listed it as one of the best films of 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 January 2016|title=Best of Bollywood 2015|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/best-of-bollywood-2015/articleshow/45714750.cms|access-date=16 December 2021|website=[[Times of India]]|language=en|archive-date=24 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224225500/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/best-of-bollywood-2015/articleshow/45714750.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' listed it as one of the people's choice best Hindi movies of 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 December 2015|title=People's choice best Hindi movies in 2015|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/peoples-choice-best-hindi-movies-in-2015/article8037021.ece|access-date=16 December 2021|website=[[The Hindu]]|language=en|archive-date=16 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216081648/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/peoples-choice-best-hindi-movies-in-2015/article8037021.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Film Companion]]'' listed Ranaut's performance in the film among the 100 greatest performances of the decade (2010s).<ref name="FCTWMR"/> ''[[NDTV]]'' listed Ranaut as one of the best Bollywood actors of 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|date=15 December 2015|title=Top 10 Bollywood Actors Of 2015: It's the Year of the Khan, Again|url=https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/top-10-bollywood-actors-of-2015-its-the-year-of-the-khan-again-21147|access-date=16 December 2021|website=[[NDTV]]|language=en|archive-date=16 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216081931/https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/top-10-bollywood-actors-of-2015-its-the-year-of-the-khan-again-21147|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' listed Ranaut as one of the 11 powerful Bollywood actresses of 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 December 2015|title=Top 11 Powerful Bollywood Actresses of 2015|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151229/entertainment-bollywood/gallery/top-11-powerful-bollywood-actresses-2015|access-date=16 December 2021|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|language=en|archive-date=16 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216082057/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151229/entertainment-bollywood/gallery/top-11-powerful-bollywood-actresses-2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Gayatri Gauri of ''[[Firstpost]]'' listed both the characters Ranaut portrayed in the film (Tanu and Datto) as one of the best female characters of the year 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 January 2016|title=Kangana in Tanu Weds Manu Returns, Deepika in Piku: Best female characters of 2015|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kangana-in-tanu-weds-manu-returns-deepika-in-piku-the-best-female-characters-of-2015-2567534.html/amp|access-date=16 December 2021|website=[[Firstpost]]|language=en|archive-date=16 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216082236/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kangana-in-tanu-weds-manu-returns-deepika-in-piku-the-best-female-characters-of-2015-2567534.html/amp|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Raja Sen]] of ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' named Ranaut's character in the film, Datto, as one of the most memorable Bollywood characters of 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|date=30 December 2015|title=Raja Sen's Most Memorable Characters of 2015|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/raja-sens-most-memorable-characters-of-2015/20151230.htm|access-date=16 December 2021|website=[[Rediff.com]]|language=en|archive-date=16 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216082348/https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/raja-sens-most-memorable-characters-of-2015/20151230.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Suresh Mathew of ''[[The Quint]]'' listed Ranaut's character in the film, Datto, as one of the most endearing and loveable characters from Bollywood films of 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|date=30 December 2015|title=5 Most Endearing Filmi Characters of 2015|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/5-most-endearing-filmi-characters-of-2015|access-date=21 December 2021|website=[[The Quint]]|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221183811/https://www.thequint.com/amp/story/entertainment/5-most-endearing-filmi-characters-of-2015|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Filmfare]]'' listed both the characters Ranaut portrayed in the film (Tanu and Datto) as one of the strongest women characters in Bollywood.<ref name="FilmfareTWMR">{{Cite news|date=8 March 2018|title=15 strongest women characters in Bollywood|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/15-strongest-women-characters-in-bollywood-26979.html|access-date=16 December 2021|website=[[Filmfare]]|language=en|archive-date=16 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216082541/https://www.filmfare.com/features/15-strongest-women-characters-in-bollywood-26979.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Box office==<br />
''Tanu Weds Manu Returns'' earned {{INRConvert|380|m}} in its opening weekend in India,<ref>{{cite web |title=Tanu Weds Manu Returns Is Biggest Hit Of 2015 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/tanuwedsmanureturnsisbiggesthitof2015 |publisher=Box Office India |date=24 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701012122/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/tanuwedsmanureturnsisbiggesthitof2015 |archive-date=1 July 2015}}</ref> for a worldwide gross of {{INRConvert|650|m}}.<ref name="grosswwow"/> Trade analysts reported that the film took in the biggest opening weekend collections for a Bollywood film that year, and also recovered its production budget in the first three days.<ref name="grosswwow">{{cite web |title=Tanu Weds Manu is Top Worldwide Opener Of 2015 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/tanuwedsmanuistopworldwideopenerof2015#.VWLU-0aSiao |publisher=Box Office India |date=25 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701000045/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/tanuwedsmanuistopworldwideopenerof2015 |archive-date=1 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tanu Weds Manu Returns Box Office Success Lifts Eros |url=http://profit.ndtv.com/news/market/article-tanu-weds-manu-returns-box-office-success-lifts-eros-765790 |publisher=NDTV |date=25 May 2015 |access-date=25 May 2015 |archive-date=25 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525103839/http://profit.ndtv.com/news/market/article-tanu-weds-manu-returns-box-office-success-lifts-eros-765790 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film earned {{INRConvert|85|m}} on its first Monday.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tanu Weds Manu Returns Monday Business |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/tanuwedsmanureturnsmondaybusiness |publisher=Box Office India |date=26 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630223242/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/tanuwedsmanureturnsmondaybusiness |archive-date=30 June 2015}}</ref> It earned {{INRConvert|975|m}} after its second weekend.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/tanuwedsmanureturnshassixthhighestsecondweekendofalltime#.VWy9W4uUdyw |title=Tanu Weds Manu Returns Has Sixth Highest Second Weekend Of All Time |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701012331/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/tanuwedsmanureturnshassixthhighestsecondweekendofalltime |archive-date=1 July 2015}}</ref> The film earned {{INRConvert|458|m}} in its second week in India for a two-week domestic total of {{INRConvert|1.15|b}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tanu Weds Manu Returns at 115 Crore After Two Weeks |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/tanuwedsmanureturnsat115croreaftertwoweeks#.VXFAVEaSiao |publisher=Box Office India |date=5 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607180127/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/tanuwedsmanureturnsat115croreaftertwoweeks |archive-date=7 June 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
The film earned ₹38.10 crore in its opening weekend and broke the record for the highest opening weekend collections for a women-centric film in India previously held by [[Priyanka Chopra]]'s ''[[Mary Kom (film)|Mary Kom]]''.<ref name="WeekendTWMR">{{Cite news|date=25 May 2015|title=Box Office: Tanu Weds Manu Returns Vs Women centric films|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-tanu-weds-manu-returns-vs-women-centric-films/|access-date=15 December 2021|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-date=15 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215134501/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-tanu-weds-manu-returns-vs-women-centric-films/|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the record was later surpassed by Ranaut's own 2019 film, ''[[Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi]]''.<ref name="MidDayTWMR">{{Cite news|date=29 January 2019|title=Manikarnika mints highest weekend collections for woman-centric film|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/Kangana-Ranauts-Manikarnika-creates-record-collects-highest-weekend-figures-for-woman-centric-film-406292|access-date=15 December 2021|website=[[Mid-Day]]|language=en|archive-date=2 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002185811/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/Kangana-Ranauts-Manikarnika-creates-record-collects-highest-weekend-figures-for-woman-centric-film-406292|url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, the film earned {{INR}}70.02 crore in its opening week which is the second-highest opening week collection for a female centric film in India behind ''[[The Kerala Story]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 May 2023|title=Female Centric Movies (India Box Office Opening Week)|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/female-centric-movies/india-box-office-opening-week/|access-date=12 May 2023|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-date=12 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512081534/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/female-centric-movies/india-box-office-opening-week/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 2 June 2015, ''Tanu Weds Manu Returns'' became the first Indian female-lead film to enter the ₹100 crore club.<ref name="100crTWMR">{{Cite news|date=2 June 2015|title=Box Office: Tanu Weds Manu Returns becomes first Women Centric film to enter the Rs. 100 cr club|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-tanu-weds-manu-returns-becomes-first-women-centric-film-to-enter-the-rs-100-cr-club/|access-date=15 December 2021|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-date=15 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215134459/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-tanu-weds-manu-returns-becomes-first-women-centric-film-to-enter-the-rs-100-cr-club/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="FinancialExpressTWMR">{{Cite news|date=10 June 2015|title=Tanu Weds Manu Returns box office collections: Kangana Ranaut's first women centric film in Rs 100 crore club|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/tanu-weds-manu-returns-box-office-collections-kangana-ranaut-starrer-first-women-centric-film-in-rs-100-cr-club/80639/|access-date=15 December 2021|website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|archive-date=15 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215134500/https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/tanu-weds-manu-returns-box-office-collections-kangana-ranaut-starrer-first-women-centric-film-in-rs-100-cr-club/80639/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="QuartzTWMR">{{Cite news|date=2 June 2015|title=No Khan here: A female star is leading Bollywood's first Rs100 crore film this year|url=https://qz.com/india/416678/no-khan-here-a-female-star-is-leading-bollywoods-first-rs100-crore-film-this-year/|access-date=15 December 2021|website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]|archive-date=15 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215134500/https://qz.com/india/416678/no-khan-here-a-female-star-is-leading-bollywoods-first-rs100-crore-film-this-year/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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According to [[Bollywood Hungama]] projection, ''Tanu Weds Manu Returns'' earned {{INRConvert|255.3|c|lk=|year=2015}} worldwide at the end of its theatrical run, to become one of the [[List of Hindi films of 2015#Box office collection|highest-grossing Hindi film of 2015]] .<ref name="boi" /><ref name="240cr">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/willthemegasuccessofbaahubalihitbajrangibhaijaanaseveninnorthindiaitsablockbuster |title=Will The Mega Success Of Baahubali Hit Bajrangi Bhaijaan As Even in North India Its A Blockbuster? |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716171244/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/willthemegasuccessofbaahubalihitbajrangibhaijaanaseveninnorthindiaitsablockbuster |archive-date=16 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/tanuwedsmanureturnsheadsfor225crworldwide#.VW1WcUaSiao |title=Tanu Weds Manu Returns Heads For 225 Cr Worldwide |access-date=2 June 2015 |publisher=Box Office India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626133220/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/tanuwedsmanureturnsheadsfor225crworldwide |archive-date=26 June 2015}}</ref> It is the second-highest grossing female-lead film in India behind ''[[The Kerala Story]]'' (2023).<ref name="bollywoodhungama.com"/> It is also one of the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films#Highest-grossing franchises and film series|highest-grossing Indian franchises]].<ref name="TWMRFranchise"/><br />
<br />
== Legacy ==<br />
After watching ''Tanu Weds Manu Returns'', Deepanjana Pal of ''[[Firstpost]]'' stated that this movie could make Ranaut the female [[Khan of Bollywood]]. She wrote, ‘‘The reason people want to watch ''Tanu Weds Manu Returns'', the reason there are great box office expectations of this film and the reason you sit through its two hours is Kangana Ranaut’’. She further wrote, ‘‘If the film does as well as it is expected to, then Ranaut will be the female equivalent of the [[Khans of Bollywood]]. She can act in films that are thorough disappointments, but she sells them to you with such charm and style that you don't really care that she and the stories she's telling deserve better’’.<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 May 2015|title=Tanu Weds Manu Returns review: This movie could make Kangana Ranaut the female Khan of Bollywood|url=https://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/tanu-weds-manu-returns-review-this-movie-could-make-kangana-ranaut-the-female-khan-of-bollywood-2258048.html/amp|access-date=21 December 2021|website=[[Firstpost]]|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221183944/https://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/tanu-weds-manu-returns-review-this-movie-could-make-kangana-ranaut-the-female-khan-of-bollywood-2258048.html/amp|url-status=live}}</ref> After the success of the film, S. Shivakumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated, ‘‘Kangana Ranaut will not be on the wish-list of the [[Khans of Bollywood]] for a co-star because of her intimidating screen presence; She doesn’t need them’’.<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 May 2015|title=The Queen Returns|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/kangana-ranaut-does-not-need-to-star-with-the-khans-of-bollywood/article7255654.ece|access-date=21 December 2021|website=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221184052/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/kangana-ranaut-does-not-need-to-star-with-the-khans-of-bollywood/article7255654.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Kunal Purandare of ''[[Forbes India]]'' called Ranaut the ‘outsider’ who rules Bollywood and stated, ‘‘The success of ''Tanu Weds Manu Returns'' which made a whopping ₹150 crore-plus business at the box office meant that the industry could no longer turn a blind eye to her. She began to draw audiences to the theatres purely on the basis of her reputation of being a solid actor. She continued to raise the bar and opted for a path that many other actresses feared to tread’’.<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 March 2016|title=Kangana Ranaut: The 'outsider' who rules Bollywood|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/blog/forbesindiablogs/kangana-ranaut-the-outsider-who-rules-bollywood/|access-date=21 December 2021|website=[[Forbes India]]|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221184301/https://www.forbesindia.com/blog/forbesindiablogs/kangana-ranaut-the-outsider-who-rules-bollywood/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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The ''[[Times of India]]'' listed ''Tanu Weds Manu Returns'' as one of the top twenty best Bollywood films of all-time.<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 February 2020|title=BEST BOLLYWOOD MOVIES|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/top-20-best-bollywood-movies-of-all-time|access-date=21 December 2021|website=[[Times of India]]|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110105206/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/top-20-best-bollywood-movies-of-all-time|url-status=live}}</ref> Rajiv Vijayakar of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' listed the film as one of the twelve sequels which are better than the earlier films. He stated, ‘‘More people watched <br />
''[[Tanu Weds Manu]]'' after and because they had loved ''Tanu Weds Manu Returns''’’.<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 March 2017|title=12 Sequels better than the earlier films|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/12-sequels-better-earlier-films/|access-date=21 December 2021|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221185209/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/features/12-sequels-better-earlier-films/|url-status=live}}</ref> Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' listed ''Tanu Weds Manu Returns'' as one of the best Bollywood films featuring double roles.<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 April 2020|title=Filmfare Recommends: Best Bollywood Films Featuring Double Roles|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/filmfare-recommends-best-bollywood-films-featuring-double-roles-40393.html|access-date=21 December 2021|website=[[Filmfare]]|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221185312/https://www.filmfare.com/features/filmfare-recommends-best-bollywood-films-featuring-double-roles-40393.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[IMDb]] listed it as one of the fifty best dual role Indian movies of all time.<ref>{{Cite news|title=50 Best Dual Role Indian Movies|url=https://m.imdb.com/list/ls023617788/|access-date=24 December 2021|website=[[IMDb]]|archive-date=24 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224163914/https://m.imdb.com/list/ls023617788/|url-status=live}}</ref> Saheli Maity of ''Koimoi'' listed it as one of the top sixty movies with multiple dose roles.<ref>{{Cite news|date=15 January 2015|title=List Of Hindi Movie Actors Who Have Played Double/Multiple Roles In The Same Film|url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-popular/list-of-hindi-movie-actors-who-have-played-doublemultiple-roles-in-the-same-film/|access-date=21 December 2021|website=Koimoi|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221191047/https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-popular/list-of-hindi-movie-actors-who-have-played-doublemultiple-roles-in-the-same-film/|url-status=live}}</ref> Priyanka Vartak of ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'' listed the film as well as Ranaut's dual-role in the film as one of the ten best and famous double role films and double-roles in Bollywood.<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 September 2017|title=Double Trouble: 10 famous double role films in Bollywood|url=https://m.freepressjournal.in/article/double-trouble-10-famous-double-role-films-in-bollywood/1144058|access-date=22 December 2021|website=[[The Free Press Journal]]|archive-date=22 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222093903/https://m.freepressjournal.in/article/double-trouble-10-famous-double-role-films-in-bollywood/1144058|url-status=live}}</ref> On the occasion of [[International Women's Day]], 2019, [[ZEE5]] listed ''Tanu Weds Manu Returns'' as one of the eleven Bollywood films that depict how [[feminism]] is done right.<ref>{{Cite news|date=8 March 2019|title=International Women's Day 2019: 11 Bollywood Films That Depict How Feminism Is Done Right|url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/international-womens-day-2019-11-bollywood-films-that-depict-how-feminism-is-done-right|access-date=21 December 2021|website=[[ZEE5]]|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221185812/https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/international-womens-day-2019-11-bollywood-films-that-depict-how-feminism-is-done-right|url-status=live}}</ref> Salva Mubarak ''[[Vogue India]]'' listed it as one of the thirteen best wedding-centric films of the decade (2010s).<ref>{{Cite news|date=17 December 2019|title=Best of 2010s: 13 films on weddings from the decade you have to watch if you haven't already|url=https://www.vogue.in/weddings/content/best-wedding-films-of-2010s-bollywood-hollywood-tanu-weds-manu-bridesmaids|access-date=21 December 2021|website=[[Vogue India]]|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221185941/https://www.vogue.in/weddings/content/best-wedding-films-of-2010s-bollywood-hollywood-tanu-weds-manu-bridesmaids|url-status=live}}</ref> Bollywood actor [[Rishi Kapoor]] called ''Tanu Weds Manu Returns'' a modern-day version of his own classic film ''[[Prem Rog]]'' (1982).<ref>{{Cite news|date=31 May 2015|title='Tanu Weds Manu Returns' is modern day 'Prem Rog': Rishi Kapoor|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tanu-weds-manu-returns-is-modern-day-prem-rog-rishi-kapoor/|access-date=21 December 2021|website=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221193735/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tanu-weds-manu-returns-is-modern-day-prem-rog-rishi-kapoor/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Ranaut's portrayal of a [[dual role|dual-role]] in the film received widespread acclaim. [[India TV]] listed Ranaut as one of the ten best Bollywood stars who excelled a new language for their movie.<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 February 2020|title=Big B to Salman: 10 Bollywood stars who excelled a new language for their movie|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/photos/entertainment-salman-khan-sultan-amitabh-bachchan-piku-bollywood-celebs-new-language-338596|access-date=21 December 2021|website=[[India TV]]|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221190356/https://www.indiatvnews.com/amp/photos/entertainment-salman-khan-sultan-amitabh-bachchan-piku-bollywood-celebs-new-language-338596/5|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' listed Ranaut as one of the five actors who aced the accent they had onscreen.<ref>{{Cite news|date=7 July 2016|title=Salman fails Haryanvi test in Sultan. Here are actors who aced their accents|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/does-salman-sound-like-a-haryanvi-in-sultan-actors-who-aced-their-accents/story-Lry9weSVeM6UjvpbW3hYdM.html|access-date=22 December 2021|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=22 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222093708/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/does-salman-sound-like-a-haryanvi-in-sultan-actors-who-aced-their-accents/story-Lry9weSVeM6UjvpbW3hYdM.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Srijana Mitra Das of ''[[Times of India]]'' called Ranaut's portrayal of a dual-role in the film as one of the finest double roles ever in Hindi cinema.<ref name="TWMRTOI"/> [[MSN]] listed Ranaut's dual-role in the film as one of the most iconic double roles in Bollywood movies.<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 March 2020|title=Iconic double roles in Bollywood movies|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/gallery/iconic-double-roles-in-bollywood-movies/ss-BBn0JGm#image=23|access-date=21 December 2021|website=[[MSN]]|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221191310/https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/gallery/iconic-double-roles-in-bollywood-movies/ss-BBn0JGm#image=23|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'' listed Ranaut's performance in the film as one of the ten greatest lead performances that went beyond the requirements of the script to create memorable characters. They called Ranaut's portrayal of a dual-role in the film as one of the best dual roles ever attempted in a Hindi film.<ref>{{Cite news|date=31 May 2019|title=10 Most rocking performances by a lead actor|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/10-most-rocking-performances-by-a-lead-actor|access-date=21 December 2021|website=[[The Free Press Journal]]|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221191822/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/10-most-rocking-performances-by-a-lead-actor|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Filmfare]]'' listed ''Tanu Weds Manu Returns'' as one of movies that showcased Ranaut's class as an actor. They called Ranaut's role in the film as one of her most ‘‘iconic’’ roles and wrote, ‘‘Kangana Ranaut really flaunts her versatility with this film as even though she plays two distinct characters, not for a second you’ll feel it’s the same person playing them’’.<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 March 2020|title=Kangana Ranaut's Movies that Showcased her Class as an Actor|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/kangana-ranauts-movies-that-showcased-her-class-as-an-actor-39714.html|access-date=21 December 2021|website=[[Filmfare]]|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221191943/https://www.filmfare.com/features/kangana-ranauts-movies-that-showcased-her-class-as-an-actor-39714.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Film Companion]]'' listed Ranaut's performance in the film among the 100 greatest performances of the decade (2010s).<ref name="FCTWMR"/><br />
<br />
The characters in ''Tanu Weds Manu Returns'' has become some of the most popular and recognizable characters in Hindi Cinema. ''[[Filmfare]]'' listed both the characters Ranaut portrayed in the film (Tanu and Datto) as one of the strongest women characters in Bollywood.<ref name="FilmfareTWMR"/> Madhavi Pothukuchi of ''[[ScoopWhoop|Vagabomb]]'' listed both the characters Ranaut portrayed in the film (Tanu and Datto) as one of the ten Bollywood female characters who gave us important life lessons.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 March 2018|title=From Bitti to Shashi: 10 Bollywood Female Characters Who Gave Us Important Life Lessons|url=https://www.vagabomb.com/amp/10-Lessons-We-Learnt-from-Our-Favourite-Bollywood-Female-Characters-That-Will-Always-Be-True/?ref=amp|access-date=21 December 2021|website=[[ScoopWhoop|Vagabomb]]|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221192931/https://www.vagabomb.com/amp/10-Lessons-We-Learnt-from-Our-Favourite-Bollywood-Female-Characters-That-Will-Always-Be-True/?ref=amp|url-status=live}}</ref> Shilpa Dubey of [[Pinkvilla]] listed Ranaut's character in the film, Tanu, as one of the iconic female characters from the 2010s decade of Bollywood.<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 March 2016|title=These iconic female characters from the last decade of Bollywood will tell you all about womanhood|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/discussion/350915/these-iconic-female-characters-last-decade-bollywood-will-tell-you?amp|access-date=22 December 2021|website=[[Pinkvilla]]|archive-date=22 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222095537/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/discussion/350915/these-iconic-female-characters-last-decade-bollywood-will-tell-you?amp|url-status=live}}</ref> Srishti Magan of ''[[ScoopWhoop]]'' listed Dobriyal's character in the film, ‘Pappi Ji’, as one of the best side characters from Hindi movies who were so brilliant that they deserve their own story.<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 May 2020|title=14 'Side' Characters From Hindi Movies Who Were So Brilliant, They Deserve Their Own Story|url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/14-side-characters-from-hindi-movies-who-were-so-brilliant-they-deserve-their-own-story/|access-date=21 December 2021|website=[[ScoopWhoop]]|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221193330/https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/14-side-characters-from-hindi-movies-who-were-so-brilliant-they-deserve-their-own-story/|url-status=live}}</ref> Bhavya Sadhwani of ''[[Indiatimes|IndiaTimes]]'' listed Madhavan and Dobriyal's characters in the film, Manu and Pappi ji, as one of the fifty characters that resonated with us and are likely to stay etched in our memories for a long long time.<ref>{{Cite news|date=13 January 2020|title=50 Characters That Resonated With Us & Made A Special Place In Our Hearts In The Last 10 Years|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/50-characters-that-resonated-with-us-made-a-special-place-in-our-hearts-in-the-last-10-years-503505.html|access-date=22 December 2021|website=[[Indiatimes]]|archive-date=22 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222094154/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/50-characters-that-resonated-with-us-made-a-special-place-in-our-hearts-in-the-last-10-years-503505.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Over the years, ''Tanu Weds Manu Returns'' along with ''[[Tanu Weds Manu]]'' has become a [[cult classic]] franchise.<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 February 2020|title=Despite Its Flaws, 9 Reasons Why 'Tanu Weds Manu' Is A Film That A True Movie-Buff Cannot Hate!|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/despite-its-flaws-9-reasons-why-tanu-and-manu-is-a-film-that-a-true-movie-buff-cannot-hate-507071.html|access-date=23 December 2021|website=[[Indiatimes]]|archive-date=23 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223141422/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/despite-its-flaws-9-reasons-why-tanu-and-manu-is-a-film-that-a-true-movie-buff-cannot-hate-507071.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It is also one of the most successful Indian franchises.<ref name="TWMRFranchise"/> Additionally, its dialogues and one-liners has reached a [[cult following|cult status]] spawning several online [[meme]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|date=3 June 2015|title=Tanu Weds Manu Returns: One liners which will live forever|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/tanu-weds-manu-returns-one-liners-which-will-live-forever/photostory/47523604.cms|access-date=23 December 2021|website=[[Times of India]]|archive-date=23 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223173233/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/tanu-weds-manu-returns-one-liners-which-will-live-forever/photostory/47523604.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=23 May 2020|title='Tanu Weds Manu Returns' turns 5: Here are 10 CULT dialogues from the film|url=https://www.businessupturn.com/entertainment/movies/tanu-weds-manu-returns-turns-5-here-are-10-cult-dialogues-from-the-film/|access-date=23 December 2021|website=www.businessupturn.com|archive-date=23 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223141534/https://www.businessupturn.com/entertainment/movies/tanu-weds-manu-returns-turns-5-here-are-10-cult-dialogues-from-the-film/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=28 May 2015|title=Tanu Weds Manu Returns: Funny one-liners replace heavy dialogues in Hindi films|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tanu-weds-manu-returns-funny-one-liners-replace-heavy-dialogues-in-bollywood/|access-date=23 December 2021|website=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=23 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223141534/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tanu-weds-manu-returns-funny-one-liners-replace-heavy-dialogues-in-bollywood/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=23 May 2020|title=9 Times Tanu And Manu Gave Us Memes That Are Relatable AF!|url=https://blog.theweddingbrigade.com/blog/8-times-tanu-and-manu-gave-us-wedding-memes/|access-date=23 December 2021|archive-date=23 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223141536/https://blog.theweddingbrigade.com/blog/8-times-tanu-and-manu-gave-us-wedding-memes/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film is considered as one of the most important and best films of director Rai as well as one of the best films of both Ranaut and Madhavan.<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 June 2021|title=Happy Birthday Aanand L Rai: Top 5 Movies by the Filmmaker-producer|url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/happy-birthday-aanand-l-rai-top-5-movies-by-the-filmmaker-producer-3898163.html|access-date=23 December 2021|website=[[CNN-IBN]]|archive-date=23 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223143333/https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/happy-birthday-aanand-l-rai-top-5-movies-by-the-filmmaker-producer-3898163.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=23 March 2021|title=10 Best Films of Kangana Ranaut|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/filmfare-recommends-10-best-films-of-kangana-ranaut-47222.html|access-date=23 December 2021|website=[[Filmfare]]|archive-date=23 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223143454/https://www.filmfare.com/features/filmfare-recommends-10-best-films-of-kangana-ranaut-47222.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=1 June 2020|title=Filmfare recommends: Best films of Madhavan down the years|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/filmfare-recommends-best-films-of-madhavan-down-the-years-41268.html|access-date=23 December 2021|website=[[Filmfare]]|archive-date=23 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223143549/https://www.filmfare.com/features/filmfare-recommends-best-films-of-madhavan-down-the-years-41268.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the first part of the franchise, ''[[Tanu Weds Manu]]'', Director Rai revealed that people identify or refer him as ‘‘Woh Tanu Weds Manu wala Aanand Rai’’ ({{translation| That's Tanu Weds Manu's maker, Aanand Rai}}).<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 February 2021|title=Woh Tanu Weds Manu wala Aanand Rai: Director thanks fans for the tag as Kangana Ranaut-Madhavan starrer clocks 10 years|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/woh-tanu-weds-manu-wala-aanand-l-rai-director-thanks-fans-for-tag-as-kangana-ranaut-madhavan-film-turns-10-101614228981177.html|access-date=23 December 2021|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=23 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223145208/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/woh-tanu-weds-manu-wala-aanand-l-rai-director-thanks-fans-for-tag-as-kangana-ranaut-madhavan-film-turns-10-101614228981177.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards and nominations==<br />
{{main|List of accolades received by Tanu Weds Manu Returns}}<br />
At the [[63rd National Film Awards]], ''Tanu Weds Manu Returns'' won [[National Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (for Ranaut), [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]] and [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Dialogues]].<ref>{{cite news|title=63rd National Film Awards: List of winners |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/63rd-National-Film-Awards-List-of-winners/articleshow/51580133.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 March 2013 |access-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331075309/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/63rd-National-Film-Awards-List-of-winners/articleshow/51580133.cms |archive-date=31 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the [[61st Filmfare Awards]] ceremony, the film won two awards: [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress|Best Actress (Critics)]] (for Ranaut) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Ghosh |first=Raya |title=Filmfare Awards 2016: Complete List of Winners |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/filmfare-awards-2016-complete-list-of-winners-1266376 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=15 January 2016 |access-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317124128/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/filmfare-awards-2016-complete-list-of-winners-1266376 |archive-date=17 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film also received nominations for [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Rai) among others at the ceremony.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nominations for the 61st Britannia Filmfare Awards |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-61st-britannia-filmfare-awards-11809.html |work=Filmfare |date=11 January 2016 |access-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413161505/http://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-61st-britannia-filmfare-awards-11809.html |archive-date=13 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br />
* {{Mojo movie}}<br />
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|tanu-weds-manu-returns<!-- id# 547997 -->}}<br />
* [https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/tanu-weds-manu-returns/0-0-movie_261592868 ''Tanu Weds Manu Returns''] at [[ZEE5]]<br />
<br />
{{Films by Aanand L. Rai}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2015 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Krsna Solo]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Tanishk Bagchi]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Tanishk-Vayu]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Lucknow]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in London]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in London]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Haryana]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:2015 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2015 romantic comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about Indian weddings]]<br />
[[Category:Films whose writer won the Best Dialogue National Film Award]]<br />
[[Category:Films whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay National Film Award]]<br />
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Actress National Award–winning performance]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Kanpur]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Aanand L. Rai]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Colour Yellow Productions films]]</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Srisailam_Assembly_constituency&diff=537239Srisailam Assembly constituency2026-04-19T19:35:29Z<p>RamonTietjen8: starting post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Srisailam<br />
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (135-Srisailam highlighted).png<br />
| map_caption = Location of Srisailam Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh<br />
| mla = [[Budda Rajasekhar Reddy]]<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| district = [[Nandyal district|Nandyal]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency|Nandyal]]<br />
| established = 2008<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| electors = 184,794<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 135<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Srisailam Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Nandyal district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. It is one of seven assembly segments of [[Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=21, 31|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Budda Rajasekhar Reddy]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm|title=Assembly Election 2019|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 184,794 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 2008, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (2008).''<br />
<br />
== Mandals ==<br />
{{srn}}<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"<br />
!Mandal<br />
|-<br />
| Srisailam<br />
|-<br />
| Atmakur<br />
|-<br />
| Velgode<br />
|-<br />
| Bandi Atmakur<br />
|-<br />
| Mahanandi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan="2" | Political party<br />
|-<br />
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br />
| [[Earasu Prathap Reddy]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br />
| [[Budda Rajasekhar Reddy]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br />
| [[Silpa Chakrapani Reddy]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| Budda Rajasekhar Reddy<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
===2014===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Srisailam}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = YSR Congress Party<br />
|candidate = [[Budda Rajasekhar Reddy]]<br />
|votes = 74,249<br />
|percentage = 50.09<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = [[Silpa Chakrapani Reddy]]<br />
|votes = 69,388<br />
|percentage = 46.81<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 4,861<br />
|percentage = 3.28<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 148,223<br />
|percentage = 80.71<br />
|change = +2.69<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = YSR Congress Party<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2019===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Srisailam}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = YSR Congress Party<br />
|candidate = [[Silpa Chakrapani Reddy]]<br />
|votes = 92,236<br />
|percentage = 60.41<br />
|change = +10.32<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = [[Budda Rajasekhar Reddy]]<br />
|votes = 53,538<br />
|percentage = 35.07<br />
|change = -11.74<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 38,698<br />
|percentage = 25.37<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 152,510<br />
|percentage = 82.53<br />
|change = +1.82<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = YSR Congress Party<br />
|loser = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2024===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Srisailam<ref name="2024 Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results - Srisailam">{{cite news|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S01135.htm|title=2024 Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results - Srisailam|publisher=Election Commission of India|date=4 June 2024|accessdate=5 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705044436/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S01135.htm|archivedate=5 July 2024}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = [[Budda Rajasekhar Reddy]]<br />
|votes = 81,699 <br />
|percentage = 49.64<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = YSR Congress Party<br />
|candidate = [[Silpa Chakrapani Reddy]]<br />
|votes = 75,314 <br />
|percentage = 45.76<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress <br />
|candidate = Asar Syed Ismail<br />
|votes = 3,429 <br />
|percentage = 2.08<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = NOTA<br />
|candidate = None Of The Above <br />
|votes = 1,077 <br />
|percentage = 0.65<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 6,385<br />
|percentage = 3.88<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,64,580<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Telugu Desam Party <br />
|loser = YSR Congress Party <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}{{Nandyal district}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
{{coord|16.07|78.87|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Nandyal district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mamit_Assembly_constituency&diff=515602Mamit Assembly constituency2026-04-18T23:39:35Z<p>RamonTietjen8: creating new info more to come!</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Mizoram legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Mamit<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Mizoram (Mamit highlighted).png<br />
| state = [[Mizoram]]<br />
| district = [[Mamit district|Mamit]]<br />
| constituency_no = 3<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency|Mizoram]]<br />
| established = 1987<br />
| reservation = ST<br />
| mla = [[H. Lalzirliana]]<br />
| party = [[Mizo National Front]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:19739}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Mamit''' is one of the 40 [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Mizoram]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Assembly Elections December 2013 Results |work=ECI |publisher=Election Commission of India |url=http://eciresults.ap.nic.in |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215221429/http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ |archivedate=2013-12-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=elections.in>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/mizoram/assembly-constituencies|title=Mizoram Assembly Constituency List|publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is part of [[Mamit district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<br />
!colspan="2"|Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[1987 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1987]] <br />
| K. Zahungliana<br />
| {{Full party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1989 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1989]] <br />
| rowspan=2|Lalthuthanga<br />
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1993 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1998 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1998]] <br />
| [[T. Sailo]]<br />
| {{Full party name with colour|Mizoram People's Conference}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2003 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2003]] <br />
| Lalthlengliana<br />
| {{Full party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008/><br />
| rowspan=2|John Rotluangliana<br />
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013/><br />
|-<br />
|[[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2018]] <br />
| [[H. Lalzirliana]]<ref name=election2018/><br />
| {{Full party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
===2023===<br />
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Mamit}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[H. Lalzirliana]]|party=Mizo National Front|votes=7,167|percentage=34.90|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Lalthanzama|party=Indian National Congress|votes=5,375|percentage=26.17|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=H. Zorempuia|party=Zoram People's Movement|votes=5,359|percentage=26.09|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Lalrinliana Sailo]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=2,454|percentage=11.95|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=95|percentage=0.46|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority|votes=1,792|percentage=8.73|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = Mizo National Front<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2018 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Mamit<ref name=election2018>{{cite web|title=Mizoram Legislative Election 2018- Statistical Report|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9687-mizoram-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[H. Lalzirliana]]<br />
|party = Mizo National Front<br />
|votes = 6874<br />
|percentage = 35.39<br />
|change = {{increase}}4.20<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[John Rotluangliana]]<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = 6467<br />
|percentage = 33.29<br />
|change = {{decrease}}12.52<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Malsawmtluanga<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = 4528<br />
|percentage = 23.31<br />
|change = {{increase}}22.72<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = C. Zothansanga<br />
|party = Zoram People's Movement<br />
|votes = 1122<br />
|percentage = 5.78<br />
|change = {{decrease}}1.83<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Lianzuala<br />
|party = National People's Party (India)<br />
|votes = 90<br />
|percentage = 0.46<br />
|change = ''New''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Lalawmpuia Chhangte<br />
|party = Nationalist Congress Party<br />
|votes = 80<br />
|percentage = 0.41<br />
|change = {{decrease}}13.50<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = B. Lalhmunzawnga<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|votes = 75<br />
|percentage = 0.39<br />
|change = ''New''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|votes = 190<br />
|percentage = 0.98<br />
|change = {{increase}}0.28<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 407<br />
|percentage = 2.12<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 19,426<br />
|percentage = 82.05<br />
|change = {{decrease}}4.00<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Mizo National Front<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2013===<br />
{{Election box begin | title= [[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Mamit<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url= http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResult.htm |title= Assembly Elections December 2013 Results |publisher= Election Commission of India |access-date= 8 October 2021 |archive-date= 15 December 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131215065208/http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResult.htm |url-status= dead }}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[John Rotluangliana]]<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = 7798<br />
|percentage = 45.81<br />
|change = {{increase}}13.83<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = H. B. Lianmunga<br />
|party = Mizo National Front<br />
|votes = 5308<br />
|percentage = 31.19<br />
|change = {{increase}}14.74<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Biakthuama Molshoy<br />
|party = Nationalist Congress Party<br />
|votes = 2368<br />
|percentage = 13.91<br />
|change = {{increase}}13.14<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Lalrimawia<br />
|party = Zoram Nationalist Party<br />
|votes = 1296<br />
|percentage = 7.61<br />
|change = {{decrease}}7.62<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = R. Laltawnliana<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = 100<br />
|percentage = 0.59<br />
|change = {{decrease}}1.09<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|votes = 151<br />
|percentage = 0.89<br />
|change = ''New''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 2490<br />
|percentage = 14.76<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 17021<br />
|percentage = 86.05<br />
|change = {{increase}}1.15<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2008===<br />
{{Election box begin | title= [[2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Mamit<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3666-mizoram-2008/ |title=Mizoram 2008 - Mizoram - Election Commission of India |date= |author= |accessdate= 8 October 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[John Rotluangliana]]<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = 4421<br />
|percentage = 31.98<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[Lalthlengliana]]<br />
|party = Mizo National Front<br />
|votes = 2274<br />
|percentage = 16.45<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Lallawmsanga Apetow<br />
|party = Independent politician<br />
|votes = 2211<br />
|percentage = 15.99<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Laltanpuia<br />
|party = Zoram Nationalist Party<br />
|votes = 2106<br />
|percentage = 15.23<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Lalromawia<br />
|party = Independent politician<br />
|votes = 1893<br />
|percentage = 13.69<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = R. Lalhmunmawia<br />
|party = Independent politician<br />
|votes = 366<br />
|percentage = 2.65<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Lalhluna<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = 232<br />
|percentage = 1.68<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Mathew Lalnunpuia<br />
|party = Nationalist Congress Party<br />
|votes = 107<br />
|percentage = 0.77<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate|<br />
|candidate = Suresbihari<br />
|party = LB<br />
|votes = 89<br />
|percentage = 0.64<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = M. Zarzoliana<br />
|party = Lok Janshakti Party<br />
|votes = 68<br />
|percentage = 0.49<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = T. Lalsanga<br />
|party = Janata Dal (United)<br />
|votes = 57<br />
|percentage = 0.41<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 2147<br />
|percentage = 15.53<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 13824<br />
|percentage = 84.9<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = Mizo National Front<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2003===<br />
{{Election box begin | title= [[2003 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Mamit}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Lalthlengliana|party=Mizo National Front|votes=2,805|percentage=35.1|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=John Rotluangliana|party=Indian National Congress|votes=2,638|percentage=33.1|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. L. Berema|party=Mizoram People's Conference|votes=2,494|percentage=31.2|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Hauliana|party=Janata Dal (United)|votes=46|percentage=0.6|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority|votes=167|percentage=2.1|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes= 7,986|percentage=80.9|change=}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner = Mizo National Front<br />
|loser = Mizoram People's Conference<br />
|swing = 3.9<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Mizoram}}<br />
{{coords|23.92|92.49|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mamit district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mizoram]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Mizoram]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1987]]<br />
[[Category:1987 establishments in Mizoram]]</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haveli&diff=502407Haveli2026-04-17T18:40:11Z<p>RamonTietjen8: Created Basic Stub Added Tags</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Traditional type of house in the Indian subcontinent}}<br />
{{Italic title}}<br />
{{other uses}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=May 2022}}<br />
[[File:Patwon ki haveli 18.jpg|200px|thumb|''Patwon Ji Ki Haveli'', [[Jaisalmer]], [[Rajasthan|Rajasthan, India]].]]<br />
<br />
A '''''haveli''''' is a traditional [[townhouse]], [[mansion]], or [[manor house]], in the [[Indian subcontinent]], usually one with historical and architectural significance, and located in a town or city. The word ''haveli'' is derived from Arabic ''hawali'',<ref name="diction">{{cite web |title=haveli - definition of haveli in English from the Oxford dictionary |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/haveli |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928070004/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/haveli |archive-date=28 September 2013 |access-date=2016-01-19 |website=Oxforddictionaries.com}}</ref> meaning "partition" or "private space", popularised under the [[Mughal Empire]], and was devoid of any architectural connotation.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sarah |first1=Tillotson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7t-rQrSEK-0C |title=Indian Mansions: A Social History of the Haveli |date=1998 |publisher=Orient longman |isbn=0-900891-91-2 |page=72}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=January 2026}} Later, the word ''haveli'' came to be used as a generic term for various styles of regional [[mansions]], [[manor houses]], and [[townhouses]] found in the Indian subcontinent.<ref name="Bahl">{{cite news|last=Bahl |first=Vani |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/student/Haveli-%E2%80%94-A-Symphony-of-Art-and-Architecture/2014/10/27/article2494669.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216145715/http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/student/Haveli-%E2%80%94-A-Symphony-of-Art-and-Architecture/2014/10/27/article2494669.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 December 2014 |title=Haveli — A Symphony of Art and Architecture |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=2016-01-19}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
[[File:Sanchi stupa fort.jpg|thumb|200px|Multistorey structures and balconies during [[Mauryan Empire]], 3rd century BCE]]<br />
<br />
The term ''haveli'' originates from [[Arabic]] word ''hawali'', meaning "partition" or "private space", term which was popularized under [[Mughal Empire]].<ref name="diction"/> Early havelis served [[Muslim]] rulers of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and became an important architectural component of urban environments under the [[Mughals]]. Although the term ''havelis'' originated from [[Indo-Islamic architecture]], the existence of multi-story homes and courtyards in the region is claimed as early as 3300 BCE.<ref name=Lal>{{cite book |first=B. B. |last=Lal |author-link=B. B. Lal (archaeologist) |year=1997 |title=The Earliest Civilisation of South Asia (Rise, Maturity and Decline)}}</ref><ref name=MorrieAEJ>{{cite book |last1=Morris |first1=A.E.J. |title=History of Urban Form: Before the Industrial Revolutions |date=1994 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0-582-30154-2 |page=31 |edition=Third |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=whBEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 |access-date=20 May 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
During the medieval period, the term ''haveli'' was also applied by some [[Vaishnava]] sects to refer to their temples in [[Gujarat]] under the [[Mughal Empire]] and [[Rajputana]] kingdoms. The generic term ''haveli'' eventually came to be identified with townhouses and mansions of the [[merchant]] class.<ref name="Bahl"/><br />
<br />
==Characteristics==<br />
[[File:Patwa Haveli, Jaisalmer.jpg|thumb|200px|Townhouse Haveli with ''Jharokha'' windows.]]<br />
<br />
===Architecture===<br />
<br />
Courtyards are a common feature of traditional houses found on the Indian subcontinent, with early examples dating back to the Neolithic period, whether mansions or farmhouses.<ref>Herbert J. M. Ypma (1994) "India modern: traditional forms and contemporary design", p.24</ref> However, the architecture of these structures was very different from the traditional havelis developed under Muslim rule, which blended local and Islamic traditions. Traditional homes on the Indian subcontinent are built around a courtyard, and all family activities revolved around this ''chowk'' or courtyard. Additionally, the courtyard serves as a [[lightwell]] and helps [[Ventilation (architecture)|ventilate]] the house in the hot and dry climates of the region.<br />
<br />
All these elements join to form an enclosure and give the ''chowk'' a composed, secured feel. The [[architectural form]] of ''havelis'' has evolved in response to the climate, lifestyle, and availability of material. In hot climates where cooling is a necessity, buildings with internal courtyards for airflow and cooling were considered the most appropriate; in rainy places the houses were built to be kept dry from humid air. It provided shade while also allowing light inside. The arcade along the court, or the high wall around it, kept the interiors cool.<br />
<br />
Many of the ''havelis'' of India and Pakistan were influenced by [[Architecture of Rajasthan|Rajasthani architecture]]. They usually contain a courtyard, often with a fountain in the center. The old cities of [[Agra]], [[Lucknow]], [[Jaisalmer]] and [[Delhi]] in [[India]] and [[Lahore]], [[Multan]], [[Peshawar]], [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]] in [[Pakistan]] have many fine examples of [[Architecture of Rajasthan|Rajasthani-style]] ''havelis''.<br />
<br />
===Usage===<br />
<br />
; Sociocultural aspects: The ''chowk'' or courtyard served as the centre for various ceremonies and rituals. The sacred [[tulsi]] plant was placed here and worshipped daily to bring prosperity to the house.<br />
<br />
; Security and privacy: The ''chowk'', at times, separated areas for men and women, and provided them with privacy.<br />
<br />
; Climate: Using open space in the building design to respond to the local climate, air movement caused by temperature differences assists in the natural ventilation of the building.<br />
<br />
; Different activities at different times: In the daytime, the court was used mostly by women to carry out their work and interact with other women in a private open space. Mansions of the merchant class often had more than one courtyard.<br />
<br />
; Articulation of space: In Mor chowk, part of the [[City Palace, Udaipur|City Palace complex]] in [[Udaipur]], there is the concept of the courtyard as a dancing hall. Similarly, in ''havelis'', a courtyard has several functions, commonly used for weddings and festive occasions.<br />
<br />
; Materials: Bricks, sandstone, marble, wood, plaster, and granite are commonly used materials. Decorative aspects are influenced by various local cultures and traditions.<br />
<br />
== Notable havelis by country ==<br />
{{anchor | Notable havelis | Notable havelis }}<br />
<br />
=== India ===<br />
{{anchor | India | Notable havelis of India }}<br />
<br />
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"><br />
In Welcome of Buddha - ACCN 34-2542 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-24 5941.JPG|Relief depicting early form of Jharokha windows, 1st century CE<br />
Haveli in Phalodi, Rajasthan.jpg|A ''haveli'' in [[Phalodi]], Rajputana<br />
Shahpura Haveli (Shekhawati).jpg|Badal Mahal at Shahpura Haveli, Shahpura, Rajputana<br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
In the northern part of India, ''havelis'' for Lord Krishna with huge mansion-like constructions are prevalent. These ''havelis'' are noted for their [[fresco]]es depicting images of [[god]]s, [[goddess]]es, animals, scenes from the [[Colonial India|British colonization]], and the life stories of Lords [[Rama]] and [[Krishna]]. The music here was known as [[Haveli Sangeet]].<br />
<br />
Later on, these temple architectures and frescoes were imitated while building huge individual mansions and now the word is popularly associated with the mansions themselves. Between 1830 and 1930, Marwaris erected<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rajasthaninfoline.com/rinfo/marwarih.htm |title=> History > Chittorgarh |publisher=Rajasthan Infoline |access-date=2016-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107180939/http://www.rajasthaninfoline.com/rinfo/marwarih.htm |archive-date=2016-01-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref> buildings in their homeland [[Shekhawati]] and [[Marwar]]. These buildings were called ''havelis''. The Marwaris commissioned artists to paint those buildings, which were heavily influenced by the [[Mughal architecture]]. [[Nangal Sirohi#Havelis and architecture|Nangal Sirohi]] in [[Mahendragarh district]], 130&nbsp;km from Delhi, is popular for its ''havelis'' and architecture within [[National Capital Region (India)|NCR]].<ref name=tribh1>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020622/windows/main2.htm Magnificent havelis of Nangal-Sirohi], [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]], 22 June 2002.</ref><br />
<br />
====Ahirwati====<br />
[[File:Solah Rahi at Rewari.jpg|thumb|Frescoes developed during Raos Kings of Rewari.]]<br />
<br />
The [[Ahirwati]] area of [[Haryana]] state also has big Havelis, such as the Rewari Rao Tej Singh Haveli, Rao Sawai Singh Haveli etc. The towns and villages of [[Ahirwal]] are as well famous for the embellished frescoes on the walls of their grandiose havelis depicting the Lord [[Krishna]] which was developed in late 17 Century to the point of still it will take time to becoming popular tourist attractions. In [[Rewari]], the frescoes on [[Rewari#Solahrahi Talab|Solahrahi]] and [[Rewari#Tej Sarovar(Bada Talab)|Tej Sarovar]] are very different from Shekhawati Frescoes.<br />
<br />
====Shekhawati====<br />
<br />
The typical ''havelis'' in Shekhawati in [[Rajasthan]] state incorporated two courtyards — an outer one for the men which served as an extended threshold, and the inner one, the domain of the women. The largest ''havelis'' could have up to three or four courtyards and were two to three stories high. Most of the ''havelis'' are empty nowadays or are maintained by a watchman, while others have been converted into hotels and tourist attractions. The towns and villages of Shekhawati are famous for the embellished frescoes on the walls of their grandiose ''havelis'', to the point of becoming popular tourist attractions.<br />
<br />
Shekhawati has one of the highest numbers of Havelis with 3 districts, Jhunjhunu, Sikar and Churu, alone having over 662 havelis. For the conservation, the [[Government of Rajasthan]], has prepared the "Rajasthan Heritage Conservation Bill, 2025" and the [[Government of India]] also had undertaken projects costing Rs 124.13 crore.<ref name=prhv1>[https://theprint.in/feature/around-town/shekhawati-pravasi-roundtable-heritage-havelis-in-rajasthan/2729952/ Shekhawati Pravasi Roundtable spotlights ], ThePrint, 27 AUg 2025.</ref><br />
<br />
Statistics on havelis of Shekhawati (c. 2025):<ref name=prhv1/><br />
<br />
* Total: 662 havelis including 228 owned by non-resident Rajasthanis and the rest owner-occupied by the locals. 361 in good condition, 172 average, 29 dilapidated, and 64 in disputed ownership.<ref name=prhv1/><br />
* Jhunjhunu: 278 havelis including 50 owned by non-resident Rajasthanis and the rest owner-occupied by the locals. 109 in good condition, 102 in average condition, 13 dilapidated condition, 54 disputed in ownership.<ref name=prhv1/><br />
* Sikar, there are 272 havelis including 143 owned by non-resident Rajasthanis. 201 in good condition, 15 average, 46 in dilapidated condition, and 10 disputed.<ref name=prhv1/><br />
* Churu: 112 havelis in the Churu district including 35 owned by non-resident Rajasthanis. 51 in good condition, 55 average, and 6 dilapidated.<ref name=prhv1/><br />
<br />
====Marwar====<br />
<br />
The ''havelis'' served as status symbols for the Marwaris of Rajasthan state as well as homes for their extended families, providing security and comfort in seclusion from the outside world. The ''havelis'' were designed to be closed from all sides with one large main gate.<br />
<br />
The ''havelis'' in and around [[Jaisalmer Fort]] (also known as the Golden Fort), situated in [[Jaisalmer]], [[Rajasthan]], of which the three most impressive are Patwon Ki Haveli, Salim Singh Ki Haveli, and Nathmal-Ki Haveli, deserve special mention. These were the elaborate homes of Jaisalmer's rich merchants. The ostentatious carvings, etched in sandstone with great detail and then painstakingly pieced together in lavish patterns, were commissioned to put on show the owner's status and wealth. Around Jaisalmer, they are typically carved from yellow [[sandstone]]. They are often characterized by wall paintings, [[fresco]]es, ''[[jharokha]]s'' (balconies) and archways.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rajasthan-tourism.org/prime-attractions/havelis-of-jaisalmer.html |title=Havelis of Jaisalmer - Havelis in Jaisalmer Rajasthan - Jaisalmer India Havelis |website=Rajasthan-tourism.org |access-date=2016-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shubhyatra.com/rajasthan/havelis.html |title=Jaisalmer Havelis, Famous Haveli in Rajasthan India, Heritage Haveli Tours in Rajasthan India |website=Shubhyatra.com |access-date=2016-01-19}}</ref><br />
<br />
The ''Patwon Ji ki Haveli'' was the first erected in Jaisalmer. It is not a single ''haveli'' but a cluster of five small ''havelis''. The first in the row is the most popular, and is also known as Kothari's Patwa Haveli. Commissioned and constructed in the year 1805 by Guman Chand Patwa, then a rich trader of jewellery and fine brocades, it is the biggest and the most ostentatious of the five. Patwa was a rich man and a renowned trader of his time and he could afford and thus order the construction of separate stories for each of his five sons. These were completed in a span of 50 years. All five houses were constructed in the first 60 years of the 19th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jaisalmer.org.uk/tourist-attractions/havelis/patwon-ki-haveli.html |title=Patwon Ki Haveli - Patwonji Ki Haveli Jaisalmer - Patwon Ki Haveli In Jaisalmer Rajasthan |website=Jaisalmer.org.uk |access-date=2016-01-19}}</ref><br />
Patwon Ji Ki is renowned for its ornate wall paintings, intricate yellow sandstone-carved ''[[jharokha]]s'' (balconies), gateways and archways. Although the building itself is made from yellow [[sandstone]], the main gateway is brown. Another notable ''haveli'' is Seth ji ri Haveli in [[Udaipur]] city; now known as ''Shree Jagdish Mahal'', it is 250 years old.<br />
<br />
===Pakistan===<br />
{{anchor | Pakistan | Notable havelis of Pakistan }}<br />
<br />
<gallery widths="200" heights="200"><br />
File:Omar Hayat Mahal.jpg|The [[Omar Hayat Mahal]] in [[Chiniot]], [[Pakistan]]<br />
File:Nau Nihal Singh's haveli, now Victoria Girls High School, Lahore.jpg|The [[Haveli of Nau Nihal Singh]] is a Sikh-era ''haveli'' in [[Lahore]].<br />
</gallery><br />
A number of historically and architecturally significant ''havelis'' survive in Pakistan, most of which are situated in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] province. The most significant in [[Lahore]], the [[Haveli of Nau Nihal Singh]], dates from the [[Sikh]] era of the mid-19th century, and is considered to be one of the finest examples of Sikh architecture in Lahore.<ref name="Hash">{{cite web|last1=Hashid|title=Haveli Nau Nihal Singh: Searching for Vernacular in Lahore|url=https://www.gounesco.com/looking-for-vernacular-in-lahore-haveli-nau-nihal-singh/|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=8 October 2017|date=3 September 2016|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225101339/https://www.gounesco.com/looking-for-vernacular-in-lahore-haveli-nau-nihal-singh/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is the only Sikh-era ''haveli'' that preserves its original ornamentation and architecture.<ref name=hindu>The Free Library. "S.v. Hindu symbolism in Sikh art brickwork in Haveli Naunihal Singh.." Retrieved Oct 08 2017 from https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Hindu+symbolism+in+sikh+art+brickwork+in+Haveli+Naunihal+Singh.-a0389937207</ref><br />
<br />
Some historically and architecturally significant ''havelis'' in Pakistan include:<br />
* ''[[Kapoor Haveli]]'' in [[Peshawar]]<br />
* [[Umar Hayat Mahal|''Umar Hayat Haveli'']] in [[Chiniot]]<br />
* ''[[Sethi Haveli]]'' in Peshawar <br />
* [[Haveli Dina Nath|''Dina Nath Haveli'']] in [[Lahore]]<br />
* [[Bedi Mahal|''Bedi Haveli'']] in [[Rawalpindi]]<br />
* ''[[Fakir Khana|Fakir Khana Haveli]]'' in Lahore<br />
* [[Rang Mahal School|''Rang Mahal Haveli'']] in Lahore <br />
* ''[[Haveli Barood Khana|Barood Khana Haveli]]'' in Lahore<br />
* ''[[Lal Haveli]]'' in Rawalpindi<br />
* ''[[Nau Nihal Singh Haveli]]'' in Lahore <br />
* [[Haveli Sujan Singh|''Sujan Singh Haveli'']] in Rawalpindi <br />
* ''[[Government Fatima Jinnah College for Women|Asif Jah Haveli]]'' in Lahore <br />
* ''[[Rohtas Fort#Palace|Man Singh Haveli]]'' in [[Jhelum]]<br />
* [[Katas Raj Temples#Hari Singh Nalwa Fort and Haveli|''Hari Singh Nalwa Haveli'']] in [[Chakwal]]<br />
* ''Choona Mandi Haveli'' in Lahore<br />
* ''Haveli Awais Meer'' in Walled city Lahore<br />
* ''Haveli Rani Jindan'' at the [[Lahore Fort]] in Lahore<br />
* ''Haveli Wajid Ali Shah'' in Lahore<br />
* ''Kharak Singh Haveli'' at the Lahore Fort in Lahore<br />
* ''Mubarak Haveli'' in Lahore<br />
* ''Saad Manzil'' in [[Kamalia Tehsil|Kamalia]]<br />
* ''Janjua Haveli'' in [[Malowal]], [[Gujrat District|Gujrat]]<br />
* ''Gakhri Haveli'' in Gujrat<br />
* ''Haveli Mubashar Ali [[Janjua]]'' in [[Matore]], [[Kahuta]], [[Rawalpindi]]<br />
* ''Datar Kaur Haveli'' at the [[Sheikhupura Fort]] in Sheikhupura <br />
* ''Havelis of the Mann Sardars of [[Mananwala|Mughalchak]]'' in [[Mananwala]], Sheikhupura<ref name="PunjabiLehar2017">{{cite web |title=Mananwala History |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=26v109cj5R0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/26v109cj5R0 |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|publisher=Punjabi Lehar |access-date=6 April 2021 |language=pa|date=11 July 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="Yaadan1947Diyan2019">{{cite web |title=Mananwala Haveli Sahib Singh |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9K3gFuRvD2s |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/9K3gFuRvD2s |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|publisher=Yaadan 1947 Diyan |access-date=6 April 2021 |language=pa|date=18 August 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="Yaadan1947Diyan2019b">{{cite web |title=Mananwala Havelis |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=haCAHjqKTiY |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/haCAHjqKTiY |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|publisher=Yaadan 1947 Diyan |access-date=6 April 2021 |language=pa|date=19 October 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Commons category|Havelis}}<br />
* [[Walled City of Lahore]]<br />
* [[Old Delhi]]<br />
* [[Sethi Mohallah]]<br />
* [[Jharokha]]<br />
* [[Stucco]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<!-- {{coord missing|Pakistan}} Architecture not a particular building--><br />
<br />
[[Category:House types]]<br />
[[Category:Havelis| ]]<br />
[[Category:Mughal architecture elements]]<br />
[[Category:Architecture of Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Tourism in Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Architecture in Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Indian architectural history]]<br />
<br />
[[he:הוואלי]]</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Potugadu&diff=526083Potugadu2026-04-11T12:14:08Z<p>RamonTietjen8: creating entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use British English|date=March 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Potugadu<br />
| image = Potugadu poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| alt = <br />
| director = [[Pavan Wadeyar]]<br />
| producer = {{plainlist|<br />
*Sireesha Lagadapati<br />
*Sreedhar Lagadapati<br />
}}<br />
| writer = Pavan Wadeyar<br />
| story = <br />
| screenplay = <br />
| based_on = ''[[Govindaya Namaha]]'' (Kannada)<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[Manoj Manchu]]<br />
*[[Sakshi Chaudhary]]<br />
*[[Simran Kaur Mundi]]<br />
*Rachel<br />
*[[Anupriya Goenka]]<br />
}}<br />
| music = [[Achu Rajamani]]<br />
| cinematography = Srikanth Naroj<br />
| editing = M. R. Varma<br />
| studio = [[Ramalakshmi Cine Creations]]<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|2013|09|14|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 125 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = ₹8 crore [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributors' share]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Tollywood Top 10 Box Office Collection Movies In 2013<br />
|url=https://t2blive.com/tollywood-top-10-box-office-collection-movies-in-2013/ |website=T2BLive |language=en |date=19 February 2019 |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Potugadu''''' ({{translation|Hero}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]] language film written and directed by [[Pavan Wadeyar]]. It is a remake of his 2012 Kannada film ''[[Govindaya Namaha]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Govindaya-Namaha-is-now-Potugadu/articleshow/19107669.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831230156/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-21/news-interviews/37902328_1_govindaya-namaha-telugu-parul-yadav |url-status=live |archive-date=31 August 2013 |title=Govindaya Namaha is now Potugadu|date=21 March 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=11 August 2013}}</ref> It was produced by Sirisha and Sridhar under the [[Ramalakshmi Cine Creations]] banner.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/manchu-manoj-to-star-in-telugu-film-potugadu/391335-71-216.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009045439/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/manchu-manoj-to-star-in-telugu-film-potugadu/391335-71-216.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 October 2013 |title=Manchu Manoj to star in Telugu film 'Potugadu' |publisher=CNN IBN |date=13 May 2013 |accessdate=11 August 2013}}</ref> The film stars [[Manchu Manoj]] and four heroines: [[Sakshi Chaudhary]], [[Simran Kaur Mundi]], Rachel and [[Anupriya Goenka]].<br />
<br />
[[Achu Rajamani|Achu]] scored the music, and two tunes from the Kannada film - including the "[[Pyarge Aagbittaite]]" - were used in the Telugu version.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Govindaya-Namaha-Telugu-version-set-for-release/articleshow/21022835.cms |title=Govindaya Namaha Telugu version set for release|work=The Times of India|date=11 July 2013 |accessdate=11 August 2013}}</ref> The shooting was wrapped up in a single extensive schedule and the post-production work was simultaneously in progress.<ref>{{cite news|agency=TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Manchu-Manoj-starrer-Potugadu-first-look/articleshow/20029881.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928211252/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-13/news-interviews/39227557_1_manchu-manoj-simran-kaur-chakri |url-status=live |archive-date=28 September 2013 |title=Manchu Manoj'-starrer Potugadu first look|date=13 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=11 August 2013}}</ref> Reportedly ''Potugadu'' was going to be the biggest movie in terms of budget in Manoj's career. The film released on 14 September 2013 and was commercially successful at the box office.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Govinda Naama Sastry is a young man who decides to kill himself. He goes to a lonely spot and decides to have one last drink. At about the same time, Venkata Rathnam also comes to the same spot to kill himself. The two sit down for a chat to find out more about their respective life stories.<br />
<br />
While Venkata Rathnam decides to die as his lover ditched him, Govinda has four love stories to narrate. First up is his romantic track with Vaidehi, the daughter of a rich Brahmin. After a brief courtship, the love story fails because Vaidehi's father is against the alliance. Govinda moves on in life and this is where the second love story begins. He falls in love with Mumtaz and romance blossoms between them. However, Govinda throws away everything in a drunken stupor, where he makes some derogatory comments about Mumtaz.<br />
<br />
Venkata Rathnam gets furious and tries to bash Govinda. Govinda vomits blood admitting that he had poison mixed in the drink. Venkata Rathnam takes him to a hospital and gets him treated by a doctor. Mumtaz is working there as a nurse which is not known to either Govinda or Venkata Rathnam. Mumtaz hides behind a wall and starts listening to Govinda's story.<br />
<br />
Next up is a love story with a foreigner named Stacy who is engaged to his boss. In order to steal her ring costing 500,000 rupees he separates the couple but he ditches her after he learns that she threw the ring into a river out of frustration. The last and final love story involves Mary. For the first time in his life, Govinda experiences true love. He fully reforms himself and leads a normal life. But Mary runs a brothel and traffics girls. Upon hearing this from the police, Govinda is heartbroken.<br />
<br />
On hiring Govinda for a job, Mary tells him that her task is upbringing talented girls from towns and his job is to transport them to her house. In the present, Govinda is informed by the police regarding this and after pleading strongly, police accept Govinda's favor in helping them in releasing the girls. The girls, all of them transported by Govinda, are in a container and after much bloodshed Govinda rescues all of them. Dejected and heartbroken by the betrayal and the sins he committed he decides to die.<br />
<br />
Govinda and Venkata Rathnam go out of the hospital and watch Vaidehi being taken to a room for her delivery and his boss along with his parents. Before suicide, Govinda tells Venkata Rathnam that he left Vaidehi as he was aware that if they eloped, her parents would have killed themselves, and that he separated his boss and Stacy as his boss would desert his parents after his marriage with her which didn't happen because of him.<br />
<br />
Mumtaz stops Govinda as Govinda confesses to Venkata Rathnam that Mumtaz was the only girl who showered unconditional love on him and he abandoned her in a drunken state. The pair reconciles and a frustrated Venkata Rathnam leaves the hospital with the hope of gaining love. He accidentally comes across a beautiful girl who accepts his proposal.<ref>{{YouTube|kiLeK8wSU7Q}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Manchu Manoj]] as Govinda Naama Sastry<br />
* [[Sakshi Chaudhary]] as Mumtaz<br />
* [[Simran Kaur Mundi]] as Vaidehi<br />
* Rachel Louise Wise as Stacy<br />
* [[Anupriya Goenka]] as Mary<br />
* [[Suhasini Maniratnam]] as Snehalatha, Govinda Namma Sastry's mother<br />
* [[Sarath Babu]] as Panduranga Rao, Govinda Naama Sastry's father<br />
* [[Posani Krishna Murali]] as Venkata Rathnam<br />
* [[Raghu Babu]] as Raghu<br />
* [[Sayaji Shinde]] as Gurajada Krishnamurthy, Mumtaz's father<br />
* [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]] as Lakshmi, Mumtaz's mother<br />
* [[Giri Babu]] as Rama Chandra Murthy<br />
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Neelakanta Shastri<br />
* [[Y. Kasi Viswanath]] as Gangadhar<br />
* [[Geetha Singh]] as Jambavathi<br />
* [[Satyam Rajesh]] as Mallesh<br />
* [[K. Sivasankar|Sivasankar Master]] as Vaidehi's dance master<br />
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Bangaraju<br />
* [[Narsing Yadav]] as Narasimha<br />
* [[Thagubothu Ramesh]] as Nanda Kishore<br />
* [[Srinivasa Reddy]] as Murthy<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Potugadu<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| longtype = <br />
| artist = [[Achu Rajamani|Achu]]<br />
| cover = <br />
| alt = <br />
| released = 25 August 2013<br />
| recorded = 2013<br />
| venue = <br />
| studio = [[Bengaluru]], [[Chennai]], [[Hyderabad]]<br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 29:11<br />
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| label = [[Aditya Music]]<br />
| producer = [[Achu Rajamani|Achu]], [[Sunny M.R.|Sunny]]<br />
| prev_title = [[DK Bose]]<br />
| prev_year = 2013<br />
| next_title = [[Naa Rakumarudu]]<br />
| next_year = 2014<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Achu Rajamani|Achu]] composed the music for the film. The soundtrack album, officially released by [[Aditya Music]], consists of 10 tracks, two of which was re-used from the original. "Pyar Mein Padipoya" was reused from "[[Pyarge Aagbittaite]]" and "Bindaas" from "Anthare Ivananna".<ref>https://milliblog.com/2013/09/01/potugadu-music-review-telugu-achu-gurukiran/</ref><ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-reviews/potugadu/articleshow/22156166.cms</ref> The audio was launched in Hyderabad on 25 August 2013.<br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Artist(s)<br />
| total_length = 29:11<br />
| title1 = Pyar Mein Padipoya<br />
| lyrics1 = Bhasha Sri<br />
| extra1 = [[Indu Nagaraj]], [[Manoj Manchu]]<br />
| length1 = 04:04<br />
| title2 = Devatha<br />
| lyrics2 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]<br />
| extra2 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]<br />
| length2 = 03:41<br />
| title3 = Bujji Pilla<br />
| lyrics3 = [[Achu Rajamani|Achu]], Manoj Manchu, Ramajogayya Sastry<br />
| extra3 = [[Silambarasan|Simbu]]<br />
| length3 = 04:20<br />
| title4 = Super Figure<br />
| lyrics4 = Manoj Manchu<br />
| extra4 = [[Geetha Madhuri]], [[Sravana Bhargavi]], [[Vedala Hemachandra|Hemachandra]], [[Rahul Sipligunj|Rahul]]<br />
| length4 = 03:27<br />
| title5 = Bindaas<br />
| lyrics5 = Ramajogayya Sastry<br />
| extra5 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]<br />
| length5 = 03:06<br />
| title6 = Potugadu (Theme)<br />
| lyrics6 = Geetha Madhuri, Manoj Manchu<br />
| extra6 = Geetha Madhuri, Achu<br />
| length6 = 01:23<br />
| title7 = Love (Theme)<br />
| lyrics7 = <br />
| extra7 = Achu<br />
| length7 = 02:09<br />
| title8 = Sloka (Theme)<br />
| lyrics8 = <br />
| extra8 = Parnika, Sahithi, Ramya, Deepthi Chari, Deepu, Krishna Chaitanya, [[Anudeep Dev]], Rahul<br />
| length8 = 01:41<br />
| title9 = Action The Distraction<br />
| lyrics9 = <br />
| extra9 = Achu<br />
| length9 = 02:06<br />
| title10 = Potugadu (Mashup)<br />
| lyrics10 = <br />
| extra10 = Achu<br />
| length10 = 03:14<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Release==<br />
Potugadu was awarded an 'A' certificate by the censor board, which recommended a few cuts to the movie.<br />
<br />
The film released in 550 screens worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tollywoodandhra.in/telugu-cinema-news/potugadu-censor-report/ |title=Potugadu Censored with 'A' certificate to the movie |access-date=21 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922170201/http://www.tollywoodandhra.in/telugu-cinema-news/potugadu-censor-report/ |archive-date=22 September 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Critical reception==<br />
The film opened to mixed reviews from critics. ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave the film 2/5 and stated, "The film may appeal to those who enjoy double entendres and crude entertainment. Others can happily give it a miss."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-potugadu-is-manoj-manchus-show-all-the-way/20130916.htm|title=Review: Potugadu is Manoj Manchu's show all the way|website=Rediff.com}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' rated the film 1.5/5 and called it a waste of time.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130918/entertainment-movie-reviews/article/review-%E2%80%98potugadu%E2%80%99 |title=Review: 'Potugadu' |access-date=28 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922060948/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130918/entertainment-movie-reviews/article/review-%E2%80%98potugadu%E2%80%99 |archive-date=22 September 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Box office==<br />
The film opened with 45% - 60% occupancy on the first day. The film became the biggest hit ever in Manoj's career.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofcity.com/box-office/potugadu-17-days-collections |title=Potugadu 17 Days Collections &#124; Potugadu Collections till Date &#124; Times of City |access-date=28 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233741/http://timesofcity.com/box-office/potugadu-17-days-collections |archive-date=30 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|3187080|Potugadu}}<br />
<br />
{{Pavan Wadeyar}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2013 films]]<br />
[[Category:2013 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Kannada films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Achu Rajamani]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Pavan Wadeyar]]</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kusumom_Joseph&diff=511330Kusumom Joseph2026-04-10T08:45:02Z<p>RamonTietjen8: Created A Post Initial Version</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{orphan|date=October 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Kusumom Joseph<br />
| birth_date = 13 April 1926<br />
| death_date = 14 December 1991<br />
| office = Member of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency = [[Karikkode (village)|Karikkode constituency]]<br />
| term_start =<br />
| predecessor = <br />
| term_end = <br />
| successor = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kusumom Joseph''' (13 April 1926 – 14 December 1991) was an Indian politician.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members - Kerala Legislature |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m367.htm |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=www.niyamasabha.org}}</ref> She represented [[Karikkode (village)|Karikkode constituency]] in the first and second [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala legislative assemblies]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kusumam Joseph |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/historic-heritage-gallery/kusumam-joseph/762 |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=www.keralaculture.org}}</ref> Kusumom entered in politics in 1948 through [[Indian National Congress]]. In 1952 she became the vice president of Congress Women's Wing, [[Muvattupuzha]]. She was also the state women's front Vice-President.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Joseph, Kusumom}}<br />
[[Category:1926 births]]<br />
[[Category:1981 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]<br />
<br />
{{Kerala-INC-politician-stub}}</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devapala_of_Bengal&diff=496416Devapala of Bengal2026-04-06T14:15:15Z<p>RamonTietjen8: Creating Post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description| Pala emperor of early 9th century}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox royalty<br />
| name = Devapala<br />
| title = Paramasaugata<br />Paramesvara<br />Paramabhattaraka<br />[[Maharajadhiraja]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pramanik |first=Sufal Chandra |date=2000 |title=Excavation at Jagjivanpur Malda, West Bengal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44144439 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=61 |pages=1268 |jstor=44144439 |issn=2249-1937 |quote=He is described as meditating on the feet of his father Devapala. Both the father and son have the same epithets. viz. Paramasaugata, Paramesvara, Paramabhattaraka and Maharajadhiraja.}}</ref><br />
| image =<br />
| caption =<br />
| succession = 3rd [[List of Pala emperors|Pala Emperor]]<br />
| predecessor = [[Dharmapala of Bengal|Dharamapala]]<br />
| successor = [[Mahendrapala]]<br />
| dynasty = [[Pala Empire|Pala]]<br />
| father = [[Dharmapala of Bengal|Dharamapala]]<br />
| mother = Rannadevi<br />
| consort = yes<br />
| spouse = [[Mahata Devi]], daughter of [[Durlabharaja I]] of Chahamana dynasty<br />
| issue = Rajyapala <br /> [[Mahendrapala]] <br />[[Shurapala I]]<br />
| reign = 810s–845 CE<br />
| religion = [[Buddhism]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=R.S. Tripathi |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofancient0000rstr/page/323/mode/1up?q=%22Devapala+was+a+patron%22 |title=History of Ancient India |year=1999 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0018-2 |pages=358 |quote=Besides a great conqueror, Devapala was a patron of Buddhism, and he constructed temples and monasteries in Magadha. Thus, art and architecture received fresh impetus, and Nalanda continued to flourish as the chief seat of Buddhist learning.}}</ref><ref name="mahajan">{{cite book |author=V. D. Mahajan |author-link=Vidya Dhar Mahajan |year=1970 |orig-year=First published 1960 |title=Ancient India |page=570 |oclc=1000593117}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
'''Devapala''' ({{langx|sa|देवपाल}} ''Devapāla''; c. 9th century) was the successor of [[Dharmapala of Bengal|Dharmapala]] and the third emperor of the [[Pala Empire]].<ref name="Dahiya2017" /> During his reign, the Pāla Empire reached the height of its territorial extent and prosperity. He was known to be the Overlord of [[Āryāvarta|Aryavarta]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rahmāna |first=Mukhalesura |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PuQOAQAAMAAJ |title=Sculpture in the Varendra Research Museum: A Descriptive Catalogue |date=1998 |publisher=Varendra Research Museum |pages=XXXV |language=en}}</ref><br />
{{Pala Empire}}<br />
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== Reign ==<br />
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Devapala was the third king in the line, and had succeeded his father [[Dharmapala of Bengal|Dharamapala]].<ref>History and Culture of Indian People, The Age of Imperial Kanauj, 1964, p. 50, [[R. C. Majumdar]], A. D. Pusalkar</ref> His mother was Rannadevi, a [[Rashtrakuta]] princess.<ref name="Sinha1977">{{cite book |author=Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha |author-link=Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gYO25eaDrqUC&pg=PA185 |title=Dynastic History of Magadha |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1977 |isbn=978-81-7017-059-4 |location=New Delhi |pages=185 |quote="[p. 178] Dharmapāla's wife was Raṇṇādevī daughter of Parabala, the ornament of the Rāshṭrakūṭa race. Devapāla was their son."}}</ref>{{rp|178}} Earlier historians considered Devapala as a nephew of Dharmapala, based on the Bhagalpur copper plate of [[Narayanapala]], which mentions Devapala as Jayapala's ''purvajabhrata'' (interpreted as "elder brother"). Jayapala is mentioned as the son of Dharmapala's brother Vakpala in multiple Pala inscriptions. However, the discovery of the [[Munger]] (Monghyr) copper inscription changed this view. This particular inscription clearly describes Devapala as the son of Dharmapala.<ref name="Dilip1994">{{cite book |author=Dilip Kumar Ganguly |year=1994 |title=Ancient India, History and Archaeology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N2tlKzxwhY8C&pg=PA27 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |pages=27–28 |isbn=978-81-7017-304-5}}</ref><br />
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Based on the different interpretations of the various epigraphs and historical records, the different historians estimate Devapala's reign as follows:<ref name="Susan1984">{{cite book |author=Susan L. Huntington |year=1984 |title=The "Påala-Sena" Schools of Sculpture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xLA3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA32 |publisher=Brill |isbn=90-04-06856-2}}</ref>{{rp|32–37}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Historian<br />
! Estimate of reign<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ramesh Chandra Majumdar|RC Majumdar]] (1971)<br />
| 810-c. 850<br />
|-<br />
| AM Chowdhury (1967)<br />
| 821–861<br />
|-<br />
| BP Sinha (1977)<br />
| 820–860<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dineshchandra Sircar|DC Sircar]] (1975–76)<br />
| 812–850<br />
|}<br />
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== Military conquests and campaigns ==<br />
Devapala is credited by [[Taranatha]] for subjugating the whole [[Northern India]] from the [[Himalayas]] to the [[Vindhya Mountains|Vindhyan Mountains]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dutt |first=R. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yA0-AAAAIAAJ&q=taranatha+ascribes+to+him+the+subjugation+of+the+whole+of+Northern+India+from+the+Himalaya+to+the+Vindhya+mountains |title=Later Hindu Civilisation: A.D. 500 to A.D. 1200, Based on Sanskrit Literature |date=1965 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |pages=40 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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The Badal Pillar Inscription of [[Narayanapala]] describes the campaigns led by Devapala as:<br />
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{{blockquote|Lord of Gauda (Devapala) ruled the sea-girt earth, having eradicated the race of the Utkalas, humbled the pride of the Hūņas and scattered the conceit of the rulers of the Dravidas and the Gurjaras.|Badal Inscription<ref>Badal Pillar Inscription, verse 5, Epigraphia Indica, II p 160.</ref>}}<br />
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According to [[Nitish Sengupta|Nitish K. Sengupta]], the Badal Pillar inscription is highly exaggerated.<ref name="Nitish2011">{{cite book |author=Nitish K. Sengupta |year=2011 |title=Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVSh_TyJ0YoC&pg=PA40 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341678-4 |pages=43–45}}</ref> [[Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha]], an Indian archaeologist and historian states that some exaggerations are naturally present in praises like those found in the Badal Pillar inscription of Narayanapala, but it is equally unreasonable to dismiss the entire description of Devapāla's conquests as mere bombast.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Bindeshwari Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gYO25eaDrqUC&pg=PA185 |title=Dynastic History Of Magadha |date=1977 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-059-4 |pages=185 |language=en}}</ref> Both Pramode Lal Paul and Ratikanta Tripathi state that the statement in the Badal Pillar inscription that by the wise counsel and policy of his minister the whole tract between the Vindhya and Himalayan ranges, and the east and west seas paid tribute to Devapāla was not merely a political exaggeration in the Badal inscription, but a fact.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parmode Lal Paul |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.194631 |title=The Early History Of Bengal Vol-1 |date=1939 |pages=43}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Ratikanta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-2AeAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Devap%C4%81la+was+not+a+mere+political+exaggeration%22 |title=Social and Religious Aspects in Bengal Inscriptions |date=1987 |publisher=Firma KLM |pages=XXIX |language=en}}</ref><br />
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The Monghyr Plates praises him for [[Digvijaya (conquest)|Digvijaya]] of the entire [[Bharata varsa|Bharatavarṣa]] while the Badal Pillar only mentions his Digvijaya of [[Aryavarta]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Dasharatha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gJudrgIcs1UC&q=%22devapala%22+%22exaggerated%22 |title=Rajasthan Through the Ages: From the earliest times to 1316 A.D |date=1966 |publisher=Rajasthan State Archives |pages=146 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VtkBAAAAMAAJ |title=The Indian Historical Quarterly |date=1958 |publisher=Calcutta Oriental Press |volume=34-35 |pages=139 |language=en}}</ref> Gurjaras, Utkalas, Hunas, Dravidas, Kambojas and Pargiyotisas were subjugated according to his inscriptions.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientbanglades0000chak |title=Ancient Bangladesh, a study of the archaeological sources |last=Chakrabarti |first=Dilip K. |date=1992 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-562879-1 |pages=74–75}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQBuAAAAMAAJ |title=Archaeological Investigation in Bogra District: From Early Historic to Early Mediaeval Period |last=Rahman |first=Shah Sufi Mostafizur |date=2000 |publisher=International Centre for Study of Bengal Art |isbn=978-984-8140-01-7 |pages=50–52 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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=== Conquest of Pragjyotisha and Utkala ===<br />
Devapala launched military campaigns under his cousin and general Jayapala, who was the son of Dharmapala's younger brother Vakpala.<ref>Badal Pillar Inscription, verse 13, [[Epigraphia Indica]] II, p 160; Bhagalpur Charter of Narayanapala, year 17, verse 6, ''[[The Indian Antiquary]]'', XV p 304.</ref> According to Bhagalpur copper-plate, the expedition resulted in the invasion of Pragjyotisha (present-day [[Assam]]) where the king of [[Mlechchha dynasty]] submitted without a fight and accepted the suzerainty of Devapala.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R. C. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.69821 |title=History of Bengal Vol.1 |publisher=The University of Dacca |year=2015 |pages=117 |language=en}}</ref> According to the Bādal Pillar inscription, Utkala (present-day [[Odisha]]) was exerminated and its ruler fled from his capital.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Bhagalpur Charter of Narayanapala, year 17, verse 6, Indian Antiquary, XV p 304.</ref><br />
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=== Conquests in South India ===<br />
"Dravida" is generally believed to be a reference to the [[Rashtrakuta]]s (led by [[Amoghavarsha]]), but RC Majumdar believes that it may refer to the [[Pandyan Dynasty|Pandyan]] king Sri Mara Sri Vallabha. However, there is no definitive record of any expedition of Devapala to the extreme south. In any case, his victory in the south could only have been a temporary one, and his dominion lay mainly in the north.<ref name="Sailendra1999">{{cite book |author=Sailendra Nath Sen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA280 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |publisher=New Age International |year=1999 |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0 |edition=2nd |pages=280– |orig-year=First published 1988}}</ref><br />
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=== Conflict with the Tibetans ===<br />
Devapāla is said to have reached and subjected the Kambhoja country ([[Tibet]]) in his military campaign. As a result, Devapāla came into conflict with the [[Tibetan Empire]]. This is very much possible as the Tibetan sources claim that their kings [[Trisong Detsen|Khri-srong-lda-btsan]] and his son [[Muné Tsenpo|Mu-teg-btsan-po]] lost against [[Dharmapala (emperor)|Dharmapāla]] and they were forced to submit. Therefore, Devapāla must have clashed with and defeated the Tibetan kings.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Bindeshwari Prasad |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.534083 |title=Comprehensive History Of Bihar Vol.1; Pt.2 |date=1974 |pages=252–253}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Diwakar |first=R. R. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.17468 |title=Bihar through the ages |date=1958 |pages=312 |language=English}}</ref><br />
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==== Invasion of the Himalayas ====<br />
The inscription of Devapāla states that he liberated the entire Himalayas from the Tibetans. The Tibetan control of the Himalayas was lost during the period of 839-848 A.D. (During Devapāla's reign), as per the Chinese historical records.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=683CnH-JP3UC |title=Ancient Nepal |date=2005 |publisher=The Department of Archaeology Number |pages=16 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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=== Conquests in North India ===<br />
==== Devapala's conflict with the Pratihara Empire under Nagabhata II ====<br />
After the death of Dharmapala, [[Nagabhata II]] tried to assert his power and he may have obtained some success. However, Devapāla soon re-established Pala supremacy after his victory against the [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Pratiharas]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R.C. |url=https://archive.org/details/ageofimperialkan04bhar |title=History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 04, The Age Of Imperial Kanauj |date=2009 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |pages=50–51}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Syed |first1=Muzaffar H. |last2=Kumar |first2=Anil |last3=Usmani |first3=B. D. |last4=Gupta |first4=Pramod |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sy5gEAAAQBAJ |title=History of Indian Nation : Ancient India |year=2022 |publisher=K.K. Publications |pages=287 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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==== Devapala's conflict with Ramabhadra ====<br />
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[[Ramabhadra]] is credited with no victory in the Pratihara inscription, which states that he <nowiki>''had no desire for the world.''</nowiki> [[R. C. Majumdar|Majumdar]] has interpreted the Gwalior Praśasti to indicate that [[Ramabhadra]]'s dominion was invaded by the [[Pala Empire|Pala king]] Devapāla. This invasion have led to serious disturbances in the [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Pratihara]] dominion.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Bindeshwari Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V3KDaZY85wYC&q=devapala+campaign+gurjara |title=Dynastic History of Magadha, Cir. 450-1200 A.D. |date=1977 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |pages=186 |language=en}}</ref> Ramabhadra suffered heavy setbacks at the hands of Devapāla, who even temporarily ravaged his dominion.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R. C. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13287 |title=History of Ancient Bengal |date=1971 |location=Calcutta |publisher=G. Bharadwaj |pages=113–114}}</ref><br />
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==== Devapala's conflict with Mihira Bhoja ====<br />
Devapāla's own inscriptions, as well as the inscription referring to his reign, state that he subjugated Gurjaras, Utkalas, Hunas, Dravidas, Kambojas, and Pragjyotisas. His victory over the [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Gurjaras]] specifically refers to the Pratiharas, with the Pratihara king in this case being [[Mihira Bhoja|Bhoja I]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakrabarti |first=Dilip K. |url=http://archive.org/details/ancientbanglades0000chak |title=Ancient Bangladesh, a study of the archaeological sources |date=1992 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-562879-1 |pages=74}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rahman |first=Shah Sufi Mostafizur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQBuAAAAMAAJ&q=devapala+is+credited+with+the+subjugation+of+the+gurjaras |title=Archaeological Investigation in Bogra District: From Early Historic to Early Mediaeval Period |date=2000 |publisher=International Centre for Study of Bengal Art |isbn=978-984-8140-01-7 |pages=50 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== Religious leanings ==<br />
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Like his father Devapala was a staunch sponsor of [[Mahayana|Buddhism]], and approved the construction of many Buddhist temples and monasteries in [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]].<ref name="mahajan" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=S N Sen |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientindianhistoryandcivilization |title=Ancient Indian history and civilization |date=1987 |quote=Like his father, Devapala was a great patron of Buddhism and his fame spread to many Buddhist countries outside India.}}</ref> He maintained the famous Buddhist monastery at Uddandapura ([[Odantapuri]]). [[Buton Rinchen Drub]] credits his father Dharmapala for building the monastery, although other Tibetan accounts such as that of [[Taranatha]], state that it was magically built and then entrusted to Devapala.<ref name="Susan1984"/>{{rp|45}}<br />
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Balaputradeva, the Sailendra king of Java, sent an ambassador to him, asking for a grant of five villages for the construction of a monastery at Nalanda. The request was granted by Devapala.<ref name="Sailendra1999"/> King Devapala granted five villages were Nandivanāka, Maņivāțaka, Națikā, Hasti and Pālāmaka to Nalanda University.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sankalia |first=Hasmukh D. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107869 |title=University Of Nalanda |date=1934 |pages=54 |quote=King Devapala-deva through an ambassador of his, Balavarmman, to grant five villages, Nandivanāka, Maņivāțaka, Națikā, Hasti and Pālāmaka towards the income for the blessed Lord Buddha, the abode of all the virtues like [[Prajñāpāramitā]], for the offerings, oblations, shelter, garments, etc., of the assembly of the venerable bhikkhus and for the upkeep and repair of the monastery when damaged.}}</ref> He also patronized the Vikramashila University and the Nalanda University.<ref>{{Cite book |last=H. Heras |first=Hasmukh D. Sankalia |url=http://archive.org/details/indianarcheologytoday |title=Indian Archeology Today |publisher=Central Archeological Library |pages=118 |language=en}}</ref> Devapāla patron of Buddhism, supporting esoteric practices and scholars like [[Haribhadra (Buddhist philosopher)|Haribhadra]] and [[Buddhajñānapāda]]. His contributions include founding major monastic centers such as Somapura, Vikramaśīla, and Odantāpura, along with numerous Buddhist monuments in eastern India.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/medievalsculptur0000unse |title=Medieval sculpture from eastern India : selections from the Nalin collection |date=1985 |location=Livingston, N.J. |publisher=Nalini International Publications |isbn=978-0-9614416-0-9 |pages=16 |quote=Buddhist Esoterism in particular, having accepted as preceptors the monks Haribhadra and Buddhajñānapāda, well-known for their mastery of the Guhyasamāja and Prajñāpāramitā texts." Monastic centers such as Somapura, Vikramaśīla, and Odantāpura are said to owe their foundation to him, as do some fifty major Buddhist monuments in eastern India. Devapāla ( A.D. 812-850) equalled and possibly surpassed his father in military achievements and continued active patronage of the Buddhist community.}}</ref><br />
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Buddhist scholar Vajradatta (the author of Lokesvarashataka), was the court poet of Devapala.<ref name="Sailendra1999"/><ref name="Dahiya2017">{{Cite book |last=Dahiya |first=Poonam Dalal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbU6DwAAQBAJ |title=Ancient and Medieval India |year=2017 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education |isbn=978-93-5260-673-3 |pages=413 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== Successor ==<br />
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Devapala ruled for about 40 years. His oldest son probably was the Crown Prince (Yuvaraja) Rajyapala. However, he probably died before his father. Earlier, the historians believed his successor to be [[Shurapala I]] and/or [[Vigrahapala I]].<ref name="Susan1984"/>{{rp|32–37}} In the 2000s, a copper-plate grant was discovered at [[Jagjivanpur]]: this plate mentions that a hitherto unknown Pala king, [[Mahendrapala]], had issued the grant in 854 CE.<ref>[https://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=4,1674,0,0,1,0#.Ux-qxfldW5I Bengal museum to reconstruct excavated Buddhist site]</ref> Mahendrapala was the son of Devapala and brother of Shurapala I. Both Mahendrapala and Shurapala I were born to Queen Mahata.<ref name="SKTiwari2001">{{cite book |title=Dimensions of Human Cultures in Central India: Professor S.K. Tiwari Felicitation Volume |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUwFL3IipK0C&pg=PA239 |year=2001 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-186-0 |page=239}}</ref><br />
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== In popular culture ==<br />
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Devapala's exploits—both verified and legendary—inspired the [[Bengalis|Bengali]] campaign in ''Dynasties of India'', the 2022 expansion pack for ''[[Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition]]''.<br />
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== See also ==<br />
* [[List of rulers of Bengal]]<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
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[[Category:Pala emperors]]<br />
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Buddhist monarchs]]</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=K._Swaminathan&diff=507063K. Swaminathan2026-04-01T15:19:56Z<p>RamonTietjen8: Created New Details First Draft</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian literary scholar (1896–1994)}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=March 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}<br />
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{{Indian name|Swaminathan|Krishnaswami}}'''Krishnaswami Swaminathan''' (3 December 1896 – 19 May 1994) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] literary scholar and the Chief Editor of the ''Collected Works of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]''.<br />
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==Early life and education==<br />
Swaminathan was born in [[Pudukottai]] on 3 December 1896. His father, P. S. Krishnaswami, was a sanitary engineer in the Madras Government who after retirement undertook the first complete translation into Tamil of Valmiki’s Ramayana. Swaminathan had an elder sister, Veda, who died in 1936. He had two younger brothers: the scientist [[Krishnasami Venkataraman|K. Venkataraman]] and the doctor [[Krishnaswami Srinivas Sanjivi|K. S. Sanjivi]], while actor [[Madhav Sharma]] is his great-nephew.<br />
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Swaminathan was educated in Madras (now Chennai), first at the Evangelical Lutheran Mission School and then at the PS High School in Mylapore. On matriculating in 1912, Swaminathan joined [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College]] where he was to spend five years, finishing his Intermediate before taking a first-class degree in English Literature.<ref>Guhan, S. 'K. S.: A Memoir' in ''Prof. K Swaminathan (1896-1994), Tributes to Commemmorate his Birth Centenary'' (privately published in Chennai, 1994).</ref> He then did a degree in law, and moved to Pudukottai to practice. However, he soon left the law to teach English literature at Sri Minakshi College, Chidambaram.<ref>S. Ramaswami, ‘Prof. K. Swaminathan – Scholar, Teacher and Editor’, ''Bhavan’s Journal'', 31 May 1994</ref><br />
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In 1924 Swaminathan won a scholarship to [[Christ Church, Oxford]], where he took an M. A. in English literature. At Oxford he was active in the student body known as Majlis, where he befriended the future Prime Minister of Ceylon, [[S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike]].<ref>S. Ramaswamy, ‘Sage and Scholar’, ''The Hindu, 30th April 1995''</ref><br />
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==Academic and literary career==<br />
On his return to India, Swaminathan resumed his job at Chidambaram before moving in 1930 to teach at his alma mater, Presidency College in Madras. While teaching English, Swaminathan was also active in promoting the study and appreciation of Tamil literature. He was instrumental in having a statue of the Tamil scholar and editor, [[U. V. Swaminatha Iyer]], installed in the Presidency College campus. In 1934, Swaminathan wrote a comic opera, called Kattaivandi (the Cart), an adaptation of Gilbert and Sullivan’s ''[[The Gondoliers]]'',<ref>Ramaswamy, "Sage and Scholar"</ref> which was staged several times in Madras and other southern towns. Several performances were put up by the Presidency College’s Dramatic Association, the proceeds going to The Hindu’s Bihar Earthquake Relief Fund. Swaminathan was also a prolific writer of reviews and literary essays in both English and Tamil newspapers.<br />
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Between 1948 and 1953 Swaminathan served as Principal of Government Arts College in Madras. After retiring from teaching, he became Associate Editor of ''[[The Indian Express]]'', with special responsibility for bringing out their weekend supplement, ''The Sunday Standard''. While the main newspaper, edited by [[Frank Moraes]], focused on politics, economics, foreign affairs and sport, the weekend supplement, handled by Swaminathan, published book reviews, features, poems, and short stories. Among his scoops was to get the translated text of C. Rajagopalachari’s celebrated rendition of the [[Ramayana]], originally written in Tamil. This was later published as a book by the Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. Swaminathan also serialized in the ''Sunday Standard'' the talks on the Gita of Gandhi’s long-time disciple, Vinoba Bhave. These lectures, as edited by Swaminathan, were later published in book form by George Allen and Unwin.<ref>Ramachandra Guha, ‘Gandhi’s Editor’, in Guha, An Anthropologist among the Marxists and Other Essays (New Delhi: Permanent Black, 2001); Vinoba Bhave, Talks on the Gita (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1960)</ref><br />
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==Editor of the ''Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi''==<br />
Swaminathan first met [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in April 1915, during Gandhi's first visit to Madras after his return to India from South Africa. A group of college students, including Swaminathan, were asked to attend on Gandhi. Swaminathan recalled that his duties included ‘mending [Gandhi’s] quill pens because he would not use nibs, then all imported, filling his ink-stand with swadeshi ink and going with him on foot or by tram to the Roman Catholic Bishop’s house in San Thome, the Anglican Bishop’s house near St. George’s Cathedral, the Mahajana Sabha Hall [in] Mount Road, Ranade Hall, Mylapore, George Town, Royapettah and various other locations.’<ref>K. Swaminathan, ‘Gandhi, the Man and the Myth’, in Swaminathan, Relevance of Gandhi and Other Essays (Gandhigram: Gandhigram Trust, 1998), p. 34.</ref><br />
<br />
On Gandhi’s later trips to Madras, Swaminathan occasionally attended his public meetings.<ref>K. Swaminathan, letter to the Indian Express, 2 May 1987.</ref> Although he never joined the freedom movement, Swaminathan admired Gandhi and was inspired by him. He took a special interest in the emancipation of Dalits. He ran adult literary classes for Dalit households in Madras, and also opened a hostel for Dalit college students.<ref>S. T. Kasirajan, ‘Professor K. Swaminathan: A Connoisseur of Inner Joy’, Kisan World, January 1984</ref><br />
<br />
In 1956, the [[Publications Division (India)|Publications Division]] of the Government of India began a project to bring out Gandhi’s published and unpublished writings in book form, and in three languages: English, Hindi, and Marathi. They appointed the scholar and freedom fighter Bharatan Kumarappa to oversee the project as its Chief Editor.<ref>''Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi'', Volume I (New Delhi: Publications Division, 1958), pp xii-xiv.</ref> However, Kumarappa died in 1957, and his replacement, [[Jairamdas Daulatram]], left after two years to take up a seat in the [[Rajya Sabha]].<br />
<br />
In February 1960, Swaminathan moved to Delhi to take over as Chief Editor of Gandhi’s ''Collected Works''. He had been recommended for the post by [[Vinoba Bhave]].<ref>''Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi'', Volume I (New Delhi: Publications Division, 1958), pp xii-xiv.</ref> At this time, only four volumes of the series had been published. He stayed in the job for twenty-five years, in this time overseeing the publication of a further eighty-six volumes. He supervised a staff of sixty, who included the literary scholar [[C. N. Patel]], who was in charge of the Gujarati edition, and the poet [[Bhawani Prasad Mishra]], who edited the Hindi edition.<br />
<br />
Each volume of the ''Collected Works'' was meticulously edited by Swaminathan and his colleagues. Each had a preface, an appendix, a chronology, a list of sources, and an index, while the main text containing Gandhi’s writings were carefully footnoted and annotated. As the American scholar of Gandhi, [[Joan Bondurant]], has written, ‘in the verification of sources, authentication of authorship, identification of little-known persons in letters, and addition of valuable background and appendix materials, they [the editors of Gandhi’s Collected Works] have met the highest standards of scholarship’.<ref>Joan Bondurant, ‘New Sources for Countervailing a Legend: Personal and Political History in South Africa’, The Journal of Modern History, volume 36, number 3, September 1964, pp 318-23.</ref><br />
<br />
In January 1972, K. Swaminathan was awarded the Republic of India’s third highest civilian honour, the [[Padma Bhushan]], thus joining his brother, [[Krishnasami Venkataraman|K. Venkataraman]], who had been awarded a Padma Bhushan in 1961. The third brother, [[Krishnaswami Srinivas Sanjivi|K. S. Sanjivi]], was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1976.<br />
<br />
In April 1984, the ninetieth volume of the ''Collected Works'' was released in New Delhi. The volume ended with what Gandhi had said or written on the last day of his life, 30 January 1948. In her foreword to this volume, then Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] remarked: ‘I wish to place on record my appreciation and that of the Government of India of the dedication and competence of Professor K. Swaminathan and his team of editors, research scholars and staff who have laboured over the last twenty-five years to complete this monumental work’.<ref>Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, Volume XC (New Delhi: Publications Division, 1984), p. vi.</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Swaminathan was married to Visalakshi, a native of Pudukottai. They had four children, Mahalakshi (born 1925), Sriram (born 1928), Shantha (born 1930), and Dharma (born 1935). In the year 1940 Swaminathan first met the sage Ramana Maharishi at Tiruvannamalai. He came to regard Ramana as his spiritual preceptor, and went several times a year to see him.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BqXnHBcH4Nk&t=486s | title=GURU RAMANA - an Interview Documentary - YouTube | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref> Swaminathan was also to later publish a short biography of Ramana.<ref>K. Swaminathan, ''Ramana Maharishi'' (New Delhi: National Book Trust, 1977).</ref><br />
<br />
==Final years==<br />
In 1985 K. Swaminathan retired to his home town, Madras. Although he was no longer Chief Editor of the ''Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi'', he assisted his former colleagues in New Delhi in bring out seven supplementary volumes and in preparing consolidated subject and person indexes to the series. In his last years he was active in a citizens’ group seeking to bring an end to the civil war in Sri Lanka.<ref>‘Sri Lanka talks: citizens’ appeal to PM’, ''The Hindu'', 20 February 1986.</ref><br />
<br />
Swaminathan died in Madras on 19 May 1994.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Swaminathan, K.}}<br />
[[Category:1896 births]]<br />
[[Category:1994 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]<br />
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]<br />
[[Category:People from Pudukkottai]]</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolathur,_Chennai&diff=475154Kolathur, Chennai2026-03-26T16:36:31Z<p>RamonTietjen8: updated page</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Neighborhood in Chennai District, Tamil Nadu State, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Kolathur<br />
| native_name = <!-- Please do not add any Indic script in this infobox, per WP:INDICSCRIPT policy. --><br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| image_map = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Chennai#Tamil Nadu#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Kolathur, ([[Chennai]])<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|13|07|26.4|N|80|12|43.6|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and Territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[File:TamilNadu Logo.svg|23x16px|border|link=|alt=|Tamil Nadu]] [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chennai district|Chennai]]<br />
| established_title = <! -- Established --><br />
| government_type = <br />
| government_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 35<br />
| elevation_ft = <br />
| population_total = 1,10,474<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]<br />
| demographics1_title1 = [[Official]]<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 600099<br />
| area_code_type = [[Telephone]] Code<br />
| area_code = +9144<br />
| registration_plate = TN 05 yy xxxx<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Neighborhood]]s<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[korattur]], [[Villivakkam]], [[Perambur]], [[Surapet]], [[Madhavaram, Chennai|Madhavaram]], [[Retteri]], [[Ayanavaram]], [[Anna Nagar]], [[Sembium]], [[Agaram]], [[Periyar Nagar]], [[Jawahar Nagar]], [[Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar]], [[Peravallur]].<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = Municipal body<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Greater Chennai Corporation]]<br />
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[List of Chennai Corporation wards|Zone & Ward]]<br />
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar|6 & 64]]<br />
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha|LS]]<br />
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Chennai North (Lok Sabha constituency)]]<br />
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|VS]]<br />
| blank5_info_sec1 = [[Kolathur (state assembly constituency)]]<br />
| blank6_name_sec1 = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]<br />
| blank6_info_sec1 = Dr. [[Kalanidhi Veeraswamy]]<br />
| blank7_name_sec1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]<br />
| blank7_info_sec1 = [[M. K. Stalin]]<ref>{{Cite news |author=The Hindu Bureau |date=2023-10-10 |title=Chennai Corporation Commissioner inspects T.N. CM's Assembly constituency Kolathur |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-corporation-commissioner-inspects-tn-cms-assembly-constituency-kolathur/article67400962.ece |access-date=2023-12-15 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> (Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu)<br />
| website = https://chennaicorporation.gov.in<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kolathur'''<ref>{{Cite news |author=Online Desk |date=2023-11-29 |title=Chennai rain: Kolathur, Ambattur receive highest rainfall from 6 pm to 7 pm |language=en |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/city/chennai-rain-kolathur-ambattur-receive-highest-rainfall-from-6-pm-to-7-pm-751548 |access-date=2023-12-15}}</ref> is a [[neighborhood]] located in the northwestern region of [[Chennai]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chennai battered, takes cover from menacing Cyclone Michaung |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2023/dec/04/chennai-takes-cover-from-menacingmichaung-2638474.html |access-date=2023-12-15}}</ref> in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
As per [[Census of India 2011]], the total population of Kolathur, Chennai was 1,10,474. Out of this, the male population contributed 55,689 whereas the female population was 54,785. Out of this, 15,214 (males: 7,695 and females: 7,519) were Scheduled Castes and 552 (males: 289 and females: 263) were Scheduled Tribes. The population of children below 6 years of age was 11,760 (males: 6,091 and females: 5,669). Literates of Kolathur constitute 92,248, out of which males were 47,663 and females were 44,585.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1091/download/3378/DH_2011_3302_PART_B_DCHB_CHENNAI.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215090540/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1091/download/3378/DH_2011_3302_PART_B_DCHB_CHENNAI.pdf | archive-date=2023-12-15}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Education ==<br />
===Schools===<br />
Some of the important schools in Kolathur are Everwin Vidhyashram,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.everwinschool.com/kolathur_cbse.php | title=Kolathur_cbse }}</ref> Don Bosco Higher Secondary School, Government Higher Secondary School and Everwin Matriculation Higher Secondary School.,<ref name="Everwin Matriculation Higher Secondary School Kolathur">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/bcom-still-top-draw-in-class-xi-intake/articleshow/77728685.cms |title=Tamil Nadu Class 11 admissions 2020: BCom still top choice of students - Times of India |work=The Times of India|date=2020-08-25|access-date=2020-10-30}}</ref> Smt. Durgadevi Choudary Vivekananda Vidyalaya and Godson Public school (surapet main road) is another famous school.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jaigopalgarodia.org/jgvvsvn/contactus.php | title=SMT. Durgadevi Choudhary Vivekananda (CBSE) }}</ref><ref name="Durgadevi Choudary Vivekananda Vidyalaya">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-students-enter-school-in-red-zone-to-buy-books/articleshow/76456373.cms |title=Chennai: Students enter school in red zone to buy books |work=The Times of India|date=2020-06-19|access-date=2020-10-30}}</ref><br />
<br />
===College===<br />
There is an Arts and Science College viz., [[Arulmigu Kapaleeswarar Arts and Science College]],<ref>{{Cite web |author=((Special Correspondent)) |date=2021-11-02 |title=CM inaugurates arts college at Kolathur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cm-inaugurates-arts-college-at-kolathur/article37315018.ece |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> soka ikeda Arts & science college for Women and Annai voilet arts and science college<br />
<br />
== Political notability ==<br />
[[Kolathur Assembly constituency]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/interesting-battle-puts-kolathur-in-limelight/article1603107.ece |title=Interesting battle puts Kolathur in limelight - The Hindu |work=The Hindu|date=2016-08-23|access-date=2020-10-30}}</ref> in Chennai is a newly formed assembly constituency.<ref name="Kolathur state assembly constituency">{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/elections/elections-2011/2011/apr/04/clash-of-titans-at-kolathur-stalin-vs-duraiswam-241565.html |title=Clash of titans at Kolathur: Stalin vs Duraiswam - The New Indian Express |work=The New Indian Express|date=2011-04-04|access-date=2020-10-30}}</ref> Kolathur lies in the Ward number 64 (old number 62) of the [[Greater Chennai Corporation]].<ref name="Kolathur ward 64">{{cite web|url=https://chennaicorporation.gov.in/images/MAP_ZONE_WARD.jpg |title=MAP_ZONE_WARD.jpg (3179×4493) |work=Greater Chennai Corporation |access-date=2020-11-01}}</ref><br />
<br />
Kolathur comes under the zone VI (six) of Chennai Corporation viz. [[Thiru. Vi. Ka Nagar]] Zone.<ref name="Zone Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar">{{cite web|url=https://chennai.nic.in/about-district/administrative-setup/local-bodies/ |title=Local Bodies |work=National Informatics Center|access-date=2020-10-30}}</ref><ref name="Zone VI Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar">{{cite web|url=https://chennaicorporation.gov.in/images/MAP_ZONE_WARD.jpg |title=MAP_ZONE_WARD.jpg (3179x4493) |work=Greater Chennai Corporation |access-date=2020-11-01}}</ref><br />
<br />
This neighborhood comes under [[Kolathur (state assembly constituency)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=tamil-nadu constituency-detail |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly-election/kolathur-68585773 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Kolathur (state assembly constituency) is one of the six Assembly Constituencies that constitute [[Chennai North Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://chanakyya.com/Parliament-Details/Chennai_North | title=Parliament Seat Details - Chanakyya }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Places of worship ==<br />
#[[Somanatha Swamy Temple|Shri Somanatha Swamy Temple]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arulmigu Somanatha Swamy Temple, Kolthur, Chennai - 600099, Chennai District [TM000095]. |url=https://hrce.tn.gov.in/hrcehome/index_temple.php?tid=95 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=hrce.tn.gov.in}}</ref><br />
#Shri Lakshmi Narayana Perumal Temple, Kolathur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arulmigu Lakshmi Narayana Perumal Temple, Kolathur, Chennai - 600099, Chennai District [TM001205]., Lakshmi Narayana Perumal |url=https://hrce.tn.gov.in/hrcehome/index_temple.php?tid=1205 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=hrce.tn.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Ornamental fish market ==<br />
Kolathur is known for its ornamental fish market with around 500 families is involved in production and trade <ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-12 |title=Stalin opens Kolathur ornamental fish market |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/stalin-opens-kolathur-ornamental-fish-market/articleshow/124489499.cms |access-date=2025-11-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and selling over 10 lakh ornamental fishes on daily basis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PRASATH |first=ARUN |date=2025-08-19 |title=Business concerns: Will not move to mall-like Villivakkam complex, say Kolathur ornamental fish traders |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/chennai/business-concerns-will-not-move-to-mall-like-villivakkam-complex-say-kolathur-ornamental-fish-traders-843746 |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Geolocation ==<br />
{{Geographic Location<br />
|title = '''''Directions from Kolathur'''''<br />
|Northwest = [[Korattur]]<br />
|North = [[Puzhal]]<br />
|Northeast = [[Madhavaram, Chennai|Madhavaram]]<br />
|West = [[Padi, Chennai|Padi]]<br />
|Centre = Kolathur<br />
|East = [[Perambur]]<br />
|Southwest = <br />
|South = [[Villivakkam]]<br />
|Southeast = [[Ayanavaram]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* {{cite news |last=Prabhakar |first=Siddharth |date=2020-10-24 |title=How to kill a lake |publisher=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/how-to-kill-a-lake/articleshow/78837012.cms |access-date=2020-11-07}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Chennai]]</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaghela_dynasty&diff=459862Vaghela dynasty2026-03-25T06:09:00Z<p>RamonTietjen8: updated page</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Dynasty of medieval India (1244–1304)}}<br />
{{pp|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox former country<br />
| conventional_long_name = Vaghela Dynasty<br />
| native_name = ''Vāghēlā rājavanśa''<br />
| status = Dynasty<br />
| event_start = Usurping of the [[Chaulukya]] throne by Visaladeva<br />
| year_start = 1244<br />
| event_end = [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat]]<br />
| year_end = 1304<br />
| image_map = {{South Asia in 1250|center||{{Annotation|73|114|[[File:Orange dot (semi-transparent).png|25px]]}}||none}}<br />
| image_map_caption = The Vaghelas and neighbouring South Asian polities, circa 1250 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical Atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=147 |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185 |archive-date=5 June 2021 |access-date=9 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605005217/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
| p1 = Chaulukya dynasty<br />
| s2 = <br />
| s1 = Gujarat under Delhi Sultanate<br />
| capital = [[Dholka|Dhavalakka]] (modern [[Dholka]])<br />
| common_languages = [[Apabhraṃśa|Apabhramsa]], [[Prakrit]], [[Old Gujarati]]<br />
| religion = [[Jainism]]<ref name="”Wiley2009”" /><br>[[Hinduism]]<br />
| government_type = Monarchy<br />
| leader1 = Visala-deva ''(first)''<br />
| year_leader1 = 1244–1262<br />
| leader2 = [[Karna (Vaghela dynasty)|Karna-deva (Karna II)]] ''(last)''<br />
| year_leader2 = 1296–1304<br />
| today = [[India]]<br />
}}<br />
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{{History of Gujarat}}<br />
The '''Vaghela dynasty''' ruled the Kingdom of Gujarat in India in the 13th century CE, with their capital at [[Dholka]]. They were the last dynasty to rule Gujarat before the [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat|Muslim conquest of the region]].<br />
<br />
Early members of the Vaghela family served the [[Chaulukya dynasty]] in the 12th century CE, and claimed to be a branch of that dynasty. In the 13th century, during the reign of the weak Chaulukya king [[Bhima II]], the Vaghela general Lavanaprasada and his son Viradhavala gained a large amount of power in the kingdom, although they continued to nominally acknowledge Chaulukya suzerainty. In the mid-1240s, Viradhavala's son Visaladeva [[usurped]] the throne, and his successors ruled Gujarat until [[Karna (Vaghela dynasty)|Karna Vaghela]] was defeated by [[Nusrat Khan Jalesari|Nusrat Khan]]<ref>{{Cite book |title= Portuguese and the Sultanate of Gujarat, 1500–1573|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1dRmvGS5MYcC |author= Kuzhippalli Skaria Mathew |date= 1986 |page= 98 }}</ref> of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] in 1304 CE, and lost Gujarat.<br />
<br />
== Origin ==<br />
<br />
The Vaghelas [[usurped]] power from the [[Chaulukya dynasty]]. According to the 14th century chronicler [[Merutunga]], the earliest known member of the Vaghela family – "Dhavala" – married the maternal aunt of the Chaulukya monarch [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]]. The Vaghela court poet [[Someshvara (13th-century poet)|Someshvara]] described the Vaghela family as a branch of the Chaulukya family.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=169}}<br />
<br />
The Vaghelas called themselves Chaulukyas, and claimed same mythological descent as the Chaulukyas. The [[Khambhat]] inscription of the first Vaghela monarch Visaladeva gives the following account of the myth: Once [[Brahma]] was thinking who will destroy the sons of [[Diti]] (that is, the [[Daitya]]s or demons). Suddenly, a warrior sprang from Brahma's ''chuluka''. This hero, named Chaulukya, gave rise to the Chaulukya lineage, in which Arnoraja Vaghela was born.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=169}}<br />
<br />
The dynasty's name "Vyaghrapalliya" and its shortened form "Vaghela" come from the name of a village called [[Vaghel|Vyaghrapalli]] (literally "tiger's lair").{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=169}}<br />
<br />
== Early members ==<br />
<br />
=== Arnoraja ===<br />
<br />
Arnoraja, who was a son of Dhavala and [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]]'s maternal aunt, was the first member of the Vaghela family to gain importance. He seems to have participated in a military campaign in [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] while serving Kumarapala. The Muralidhar temple inscription, discovered in the Desan village of [[Bhiloda]] taluka, credits him with conquering Saurashtra. According to the 13th century writer [[Udayaprabha Suri]], Kumarapala granted the Bhimapalli village to Arnoraja for his services. It is possible that Arnoraja received the village for his role in the Saurashtra campaign of Kumarapala. He probably served as a sub-commander in this campaign, although the Vahgela records later magnified his role. According to historian A. K. Majumdar, the Bhimapalli village might have been same as the Vyaghrapalli village from which the dynasty's name is derived.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=169}}<br />
<br />
Arnoraja became prominent during the reign of Kumarapala's descendant [[Bhima II]]. Taking advantage of Bhima's young age, the provincial governors revolted against him.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=169}} Arnoraja remained loyal to the king, and appears to have defeated the rebels, including the vassal rulers of [[Mewar|Medapata]] and [[Paramaras of Chandravati|Chandravati]]. Bhima had other loyal officers such as Pratapamalla and Jagaddeva, but the Vaghela records give the entire credit for suppressing the revolt to Arnoraja.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=170}}<br />
<br />
=== Lavanaprasada ===<br />
<br />
Lavanaprasada (alias Lavanyaprasada) was the son of Arnoraja and Salakhanadevi.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=171}} According to a legend mentioned by Merutunga, Lavanaprasada was born when Arnoraja was a ''[[samanta]]'' (feudal lord) in Kumarapala's service. When Kumarapala heard about the news of the child's birth in his court, he declared that Arnoraja's son will have a brilliant future.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=170}} As a feudatory of Bhima, Lavanaprasada held the ranks of ''Maha-mandaleshvara'' and ''Ranaka''. His fief was Dhavalakakka (or Dholka).{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=170}} The later [[Dabhoi]] inscription describes him as the king of [[Gurjaradesa|Gurjara country]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ramkrishna T. Vyas|author2=Umakant Premanand Shah|title=Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects in Honour of Dr. U. P. Shah: Consciousness Manifest|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fETebHcHKogC&pg=PA147|access-date=24 July 2013|date=1995|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-316-8|pages=147–}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Viradhavala ===<br />
<br />
Viradhavala was the son of Lavanaprasada and Madanarajni.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=171}} According to Merutunga's account, Madanarajni left Lavanprasada and started living with Devaraja, who was the husband of her dead sister. Madanarajni took Viradhavala with him, but the boy returned to his father Lavanaprasada when he grew up and became ashamed of the situation.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=170}}<br />
<br />
During the reign of Bhima II, Lavanaprasada and Viradhavala repelled enemy invasions and saved the Chaulukya kingdom. Viradhavala probably died during the reign of Bhima, as his son Visaladeva had become the ''Mahamandaleshvara Ranaka'' by 1239 CE.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=170}}<br />
<br />
=== Virama ===<br />
[[File:General View of Vadodara Gate.jpg|thumb|Detailed view of Vadodara Gate of Dabhoi fort]]<br />
Visaladeva's succession was contested by a man named Virama. According to the colophon of a 1239 CE (1296 [[Vikrama Samvat|VS]]) manuscript, Virama held the title ''Mahamandeshvara Ranaka'' as a subordinate of Bhima II. The capital of his principality was located at Vidyutapura.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=170–172}}<br />
<br />
According to the medieval chronicler Rajashekhara Suri, Virama was the younger brother of Visaladeva. Rajashekhara's account of Virama goes like this: Once, a ''[[bania (caste)|bania]]'' (merchant) made a costlier gift to a Vaishnava shrine than Virama did. This annoyed Virama, who tortured the ''bania''. As a punishment, Viradhavala banished Virama to a place named Viramagrama. After Viradhavala's death, the minister [[Vastupala]] helped Visaladeva succeed his father. Virama tried to contest this succession, but was unsuccessful. He retired to [[Javalipura]] (modern Jalore), where he sought shelter from his father-in-law [[Udayasimha]]. However, Vastupala pressured Udayasimha to have Virama murdered.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=170–171}}<br />
<br />
Rajashekhara's account of the dynasty contains many inaccuracies in general. Historical evidence indicates that Virama was actually a brother (or half-brother) of Viradhavala, and thus an uncle of Visaladeva. According to the Vaghela records, Visaladeva's brother was Pratapamalla.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=170–172}} Historian A. K. Majumdar dismisses Rajashekhara's account of Virama's death. According to Majumdar's theory, Udayasimha challenged the Chaulukya suzerainty, and Virama fought with him as a loyal subordinate of Bhima II. Virama was probably killed in a battle with Udayasimha, and not on the orders of Vastupala, as claimed by Rajashekhara.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=172–173}}<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
=== As sovereigns ===<br />
<br />
[[File:Hira Gate -Dabhoi- Gujarat - 007.jpg|thumb|Balcony of Hira gate of [[Dabhoi]] fort]]<br />
During the reign of [[Bhima II]], the Vaghelas became the de facto rulers of the Chaulukya kingdom. Inscriptions at [[Girnar]] suggest that by 1231 CE (1288 [[Vikram Samvat|VS]]), Lavanaprasada had assumed the title ‘’[[Maharajadhiraja]]’’ (“king of great kings”), and his son Viradhavala had assumed the title ‘’[[Maharaja]]’’ (“great king”). However, the Vaghelas continued to nominally acknowledge Bhima and his successor [[Tribhuvanapala]] as their overlords.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=163–164}}<br />
Viradhavala’s son Visaladeva ascended the throne of Gujarat sometime around 1244 CE. How he usurped the power is uncertain: it is possible the last Chaulukya king Tribhuvanapala died heirless or was defeated by Visaladeva.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=173}} Visaladeva invaded [[Malwa]], which had been weakened because of invasions from the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. He met with little resistance in Malwa, and defeated the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] king [[Jaitugideva]]. Visaladeva also defeated a ruler of [[Mewar]], possibly the [[Guhilas of Medapata|Guhila]] king [[Tejasimha]]. He repulsed some invasions from south, by the [[Yadavas of Devagiri]]. However, later, he suffered setbacks against successive Yadava kings. Possibly as a move against the Yadavas, he forged a matrimonial alliance with the [[Hoysala]]s, who were the southern neighbours of the Yadavas.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=174}}<br />
Visaladeva’s successor Arjunadeva ascended the throne around 1262 CE. Not much is known about the incidents of his reign, except that he suffered a defeat against the Yadavas.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=180}} His elder son Rama succeeded him, and ruled for a few months. Subsequently, his younger son Sarangadeva ascended the throne.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=181}}<br />
Sarangadeva defeated the Paramaras and the Yadavas.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=181–182}} According to Vaghela records, sometime in or before 1285 CE, he repulsed an invasion by the [[Turkic peoples|Turushka]]s (Turkic people). Modern historians variously identify these Turushkas as [[Mongol invasions of India|Mongol raiders]] or [[Balban]]’s forces.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=183}} Sarangadeva also sent an expedition against the [[Jethva]] chief Bhanu.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=184}}<br />
<br />
=== Decline ===<br />
<br />
Around 1296 CE, Sarangadeva was succeeded by Rama’s son [[Karna (Vaghela dynasty)|Karna]]. In 1299, the [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi Sultan]] [[Alauddin Khalji]] sent an army to ransack Gujarat. According to multiple medieval chronicles, Karna had abducted the wife of his minister Madhava and killed Madhava’s brother. In revenge, Madhava instigated Alauddin to invade Gujarat.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=192-193}}{{sfn|Aditya Behl|2012|p=190}}<br />
In 1304, Karna lost his throne permanently after a second invasion from Delhi. According to [[Amir Khusrau]]’s poem ‘’Ashiqa’’, the invasion resulted from a request by Karna’s former wife Kamala Devi, who had been captured by Alauddin’s forces during the first invasion. Eight years after being inducted into Alauddin’s [[harem]], Kamala Devi requested Alauddin to get her daughter [[Devala Devi]] from Gujarat. Although Karna agreed to the demand, Alauddin ordered his army to invade Gujarat for a second time. ‘’Ashiqa’’ is not historically reliable, but some of the later medieval writers present its narrative as history. Other medieval chroniclers give different accounts of this incident, some of them mention no such request by Kamala Devi.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=190–194}}<br />
<br />
=== Descendants ===<br />
<br />
No concrete information is available about any descendant of Karna II. A 1498 CE inscription shows that a family of the Vaghela clan was ruling at a place called Dandahi, as subordinates of the Muslim ruler [[Mahmud Begada]]. The rulers of the [[Rewa State]] also claimed descent from the Vaghelas through one Bhimadeva.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=197}}<br />
<br />
== Genealogy ==<br />
<br />
A list of the known members of the Vaghela family is given below: all individuals are the sons of their predecessors, unless otherwise stated. The pre-sovereign members of the family include:{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=207}}<br />
* Dhavala, married a sister of [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]]'s mother<br />
* Arnoraja, married Salakhanadevi<br />
* Lavanaprasada, married Madanarajni<br />
** Viradhavala<br />
*** Pratapamalla<br />
*** Visaladeva<br />
** Virama<br />
<br />
=== List of rulers ===<br />
<br />
The sovereign Vaghela rulers include:{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=207}}<br />
* Visala-deva ({{reign|{{circa|1244}}|{{circa|1262}}}})<br />
* Arjuna-deva ({{reign|{{circa|1262}}|{{circa|1275}}}}), son of Pratapamalla<br />
* Rama ({{reign|single={{circa|1275}}}}), son of Arjunadeva<br />
* Saranga-deva ({{reign|{{circa|1275}}|{{circa|1296}}}}), son of Arjunadeva<br />
* [[Karna (Vaghela dynasty)|Karna-deva]] ({{reign|{{circa|1296}}|{{circa|1304}}}}), son of Rama; also called Karna II to distinguish him from [[Karna (Chaulukya dynasty)|Karna Chaulukya]]<br />
<br />
== Family Tree ==<br />
{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=no|Vaghela dynasty}}<br />
{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}<br />
{{Tree chart| | | A01 | | |A01={{nbsp}}<br>'''Lavanaprasada'''<br>{{nbsp}}<br> |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700}}<br />
{{Tree chart| |,|-|^|-|.| |}}<br />
{{Tree chart| A01 | | A02 |A01='''Visaladeva''' <br>(1) <br>r. 1244–1262 |A02='''Pratapamalla''' <br> <br>r. 1262–1275 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700 |boxstyle_ A02=border-color:#FFD700}}<br />
{{Tree chart| | | | | |!| |}}<br />
{{Tree chart| | | | | A01 |A01='''Arjunadeva''' <br>(2) <br>r. 1275|boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700}}<br />
{{Tree chart| | | |,|-|^|-|.}}<br />
{{Tree chart| | | A01 | | | A02 |A01='''Rama''' <br>(3) <br>r. 1275 |A02='''Sarangadeva''' <br>(4) <br>r. 1275-1296 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700|boxstyle_ A02=border-color:#FFD700}}<br />
{{Tree chart| | | |!| |}}<br />
{{Tree chart| | | A01 |A01='''[[Karna II]]''' <br>(5) <br>r.1296–1304 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700}}<br />
{{Tree chart/end}}<br />
{{Chart bottom}}<br />
<br />
== Coinage ==<br />
During Vaghela rule, the ''Gadhaiya'' coins increasingly lost its intrinsic value which was stayed unchanged for two centuries under Chaulukyas. The 4.4 g billon coin of Chaulukya had stable silver content of 2.02 g of which reduced to 1.83 g during Visala-deva's coins and its successive issues has less content, as low as 0.73 g. During stable net content of silver, the ''Gadhaiya'' coins were used in international trade from Afghanistan to Deccan. As its intrinsic value decreased, its circulation shrank to the area of modern [[Kheda district]] and its surroundings. These coins followed the ''tanka'' coins of Delhi. The coins of Visala-deva are mentioned as ''{{transliteration|sa|Visalamalla priya dra}}'' (''dra'' stands for dramma) or ''{{transliteration|sa|Visala priya dra}}'' or ''{{transliteration|sa|Visalapri dra}}'' in various literary sources and epigraphs. The coins of Saranga-deva and Karna-deva had an elephant facing left on obverses and legends on the reverses. The legends reads ''{{transliteration|sa|shri saranga-de}}..'' and ''{{transliteration|sa|Shri karna/devasya}} or {{transliteration|sa|Shri karna/devasa}}''. Another coins of Karna-deva has [[Kumbha]] (vase) on its obverse enclosed in border made of dots and lines while reverse has the same legend. Another type of his coins of copper depicted lion facing left on obverse and the same legend on reverse.{{sfn|Amol N. Bankar|2012|pp=23–29}}<br />
<br />
== Cultural contributions ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Ceiling of Dilwara Jain Temple Abu Rajasthan India.jpg|thumb|Ceiling of one of Dilwara Jain Temples]]<br />
<br />
A number of temples were built during their reign by wealthy merchants and ministers, [[Vastupala]] and Tejapala who also served as ministers and generals, including one of [[Dilwara Temples]] at [[Mount Abu]] and [[Girnar Jain temples]].<ref name=”Wiley2009”>{{cite book|author=Kristi L. Wiley|title=The A to Z of Jainism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUz9o-EKTpwC&pg=PA13|access-date=24 July 2013|date=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6821-2|pages=13–}}</ref> In fact, ‘’Kirtikaumudi’’, the biography of Vastupala, written by [[Someshvara (13th-century poet)|Someshvara]], a royal priest, is also an important source of the history of the dynasty.<ref name=”WinternitzWinternitz1985”>{{cite book|author1=Maurice Winternitz|author2=Moritz Winternitz|title=A History of Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ql0BmInD1c4C&pg=PA103|access-date=24 July 2013|date=1985|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0056-4|pages=103–}}</ref>{{sfn|Amol N. Bankar|2012|pp=23–29}} Visala-deva constructed or restored the fort of Dharbhavati ([[Dabhoi]]) which is well known for its elaborate carvings and gates.{{sfn|Amol N. Bankar|2012|pp=23–29}} He built [[Pol (housing)|’’pratolis’’]], temples and ‘’[[stepwell|vapis]]’’ in Darbhavati (Dabhoi) completed by about 1255 CE. Of its four gates, Hira Bhagol (with its adjacent temples) may have been built during Visaladeva’s reign while three other gates may have been built by Tejapala, as indicated in Jain ‘’[[prabandha]]’’s.<ref name=”Dhaky1961”/> The Satmukhi stepwell in Dabhoi is a temple built over a tank with seven wells ascribed to him.{{sfn|Jutta Jain-Neubauer|1981|page=22}}<br />
The [[Ra Khengar Vav|Ra Khengar stepwell]] between [[Vanthali]] and [[Junagadh]] is stated to be constructed by Tejapala.{{sfn|Jutta Jain-Neubauer|1981|page=22}} The [[Madhavav]] in [[Wadhwan]] was built in 1294 AD (Vikram Samvat 1350) by Nagar Brahmin Madhav and Keshav, the ministers in court of the last Vaghela ruler Karna. The ‘’kunda’’ at [[Kapadvanj]] was built about this period.<ref name=”Dhaky1961”/> The Batris Kotha stepwell in Kapadvanj may have belonged to the 13th century due to its similarity with the Madha and Vikia stepwells.{{sfn|Jutta Jain-Neubauer|1981|page=22}}The Vaghela dynasty built a number of Jain temples, including marble temples at Mount Abu and temples at Mount Girnar, and also led large pilgrimages to Mount Shatrunjaya and Mount Girnar. Several Śvetāmbara Jain monks flourished during their rule, and the Vaghelas were likely followers of [[Jainism]].<ref name=”Wiley2009”>{{cite book|author=Kristi L. Wiley|title=The A to Z of Jainism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUz9o-EKTpwC&pg=PA13|access-date=24 July 2013|date=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6821-2|pages=13–}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Temples===<br />
The building activities of Vastupala and Tejpala are mentioned in inscriptions as well as in works of contemporary writers. These works include Someshvara’s ‘’Kirtikaumudi’’, Jayasimhasuri’s ‘’Shakunika-vihara-prashasti’’, Udayaprabhasuri’s ‘’Dharmabhyudaya-mahakavya’’ and ‘’Sukrita-kirtikallolini’’, Arisimha’s ‘’Sukritasamkirtanam’’, Narendraprabhasuri’s prashashti, Vijayasenasuri’s ‘’Revantagiri-rasu’’ and Palhanaputra’s ‘’Abu-rasa’’. Later works include [[Merutunga]]’s ‘’[[Prabandha-Chintamani]]’’ (1309 CE), Jinaprabha’s ‘’[[Vividha Tirtha Kalpa|Vividh-tirtha-kalpa]]’’ (early 14th century), Rajashekharasuri’s ‘’[[Prabandha Kosha|Prabandha-kosha]]’’ (1349 CE) and Jinaharshasuri’s ‘’Vastupala-charitam’’ (1441 CE).<ref name=”Dhaky1961”/><br />
====Early Vaghela phase====<br />
More than fifty temples were built by [[Vastupala]] and Tejapala apart from large number of renovations and image installations. The ‘’Idramandapa’’ and six other temples were built by Vastupala on [[Shatrunjaya]] hill. He also built Vastupla-vihara and [[Parshwanatha]] temple on [[Girnar]]. He also built Adinatha temple at [[Dholka]] and Ashtapada-prasada at [[Prabhas Patan|Prabhas]]. Tejapala built ‘’Asraja-vihara’’ at Anahilapataka and [[Junagadh]] for merit of his father. He also built [[Neminath]] Temple at Dholka and Adinath Temple at Prabhas. In memory of his mother Kumaradevi, he built temples at [[Khambhat]] and [[Dabhoi]]. He also built temples at [[Tharad]], [[Ahmedabad|Karnavati]], [[Godhra]], Shatrunjaya, Girnar, [[Pavagadh]], [[Navsari]] and several other places. His greatest temple is the Neminath Temple at Mount Abu.<ref name=”Dhaky1961”>{{cite journal|first=Madhusudan A.|last=Dhaky|author-link=Madhusudan Dhaky|year=1961|editor-last=Deva|editor-first=Krishna|title=The Chronology of the Solanki Temples of Gujarat|url=http://vmis.in/Resources/digital_publication_popup?id=136#page/44|journal=Journal of the Madhya Pradesh Itihas Parishad|publisher=Madhya Pradesh Itihas Parishad|location=[[Bhopal]]|volume=3|pages=66–69, 81–82}}</ref><br />
Of all these temples built by the brothers, only few survives such as Vastupala-vihara at Girnar (1231 CE), Neminath Temple at Abu and the temple at Prabhas. Other extant temples of this period is [[Kumbharia Jain temples|Sambhavanatha temple]] at [[Kumbhariya, Banaskantha district|Kumbhariya]], Jain marble temple at Sarotra and Panch-Pandava Temple on Shatrunjaya.<ref name=”Dhaky1961”/><br />
====Late Vaghela phase====<br />
The Vaghela princes had patronised the construction of temples and civic architecture. Lavanaprasada built Analeshwara and Salakshaneshwara temples for merit of his parents. His son Viramdeva had built Viramaeshwara temple. The temples of Rupanarayana and Balanarayana are mentioned in Kadi grant of 1261 CE.<ref name=”Dhaky1961”/><br />
Jain merchant [[Jadagusha]], as mentioned in his biography ‘’Jagaducharita’’ by Sarvanandasuri, built and renovated large number of Jain as well as Brahminical temples and civic constructions. His some notable constructions between 1250 and 1270 CE are Rishabha temple at Dhanka, a temple with 24 ‘’devkulika’’s at [[Wadhwan]], a temple on Shatrunjaya hill and a temple with 52 ‘’devakulika’’ at Sevadi. ‘’Pethada-rasu’’ (1304 CE), Munisundarasuri’s ‘’Gurvavali’’ (c. 1459 CE), Ratnamandira Gani’s ‘’Upadeshatarangini’’ (c. 15th century) and Ratnamandana’s ‘’Sukritasagara’’ (c. 15th century) are important sources of life and works of Minister Pethada of [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandavagadh]]. He had built 84 Jain temples. His notable temples are at Shatrunjaya, Prabhasa, Dholka and Salakshanapura built around 1264 CE. Shravaka Jhalli built the temples of Parshwanatha and Jhalasara lake during this period.<ref name=”Dhaky1961”/><br />
The extant temples of this phase include the Kalika temple and Vaidyanatha Temple at [[Dabhoi]], the old shrine at Motab, the Jain temple and Nilkantha temple at Miyani and the Jain temple of [[Kanthkot]] in [[Kutch]].<ref name=”Dhaky1961”/><br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Aditya Behl |title=Love's Subtle Magic: An Indian Islamic Literary Tradition, 1379–1545 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PK7riKO6IN8C&pg=PA177 |year=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-514670-7 }}<br />
* {{Cite journal |author=Amol N. Bankar |year=2012 |title=History and Coinage of the Vaghelas: The Last Hindu Rulers of Gujarat |url=https://www.academia.edu/1956808 |journal=Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society |location=London |issue=212 |pages=23–29 |issn=1818-1252 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Asoke Kumar Majumdar |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956 |oclc=4413150 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author1=H. G. Shastri |title=A historical and cultural study of the inscriptions of Gujarat: from earliest times to the end of the Caulukya period (circa 1300 A.D.) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-dFHAAAAMAAJ |year=1989 |publisher=B.J. Institute of Learning & Research |oclc=916953474 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Jutta Jain-Neubauer |title=The Stepwells of Gujarat: In Art-historical Perspective |year=1981 |publisher=Abhinav |isbn=9780391022843 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=61fSwBF4bbYC }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Romila Thapar |author-link=Romila Thapar |title=The Past Before Us |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA571 |year=2013 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-72651-2 }} <br />
* {{cite book|author=Someśvaradeva|title=Kirtikaumudi: A Life of Vastupâla, a Minister, of Lavanaprasâda & Vîradhavala Vaghelâs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39koAAAAYAAJ|year=1883|publisher=Government Central Book Department}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:History of Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]<br />
[[Category:13th century in India]]<br />
[[Category:Ahmedabad district]]</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perundurai_Assembly_constituency&diff=450570Perundurai Assembly constituency2026-03-22T17:17:07Z<p>RamonTietjen8: Content updated and refined</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 103<br />
| map_image = Constitution-Perundurai.svg<br />
| Existence = <br />
| district = [[Erode district|Erode]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Tiruppur Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruppur]]<br />
| established = 1957<br />
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| mla = [[S. Jayakumar (Indian politician)|S. Jayakumar]]<br />
| party = {{Party index link|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
| name = Perundurai<br />
| electors = 212,084<br />
| reservation = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Perundurai''' is a state assembly constituency in [[Erode district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 23 January 2017}}</ref> Its State Assembly Constituency number is 103. It covers Perundurai and some parts of Erode City. It is included in [[Tiruppur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf<br />
|title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies<br />
|access-date = 2008-10-10<br />
|work = Tamil Nadu<br />
|publisher = Election Commission of India<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090206012938/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf<br />
|archive-date = 2009-02-06<br />
}}</ref> The constituency has been in existence since 1957 election. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.<br />
<br />
Elections and winners in the constituency are listed below.<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
[[Kongu Vellalar]] [[Gounder]] Community is majorly presented in this Assembly constituency and [[Senguntha Mudaliar]], Vettuva Gounder and [[Adi Dravida]] communities are also populated in this constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/election-2016/erode/79260-103.html|title = 103 - பெருந்துறை}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" width="50%"<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br />
| [[N. K. Palanisamy]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
| [[A. Ponnusamy]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
| [[T. K. Nallappan]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]<br />
| A. Ponnusamy<br />
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=4}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br />
|rowspan=2| [[V. N. Subramanian]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1993<br />
| V. P. Periasamy<br />
|-<br />
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br />
| [[N. Periyasamy]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br />
| K. S. Palanisamy<br />
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=5}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br />
| C. Ponnudurai<br />
|-<br />
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br />
|rowspan=2| [[N. D. Venkatachalam]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
| [[S. Jayakumar (Indian politician)|S. Jayakumar]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
{{bar box<br />
|float=right<br />
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<br />
|titlebar=#ddd<br />
|width=300px<br />
|barwidth=275px<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.84}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.05}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|60.15}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.37}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.88}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|49.79}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|70.28}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|34.89}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|64.34}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|54.69}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|39.91}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|56.37}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}|47.41}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|58.41}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|58.59}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== 2026 ===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Perundurai}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= |party=Secular Progressive Alliance |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=|party=AIADMK-led Alliance|votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Loghu|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arunachalam |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br />
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =212084 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2021 ===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Perundurai<ref>{{cite web|title=Perundurai Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a103|access-date= 12 Jun 2022}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Jayakumar (Indian politician)|S. Jayakumar]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=85,125 |percentage=44.84% |change=+0.79 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. K. C. Balu |party=Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi |votes=70,618 |percentage=37.20% |change=+0.15 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Loganathan |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=10,294 |percentage=5.42% |change=+4.62 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. D. Venkatachalam]]|party=Independent politician |votes=9,895 |percentage=5.21% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. K. Nandhakumar |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=3,533 |percentage=1.86% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shankarsamy |party=Independent politician |votes=3,336 |percentage=1.76% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Thambi |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,620 |percentage=0.85% |change=+0.14 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,189 |percentage=0.63% |change=-0.47 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,507 |percentage=7.64% |change= 0.63% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=189,843 |percentage=83.31% |change= -2.30% }}<br />
{{Election box rejected|votes=563|percentage=0.30% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 227,870 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.79% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2016 ===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Perundurai<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. D. Venkatachalam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=80,292 |percentage=44.05% |change=-16.1 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. P. Samy (A) P. Mohana Sundaram |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=67,521 |percentage=37.05% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. K. C. Balu |party=Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi |votes=14,545 |percentage=7.98% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. P. Shanmugam |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=6,304 |percentage=3.46% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Chandrasekaran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,625 |percentage=1.44% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,991 |percentage=1.09% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Kumaresan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,498 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Loganathan |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,469 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Sekar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,306 |percentage=0.72% |change=-0.64 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,771 |percentage=7.01% |change= -21.19% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=182,263 |percentage=85.62% |change= 1.72% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 212,885 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -16.10% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2011 ===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Perundurai<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. D. Venkatachalam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=89,960 |percentage=60.15% |change=+16.78 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. K. C. Balu |party=Kongunadu Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=47,793 |percentage=31.96% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Anbazhagan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,033 |percentage=1.36% |change=+0.74 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. Antony Peter |party=Independent politician |votes=1,464 |percentage=0.98% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Arumugam |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=1,371 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Tamilarasu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,026 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. P. Venkatachalam |party=Independent politician |votes=925 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. V. Thangamuthu |party=Independent politician |votes=845 |percentage=0.56% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Raju |party=Independent politician |votes=823 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Tamilselvan |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=779 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=42,167 |percentage=28.19% |change= 21.96% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=149,561 |percentage=83.90% |change= 7.76% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 178,269 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 16.78% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2006===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Perundurai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=C. Ponnudurai |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=59,631 |percentage=43.37% |change=-14.51 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Periyasamy]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=51,053 |percentage=37.13% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ravichandran |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=18,212 |percentage=13.24% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Shri Gandheeswaran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,960 |percentage=1.43% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Palanisam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,447 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Devadasan |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=1,136 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Krishnamoorthy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,066 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. M. S. Subramaniam |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=850 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,578 |percentage=6.24% |change= -19.21% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=137,506 |percentage=76.13% |change= 11.18% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 180,617 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -14.51% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2001===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Perundurai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Palanisamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=72,133 |percentage=57.88% |change=+22.52 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Govindaswamy |party=CNMK |votes=40,421 |percentage=32.43% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. M. Kandasamy |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,528 |percentage=5.24% |change=-1.33 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Raman |party=Independent politician |votes=1,374 |percentage=1.10% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. P. Sengodu |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=1,337 |percentage=1.07% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. R. Devendara Manickam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,020 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Muthusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=803 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=31,712 |percentage=25.45% |change= 11.02% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=124,623 |percentage=64.95% |change= -5.16% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 191,912 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 8.09% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1996===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Perundurai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Periyasamy]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=60,587 |percentage=49.79% |change=+27.91 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Periyasamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=43,036 |percentage=35.36% |change=-34.91 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. M. Kandasamy |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,992 |percentage=6.57% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. K. Periyasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=2,292 |percentage=1.88% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Meivelsamy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,228 |percentage=1.01% |change=-1.55 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,551 |percentage=14.42% |change= -33.97% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=121,693 |percentage=70.11% |change= 1.14% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 179,713 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -20.49% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1991===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Perundurai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. N. Subramanian]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=77,277 |percentage=70.28% |change=+35.39 }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=T. K. Naliappan |party=Communist Party of India |votes=24,060 |percentage=21.88% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. P. Sengodu |party=Independent politician |votes=3,199 |percentage=2.91% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Chandra Sekaran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,815 |percentage=2.56% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Subiramaniom |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=698 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=53,217 |percentage=48.40% |change= 35.46% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=109,961 |percentage=68.97% |change= -8.36% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 164,972 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 35.39% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1989===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Perundurai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. N. Subramanian]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=39,654 |percentage=34.89% |change=-29.45 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Arumugam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,956 |percentage=21.96% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kandappan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=22,985 |percentage=20.22% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Ponnusamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=11,309 |percentage=9.95% |change=-54.39 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. S. Subramaniam Alias Mani |party=Independent politician |votes=9,226 |percentage=8.12% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Venkatachalam |party=India Farmers and Tailers Party |votes=1,406 |percentage=1.24% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. T. R. Veerappa Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=922 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,698 |percentage=12.93% |change= -17.07% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=113,650 |percentage=77.33% |change= 3.20% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 150,170 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -29.45% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1984===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Perundurai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 January 2012}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Ponnusamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=60,830 |percentage=64.34% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. K. Nallappan]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=32,465 |percentage=34.34% |change=-20.35 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Thangavelu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,254 |percentage=1.33% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=28,365 |percentage=30.00% |change= 15.57% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=94,549 |percentage=74.13% |change= 10.94% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 134,058 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 9.65% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1980===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Perundurai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. K. Nallappan]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=44,210 |percentage=54.69% |change=+22.67 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. K. P. Jaganathan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,543 |percentage=40.26% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. C. Gopalan |party=Janata Party |votes=2,183 |percentage=2.70% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Palaniappan |party=Independent politician |votes=895 |percentage=1.11% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. N. Kumarasamy Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=742 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,667 |percentage=14.43% |change= 6.55% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=80,837 |percentage=63.19% |change= 2.14% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 129,785 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 14.78% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1977===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Perundurai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Ponnusamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=30,574 |percentage=39.91% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. K. Palanisamy]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=24,532 |percentage=32.02% |change=-24.34 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Ramalingam |party=Janata Party |votes=12,803 |percentage=16.71% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Kandasamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,946 |percentage=7.76% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Chenni |party=Independent politician |votes=2,752 |percentage=3.59% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,042 |percentage=7.89% |change= -4.84% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=76,607 |percentage=61.04% |change= -6.08% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 127,223 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= -16.46% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1971===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Perundurai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. K. Palanisamy]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=38,882 |percentage=56.37% |change=+46.7 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Chinnasamy Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=30,100 |percentage=43.63% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,782 |percentage=12.73% |change= 8.25% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=68,982 |percentage=67.12% |change= -11.87% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 111,717 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Samyukta Socialist Party |swing= 8.96% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1967===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Perundurai<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Balasubramanian |party=Samyukta Socialist Party |votes=33,164 |percentage=47.41% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. N. S. Nandradiar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,030 |percentage=42.93% |change=-15.48 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. T. Raju |party=Communist Party of India |votes=6,761 |percentage=9.66% |change=-30.62 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,134 |percentage=4.48% |change= -13.64% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=69,955 |percentage=78.99% |change= -3.78% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,274 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Samyukta Socialist Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -11.00% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1962===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Perundurai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=N. Nallasenaapathi Sarkerai Manradiar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=36,225 |percentage=58.41% |change=+17 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. K. Palanisamy]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=24,986 |percentage=40.29% |change=-18.3 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=U. R. Kumarasami |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=563 |percentage=0.91% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,239 |percentage=18.12% |change= 0.95% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=62,016 |percentage=82.77% |change= 25.79% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,326 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= -0.17% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1957===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Perundurai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf| access-date=2015-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. K. Palanisami]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=24,205 |percentage=58.59% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V.R.A. Manicka Mudaliar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,110 |percentage=41.41% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,095 |percentage=17.17% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=41,315 |percentage=56.99% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,499 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}<br />
<br />
{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
{{coord|11.28|77.58|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Erode district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1957]]<br />
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madras State]]<br />
[[Category:Erode]]</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deva_(Hinduism)&diff=456110Deva (Hinduism)2026-03-19T16:58:33Z<p>RamonTietjen8: correct details additionally and updated info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Male celestial being in Hinduism}}<br />
{{Italic title}}[[File:Indra, Chief of the Gods LACMA M.69.13.4 (1 of 5).jpg|thumb|In the earliest [[Vedic literature]], ''Devas'' are benevolent [[supernatural being]]s;<ref name="Klostermaier 2007">{{cite book |last=Klostermaier |first=Klaus K. |author-link=Klaus Klostermaier |year=2007 |chapter=Part I. Hinduism: Sources and Worldview – The Many Gods and the One God of Hinduism |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CVviRghVtIC&pg=PA101 |title=A Survey of Hinduism |location=[[Albany, New York]] |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |edition=3rd |series=India and South Asian Studies |pages=101–102 |isbn=9780791470824 |lccn=2006021542 |quote=The Hindu ''deva'' is not [[God in Hinduism|God]]—at the most ''deva'' could be loosely translated as a “divine being.” Etymologically it means "god", “shiny,” “exalted”; and thus we find that the term ''deva'' covers everything that has to do with the supernatural: all figures, forms, processes and emotions, melodies, books, and verse meters—whatever needs the explanation of a transcendent origin or status—are called ''devas'' or ''devatā''. The functions of different parts of the body, symbols, and syllabes are explained as ''deva''. In [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion]] we find the term used in a relatively restricted way; but even there we are not entitled to equate it with ''god'', but rather with ''supernatural powers'' in general.}}</ref> above, a gilt-copper statue of [[Indra]], "Chief of the Gods", from 16th-century [[Nepal]].]]<br />
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}<br />
{{Infobox Hindu term<br />
| title = ''Deva''<br />
| en = Heavenly, divine, shiny, exalted, anything of excellence, donor of knowledge or resources.<br />
| sa = देव<br />
| sa-Latn = deva<br />
| th = เทวดา<br />
| th-Latn = thaevada<br />
| ban = ᬤᬾᬯ<br />
| ban-Latn= déwa<br />
| hi = देवता <br />
| hi-Latn = devatā<br />
| pa = ਦੇਵ<br />
| pa-Latn = Dēva<br />
| bn = দেবতা<br />
| bn-Latn = debota<br />
| jv = ꦢꦺꦮ<br />
| jv-Latn = déwa<br />
| kn = ದೇವ <br />
| kn-Latn = deva<br />
| km = ទេវ<br />
| km-Latn = tév<br />
| ml = ദേവൻ <br />
| ml-Latn = devan<br />
| mr = देव<br />
| mr-Latn = dev<br />
| ne = देवता <br />
| ne-Latn = devatā<br />
| ta = தேவர்கள் <br />
| ta-Latn = tevarkal̤<br />
| te = దేవుడు<br />
| te-Latn = dēvuḍu<br />
| ma = dev<br />
| ma-Latn = देव|or=ଦେବତା|or-Latn=debôta<br />
|as = দেৱতা<br />
|as-Latn = dewatā|ks=دیو|ks-Latn=dev}}{{Hinduism}}<br />
'''''Deva''''' ({{langx|sa|देव}}, {{IPA|sa|de:vɐ}}) means 'shiny', 'exalted', 'heavenly being', 'divine being', 'anything of excellence',<ref name="Klostermaier 2007"/> and is also one of the Sanskrit terms used to indicate a [[deity]] in [[Hinduism]].<ref name=monier>Monier Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary” Etymologically and Philologically Arranged to cognate Indo-European Languages, Motilal Banarsidass, page 492</ref> ''Deva'' is a masculine term; the feminine equivalent is ''[[Devi (Hinduism)|Devi]]''. The word is a cognate with Latin ''deus'' ('god') and Greek [[Zeus]].<br />
<br />
In the earliest [[Vedic literature]], all [[supernatural being]]s are called ''Devas''<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/deva-religious-being Encyclopaedia Britannica - Deva]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=sEIngqiKOugC&dq=deva+in+vedic+india&pg=PA147 Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities by Charles Russell Coulter, Patricia Turner. Pg.147]</ref><ref name="George Williams 2008">George Williams (2008), A Handbook of Hindu Mythology, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195332612}}, pages 90, 112</ref> and ''[[Asura]]s''.<ref>Wash Edward Hale (1999), Ásura in Early Vedic Religion, Motilal Barnarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120800618}}, pages 5-11, 22, 99-102</ref><ref>Monier Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary” Etymologically and Philologically Arranged to cognate Indo-European Languages, Motilal Banarsidass, page 121</ref> The concepts and legends evolved in [[Indian literature#In archaic Indian languages|ancient Indian literature]], and by the late [[Vedic period]], benevolent supernatural beings are referred to as ''Deva-Asuras''. In post-Vedic [[Hindu texts]], such as the [[Puranas]] and the [[Itihasas]] of Hinduism, the ''Devas'' represent the good, and the ''Asuras'' the bad.<ref name=nickgier/><ref name=fowlergita/> In some [[List of historic Indian texts|medieval works of Indian literature]], ''Devas'' are also referred to as '''''Suras''''' and contrasted with their equally powerful but malevolent [[half-brother]]s, referred to as the ''Asuras''.<ref name=ang>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40167/asura/40167rellinks/Related-Links Encyclopædia Britannica]</ref><br />
<br />
''Devas'', along with ''Asuras'', ''[[Yaksha]]s'' (nature spirits), and ''[[Rakshasa]]s'' (ghoulish ogres/[[demons]]), are part of Indian mythology, and ''Devas'' feature in many cosmological theories in Hinduism.<ref>Don Handelman (2013), One God, Two Goddesses, Three Studies of South Indian Cosmology, Brill Academic, {{ISBN|978-9004256156}}, pages 23-29</ref><ref>Wendy Doniger (1988), Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism, Manchester University Press, {{ISBN|978-0719018664}}, page 67</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
''Deva'' is a [[Sanskrit]] word found in Vedic literature of the 2nd millennium BCE. [[Sir Monier Monier-Williams]] translates it as "heavenly, divine, terrestrial things of high excellence, exalted, shining ones".<ref name=monier/><ref name=klausklos>Klaus Klostermaier (2010), A Survey of Hinduism, 3rd Edition, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791470824}}, pages 101-102</ref> The concept also is used to refer to deity.<ref name=monier/><br />
<br />
The Sanskrit ''deva-'' derives from [[Proto-Indo-Iranian language|Indo-Iranian]] ''*daiv-'' which in turn descends from the [[Proto-Indo-European]] word, ''*[[deiwo-]]'', originally an adjective meaning "celestial" or "shining", which is a (not synchronic Sanskrit) [[vrddhi]] derivative from ''*diw'', zero-grade of the root ''*dyew-'' meaning "to shine", especially as the day-lit sky.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/indoeurop.html|title=Appendix I - Indo-European Roots}}</ref> The feminine form of ''*deiwos'' is ''*deiwih<sub>2</sub>'', which descends into Indic languages as ''[[devi]]'', in that context meaning "female deity". Also deriving from ''*deiwos'', and thus cognates of ''deva'', are "Zeys/''Ζεύς''" - "Dias/''Δίας''", the Greek father of the gods, Lithuanian [[Dievas]] (Latvian [[Dievs]], Prussian [[Deiwas]]), Germanic [[Tiwaz]] (seen in English "''Tue''sday") and the related Old Norse Tivar (gods), and Latin [[Deus]] "god" and ''divus'' "divine", from which the English words "divine" and "deity" are derived. It is related to ''*[[Dyeus]]'' which while from the same root, may originally have referred to the "heavenly shining father", and hence to "Father Sky", the chief God of the Indo-European pantheon, continued in Sanskrit [[Dyaus]]. The abode of the Devas is [[Dyuloka]].<ref>[http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0500/mw__0533.html Dyuloka], Monier Monier-Williams, English Sanskrit Dictionary with Etymology, Oxford University Press, page 500</ref><br />
<br />
According to Douglas Harper, the etymological roots of ''Deva'' mean "a shining one," from *div- "to shine," and it is cognate with Greek dios "divine" and [[Zeus]], and Latin deus "god" (Old Latin deivos).<ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=deva&searchmode=none Deva] Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper (2015)</ref> The word "Deva" shares similarities with Persian [[Daeva]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Krishnan |first1=K. S. |title=Origin of Vedas |date=2019-08-12 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-64587-981-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O6SoDwAAQBAJ&q=vedic+deva+avestan+daeva&pg=PT322 |access-date=24 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Boyce |first1=Mary |title=Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |date=2001 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-23902-8 |page=11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a6gbxVfjtUEC&q=vedic+deva+avestan+daeva&pg=PA11 |access-date=24 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Essays on the History of Religions |date=2018 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-37792-9 |page=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BN-mDwAAQBAJ&q=vedic+deva+avestan+daeva&pg=PA6 |access-date=24 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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Deva is masculine; the related feminine equivalent is [[devi]].<ref name=monierdevi>Monier Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary” Etymologically and Philologically Arranged to cognate Indo-European Languages, Motilal Banarsidass, page 496</ref> Etymologically, ''Devi'' is cognate with Latin ''dea''.<ref>John Stratton Hawley and Donna Marie Wulff (1998), Devi: Goddesses of India, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814912}}, page 2</ref> When capitalized, ''Devi'' or ''Mata'' refers to a divine mother goddess in Hinduism.<ref>John Stratton Hawley and Donna Marie Wulff (1998), Devi: Goddesses of India, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814912}}, pages 18-21</ref> ''Deva'' is also referred to as ''Devatā'',<ref name=klausklos/> and ''Devi'' as ''Devika''.<ref name=monierdevi/><br />
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The word ''Deva'' is also a proper name or part of a name in Indian culture, where it refers to "one who wishes to excel, overcome" or the "seeker of, master of or a best among".<ref name=monier/><br />
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Another interpretation of the word is derived from the word "dibbati", which means to play or to sport. This denotes their playful nature and that they enjoy themselves with the five sensual pleasures.<ref>Malalasekera, Gunapala P., and W. G. Weeraratne. ''Encyclopaedia of Buddhism Fascicle 4: Dhammadhātu - Dveṣa''. Government of Sri Lanka, 1989. p. 413.<br />
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This interpretation derives from the Khuddaka-Pátha. </ref><br />
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==Vedic literature==<br />
{{Main|Rigvedic deities}}<br />
[[File:A havan ceremony on the banks of Ganges, Muni ki Reti, Rishikesh.jpg|thumb|Shiva/Rudra has been a major Deva in Hinduism since the Vedic times.<ref>Hermann Oldenberg (1988), The Religion of the Veda, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120803923}}, pages 110-114</ref> Above is a meditating statue of him in the [[Himalayas]] with Hindus offering prayers.]]<br />
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===Samhitas and Brahmanas===<br />
[[File:Tani Bunchō - Jyūroku Zenshin no Zu.jpg|thumb|The [[Twelve Devas|12 Devas]] protecting Buddha, by [[Tani Bunchō]]. The Hindu Devas were adopted by Japanese Buddhists in the first millennium as ''Jūni-ten''<ref>[http://www.emuseum.jp/detail/100031/000/000?mode=detail&d_lang=en Twelve Heavenly Deities (Devas)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201634/http://www.emuseum.jp/detail/100031/000/000?mode=detail&d_lang=en |date=2016-03-04 }} Nara National Museum, Japan</ref>]]<br />
The [[Samhita]]s, which are the oldest layer of text in [[Vedas]] enumerate 33 devas,{{refn|group=note|The list of Vedic Devas somewhat varies across the manuscripts found in different parts of South Asia, particularly in terms of guides (Aswins) and personified Devas. One list based on Book 2 of Aitereya Brahmana is:<ref>Hermann Oldenberg (1988), The Religion of the Veda, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120803923}}, pages 23-50</ref><ref>AA MacDonell, {{Google books|KCQ_AQAAMAAJ|Vedic mythology|page=PA19}}, Oxford University Press, pages 19-21</ref><br><br />
* Devas personified: [[Indra]] ({{IAST|Śakra}}), [[Varuna|{{IAST|Varuṇa}}]], [[Mitra (Vedic)|Mitra]], [[Aryaman]], [[Bhaga]], [[Ansa (Hinduism)|{{IAST|Aṃśa}}]], Vidhatr ('''Brahma'''),<ref>Francis X Clooney (2010), Divine Mother, Blessed Mother, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199738731}}, page 242</ref> [[Tvashtri|{{IAST|Tvāṣṭṛ}}]], [[Pushan|{{IAST|Pūṣan}}]], [[Vivasvat]], [[Savitr|{{IAST|Savitṛ}}]] (Dhatr), '''Vishnu'''.<br />
* Devas as abstractions or inner principles: Ānanda (bliss, inner contentment), Vijñāna (knowledge), Manas (mind, thought), Prāṇa (life-force), Vāc (speech), [[Atman (Hinduism)|Ātmā]] (soul, self within each person), and five manifestations of '''Rudra/Shiva''' – [[Ishana|Īśāna]], Tatpuruṣa, Aghora, Vāmadeva, Sadyojāta<br />
* Devas as forces or principles of nature – [[Prithvi|{{IAST|Pṛthivī}}]] (earth), [[Agni]] (fire), Antarikṣa (atmosphere, space), Jal (water), [[Vāyu]] (wind), [[Dyaus Pita|{{IAST|Dyauṣ}}]] (aether or sky), [[Sūrya]] (sun), {{IAST|Nakṣatra}} (stars), Soma (moon)<br />
* Devas as guide or creative energy – Vasatkara, [[Prajāpati]]}} either 11 each for the three worlds, or as 12 Adityas, 11 Rudras, 8 Vasus and 2 Asvins in the [[Brahmanas]] layer of Vedic texts.<ref name=monier/><ref name="George Williams 2008"/> The Rigveda states in hymn 1.139.11,<br />
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{{Blockquote|<br />
<poem><br />
ये '''देवा'''सो दिव्येकादश स्थ पृथिव्यामध्येकादश स्थ <nowiki>।<br />
अप्सुक्षितो महिनैकादश स्थ ते देवासो यज्ञमिमं जुषध्वम् ॥११॥</nowiki><ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ऋग्वेद:_सूक्तं_१.१३९ ऋग्वेद: सूक्तं १.१३९] Sanskrit, Wikisource</ref><br />
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O ye eleven deities whose home is heaven, O ye eleven who make earth your dwelling,<br />
Ye who with might, eleven, live in waters, accept this sacrifice, O deities, with pleasure.<br />
– Translated by [[Ralph T. H. Griffith]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/rigvedasanhitc02wils#page/62/mode/2up The Rig Veda/Mandala 1/Hymn 139] Verse 11, Ralph T. H. Griffith, Wikisource</ref><br />
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Deities who are eleven in heaven; who are eleven on earth;<br />
and who are eleven dwelling with glory in mid-air; may ye be pleased with this our sacrifice.<br />
– Translated by HH Wilson<ref>[[Wikisource:The Rig Veda/Mandala 1/Hymn 139|The Rig Veda Samhita]] Verse 11, HH Wilson (Translator), Royal Asiatic Society, WH Allen & Co, London</ref><br />
</poem><br />
|[[Rigveda]] 1.139.11||source=}}<br />
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Some devas represent the forces of nature and some represent moral values (such as the [[Ādityas|Aditya]]s, [[Varuna]], and [[Mitra]]), each symbolizing the epitome of a specialized knowledge, creative energy, exalted and magical powers (''Siddhis'').<ref>George Williams (2008), A Handbook of Hindu Mythology, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195332612}}, pages 24-33</ref><ref name=binagupta>Bina Gupta (2011), An Introduction to Indian Philosophy, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415800037}}, pages 21-25</ref> The most referred to Devas in the [[Rig Veda]] are [[Indra]], [[Agni]] (fire) and [[Soma (deity)|Soma]], with "fire deity" called the friend of all humanity, it and Soma being the two celebrated in a [[yajna]] fire ritual that marks major Hindu ceremonies. [[Savitr]], [[Vishnu]], [[Rudra]], and [[Prajapati]] (later [[Brahma]]) are gods and hence Devas. [[Parvati]] (power and love) and [[Durga]] (victory) are some [[Devi]]s or goddesses. Many of the deities taken together are worshiped as the [[Vishvedevas]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2015}}<br />
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===Important Devas===<br />
*[[Brahma]] the deity of creation<br />
*[[Vishnu]] the deity of preservation<br />
*[[Shiva]] the deity of destruction and [[Kāla|time]]; associated with fertility and regeneration<br />
*[[Ganesha]] the deity of new beginnings, wisdom, and luck<br />
*[[Hanuman]] the deity associated to courage, reverence and strength/avatar of [[Shiva]]<br />
*[[Kartikeya]] the deity of victory and [[war]]<br />
*[[Dhanvantari]] the deity of doctors and Ayurveda/avatar of [[Vishnu]]<br />
*[[Vishwakarma]] the deity of architecture<br />
*[[Dyaus]] the deity of the [[aether (classical element) | aether]] (or [[sky]])<br />
*[[Vayu]] the deity of [[air]], [[wind]] and [[breath]]<br />
*[[Varuna]] the deity of [[water]] and [[rain]]<br />
*[[Agni]] the deity of [[fire]]<br />
*[[Yama]] the deity of [[death]] and [[justice]]<br />
*[[Samudra]] the deity of the [[seas]]/form of [[Varuna]]<br />
*[[Kubera]] the deity of opulence and wealth<br />
*[[Kamadeva]] the deity of [[love]]<br />
*[[Indra]] the deity of [[weather]], [[storms]] and [[sky]]<br />
*[[Ashvins|Ashwini Kumara]] the deity of health and medicine<br />
*[[Surya]] the deity of the [[sun]], [[light]] and [[day]]<br />
*[[Chandra]] the deity of the [[moon]] and [[night]]<br />
*[[Mangala]] the deity of [[Mars]] and Aggression<br />
*[[Budha]] the deity of [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] and [[Nature]]<br />
*[[Brihaspati]] the deity of [[Jupiter]] and teacher of the [[Devas (Hinduism)| Devas]]<br />
*[[Shukra]] the deity of [[Venus]] and worship (bhakti) and teacher of the [[Asuras]]<br />
*[[Shani]] the deity of [[Saturn]] and deeds (karma)<br />
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===Henotheism===<br />
In Vedic literature, ''Deva'' is not a monotheistic God; rather a "supernatural, divine" concept manifesting in various ideas and knowledge, in a form that combines excellence in some aspects, wrestling with weakness and questions in other aspects, heroic in their outlook and actions, yet tied up with emotions and desires.<ref name=binagupta/><ref>John Bowker (2014), God: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0198708957}}, pages 88-96</ref><br />
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[[Max Muller]] states that the Vedic hymns are remarkable in calling every one of the different devas as "the only one, the supreme, the greatest".<ref name=klausklos/> Muller concluded that the Vedic ideas about ''devas'' are best understood neither as [[polytheism]] nor as [[monotheism]], but as [[henotheism]] where gods are equivalent, different perspectives, different aspects of reverence and spirituality, unified by principles of [[Ṛta]] and [[Dharma]].<ref name=klausklos/><ref>Ivan Strenski (2015), Understanding Theories of Religion: An Introduction, 2nd Edition, Wiley, {{ISBN|978-1444330847}}, page 42</ref><br />
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===Characteristics of Devas in the Vedic literature===<br />
[[Ananda Coomaraswamy]] states that Devas and Asuras in the Vedic lore are similar to the [[Olympian gods]] and [[Titans]] of Greek mythology. Both are powerful but have different orientations and inclinations, with the Devas representing the powers of Light and the Asuras representing the powers of Darkness in Hindu texts<ref>Wash Edward Hale (1999), Ásura in Early Vedic Religion, Motilal Barnarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120800618}}, page 20</ref><ref>Ananda Coomaraswamy (1935), Angel and Titan: An Essay in Vedic Ontology, Journal of the American Oriental Society, volume 55, pages 373-374</ref> According to Coomaraswamy's interpretation of Devas and Asuras, both these natures exist in each human being, both the tyrant and the angel. The best and the worst within each person struggles before choices and one's own nature, and the Hindu formulation of Devas and Asuras is an eternal dance between these within each person.<ref>Ananda Coomaraswamy (1935), Angel and Titan: An Essay in Vedic Ontology, Journal of the American Oriental Society, volume 55, pages 373-418</ref><ref name=Gier>Nicholas Gier (1995), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1399510 Hindu Titanism], Philosophy East and West, Volume 45, Number 1, pages 76, see also 73-96</ref><br />
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{{Blockquote|<br />
The Devas and Asuras, Angels and Titans, powers of Light and powers of Darkness in Rigveda, although distinct and opposite in operation, are in essence consubstantial, their distinction being a matter not of essence but of orientation, revolution or transformation. In this case, the Titan is potentially an Angel, the Angel still by nature a Titan; the Darkness in ''actu'' is Light, the Light in ''potentia'' Darkness; whence the designations Asura and Deva may be applied to one and the same Person according to the mode of operation, as in Rigveda 1.163.3, "Trita art thou (Agni) by interior operation".<br />
|Ananda Coomaraswamy|Journal of the American Oriental Society<ref>Ananda Coomaraswamy (1935), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/594758 Angel and Titan: An Essay in Vedic Ontology], Journal of the American Oriental Society, volume 55, pages 373-374</ref>}}<br />
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All-powerful beings, good or evil, are called Devas<ref name="monier"/><ref name="George Williams 2008"/> and Asuras in the oldest layer of Vedic texts. A much-studied hymn of the Rigveda states ''Devav asura'' (Asuras who have become Devas), and contrasts it with ''Asura adevah'' (Asuras who are not Devas).<ref name=kuiper>FBJ Kuiper (1975), The Basic Concept of Vedic Religion, History of Religion, volume 15, pages 108-112</ref><ref>Wash Edward Hale (1999), Ásura in Early Vedic Religion, Motilal Barnarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120800618}}, pages 1-2; Note: Hale translates this to "Asuras without the Asura-Devas" in his book, see page 3 for example.;<br>For original Sanskrit, see Rigveda hymns 8.25.4 and 8.96.9 [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ऋग्वेदः_मण्डल_८ Rigveda - Wikisource]</ref> They are born from the same father, Prajapati, the primordial progenitor; his sons are envisioned as the Asuras and Devas.<ref>Mircea Eliade (1981), History of Religious Ideas, Volume 1, University of Chicago Press, {{ISBN|978-0226204017}}, page 204, 199-202, 434-435</ref> They all share the same residence (''Loka''), eat together the same food and drinks (''Soma''), and have innate potential, knowledge and special powers in Hindu mythology; the only thing that distinguishes "Asuras who become Devas" from "Asuras who remain Asuras" is intent, action and choices they make in their mythic lives.<ref name=Gier/><ref name=yves>Yves Bonnefoy and Wendy Doniger (1993), Asian Mythologies, University of Chicago Press, {{ISBN|978-0226064567}}, pages 52-53</ref><br />
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==Upanishads==<br />
[[File:Vishnu seated on Ananda. Cave3Badami.jpg|thumb|[[Vishnu]] (above) is one of the Vedic Devas.<ref>Hermann Oldenberg (1988), The Religion of the Veda, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120803923}}, pages 116-117</ref> The third Valli of the [[Katha Upanishad]] discusses ethical duties of man through the parable of the chariot as a means to realize the state of Vishnu, one with Self-knowledge.<ref>[[Paul Deussen]], Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, pages 287-289</ref><ref>Dominic Goodall (1996), Hindu Scriptures, University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0520207783}}, pages 175-176</ref>]]<br />
The oldest Upanishads mention ''Devas'', and their struggle with the ''Asuras''. The [[Kaushitaki Upanishad]], for example, in Book 4 states that "[[Indra]] was weaker than the Asuras when he did not know his own [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (soul, self).<ref name=deussenku/> Once Indra had self-knowledge, he became independent, sovereign and victorious over the Asuras"; similarly, states Kaushitaki Upanishad, "the man who knows his inner self gains independence, sovereignty and is unaffected by all evil".<ref name=deussenku>[[Paul Deussen]], Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, page 58</ref><br />
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[[Chandogya Upanishad]], in chapter 1.2, describes the battle between Devas and Asuras on various sensory powers.<ref name=deussencu/> This battle between good and evil fails to produce a victor and simply manifests itself in the perceived universe, as good or evil sights witnessed by beings, as good or evil words shared between people, as good or evil smells of nature, as good or evil feelings experienced, as good or evil thoughts within each person. Finally, the Deva-Asura battle targets the soul, where Asuras fail and Devas succeed, because soul-force is serene and inherently good, asserts Chandogya Upanishad.<ref name=deussencu>[[Paul Deussen]], Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, pages 70-71</ref><br />
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Mantra 5.2.1 of the [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]] describes Devas, Men, and Asuras as sons of Prajapati, the primordial father.<ref name=deussenbu/> Each asks for a lesson on ethics. Prajapati tells the Devas to observe the virtue of temperance (self-restraint, ''Dama''), the Men to observe the virtue of charity (''Dana''), and Asuras to observe the virtue of compassion (''Daya''). At the end of the Brāhmanam, the Upanishad declares that these are three cardinal virtues that should always be observed by all Devas, Men and Asuras.<ref name=deussenbu>[[Paul Deussen]], Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, pages 508-509</ref><br />
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Medieval era Indian scholars, in their ''Bhasya'' (review and commentaries) on the Upanishads, stated that the discussion of Devas and Asuras in the Upanishads is symbolic, and it represents the good and evil that resides and struggles within each human being. [[Adi Shankara]], for example, in his commentary on [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]] asserted that Devas represent the human seeking for the sacred and spiritual, while the Asuras represent the human seeking for the worldly excesses.<ref>[[Max Muller]], [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/78/mode/2up Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 1.3.1] Oxford University Press, page 78 with footnote 2</ref> Edelmann and other modern era scholars also state that the Devas versus Asuras discussion in Upanishads is a form of symbolism.<ref>Jonathan Edelmann (2013), Hindu Theology as Churning the Latent, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Volume 81, Issue 2, pages 427-466</ref><ref>Doris Srinivasan (1997), Many Heads, Arms and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art, Brill Academic, {{ISBN|978-9004107588}}, pages 130-131</ref><br />
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In the later primary [[Upanishad]]ic texts, Devas and Asuras discuss and act to seek knowledge, for different purposes. In one case, for example, they go to Prajāpati, their father, to understand what is Self (Atman, soul) and how to realize it. The first answer that Prajāpati gives is simplistic, which the Asuras accept and leave with, but the Devas led by Indra do not accept and question because Indra finds that he hasn't grasped its full significance and the given answer has inconsistencies.<ref name=edelmann14/> Edelmann states that this symbolism embedded in the Upanishads is a reminder that one must struggle with presented ideas, learning is a process, and Deva nature emerges with effort.<ref name=edelmann14/><br />
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==Puranas and Itihasas==<br />
In the [[Puranas]] and the [[Itihasas]] with the embedded Bhagavad Gita, the Devas represent the good, and the Asuras the bad.<ref name=nickgier>Nicholas Gier (2000), Spiritual Titanism: Indian, Chinese, and Western Perspectives, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791445280}}, pages 59-76</ref><ref name=fowlergita/> According to the [[Bhagavad Gita]] (16.6-16.7), all beings in the universe have both the divine qualities (''daivi sampad'') and the demonic qualities (''asuri sampad'') within each.<ref name=fowlergita/><ref name=chrischapple/> The sixteenth chapter of the Bhagavad Gita states that pure god-like saints are rare and pure demon-like evil are rare among human beings, and the bulk of humanity is multi-charactered with a few or many faults.<ref name=fowlergita/> According to Jeaneane Fowler, the Gita states that desires, aversions, greed, needs, emotions in various forms "are facets of ordinary lives", and it is only when they turn to lust, hate, cravings, arrogance, conceit, anger, harshness, hypocrisy, violence, cruelty and such negativity- and destruction-inclined that natural human inclinations metamorphose into something demonic (Asura).<ref name=fowlergita>Jeaneane D Fowler (2012), The Bhagavad Gita, Sussex Academic Press, {{ISBN|978-1845193461}}, pages 253-262</ref><ref name=chrischapple>Christopher K Chapple (2010), The Bhagavad Gita: Twenty-fifth–Anniversary Edition, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-1438428420}}, pages 610-629</ref><br />
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Everyone starts as an Asura in Hindu mythology, born of the same father. "Asuras who remain Asura" share the character of powerful beings obsessed with their craving for more power, more wealth, ego, anger, unprincipled nature, force and violence.<ref name=gierasurach/><ref name=stellaray/> The "Asuras who become Devas" in contrast are driven by an inner voice, seek understanding and meaning, prefer moderation, principled behavior, morals, knowledge, and harmony.<ref name=gierasurach>Nicholas Gier (1995), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1399510 Hindu Titanism], Philosophy East and West, Volume 45, Number 1, pages 76-80</ref><ref name=stellaray>Stella Kramrisch and Raymond Burnier (1986), The Hindu Temple, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120802230}}, pages 75-78</ref> The hostility between the two is the source of extensive legends and tales in the Puranic and the Epic literature of Hinduism; however, many texts discuss their hostility in neutral terms and without explicit condemnation.<ref name=yves/> Some of these tales are the basis for myths behind major Hindu festivals, such as the story of Asura Ravana and Deva Rama in the [[Ramayana]] and the legend of Asura [[Hiranyakashipu]] and Deva Vishnu as [[Narasimha]],<ref name=yves/> the latter celebrated with the Hindu spring festival of [[Holika]] and [[Holi]].<ref>Wendy Doniger (2000), Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions, Merriam-Webster, {{ISBN|978-0877790440}}, page 455</ref><br />
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===Bhagavata Purana===<br />
In [[Bhagavata Purana]], [[Brahma]] had ten sons: [[Marichi]], [[Atri]], [[Angira]], [[Pulastya]], [[Pulaha]], [[Kratu]], [[Vasistha]], [[Daksha|Daksa]], [[Narada]].<ref>Bhagavata Purana 3.12.21-22</ref> Marichi had a son called [[Kasyapa]].<ref>Bhagavata Purana 4.1.13</ref> Kasyapa had thirteen wives: [[Aditi]], [[Diti]], [[Danu (Asura)|Danu]], [[Kadru]] etc.<ref>Bhagavata Purana 6.6.24-26</ref> The sons of Aditi are called [[Adityas]],<ref>Bhagavata Purana 8.13.6</ref> the sons of Diti are called [[Daityas]],<ref>Bhagavata Purana 6.18.11</ref> and the sons of Danu are called [[Danavas]].<ref>Bhagavata Purana 5.24.30</ref> [[Bṛhaspati]] ([[Jupiter]], son of Angiras) is a [[guru]] of devas (vedic gods). [[Shukra]]charya ([[Venus]], son of [[Bhrigu]]) is a guru of [[asura]]s (vedic [[demon]]s) or/and [[Danavas]].<br />
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===Symbolism===<br />
[[File:Samudra Manthan in Suvarnabhumi Airport , Thailand.jpg|thumb|The Devas (god) and Asuras (anti-god) churning the ocean of milk, [[Samudra Manthana|Samudra Manthan]] sculpture at the [[Suvarnabhumi Airport]] in Bangkok, Thailand.]]<br />
Edelmann states that the dichotomies present in the [[Purana]]s literature of Hinduism are symbolism for spiritual concepts. For example, god Indra (a Deva) and the antigod Virocana (an Asura) question a sage for insights into the knowledge of the self.<ref name=edelmann14/> Virocana leaves with the first given answer, believing now he can use the knowledge as a weapon. In contrast, Indra keeps pressing the sage, churning the ideas, and learning about means to inner happiness and power. Edelmann suggests that the Deva-Asura dichotomies in Hindu mythology may be seen as "narrative depictions of tendencies within our selves".<ref name=edelmann14>Jonathan Edelmann (2013), Hindu Theology as Churning the Latent, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Volume 81, Issue 2, pages 439-441</ref><br />
<br />
The god (Deva) and antigod (Asura), states Edelmann, are also symbolically the contradictory forces that motivate each individual and people, and thus Deva-Asura dichotomy is a spiritual concept rather than mere genealogical category or species of being.<ref name=edelmann13/> In the Bhāgavata Purana, saints and gods are born in families of Asuras, such as [[Mahabali]] and [[Prahlada]], conveying the symbolism that motivations, beliefs, and actions rather than one's birth and family circumstances define whether one is Deva-like or Asura-like.<ref name=edelmann13>Jonathan Edelmann (2013), Hindu Theology as Churning the Latent, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Volume 81, Issue 2, pages 440-442</ref> <br />
<br />
==Classical Hinduism==<br />
{{expand section|date=July 2015}}<br />
[[Image:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Reliëf met Lokapala op de aan Shiva gewijde tempel op de Candi Lara Jonggrang oftewel het Prambanan tempelcomplex TMnr 10016205.jpg|thumb|250px|The male [[Lokapala]] devas, the [[Guardians of the directions#Lokapālas|guardians of the directions]], on the wall of [[Shiva]] temple, [[Prambanan]] (Java, Indonesia).]]<br />
<br />
In Hinduism, Devas are celestial beings associated with various aspects of the cosmos. The Devas [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]], and [[Shiva]], form the [[Hindu trinity]] known as the Trimurthi and preside over the functioning of the cosmos and the evolution of creation. Lesser devas may control the forces of nature, such as [[Vayu]], the Lord of the wind, [[Varuna]] the Lord of water, and [[Agni]], the Lord of fire. Hinduism also has many other lesser celestial beings, such as the married [[Gandharvas]] (male celestial musicians) and [[Apsaras]] (female celestial dancers).<br />
<br />
==Sangam literature==<br />
{{expand section|date=July 2015}}<br />
[[Tamils|Tamil]] [[Sangam literature]] (300BC-300CE) describes the offerings for devas. In [[Silapathikaram]], one of the five epics of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] by [[Ilango Adigal]], is desccribed the offering for Four kind of devas.<ref>{{cite book|title=Silappadikaram By S. Krishnamoorthy|page=35|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=STbMzFKaxcQC&q=Religious+Festivals+in+silappadikaram&pg=PA56|last1=Krishnamoorthy|first1=S.|year=1964}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{wide image|Les 9 devas.jpg|900px|The nine Devas, [[Khleangs]] artwork from Cambodia (~1000 CE). From left to right: ''Surya'' (Sun) on chariot, ''Chandra'' (Moon) on pedestal, ''Shiva'' on bull, ''Varuna'' on crocodile, ''Indra'' on elephant, ''Kubera'' on horse, ''Agni'' on ram, ''Rahu'' on clouds and ''Ketu'' on lion.}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}<br />
* [[Bhagavan]]<br />
* [[Daeva]]<br />
* [[Deva (Buddhism)]]<br />
* [[Deva (Theosophy)]]<br />
* [[Devata]]<br />
* [[Divinity]]<br />
* [[Anito|Diwata]]<br />
* [[God and gender in Hinduism]]<br />
* [[Hindu deities]]<br />
* [[Ishvara]]<br />
* [[Jangam]]<br />
* [[Vishvadevas]]<br />
<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist|group=note}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|25em}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1061926 The Basic Concept of Vedic Religion] FBJ Kuiper (1975), History of Religions, Vol. 15, No. 2, pages 107–120 (on roots of Devas and Asuras)<br />
* [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=5686828&fileId=S0035869X00130837 The Proto-Indoaryans] T Burrow (1973), Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland, Vol. 105, Issue 2, pages 123–140 (on roots of Devas and Asuras in Indo-Iranian versus Indo-European history)<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060323/http://w.omilosmeleton.gr/pdf/en/indology/IDR.pdf Indo-European Deities and the Rigveda] ND Kazanas (2001), The Journal of Indo-European Studies, Vol. 29, No. 3 & 4<br />
* [http://www.ece.lsu.edu/kak/VedicJapan.pdf The Vedic Gods of Japan] S Kak (2004), Brahmavidyā: The Adyar Library Bulletin (on the spread of Vedic Devas such as Indra, Agni, Vayu outside India)<br />
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/225187 On Translation: Māyā, Deva, Tapas] Ananda Coomaraswamy, Isis, Vol. 19, No. 1, pages 74–91 (on alternate meanings of Devas)<br />
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3270127 Ritual, Knowledge, and Being: Initiation and Veda Study in Ancient India] Brian K. Smith (1986), Numen, Vol. 33, Fasc. 1, pages 65–89 (on the role of knowledge in empowering the Deva nature in man)<br />
<br />
{{Hindudharma}}<br />
{{Hindu deities and texts}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hindu gods]]<br />
[[Category:Names of God in Hinduism]]<br />
[[Category:Rigvedic deities]]<br />
[[Category:Legendary creatures in Hindu mythology]]<br />
[[Category:Heaven]]</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pir_Ghaib_Hunting_Lodge_and_Observatory&diff=525603Pir Ghaib Hunting Lodge and Observatory2026-03-17T05:04:27Z<p>RamonTietjen8: creating new details</p>
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<div>{{Orphan|date=February 2024}}<br />
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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox Historic building<br />
|name= Pir Ghaib Hunting Lodge and Observatory <br />
|image= Pir_Ghaib.JPG <br />
|caption = Pir Ghaib is a hunting lodge and Observatory built by Sultan Feroz Shah Tughlaq of Delhi in the 14th century <br />
|pushpin_map= India Delhi<br />
|coordinates = {{coord|28.676|N|77.213|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
|location_town=[[Delhi]]<br />
|location_country=[[India]] <br />
|architect=<br />
|client=<br />
|engineer=<br />
|construction_start_date= <br />
|completion_date=<br />
|demolished_date=<br />
|cost= <br />
|structural_system= <br />
|architectural_style= [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]] <br />
|size= <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Pir Ghaib Hunting Lodge and Observatory''' is a medieval building in [[Delhi]], India. It is believed to be built by [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq|Sultan Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] in the 14th century.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Taneja |first=Anand Vivek |year=2017 |title=Saintly visions: Other histories and history’s others in the medieval ruins of Delhi |journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=557–590 |doi=10.1177/0019464612463843}}</ref> It is a double storied structure and, just like most other examples of [[Tughlaq tombs|Tughlaq era architecture]], is made up of rubble.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pir Ghaib |url=http://competentauthoritydelhi.co.in/MonumentViewer.aspx?ID=140 |website=Archaeological Survey of India |accessdate=5 December 2019}}</ref> <br />
The building has a hollow masonry cylinder, which is believed to have been used for astronomical purposes. Apart from its theorized uses as a hunting lodge and observatory, it is also believed to have been used as a clock tower<ref>{{cite book |last=Varma |first=Urmila |year=2001 |title=Delhi, a tale of seven cities |publisher=Smriti Books |page=55 |isbn=9788187967040}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The monument's original name was Khushk-i-Shikar(hunting lodge).<ref>{{cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Dhruva N. |year=2005 |title=Delhi, Light, Shades, Shadows |publisher=Niyogi Offset |page=71 |isbn=9788190193641}}</ref> Its current name ''Pir Ghaib'' literally means ''the saint who vanished''. This refers to the popular story of an [[Pir (Sufism)|islamic saint]], who had occupied a part of the building(two chambers to be exact) after it had been abandoned by the rulers, vanishing into thin air towards the end of his life.<ref>{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Ronald Vivian |year=2005 |title=The Delhi that No-one Knows |publisher=Orient Blackswan |page=xxiv |isbn=9788180280207}}</ref> Because of this miracle, he came to be known as "[[Pir (Sufism)|Pir]] Ghaib" (the saint who vanished) and is still revered today by a few localities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pir Ghaib: Medieval observatory or a vanished saint’s mausoleum |date=10 July 2017 |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/photos/india-news/photos-pir-ghaib-a-medieval-observatory-or-the-mausoleum-of-a-vanished-saint/photo-WdR4GuTVh2tTfMMvdzuXdI_photo.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The monument, and the [[stepwell]] next to it, were built by Sultan [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] in the year 1351 AD. The hunting lodge, along with an enclosure for game animals, was built by the Sultan following the death of his favorite son, Fateh Khan, to help him divert his mind by hunting.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chopra |first=Prabha |year=1976 |title=Delhi Gazetteer |publisher=The Unit |page=1066 |oclc=499238960}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Delhi]]</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nandkishore_Shamrao_Laud&diff=520373Nandkishore Shamrao Laud2026-03-08T11:23:53Z<p>RamonTietjen8: creating the biography first draft!</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian surgeon}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Nandkishore Shamrao Laud<br />
| occupation = [[Surgeon]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Nandkishore Shamrao Laud''' is an Indian [[orthopaedic]] [[surgeon]] who was awarded with the honour of [[Padma Bhusan]], the third highest civilian award of [[India]] in 2013 for his pioneering contributions to joint replacement surgery.<ref name="pbi">{{cite news | url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=91838 | date=25 Jan 2013 | access-date=30 Mar 2025| title=Padma Awards Announced - Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=President confers Padma awards |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/top-stories/president-confers-padma-awards.html |work=web.archive.org |date=31 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250331201043/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/top-stories/president-confers-padma-awards.html |archive-date=31 March 2025 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Education ==<br />
Laud holds [[Master of Surgery]] (orthopaedics) from [[University of Bombay]]. He is the former professor and head, department of orthopaedic surgery and traumatology and chief of trauma service at [[Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and General Hospital]], Sion, Mumbai. He is currently associated with Laud Clinic, [[Shushrusha Citizens' Co-operative Hospital]] and [[Breach Candy Hospital]], Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Bhushan Dr. N.S. Laud |url=https://www.laudclinic.com/clinic/padma-bhushan-dr-n-s-laud/ |website=Laud Clinic}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Laud, Nandkishore Shamrao}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian orthopaedic surgeons]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in medicine]]<br />
[[Category:Medical doctors from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian surgeons]]</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhanja_dynasty&diff=490823Bhanja dynasty2026-03-06T16:36:27Z<p>RamonTietjen8: Added New Data - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Ancient dynasty originated in the Utkala Kingdom}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2021}}<br />
<br />
The '''Bhanja dynasty''' (ଭଞ୍ଜ ରାଜ ବଂଶ)is a [[dynasty]] that originated in the northern and central regions of modern [[Odisha]] (in the Khiching region of [[Utkala Kingdom|Utkala]] and Khinjali mandalas) before the [[Gupta Empire]] became an imperial power. The dynasty, of ancient local [[Kshatriya]] lineage<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kulke |first=Hermann |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1236863278 |title=Kshatriyaization and social change: A Study in Orissa setting |pages=404 |oclc=1236863278 }}<br />
</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kulke |first=Hermann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAYFAQAAIAAJ <br />
|title=Kings and Cults: State Formation and Legitimation in India and Southeast Asia |quote="the Bhanja families of Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar, Baudh, Ghumsur and Kanika are linked with the ancient Bhanjas who had ruled in several branches over parts of northern Orissa, the central Mahanadi valley and southern Orissa since the late centuries of the first millennium AD." |page=116 |year=1993 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |isbn=9788173040375 }}</ref> as documented by [[Hermann Kulke]], succeeded the Vindhyatabi branch of the [[Nagas of Padmavati]], who ruled from the [[Keonjhar]] district of Odisha and included [[Satrubhanja]] of the [[Satrubhanja#Asanpat inscription|Asanpat inscription]].<ref><br />
{{Cite book<br />
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUiYu3XByNgC&pg=PA171<br />
|title=Inscriptions of Orissa: Circa 5th-8th centuries A.D, Volume 1<br />
|publisher=Motila Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited<br />
|year=1997<br />
|isbn=81-208-1077-5<br />
|location=Delhi<br />
|pages=171–172<br />
}}<br />
</ref><ref><br />
{{Cite web<br />
|url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/191656<br />
|title=ORIGIN, GENEALOGY AND CHRONOLOGY OF THE BHANJAS<br />
|website=www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in<br />
|pages=74, 75<br />
|hdl=10603/191656<br />
|access-date=7 May 2018<br />
}}<br />
</ref> The Bhanj later became [[vassal|feudatories]] of the [[Bhauma-Kara dynasty]].<ref name=gupta><br />
{{cite book<br />
|last=Agrawal<br />
|first=Ashvin<br />
|title=Rise And Fall Of The Imperial Guptas<br />
|year=1989<br />
|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass<br />
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&pg=PA60<br />
|access-date=2 March 2021<br />
|page=60<br />
|isbn=9788120805927<br />
}}<br />
</ref><br />
[[File:Map of Bengal in 958 CE.png|thumb|Bhanja dynasty in 958 CE]]<br />
The successor branches of the Bhanja rulers became local feudatories to the united realms of the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]], the [[Gajapati Empire]], and ruling dynasties of the [[princely states]] and [[zamindar]]ies of the region with the advent of British rule. Prominent branches include the princely states of [[Mayurbhanj State]] and [[Keonjhar State]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The early Bhanjas emerged as leading chieftains succeeding the Nagas of the [[Satrubhanja#Naga rule in Odisha|Vindhyatabi]] rulers in [[Kendujhar]] and the [[Western Odisha]] region, inheriting the land that consisted of the preceding Naga ruler [[Satrubhanja]]'s domains. With the supremacy of [[Bhauma-Kara dynasty]] rule in the Utkal region, they ruled as their feudatories which consisted of [[Rajamandala|mandalas]].<ref name="Sinha Centre for Studies in Social Sciences 1987 p.44 "><br />
{{cite book <br />
| last=Sinha <br />
| first=S. <br />
| author2=Centre for Studies in Social Sciences <br />
| title=Tribal polities and state systems in pre-colonial eastern and north eastern India <br />
| publisher=Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, K.P. Bagchi & Co. | year=1987 <br />
| isbn=978-81-7074-014-8 <br />
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S4E_AAAAMAAJ <br />
| access-date=2020-04-13 <br />
| page=44<br />
}}<br />
</ref><ref name="Yoshī 1983 p.53 "><br />
{{cite book <br />
| last=Yoshī <br />
| first=A. <br />
| title=History & Culture of Khijjingakotta Under the Bhanjas <br />
| publisher=Vikas Publishing House | year=1983 <br />
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M5MeAAAAMAAJ <br />
| access-date=2020-04-13 <br />
| page=53<br />
| isbn=9780706914337 <br />
}}<br />
</ref><ref><br />
{{cite book <br />
|author=Umakanta Subuddhi |chapter=Economic Life of Orissa under the Bhauma-Karas |editor=Nihar Ranjan Patnaik |title=Economic History of Orissa |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AA9W9_4Z9gC&pg=PA32 <br />
|year=1997 <br />
|publisher=Indus <br />
|isbn=978-81-7387-075-0 <br />
}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
According to early mandala inscriptions, the Bhanjas describe their origins from the mythical peahen, likely pointing out to the early peafowl-related traditions of the ancient Bhanja clans, which is observed on their emblems that are shared by the successive branches.<ref>{{citation|title=Bhanja Dynasty of Mayurbhanja and their ancient capital at Khiching |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.126590/page/n3/mode/2up |publisher=AD, Mayurbhanj |last=Chanda |first=Ramapradas |date=1929}}</ref><ref name="BHANJA"/> Khinjali and Khijjinga mandalas were among the prominent mandalas under Bhauma-Kara rule.<ref>{{citation|last=Das Gupta|first=Charu Chandra|title=Some Notes on the Ādi-Bhañjas of Khijjiṅga Koṭṭa, Earlier Bhañjas of Khiñjali-Maṇḍala, Bhañjas of Bauda and Later Bhañjas of Khiñjali|journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41694027|publisher=Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|date=1931|volume=12|issue=3|pages=231–245|jstor=41694027}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Khinjali mandala===<br />
The Khinjili mandala comprised the areas of modern-day [[Boudh]], [[Phulbani]], [[Nayagarh]], Ghumusar, and [[Sonepur, Orissa|Sonepur]]. Its capital was Dhritipura (modern Boudh).<ref><br />
{{cite journal <br />
| journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress <br />
| volume=52 <br />
| pages=1026–1029 <br />
| jstor=44142745 <br />
| last1=Acharya <br />
| first1=Subrata Kumar <br />
| title=Identification of Shilabhanjadeva of the Madras Museum Plates of Narendradhavala <br />
| year=1991 <br />
}}<br />
</ref> Nettabhanja, who ruled over the [[Dhenkanal]]-[[Anugul]] region and made Nava-angulakapatana his capital, was regarded by [[R. D. Banerji]] and [[R. C. Majumdar]] as the earliest Bhanja king of the Khinjali mandala line. The early Bhanjas were powerful feudatory rulers of independent sovereign principalities in early medieval Odisha, and the territory was passed to the [[Somavamshi dynasty|Somavanshis]] after Ranabhanja, then his son Netribhanja established a new territory named after Khinjali. Copper plate inscriptions of Yasobhanja and his brother Jayabhanja at Antirigam and Kanakabhanja show Bhanja rule continued in the Khijali region until the 12th century CE.<ref name="BHANJA">{{citation<br />
|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44140816 |publisher=Indian History Congress |last=Sahu <br />
|first=NK <br />
|title = The Bhanja Kings of Orissa<br />
|journal = Proceedings of the Indian History Congress<br />
|date=1956<br />
|volume = 19<br />
|pages = 130–131<br />
|jstor = 44140816<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
During the early 10th century CE, with political instabilities in the [[Bhauma-Kara dynasty|Bhauma-Kara]] kingdom, the neighboring [[Somavamshi dynasty|Somavamshi]] and Bhanja dynasties attempted to conquer the region. The Bhanjas of Khinjali married two of their princesses ([[Vakula Mahadevi]] and [[Dharma Mahadevi]]) to the Bhauma-Kara kings Shubhakaradeva V and his father Shantikaradeva III, and later controlled the Bhauma-Kara kingdom through them. The Bhauma-Kara territory eventually came under the control of the dominant Somavamshis.{{sfn|Walter Smith|1994|p=23}}<br />
<br />
====Early Bhanjas of Khinjali mandala====<br />
*Silabhanja I (8th-century CE)<br />
*Satrubhanja (8th-century CE)<br />
*Ranabhanja (9th-century CE)<br />
*Netribhanja I (Nettabhanja I)<br />
*Digbhanja<br />
*Silabhanja II<br />
*Vidyadharbhanja<br />
*Nettabhanja II<br />
<br />
====Baudh Bhanjas of Khinjali mandala====<br />
*Solana Bhanja<br />
*Durjaya Bhanja<br />
*Kanaka Bhanja<br />
<br />
====Later Bhanjas of Khinjali mandala====<br />
*Devabhaja<br />
*Rayabhanja I<br />
*Virabhanja<br />
*Rayabhanja II<br />
*Yasobhanja (12th cen CE)<br />
*Jayabhanja (12th cen CE)<br />
*Virabhanja II<br />
<br />
===Khijjinga mandala===<br />
Khijjinga, or Khijjinga-Kotta, comprised areas of modern-day [[Mayurbhanj]] and [[Kendujhar]]. Inscriptions refer to them as the founders of the Adi-Bhanja dynasty. The early history of Bhanja rule at Khijjinga is described in copper plate inscriptions found at Bamanghaty near [[Rairangpur]] and the Khandadeuli inscription of Ranabhanja. The founder of the dynasty was Virabahdra Adi Bhanja, with his capital located at Khijjinga Kota (now [[Khiching]]). The [[Kichakeshwari Temple]] was also built by Rajabanja, according to inscriptions.<ref>{{citation<br />
|title=Bhanja Dynasty of Mayurbhanj a and their ancient capital at Khiching |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.126590/page/n3/mode/2up <br />
|page=26 <br />
|publisher=AD, Mayurbhanj |last=Chanda <br />
|first=Ramapradas <br />
|date=1929<br />
}}<br />
</ref><ref name="BHANJA"/><br />
<br />
*Virabhadra Adi-Bhanja (eighth-century CE)<br />
*Kottabhanja <br />
*Digbhanja<br />
*Rajabanja<br />
*Ranabhanja (924 CE Bamanghaty inscription)<br />
*Narendrabhanja<br />
<br />
===Bhaumakara kingdom===<br />
Two princesses of the Khinjali Bhanjas, Vakula Mahadevi and Dharma Mahadevi, married the Bhauma-Kara kings Shubhakaradeva V and his father Shantikaradeva III, and later became the regnal monarchs of the Bhauma-Kara kingdom.{{sfn|Walter Smith|1994|p=23}}<br />
<br />
*[[Vakula Mahadevi]] (934–940)<br />
*[[Dharma Mahadevi]] (940–943)<br />
<br />
==Bhanja successor states==<br />
{{tree list}}<br />
* Ancient Bhanja clans<br />
** Khijjinga mandala<br />
*** Mayurbhanj branch<br />
**** Kanika branch<br />
**** Bastar branch<br />
**** Garh Haladia branch<br />
*** Keonjhar branch<br />
** Khinjali mandala<br />
*** Baudh branch<br />
**** Daspalla branch<br />
*** Ghumusar branch<br />
{{tree end}}<br />
<br />
===Mayurbhanj branch===<br />
{{main|Mayurbhanj State}}<br />
The influence of the Khijjinga Bhanjas declined after the dominance of the Somavamshis in the [[Utkal]] region, but centuries later came back to prominence in the region with the rise of the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]] after uniting the three realms of Trikalinga with the Bhanjas as their feudatories. Traditions point to numerous origins of the dynasty, but a lack of records renders them unlikely although it is generally accepted that the founder, Adi Bhanja of the 8th century CE established the dynasty of the Mayurbhanj state with his brother Jyoti Bhanja founding the [[Keonjhar State]] succeeding from the Khijjinga Adi Bhanja dynasty.<ref>{{citation |title=ODISHA DISTRICT GAZETTEERS MAYURBHANJ |publisher=GAD, Govt of Odisha |url=http://gopabandhuacademy.gov.in/sites/default/files/gazetter/Mayurbhanj_Gazetteer.pdf |pages=61–66 |date=1990 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Kanika branch===<br />
{{See also|Kanika Palace}}<br />
[[File:Rajkanika Rajbaati.jpg|thumb|Kanika palace]]<br />
The Kanika Bhanja branch was established by Bhujabal Bhanja most likely around the third century. It remained a prominent zamindari during the reigns of the Trikalingapati and Gajapati monarchs and also supported the Khurda rulers against the British after they took over Orissa from the [[Maratha Empire]] in 1803. After independence in 1947, it was merged into Odisha, following which the zamindari estates were abolished.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oriya Speaking Feudatory States |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/aug2005/engpdf/oriya%20speaking%20feudatory%20states.pdf |author=Hemanta Kumar Mohapatra |publisher=Orissa Review |date=August 2005}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=ODISHA DISTRICT GAZETTEERS KENDRAPARA |publisher=GAD, Govt of Odisha |url=http://www.gopabandhuacademy.gov.in/sites/default/files/gazetter/Kendrapara_Gazetteer.pdf |date=2012 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Bastar branch===<br />
{{main|Bastar state}}<br />
The Bastar state was long ruled by the descendants of the [[Kakatiya dynasty]] until the 1920s, when King Rudra Pratap Deo's daughter and heir Rani Prafulla Kumari Devi married Prince Prafulla Chandra Bhanj Deo, who was the nephew of the King of Mayurbhanj [[Sriram Chandra Bhanj Deo]]. Their son [[Pravir Chandra Bhanj Deo]] became the first and only Bhanja ruler of Bastar from 1936 until 1948 when it acceded to India following independence.<br />
<br />
===Garh Haladia branch===<br />
[[File:Bhanja Rajawas of Garh Haladia.jpg|thumb|Palace of Garh Haladia]]<br />
The Haladia estate was an ancient vassal state of the [[Gajapati Empire]] that was ruled on their behalf by the Bhanj monarchs. They are a branch of [[Mayurbhanj State]] who swore allegiance to the Gajapati Maharaja of Puri. It was founded by Anu Bhanj Deo, a scion of the [[Mayurbhanj]] Raj family who came to Puri around the 11th century CE, married the daughter of the then-Gajapati Maharaja of Puri, and obtained the estate as her dowry.<ref>{{cite web |title= Indramani Devi And Others vs Raghunath Bhanja Birbar Jagadeb |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/150458/?type=print}}</ref> During British rule, Garh Haladia was one of the [[Khandayat (caste)|Khandayat]] jagirs in Khordha.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Department |first=Bengal (India) Land Records and Agriculture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=axNOAAAAYAAJ |title=Report on the Khurda Settlement of 1897-98 |date=1899 |publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press |pages=12 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Keonjhar branch===<br />
{{main|Keonjhar State}}<br />
[[File:Kendujhargarh Fort.jpg|thumb]]<br />
According to traditions, Keonjhar State was founded sometime during the 12th century during the rule of the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]] when Jyoti Bhanj was enthroned as the raja of Keonjhar with the help of dominant local [[Bhuyan]] clans. The influence of Bhuyans on the enthronement rituals and regnal traditions of Keonjhar suggests a long-standing relationship with the kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sitting on the Tribal Chief's Lap Coronation Rituals in Ex-Princely States of Orissa |url=https://www.academia.edu/3883739 |author=Cornelia Mallebrein |publisher=University of Tubingen |date=2010 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Baudh branch===<br />
{{main|Baudh State}}<br />
With the advent of Eastern Ganga rule over the region after the defeat of the Somavamshis, there were local chieftains ruling over Baudh as Eastern Ganga feudatories. There was a Brahmin chieftain who was childless that adopted the nephew of the neighboring raja of Keonjhar who belonged to the Bhanj dynasty. The prince named himself Ananga Deva and became the king of Baudh in the 14th century.<ref>{{citation |title=ODISHA DISTRICT GAZETTEERS BOUDH |publisher=GAD, Govt of Odisha |url=http://gopabandhuacademy.gov.in/sites/default/files/gazetter/Boudh_Gazetteer.pdf |page=23 |date=1991 }}</ref><ref name="IGI">[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V07_140.gif ''Imperial Gazetteer of India'', v. 7, p. 140.]</ref><ref>Malleson, G. B. ''An historical sketch of the native states of India,'' London 1875, Reprint Delhi 1984</ref><br />
<br />
===Daspalla branch===<br />
{{main|Daspalla State}}<br />
In the late 15th century around 1498 CE, Naren Bhanja, the brother of the raja of Baudh, was made chieftain of the Daspalla region, from which he later seceded and declared his independent kingdom.<ref>{{citation |title=ODISHA DISTRICT GAZETTEERS NAYAGARH |publisher=GAD, Govt of Odisha |url=http://gopabandhuacademy.gov.in/sites/default/files/gazetter/Nayagarh_Gazetteer.pdf |page=42 |date=2015 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Ghumusar branch===<br />
The rulers of Ghumusar zamindari were descendants of the Bhanja rulers of Khinjali mandala whose rule ended in the Boudh region as the [[Somavamshi dynasty|Somavanshis]] conquered their territory during their conflicts with the [[Bhauma-Kara dynasty|Bhauma-Kara]] rulers during the 10th century CE<ref>{{cite web |title=REMAPPING OÒRA: THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE |author=Jadumani Mahapatra |url=http://odishahistorycongress.org/Docs/Odisha%20History%20Congress%20Journal%202014.pdf |page=20 |date=December 2013 |publisher=Odisha History Congress |access-date=3 March 2021 |archive-date=3 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903010524/http://odishahistorycongress.org/Docs/Odisha%20History%20Congress%20Journal%202014.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and were displaced into the Ghumusar region post-12th century where they set up their kingdom. They established their capital at [[Kulada, Ganjam|Kulad]] (a place near [[Bhanjanagar]]). Ghumusar Bhanja rulers significantly contributed to the development of [[Odia language|Odia]] literature during the Riti Yuga/Bhanja Yuga phase like Balabhadra Bhanja, Tribikram Bhanja, Dhanajaya Bhanja, Ghana Bhanja and Kabi Samrat [[Upendra Bhanja]].<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Oriya Literature |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13018 |author=Mansingha, Mayadhar |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |date=1960}}</ref> <br />
The Ghumusar branch ended during the rule of Dhananjaya Bhanja II in 1835, when the British annexed the Ghumusar region after suppressing the Ghumusar rebellion of 1835–36.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghumsar Resistance Against British Imperialism |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2016/August/engpdf/111-115.pdf |author=Rabindra Nath Dash |publisher=Odisha Review |date=August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Explained: Who were the Paikas of Odisha, and what will the Paika Memorial celebrate |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-who-were-paikas-odisha-and-what-will-memorial-celebrate-6156664/ |website=The Indian Express |date=December 9, 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Khiching Temple.jpg|Kichakeshwari Temple at Khiching<br />
File:Kechakeshari temple khiching mbj.jpg|File:Kechakeshari temple, Khiching<br />
File:Shri Hari Baladev Jiu Temple Baripada.jpg|Shri Hari Baladev Jiu Temple, Baripada<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of rulers of Odisha]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* {{cite book |author=Walter Smith |title=The Mukteśvara Temple in Bhubaneswar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y0MQmNx8g2gC&pg=PA21 |year=1994 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0793-8 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Umakanta Subuddhi |title=The Bhauma-Karas of Orissa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=scQBAAAAMAAJ |year=1978 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |oclc=695276579 }}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://www.thenationalnews.com/travel/hotels/2021/11/04/a-living-museum-indian-royal-sisters-transform-family-palace-into-a-hotel/ "Indian royal princesses transform family palace into hotel dubbed 'a living museum'. The Belgadia Palace is located in the princely province of Mayurbhanj, in the country's eastern Odisha state". By Neeta Lal, "The National", Nov. 4, 2021]<br />
<br />
{{Odisha}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]<br />
[[Category:Dynasties of Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]<br />
[[Category:Maharajas of Mayurbhanj]]</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holud_Pakhir_Dana&diff=452825Holud Pakhir Dana2026-03-04T00:26:08Z<p>RamonTietjen8: expand section for accuracy and corrected details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Holud Pakhir Dana<br />
| image = Holud Pakhir Dana poster.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| native_name = <br />
| director = Kanoj Das<br />
| producer = Bidu Das<br />
| writer = <br />
| screenplay = Subrata Bhadra<br />
| story = Bidu Das<br />
| based_on = <br />
| narrator = <br />
| starring = Dibyendu Mukherjee<br />Rimjhim Gupta<br />[[Sabyasachi Chakraborty]]<br />Anuradha Ray<br />
| music = [[Surojit Chatterjee]]<br />
| cinematography = Kamal Nayak<br />
| editing = M. Sushmit<br />
| studio = Dapro Film Production<br />
| distributor = Dapro Film Production<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|4|12|Kolkata}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Holud Pakhir Dana''''' (English: '''''The Yellow Wings''''') is a 2013 [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]], directed by Kanoj Das and produced by Bidu Das under the banner of Dapro Film Production. The film features actors Dibyendu Mukherjee and Rimjhim Gupta in the lead roles. [[Surojit Chatterjee]] composed the music for this film. It was released on 12 April 2013.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Riju is a doctor who was severely harmed when he was hit by a car. The car belonged to Saheli, who is also a doctor. Saheli then tried to nurse Riju so that he regained his health. She kept Riju at her residence for a period and as days passed, they fell in love. When Riju returned home, he discovered that his mother had died. He then went to Mathurapur when a doctor called him from there to inform him many villagers were ill due to consumption of spurious liquor. On the other hand, Saheli learned that she had cancer and went to the "Painless Life Centre" and stayed there. Riju tried to find out the whereabouts of Saheli one day since they had not been in touch for a long time. He landed at the Centre one day and took Saheli back home as he wanted her to be by his side during her last days. She died a few days later.<ref name=story>{{cite web|last=Chakrabarty|first=Aditya|title=Holud Pakhir Dana synopsis|url=http://www.gomolo.com/holud-pakhir-dana-movie-synopsis-plot-story/44428|publisher=Gomolo|accessdate=28 May 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
<br />
===Main===<br />
* Dibyendu Mukherjee as Riju<br />
* Rimjhim Gupta as Saheli<br />
<br />
===Supporting===<br />
* [[Sabyasachi Chakraborty]] as Dr Anirban<br />
* Sonia Kohli as Doctor<br />
* Anuradha Ray as Riju's mother<br />
* Kalyani Mondal as Saheli's mother<br />
* Ramen Raychowdhury as a doctor<br />
* [[Monu Mukhopadhyay]] as the servant in Riju's house<br />
* Nimai Ghosh<br />
* Bidyut Das<br />
* Sangeeta Sanyal<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Holud Pakhir Dana<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| longtype = to Holud Pakhir Dana<br />
| artist = [[Surojit Chatterjee]]<br />
| cover =<br />
| border = yes<br />
| alt =<br />
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|3|29}}<br />
| recorded =<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = {{Duration|m=34|s=12}}<br />
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
| label =<br />
| producer =<br />
| prev_title =<br />
| prev_year =<br />
| next_title =<br />
| next_year =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The soundtrack of ''Holud Pakhir Dana'' has been composed by [[Surojit Chatterjee]].<ref name=songs>{{cite web|title=Album: Holud Pakhir Dana|url=http://www.dhingana.com/bengali/holud-pakhir-dana-songs-sabyasachi-chakraborty-anuradha-roy-3ade831|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629000548/http://www.dhingana.com/bengali/holud-pakhir-dana-songs-sabyasachi-chakraborty-anuradha-roy-3ade831|url-status=usurped|archive-date=29 June 2013|publisher=Dhingana|accessdate=28 May 2013}}</ref> The music release took place on 29 March 2013 at the [[South City Mall]] auditorium in the presence of [[All India Trinamool Congress]] [[Member of Parliament|M.P.]] Arup Biswas.<ref name=music>{{cite web|title=Holud Pakhir Dana's Music Launch|url=http://tollywoodhamaka.com/news/holud-pakhir-danas-music-launch.html|publisher=Tollywood Dhamaka|accessdate=28 May 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Track listing===<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| collapsed = <br />
| headline = <br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 34:12<br />
<br />
| all_writing = <br />
| all_lyrics = <br />
| all_music =<br />
<br />
| title1 = Aaj Meghla Din (Version 1)<br />
| note1 = <br />
| writer1 = <br />
| lyrics1 = <br />
| music1 = <br />
| extra1 = [[Surojit Chatterjee]]<br />
| length1 = 2:48<br />
<br />
| title2 = Aaj Meghla Din (Version 2)<br />
| note2 = <br />
| writer2 = <br />
| lyrics2 = <br />
| music2 = <br />
| extra2 = Raghab Chatterjee<br />
| length2 = 4:57<br />
<br />
| title3 = Aami Aami (Duet)<br />
| note3 = <br />
| writer3 = <br />
| lyrics3 = <br />
| music3 = <br />
| extra3 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[June Banerjee]]<br />
| length3 = 4:28<br />
<br />
| title4 = Aami Aami (Female)<br />
| note4 = <br />
| writer4 = <br />
| lyrics4 = <br />
| music4 = <br />
| extra4 = June Banerjee<br />
| length4 = 4:28<br />
<br />
| title5 = Aami Megher Kol Chaine<br />
| note5 = <br />
| writer5 = <br />
| lyrics5 = <br />
| music5 = <br />
| extra5 = Surojit Chatterjee, Nipabithi Ghosh<br />
| length5 = 4:57<br />
<br />
| title6 = Holud Pakhir Danaye<br />
| note6 = <br />
| writer6 = <br />
| lyrics6 = <br />
| music6 = <br />
| extra6 = Shaan<br />
| length6 = 4:03<br />
<br />
| title7 = Lagche Lagche Bhalo<br />
| note7 = <br />
| writer7 = <br />
| lyrics7 = <br />
| music7 = <br />
| extra7 = Uttam Sarkar<br />
| length7 = 3:25<br />
<br />
| title8 = Aaj Meghla Din (Sad Version)<br />
| note8 = <br />
| writer8 = <br />
| lyrics8 = <br />
| music8 = <br />
| extra8 = Surojit Chatterjee<br />
| length8 = 5:06<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Critical reception==<br />
{{Film and game ratings<br />
| rev1 = Gomolo<br />
| rev1score = {{Rating|2|5}}<br />
}}<br />
''Holud Pakhir Dana'' received mostly negative remarks from reviewers. Gomolo users rated it 2 out of 5 stars. Aditya Chakrabarty of Gomolo said, "Films made by Kanoj Das have had much stronger lines and social messages in the past, but this film is an exception. This is one soppy tearjerker and neither the story nor the performances are strong to hold your attention."<ref name=review>{{cite web|last=Chakrabarty|first=Aditya|title=Holud Pakhir Dana review|url=http://www.gomolo.com/holud-pakhir-dana-movie-review/44428/1993736|publisher=Gomolo|accessdate=28 May 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Controversy==<br />
{{Quote box|width=35%|align=right|quote="I haven't heard the Cactus song. The film is based on a story by Bidu Das. Every colour has a different emotional connect and yellow is no different. It's also my heroine's favourite colour in the film."|source=Director Kanoj Das about the controversy on the title <ref name="controversy"/><br />
}}<br />
Members of the Bengali band [[Cactus (Indian band)|Cactus]] claimed that the title ''Holud Pakhir Dana'' was inspired from their popular number "Holud Pakhi" and complained that the film gave no credits to the band.<br />
<br />
Band member Sidhu said, "It's undoubtedly inspired from our track. Tomorrow, someone might come up with a title like ''Bhebe Dekhechho Ki'' and not give credit to "Mohiner Ghoraguli". We are not asking for royalty, but credit where it's due. In between, a film called ''Sudhu Tumi Elena'' had released. Everyone knows we also have a song by that name."<ref name=controversy>{{cite news|title=Holud pakhi rakes up controversy|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-08/news-interviews/38372114_1_cactus-film-band-members|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629134807/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-08/news-interviews/38372114_1_cactus-film-band-members|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 June 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=28 May 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
Drummer Baji said, ""Holud Pakhi" is not just popular amongst the younger generation. Even those who do not follow music, also know about the song."<ref name=controversy/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2013 Bengali-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chhapra_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=493951Chhapra Lok Sabha constituency2026-02-27T01:25:33Z<p>RamonTietjen8: Creating A Post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Former constituency in Bihar, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Chapra <br />
| type = LS<br />
| map_image = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| state = [[Bihar]]<br />
| union_territory =<br />
| established = 1952<br />
| abolished = 2008<br />
| assembly_cons = [[Taraiya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Taraiya]]<br> [[Marhaura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Marhaura]]<br>Amnour<br> [[Chapra, Saran (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chapra]]<br>[[Garkha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Garkha]]<br />
<br>[[Parsa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Parsa]]<br>[[Sonpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sonpur]]<br />
| reservation = None<br />
}}<br />
'''Chhapra''' Lok Sabha constituency was in Bihar and it existed until 2008, after which it was replaced by [[Saran Lok Sabha constituency]], when delimitation was done.<br />
<br />
==Assembly segments==<br />
Presently, Chapra Lok Sabha constituency comprises seven [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! No<br />
! Name<br />
! District<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
|116<br />
|[[Taraiya Assembly constituency|Taraiya]]<br />
| rowspan="7" |[[Saran district|Saran]]<br />
|[[Janak Singh]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|BJP}}<br />
|-<br />
|117<br />
|[[Marhaura Assembly constituency|Marhaura]] <br />
|[[Jitendra Kumar Ray]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|118<br />
|[[Chapra, Bihar Assembly constituency|Chapra]]<br />
|[[C. N. Gupta]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|BJP}}<br />
|-<br />
|119<br />
|[[Garkha Assembly constituency|Garkha]]<br />
|[[Surendra Ram]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|120<br />
|[[Amnour constituency|Amnour]] <br />
|[[Krishna Kumar Mantoo]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|BJP}}<br />
|-<br />
|121<br />
|[[Parsa Assembly constituency|Parsa]]<br />
|[[Chhote Lal Ray]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|122<br />
|[[Sonpur Assembly constituency|Sonpur]]<br />
|[[Ramanuj Prasad Yadav]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Members of Lok Sabha==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]<br />
|Rajendra Singh<br />
|style="background-color:{{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}" |<br />
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Ramshekhar Prasad Singh]]<br />
| rowspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]<br />
|[[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]<br />
| rowspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Party}}" |<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]<br />
|Satya Deo Singh<br />
|-<br />
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]<br />
|[[Ram Bahadur Singh]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]<br />
|[[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]<br />
| rowspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal}}" |<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Janata Dal]]<br />
|-<br />
|1990^<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Lal Babu Rai]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br />
|[[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]]<br />
|style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br />
|Heera Lal Rai<br />
|style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |<br />
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br />
|[[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]]<br />
|style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br />
|[[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]<br />
|style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |<br />
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |{{center|''2008 onwards : See [[Saran Lok Sabha constituency|Saran]]''}}<br />
|}<br />
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1957-election-results.html|title = 1957 India General (2nd Lok Sabha) Elections Results}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1980-election-results.html|title = 1980 India General (7th Lok Sabha) Elections Results}}</ref><ref name="poll84">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1984-election-results.html|title = 1984 India General (8th Lok Sabha) Elections Results}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://entranceindia.com/election-and-politics/shri-lal-babu-rai-member-of-parliament-mp-from-chapra-bihar-biodata/|title = Shri Lal Babu Rai MP biodata Chapra &#124; ENTRANCEINDIA|date = 28 December 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
^By-Poll<br />
<br />
<br />
In 2004, Lok Sabha polls were countermanded in Chapra (छपरा) following allegations of rigging.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/post-poll/cid/967554|title=POST POLL|website=telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/GE2004/States/PartyCompWinner/S04/partycomp07.htm |title=General Elections 2004 - Partywise Comparison for 7-Chapra Constituency of BIHAR |access-date=2016-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820142358/http://eci.nic.in/archive/GE2004/States/PartyCompWinner/S04/partycomp07.htm |archive-date=2016-08-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/2004/05/04/stories/2004050401251500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221104655/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/05/04/stories/2004050401251500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-12-21|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=2004-05-04|title=National / Elections 2004 : Chapra factor follows Laloo into Madhepura}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/ec/20050508.htm|title='Order countermanding Chapra polls unanimous'|website=Rediff}}</ref> Re-poll was done on 31 May 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/2004/05/31/stories/2004053105490100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221104652/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/05/31/stories/2004053105490100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-12-21|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=2004-05-31|title=Front Page : Tight security for Chapra repoll}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040531/main4.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Main News|website=tribuneindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/chapra-an-acid-test-laloo/225382|title=Chapra an acid test: Laloo|website=Outlookindia.com|access-date=15 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl2211/stories/20050603004903100.htm|title=Lalu vs Election Commission|website=frontline.thehindu.com|access-date=3 April 2019|archive-date=20 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820135219/https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl2211/stories/20050603004903100.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2004/may/10bihar.htm|title=Repoll in Chhapra on May 31|website=rediff.com}}</ref> Lalu won the elections after the re-poll.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/laloo-triumphs-in-chapra/225847|title=Laloo triumphs in Chapra|website=Outlookindia.com|access-date=15 October 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
===General Election, 1957===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1957 Indian general election]]: Chapra}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
| party = Praja Socialist Party<br />
| candidate = Rajendra Singh<br />
| votes = 75,994<br />
| percentage = 45.69<br />
| change = {{new}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = Leela Devi Verma<br />
| votes = 73,046<br />
| percentage = 43.92<br />
| change = {{new}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent<br />
| candidate = P. N. Singh<br />
| votes = 17,282<br />
| percentage = 10.39<br />
| change = {{new}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| votes = 2,948<br />
| percentage = 1.77<br />
| change = {{new}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
| votes = 1,66,322<br />
| percentage = 42.68<br />
| change = {{new}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Praja Socialist Party|loser=|swing=}} <br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General Election, 1962===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Indian general election]]: Chapra}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = Ramsekhar Prasad Singh<br />
| votes = 85,952<br />
| percentage = 38.82<br />
| change = {{decrease}} 5.10<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Praja Socialist Party<br />
| candidate = Rajendra Singh<br />
| votes = 64,748<br />
| percentage = 29.24<br />
| change = {{decrease}} 16.45<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent<br />
| candidate = Harmandan Prasad Yadav<br />
| votes = 34,637<br />
| percentage = 15.64<br />
| change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent<br />
| candidate = Bhikari Nath<br />
| votes = 22,460<br />
| percentage = 10.14<br />
| change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Socialist Party (India)<br />
| candidate = Ramsubhag Singh<br />
| votes = 8,593<br />
| percentage = 3.88<br />
| change = {{new}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad<br />
| candidate = Ratna Devi<br />
| votes = 5,030<br />
| percentage = 2.27<br />
| change = {{new}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| votes = 21,204<br />
| percentage = 9.58<br />
| change = {{increase}} 7.81<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
| votes = 2,21,420<br />
| percentage = 49.66<br />
| change = {{increase}} 6.98<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
| winner = Indian National Congress<br />
| loser = Praja Socialist Party<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General Election, 1967===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Indian general election]]: Chapra}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = R. P. Singh<br />
| votes = 83,267<br />
| percentage = 29.89<br />
| change = {{decrease}} 8.93<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Samyukta Socialist Party<br />
| candidate = H. P. Yadav<br />
| votes = 55,058<br />
| percentage = 19.76<br />
| change = {{new}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent<br />
| candidate = A. K. Singh<br />
| votes = 36,210<br />
| percentage = 13.00<br />
| change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh<br />
| candidate = M. Shriwastava<br />
| votes = 28,297<br />
| percentage = 10.16<br />
| change = {{new}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Jan Kranti Party<br />
| candidate = C. Singh<br />
| votes = 22,875<br />
| percentage = 8.21<br />
| change = {{new}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent<br />
| candidate = R. Das<br />
| votes = 15,855<br />
| percentage = 5.69<br />
| change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Swatantra Party<br />
| candidate = S. N. Singh<br />
| votes = 15,309<br />
| percentage = 5.49<br />
| change = {{new}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent<br />
| candidate = V. Singh<br />
| votes = 11,433<br />
| percentage = 4.10<br />
| change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent<br />
| candidate = H. Roy<br />
| votes = 10,314<br />
| percentage = 3.70<br />
| change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| votes = 28,209<br />
| percentage = 10.13<br />
| change = {{increase}} 0.55<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
| votes = 2,78,618<br />
| percentage = 51.55<br />
| change = {{increase}} 1.89<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
| winner = Indian National Congress<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General Election, 1971===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1971 Indian general election]]: Chapra}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = Ram Shekhar Prasad Singh<br />
| votes = 129,134<br />
| percentage = 42.08<br />
| change = {{increase}} 12.19<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Bharatiya Kranti Dal<br />
| candidate = Satyadeo Singh<br />
| votes = 89,964<br />
| percentage = 29.31<br />
| change = {{new}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Praja Socialist Party<br />
| candidate = Janak Yadav<br />
| votes = 27,021<br />
| percentage = 8.80<br />
| change = {{new}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh<br />
| candidate = Awadhesh Kumar Singh<br />
| votes = 25,454<br />
| percentage = 8.29<br />
| change = {{decrease}} 1.87<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Samyukta Socialist Party<br />
| candidate = Hari Nandan Prasad Yadav<br />
| votes = 19,609<br />
| percentage = 6.39<br />
| change = {{decrease}} 13.37<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Socialist Unity Centre of India<br />
| candidate = Amar Kumar Pandey<br />
| votes = 7,010<br />
| percentage = 2.28<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| votes = 39,170<br />
| percentage = 12.77<br />
| change = {{increase}} 2.64<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
| votes = <br />
| percentage = <br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
| winner = Indian National Congress<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General Election, 1977===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1977 Indian general election]]: Chapra}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
| party = Janata Party<br />
| candidate = [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]<br />
| votes = 415,409<br />
| percentage = 85.97<br />
| change = {{new}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = Ram Shekhar Prasad Singh<br />
| votes = 41,609<br />
| percentage = 8.61<br />
| change = {{decrease}} 33.47<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Communist Party of India<br />
| candidate = Sheo Bachan Singh<br />
| votes = 21,194<br />
| percentage = 4.39<br />
| change = {{new}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent<br />
| candidate = Daroga Rai<br />
| votes = 2,345<br />
| percentage = 0.49<br />
| change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent<br />
| candidate = Shatrughna Prasad Singh<br />
| votes = 1,951<br />
| percentage = 0.40<br />
| change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent<br />
| candidate = Bhola Singh<br />
| votes = 690<br />
| percentage = 0.14<br />
| change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| votes = 373,800<br />
| percentage = 77.36<br />
| change = {{increase}} 64.59<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
| votes = <br />
| percentage = <br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
| winner = Janata Party<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General Election, 1980===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1980 Indian general election]]: Chapra}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
| party = Janata Party<br />
| candidate = Satyadeo Singh<br />
| votes = 160,054<br />
| percentage = 41.18<br />
| change = {{decrease}} 44.79<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Janata Party (Secular)<br />
| candidate = [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]<br />
| votes = 151,273<br />
| percentage = 38.92<br />
| change = {{new}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Indian National Congress (I)<br />
| candidate = Budhan Prasad Yadav<br />
| votes = 58,510<br />
| percentage = 15.06<br />
| change = {{increase}} 6.45<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Indian National Congress (U)<br />
| candidate = Ramshekhar Prasad Singh<br />
| votes = 1,991<br />
| percentage = 0.51<br />
| change = {{new}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent<br />
| candidate = 15 Independent Candidates<br />
| votes = 16,808<br />
| percentage = 4.32<br />
| change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| votes = 8,781<br />
| percentage = 2.26<br />
| change = {{decrease}} 75.10<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
| votes = <br />
| percentage = <br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
| winner = Janata Party<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General Election, 1984===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1984 Indian general elections]]: Chapra}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
| party = Janata Party<br />
| candidate = Ram Bahadur Singh<br />
| votes = 163,494<br />
| percentage = 35.91<br />
| change = {{decrease}} 5.27<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = Bhishmaprasad Yadav<br />
| votes = 137,488<br />
| percentage = 30.20<br />
| change = {{increase}} 15.14<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Lok Dal<br />
| candidate = [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]<br />
| votes = 128,705<br />
| percentage = 28.27<br />
| change = {{new}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| candidate = Madhu Sudan Singh<br />
| votes = 7,565<br />
| percentage = 1.66<br />
| change = {{new}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent<br />
| candidate = 12 Independent Candidates<br />
| votes = 18,004<br />
| percentage = 3.96<br />
| change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| votes = 26,006<br />
| percentage = 5.71<br />
| change = {{increase}} 3.45<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
| votes = <br />
| percentage = <br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
| winner = Janata Party<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General Election, 1989===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election]]: Chapra}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
| party = Janata Dal<br />
| candidate = [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]<br />
| votes = 333,897<br />
| percentage = 51.14<br />
| change = {{new}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Janata Party<br />
| candidate = [[Lalan Singh]]<br />
| votes = 192,015<br />
| percentage = 29.41<br />
| change = {{decrease}} 6.50<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = Heera Lal Rai<br />
| votes = 117,327<br />
| percentage = 17.97<br />
| change = {{decrease}} 12.23<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent<br />
| candidate = 11 Independent Candidates<br />
| votes = 4,978<br />
| percentage = 0.76<br />
| change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate <br />
| party = Others<br />
| candidate = Other 3 Candidates<br />
| votes = 3,813<br />
| percentage = 0.58<br />
| change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
| candidate = Om Prakash Sharma<br />
| votes = 899<br />
| percentage = 0.14<br />
| change = {{new}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| votes = 141,882<br />
| percentage = 21.73<br />
| change = {{increase}} 16.02<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
| votes = <br />
| percentage = <br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
| winner = Janata Dal<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===By-Election, 1990===<br />
Bye-election to Lok Sabha from Chapra Parliamentary Constituency - Vacancy caused due to the resignation of Shri Lalu Prasad on 26-4-1990<br />
===General Election, 1991===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election]]: Chapra}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
| party = Janata Dal<br />
| candidate = [[Lal Babu Rai]]<br />
| votes = 350,282<br />
| percentage = 53.85<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Janata Party<br />
| candidate = [[Lalan Singh]]<br />
| votes = 225,709<br />
| percentage = 34.70<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = Ram Jaypal Singh Yadav<br />
| votes = 42,293<br />
| percentage = 6.50<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| candidate = [[Ram Das Rai]]<br />
| votes = 26,955<br />
| percentage = 4.14<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent<br />
| candidate = 17 Independent Candidates<br />
| votes = 4,658<br />
| percentage = 0.72<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate<br />
| party = Others<br />
| candidate = Other 3 Candidates<br />
| votes = 614<br />
| percentage = 0.10<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| votes = 124,573<br />
| percentage = 19.15<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
| votes = <br />
| percentage = <br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
| winner = Janata Dal<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General Election, 1996===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election]]: [[Chhapra Lok Sabha constituency|Chhapra]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| candidate = [[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]]<br />
| votes = 339,086<br />
| percentage = 47.80<br />
| change = {{increase}} 43.66<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Janata Dal<br />
| candidate = Lal Babu Rai<br />
| votes = 323,590<br />
| percentage = 45.61<br />
| change = {{decrease}} 8.24<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent<br />
| candidate = Ram Babu Rai<br />
| votes = 22,912<br />
| percentage = 3.23<br />
| change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = Kavita Singh<br />
| votes = 12,489<br />
| percentage = 1.76<br />
| change = {{decrease}} 4.74<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate <br />
| party = Others<br />
| candidate = Other 20 Independent Candidates<br />
| votes = 10,812<br />
| percentage = 1.52<br />
| change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)<br />
| candidate = Devendra Singh<br />
| votes = 516<br />
| percentage = 0.07<br />
| change = {{new}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| votes = 15,496<br />
| percentage = 2.19<br />
| change = {{decrease}} 16.96<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
| votes = 7,09,405<br />
| percentage = 71.41<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General Election, 1998===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election]]: Chapra}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
| party = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br />
| candidate = Heera Lal Rai<br />
| votes = 331,591<br />
| percentage = 44.96<br />
| change = {{new}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| candidate = [[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]]<br />
| votes = 322,264<br />
| percentage = 43.70<br />
| change = {{decrease}} 4.10<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Janata Dal<br />
| candidate = Chandrika Rai<br />
| votes = 66,148<br />
| percentage = 8.97<br />
| change = {{decrease}} 36.64<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Bharatiya Jan Congress<br />
| candidate = Baidya Nath Prasad Singh Vikal<br />
| votes = 5,810<br />
| percentage = 0.79<br />
| change = {{new}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent<br />
| candidate = Anil Kumar Singh<br />
| votes = 5,092<br />
| percentage = 0.69<br />
| change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Samajwadi Party<br />
| candidate = Janak Yadav<br />
| votes = 3,261<br />
| percentage = 0.44<br />
| change = {{new}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent<br />
| candidate = Pramod Kumar Singh<br />
| votes = 1,918<br />
| percentage = 0.26<br />
| change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent<br />
| candidate = Srikant Prasad<br />
| votes = 1,411<br />
| percentage = 0.19<br />
| change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| votes = 9,327<br />
| percentage = 1.26<br />
| change = {{decrease}} 0.93<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
| votes = <br />
| percentage = <br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
| winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General Election, 1999===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general elections]]: Chapra}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| candidate = [[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]]<br />
| votes = 390,477<br />
| percentage = 50.71<br />
| change = {{increase}} 7.01<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br />
| candidate = Hira Lal Rai<br />
| votes = 346,924<br />
| percentage = 45.05<br />
| change = {{increase}} 0.09<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
| candidate = Bachchu Prasad Biru<br />
| votes = 12,378<br />
| percentage = 1.61<br />
| change = {{new}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Janata Dal (Secular)<br />
| candidate = Lal Babu Rai<br />
| votes = 11,689<br />
| percentage = 1.52<br />
| change = {{new}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent<br />
| candidate = Praveen Kumar<br />
| votes = 3,208<br />
| percentage = 0.42<br />
| change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent<br />
| candidate = Anil Kumar Singh<br />
| votes = 2,562<br />
| percentage = 0.33<br />
| change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Nationalist Congress Party<br />
| candidate = Ajay Kumar Singh<br />
| votes = 2,385<br />
| percentage = 0.31<br />
| change = {{new}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent<br />
| candidate = Ram Kripal Prasad Yadav<br />
| votes = 452<br />
| percentage = 0.06<br />
| change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| votes = 43,553<br />
| percentage = 5.66<br />
| change = {{increase}} 4.40<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
| votes = <br />
| percentage = <br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General Election, 2004===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: Chapra}}<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref><br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
| party = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br />
| candidate = [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]<br />
| votes = 228,882<br />
| percentage = 51.31<br />
| change = {{increase}} 6.26<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| candidate = [[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]]<br />
| votes = 168,459<br />
| percentage = 37.76<br />
| change = {{decrease}} 12.95<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
| candidate = Abhay Raj Kishor Rai<br />
| votes = 12,322<br />
| percentage = 2.76<br />
| change = {{increase}} 1.15<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent<br />
| candidate = Brajesh Kumar<br />
| votes = 10,753<br />
| percentage = 2.41<br />
| change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Samajwadi Party<br />
| candidate = Bachchu Prasad<br />
| votes = 8,910<br />
| percentage = 2.00<br />
| change = {{new}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent<br />
| candidate = Narendra Kumar Singh<br />
| votes = 5,775<br />
| percentage = 1.29<br />
| change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent<br />
| candidate = Manoranjan Kumar Srivastava<br />
| votes = 5,264<br />
| percentage = 1.18<br />
| change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent<br />
| candidate = Kamala Saran<br />
| votes = 3,187<br />
| percentage = 0.71<br />
| change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)<br />
| candidate = Rajeshwar Singh<br />
| votes = 2,549<br />
| percentage = 0.57<br />
| change = {{new}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| votes = 60,423<br />
| percentage = 13.55<br />
| change = {{increase}} 7.89<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
| votes = <br />
| percentage = <br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
| winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Saran (Lok Sabha constituency)]]<br />
* [[Saran district]]<br />
* [[List of former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|25.8|84.7|display=title}}<br />
<br />
{{Bihar elections}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Saran district]]<br />
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br />
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shaikh_Imam-ud-Din&diff=534328Shaikh Imam-ud-Din2026-02-26T16:56:30Z<p>RamonTietjen8: starting a data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox royalty <br />
| name = Shaikh Imam-ud-Din<br />
| title = Amir-ul-Mulk Jang Bahadur<ref>{{harvp|Sufi|1949|p=747}}</ref><br>Amir al-Mu'minin<ref>{{harvp|Sufi|1949|p=749}}</ref><br />
| caption = ''Sheikh Imam-ud-Din'' with his sons in {{circa|1855}}, as painted by [[William Carpenter (painter) |William Carpenter]]<br />
| image = Nawab Sheik Imam-u-din, late Governor of Kashmir.jpg<br />
| succession = Sikh Governor of [[Jalandhar Doab]]<br />
| predecessor = Shaikh Ghulam Muhy-ud-Din<br />
| successor = position abolished <br />
| reign = 1841–1845<br />
| birth_name = Shaikh Imam-ud-Din<br />
| birth_date = {{circa|1819}}<br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = 1859<br />
| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[British Punjab|Punjab province]] (present-day Punjab, Pakistan)<br />
| occupation = <br />
| religion = <br />
| succession1 = [[Amir]] of Kashmir<br />
| reign1 = 25 March 1846–25 October 1846<br />
| predecessor1 = [[Shaikh Ghulam Muhy-ud-Din]]<br />
| successor1 = [[Gulab Singh]] (as Maharaja of Kashmir) <br />
}}<br />
'''Shaikh Imam-ud-Din'''{{efn|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: شیخ امام دین}} (1819–1859) was a [[Punjabi Muslims|Punjabi Muslim]] noble in the [[Sikh Empire]] who served as the governor of [[Jalandhar Doab]] during 1841–1846.<br />
<br />
He was a son of [[Shaikh Ghulam Muhy-ud-Din|Shaikh Muhy-ud-Din]], the Sikh-appointed governor of [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir]]. On [[Treaty of Amritsar (1846)|16 March 1846]] Kashmir was sold to [[Gulab Singh]] of [[Dogra dynasty]] by the British following the defeat of Sikhs in the [[First Anglo-Sikh war]]. However, after Muhy-ud-Din's death on 24 March Imam-ud-Din seized the governship of Kashmir and opposed the occupation of the valley by Gulab Singh. He defeated a Dogra contingent sent to take charge from him in August. His rebellion, which lasted for seven months, was ultimately put down in October by a combined British and Sikh army sent from [[Lahore]], and on 9 November, 1846 Kashmir officially became part of the [[princely state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<br />
<br />
Imam-ud-Din, described by a contemporary British writer as perhaps "the best mannered and best dressed man in the Panjab", lacked the necessary political foresight and popular support of the [[Kashmiris]] to fulfill his ambition of carving out an independent state. He died in 1859, in Lahore, and was buried in the courtyard of [[Data Darbar]].<br />
<br />
==Background and early life==<br />
Shaikh Imam-ud-Din was born into a Punjabi family with humble roots from [[Hoshiarpur]] in the [[Jalandhar Doab]]. He was the son of [[Shaikh Ghulam Muhy-ud-Din]], governor of Jalandhar Doab and Kashmir for [[Sikh Empire]] during 1834–1841 and 1841–1845, respectively. A well-known Sunni Muslim, Muhy-ud-Din ended several discriminatory practices that were imposed on the [[Kashmiris]] after the 1819 [[battle of Shopian|Sikh conquest of Kashmir]]. He opened the [[Jamia Masjid, Srinagar]] for prayers after being closed for 25 years and also permitted calling for ''[[Adhan|Azan]]''. He restored the [[Shankaracharya Temple]] in [[Srinagar]] as well.<ref>{{harvp|Parmu|1977|p=207–211}}; {{harvp|Sufi|1949|p=745–748}}</ref><br />
<br />
Shaikh Imam-ud-Din served as governor of Jalandhar Doab between 1841 and 1845. After Muhy-ud-Din's death in 1845, presumed to be due to poisoning, he replaced his father in Kashmir with the title of ''Amir-ul-Mulk Jang Bahadur''.<ref>{{harvp|Parmu|1977|p=240}}; {{harvp|Sufi|1949|p=747}}</ref><br />
<br />
==1846 rebellion==<br />
[[File:Sheik Imam-Ud-Din, Runjur Sing, and Dewan Dina Nath..jpg|thumb|Sheikh Imam-ud-Din along with [[Ranjodh Singh Majithia|Ranjur Singh]] and [[Diwan Dina Nath]], {{circa|1847}}. Sketch by [[Charles Hardinge, 2nd Viscount Hardinge|Charles Hardinge]]]]<br />
By 1846, the politics in the Lahore Darbar were fast deteriorating due to the defeat of the Sikhs in the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]]. In the [[treaty of Lahore]], signed between Sikhs and the British on 9 March 1846, Sikh Maharaja was forced to cede Kashmir Valley along with other territories to the British as war reparations, and Kashmir legally ceased to be a part of Sikh Kingdom. On 15 March 1846, the treaty of Amritsar was signed between Gulab Singh Dogra and the British East India Company officials, according to which Kashmir Valley and surrounding areas were sold to Gulab Singh for a sum of 7.5 million Nanak Shahi Rupees. Imam-ud-Din immediately opposed the new circumstances, not wanting to let go the government of Kashmir from his hands. According to some sources, he was convinced by the Prime Minister of Sikh Kingdom, [[Raja]] [[Lal Singh]], to resist Dogra occupation of Kashmir due to his old enmity with Gulab Singh. It is also said that Imam-ud-Din was urged by one of his wives, a daughter of [[Khan (title)|Khan]] of [[Kohistan, Pakistan|Kohistan]] Muiz-ud-Din to avoid Kashmir being fallen into Dogra control as Kohistan was a feudatory state of Kashmir.<ref>{{harvp|Parmu|1977|p=207–211}}; {{harvp|Sufi|1949|p=749}}</ref> Imam-ud-Din was also incriminated with having sent an emissary to [[Russian Empire]] for aid against British, but without any considerable evidence. More significant, however, was him having styled himself as ''[[Amir al-Mu'minin]]'' after the treaty of Amritsar.<ref> {{harvp|Sufi|1949|p=749}}</ref><br />
<br />
By July 1846, Imam-ud-Din collected 13,000 regular as well as irregular troops to resist Dogra conquest. Supported by chiefs of [[Rajouri]], [[Bhimber]], Jubbal and Bomba in his ambitions, he fought against the occupation of Kashmir by Gulab Singh's officers Diwan Lakhpat Rai and Wazir Ratanu. The battle was fought in September near Shaikh Bagh at Srinagar in a locality now known as Shaheed Gunj; Lakhpat was killed along with a 100 of Dogra troops while Imam-ud-Din sustained 25 casualties. The Dogras were forced to flee.<ref>{{harvp|Malik|2018|p=24, 50}}; {{harvp|Parmu|1977|p=253–266}}; {{harvp|Sufi|1949|p=773–775}}</ref> When the news of defeat reached Gulab Singh, he immediately appealed to the British. A force of 10,000 was dispatched under Brigadier Wheeler in the late September, in addition to mobilization of a 17,000 Sikh force for assistance of Brigadier Wheeler.<ref>{{harvp|Snedden|2015|p=88–89}}; {{harvp|Sethi|1932|p=160}}; {{harvp|Sufi|1949|p=773–775}}</ref> Imam-ud-Din's [[jagir]] in Jalandhar was also confiscated and his family was imprisoned. Feeling overwhelmed, Imam-ud-Din started negotiations with British assistant political agent, Lieutenant [[Herbert Benjamin Edwardes|Herbert Edwards]]. However, Imam-ud-Din paused when Edwards refused to return his Jalandhar jagir. On 11 October, British forces under Brigadier Wheeler reached Bhimber but were ordered to halt there, as most of Imam-ud-Din's allies defected to the side of the British and Dogras. This further proved the futility of resistance to Imam-ud-Din, who ultimately left the Valley on October, 25 and submitted to [[Henry Lawrence (Indian Army officer)|Sir Henry Lawrence]] on November, 1 at [[Thanamandi|Thana]].<ref>{{harvp|Sethi|1932|p=162–166}}</ref> On November 9, 1846, Gulab Singh entered Srinagar alongside British troops as new [[Maharaja]] and Kashmir Valley passed into the Dogra control.<ref>{{harvp|Sethi|1932|p=166}}; {{harvp|Singh|2016|p=71–77}}</ref><br />
==References==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Malik |first=Inshah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tqd6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 |title=Muslim Women, Agency and Resistance Politics: The Case of Kashmir |date=2018 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-95330-4 |language=en}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Amarpal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5XCAEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT71 |title=The Second Anglo-Sikh War |date=2016 |publisher=Amberley Publishing |isbn=978-1-4456-5024-1 |language=en}}<br />
*{{Cite book|oclc=1504631 |last=Sufi |first=G. M. D.|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280746 |title=Kashir: A History Of Kashmir|volume=II|date=1949|publisher=Publications of the University of the Punjab|location=Lahore|url-access=registration}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Parmu |first=R. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8u4LAAAAIAAJ |title=A History of Sikh Rule in Kashmir (1819–1846) |date=1977 |publisher=Government Press, Srinagar|language=en|oclc=7597898}}<br />
*{{Cite journal |last=Sethi |first=R. R. |url-access=registration|date=1932 |title=The Revolt in Kashmir-1846 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44226042 |journal=Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research |volume=11 |issue=43 |pages=158–167 |jstor=44226042 |issn=0037-9700}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Snedden |first=Christopher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s5KMCwAAQBAJ |title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-84904-342-7 |language=en}}<br />
[[Category:Punjabi people]]<br />
[[Category:People from the Sikh Empire]]<br />
[[Category:1819 births]]<br />
[[Category:1859 deaths]]</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shahbaz_Khan_Kamboh&diff=457410Shahbaz Khan Kamboh2026-02-25T12:11:58Z<p>RamonTietjen8: </p>
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<div>{{short description|Mughal General and Mir Bakshi of the Mughal Empire}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{more footnotes|date=October 2017}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=October 2017}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific_prefix = <br />
| name = Shahbaz Khan Kamboh<br />
| honorific_suffix = <br />
| image = Shahbaz Khan Kambo smoking huqqa,.jpg<br />
| image_upright = <br />
| landscape = <!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank --><br />
| alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --><br />
| caption = An early-18th century [[Mughal painting]] of Shahbaz Khan, seated on a terrace and smoking a [[huqqa]] with a globular bowl apparently made of gold.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pinder-Wilson |first=Ralph |date=1962 |title=A Glass Huqqa Bowl |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4422751 |journal=The British Museum Quarterly |volume=25 |issue=3/4 |pages=91–94 |doi=10.2307/4422751 |issn=0007-151X|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
| native_name = شاهباز خان کمبوه<br />
| native_name_lang = fa<br />
| pronunciation = <br />
| office = 5th [[Subahdar]] of [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]]<br />
| monarch = [[Akbar]]<br />
| term_start = 1583<br />
| term_end = 1585 <br />
| term_start1 = November 1586<br />
| term_end1 = 1588<br />
| predecessor = [[Mirza Aziz Koka|Azam Khan I]] <br />
| successor = Sadiq Khan <br />
| predecessor1 = Sadiq Khan <br />
| successor1 = Sa'id Khan<br />
| birth_name = Shahrullah Kamboh Ibn Jumla<br />
| birth_date = 1529 <br />
| birth_place = <br />
| baptised = <!-- will not display if birth_date is entered --><br />
| disappeared_date = <!-- {{Disappeared date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (disappeared date then birth date) --><br />
| disappeared_place = <br />
| disappeared_status = <br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1599|11|11|1529||df=y}}<br />
| death_place = [[Ajmer]], [[Mughal Empire]]<br />
| death_cause = <!--should only be included when the cause of death has significance for the subject's notability--><br />
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| criminal_penalty = <br />
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| partner = <!-- (unmarried long-term partner) --><br />
| children = Ilham Ullah<ref>Shahnavaz Khan Aurangabadi; Beveridge, H. & Baini Prashad (translators) (1941/1952). Maʾāṣir al-Umara of Shahnavaz Khan Aurangabadi, Vol. 2. Asiatic Society, Calcutta. p. 740.</ref><br />
<br />
| parents = <!-- overrides mother and father parameters --><br />
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}}<br />
'''Shahrullah Kamboh''' ({{langx|fa|شهرالله کمبوه}}; 1529 – 11 November 1599), better known as '''Shahbaz Khan Kamboh''' ({{langx|fa|شاهباز خان کمبوه}}), was one of the leading generals of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]] [[Akbar]].<ref>{{cite book |quote=Shahbaz Khan Kambo, Akbar's leading noble commanders |title= The Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504–1719 |author=Munis D. Faruqui |date=2012 |page=194 }}</ref><ref>Discovery of Pakistan: By A. Aziz. [2d Rev. Ed.], 1964, p 71, Abdul Aziz – Pakistan.</ref><ref>Islamic Thought and Movements in the Subcontinent, 711–1947, 1979, p 278, Syed Moinul Haq.</ref> He participated in some of the most difficult expeditions of Akbar and annexed numerous territories to the empire. The Mughal officials boasted that he conquered countries ten times the size of [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGd2huLXEVYC&dq=%22Do+you+imagine+that+the+crows+and+kites%22&pg=PA113 |title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761: Eight Indian Lives |date=2005-11-17 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-25484-7 |language=en}}</ref> He was too orthodox a [[Sunni]] [[Muslim]] for Akbar's taste, but not only was he tolerated but also was greatly valued.<ref>Advanced History of Medieval India, 1995, p 376, S.R. Bakshi.</ref> He was named "Mang Khan" (Punjabi: منگ خان) by the people of Lahore meaning "ask the Khan and it will be done" in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] due to his legendary generosity.<ref name=":0" /> The very first 'guzar', or protective military arc, in [[Lahore Fort]] was named Guzar Shahbaz Khan (Persian: گزر شاھباز خان) known locally as Guzar Mang Khan (Urdu: گزر منگ خان).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Sheikh|first=Majid|date=2016-10-02|title=The 'guzar' named after great Kamboh general|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1287407|access-date=2021-03-22|website=DAWN.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and family background==<br />
Born as Shahrullah in [[Lahore]], he belonged to the [[Punjabi Muslims|Punjabi]] [[Kamboh]] clan and was the sixth-generation descendant of Haji Ismail Kamboh, a disciple of [[Bahauddin Zakariya]].<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Shahbaz Khan|author=Chisti, AA Sheikh Md Asrarul Hoque}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Parvati |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1W_EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA208 |title=A Lamp for the Dark World: Akbar, India's Greatest Mughal |date=2023-05-15 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-5381-7790-7 |pages=208 |language=en}}</ref> He had entered [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] service during Akbar's time. The Emperor was very much impressed by his sagacity and sharpness of intellect at very first sight and soon elevated him to the rank of ''Mir Tozak'' (Quarter-Master General) and later to an ''Amir'' (Minister). He was a very capable officer, a brave soldier and had rendered meritorious service to the Mughal empire in various capacities.<ref name="Islamic Culture 1997, p 112">Encyclopaedic Survey of Islamic Culture, 1997, p 112, Mohamed Taher.</ref> From a mansab of 100, he rapidly rose the number to 5000. As a [[Subahdar|Governor]] of [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]], when operating in [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]], he had commanded 9000 strong [[cavalry]].<br />
<br />
He was an all-rounder officer, and besides his [[military]] duties, he also helped Akbar with civil administration and financial matters. He became a very close confidant, a companion, a ''[[Mir Bakhshi]]'' (head of the military department, holding the rank of imperial minister) and a ''[[Vakil of the Mughal Empire|Vakil]]'' (Chief Administrator or [[Prime Minister]]) of [[Akbar]] and had acquired and exercised great powers. He was given the name ''Shahbaz Khan'' at this point. In 1581, when Emperor [[Akbar]] marched against Mirza Hakim to the Punjab, Shahbaz Khan came to Fatehpur and for about ten months, he took in his hands the reins of state administration in the absence of the Emperor.<ref>Proceedings – Indian History Congress, 1976, p 191, Indian History Congress – History; Journal of Indian History, 1976, p 372, University of Kerala Dept. of History, University of Allahabad Dept. of Modern Indian History, University of Travancore, University of Kerala.</ref><br />
<br />
==Mir Bakshi of the Mughals==<br />
In 1572, General Lashkar Khan entered the royal court in a drunken state and challenged anybody to come and fight with him. His rowdy and blatant behavior annoyed His Majesty so much that he was ordered to be arrested, tied to the tail of a horse and dragged and finally thrown into the prison.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukhia |first=Harbans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rxHTBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA98 |title=The Mughals of India |date=2008-04-15 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-75815-1 |pages=98 |language=en}}</ref> He was replaced with Shahbaz Khan whom the emperor made his ''[[Mir Bakhshi]]'' (Paymaster-General). The title of ''Shahbaz Khan'' was also conferred on him.<br />
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===Introducing Dagh-o-Mahali===<br />
As soon as Shahbaz Khan became Mir Bakshi, he introduced the ''Dagh-o-Mahali'' (a branding system) which had considerably cut down the over-heads as well as the corruption prevalent in the military departments of the kingdom. The system had been earlier in vogue during [[Alauddin Khalji]] as well as [[Sher Shah Suri]] but was discontinued during Mughal rule and was replaced with a fief system which came to be badly misused by the Amirs and the officers. Under this system, the country was divided into numerous fiefs which were distributed among the Amirs. Unfortunately, they had become greedy, corrupt and oppressive and often also rebellious. A major part of the revenue was misappropriated by the fief-holders for personal use. Shahbaz Khan changed the system and handled the branding system with such a skill and competency that not only it ended the rampant corruption but also improved discipline in the military and reduced the needless financial burden on the imperial treasury. But the new system had earned Shahbaz Khan the hatred of the nobles like [[Mirza Aziz Koka]]<ref>(Akbar the Great, 1962, p 357, Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava).</ref> He severely criticized the new system.<ref>Medieval India, 1969, p 50, Aligarh Muslim University Dept. of History. Centre of Advanced Study.</ref><br />
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===Battle against Arab Bahadur===<br />
General Shahbaz Khan had nearly driven Rana Pratap from the country when he was summoned by the emperor and sent with an army to support the forces in [[Bengal]] against Arab Bahadur. When Shahbaz Khan came near to Hajipur where Arab Bahadur had taken refuge with Raja Gajpati, he marched to attack him. For one month he carried operations against him clearing away the jungle and finally drove off Arab Bahadur and made the Raja Gajpati submit.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}<br />
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===Battle against Bahadhur Khan-i-Shaibani===<br />
Bahadhur Khan-i-Shaibani and his brother Khan Zaman-i-Shaibani were Amir Viziers in the court of Akbar and both were holding big Jagirs, but as luck would have it, they rebelled against the emperor. With the help of Shahbaz Khan, Akbar crushed the rebellion with an iron hand. General Khan Zaman-i-Shaibani was killed in the battle but Bahadhur Khan was executed by Shahbaz Khan and Rai Bansi Das Kamboh on orders of the emperor.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}<br />
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===Campaigns against Mewar===<br />
{{Main|Shahbaz khan's invasions of mewar}}<br />
He led multiple invasions that resulted in the subjugation of key areas in [[Mewar]], such as [[Kumbhalgarh]], [[Mandalgarh]], [[Gogunda]], and Central [[Mewar]], bringing them permanently under [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule. The Mughal Empire established its supremacy in [[Mewar]] after Shahbaz Khan's invasions. This ultimately led to a significant weakening of [[Maharana Pratap]]'s power, forcing him to retreat to his hilly abode.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=G. N. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.10571 |title=Mewar and the mughal emperors |date=1954 |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala & Co |pages=113}}</ref><br />
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==As Subahdar of Bengal==<br />
On 18 May 1583, Shahbaz Khan was appointed [[Subahdar]] of [[Bengal]] and took the title Mir Jumla. Initially, he commanded 5000 cavalry and had distinguished himself greatly in [[Bengal]], but later when operating in [[Brahmputra]], he had commanded 9000 strong cavalry.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}<br />
<br />
Tarsun Khan was engaged in war against Masum Khan. Shahbaz Khan's forces invested [[Dinajpur]] and Masum Khan was thus besieged in [[Dinajpur]]. The combined forces of Shahbaz Khan and Tarsun Khan attacked Masum Khan on November 15, 1583, but the latter fled to [[Bhati (region)|Bhati]] while Jabbari, an ally of Masum Khan, fled to [[Cooch Behar State|Koch Bihar]]. Masum Khan got refuge with [[Isa Khan]] at Bhati.<br />
<br />
===Battle against Isa Khan===<br />
In 1584, Shahbaz Khan crossed [[Ganges]] near Khizirpur and seized [[Sonargaon]] and ravaged Bakatpur where [[Isa Khan]] was trenched. Initially he achieved a considerable success and even ravaged [[Katrabo]], [[Khizirpur]], [[Sonargaon]] and [[Egarasindur]] but finally suffered a defeat in the battle of [[Egarasindur]] and [[Bhawal]]. He was forced to retreat to the Mughal capital at [[Tanda, Bengal|Tanda]]. With reinforcements sent by [[Akbar]], Shahbaz Khan again marched towards Bhati in 1586. [[Isa Khan]] attacked Shahbaz Khan at [[Bhawal]] (north of Dhaka) but forces of Shahbaz Khan were well fortified near [[Brahmaputra]]. Shahbaz Khan had commanded a 9000 strong cavalry at [[Brahmaputra]].<br />
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In 1585, Shahbaz Khan subdued Raja of [[Khukhragarh|Kukrah]] or Coira Orissa (Chhota Nagpur) a tributary to the Crown. According to Ai’n-i-Akbari, Kukrah or Coira Orissa was a part of [[Bihar]] Subah.<ref>Proceedings - Indian History Congress, 1977, p 350, Indian History Congress.</ref><br />
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Shahbaz Khan was sent to [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] to help Murad. Shahbaz Khan reduced one Tiyuldar of Madhopur fort and obtained tribute from him. During conquest of Ahmmad Nagar, Shahbaz Khan harassed the Muslims and ravaged their houses which was greatly resented by Murad. Thereby, Shahbaz Khan left Murad without permission and reached [[Malwa]]. Akbar took away his Jagir and gave it Shah-Rukh and transferred Shahbaz Khan.<br />
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===Reappointed as Governor of Bengal===<br />
In November 1586, Shahbaz Khan was again appointed Governor of Bengal in which capacity he served for two years before leaving in 1588. Shahbaz Khan was one of the best Khan during his governorship of Bangala and Orissa.<br />
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Shahbaz Khan had also subdued the pride of Raja Ram Chander Sain, Rai Surjan Handa & Dauda, Farhat Khan, Raja Gajpati, Raja Sri Ram, Rana Sangram as well as the officers of [[Surat]]. He reduced Jagdenpur, Ara, Shergarh, and Rahitas etc. These conquests had greatly enhanced the prestige and status of Shahbaz Khan which were greatly appreciated by Akbar.<br />
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In 1589 AD, General Shabaz Khan led an expedition from [[Attock]] against the Yousafzai [[Pashtun people|Afghans]] and defeated and dispersed them.<br />
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===Imprisoned===<br />
Shahbaz Khan had been kept in confinement for three years before he paid a fine (ransom) of seven lacs of rupees. He was set free in 1599 and appointed as the deputy to the prince [[Jahangir]] in the administration of the province of [[Ajmer]] (Malwa). He was the General Administrator of Malwa which office he held till his death.<ref>Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India, 1981, p 226, Jaswant Lal Mehta; Origin & Development of Legal & Political System in India: Ed. H.S. Bhatia., 1976, p 79, Harbans Singh Bhatia.</ref><br />
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Shahbaz Khan died of illness on 11 November 1599 at [[Ajmer]] at the age of over 70 years.<br />
<br />
==As an administrator==<br />
[[File:Miniature painting of Shahbaz Khan Kamboh, general of Mughal emperor Akbar.webp|thumb|Miniature painting of Shahbaz Khan Kamboh]]<br />
Historian Abu-L-Fazl Alami, the author of ''Aiana-i-Akbari'', attests that Shahbaz Khan was a very competent and capable General but Abu-L-Fazal also accuses him for his bigoted ''Sunni'' views and arrogance. Many a times, he strongly opposed the emperor, but Akbar had a great regard for Shahbaz Khan and took it lightly.<br />
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The 9000 strong cavalry of General Shahbaz Khan is said to have comprised mostly the Kamboj (Kamboh) horsemen and it included both the [[Muslim]] as well as the [[Hindu]] Kamboj soldiers.<ref>Nobility Under the Great Mughals: Based on Dhakhīratul Khawanīn of Shaikh Farīd Bhakkari, 2003, p 245, Shaikh Farid Bhakkari, Ziyaud-Din A. Desai.</ref><br />
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Shahbaz Khan was known for his generosity and liberality and the money he spent was so great that it made the people think that he had in his possession Philosopher's stone. He left behind a huge Jagir , treasures and other wealth.<ref>Rise and Fall of the Mughal Empire, 1969, p 336, Mogul Empire.</ref> which was seized by [[Jahangir]], son of Emperor [[Akbar]] after his death.<ref>Encyclopaedic Survey of Islamic Culture: Growth & Development, 1998, p 112, Mohamed Taher; Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II, p 126, Satish Chandra.</ref><br />
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==As a religious man==<br />
Shabaz Khan belonged the family whose ancestors were all celebrated for piety, asceticism and religiosity. Shahbaz Khan in early part of his life was celebrated for his religiosity till he first became deputy Kotwal of the Chabutara when he displayed his awareness of the (affairs of the) kingdom and judicious disposal of matters. Afterwards, he became Kotwal and became a favorite of Emperor Akbar.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} He was a capable officer and brave fighter and had rendered meritorious service to the state in various capacities. A leading courtier of Akbar, he was strict follower of the law of Shari’ah and profusely recited blessings on [[Muhammad]] and distributed large sum of money in charities.<ref name="Islamic Culture 1997, p 112"/> Every Friday, he would donate one hundred Asharfis (gold coins) in memory of [[Abdul-Qadir Gilani]].<br />
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Shahbaz Khan himself was deeply religious and pious man. He did not put on dress outside the sanction of simna (i.e. which had no sanction of Muhammad's action). He always carried a rosary in his hand, reciting all the while invocations of God's salutations on Muhammad and between the evening and sunset prayers, he would sit down facing west (qibla) and offering nimaz. He did not follow other Khans as long as he was alive in shaving off his beard and drinking wine and did not have (the word) Murid on his signet. He remained steadfast in the religion of [[Islam]] and left his name in the world of generosity and religiosity.<ref>Road to Pakistan: A Comprehensive History of the Pakistan Movement, 1947, edition 1990, p 187,Hakim Mohammad Said - Muslims.</ref><br />
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Emperor Akbar tried his best to bring General Shahbaz Khan and another General Qutb-ud-din Muhammad Khan Koka into his new faith known as ''Din-i-Ilahi'' but the move was strongly criticized by both of them.<ref>Muslim Civilizatiuon in India, New York, Columbia University Press, 1964 , XII. Religion at Akbar's Court, [[S. M. Ikram]], (Ed) [[Ainslie T. Embree]].</ref> This, according to Abu-L-Fazl had created obstacles in his promotion upwards. On the other hand, many incompetent and junior officers got promoted which they did never deserve.<br />
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==Guzar Shahbaz Khan==<br />
During the reign of The Mughal emperor Akbar the newly-constructed brick-walled city of Lahore was divided into nine ‘guzars’. The very first was named Guzar Shahbaz Khan ([[Persian language|Persian]]: گزر شہباز خان), which area was popularly known among the people of the city as Guzar Mang Khan (Punjabi: گزر منگ خان). The word ‘mang’ (Punjabi: منگ) comes from the Punjabi expression meaning ‘ask, and it will be done’.<ref name=":0" /> Due to his legendary generosity, almost making the people of Lahore and the surrounding areas think that he had unlimited wealth. For this reason he was termed Mang Khan (Punjabi: منگ خان), or ‘ask the Khan and it will be done’.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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The guzar constitutes the entire area surrounding the Lahore Fort comprising the present Badshahi Mosque, including Taxali to the middle of Masti and Kashmiri gates, designed like a military arc to protect the emperor and his fort.<ref name=":0" /> it is ascribed that building of the Lahore Fort and the walled city by Mughal Emperor Akbar was a military suggestion of Shahbaz Khan. The free labour available during the four year long Great Lahore Famine, that lived off the free kitchens, was utilised in the construction.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Kamboj in Muslim and British Era]]<br />
* [[List of rulers of Bengal]]<br />
* [[Kamboj]]<br />
* [[Kambojas]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:1529 births]]<br />
[[Category:1599 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Mughal generals]]<br />
[[Category:16th-century soldiers]]<br />
[[Category:16th-century Mughal Empire people]]<br />
[[Category:Subahdars of Bengal]]</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Austin_Chronicle&diff=467519The Austin Chronicle2026-02-18T05:56:37Z<p>RamonTietjen8: refine section based on references and cleaned formatting</p>
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<div>{{Short description|American newspaper}}<br />
{{Use American English|date = October 2019}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date = October 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox newspaper<br />
| name = The Austin Chronicle<br />
| logo = The Austin Chronicle 2020 logo.png<br />
| image = The-Austiin-Chronicle-14-July-2017.jpg<br />
| caption = ''The Austin Chronicle'' (July 14, 2017)<br />
| type = [[Alternative weekly]]<br />
| format = [[Tabloid (newspaper format)|Tabloid]]<br />
| founded = 1981<br />
| ceased_publication =<br />
| owners = Austin Chronicle Corp.<br />
| editor = Kimberley Jones<br />
| language = <br />
| circulation = 65,000<br />
| headquarters = 4000 N I H 35<br>[[Austin, Texas]] 78751<br /> US<br />
| ISSN = 1074-0740<br />
| oclc = 8620367 <br />
| website = {{URL|austinchronicle.com}} <br />
}}<br />
[[File:Austin Chronicle Headquarters.jpg|thumb|right|240px|''The Austin Chronicle'' headquarters]]<br />
'''''The Austin Chronicle''''' is an [[alternative weekly]] [[newspaper]] published every Thursday in [[Austin, Texas]], United States. The paper is distributed through free news-stands, often at local eateries or coffee houses frequented by its targeted demographic. In 2001, the newspaper reported a weekly readership of 545,500.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://governor.state.tx.us/music/files/directory/2001-tmid.pdf|title=Texas Music Industry Directory|pages=23|publisher=Texas Music Office|year=2001|access-date=2009-07-10|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106213805/http://governor.state.tx.us/music/files/directory/2001-tmid.pdf|archive-date=2009-01-06}}</ref> It is part of the [[Association of Alternative Newsmedia]] and it emulates the typical publications of the 1960s [[counterculture]] movement.{{sfn|Tennant|2014|p=8}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
{{More citations needed section|date=August 2021}}<br />
The ''Chronicle'' was co-founded in 1981 by [[Nick Barbaro]] and [[Louis Black]], with assistance from others who largely met through the graduate film studies program at the [[University of Texas at Austin]]. Barbaro and Black are also co-founders of the [[South by Southwest]] Festival, although the festival operates as a separate company.<ref>{{cite news|last=Thomson|first=Lauren|title=Austin Chronicle turns 25|publisher=[[The Daily Texan]]|url=http://www.dailytexanonline.com/life-arts/austin-chronicle-turns-25-1.966314|date=2006-08-31|access-date=2009-07-10}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The paper initially was published bi-weekly, and later weekly.<br />
<br />
Its precursor in style and format was the ''[[Austin Sun]]'', a bi-weekly that had ceased operations in 1978, after four years of publication.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.austinchronicle.com/gyrobase/Issue/story?oid=oid%3A82873|title=Chapter 1: Before the Beginning – September 1981 – August 1982 |date=September 7, 2001|publisher=The Austin Chronicle |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525090655/http://www.austinchronicle.com/features/2001-09-07/82873/ |archive-date= May 25, 2011 }}</ref> The first issue of the ''Chronicle'' was distributed on September 4, 1981.<br />
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With a progressive point of view and irreverent voice, the ''Chronicle'' covers local and state news as well as the Austin food, film, theater, art and music communities. The paper also has a number of annual features, including the [https://www.austinchronicle.com/best-of-austin/ "Best of Austin" Awards] and "Best of Austin: Restaurants" Awards, cut-out masks for [[Halloween]], and the [[April Fools' Day|April Fools']] edition. The ''Chronicle'' produces the annual [https://www.austinchronicle.com/hot-sauce/ Austin Chronicle Hot Sauce Festival], normally held in early September.<br />
<br />
In March 2025, Nick Barbaro, who was publisher for the past 43 years, retired. Cassidy Frazier has been named as the new publisher. Barbaro will remain as president of the Austin Chronicle Corporation.<ref><br />
{{cite news<br />
|last=Clifton<br />
|first=Jo<br />
|date= March 21, 2025<br />
|title= Nick Barbaro retires as publisher of `The Austin Chronicle'<br />
|url=https://www.austinmonitor.com/stories/whispers/nick-barbaro-retires-as-publisher-of-the-austin-chronicle/<br />
|newspaper=The Austin Monitor<br />
|access-date= April 5, 2025 }}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
==Characteristics of its working methods==<br />
It is a profit-oriented business that receives income from advertisements.{{sfn|Tennant|2014|p=8}} The newspaper endorses electoral candidates and its reporters check official sources.{{sfn|Tennant|2014|p=8}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
===Sources===<br />
*{{cite journal|last=Tennant|first=J. Ian|title=Free Newspapers in the United States: Alive and Kicking|journal=[[International Journal on Media Management]]|date=3 November 2014|volume=16|issue=3–4|pages=105–121|doi=10.1080/14241277.2014.974244|hdl=2152/23140|s2cid=168061685|hdl-access=free}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
{{Portal|Texas|Journalism}}<br />
*{{official website|http://www.austinchronicle.com/}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Austin Chronicle, The}}<br />
[[Category:Alternative weekly newspapers published in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Newspapers published in Austin, Texas]]<br />
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1981]]<br />
[[Category:1981 establishments in Texas]]<br />
[[Category:Weekly newspapers published in Texas]]</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shantipur_Handloom_Industry&diff=534625Shantipur Handloom Industry2026-02-14T23:01:24Z<p>RamonTietjen8: starting a pg</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Traditional handloom industry of West Bengal}}<br />
[[File:Lakshmi Textile Tant Workshop Interior - 2 Natun Phulia - Nadia 2016-11-12 1805.JPG|thumb|right|Interior of Lakshmi Textile Tant Workshop, a factory of Shantipur Handloom Industry at Natun Phulia.]]<br />
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'''Shantipur Handloom Industry''', also known '''Shantipur Handloom Cluster''',{{sfn|Roy|2017|p=60}}{{sfn|Mitra et al.|October 2009|p=504}} is a handloom weaving industry in [[Nadia district]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is one of the foremost handloom centers of India. This handloom industry is world famous for the production of cotton [[Sari|''Sari'' (saree)]]. The two main centers of this industrial zone are [[Shantipur]] and [[Phulia]]. Shantipur has an old reputation for cotton sarees,{{efn|The saris of Shantipur and the intricately worked ones of Bishnupur also retain their old reputation.{{sfn|Murshid|2018|p=541}}}} known as [[Shantipuri sari|''Shantipuri sarees'']], and Phulia is well known for [[Tangail Saree (West Bengal)|''Tangail-Jamdani'']] sarees.{{efn|Phulia is the main production center of [[Tangail Saree (West Bengal)|Tangail sarees]] in West Bengal. This saree is different from the [[Tangail Saree]]s produced in Tangail district of Bangladesh.<ref name="ipi"/>}}{{sfn|Roy|2017|pp=54–55}}<ref name="pibindia">{{cite web |title=Shantipur-An Age Lod Heritage |url=https://pibindia.wordpress.com/2017/08/04/shantipur-an-age-lod-heritage/ |website=Press Information Bureau |access-date=8 February 2024 |date=4 August 2017}}</ref><br />
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Shantipur Handloom Industry has a long history. Handloom industry was developed in Shantipur as early as the 15th century. This handloom industry flourished during the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] and [[Nawabs of Murshidabad|Nawab]] periods. But during the [[British Raj]] in India, Shantipur, like Bengal and other handloom industry centers of India, suffered a recession. However, after independence, Shantipur's industrial area expanded to neighboring [[Phulia]].{{sfn|Roy|2017|p=53}}<br />
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At the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, Shantipur Handloom Industry, which depended on handlooms, was threatened by mechanized looms. In the first decade of the 21st century, the [[Government of India]] launched the "National Handloom Development Programme" to develop the handloom industry in India. This program has led to the development of handloom industry Centers – Shantipur and Phulia – of Shantipur Handloom Industry. During the 2010s, the number of handlooms increased more at Phulia than in Shantipur. According to 2017 data, 32,000 looms and 93,000 weavers are engaged in production in the industrial area, including 20,000 looms and 60,000 weavers in Shantipur,{{sfn|Roy|2017|p=57}} the main production center, and 12,000 looms and 36,000 weavers in Phulia.{{sfn|Roy|2017|p=57}}<br />
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== History ==<br />
=== Early History: Ancient age–1757 ===<br />
Shantipur is mentioned in the ''[[Charyapada]]'' written between the 8th and 10th centuries.{{sfn|Mukherjee|2011|p=102}}{{sfn|Goswami|1942|pp=73–74}} A number of weavers, tailors and master craftsmens came from Dhaka's [[Dhamrai Upazila|Dhamrai]] in the 12th century at the request of Gaur king [[Lakshmana Sena|Lakshmana Sen]] and settled in [[Shantipur]].{{sfn|Goswami|1942|p=157}}<br />
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The beginning of the Shantipur weaving industry took place in the early 15th century.{{sfn|Kurian|2009|p=141}}{{sfn|Roy|2017|p=53}} According to the oldest information available, the weaving program of Shantipur began in the year 1409 AD during the reign of Gaur Ganesh Danu Mardhanadeva.{{sfn|Roy|2017|p=53}} [[Advaita Acharya]] came from [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]] and settled in Shantipur, as a result many weavers of the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava community]] came to Shantipur from [[Dhaka District|Dhaka]], [[Tangail District|Tangail]], [[Birampur Upazila|Bikrampur]] and other areas of East Bengal.{{sfn|Mukherjee|2011|p=102}} During the first half of the 16th century, many weavers migrated from [[Dhaka District|Dhaka]] to Shantipur in [[Nadia district]] because to the disturbances caused in East Bengal by Mogs and Arakan bandits.{{sfn|Mukherjee|2011|pp=102–103}} Due to the influx of weavers from East Bengal, Shantipur and the surrounding area gradually developed into a major textile center and its prosperity increased manifold. many weavers brought high-quality cotton seeds with them during migration from East Bengal to Shantipur, which they cultivated in their farmlands in East Bengal. The cotton produced from the high-quality cotton seeds of East Bengal was of much better quality than the local cotton of Shantipur.{{sfn|Mukherjee|2011|p=103}} The fabric produced from this new variety of cotton was known as ''[[mulmul]]'' or ''Shantipuri mulmul''. During the 15th–16th centuries, fabric was woven in Shantipur using 250–300 count fine yarn.{{sfn|Roy|2017|p=53}}{{sfn|Mukherjee|2011|p=104}} This fineness reached the height of using 1000 count fine yarn during the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal period]].{{sfn|Mukherjee|2011|p=104}} During the reign of King Rudra Roy of Nadia,{{sfn|Kurian|2009|p=141}} ''[[sari]]'' weaving was circulated. During the time of the [[Mughal Empire]], the production of the handloom industry was well-regulated and organized, which led to the recognition of the production of excellent products.{{sfn|Kurian|2009|p=141}} In the Mughal era, weaving products produced in Shantipur were exported to the Middle East and Europe.{{efn|During the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal period]], textiles (''saree''s) produced in Shantipur were exported to European countries like [[Greece]], Middle East countries like Iran and [[Arabian Peninsula|Arab]] (countries), and the Eurasian country [[Turkey]].{{sfn|Mitra et al.|October 2009|p=504}}}}<br />
<br />
In terms of exports of goods to Europe, Bengal reached a primary position within the [[Indian subcontinent]] from the last quarter of the 17th century, with English, Dutch and French companies involved in exports. The main export centers in Bengal were [[Dhaka]], [[Chittagong]], [[Shantipur]], [[Malda, West Bengal|Malda]] etc. Besides the finest ''muslins'' and ''mulmuls'' of Bengal, the women of [[Shantipur]] and the surrounding areas also did fine embroidery. The prosperity and growing demand of Bengal textiles including Shantipur in the European market was due to its low cost of production. Labor cost was low as labor was available cheaply and thus cost of production was low.{{sfn|Mukherjee|2011|p=15}}<br />
<br />
In the 18th century, ''[[muslin]]'' was produced in Shantipur as well as ''Dhaka muslin''. During the Nawabi period, the ''mulmul'' – the finest type of muslin – produced in Shantipur was bought by the European merchants and exported to Europe.{{sfn|Goswami|1942|pp=131–143}} The [[East India Company]] purchased ''Shantipur mulmul'' through local traders in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]. Sushil Chaudhury – a historian of eighteenth-century Bengal – mentioned in the book ''From Prosperity to Decline: Eighteenth Century Bengal'' that 40 yards long and 3 yards wide ''Shantipur mulmul'' was purchased by the [[East India Company]] from local traders in Calcutta at the rate of 16 rupees.{{sfn|Chaudhury|1995|p=140}}{{sfn|Bhadra|2015|p=45}} Five hundred employees lived in Kuthirpara, Shantipur, who were employed by the [[East India Company]]. Their job was to collect cloth woven by weavers of Shantipur through the small factory ''Ghai'' and the large factory ''Banak'', and arrange for its export abroad.<ref name="ipindia3">{{cite web |last=Kundu |first=Buddhadeb |date=2008 |title=Form GI-T |url= https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/ViewDocument |location=Kolkata |publisher=}}</ref><br />
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=== Colonial History: 1757–1947 ===<br />
''Shantipuri muslin'' was of a very fine quality, although its quality was not the same as that of ''Dhakai muslin''. During the reign of [[Krishnachandra Roy|Raja Krishna Chandra]], a group of Mallik youths from [[Ranaghat]] collected fine quality ''muslin'' from Shantipur and exported it to [[European countries]].{{sfn|Goswami|1942|pp=132–134}} In the early 19th century, Representatives of the [[East India Company]] collected £170,000 of ''muslin'' from the Shantipur Handloom Industry.{{sfn|Goswami|1942|p=134}} The fine quality cotton cloth produced in Shantipur was in great demand in the market, and the British recognized this cloth as ''muslin''. At this time in Shantipur, very fine ''muslin''s 40 yards long and 2¼ yards wide were produced, which only a few weavers were able to weave well, and ordinary ''mulmul''s were made by all the weavers, which were 40 yards long and 2 yards wide and 40 yards long and 2½ yards wide.{{sfn|Chaudhury|1995|p=140}}{{sfn|Bhadra|2015|p=45}}<br />
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Nadia was one of the worst affected areas in Bengal during the [[Great Bengal famine of 1770]], which damaged the weaving industry of Bengal, including Shantipur. A large number of people died in the famine which led to the collapse of agricultural activities. 25% of the weavers of [[Shantipur]] died due to this famine.{{sfn|Mukherjee|2011|p=31}}<br />
<br />
As the [[Industrial Revolution |Industrial Revolution began in England]], the employment of weavers was threatened.{{sfn|Mukherjee|2011|p=131}} England and its [[Parliament of England|Parliament]] had been keen to protect the growth of the Industrial Revolution since the 1700s. This effort began to materialize in the 1790s. But there is ample evidence from the 1780s, 1790s and even 1810–15 AD to prove that Shantipur textiles were extremely popular. Excluding the cloth produced at Kuthi, the company purchased cloth worth Rs 1.5&nbsp;million annually in the 1790s.{{sfn|Mukherjee|2011|p=131}} Restrictions were imposed in 1806 due to the [[Continental System|blockade of Napoleon]], which affected overall exports from Bengal and adversely affected Shantipur's fine textile exports.{{sfn|Mukherjee|2011|p=131}} Even women who depended on the Shantipur handloom industry for their livelihood were severely affected. "Shantipur Kuthi" was closed in 1818 AD due to lack of demand. After the closure of Kuthi, weavers and handloom workers (both men and women) faced severe financial problems.{{sfn|Mukherjee|2011|p=131}} Later the English company inspired the weavers to weave finer fabrics, causing Shantipur's weaving and handloom industries to temporarily regain prominence.{{sfn|Mukherjee|2011|p=132}} A sense of pride in work and awareness of rights kept Shantipur's handloom industry alive. Researcher Debashree Mukherjee points out that the weavers of Shantipur remained attached to the weaving industry despite adverse conditions as the ultimate struggle of the working class for a dignified life. This struggle started long before the Swadeshi movement.<br />
<br />
In Shantipur, weavers played a leading role in participating in the [[Swadeshi movement|''Swadeshi'' movement]] (1905–1917). Shantipur had about 1,200 handlooms during the Swadeshi movement organized to oppose the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|partition of Bengal or ''Bang-Bhang'' (1905)]]. 1906 AD to 1915 AD was the period of revival of Shantipur weaving industry. however, the [[First World War]] interrupted progress.{{sfn|Mukherjee|2011|p=141}} Shantipur Handloom Industry has seen huge changes since the 1920s. Between 1920 and 1925, The barrel Dobby launched the Darga Das Kastha, Which provided the conversion of the throw shuttle into a [[Flying shuttle|fly shuttle]].{{sfn|Roy|2017|p=53}} Later, Debbendra Nath Mukherjee introduced the [[Jacquard machine]] and this facilitated a wide cross section of the new design in the market. According to the data obtained, the first 100 hook capacity Jacquard was first installed by Jatindra Nath Lohori for producing variety of cloth during the third decade of the twentieth century.{{sfn|Roy|2017|p=53}} In the past, Shantipur sarees were very popular for fine and uniform weaving.{{sfn|Mukherjee|2011|p=104}} In Bengal, mill thread was introduced in 1885 and bilti chicon thread in 1921; as a result, the Shantipur handloom industry gradually began to decline. The weavers found the weaving profession unprofitable and switched to other professions, as a result the number of weavers in the Shantipur Handloom Industry gradually decreased. According to a survey conducted in 1940 by the Bengal's Directorate of Industries, 10,000 of the total 27,000 peoples in Shantipur were reported to be members of weaving families.<ref name="ipi"/><br />
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=== Independent India: 1947–current ===<br />
India was divided on the basis of religion in 1947; This partition of India divided Bengal into [[West Bengal]] and [[East Pakistan]]. After [[India independence|India's independence]] through the [[Partition of India|partition of British India]], the Hindu weavers of East Pakistan had sought refuge in India, a section of whom settled in Shantipur and surrounding areas. The process of migration intensified during the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|Indo-Pak War]] in 1965, and reached its peak during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] in 1971.<ref name="ipi"/> Like the weavers who came from [[East Bengal]] in the 16th century, the refugee weavers after 1947 contributed greatly to the prosperity and expansion of Shantipur handloom industry and industrial area.<ref name="ipi"/><br />
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In the early part of the 1980s, ''The Bengal Small Scale Aids Industry Act'' was the government's support for the growth in handloom industry. According to the law, a maximum of ₹10,000 was provided for the purchase of the handloom, of which 50% had grants and 50% loan. Later, due to the extra profit of the ''Mahajan''s, the income of the weavers declined. In the middle of the eighties and later in the mid-1990s, the movement was organized by weavers in Shantipur to increase wages, but this movement failed to suppress the ''Mahajan''s.{{sfn|Roy|2017|p=54}} Since the first decade of the 21st century, the [[Government of India]] has been trying to develop the Shantipur handloom industry through the "National Handloom Development Programme".{{sfn|Mitra et al.|October 2009|p=503}}<br />
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== Geographical area ==<br />
Shantipur is situated under [[Ranaghat subdivision|Ranaghat sub-division]] of Nadia district of [[West Bengal]], a place of ancient culture, religion and tradition and has its own glory. The geographical coordinates of the Handloom Industry are 23°15′N and 88°26′E,{{sfn|Mitra et al.|October 2009|p=504}} which is about 90 km (56 mi){{sfn|Mitra et al.|October 2009|p=504}} from [[Kolkata]].{{sfn|Mitra et al.|October 2009|p=504}} The industrial area developed in the [[Ganges Delta]] on the eastern bank of the [[hooghly River|Bhagirathi river]], one of the two main tributaries of the [[Ganges]]. This industrial area is spread over the [[Shantipur|Santipur Municipality area]] and surrounding rural areas, which is spread over an area of {{convert|25|mi2}}.{{sfn|Kurian|2009|p=140}}<br />
Small and large weaving factories in the industrial area are concentrated in rural and urban areas on both sides of the [[Ranaghat–Krishnanagar City–Lalgola line|Ranaghat–Shantipur–Krishnanagar railway]] and [[National Highway 12 (India)|National Highway 12]].{{sfn|Roy|2017|p=52}} The main production center Shantipur is located {{convert|18|km}} from the district headquarters [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]] and 16 km (9.9 mi) from the sub-divisional city of [[Ranaghat]].{{sfn|Mitra et al.|October 2009|p=504}}<br />
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== Raw materials ==<br />
The main raw materials required for this industry are cotton yarns, ''[[zari]]'' and silk yarns.{{sfn|Mitra et al.|October 2009|p=505}} [[West Bengal]] has a small amount of cotton cultivation and cotton yarn production, which is unable to meet the demand of handloom industrial areas of the state including Shantipur. [[Western India|West]] and [[South India]] mainly grow cotton and produce cotton yarns, which is supplied to industrial area through merchants or suppliers of [[Kolkata]].{{sfn|Roy|2017|p=59}} Other types of yarn such as polyester filament, silk (mulberry, Chinese, Bangalore), and fine wool yarn are also used.{{sfn|Mitra et al.|October 2009|p=505}} Mulberry silk is produced in [[Murshidabad district]] and [[Tussar silk]] in [[Malda district]] of West Bengal; the silk produced in these two districts supplies the necessary silk to the weaving industry of Shantipur. Some silks are imported from [[South India]], mainly Bangalore silks.{{sfn|Roy|2017|p=59}} Shantipur (Urban Area) has more than 100 yarn traders supplying various types of yarn and other chemicals needed in industry.{{sfn|Mitra et al.|October 2009|p=505}} More than 100 loom manufacturers and suppliers provide looms and parts of loom required in the handloom industry.{{sfn|Mitra et al.|October 2009|p=505}} ''Maku'', the important component of the loom, is manufactured and supplied by local blacksmith's workshop.<br />
<br />
== Products ==<br />
This handloom industry is well known for the production of cotton cloth. Shantipur, Phulia and neighboring villages produce a variety of [[Sari|sarees]], [[dhoti]]s and dress materials. In the past, ten types of sarees were produced in Shantipur based on the design, thread and color used, among which ''Nilambari''{{sfn|Mitra et al.|October 2009|p=505}}{{sfn|Kurian|2009|p=142}} was the most famous. Earlier, various types of ''orna''s were manufactured in Shantipur,{{sfn|Goswami|1942|p=153}} such as ''chakmilan'', ''bharee par orna''s etc. ''chakmilan orna'' is woven with 300 count thread.{{sfn|Mukherjee|2011|p=105}} Currently, both cotton sarees and ''jamdani'' sarees are manufactured in Shantipur. Sarees produced in [[Shantipur]] are marketed as ''[[Shantipuri sari]]''; This saree has [[geographical indication]] tag.<ref name="ipindia2">{{cite web |title=Santipur Saree |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/138 |website=search.ipindia.gov.in |publisher=Intellectual Property India |access-date=12 February 2024}}</ref> The industrial area also produces the famous ''[[Tangail Saree (West Bengal)|Tangail]]'' sarees, which have earned the geographical indication rights under the title "Tangail Sarees of Bengal".<ref name="ipindia4">{{cite web |title=Application details of the Tangail Saree of Bengal – Geographical Indications |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/702 |publisher=Intellectual Property India |access-date=12 February 2024}}</ref> Some products are produced for export, weavers get higher wages for weaving this product. This export-oriented weaving was first started with the encouragement of [[Handicrafts and Handlooms Export Corporation of India|Handicrafts and Handlooms Export Corporation of India Limited]] and one of their Japanese customers Mr. Jurgen Lahl, a well-known textile designer.{{sfn|Roy|2017|p=62}} Exportable products include [[Scarf|Scarves]], stoles, various dressmaterials etc.{{sfn|Roy|2017|p=62}}<br />
<br />
=== Saree ===<br />
[[File:Santipur Saree DSC 0508.JPG|thumb|right|A [[Shantipuri sari]] with ''Guti Bhanj''.]]<br />
The most produced product in this industrial area is [[Sari|saree]]. The primary characteristics of ''Shantipuri saree''s were their fine texture and delicately and elaborately designed borders. It is designed with smooth texture, light weight and extremely comfortable to wear. Silk or ''zari'' border is woven with needles. In the past, designs were initially traced with charcoal on soft silk texture and then the designs were woven directly on the fabric with needles.{{sfn|Mukherjee|2011|pp=105–105}} ''Nilambari''{{sfn|Mitra et al.|October 2009|p=505}}{{sfn|Kurian|2009|p=142}} sarees are woven with fine thread (100 count); different designs like ''chandmama'', ''taj'', ''tajkalka'', ''choukalka'', ''phuljhumka'', ''parijaat'', ''dhakai'', ''karnish'', ''tekka'' etc are made on the border of the saree with colored threads.{{sfn|Kurian|2009|p=139}} This century-old style of ''Shantipuri sari'' is one of the favorite sarees of [[Bengalis|Bengali]] women. ''Shantipuri'' designs are also used in other ways to produce sarees by mixing silk and linen with fine cotton threads; only skilled and experienced weavers can weave this saree.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bandyopadhyaya |first1=Pinaki |title=লিনেন, সিল্কে নয়া সফর শান্তিপুরির |trans-title=New journey of Shantipuri in linen, silk |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/west-bengal-news-weavers-weave-shantipuri-saree-with-new-ingredients-1.787466 |access-date=17 February 2024 |work=Anandabazar Online |agency=ABP |date=16 April 2018 |location=Kolkata |language=bn}}</ref><br />
<br />
The weavers of Phulia – important manufacturing center of the Shantipur Handloom Industry – produce the ''Tangail'' saree. This saree is woven using Dhaka-Tangail style combination of Shantipuri tant (loom) saree using cotton yarn (100 count), silk yarn of various counts (14/16-20/22 denier), [[Tussar silk|tussar]] yarn and also synthetic filament yarn. ''Tangail'' sarees produced in [[Phulia]] are famous for the fineness of hand-woven booties and fabric.<ref name="ipi">{{cite web |title=Geographical Indications Journal 178 (Tangail Saree of Bengal – GI Application No. 702)|url=https://archive.org/details/702-gi-journal-copy-31-08-2023/page/n3/mode/2up |publisher=Intellectual property in India |access-date=15 February 2024 |location=Chennai |pages=17–26 |date=31 August 2023}}</ref> Another saree from this handloom industry is ''Shantipuri Jamdani'', which is quite popular in [[West Bengal]]. Based on the use of thread, three types of [[jamdani]] are produced, namely – cotton jamdani, half-silk jamdani and silk jamdani.<ref>{{cite news |title=In Pictures: Jamdani, the traditional weaving art of Bengal and Bangladesh |url=https://gulfnews.com/photos/lifestyle/in-pictures-jamdani-the-traditional-weaving-art-of-bengal-and-bangladesh-1.1602137630666?slide=11 |access-date=15 February 2024 |date=8 October 2020}}</ref><br />
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=== Dhoti ===<br />
The most well-known product in this industrial area after the saree is the ''[[dhoti]]'', popularly known as ''Shantipuri Dhoti''.{{sfn|Goswami|1942|p=153}} This dhoti is in demand all over Bengal; in the past, the demand was outside Bengal as well. Similar to the ''Shantipuri sari'', the ''dhoti'' is woven with dense weave of fine thread. The weavers of Shantipur weave dhoti with 100–120 count fine thread, but in the 18th century, 250 to 300 count fine thread was used. The unique feature of ''Shantipuri Dhoti'' is the ''Jalchuri'' border.<ref name="ipindia3"/><ref name="anandabazar2">{{cite news |last1=Haldar |first1=Susmit |title=বোনার লোক কম, তবু বাজার শান্তিপুরী ধুতির |trans-title=Weaving people are few, but the market is for Shantipuri Dhoti |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B6-%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%AA-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A7-%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B0-1.218831 |access-date=12 February 2024 |work=www.anandabazar.com |agency=ABP |publisher=Anandabazar Online |date=6 October 2015 |location=Shantipur |quote=শান্তিপুরী ধুতির কদর এক সময়ে ছিল বাংলার বাইরেও ... শান্তিপুরের শাড়ির মতোই মিহি সুতোর চাপ বুনোট বা ঘন বুনোটের ধুতির সুনাম ছিল। |trans-quote=At one time, Shantipuri dhoti was valued outside of Bengal ... like Shantipur sarees, tight weave or dense weave of fine thread dhoti had a good reputation. |language=bn}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Workforce ==<br />
=== Weaver ===<br />
[[File:Weaving Tant Saree by Handloom - 2 Natun Phulia - Nadia 2016-11-12 1808.JPG|thumb|right|A weaver weaves a saree on a handloom at Natun Phulia, part of the Shantipur Handloom Industry.]]<br />
==== Master weaver ====<br />
These weavers take the overall responsibility of supplying raw materials to other weavers, providing designs and paying wages to grassroots weavers; and supplies the manufactured products to ''Mahajan''s. As per January 2016 data, there are about 700 skilled or master weavers actively involved in manufacturing activities in the industrial area. Earlier this class of weavers were engaged only in weaving. It is estimated that in total, there are 16 thousand looms under these master weavers and an equal number of ordinary weavers are employed. As per the size of the model unit, there are 4 looms under a master weavers. But, in reality factories with 10–60 handlooms have only a few masters for the ordinary weavers.{{sfn|Mitra et al.|October 2009|p=505}}{{sfn|Roy|2017|p=62}}<br />
<br />
==== Ordinary weaver ====<br />
[[File:Pinki Das Rewinds Thread for Weaving Tant Saree - 2 Natun Phulia - Nadia 2016-11-12 1938.JPG|thumb|left|A woman rewinds threads for Weaving Tant Saree.]]<br />
Ordinary weavers produce [[Sari|sarees]], [[dhoti]] or other products under skilled or master weavers. All weavers have good weaving skills to weave sarees on jacquard looms. There are about 111 different weaver (''tantee'') communities in the industrial area, such as ''Prāmāṇika'', ''Kāṣṭha'', ''Dālāla'', ''Khān'' etc.{{sfn|Mitra et al.|October 2009|p=505}} Most of the weavers belong to the ''Tantubāẏa'' community. As per January 2017 data, there are about 93,000 Ordinary weavers actively involved in manufacturing activities in the industrial area.{{sfn|Roy|2017|p=57}} The women mainly do the preparatory work like separating the hanks.{{sfn|Mitra et al.|October 2009|p=505}}{{sfn|Roy|2017|pp=62–63}}<br />
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=== Designer ===<br />
Designers create the design of the product, mainly sarees. They work on designing with their own creativity and imagination. Their main role in production is to create designs for the master weavers and supply them punch cards for Jacquard. As of January 2016, there are over 100 designers in this industrial area.{{sfn|Mitra et al.|October 2009|p=505}}{{sfn|Roy|2017|p=63}}<br />
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=== Dyers ===<br />
Dyeing is mainly done in the dyeing unit. These units, Based on the quantity of dyed yarn are classified into large, medium and small units. Dyers boil with a mixture of dye and water. The next stage the excess water and dye mixture is separated from the yarns and dried in the sunshine. After that the yarns is sold to master weavers or traders. Yarn merchants employ large and medium scale units for dyeing, while small scale units work for master weavers. 60% of the total yarn sales are in the form of colored yarn, while the remaining 40% is in the form of gray yarn. About 90 units are doing commercial dyeing in the industrial area.{{sfn|Mitra et al.|October 2009|p=505}}{{sfn|Roy|2017|p=63}}<br />
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== Trade ==<br />
[[File:Customers Selecting Tussore Sarees - 2 Natun Phulia - Nadia 2016-11-12 1886.JPG|thumb|right|Sarees are being sold in the local market of Shantipur-Phulia area.]]<br />
The products manufactured in Shantipur Handloom Industry mainly cater to the market demand of [[West Bengal]] as well as India. The products of this industrial area sold in the local market. ''Bangor Tant Kaporer Haat'', ''Ghosh Market Tant Kaporer Haat'', and ''Jagdhatri'' are the three main haats of Shantipur.<ref name="telegraphindia1">{{cite news |last1=Mitra Chakraborty |first1=Barnini |title=In pictures: Santipur Haat — a haven for sari buyers |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/santipur-haat-in-nadia-a-haven-for-sari-buyers-photogallery/cid/1882865?slide=2 |access-date=11 February 2024 |work=www.telegraphindia.com |agency=ABP |date=27 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="anandabazar1">{{cite news |title=বৃহস্পতিবার থেকে খুলছে শান্তিপুরে তাঁত কাপড়ের হাট |trans-title=Tant cloth market is opening in Shantipur from Thursday |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/weaving-cloth-market-is-opening-in-shantipur-from-thursday-dgtld/cid/1285623 |access-date=11 February 2024 |work=www.anandabazar.com |agency=ABP |date=8 Jun 2021 |location=Shantipur |language=bn |quote=তার পরই বঙ্গ, ঘোষ এবং জগদ্ধাত্রী- শান্তিপুরের তিনটি মূল হাট খোলার ছাড়পত্র দিয়েছে জেলাপ্রশাসন। |trans-quote=After that, the district administration gave permission to open three main haats in Shantipur – Bango, Ghosh and Jagdhatri.}}</ref> More than 700 registered traders are associated with the ''Taant Vastra Vyabsayee Samiti'', formed by traders in the industry, and they are the main people involved in marketing activities.{{sfn|Mitra et al.|October 2009|p=505}} Weaving associations supply products to traders in various cities of India including [[Kolkata]]. Some associations supply products abroad through various merchant exporters.{{sfn|Roy|2017|p=62}} Shantipur handloom products like [[Sari|''Sari''s]] and ''[[Dhoti]]'' are mostly exported to [[Bangladesh]], Japan, Italy, [[Thailand]], United Kingdom, Australia and Germany, and countries of North America and Middle East.{{sfn|Roy|2017|p=62}} Annual turnover of ''Shantipuri sari'' is estimated at ₹4&nbsp;billion. On the other hand, the annual trade of ''[[Tangail Saree (West Bengal)|Tangail]]'' sarees produced in West Bengal is ₹15&nbsp;billion; a large part of the production of these sarees is produced in [[Phulia]], an important center of the industrial area.<ref name="Tantuja">{{cite web |title=About Tantuja – Our Products |url=https://tantuja.in/index.php?route=information/information&information_id=4 |website=Tantuja |access-date=11 February 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
{{reflist|group=ipi-g}}<br />
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== Citations ==<br />
{{Reflist|3}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Kurian |first1=P.H |title=Geographical Indication Journal No-29 |journal=Geographical Indication Journal |date=19 March 2009 |url=https://archive.org/details/geographical-indications-journal-no.-29 |access-date=8 February 2024}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Chaudhury |first1=Sushil |title=From prosperity to decline: eighteenth century Bengal |date=1995 |publisher=Manohar |location=New Delhi |isbn=8173041059 |edition=1}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Bhadra |first1=Siddharth |title=Status of The Cotton Textile Industry in Birbhum, Burdwan and Hooghly Districts of Burdwan Division During 1757 -1857: A Critical Overview|date=2015 |publisher=University of North Bengal |location=Raja Rammohanpur, Darieeling |url=https://ir.nbu.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/1524/19/279266.pdf |access-date=8 February 2024}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Mitra |first1=Ashis |last2=Choudhuri |first2=Prabir Kumar |last3= Mukherjee |first3=Arup |title=A diagnostic report on cluster development programme of Shantipur handloom cluster, Nadia, West Bengal Part I –Evolution of the cluster and cluster analysis |journal=Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge |date=October 2009 |volume=5 |url=https://nopr.niscpr.res.in/bitstream/123456789/6270/1/IJTK%208%284%29%20502-509.pdf |issn=2348-1390|ref= {{harvid|Mitra et al.|October 2009}}}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Roy |first1=Chandan |title=The Silk Handloom Industry in Nadia District of West Bengal : A Study on Its History, Performance & Current Problems |journal=New Man International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies |date= July 2017 |volume=4 |issue=7 |ssrn=3013957 |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3013957 |access-date=9 February 2024 |issn=2348-1390}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Murshid |first1=Ghulam |editor1-last=Mitra |editor1-first=Mohua |title=Bengali culture: over a thousand years |date=2018 |publisher=Thornbird/Niyogi Books |location=New Delhi, India |isbn=9789386906120 |chapter=Architecture, Art and craft}}<br />
* {{Cite web |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Debashree |title=Cotton Weaving Industry of Nadia: 1773 – 1977 A Case Study of Santipur and Phulia |date=2011 |url=https://ir.nbu.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/1568/17/241092.pdf |access-date=16 February 2024 |publisher=University of North Bengal |location=Raja Rammohanpur, Darjeeling}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Goswami |first1=Adwaitacharjya |title=Shantipur – Parichay Part. 2 |date=1942 |page=131–143 |url=https://ia804704.us.archive.org/16/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.356486/2015.356486.Shantipur--.pdf |access-date=16 February 2024}}<br />
<br />
{{Handloom Industry in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Nadia district]]<br />
[[Category:Economy of West Bengal]]</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Safdar_Nagori&diff=531736Safdar Nagori2026-02-10T03:15:06Z<p>RamonTietjen8: starting a post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian terrorist}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Safdar Nagori<br />
| image = <!-- filename only, no "File:" or "Image:" prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] --><br />
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| caption = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| pronunciation = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1969}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Mahidpur]], [[Ujjain district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India<br />
| death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) --><br />
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| burial_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} --><br />
| other_names = <br />
| alma_mater = [[Vikram University]]<br />
| years_active = <br />
| era = <br />
| organization = [[Students Islamic Movement of India]] (SIMI)<br />
| known_for = <br />
| height = <!-- "X cm", "X m" or "X ft Y in" plus optional reference (conversions are automatic) --><br />
| title = General-Secretary of SIMI<br />
| criminal_charges = Possession of illegal arms, ammunition and explosives<br />Plotting terrorist activities<br />
| criminal_penalty = [[Life imprisonment]]<br />
| criminal_status = Incarcerated<br />
| spouse = <!-- Use article title or common name --><br />
| partner = <!-- (unmarried long-term partner) --><br />
| children = <br />
| parents = <!-- overrides mother and father parameters --><br />
| mother = <!-- may be used (optionally with father parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays "Parent(s)" as label) --><br />
| father = Gahiruddhin Nagori<br />
| relatives = Kamruddin Nagori (brother)<br />
| module = <br />
| module2 = <br />
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}}<br />
<br />
'''Safdar Nagori''' (born 1969) was the General-Secretary of the [[Students Islamic Movement of India]] (SIMI), an [[Islamism|Islamist]] organization designated as a [[terrorist organization]] by the [[Government of India]].<br />
<br />
On 27 February 2017, a court in [[Indore]] sentenced Nagori to [[life imprisonment]] for possession of illegal arms, ammunition and explosives, and plotting terrorist activities.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Nagori was born in [[Mahidpur|Mahedpur village]] in the [[Ujjain district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] in 1969. His father Gahiruddhin Nagori worked in the Ujjain Police Crime Branch, and retired at the rank of Assistant Sub Inspector in 2005.<ref name="DNA1">{{cite web|last1=Sharma|first1=Deepesh|title=Safdar Nagori was not always a hardliner|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-safdar-nagori-was-not-always-a-hardliner-1184294|website=DNA|accessdate=27 February 2017|date=19 August 2008}}</ref> Safdar Nagori graduated with a Masters in Journalism from [[Vikram University]], Ujjain in 1999 and was a merit holder. While at the university, he became state president of SIMI.<ref name="DNA1"/> His brother Kamruddin Nagori, was the chief of the SIMI's operations in [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="IT1">{{cite web|title=Top leaders of banned SIMI arrested in Madhya Pradesh|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/top-leaders-of-banned-simi-arrested-in-madhya-pradesh-23967-2008-03-27|website=India Today|date=27 March 2008 |access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Beliefs and ideology==<br />
In an interview with Sayantan Chakravarty in April 2001, five months before SIMI was banned by the government, he expressed his views.<ref>{{cite web|title=INTERVIEW: SAFDAR NAGORI "I Am Very Bitter About Being An Indian"|url=http://india-today.com/itoday/20010402/nation2.shtml|website=India Today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124093719/http://india-today.com/itoday/20010402/nation2.shtml|archivedate=24 November 2010|date=2 April 2001}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{blockquote|Let me explain the concept of [[Jihad]] as detailed in the [[Quran]]. It is not when an individual is harmed but when an entire community finds itself collectively persecuted that the cry for Jihad is given. ... Warn. If nothing works then one is forced to revolt, take to arms.<br />
<br />
...When we are told that there is a ''rashtrapita'' [Father of the Nation] in [[Gandhi]], and another great statesman in [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], we feel it is a direct attack on our fundamentals. [[Nehru]] wanted Muslims to recognise [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad|Ghulam Ahmed Qadiani]] as our Prophet. He was forcing us to alter our religious belief and we have no regard for such a man.<br />
<br />
(In response to the question "you have openly eulogised [[Osama bin Laden]]") Not once, but dozens of times. We believe that he has shown great character in standing up to the [[Americans]], the biggest terrorists in the world.<br />
<br />
(In response to the question "At SIMI meetings speeches of [[Qazi Hussain Ahmad]], the [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami]] chief in [[Pakistan]], are played. Why?") We link up with him in Pakistan through phones and the speeches are amplified for the audience. The Qazi wants us to take [[Islam]] to non-Muslims.}}<br />
<br />
When SIMI was banned in September 2001, Safdar Nagori told [[BBC]] that allegations that the organization had links with Islamic militant separatist groups were baseless.<ref>{{cite news|title=India arrests militant chief|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1568471.stm|website=BBC|date=28 September 2001|access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Militant activity==<br />
According to Indian newspaper ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'', Nagori became radicalized after the [[demolition of the Babri Masjid]] in 1992, and subsequent communal riots. He joined SIMI in 1993. His father, Gahiruddhin, disowned his son after learning of his activities.<ref name="DNA1"/> The first FIR against Nagori was filed in Indore in 1998. He was subsequently arrested and then released, after which he went into hiding.<ref name="DNA1"/><br />
<br />
In autumn of the 2000, Harun Rashid, Mohammad Sabahuddin and other SIMI cadre drawn by Nagori's network had begun training with the [[Hizb-ul-Mujahideen]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. Graduates of the training went on to participate in several major terrorist operations. In July 2001, police in [[Maharashtra]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[New Delhi]] arrested 23 SIMI-linked terrorists. Four of those held turned out to have trained in [[Kishtwar]]. SIMI cadre have aided militant groups such as the [[Taliban]], [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], [[Jaish-e-Mohammed|Jaish-e-Mohammad]] and the [[Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami|Harkat ul-Jihad-e-Islami]] in carrying out terrorist activities.<ref>{{cite news|title=Safdar Nagori and SIMI's jihad|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Safdar-Nagori-and-SIMIrsquos-jihad/article15192887.ece|website=The Hindu|date=28 March 2008|accessdate=27 February 2017|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2001, Nagori fell out with SIMI leadership. While several SIMI leaders urged the group to abandon terrorism and focus on academic and religious activities, Nagori advocated continuing terrorist activities.<ref name="FP1">{{cite web|title=CBI court sentences SIMI mastermind Safdar Nagori to life: All you need to know|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/cbi-court-sentences-simi-mastermind-safdar-nagori-to-life-all-you-need-to-know-3305100.html|website=Firstpost|accessdate=27 February 2017|date=27 February 2017}}</ref> Nagori absconded shortly after SIMI was proscribed as terrorist organization by the Government of India on 27 September 2001.<ref name = "IT1"/> He spent a year in [[Delhi]] in 2001–02, before moving to [[Mumbai]] in 2003. Nagori then moved to [[Murshidabad]], [[West Bengal]] where he would spend the next five years. In Murshidabad, Indian law enforcement officials believe that Nagori was training 200 people for [[Mullah Omar]], the spiritual leader of the Taliban. Officials also state that his activities in at least five states, suggests that he must have created large local terrorist networks, some of which have been uncovered by the arrests of connected militants.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/mumbaiterrorstrike/Story.aspx?ID=NEWEN20080045567&type=News |access-date=2023-06-05 |title=Archived |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227234617/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/mumbaiterrorstrike/Story.aspx?ID=NEWEN20080045567&type=News |archive-date=February 27, 2017}}{{dead link|date=June 2023}}</ref><ref name="FP1"/><br />
<br />
Nagori visited [[Hyderabad]] in early 2008.<ref>{{cite news|title=SIMI leader Safdar Nagori was in city|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/SIMI-leader-Safdar-Nagori-was-in-city/article15278282.ece|website=The Hindu|date=29 July 2008|accessdate=27 February 2017|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Conviction and sentencing==<br />
Safdar Nagori was arrested by [[Madhya Pradesh Police]] from a flat in Sanyogitaganj, [[Indore]] on 26 March 2008. Ten other SIMI militants, including his brother Kamruddin Nagori, were also arrested in the operation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Banned Indian group's leader held|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7316024.stm|website=BBC|date=27 March 2008|access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref> Following a week of interrogation of the accused, they revealed the location of a farmhouse in Choral, 35&nbsp;km from Indore, which was used as a training camp by SIMI militants. The police were told the camp trained SIMI members from [[Jharkhand]], [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]] and some other states in physical exercise, combat and organisation philosophy.<ref name="TOI1">{{cite web|title=Police bust SIMI terror camp in Madhya Pradesh |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Police_bust_SIMI_terror_camp_in_Madhya_Pradesh/articleshow/2921605.cms|website=The Times of India|date=3 April 2008 |accessdate=27 February 2017}}</ref> Police found arms, ammunition, radical literature in [[Urdu]] and [[Hindi]] and explosives at the farmhouse and arrested two more militants.<ref name = "TOI2">{{cite web|title=11 SIMI operatives, including its former chief Nagori sentenced to lifetime imprisonment |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/11-simi-operatives-including-its-former-chief-nagori-sentenced-to-lifetime-imprisonment/articleshow/57372636.cms|website=The Times of India|date=27 February 2017 |accessdate=27 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SIMI mastermind Safdar Nagori, 10 others awarded life imprisonment by Indore court|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/simi-mastermind-safdar-nagori-10-others-awarded-life-impisonment-by-indore-court/|website=The Indian Express|accessdate=27 February 2017|language=en|date=27 February 2017}}</ref> Further investigations revealed the existence of SIMI's women's wing called Shaheen Force. Police also found 122 super-explosive gelatine sticks, 100 detonators and switchboards buried underground in Gawali village.<ref name="TOI1"/><br />
<br />
Nagori told investigators that SIMI had about 400 active members and 20,000 supporters. He also stated that SIMI militants received training in Jammu and Kashmir, alongside Hizbul Mujaheedin militants. Militants received training in several types of terrorist operations. Nagori also claimed that he had advocated for the inclusion of more women in SIMI.<ref name="FP1"/><br />
<br />
On 11 February 2013, authorities at [[Sabarmati Central Jail]] in [[Ahmedabad]], where Nagori was being held, discovered a 213-feet long tunnel that been dug from the prison cells in the Chhota Chakkar area of the jail. The tunnel extended up to the prison's garden. Jail authorities believe that prisoners intended to dig until the underground sewage line and use it to escape. Authorities claim that the attempt would have been unsuccessful as the prison's boundary wall extends 20 feet below ground, while the tunnel had a depth of just 6 feet. On 18 May 2013, Ahmedabad City Crime Branch charged Nagori, and 23 other prisoners, under [[Indian Penal Code]] (IPC) sections 130 (aiding escape of state prisoners), 225 (resistance or obstruction to lawful apprehension of another person) and 120 B (criminal conspiracy). All 24 accused are also accused in the [[2008 Ahmedabad bombings]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Chargesheet filed against 24 accused in Sabarmati jailbreak case|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/gujarat/story/sabarmati-jailbreak-case-chargesheet-filed-against-24-accused-163564-2013-05-17|website=India Today|date=18 May 2013 |access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
Nagori, and the 10 other militants, were charged with sedition, possession of illegal arms, ammunition and explosives, and plotting terrorist activities. The laws violated include the relevant sections of the ''[[Arms Act, 1959|Arms Act]]'', the ''Explosive Substances Act'', the IPC, and the ''[[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]]''.<ref name = "TOI2"/> They were convicted of all charges by a CBI Court in Indore. On 27 February 2017, special CBI Judge BK Paloda sentenced them to life imprisonment for possession of illegal arms, ammunition and explosives, and plotting terrorist activities.<ref name="FP1"/><ref name = "TOI2"/><br />
<br />
Nagori, along with 17 SIMI militants, was charged by [[Kerala Police]] in a separate case for organizing an arms training camp at Thangalpara, [[Vagamon]] in December 2007. The case was originally registered in [[Mundakayam]] on 21 June 2008, but the investigation was transferred to the [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA) in January 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=Safdar Nagori, 17 SIMI Cadres Sentenced to 7-year RI in Kerala |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/safdar-nagori-17-simi-cadres-sentenced-to-7-year-ri-in-kerala-1749961.html |website=News18 |date=15 May 2018 |accessdate=4 May 2019}}</ref> The NIA [[chargesheet]] alleged that the accused participated in a "secret training camp" involving shooting practice, explosives training, besides "classes on [[jihad]] in India". On 15 May 2018, an NIA Court in [[Kochi]] convicted Nagori under different sections of the ''Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act'', the ''Explosive Substances Act'' and section 120-B (criminal conspiracy) of the IPC. Special NIA Judge Kauser Edappagath sentenced Nagori to 7 years [[Penal labour|rigorous imprisonment]]. The sentence will run concurrently with his life term.<ref>{{cite web |title=NIA court sentences 18 SIMI activists including its head Safdar Nagori 7 years rigorous jail in Kerala {{!}} India News |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/nia-court-sentences-18-simi-activists-including-its-head-safdar-nagori-7-years-rigorous-jail-in-kerala/228368 |website=www.timesnownews.com |date=15 May 2018 |accessdate=4 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Safdar Nagori, 17 SIMI cadres convicted in Kerala arms training case |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/safdar-nagori-17-simi-cadres-convicted-in-kerala-arms-training-case-1233486-2018-05-14 |website=India Today |date=14 May 2018 |accessdate=4 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{IslamismSA}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagori, Safdar}}<br />
[[Category:1969 births]]<br />
[[Category:Islamic terrorism in India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Islamists]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Mujahideen members]]<br />
[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian people imprisoned on terrorism charges]]<br />
[[Category:Indian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment]]<br />
[[Category:People convicted on terrorism charges]]<br />
[[Category:Vikram University alumni]]</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javed_Ali_Khan_(politician)&diff=505846Javed Ali Khan (politician)2026-02-05T04:28:34Z<p>RamonTietjen8: Created First Biography W/ Infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian National Congress politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{For|SP politician from Sambhal UP India|Javed Ali Khan}}<br />
<br />
'''[[Kunwar]] Javed Ali Khan''' (1935-2016) <ref name=l>{{cite news |title=रुला गए सादाबाद के कुंवर साहब |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/hathras-15253146.html |access-date=11 June 2021 |work=m.jagran.com |agency=Jagran News |date=2016-12-23 |language=hi}}</ref> was an [[Indian National Congress]] politician from [[Sadabad, India|Sadabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<br />
<br />
He was born in noted [[Nawab of Sadabad]] family and was son of [[Ashraf Ali Khan (politician, born 1898)|Ashraf Ali Khan]]. His father was also a long time politician representing Sadabad assembly in pre-independence in 1939<ref name=a>{{cite book|author=Uttar Pradesh (India). Legislature. Legislative Assembly |title=Proceedings. Official Report |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHglAQAAIAAJ |accessdate=29 January 2012 |date=1 January 1939}}</ref> and later in 1969.<ref>{{cite web|title=Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election 1969 Sadabad|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=910&cid=370|publisher=Empowering India|accessdate=13 February 2014|archive-date=21 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221152315/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=910&cid=370|url-status=usurped}}</ref><br />
<br />
Javed Ali was elected as an Indian National Congress party candidate from Sadabad to Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly in 1980,<ref>{{cite web|title=Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election 1980 Sadabad|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=691&cid=367|publisher=Empowering India|accessdate=13 February 2014|archive-date=21 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221152037/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=691&cid=367|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.travelindia-guide.com/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/mahamaya-nagar-constituencies/sadabad-.aspx |title=Sadabad Election Results since 1977 |access-date=13 February 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304211747/http://www.travelindia-guide.com/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/mahamaya-nagar-constituencies/sadabad-.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> during which time he also served as Minister of Public Works Department of Uttar Pradesh under Chief Ministership of [[Vishwanath Pratap Singh]] for years 1980-83.<ref name=l/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://uttarpradeshcongress.com/english/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/AICC-Members.pdf | title=Divisionwize [sic] Details of Elected AICC Members from Uttar Pradesh - 2010 | publisher=uttarpradeshcongress.com | accessdate=11 March 2019 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114143/http://uttarpradeshcongress.com/english/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/AICC-Members.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who|year=1983|publisher=Bennet & Collman|page=888|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Che2AAAAIAAJ&q=+sadabad}}</ref> In 1999, he contested election as Congress candidate from [[Jalesar]] but did not win.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lok Sabha Election 1999 - Uttar Pradesh Jalesar|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/pconstituency.aspx?eid=346&cid=70|publisher=Empowering India|accessdate=13 February 2014|archive-date=21 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221152435/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/pconstituency.aspx?eid=346&cid=70|url-status=usurped}}</ref><br />
<br />
He died at his home in Sadabad on 22 December 2016.<ref name=l/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Javed}}<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1980–1985]]<br />
[[Category:People from Hathras district]]<br />
[[Category:1935 births]]<br />
[[Category:2016 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{UttarPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian_cricket_team_in_India_in_1979%E2%80%9380&diff=488381Australian cricket team in India in 1979–802026-01-28T21:27:46Z<p>RamonTietjen8: Added Biography - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|International cricket tour}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{Use Australian English|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox cricket tour<br />
| series_name = Australian cricket team in India in 1979<br />
| team1_image = Flag of India.svg<br />
| team1_name = India<br />
| team2_image = Flag of Australia.svg<br />
| team2_name = Australia<br />
| from_date = 1 September<br />
| to_date = 7 November 1979<br />
| team1_captain = [[Sunil Gavaskar]]<br />
| team2_captain = [[Kim Hughes]]<br />
| no_of_tests = 6<br />
| team1_tests_won = 2<br />
| team2_tests_won = 0<br />
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Gundappa Viswanath]] (518)<br />
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[Kim Hughes]] (594)<br />
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Kapil Dev]] (28)<br />
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Geoff Dymock]] (24)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The [[Australia national cricket team|Australian cricket team]] toured India in 1979 to play a six-match [[Test cricket|Test]] series against [[India national cricket team|India]].<br />
<br />
India won the series 2–0. It was the last series played by an Australian side before the [[Australian Cricket Board]] and [[World Series Cricket]] made a compromise. It was the first time India had beaten Australia in a series.<ref name="wisden">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/153591.html Wisden Summary of Tour] accessed 16 December 2014</ref><br />
<br />
==Australian squad==<br />
Australia had just lost the Ashes to England 5-1 and drawn against Pakistan 1-1 during the 1978–79 summer. They had also finished a poor 1979 World Cup campaign.<br />
<br />
The squad selected by Ray Lindwall, Sam Loxton and Phil Ridings were as follows:<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110568526 |title=Wood back for tour of India. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=19 July 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=30 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><br />
*Batsmen – [[Kim Hughes]] (captain), [[Andrew Hilditch]] (vice-captain), [[Allan Border]], [[Rick Darling]], [[Graham Yallop]] (also reserve wicketkeeper), [[Graeme Wood (cricketer)|Graeme Wood]], [[Dav Whatmore]]<br />
*Fast bowlers – [[Rodney Hogg]], [[Graeme Porter]], [[Alan Hurst (cricketer)|Alan Hurst]], [[Geoff Dymock]]<br />
*Spinners – [[Peter Sleep]], [[Bruce Yardley]], [[Jim Higgs]]<br />
*Wicketkeepers – [[Kevin Wright (cricketer)|Kevin Wright]]<br />
*Team officials – [[Bob Merriman]] (manager), Frank Hennessy (physio)<br />
<br />
Before the season, ten of the players had never toured and none had gone to India.<ref name="wisden"/><br />
<br />
===Captaincy===<br />
Although Graham Yallop had captained Australia during the 1978–79 summer, he was replaced by Kim Hughes when injured, and when Yallop returned to the side, the Australian Cricket Board decided to persist with Hughes. They also elected Hilditch as vice captain rather than Yallop. However Yallop was kept as a selector.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110568848 |title=IN BRIEF Kim Hughes captain. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=20 July 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=17 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><br />
<br />
On-tour selection panel: Hughes, Hilditch, Yallop.<br />
<br />
===Replacements===<br />
Alan Hurst suffered a back injury during the tour. On 12 October it was decided he would return home and [[Geoff Lawson (cricketer)|Geoff Lawson]] was flown out as a replacement bowler during the tour.<ref>{{cite news |title=Geoff Lawson to replace injured Hurst |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/110605149 |access-date=14 June 2024 |work=The Canberra Times |page=46 |via=National Library of Australia |date=13 October 1979}}</ref><br />
<br />
===World Series Cricket Backdrop===<br />
Before the tour took place, establishment cricket had "made up" with [[World Series Cricket]] and the 1979–80 Australian summer season was to be the first in three years with all players in the one competition. However, World Series Cricket players were not selected on the India tour. The players chosen to go to India could not play in the first round of the Sheffield Shield games, because the tour's schedule conflicted with those games.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110576004 |title=DIVISIONS OVER: AND TWO TOURS Exciting season likely for cricket. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=19 August 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=32 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><br />
==Tour==<br />
The Australian team left for Madras on 21 August.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110576732 |title=Australian cricketers leave for India. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=22 August 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=44 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><br />
<br />
An hour after the team left Singapore, an engine on their aeroplane failed, forcing them to return and causing them to arrive in India 22 hours behind schedule.<ref name="plane">{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110577093 |title=Australians stranded. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=23 August 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=28 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Australians spent a week in Madras to acclimatise. After arriving at Madras, [[Rick Darling]] and [[Jim Higgs]] both fell sick with stomach ailments. However the mood was optimistic and the key players seemed in good form at practice sessions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110578305 |title=Two Australian cricketers down with illness but practice 'best yet'. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=28 August 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=20 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><br />
<br />
===North Zone vs Australia===<br />
The first game of the tour was against North Zone in [[Srinagar]], 1,600 miles from Madras. The ACB requested the game be relocated closer to Madras to reduce travel time and because Sringara was politically volatile due to the [[Kashmir]] situation, but this was knocked back as it was the first time a visiting test team had played in Kashmir and the advance tickets were selling well.<ref name="plane"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110576474 |title=Spinners' feast forecast. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=21 August 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=26 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Rodney Hogg]] and Graeme Wood became ill and cancelled their appearances at the game. The Australians received death threats, so the security at the game was heavy.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110594807 |title=CRICKET AUSTRALIANS MAKE 363. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=2 September 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=23 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><br />
<br />
Runs were scored by Hilditch (71), Hughes (70) and Yallop (83) with Hilditch and Rick Darling having a 75 run opening stand in 90 minutes. Hurst took 5-33 and Dymock 4-25 (twice dismissing [[Arun Lal]] – who scored 99 – on no balls). The game was drawn.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/39/39665.html Australia vs North Zone] at CricketArchive</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110595007 |title=Australians draw in India. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=4 September 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=18 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><br />
<br />
===South Zone vs Australia===<br />
The next game took place against South Zone in [[Hyderabad]]. Hogg, Higgs and Sleep all took three wickets in South Zone's first innings. Allan Border scored 113 – his first decent score since his debut century against Pakistan – and Kevin Wright scored 52. The match was interrupted by rain and Australia were unable to force a victory, although Higgs and Sleep both picked up two extra wickets in South Zone's second innings.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/39/39690.html] at CricketArchive</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110596436 |title=CRICKET BORDER'S FIRST TOUR CENTURY. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=9 September 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=22 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><br />
<br />
Rodney Hogg had taken four wickets in all despite the crowd throwing several objects, including a lime and an onion (which he tossed back to it), at him, causing Hughes to call the police.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110596759 |title=Fruitful day upsets Hogg. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=11 September 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=20 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><br />
<br />
It was felt by contemporary reports that Higgs out-bowled Sleep.<ref name="south"/><br />
After Rick Darling was cut above the left eye while fielding, he was unable to bat. The selectors had wanted to experiment with Graeme Wood at six but Darling's injury meant Wood had to open.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110596071 |title=Border scores century. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=8 September 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=42 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> The game also saw [[Graeme Porter]] make his first class debut for Australia.<ref name="south">{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110596687 |title=OVERSEAS SPORT CRICKET Test worry. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=10 September 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><br />
<br />
==First Test==<br />
{{Test match<br />
| date = 11 – 16 September 1979<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}<br />
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}<br />
<br />
| score-team1-inns1 = 390 (143.4 overs)<br />
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Allan Border]] 162 (360)<br />
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Dilip Doshi]] 6/103 (43 overs)<br />
<br />
| score-team2-inns1 = 425 (130.3 overs)<br />
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Kapil Dev]] 83 (74)<br />
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Jim Higgs]] 7/143 (41.3 overs)<br />
<br />
| score-team1-inns2 = 212/7 (113.4 overs)<br />
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Andrew Hilditch]] 55 (188)<br />
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan|S Venkataraghavan]] 3/77 (45 overs)<br />
<br />
| score-team2-inns2 = <br />
| runs-team2-inns2 = <br />
| wickets-team2-inns2 =<br />
<br />
| result = Match drawn<br />
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/39/39700.html Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|Madras Cricket Club Ground]], [[Madras]]<br />
| umpires = [[Madhav Gothoskar]] and [[Swaroop Kishen]]<br />
| motm = <br />
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to bat.<br />
| rain = 13 September was a rest day.<br />
| notes = [[Dilip Doshi]] (IND) made his Test debut.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Though Darling was the first choice opener with Wood as a backup, and either Wood or [[Dav Whatmore]] to bat at six, his digestive ailments and his eye injury had weakened him. Hughes wanted to take Dymock, Hurst and Hogg as pacemen into the test. Higgs was the only spinner. Eventually Darling was ruled out and Wood and Whatmore were selected, with Yardley as 12th man.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110596714 |title=Puzzle on Test eve. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=11 September 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=20 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110596708 |title=LATE NEWS Australian Test team. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=11 September 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><br />
<br />
India kept a similar team to that which had played in England, with [[Dilip Doshi]] making his test debut.<ref name="wisden first">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/153592.html Wisden first test match report] at ESPNcricinfo</ref><br />
Australia began well with centuries to Border (162) and Hughes (100), who had a record third wicket partnership of 222. The other Australians batted less well (although several made starts), with Doshi taking 6–103.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110597179 |title=Australia on top in Test. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=12 September 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=36 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110597291 |title=Indians fight for Test. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=13 September 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=28 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> India scored 425 in reply, with Kapil Dev making 83 off 73 balls; Jim Higgs took 7–143. Hogg made 2-85.<ref name="wisden first"/><br />
All the Australian bowlers struggled in the heat, and Higgs at times struggled to grip the ball; Hogg was also plagued with no balls. Border and Yallop both bowled and Yallop took a wicket.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110597624 |title=Bowlers bothered by the Indian heat. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=14 September 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=18 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><br />
<br />
Australia responded well in the second innings at first, with Hilditch and Border scoring half centuries as they went to 1–103. However a collapse saw Australia crash to 7–175. "When I got out I thought that was it", admitted Hughes later.<ref name="first">{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110598400 |title=CRICKET Start of second Test in doubt. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=18 September 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=22 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><br />
<br />
However Geoff Dymock and Rodney Hogg held out for an hour, then the match was washed out with rain and ended in a draw.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110598226 |title=First Test ends in a wet draw. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=17 September 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=16 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>[http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/39/39700.html 1st Test] at [[MA Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chepauk]], [[Madras]] &ndash; match drawn</ref><br />
==Second Test==<br />
{{Test match<br />
| date = 19 – 24 September 1979<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}<br />
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}<br />
<br />
| score-team1-inns1 = 333 (114.5 overs)<br />
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Kim Hughes]] 86 (195)<br />
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Shivlal Yadav]] 4/49 (22.5 overs)<br />
<br />
| score-team2-inns1 = 457/5[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (144 overs)<br />
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Gundappa Viswanath]] 161[[not out|*]] (297)<br />
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Bruce Yardley]] 4/107 (44 overs)<br />
<br />
| score-team1-inns2 = 77/3 (37.4 overs)<br />
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Graeme Wood (cricketer)|Graeme Wood]] 30 (88)<br />
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Shivlal Yadav]] 3/32 (15.4 overs)<br />
<br />
| score-team2-inns2 = <br />
| runs-team2-inns2 = <br />
| wickets-team2-inns2 =<br />
<br />
| result = Match drawn<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17070/scorecard/63242/india-vs-australia-2nd-test/ Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]<br />
| umpires = [[Ram Punjabi]] and [[Kasturi Ramaswami]]<br />
| motm = <br />
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to bat.<br />
| rain = 21 September was a rest day.<br />
| notes = [[Shivlal Yadav]] (IND) made his Test debut.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
There were some doubts the second test would start as scheduled due to a monsoon.<ref name="first"/><br />
<br />
Rick Darling replaced Whatmore in the side, with Wood dropping down to number six. Bruce Yardley came in for Dymock. [[Shivlav Ladal]] made his test debut for India.<br />
<br />
Australia won the toss and batted, with Hilditch and Hughes scoring half centuries.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110599002 |title=Australia struggles in Test. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=20 September 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=30 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> However they collapsed to be 5–294 to 333 all out.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110599273 |title=Australia slumps, then fights back. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=21 September 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=26 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> India's innings was marked by problems involving Rodney Hogg, who threw a tantrum.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/153593.html Wisden second test report]</ref><br />
Bob Merriman later announced that Hogg would not be disciplined for his behaviour.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110599502 |title=No action taken on Hogg. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=22 September 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=38 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><br />
<br />
Wood took Darling's place in the innings after Darling suffered a vomiting episode. Australia were 3–77 in reply, 47 behind India's first innings total, at tea on the fifth day, when a rain storm ended the game prematurely.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110600270 |title=CRICKET Australia trails India as Test drawn. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=25 September 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=20 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Yadav ended up taking 7-87 for the match.<ref>[http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/39/39701.html 2nd Test] at [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]</ref><br />
<br />
===Australia vs Central Zone===<br />
Australia then travelled to [[Nagpur]] for a tour game against Central Zone. [[Peter Sleep]] threw his name into consideration with 5-71 and 61 not out; Darling (82) and Whatmore (60) also found form in a drawn game.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/39/39704.html Australia vs Central Zone] at CricketArchive</ref> Hogg however only took 1-39 and 1-13 and there were doubts raised about whether he should be picked – the first time this had happened in his career. "It's something new for him and it will be important for us to see how he handles it", said Hughes.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110601630 |title=CRICKET Make-or-break time. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=30 September 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=19 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> However Hurst's back was playing up and he was advised to rest; this made Hogg's selection more imperative.<ref name="hurst">{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110605149 |title=The Canberra Times Geoff Lawson to replace injured Hurst. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=13 October 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=46 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Third Test==<br />
{{Test match<br />
| date = 2 – 7 October 1979<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}<br />
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}<br />
<br />
| score-team1-inns1 = 271 (91 overs)<br />
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sunil Gavaskar]] 76 (175)<br />
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Geoff Dymock]] 5/99 (35 overs)<br />
<br />
| score-team2-inns1 = 304 (109.3 overs)<br />
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Graham Yallop]] 89 (198)<br />
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Karsan Ghavri]] 3/65 (23.3 overs)<br />
<br />
| score-team1-inns2 = 311 (111.4 overs)<br />
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Chetan Chauhan]] 84 (368)<br />
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Geoff Dymock]] 7/67 (28.4 overs)<br />
<br />
| score-team2-inns2 = 125 (60.2 overs)<br />
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Dav Whatmore]] 33 (125)<br />
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Kapil Dev]] 4/30 (16.2 overs)<br />
<br />
| result = India won by 153 runs<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17070/scorecard/63243/india-vs-australia-3rd-test/ Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[Green Park Stadium]], [[Kanpur]]<br />
| umpires = [[Mohammad Ghouse]] (Ind) and [[S. N. Hanumantha Rao]] (Ind)<br />
| motm = <br />
| toss = India won the toss and chose to bat.<br />
| rain = 5 October was taken as a rest day.<br />
| notes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
Australia kept faith with Hogg for the third test, bringing in Dymock to replace Hurst. India won the toss and elected to bat; they were 1-201 but the Australian attack fired and they were dismissed for 271, Dymock taking 5-99 and Hogg 4-66 (though he was still no balled 13 times in 15 overs). Darling had more health issues, injuring his shoulder while fielding and having to leave the ground; it turned out to be sprained, and Darling batted down the order, with Bruce Yardley opening.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110602373 |title=Hogg bounces back with late wickets. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=3 October 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=36 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110602613 |title=0India crashes, Australia well placed. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=4 October 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=24 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><br />
<br />
Australia were unable to press the advantage although they managed to score 304, led by Yallop (89), Hughes (50) and Darling (59); for a time it seemed Darling was not going to be able to bat but he decided to try and ended up lasting three hours.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110602785 |title=CRICKET Darling defies India, Australia on top. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=5 October 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=18 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><br />
<br />
India batted well in their second innings making 311.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110603526 |title=CRICKET INDIAN BATSMEN ON TOP EARLY. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=7 October 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=19 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Dymock took 7/67 but Australia dropped a number of key catches which later proved crucial.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/153594.html Wisden third test report] accessed 15 December 2014</ref><br />
<br />
Australia were set the task of getting 279 in 310 minutes. Allan Border was suffering from flu so Yallop batted at three (Border came in at six). The Australians collapsed and were all out for 125, Dev and Yadav taking four wickets each.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110603572 |title=CRICKET Australia's bats crumble, Test lost. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=8 October 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=16 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>[http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/39/39711.html 3rd Test] at [[Green Park Stadium|Modi Stadium]], [[Kanpur]] &ndash; India won by 153 runs</ref><br />
<br />
[[Bruce Yardley]] was injured when Dev hit him in the left foot with a yorker.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110604826 |title=Yardley out with foot injury. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=12 October 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=18 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Australia vs West Zone===<br />
The next game was against West Zone. Hughes scored 126 but the rest of the batsmen failed. West Zone were dismissed for 217 with Sleep and Higgs taking three wickets each – and Graeme Wood a career-best 3–18. Australia made 9–143 in their second innings (Whatmore 41), then Border and Higgs each took three wickets as they almost bowled Australia to victory, the game ending with West Zone 7-95.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110604742 |title=West Zone match draw. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=12 October 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=20 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/39/39715.html Australia vs West Zone] at CricketArchive</ref><br />
<br />
Alan Hurst had returned to the Australian side for the game but it became apparent the injury was getting worse. It was decided that he should be sent home after the fourth test and be replaced by [[Geoff Lawson (cricketer)|Geoff Lawson]].<ref name="hurst"/><br />
Bob Merriman said Hurst was "bitterly disappointed" that he could not play.<ref name="hurst"/><br />
<br />
==Fourth Test==<br />
{{Test match<br />
| date = 13 – 18 October 1979<br>(5–day match)<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}<br />
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}<br />
<br />
| score-team1-inns1 = 510/7[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (144.2 overs)<br />
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Gundappa Viswanath]] 131 (207)<br />
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Geoff Dymock]] 4/135 (42.2 overs)<br />
<br />
| score-team2-inns1 = 298 (106.3 overs)<br />
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Dav Whatmore]] 77 (91)<br />
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Kapil Dev]] 5/82 (32 overs)<br />
<br />
| score-team1-inns2 = <br />
| runs-team1-inns2 = <br />
| wickets-team1-inns2 =<br />
<br />
| score-team2-inns2 = 413 ([[Follow-on|f/o]]) (151.3 overs)<br />
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Andrew Hilditch|AMJ Hilditch]] 85 (162)<br />
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Karsan Ghavri|KD Ghavri]] 3/74 (30 overs)<br />
<br />
| result = Match drawn<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17070/scorecard/63244/india-vs-australia-4th-test/ Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground]], [[Delhi]]<br />
| umpires = [[Ram Punjabi|PR Punjabi]] and [[Kasturi Ramaswami|KB Ramaswami]]<br />
| motm = <br />
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.<br />
| rain = 15 October was taken as a rest day.<br />
| notes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
Australia replaced Bruce Yardley with Peter Sleep. Gavaskar (dropped on 13), Viswanath and Sharma all scored centuries as India made 7–510, with Dymock taking 4–135.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110605328 |title=GAVASKAR IN 21st CENTURY. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=14 October 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=34 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><br />
<br />
India enforced the follow on. Australia managed to bat to safety with a total of 413 with good innings from Hilditch (85), Hughes (40), Border (46), Whatmore (54) and Sleep (64). The partnership of Whatmore and Sleep in particular – 76 off 102 minutes – was especially crucial. Both Wright and Higgs were severely ill due to stomach ailments.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110606686 |title=CRICKET Australia 413, forces Test to be drawn. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=19 October 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=22 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>[http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/39/39721.html 4th Test] at [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[Delhi]] &ndash; match drawn</ref><br />
<br />
Hughes called this effort "the best all-round team effort" in any team he had played for.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110606999 |title=CRICKET Team effort by Australia highlight of Test draw. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=20 October 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=37 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><br />
<br />
===East Zone vs Australia===<br />
Australia played East Zone in [[Kolkata]] with Geoff Lawson joining the team.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110607371 |title=CRICKET GOOD CHANCE FOR LAWSON. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=21 October 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=24 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><br />
<br />
Australia scored 5-160 (Yallop 81 not out) when Hughes, unhappy with the pitch (which he thought was the "worst he had ever played on"), declared; East Zone were dismissed for 126 in return; Australia were 8-119 when Hughes declared again. They had tea fifty minutes later. This gave East Zone a day and a half to score 153 runs.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110607665 |title=Australians face defeat after declarations. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=23 October 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=20 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> East Zone were 4–111 by the end of that day and ended up winning the game by four wickets (two catches were dropped).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110607952 |title=Australians lose by four wickets. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=24 October 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=44 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/39/39729.html|title = Match scorecard}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Fifth Test==<br />
{{Test match<br />
| date = 26 – 31 October 1979<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}<br />
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}<br />
<br />
| score-team1-inns1 = 442 (153 overs)<br />
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Graham Yallop]] 167 (392)<br />
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Kapil Dev]] 5/74 (32 overs)<br />
<br />
| score-team2-inns1 = 347 (125.4 overs)<br />
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Gundappa Viswanath]] 96 (177)<br />
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Bruce Yardley]] 4/91 (42 overs)<br />
<br />
| score-team1-inns2 = 151/6[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (57.3 overs)<br />
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Kim Hughes]] 64[[not out|*]] (120)<br />
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Shivlal Yadav]] 2/16 (11 overs)<br />
<br />
| score-team2-inns2 = 200/4 (63.2 overs)<br />
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Yashpal Sharma (cricketer)|Yashpal Sharma]] 85[[not out|*]] (117)<br />
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Geoff Dymock]] 4/63 (25 overs)<br />
<br />
| result = Match drawn<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17070/scorecard/63245/india-vs-australia-5th-test/ Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Calcutta]]<br />
| umpires = [[S. N. Hanumantha Rao|SN Hanumantha Rao]] and [[Swaroop Kishen|S Kishen]]<br />
| motm = <br />
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to bat.<br />
| rain = 29 October was taken as a rest day.<br />
| notes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
Australia made only one change for the fifth test team, bringing Bruce Yardley back for Peter Sleep. The Australians were reluctant to use a still-injured Yardley until he demonstrated at the Eden Gardens pitch that he was still capable.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110608658 |title=CRICKET Yardley fit to play in Test. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=26 October 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=22 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><br />
<br />
Australia batted extremely well in their first innings, making 442 thanks to Yallop (167) (as opener), Hughes (92), Border (54), and Yardley (61).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110609202 |title=India loses Gavaskar early in innings. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=28 October 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=31 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> India managed 347 in reply, collapsing from 2–256 with Yardley getting 4-91.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110609857 |title=CRICKET Australia leads by 176 in fifth Test. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=31 October 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=40 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><br />
<br />
Australia were 5–81 in reply in one stage, in danger of losing, but Hughes started hitting out and Australia added 70 in 72 minutes. Hughes declared (he was on 64 not out), leaving India to get 246 runs in 247 minutes. Geoff Dymock took four wickets and at one stage India were 4-123 but Yashpal Sharma and Rao dug in and the game ended drawn, with them 4–200.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110965083 |title=CRICKET Fifth Test drawn with India 4-200. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=1 November 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=28 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><br />
==Sixth Test==<br />
{{Test match<br />
| date = 3 – 7 November 1979<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}<br />
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}<br />
<br />
| score-team1-inns1 = 458/8[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (149 overs)<br />
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sunil Gavaskar]] 123 (239)<br />
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Rodney Hogg]] 2/53 (28 overs)<br />
<br />
| score-team2-inns1 = 160 (61.5 overs)<br />
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Graham Yallop]] 60 (125)<br />
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Dilip Doshi]] 5/43 (19.5 overs)<br />
<br />
| score-team1-inns2 = <br />
| runs-team1-inns2 = <br />
| wickets-team1-inns2 =<br />
<br />
| score-team2-inns2 = 198 ([[Follow-on|f/o]]) (73.1 overs)<br />
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Kim Hughes]] 80 (144)<br />
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Kapil Dev]] 4/39 (14.1 overs)<br />
<br />
| result = India won by an innings and 100 runs<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17070/scorecard/63246/india-vs-australia-6th-test/ Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Bombay]]<br />
| umpires = [[Jiban Ghosh (umpire)|JD Ghosh]] and [[Mohammad Ghouse|MI Ghouse]]<br />
| motm = <br />
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.<br />
| rain = 5 November was taken as a rest day.<br />
*The match was scheduled for five days but completed in four.<br />
| notes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
Australia made one change for the sixth test, bringing back Sleep for Bruce Yardley, after the latter failed a fitness test. India won the toss and decided to bat, making 8–458, with both Gavaskar and Kirmani scoring centuries. Graham Yallop and Sleep both had to leave the ground during the day due to illness.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110965806 |title=CRICKET Indians pile on runs in Test. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=4 November 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=30 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><br />
<br />
Australia were dismissed for 160, with only Yallop (60) offering much resistance.<ref name="wisden sixth">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/153597.html Wisden sixth test report] accessed 16 December 2014</ref><br />
<br />
Australia were 2–149 in their second innings (Border 61, Hughes 80) but then collapsed to be all out for 198 and lost by an innings and 100 runs.<ref>[http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/39/39740.html 6th Test] at [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Bombay]] &ndash; India won by an innings and 100 runs</ref> ''Wisden'' later called Hughes' knock "one of the finest innings played against Indian bowling in recent times."<ref name="wisden sixth"/><br />
<br />
During the second innings, Dev felled Rick Darling with a bouncer, causing him to be retired hurt.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110966412 |title=India takes sixth Test by an innings. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=8 November 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=36 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
Hughes thought key problems were the Australians' failures to get off to a good start and make important catches.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110966922 |title=Few players 'up to scratch': Hughes. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=10 November 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=42 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><br />
Back in Australia, the next test played was against the West Indies. Eight of the twelve players selected were from [[World Series Cricket]], including Greg Chappell as captain, but Hughes, Border, Hogg and Dymock were kept in the side and Hughes was appointed vice-captain.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110968740 |title=Greg Chappell to lead Test team. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=20 November 1979 |access-date=16 December 2014 |page=26 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{Nicholls-The Establishment Boys }}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121103193504/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Seasons/IND/1979-80_IND_Australia_in_India_1979-80.html Australian cricket team in India 1979-80] at CricketArchive<br />
*[http://test-cricket-tours.co.uk/page_1624616.html Australian cricket team in India 1979] at Test Cricket Tours<br />
*[http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1970S/1979-80/AUS_IN_IND/ Australian cricket team in India in 1979] at ESPNcricinfo<br />
{{International cricket tours of India}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Australian cricket team in India in 1979-80}}<br />
[[Category:1979 in Australian cricket]]<br />
[[Category:1979 in Indian cricket]]<br />
[[Category:1980 in Australian cricket]]<br />
[[Category:1980 in Indian cricket]]<br />
[[Category:Australian cricket tours of India|1979-80]]<br />
[[Category:Indian cricket seasons from 1970–71 to 1999–2000]]<br />
[[Category:International cricket competitions from 1975–76 to 1980]]</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mukul_S._Anand&diff=457792Mukul S. Anand2026-01-23T17:12:24Z<p>RamonTietjen8: added information additionally and cleaned formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian director and producer (1951–1997)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}<br />
{{infobox person<br />
|name = Mukul S. Anand<br />
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1951|10|11}}<br />
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1997|9|7|1951|10|11}}<br />
|birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]<br />
|death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]<br />
|occupation = film director<br />
|relatives = [[Inder Raj Anand]], [[Tinnu Anand]]<br />
|spouse = Anita<br />
|children = Mikhail, Alishka<br />
}}<br />
'''Mukul S. Anand''' (11 October 1951 – 7 September 1997) was an [[Indian film]] director and producer. He was the nephew of veteran film scriptwriter [[Inder Raj Anand]] and cousin of actor and director [[Tinnu Anand]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/culture-society/sands-of-time-part-24-mukul-anand-the-merchant-of-really-large-things-news-187687|title=Sands of Time - Part 24: Mukul Anand - The Merchant of Really Large Things|date=25 March 2022|last=Roychoudhury|first=Amborish|website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|access-date=3 January 2024|archive-date=4 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004084221/https://www.outlookindia.com/culture-society/sands-of-time-part-24-mukul-anand-the-merchant-of-really-large-things-news-187687|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/films/remembering-mukul-anand-gone-but-not-forgotten|title=Remembering Mukul Anand: Gone but not forgotten|first=Monojit|last=Lahiri|date=7 September 2020|work=[[National Herald]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103081943/https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/films/remembering-mukul-anand-gone-but-not-forgotten#bypass-sw|archive-date=3 January 2024|access-date=3 January 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Mukul S. Anand made his debut as a director with the suspense thriller ''Kanoon Kya Karega'' (1984), which was inspired by the Hollywood film ''[[Cape Fear (1962 film)|Cape Fear]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-29 |title=Director of 3 Amitabh Bachchan iconic films, once had to sell lampshades on roads for Rs 25 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/director-of-3-amitabh-bachchan-iconic-films-once-had-to-sell-lampshades-on-roads-for-rs-25/articleshow/124203048.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-01-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> His second film ''[[Aitbaar]]'' (1985) was inspired by [[Alfred Hitchcock]]'s classic ''[[Dial M for Murder]]''. The film that first gained him recognition was the [[epic film]] ''[[Sultanat (1986 film)|Sultanat]]'' (1986), which brought together real-life father and son [[Dharmendra]] and [[Sunny Deol]] for the first time and introduced actress [[Juhi Chawla]]. That same year Anand also directed the thriller ''[[Main Balwaan (1986 film)|Main Balwan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mukul Anand - Movies, Biography, News, Age & Photos |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/mukul-anand/in.bookmyshow.com/person/mukul-anand/5124 |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
<br />
His first box-office success was ''[[Insaaf (1987 film)|Insaaf]]'' (1987), the film responsible for "re-introducing" [[Vinod Khanna]] to films after a hiatus. Anand's next film, ''[[Maha-Sangram]]'' (1990), reunited him with Vinod Khanna.<br />
<br />
He finally hit the big league with the ''[[Scarface (1983 film)|Scarface]]''-inspired crime thriller ''[[Agneepath (1990 film)|Agneepath]]'' (1990) with [[Amitabh Bachchan]] in the lead role, which won Amitabh a [[National Award for Best Actor]]. He was reunited with Bachchan for the family drama ''[[Hum (film)|Hum]]'' (1991), which was a box-office success and featured the popular song "Jumma Chumma". He worked with Bachchan for the final time in the epic film ''[[Khuda Gawah]]'' (1992) which won him the [[Filmfare Best Director Award]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernandes |first=Sunil |date=2020-06-19 |title=#FRIDAYFIRSTSHOW: Amitabh Bachchan’s Mukul S Anand Trilogy Of Films; ‘Agneepath’, ‘Hum’, ‘Khuda Gawah’ [1990-1992] |url=https://theleaflet.in/miscellaneous/fridayfirstshow-amitabh-bachchans-mukul-s-anand-trilogy-of-films-agneepath-hum-khuda-gawah-1990-1992 |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=The Leaflet |language=en}}</ref> His last completed film, ''[[Trimurti (1995 film)|Trimurti]]'' (1995), which had a multi-star cast including [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Anil Kapoor]] and [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]], failed to do well at the box office. The film he was working on at the time of his death in 1997 was ''Dus'', which remained incomplete and unreleased, although the film's music did end up being released posthumously.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}}<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Inder Raj Anand who was a film scriptwriter from the late 1940s through to the late 1980s was Mukul Anand's uncle. Mukul's cousin is actor and director [[Tinnu Anand]]. Mukul was married to Anita and had two children named Alishka and Mikhail. They live in Mumbai.{{cn|date=January 2026}}<br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
Mukul died of a [[heart attack]] at the age of 45 on 7 September 1997. He was on location for action film ''Dus'' in [[Utah]]. The film began production in May 1997 and 40% of the shooting had been completed by August.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/sep/08muk.htm|title=A tribute to director Mukul Anand|website=[[Rediff.com]]|first=Suparn|last=Verma|author-link=Suparn Verma|date=8 September 1997|access-date=4 January 2024|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127054032/https://www.rediff.com/movies/sep/08muk.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 100%;"<br />
! Year<br />
! Film<br />
!width=65| Director <br />
!width=65| Producer<br />
!width=65| Writer<br />
! Notes <br />
|-<br />
| 1983<br />
|''Kanku Ni Kimat''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|Gujarati film<br />
|-<br />
| 1984<br />
|''Kanoon Kya Karega''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 1985<br />
|''[[Aitbaar]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 1986<br />
| ''[[Main Balwaan (1986 film)|Main Balwan]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1986<br />
|''[[Sultanat (1986 film)|Sultanat]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1987<br />
|''[[Insaaf (1987 film)|Insaaf]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1990<br />
|''[[Maha-Sangram]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1990<br />
|''[[Agneepath (1990 film)|Agneepath]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1991<br />
|''[[Hum (film)|Hum]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1991<br />
|''[[Khoon Ka Karz]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1992<br />
|''[[Khuda Gawah]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{partial|Screenplay}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1995<br />
|''[[Trimurti (1995 film)|Trimurti]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1996<br />
|''[[Army (1996 film)|Army]]''<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1997<br />
|''[[Prithvi (1997 film)|Prithvi]]''<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| Unreleased<br />
|''Dus''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/811905/action-films-might-have-been-different-had-the-sanjay-dutt-salman-khan-starrer-dus-been-completed|title=Action films might have been different had the Sanjay Dutt-Salman Khan starrer 'Dus' been completed|first=Manish|last=Gaekwad|date=18 July 2016|website=[[Scroll.in]]|access-date=3 January 2024|archive-date=28 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828180815/https://scroll.in/reel/811905/action-films-might-have-been-different-had-the-sanjay-dutt-salman-khan-starrer-dus-been-completed|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb name|0002172}}<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120317105655/http://www.mukulsananddreamsgalore.com/ Mukul S. Anand Official Site]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{FilmfareAwardBestDirector}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Anand, Mukul S.}}<br />
[[Category:Sainik School alumni]]<br />
[[Category:1951 births]]<br />
[[Category:1997 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dharam_Vir_Vasisht&diff=496678Dharam Vir Vasisht2026-01-05T19:31:04Z<p>RamonTietjen8: Creating New Entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]<br />
| term_start = 1977<br />
| term_end = 1980<br />
| constituency1 = [[Faridabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faridabad]]<br />
| predecessor1 = ''Constituency established''<br />
| party = [[Janata Party]]<br />
| successor = [[Tayyab Husain]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Dharam Vir Vasisht''' was an Indian politician and [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] in the [[16th Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha]], the lower house of [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faridabad Lok Sabha Election Result - Parliamentary Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/faridabad-lok-sabha |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> He won this seat in the [[1977 Indian general election]] as a [[Janata Party]] candidate from [[Haryana]]'s [[Faridabad Lok Sabha constituency|Faridabad constituency]], the first candidate to be elected from the newly established constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=ABP News |date=2019-05-23 |title=Faridabad Polls Election Live Updates: Get Faridabad LS Polls Minute by Minute Updates |url=https://news.abplive.com/election/faridabad-lok-sabha-result-2019-live-updates-faridabad-election-result-latest-news-faridabad-final-result-live-minute-by-minute-updates-996491 |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]<br />
<br />
{{Haryana-politician-stub}}<br />
{{JP-politician-stub}}</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaupal,_Himachal_Pradesh&diff=456657Chaupal, Himachal Pradesh2026-01-02T06:29:54Z<p>RamonTietjen8: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Chaupal<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Town<br />
| image_skyline = Bijat Maharaj Temple-Sarain-Chaupal-Himachal Pradesh-India.JPG<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = Bijat Maharaj Temple in Sarain village, Chaupal.<br />
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Himachal Pradesh, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|30.95|N|77.58|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Shimla district|Shimla]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| leader_title = BJP<br />
| leader_name = Balbir Singh Verma<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 8<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 2550<br />
| population_total = 7,886<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
| demographics1_title2 = Regional<br />
| demographics1_info2 = [[Mahasu Pahari]] (Bishashau)<ref>{{cite web| website=Literary Herald |title=Language and dialect of Himachal Pradesh |url=https://tlhjournal.com/uploads/products/35.shradha-shandil-article.pdf?utm_}}</ref><br />
| demographics1_title3 = <br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 171211<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = 01783<br />
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#HP.E2.80.94Himachal Pradesh|HP]]- 08, 08A, 08B, 08C<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Chaupal''' is a town and [[nagar panchayat]] (city council) in the [[Shimla district]] of the Indian state of [[Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
<br />
Chaupal is located approximately 100Km from the state capital, Shimla. <br />
<br />
Chopal is well known for its fruit production namely apple, pear, apricots, and cherry. <br />
<br />
Farming is main occupations of people here. <br />
<br />
Chopal is also popular for its culture and temples. <br />
<br />
Temples and followers of many Gods can be found here: <br />
<br />
* Shirgul Devta – most prominent deity his temples can be found everywhere in Chopa . He is considered as king of Gods.<br />
<br />
* Bijat Maharaj – His temple is located at Sarain. He is considered as richest God of Chopal and one of the richest in Himachal and Uttrakhand. His gold Palaquin speaks that for itself. People who visit his temple can see his ideals and he is only God to allow that. <br />
<br />
* Devta Rehatna Maharaj – Considered as Lord of Jakholi pargana and king of 4 koond (4 worrier families). His temples can be located mainly at 3 villages, namely – Thalog, Jabna, Phalauna. <br />
<br />
* Doom devta – Can also be found across Chopal and Himachal. Is brotherly deity to Rehatna Maharaj. <br />
<br />
Maa Kali temple at Duinder and Brijeshwari mata are also some temples found in Chopal.<br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
<br />
Chaupal is a [[Administrative subdivision|sub division]] (administrative division) of Shimla District. It is surrounded by hills and forests of [[Cedrus deodara|Deodars]]. It is also known for its densely covered areas of Himalayan Cedar trees in the town.<br />
<br />
This is one of the richest forest areas of Himachal. Devdar, kail, fir spruce and ban trees are in plenty in forests of Chaupal. Best quality Devdar trees in Asia are in Chaupal,{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} the timber extracted from these trees is very durable, have high strength, and is resistant to pests to some extent due to the presence of the extractives like cedar oil in the wood. The forest region of Chaupal is among the oldest Forest Department Divisions in the state; it is currently headed by [[Deputy Conservator of Forests|Divisional Forest Officer]] Ankit Kumar Singh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/city-and-states/20-thousand-liters-seedar-oil-recovered-at-chaupal?pageId=1|title=20 thousand liters seedar oil recovered at chaupal|work=[[Amar Ujala]]|accessdate=28 January 2018|date=1 February 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
<br />
According to the 2011 Indian [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Chaupal had a population of 7886 people. Of the population, 58% are male, and 42% are female. Chaupal has a literacy rate of 89.65%. The native language here is [[Mahasu Pahari language|Pahari]] but Hindi and English are also spoken.<br />
<br />
== Economy ==<br />
<br />
The region has high quality apples,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://npchopal.in/|title=Simla|work=npchopal.in}}</ref> which are exported internationally. Apple-growing areas in Chaupal include Pulbahal, Sari, Jaigarh, Tarapur (Nar), Chambi, Tharoch, Poran, Pauria, Bijmal, Peontra Valley, Bamta, Maraog, Rinjat, Khaddar, Matal, Chanju (Chopal), Kashah, Rushlah, Satota (Halau, Shalan) Dewat, Kakhrona, Shilikyan, Shantha, Sunarli, Maraog, Bigraoli, Jakholi (Jhina, Khathiyana ,Phaluna ,Nanhar) and Sarain.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Asia's Richest Villages|url = http://daily.indianroots.com/asias-richest-villages/|website = IndianRoots Daily (Blog)|accessdate = 2015-12-28|language = en-US|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160113001916/http://daily.indianroots.com/asias-richest-villages/|archive-date = 13 January 2016|url-status = dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Climate ==<br />
<br />
Chaupal has a cool and moderate climate. Between December and March, the town gets heavy snow and the temperature can hover around freezing point. During the summer, the climate is warmer with temperatures around thirty degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
* Temp in Winter:{{convert|-10|C|abbr=on}} to {{convert|18|C|abbr=on}}<br />
* Temp in Summer:{{convert|20|C|abbr=on}} to {{convert|32|C|abbr=on}}<br />
<br />
{{climate chart<br />
| Chaupal<br />
| -10.0|7.0|54.6<br />
| -2.0|9.0|47.2<br />
| 6.8|15.8|59.4<br />
| 11.1|20.4|41.1<br />
| 15.2|32.0|56.4<br />
| 16.6|32.0|175.6<br />
| 15.0|30.0|376.5<br />
| 14.8|22.2|335.1<br />
| 13.4|24.1|190.2<br />
| 10.7|19.7|46.2<br />
| 7.0|16.1|13.8<br />
| -5.0|5.0|16.0}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Shimla district]]<br />
[[Category:Tehsils of Himachal Pradesh]]</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pausha_Putrada_Ekadashi&diff=524911Pausha Putrada Ekadashi2025-12-30T09:07:34Z<p>RamonTietjen8: creating a info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Hindu observance}}<br />
{{Infobox holiday |<br />
|holiday_name= Putrada Ekadashi<br />
|image=<br />
|caption=<br />
|nickname= Pausha Putrada Ekadashi<br />
|observedby=[[Hindu]]s<br />
|date=Decided by the [[lunar calendar]]<br />
|observances=Prayers and religious rituals, including [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] to Vishnu<br />
|type=Hindu<br />
|significance= For having a son<br />
|date2016= 20 January<br />
|date2017= 29 December<ref>[http://ekadashivrat.com/ekadashi-calendar-ekadashi-dates/13/ Ekadashi Dates Calendar 2017]</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Putrada Ekadashi''' (lit. "ekadashi that is the giver of sons") is a [[Hindu festival|Hindu holy day]], which falls on the 11th lunar day ([[ekadashi]]) of the fortnight of the waxing moon in the [[Hindu month]] of [[Pausha]] (December–January). This day is also known as '''Pausha Putrada Ekadashi''', to differentiate it from the other [[Shravana Putrada Ekadashi|Putrada Ekadashi]] in [[Shraavana|Shravana]] (July–August), which is also called ''Shravana Putrada Ekadashi''.<ref name=drik>{{Cite web|url=http://www.drikpanchang.com/ekadashis/putrada/shravana-putrada-ekadashi-date-time.html|title= Shravana Putrada Ekadashi|access-date=17 November 2012|publisher=Drik Panchang .com}}</ref> Couples fast on this day and worship the god [[Vishnu]] for a good son.<ref name="Dwivedi2006">{{cite book|author=Dr. Bhojraj Dwivedi|year=2006|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|isbn=978-81-288-1239-2|page=172|title=Religious basis of Hindu beliefs}}</ref> This day is especially observed by [[Vaishnava]]s, followers of Vishnu. A son is considered entirely important in Hindu society as he takes care of the parents in their old age in life and by offering ''shraddha'' (ancestor rites) ensures well-being of his parents in the after-life. While each ekadashi is prescribed for certain goals, the goal of having sons is so great that two ''Putrada'' .("giver of sons") ekadashis are devoted to it. This year it will be observed on 5 th of August in 2025 and another ekadashi will be obsreved on 30th o December . Rest of the goals do not enjoy this privilege.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002">{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: Volume Two|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/540 540–1]|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/540}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last= Lochtefeld |first= James G.|title= The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&q=Putrada+Ekadashi&pg=PA227<br />
|access-date=16 November 2012|year=2002|publisher= ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781598842050|pages=218–9}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Legend==<br />
The ''[[Bhavishya Purana]]'' reveals the tale of Putrada Ekadashi narrated by Lord [[Krishna]] to king [[Yudhishthira]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-18|title=Shravana Putrada Ekadashi 2021 पर जानें पूर्ण मोक्ष प्राप्ति की सतभक्ति विधि|url=https://news.jagatgururampalji.org/shravana-putrada-ekadashi-in-hindi/|access-date=2021-08-18|website=S A NEWS|language=en-US}}</ref> Once, king of Bhadravati, Suketuman and his queen Shaibya were grieved by the absence of progeny. The couple as well as their dead ancestors were worried that without some one to offer ''[[Śrāddha|shraddha]]'', they will not be at peace and will become lost souls after death. Frustrated, the king left his kingdom and went to the forest unbeknownst to everyone. After wandering the forest for days, Suketuman reached the [[ashram]] of some sages on the bank of Lake [[Manasarovar]] on Putrada Ekadashi. The sages revealed that they were the ten divine [[Vishvadevas]]. They advised the king to observe the Putrada Ekadashi fast to attain a son. The king complied and returned to the kingdom. Soon, the king was blessed by a son, who grew up to become a heroic king.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080312093045/http://www.nchtuk.org/content.php?id=176 Putrada Ekadashi (Pausha-shukla Ekadashi)]}} by The National Council of Hindu Temples (UK).</ref><ref name=Iskon>{{cite web|title= Putrada Ekadasi |url=http://www.hknet.org.nz/ekadasi-4.htm|access-date=16 November 2012|publisher= ISKCON|year = 1986}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Practices==<br />
Women who long for a son fast and pray to Vishnu on Putrada Ekadashi. Couples also worship the deity for well-being for their children.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.poojanvidhi.com/putrada-ekadashi-vrat-katha.php#Processa |title=Poojan Vidhi |access-date=2012-11-20 |archive-date=2012-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102121457/http://www.poojanvidhi.com/putrada-ekadashi-vrat-katha.php#Processa |url-status=dead }}</ref> Grains, beans, cereals, and certain vegetables and spices are avoided on this day.<ref>{{cite book|last= Melton |first= J. Gordon |title= Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC&q=Putrada+Ekadashi&pg=PA722 |access-date=16 November 2012|year=2011|publisher= ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781598842050|page=722}}</ref><!-- The ref talks about the ekadashi in December-January i.e. Pausha, not Shravana --> This Pausha Putrada Ekadashi is more popular in North India, while other states give more importance to the Shravana one.<ref name=drik/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
<!--Please sort this into the correct calendar category, thank you.--><br />
<br />
[[Category:Ekadashi]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu holy days]]<br />
[[Category:January observances]]<br />
[[Category:December observances]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu festivals]]</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nigerians_in_India&diff=521894Nigerians in India2025-11-25T06:57:51Z<p>RamonTietjen8: creating entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox ethnic group<br />
| group = Nigerians in India<br />
| flag = {{flagicon|Nigeria}} {{flagicon|India}}<br />
| image = India Nigeria Locator.svg<br />
| caption = <br />
| population = 50,000<ref name="BBC">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-24903230|title=Why are Nigerians leaving India's Goa state?|work=BBC|date=18 November 2013|accessdate=20 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=":0">"[http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/01/more-than-500-nigerians-in-indian-jails/ ‘More than 500 Nigerians in Indian jails’]", ''Vanguard'', 11 January 2012.</ref><br />
| regions = [[New Delhi]]{{·}}[[Mumbai]]{{·}}[[Chennai]]{{·}}[[Bangalore]]{{·}}[[Kolkata]]{{·}}[[Jaipur]]{{·}} [[Kanpur]]{{·}}[[Hyderabad]]{{·}}[[Lucknow]]{{·}}[[Ranchi]]{{·}}[[Visakhapatnam]]{{·}}[[Raipur]]{{·}}[[Ahmedabad]]{{·}}[[Ludhiana]]{{·}}[[Patna]]{{·}}[[Bhubaneswar]]{{·}}[[Mysore]]{{·}}[[Faridabad]]<br />
| langs = [[Igbo language|Igbo]]{{·}}[[Nigerian English]]{{·}}Other [[languages of Nigeria]]{{·}}[[Languages of India|Indian languages]]<br />
| rels = [[Protestantism]], [[Roman Catholicism]] and [[Islam]]<br />
| related = [[Nigerian people]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Nigerians in India''' form one of the largest African communities in the country. As of November 2013, there were about 10,000 Nigerians living and working in india, and now as of 2024 there are around 50,000 Nigerians living and working in India. They live in cities such as [[New Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Chennai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Kanpur]], [[Hyderabad]] and [[Lucknow]] .<ref name="BBC"/><ref name=":0">"[http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/01/more-than-500-nigerians-in-indian-jails/ ‘More than 500 Nigerians in Indian jails’]", ''Vanguard'', 11 January 2012.</ref><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
It is estimated that there are more than 2,500 Nigerians living in [[Delhi]], 3,000 in [[Bangalore]], and with another 4,000 spread across the rest of the country. Neither the Indian police nor the Nigerian High Commission has details of the number of Nigerians currently residing in India.<ref>"[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20110627-prejudice-against-nigerians-and-others-of-african-origin-rising-in-india-746549-2011-06-17 Fall from Race]", ''India Today'', 18 June 2011.</ref> Many Nigerians are also found in several unauthorized colonies like [[Munirka]], [[Uttam Nagar]] and Mukherjee Nagar.<ref>"[http://www.sunday-guardian.com/young-restless/on-delhis-vilified-nigerian-migrants On Delhi’s vilified Nigerian migrants ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826105602/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/young-restless/on-delhis-vilified-nigerian-migrants |date=2016-08-26 }}", ''[[Sunday Guardian]]'', 16 October 2011.</ref><br />
<br />
==Inter-ethnic relations==<br />
Some Nigerians enter India illegally via Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/11/why-are-nigerians-illicitly-landing-in-indias-northeast-from-bangladesh/|title = Why Are Nigerians Illicitly Landing in India's Northeast from Bangladesh?}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/nigerians-held-in-meghalaya/cid/1704968|title=Nigerians held in Meghalaya}}</ref><br />
<br />
Many Nigerians associate themselves with crime mainly [[drug trafficking]] and <br />
[[financial fraud]]; around 500 Nigerians are held in various jails across India.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Organizations==<br />
The All India Nigerian Students and Community Association (AINSCA), a non-official arm of the Nigerian embassy helps members of the community living in India. It liaisons proactively with Delhi police to nab unscrupulous elements in the community.<ref>{{cite news|title=Being African in India: 'We are seen as demons'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/06/african-india-demons-160620101135164.html|accessdate=June 26, 2016|publisher=Aljazeera}}</ref> It also shields its members involved in illegal sex trafficking from repercussions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-50785861/imported-for-my-body-the-african-women-trafficked-to-india-for-sex|title = Imported for my body: Trafficked to India for sex|work = BBC News}}</ref> Eddie, the chairman of AINSCA was filmed by ''[[BBC Africa Eye]]'' as one of the traffickers.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|Nigeria|India}}<br />
* [[India–Nigeria relations]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Immigration to India}}<br />
{{Nigerian diaspora}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Nigerian diaspora in Asia|India]]<br />
[[Category:Nigerian expatriates in India| ]]<br />
[[Category:Diasporas in India]]<br />
[[Category:Igbo diaspora]]<br />
[[Category:Indian people of Nigerian descent| ]]</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Tranquebar_(1699)&diff=535768Siege of Tranquebar (1699)2025-10-26T08:23:18Z<p>RamonTietjen8: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|1699 siege of a European colony in India}}<br />
{{About|This page is about the siege of Tranquebar in 1699|other uses|Siege of Dansborg (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox military conflict<br />
| conflict = Siege of Tranquebar<br />
| place = [[Tranquebar]], [[Danish India]]<br />(present-day [[India]])<br />
| image = Tranquebar Map 1798.png<br />
| caption = Map of fortified Tranquebar drawn by Governor [[Peter Anker]], 1798<br />
| date = 1699<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|11|1|45|N|79|50|58|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| result = Anglo-Danish victory<br />
| territory = Thanjavurian army retreats from Tranquebar<br />
| combatant1 = {{Flag|Danish India}}<br />{{flagicon image|British East India Company flag.svg|23px}} [[East India Company|English India]]<br />
| combatant2 = [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Thanjavur Maratha]]<br />'''Supported by:'''<br />{{Flagicon|VOC}} [[Dutch India]]{{Sfn|Anson|1745|p=13}}<br />
| commander1 = {{Flagicon|Danish India}} [[Claus Vogdt]]<br />{{flagicon image|British East India Company flag.svg|23px}} [[Thomas Pitt]]<br />{{flagicon image|British East India Company flag.svg|23px}} {{abbr|Unk.|Unknown}} captain{{WIA}}<br />
| image_size = 300<br />
| commander2 = [[Shahuji I]]<br />
| units2 = Whole army<br />
| units1 = {{Flagicon|Danish India}} Dansborg garrison<br />{{flagicon image|British East India Company flag.svg|23px}} English relief force<br />
| strength1 = +200 men<br />
| strength2 = 20,000–30,000 men<br />
| casualties1 = <66 <small>(during sortie)</small>{{Sfn|Salmon|1759|p=200}}<br />
| casualties2 = Heavy<br />
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Danish colonial conflicts}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''siege of Tranquebar''' ({{Langx|da|Belejringen af Tranquebar}}) was a siege of the [[Danish colony]] of [[Tranquebar]] by [[Shahuji I]] of the [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom]] in 1699. Despite the dire situation of the besieged Danes, the [[Madras Presidency|English at Madras]] came to relieve the Danes, and the Thanjavurians would eventually retreat.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
[[Tranquebar]] as a [[Danish colony]] was established in 1620, as a result of [[Tranquebar Treaty of 1620|a treaty]] between [[Christian IV of Denmark]] and [[Raghunatha Nayak|Raghunatha Nayak of Thanjavur]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Navneforskning |first=Afdeling for |date=2021-05-03 |title=Tranquebar – Danmarks første tropekoloni og dens navne |url=https://navn.ku.dk/maanedens_navn/tranquebar/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=navn.ku.dk |language=da}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-28 |title=Christian IV drømte om guld og krydderier fra Indien: Sådan blev Tranquebar en dansk koloni |url=https://videnskab.dk/kultur-samfund/christian-iv-droemte-om-guld-og-krydderier-fra-indien-saadan-blev-tranquebar-en-dansk-koloni/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=videnskab.dk |language=da-DK}}</ref> One of the stipulations of the treaty obligated the Danes to give an annual tribute to the Thanjavurian Nayak,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Traktaten og rejsen - www.foreningen-trankebar.dk |url=http://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/145955965 |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=123hjemmeside.dk |language=da-DK}}</ref> however, because of the nearly constant dire situation of the [[Danish East India Company]], the Danes could frequently not pay off the tribute. This would lead to a series of conflicts between the aforementioned two, and [[Fort Dansborg]] was at risk of conquest numerous times.{{Efn|See [[Siege of Dansborg (1624)]], [[Siege of Dansborg (1644)]] and [[Sieges of Tranquebar (1655–1669)]]}}<br />
<br />
In 1699, the Danes were again on bad terms with the Indian Nayak, and the Nayak sought to resolve this by ousting the Danes from Tranquebar.{{Sfn|Milburn|1813|p=367}}<br />
<br />
== Siege ==<br />
The Nayak's forces numbered between 20 and 30,000 men,{{Sfn|Salmon|1759|p=199}}{{Sfn|Milburn|1813|p=367}}{{Sfn|Buckingham|1829|p=375}} 1,000 of which were [[cavalry]],{{Sfn|Salmon|1759|p=199}} and is said to have consisted of the Nayak's whole force.{{Sfn|Anson|1745|p=13}} The Indians began digging entrenchments a mile from the town,{{Sfn|Salmon|1759|p=199}} and with hard labour they brought their trenches a mile down and were within pistol-shot from the walls.{{Sfn|Buckingham|1829|p=375}}{{Sfn|Milburn|1813|p=367}}{{Sfn|Salmon|1759|p=199}} Concurrently, the Indians had shelled Tranquebar, in which they nearly demolished one of the [[bastion]]s, and were thus ready to launch an assault on the town.{{Sfn|Salmon|1759|p=199}} This was when the Danish governor,{{Sfn|Salmon|1759|p=199}} [[Claus Vogdt]], would ask the [[Madras Presidency|English at Madras]] for assistance,{{Sfn|Milburn|1813|p=367}} which was readily granted, and English forces was subsequently sent.{{Sfn|Milburn|1813|p=367}}{{Sfn|Buckingham|1829|p=375}}<br />
<br />
The Danish morale by now was low, and they considered retreating from the town into [[Fort Dansborg]].{{Sfn|Salmon|1759|p=199}} However, at this critical moment, English reinforcements arrived and a sortie by 200 Black men was immediately carried out.{{Sfn|Buckingham|1829|p=375}}{{Sfn|Salmon|1759|p=199}} Despite initial difficulties, the sorties were successful, and the Indian army retreated from its trenches.{{Sfn|Salmon|1759|p=|pp=199–200}}<br />
<br />
== Aftermath ==<br />
Subsequently, the Danes and Thanjavurians concluded a treaty about six months after the arrival of English reinforcements.{{Sfn|Salmon|1759|p=200}} Notably, the [[Mughal Emperor]] never intermeddled in the matter, despite the [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom]] being his tributary.{{Sfn|Salmon|1759|p=200}} Tranquebar would endure another siege by the Nayak in 1718, however, he would be unable to make any impression,{{Sfn|Buckingham|1829|p=375|pp=}}{{Sfn|Milburn|1813|p=367}} and Tranquebar would subsequently never be disturbed by the Nayak again.{{Sfn|Buckingham|1829|pp=375–376}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* {{Annotated link|Siege of Madras}}<br />
* {{Annotated link|British occupation of Serampore (1763)}}<br />
* {{Annotated link|Peter Anker}}<br />
* {{Annotated link|Conquest of Koneswaram Temple}}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Note list}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Works cited ==<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Milburn |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ee84AQAAMAAJ&dq=Tranquebar+siege+%221699%22&pg=PA367 |title=Oriental Commerce |publisher=author and published |year=1813 |language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Anson |first=George baron |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yQEIAAAAQAAJ&dq=Tranquebar+siege+%221699%22&pg=RA1-PA13 |title=A voyage to the South-seas, and to many other parts of the world, from 1740 to 1744, by an officer of the fleet [R. Walter, revised by B. Robins]. |publisher=Oxford University |year=1745 |language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Salmon |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbM-AAAAcAAJ&dq=Tranquebar+siege+%221699%22&pg=PA199 |title=The Universal Traveller Or a Compleat Description of the Several Foreign Nations of the World |publisher=Richard Baldwin at the Rose in Pater-Noster-Row |year=1759 |language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Buckingham |first=James Silk |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DfQaAAAAYAAJ&dq=tranquebar+siege+%221699%22&pg=PA375 |title=The Oriental Herald |year=1829 |language=en}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tranquebar 1699}}<br />
[[Category:1699 in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:1699 in Denmark]]<br />
[[Category:Tranquebar]]<br />
[[Category:Sieges involving Denmark–Norway]]<br />
[[Category:Conflicts in 1699]]<br />
[[Category:1690s in Danish India]]<br />
[[Category:1690s in India]]<br />
[[Category:17th century in Danish India]]<br />
[[Category:Battles involving the Danish East India Company]]<br />
[[Category:Sieges involving the British East India Company]]<br />
[[Category:Sieges involving the Maratha Empire]]<br />
[[Category:Thanjavur Maratha kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Battles involving the Dutch East India Company]]<br />
[[Category:Sieges involving the Dutch Republic]]<br />
[[Category:Attacks on military installations in India]]<br />
[[Category:Bombing operations and battles]]</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_symbols_of_Uzbekistan&diff=457841National symbols of Uzbekistan2025-10-02T00:55:14Z<p>RamonTietjen8: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{Unreferenced|date=May 2019|bot=noref (GreenC bot)}}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Title<br />
!Symbol<br />
!Image <br />
|-<br />
|[[National flag]]<br />
|[[Flag of Uzbekistan]]<br />
|[[File:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg|frameless]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[National emblem]]<br />
|[[Emblem of Uzbekistan]]<br />
|[[File:Emblem of Uzbekistan.svg|frameless]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[National anthem]]<br />
|[[State Anthem of Uzbekistan]]<br />
|[[File:Uzbek Anthem Music Sheet.InstrumentalSimple.svg|frameless]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Father of the Nation]]<br />
|[[Timur|Emir Timur]]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|[[National animal]]<br />
|[[Sand cat]]<br />
|[[File:Sandkat1 (Felis margarita).jpg|frameless]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[National bird]]<br />
|[[Huma Bird]]<br />
|[[File:Balzende Weißstörche Nordbaden 2013.JPG|frameless]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[National dog]]<br />
|[[Central Asian Shepherd Dog]]<br />
|[[File:2.CAO in Hungary.jpg|frameless]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[National flower]]<br />
|[[Tulip]]<br />
|[[File:צבעונים.JPG|frameless]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[National tree]]<br />
|[[Platanus orientalis|Chinar]]<br />
|[[File:ID 458 Platane Detail.JPG|frameless]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[National fruit]]<br />
|[[Pomegranate]]<br />
|[[File:Pomegranate fruit - whole and piece with arils.jpg|frameless]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[National sport]]<br />
|[[Kurash]]<br />
|[[File:Stamps of Uzbekistan, 2002-25.jpg|frameless]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[National dance]]<br />
|[[:ru:Лазги|Lazgi]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[National instrument (music)|National instrument]]<br />
|[[Dutar]] and [[Daf|doyra]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[National poet]]<br />
|[[Alisher Navai]]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|[[National dish]]<br />
|[[Pilaf|Osh palov]]<br />
|[[File:Samarkand Zigir-pilaf.jpg|frameless]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{Asia topic|National symbols of}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:National symbols of Uzbekistan| ]]</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhadbhut_barrage&diff=460128Bhadbhut barrage2025-09-15T08:39:18Z<p>RamonTietjen8: typo fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox dam<br />
| name = Bhadbhut barrage<br />
| name_official = <br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| location_map = India Gujarat<br />
| location_map_size = <br />
| location_map_caption = Bhadbhut dam<br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
| mapframe-marker = dam <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|21.657345948098033|N|72.7939161852691|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| location =Bhadbhut, [[Bharuch district]], [[Gujarat]]<br />
| purpose = Irrigation, water supply, seawater ingress protection, flood protection<br />
| status = u<br />
| construction_began = {{start date|2020|8|7|df=y}}<br />
| opening = <br />
| demolished = <br />
| cost = {{INRconvert|4167.7|c}}<br />
| owner = [[Government of Gujarat]]<br />
| dam_type = [[Barrage (dam)|Barrage]]<br />
| dam_height = <br />
| dam_height_thalweg =<br />
| dam_height_foundation= <!---{{convert|0|m|ft|lk=in|sigfig=2}}---><br />
| dam_length = {{convert|1.663|km|mi|lk=in|sigfig=2}}<br />
| dam_width_crest = {{convert|27|m|ft|lk=in|sigfig=2}}<br />
| dam_width_base = <br />
| dam_volume = <br />
| dam_elevation_crest =<br />
| dam_crosses = [[Narmada River]]<br />
| spillway_count = <br />
| spillway_type = <br />
| spillway_capacity = <br />
| res_name = <br />
| res_capacity_total = 599 [[million cubic metre|MCM]]<br />
| res_capacity_active =<br />
| res_capacity_inactive=<br />
| res_catchment = {{convert|96650|km2|acre|lk=in|sigfig=2}}<br />
| res_surface = <br />
| res_elevation =<br />
| res_max_depth = {{convert|7.5|m|ft|lk=in|sigfig=2}}<br />
| res_max_length = {{convert|47|km|mi|lk=in|sigfig=2}}<br />
| res_max_width = {{convert|1600|m|ft|lk=in|sigfig=2}}<br />
| plant_hydraulic_head = <br />
| res_tidal_range = <br />
| plant_operator = <br />
| plant_commission = <br />
| plant_decommission = <br />
| plant_type = <br />
| plant_turbines = <br />
| plant_capacity = <br />
| plant_annual_gen = <br />
| website = <br />
| extra = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Bhadbhut barrage''' or '''Bhadbhut dam''' is an under-construction [[Barrage (dam)|barrage]] on the [[Narmada River]] near Bhadbhut village in [[Bharuch district]], [[Gujarat]], India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-10-20|title=Reservoir upstream Narmada: 131 hectares to be acquired for Bhadbhut barrage project|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/reservoir-upstream-narmada-131-hectares-to-be-acquired-for-bhadbhut-barrage-project-6795279/|access-date=2021-06-12|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The construction started on 7 August 2020 and will be completed by July 2027.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The tender for the construction of the barrage and associated works was opened in June 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-06-02|title=Gujarat govt invites tenders for construction of Bhadbhut barrage|url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2018/06/02/gujarat-govt-invites-tenders-for-construction-of-bhadbhut-barrage/|access-date=2021-06-16|website=DeshGujarat|language=en-US}}</ref> A joint venture of [[Dilip Buildcon]] and [[Hindustan Construction Company|HCC]] was awarded the design and construction contract in July 2020. The barrage will cost {{INRconvert|4167.7|c}}. The project period is 48 months.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="CWO">{{cite web|url=https://www.constructionweekonline.in/projects-tenders/14395-dbl-hcc-jv-wins-rs-4167-crore-bhadbhut-barrage-project|title=DBL-HCC JV wins Rs 4,167 crore Bhadbhut Barrage project|date=2020-07-23|publisher=Construction Week Online}}</ref> <br />
<br />
On 7 August 2020, [[Chief Minister of Gujarat]] [[Vijay Rupani]] flagged off the construction.<ref name="OI">{{Cite web|date=2020-08-07|title=Guj CM kicks off construction of Bhadbhut barrage project|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/guj-cm-kicks-off-construction-of-bhadbhut-barrage-project/1911143|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-15|website=Outlook India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616043103/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/guj-cm-kicks-off-construction-of-bhadbhut-barrage-project/1911143 |archive-date=2021-06-16 }}</ref> The Government of Gujarat had approved {{INRconvert|5322.19|c}} for the project.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2024-03-14 |title=1,489 crore used on Kalpasar project in three years: Govt |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/rs-1489-crore-spent-on-bhadbhut-barrage-project-in-the-past-three-years-govt/articleshow/108476749.cms |access-date=2024-05-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The Phase I of the project is expected to be completed in June 2026 and the Phase II in July 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=2025-03-29 |title=Bhadbhut Barrage Project to Complete in June 2027; Gujarat CM briefed during review visit |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2025/03/29/bhadbhut-barrage-project-to-complete-in-june-2027-gujarat-cm-briefed-during-review-visit/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Features ==<br />
The project is a part of the envisaged [[Kalpasar Project]]. The project is tendered by the Narmada Water Resources, Water Supply and Kalpsar Department of the [[Government of Gujarat]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-08-07 |title=Works on Bhadbhut barrage project kick off |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2020/08/07/works-on-bhadbhut-barrage-kick-off/ |access-date=2021-06-16 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
The barrage will be constructed 25&nbsp;km upstream of the [[river mouth]] where it enters the [[Gulf of Khambhat]] in the [[Arabian Sea]] and 125&nbsp;km downstream of the [[Sardar Sarovar Dam|Sardar Sarovar dam]]. A 1.663&nbsp;km long causeway-cum-weir barrage will be constructed. It will form a reservoir holding 599 [[Million cubic metre|MCM]] of fresh water. <br />
<br />
The barrage will have 90 gates.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="CWO" /><ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://kalpasar.gujarat.gov.in/sites/default/files/bhadbhut-presentation-english.ppt|title=Bhadbhut Barrage|publisher=Department of Kalpasar, Government of Gujarat|format=PPT}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A six-lane bridge will also be constructed on the barrage which will connect Dahej and Hazira with a reduced distance of 18&nbsp;km.<ref name="OI" /><ref name=":1" /> A total of {{convert|131.53|ha|acre}} of land in 14 villages will be acquired to build the flood protection embankment on both banks of the river. The north and south bank embankments were 14&nbsp;km-long and 4 metres high while the south bank embankment will be 27&nbsp;km-long and 8 metres high.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhadbhut barrage project in Gujarat to take up 131 hectares village land|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/ahmedabad/article/bhadbhut-barrage-project-in-gujarat-to-take-up-131-hectares-village-land/670488|access-date=2021-06-16|website=www.timesnownews.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
The barrage will provide fresh water for drinking, agriculture and industries in the region as well as stop the ingress of seawater. It will also have a separate channel for fishing activities.<ref name="OI" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
Some local fishermen opposed the project citing that the fish population will decrease due to the barrage.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |last3= |first3= |date=2016-08-25 |title=Fishermen oppose Bhadbhut barrage project |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/fishermen-oppose-bhadbhut-barrage-project/articleshow/53852437.cms |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=The Times of India |language=}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{youTube|Valf2--5G6E}}<br />
<br />
{{Narmada basin}}<br />
{{Hydrography of Gujarat}}<br />
{{Dams and reservoirs in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Bharuch district]]<br />
[[Category:Dams in Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Gravity dams]]<br />
[[Category:Dams on the Narmada River]]<br />
[[Category:Barrages in India]]</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ismailpur,_Mainpuri&diff=504813Ismailpur, Mainpuri2025-08-21T01:14:30Z<p>RamonTietjen8: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}<br />
{{other uses|Ismailpur}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Ismailpur<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| image_map = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|27.12448|N|78.8336|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = [[India]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Karhal]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/><br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 1.231<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 603<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/><br />
| demographics_type1 = <br />
| demographics1_title1 = <br />
| demographics1_info1 = <br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Ismailpur''' ({{IAST|Ismāīlpur}}) is a village in [[Barnahal]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], Uttar Pradesh, India. As of 2011, it had a population of 603, in 115 households.<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
As of 2011, Ismailpur had a population of 603, in 115 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|124}} This population was 53.6% male (323) and 46.4% female (280).<!-- Census 2011 B, p. 100 --> The 0-6 age group numbered 98 (51 male and 47 female), or 16.3% of the total population.<!-- Census 2011 B, p. 100 --> 71 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 11.8% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|100–1}}<br />
<br />
The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Ismailpur as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 243 people (137 male and 106 female), in 56 households and 36 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 309 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|lii}}<br />
<br />
== Infrastructure ==<br />
As of 2011, Ismailpur had 1 primary school; it did not have any kind of healthcare facility.<!-- Census 2011 A, p. 124-5 --> Drinking water was provided by hand pump and tube well; there were no public toilets.<!-- Census 2011 A, p. 126 --> The village had a post office, as well as at least some access to electricity for all purposes.<!-- Census 2011 A, p. 127, 9 --> There was no public library.<!-- Census 2011 A, p. 129 --> Streets were made of a mix of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<!-- Census 2011 A, p. 128 --><ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|124–9}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Mainpuri district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chamaraja_Road,_Vadodara&diff=493227Chamaraja Road, Vadodara2025-07-09T13:50:02Z<p>RamonTietjen8: Creating Post</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Road in Vadodara, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{coord|22.295400716675953|N|73.19603816874006|E|display=title}}<br />
[[File:Maharaja Cham Rajendra Vadiyar Marg - Vadodara - Gujarat - DSC0001.jpg|thumb|Plaque of "Maharaja Cham Rajendra Wadiyar Marg", Vadodara]]<br />
'''Chamaraja Road''', also known as '''Chamaraja Wodayar Road''' is a road in [[Vadodara]], [[India]]. It runs east from [[Lakshmi Vilas Palace, Vadodara|Lakshmi Vilas Palace]] at one end to Bhagat Singh Chowk at the other. Known as '''Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati Rajmarg''' (since 13 May 2015) or '''Rajmahal Road''' in the past, the road was renamed back to Chamaraja Road in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 20, 2017|title=Rajmahal Road to be renamed Chamaraja Road|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/rajmahal-road-to-be-renamed-chamaraja-road/articleshow/58269464.cms|access-date=2022-01-18|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-02 |title=Mysore's vanishing heritage |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/archives/mysore-city-herald/mysores-vanishing-heritage-224246.html |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 23, 2012 |first=Sachin|last=Sharma|title=Road named after Sayajirao being spruced up in Mysore|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/road-named-after-sayajirao-being-spruced-up-in-mysore/articleshow/12374224.cms |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
This road was named after [[Chamaraja Wodayar X|Chamaraja Wodayar]] by [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III|Sayajirao Gaekwad]] in 1888. Both then Yuvarajas were very good friends and Sayajirao Gaekwad named the road leading to the Palace through Gate-2 as Chamaraja Road. Similarly a road bordering [[Mysore Palace]] on east direction was named [[Sayajirao Road]] when Sayajirao Gaekwad visited [[Mysore]] in late 1893. During his visit, Sayajirao Gaekwad was inspired by the huge collection of rare manuscripts in [[Oriental Research Institute Mysore|Oriental Research Institute, Mysore]] and started a new [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda#Oriental Institute|Oriental Institute]] in [[Vadodara]] on 1 September 1927 in Central Library and later shifted to a dedicated campus near Palace. Now the [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda#Oriental Institute|Institute]] is affiliated to [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]].<ref>{{cite news|date=6 October 2010|title=Oriental Institute's journey to glory|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-06/vadodara/28272002_1_manuscript-ayodhya-verdict-saryu|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103175743/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-06/vadodara/28272002_1_manuscript-ayodhya-verdict-saryu|archive-date=3 November 2012}}</ref> Another similarity between these stalwarts is both of them were adopted from Maharajas and went on to become the rulers of their Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news|date=28 December 2009|title=A bit of Baroda in Mysore: Road in Sayajirao's name main market|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-28/vadodara/28106383_1_maharaja-ranjitsinh-gaekwad-erstwhile-baroda-state-oriental-institute|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103182251/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-28/vadodara/28106383_1_maharaja-ranjitsinh-gaekwad-erstwhile-baroda-state-oriental-institute|archive-date=3 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=December 28, 2009|first=Prashant|last=Rupera |title=A bit of Baroda in Mysore: Road in Sayajirao's name main market|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/a-bit-of-baroda-in-mysore-road-in-sayajiraos-name-main-market/articleshow/5389215.cms|access-date=2022-01-18|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Chamaraja Road is also one of the busiest roads in the city and is lined on one side with retail stores, food outlets, restaurants and many more. It has many office buildings, shops and markets. It is also a home to many buildings and banks. [[Khanderao Market]], which hosts the office of [[Vadodara Municipal Corporation]] and famous landmark in the city [[Kirti Stambh, Vadodara|Kirti Stambh]] are located in this Road.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 13, 2015|first=Sachin|last=Sharma|title=Memory of Sayajis friend erased from {{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|citys}} face|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/memory-of-sayajis-friend-erased-from-citys-face/articleshow/47259736.cms|access-date=2022-01-18|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
{{Vadodara topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Shopping districts and streets in India]]<br />
[[Category:Vadodara]]<br />
[[Category:Baroda State]]<br />
[[Category:Retail markets in India]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Vadodara-geo-stub}}</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sakhi_(disambiguation)&diff=549719Sakhi (disambiguation)2025-07-04T11:37:38Z<p>RamonTietjen8: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{wikt|सखी}}<br />
A '''[[Sakhi]]''' is a historical account of Sikhism.<br />
<br />
'''Sakhi''' may also refer to:<br />
* [[Sakhi, Iran]], a village in Khuzestan Province<br />
* [[Sakhi, Nepal]], a village<br />
* [[Sakhi for South Asian Women]], an anti-domestic violence organization<br />
* [[Sakhi Dad Mujahid]], former Deputy Defence Minister of Afghanistan under Taliban rule<br />
* [[Sakhi (Meshrano Jirga representative)]], Afghan politician<br />
* [[Sakhi (2008 film)|''Sakhi'' (2008 film)]], an Indian Marathi-language film<br />
* [[Sakhi (2023 film)]], an Indian Telugu-language film<br />
* [[Sakhi (TV series)|''Sakhi'' (TV series)]], an Indian TV series on Colors Marathi<br />
* [[Sakhi (magazine)|''Sakhi'' (magazine)]], an Indian fortnightly women's interest magazine published in the Kannada-language<br />
* ''[[Alai Payuthey]]'', a 2000 Indian Tamil-language film, dubbed into Telugu with the title ''Sakhi''<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* ''[[Sakhiya]]'', a 2004 Indian film<br />
* [[Gopi]], a historical account in Hinduism<br />
* [[Sakha (disambiguation)]]<br />
* [[Sakhavu (disambiguation)]]<br />
<br />
{{dab|geo}}</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thakur_Devi_Singh&diff=540177Thakur Devi Singh2025-05-25T13:55:00Z<p>RamonTietjen8: starting a bio</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br />
'''Thakur Devi Singh''' (born c. 1922 - died 1989)<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Shiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOglAAAAMAAJ |title=Non-Congressism is Reborn: 1989-90 Polls and Parties |date=1990 |publisher=Election Archives |isbn=978-81-7051-075-8 |language=en}}</ref> was a politician from [[Himachal Pradesh]], India. He was among the early major political figures from the [[Scheduled Tribes]] of Himachal Pradesh. <br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Singh belonged to the Lahaul valley in the present-day [[Lahaul and Spiti district]] of Himachal Pradesh. He was born in Lahaul while Lahaul was still a part of the [[Kangra district]] of the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] of British India. His father was Seth Tenzin, who owned 500 goats and sheep.<ref name=":2" /> He went to Government School Katrain (in the [[Kullu Valley|Kullu valley]]) for his schooling, where in 1935, he first met Shiv Chand Thakur, also from Lahaul. Thereafter, both went to the Government High School in [[Kullu]]. <br />
<br />
In 1944, Thakur Devi Singh and Thakur Shiv Chand became the first two graduates ever from Lahaul, when they completed their BA degrees from the [[D.A.V. College, Lahore|DAV College]], Lahore. Singh was active in the Indian Independence movement. The two closely collaborated over their careers in helping bring development to Lahaul and Spiti district - the former as a politician and the latter as an officer of the Himachal Administrative Service (H.A.S.).<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Thakur |first=Shiv Chand |title=Kullu, Lahul-Spiti evam Leh-Ladakh - atmakatha, yatra sansmaran, itihaas, evam vikas |publisher=Gurukul Bahumukhi Shiksha Sansthan |year=2020 |location=Kullu |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Ajai |date=2004 |title=Development and Social Mobility among the Lahulis of Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23620403 |journal=Sociological Bulletin |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=222–237 |doi=10.1177/0038022920040204 |jstor=23620403 |s2cid=157512165 |issn=0038-0229|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tribune News Service |date=8 September 2022 |title=Tribal heroes' contribution to freedom struggle laudable: Himachal Pradesh CM |work=The Tribune |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/tribal-heroes-contribution-to-freedom-struggle-laudable-himachal-pradesh-cm-429616}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
[[File:Thakur Devi Singh Bridge Downstream Chandra Tandi Lahaul Oct22 A7C 03354.jpg|thumb|383x383px|The 'Thakur Devi Singh Bridge' at Tandi, Lahaul. ]]<br />
In 1948, during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948|Indo-Pakistan War of 1947-48]], Thakur Devi Singh, Thakur Nihal Chand, and Shiv Chand Thakur from Lahaul were instrumental in persuading and facilitating the [[Indian Army|Indian army]] to route its supplies to [[Ladakh]] - then under attack from Pakistani forces - through Lahaul, via the [[Rohtang Pass|Rohtang]] and [[Bara-lacha la|Baralacha]] passes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rana |first=J. P. Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7obxhDgyDf4C&dq=thakur+devi+singh+lahaul&pg=PA29 |title=Himalayan Heritage |date=1997 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7533-026-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shabab |first=Dilaram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8uPDwAAQBAJ&q=dilaram+shabab |title=Kullu: The Valley of Gods |date=2019-02-26 |publisher=Hay House, Inc |isbn=978-93-86832-92-4 |pages=64 |language=en}}</ref> Thakur Devi Singh and Thakur Shiv Chand Thakur played key roles in the struggle that led to the Lahaul and Spiti district the status of a tribal area in 1952.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-30 |title=Rohtang Tunnel – Remember the Workers who Built it |url=https://www.newsclick.in/rohtang-tunnel-remember-workers-who-built-it |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=NewsClick |language=en}}</ref> In the 1960s, Singh served as the Block Development Officer of Lahaul. In this period, he worked with the [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer K.S. Bains in introducing disease-free seed potatoes to Lahaul.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Chauhan |first=Kuldeep |date=22 August 2005 |title=Lahaulis remember the 'potato man' |work=The Tribune |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050823/himachal.htm}}</ref> <br />
<br />
== Politics ==<br />
In the 1967 [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] elections, Singh had contested and won the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] seat for the [[Lahaul and Spiti Assembly constituency|Lahaul and Spiti assembly constituency]] as an independent candidate. In 1972, he contested this seat on a [[Lok Raj Party Himachal Pradesh|Lok Raj Party]] ticket, and lost to [[Lata Thakur]]. He won this seat in the 1977 elections on a [[Janata Party]] ticket, and in 1982 and 1985 on [[Indian National Congress]] tickets.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RR4c8iuY__MC&dq=thakur+devi+singh+lahaul&pg=RA3-PA26 |title=Socialist India |date=1972 |publisher=Indian National Congress. All India Congress Committee. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Winner summary over elections for Lahaul |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/www.indiavotes.com/ac/search?acname=Lahaul |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> <br />
<br />
During the first term of the Janata Party leader [[Shanta Kumar]] as the Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh (1977-1980), Singh was appointed as a cabinet minister, and came to hold the post of forest minister.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=T. R. |date=1987 |title=Observations on Himachal Politics |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41855333 |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=494–505 |jstor=41855333 |issn=0019-5510}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcQxAQAAIAAJ&q=Devi+Singh+Lahaul |title=Link: Indian Newsmagazine |date=1979 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Electoral performance ==<br />
{{trim|{{#section-h:Lahaul and Spiti Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 1985}}}}<br />
{{trim|{{#section-h:Lahaul and Spiti Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 1982}}}}<br />
{{trim|{{#section-h:Lahaul and Spiti Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 1977}}}}<br />
{{trim|{{#section-h:Lahaul and Spiti Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 1972}}}}<br />
{{trim|{{#section-h:Lahaul and Spiti Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 1967}}}}<br />
<br />
== Memorials ==<br />
<br />
* The district library of the Lahaul and Spiti district in the district headquarters at [[Kyelang|Keylong]] is named 'Thakur Devi Singh Memorial District Library'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thakur Devi Singh Memorial District Library, Keylong |url=http://www.punlib.net/hp/hppls/keylong.html |website=Punlib.net}}</ref> <br />
* The bridge over the [[Chenab River|Chandra River]] at Tandi in Lahaul is named 'Thakur Devi Singh Bridge'.{{fact|date=August 2024}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Thakur Devi}}<br />
[[Category:People from Lahaul and Spiti district]]<br />
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 1967–1972]]<br />
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 1977–1982]]<br />
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 1982–1985]]<br />
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 1985–1990]]</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parpodi&diff=524553Parpodi2025-03-06T18:57:36Z<p>RamonTietjen8: creating a article</p>
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<div>{{Orphan|date=October 2019}}<br />
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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Parpodi <br />
| other_name = Raja Parpodi<br />
| nickname = Parpodi <br />
| settlement_type = Town <br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Chhattisgarh#India <br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Chhattisgarh, India <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|21.35|N|81.12|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country <br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} <br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]] <br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Chhattisgarh]] <br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]] <br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bemetara]] <br />
| established_title = <!-- loksabha --> <br />
| established_date = 23/05/2013<br />
| government_type = Local Government <br />
| governing_body = nagar panchayat<br />
| leader_title = [[President (government title)#Sub-national|President]] <br />
| leader_name = Shri Dileep Jain <br />
| unit_pref = Metric <br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 290 <br />
| population_total = 6000 <br />
| population_as_of = 2011 <br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto <br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages <br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official <br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]] <br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] <br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30 <br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] <br />
| postal_code = 491331 <br />
| registration_plate = CG 25 <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}} <br />
"Parpodi," also known as "Raja Parpodi," is a town and a [[Nagar Panchayat]] in the [[Bemetara district]] of [[Chhattisgarh]], [[India]].<ref>[http://durg.gov.in/Document_BPL.html Durg (C.G.)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><br />
The town is situated in the district of [[Bemetara]] in the state of [[Chhattisgarh]], [[India]]. It has a small population and has been declared a "Nagar Panchayat" of the [[Bemetara district]].<br />
<br />
Situated along the Durg-Kabirdham road, the town is easily accessible by road from the city of Bemetara /Durg/Raipur, which was the ancient citadel of the [[Gondwana]] dynasty, is known for being a historical, religious, and cultural venue. According to popular legend, the name of the town was given after the name of the last [[Zamindar]] aunt "Parmeshwari Devi." <br />
Most of Parpodi is rigid ground.<br />
<br />
On 28 May 2013 Parpodi became a Nagar Panchayat with district headquarters at [[Bemetara]] itself but formally this town is under of [[Durg]] District, it is now in the [[Bemetara district]]. The town is under [[Saja, Chhattisgarh|Saja]] assembly, and Mr. ravindra choubey is the current [[Member of Legislative assembly|MLA]] of the area. Since 1 January 2012 Parpodi has been under the administration of the [[Bemetara district]] of [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>[http://www.chhattisgarhtopnews.com/inner.asp?aa=1309 chhattisgarhtopnews.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
Parpodi is located at {{Coord|21|35|30|N|81|12|21|E|}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|290|m}}.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.gomapper.com/travel/where-is/parpodi-located.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821174753/http://www.gomapper.com/travel/where-is/parpodi-located.html | url-status=usurped | archive-date=21 August 2014 | title=Where is Parpodi in Chhattisgarh, India Located? | publisher=gomapper.com | accessdate=24 August 2018 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Latitude: 21.583333 / 21° 34' 59.9982"<br />
<br />
Longitude: 81.216667 / 81° 13' 0.0012"<br />
<br />
Province: Chhattisgarh<br />
<br />
Country: India (Bharat)<br />
<br />
Continent: Asia<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
In 2011, India [[census]] Parpodi had a population of approximately 6000. Males constitute 51% of the population and females make up 49%. Parpodi has an average literacy rate of 62%; this is higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 72% and female literacy is 51%. 15% of the population are children under 6 years.<br />
<br />
==Climate==<br />
Parpodi has a [[tropical wet and dry climate]]. Temperatures remain moderate from July through February, with extremely hot temperatures from March to June. The temperature in April and May sometimes rises above {{convert|45|°C}}. These summer months also have hot, dry winds. In summer, the temperature can also reach 47&nbsp;°C. The city receives about {{convert|1300|mm}} of rain mostly in the [[monsoon season]] from late June to early October. Winters last from November to January and are mild although lows can fall to {{convert|6|°C}}.<br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
The economy of Parpodi is based on agriculture. Almost 70% of the people in town work on farms. This place has great development as it has two banks, [[Grameen Bank]] and cooperative bank. The president of cooperative bank is Vijay Dubey, who was elected with a huge number of votes on his side, he is active in regional politics also, and very close to MLA, Ravindra Choubey Ji.<br />
<br />
==Culture==<br />
The culture of this town is influenced by the [[Chhattisgarhi]] ethics, rituals and customs. Like other Chhattisgarhi regions, this region also organises ''mandai'', ''[[mela]]'' at different occasions. ''Matar'' is also conducted on behalf of the [[bhaiduj]] celebration which is organised on the day after [[diwali]], while mandai and mela are celebrated during February and March. Some Muslim communities also celebrate [[Eid al-Fitr|eid]].<br />
<br />
==Ethnic groups==<br />
Most of the people come under the Indian (aryans) ethnicity or under the deccan indo-dravidian ethnicity. Parpodi town is situated just centre of the chhattishgarh and is an active participant in trade - that is why most of the people in this region are vaishya (traders) and natives are [[tribal]].<br />
<br />
==Transport==<br />
The three nearest railway stations, [[Durg]], [[Raipur]], and [[Rajnandgaon]], are 55, 68 and 65 kilometres respectively from Parpodi. Direct trains for [[Vishakhapatnam]], [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Howrah]], [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Chennai]], [[Trivandrum]], [[Amritsar]] and [[New Delhi]] are available from these railway stations, situated on the main train route of Howrah-Mumbai via [[Nagpur]]. The state capital [[Raipur]] is an hour's journey from Parpodi. Raipur and Nagpur airports are at a distance of 75 and 280 kilometres, respectively.<br />
<br />
==School and colleges==<br />
* A boys primary school <br />
* A girls primary school<br />
* Rajiv Gandhi: a Higher Secondary School<br />
* Sarojini Naidu: Girls Higher Secondary School.<br />
* Govt. Industrial Training Institute<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
* [http://www.punjabcolleges.com/62087-indiacolleges-Industrial-Training-Institute-%28ITI%29-Parpodi/ Industrial Training Institute (ITI) Parpodi Chhattisgarh<!-- Bot generated title -->]<br />
* [http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/raipur/centre-clears-rs-222-cr-for-city-bus-project.html Centre clears Rs 222 cr for city bus project<!-- Bot generated title -->]<br />
<br />
{{Durg district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Durg district]]</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Highway_344M_(India)&diff=520975National Highway 344M (India)2025-03-05T21:26:50Z<p>RamonTietjen8: creating initial details with sources</p>
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<div>{{Short description|National highway in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox road<br />
| country = IND<br />
| type = NH<br />
| route = 344M<br />
|map =<br />
|map_custom=yes<br />
|map_notes=<br />
|ahn=<br />
| length_km = 15<br />
| direction_a = <br />
| direction_b = <br />
| terminus_a = [[National Highway 44 (India)|National Highway 44]]<br />
| terminus_b = [[Dwarka Expressway]]<br />
| junction = <br />
| previous_type = NH<br />
| next_type = NH<br />
| previous_route = <br />
| next_route = <br />
| states = [[Delhi]]<br />
| destinations = <br />
|image_notes=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''National Highway 344M''', commonly called '''NH 344M''', is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in the union territory of [[Delhi]] in [[India]]. It is a [[Spur route|secondary]] route of [[National Highway 44 (India)|National Highway 44]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2018/184523.pdf|title=New National Highways notification - GOI|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=19 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417113302/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2018/184523.pdf|archive-date=17 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Details-of-National-Highways-as-on-31.03_1.pdf|title=New National highways notification by Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=17 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812194639/https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Details-of-National-Highways-as-on-31.03_1.pdf|archive-date=12 August 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> <br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of national highways in India]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Indian Highways Network}}<br />
{{IND NH44 sr}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:National highways of India]]<br />
[[Category:National highways in Delhi]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-NH-stub}}</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=NAL/ADE_Black_Kite&diff=519569NAL/ADE Black Kite2024-10-17T01:45:18Z<p>RamonTietjen8: creating a entry added tags</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Aircraft technology}}<br />
The '''NAL/ADE Black Kite''' is an unmanned Micro Air Vehicle (MAV) technology demonstrator developed jointly by [[Aeronautical Development Establishment]] (ADE) of [[DRDO]] and [[National Aerospace Laboratories]] (NAL) of CSIRI and supported by private vendors. It is one of the airframe designs being pursued for " National Program on Micro Air Vehicles" (NP-MICAV)<br />
<br />
==Design==<br />
Black Kite is a fixed-wing aerial vehicle having platform shape of Modified Inverse Zimmerman. Its airframe is made of [[Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer]] and Rohacell. It runs on electric battery and is propelled by an AXi2204/54 Brushless Motor APC 7"x6" with a flight endurance of 30 minutes. The Black Kite is constructed with a [[tractor configuration]] and has its electric motor mounted with the propeller facing forward.<br />
<br />
It carries a miniature daylight video camera as payload which can take video from an altitude of 80–100 m and relays the imagery of ground zero to the Ground control station during its flight. The video and telemetry range is about two km. The machine is remotely radio-controlled. An autopilot has also been provided, if it losses link with the Ground Control Station, it is programmed to return base. There are three versions of Black Kite. The prototypes are currently under the user trials.<br />
<br />
==Specifications==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Version !!XL!! M !! S<br />
|-<br />
| Size: || Fits in 500mm Sphere || Fits in 325mm Sphere || Fits in 300mm Sphere<br />
|-<br />
| Wing Span: || 432mm || 316mm || 262mm<br />
|-<br />
| Wing Area: || 0.126 e6 mm2 || 0.059 e6 mm2 || 0.036 e6 mm2<br />
|-<br />
| Chord Length: || 359mm || 245mm || 211mm<br />
|-<br />
| Aspect Ratio: || 1.48 || 1.69 || 1.906<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[NAL / ADE Golden Hawk]]<br />
* [[NAL / ADE Pushpak]]<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://aeromav.free.fr/MAV08/team/NAL/doc/Team1015%20PPT%20for%2010th%20March%20MAV08.ppt AeroMAV 2008]<br />
* [https://archive.today/20130125070544/http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/04/stories/2009100450580200.htm ‘Aerofest 2009’ ends with majestic show]<br />
<br />
{{Unmanned aerial vehicles of DRDO}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:NAL ADE Black Kite}}<br />
[[Category:Unmanned aerial vehicles of India]]<br />
[[Category:Micro air vehicles]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{UAV-stub}}<br />
{{mil-aviation-stub}}</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerala_Football_League&diff=509277Kerala Football League2024-03-30T14:03:29Z<p>RamonTietjen8: redirect created</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Kerala Premier League#Kerala Football League]]</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharatpedia:WikiProject_Film/Indian_cinema_task_force/Cleanup_listing&diff=545245Bharatpedia:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force/Cleanup listing2024-03-19T13:15:53Z<p>RamonTietjen8: starting new stub</p>
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<div>{{User:WolterBot/Cleanup listing header}}<br />
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== About this listing ==<br />
<br />
The listing is based on a database snapshot of {{date|2010-03-12}}. It contains all articles flagged for cleanup with talk pages in {{cl|Indian cinema task force articles}}.<br />
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Based on that data, 5157 articles are assigned to this work group, of which 1216, or 23.6%, are flagged for cleanup.<br />
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The following quality assessment classes were evaluated for this report:<br />
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<table class="wikitable"><br />
<tr><th>Assessment class</th><th>Abbrev.</th><th>Category</th></tr><br />
<tr><td>Featured articles</td><td>FA</td><td>{{cl|FA-Class Indian cinema articles}}</td></tr><br />
<tr><td>Featured lists</td><td>FL</td><td>{{cl|FL-Class Indian cinema articles}}</td></tr><br />
<tr><td>A-Class articles</td><td>A</td><td>{{cl|A-Class Indian cinema articles}}</td></tr><br />
<tr><td>Good articles</td><td>GA</td><td>{{cl|GA-Class Indian cinema articles}}</td></tr><br />
</table><br />
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The following importance assessment classes were evaluated for this report:<br />
<br />
<table class="wikitable"><br />
<tr><th>Assessment class</th><th>Abbrev.</th><th>Category</th></tr><br />
<tr><td>Top-importance articles</td><td>Top</td><td>{{cl|Top-importance Indian cinema articles}}</td></tr><br />
<tr><td>High-importance articles</td><td>High</td><td>{{cl|High-importance Indian cinema articles}}</td></tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
== Listing by article assessment ==<br />
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==== Featured articles ====<br />
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The work group has 3 featured articles. None of them is flagged for cleanup.<br />
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==== Featured lists ====<br />
<br />
The work group has 0 featured lists. <br />
<br />
==== A-Class articles ====<br />
<br />
The work group has 1 A-Class articles. None of them is flagged for cleanup.<br />
<br />
==== Good articles ====<br />
<br />
The work group has 20 good articles. 3 of them, or 15.0%, are flagged for cleanup.<br />
<br />
<table class="wikitable"><br />
<tr><th>Article</th><th>Maintenance categories</th></tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Ilaiyaraaja]] '''«GA, High»'''</td><br />
<td>Articles with unsourced statements (Aug 2009)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Riya Sen]] '''«GA»'''</td><br />
<td>Articles with dead external links (Nov 2008)<br />
I have removed the dead links {{User|Nishitpatira}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Sivaji (film)]] '''«GA»'''</td><br />
<td>Articles with unsourced statements (Jun 2008)</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
=== Importance ===<br />
<br />
==== Top-importance articles ====<br />
<br />
The work group has 4 top-importance articles. None of them is flagged for cleanup.<br />
<br />
==== High-importance articles ====<br />
<br />
The work group has 64 high-importance articles. 22 of them, or 34.4%, are flagged for cleanup.<br />
<br />
<table class="wikitable"><br />
<tr><th>Article</th><th>Maintenance categories</th></tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Aamir Khan]] '''«High»'''</td><br />
<td>Wikipedia articles with off-topic sections</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[B. Saroja Devi]] '''«High»'''</td><br />
<td>Articles that need to be wikified (Aug 2008)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Central Board of Film Certification]] '''«High»'''</td><br />
<td>Articles needing additional references (Oct 2009), NPOV disputes (Mar 2009)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Franz Osten]] '''«High»'''</td><br />
<td>Articles with specifically-marked weasel-worded phrases (Jul 2008), Articles with unsourced statements (Aug 2007)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Guide (film)]] '''«High»'''</td><br />
<td>Articles with unsourced statements (Aug 2008)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Guru Dutt]] '''«High»'''</td><br />
<td>Articles with minor POV problems (Jul 2009), Articles with unsourced statements (May 2008, Aug 2009)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Ilaiyaraaja]] '''«GA, High»'''</td><br />
<td>Articles with unsourced statements (Aug 2009)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Joseph Vijay]] '''«High»'''</td><br />
<td>Articles lacking reliable references (Aug 2009), Articles with dead external links (Aug 2009), Articles with unsourced statements (Dec 2009)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Kapoor family]] '''«High»'''</td><br />
<td>Articles needing additional references (Jun 2008)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Krishnakumar Kunnath]] '''«High»'''</td><br />
<td>Articles needing additional references (Apr 2009)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Kunal Kohli]] '''«High»'''</td><br />
<td>Articles to be expanded (Mar 2008), Articles with unsourced statements (Sep 2008)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]] '''«High»'''</td><br />
<td>Articles to be expanded (Dec 2007)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[M. Night Shyamalan]] '''«High»'''</td><br />
<td>Articles with dead external links (Jul 2009), Articles with unsourced statements (Feb 2010)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Naseeruddin Shah]] '''«High»'''</td><br />
<td>Wikipedia articles needing copy edit</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Nirupa Roy]] '''«High»'''</td><br />
<td>Articles with trivia sections (Nov 2009)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Om Prakash]] '''«High»'''</td><br />
<td>Articles needing cleanup (Apr 2009)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[R.D. Burman]] '''«High»'''</td><br />
<td>Articles lacking reliable references (May 2009), Articles with unsourced statements (Apr 2009), Wikipedia articles needing style editing (Nov 2009)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Rajinikanth]] '''«High»'''</td><br />
<td>Articles needing additional references (Aug 2009), Articles with unsourced statements (Aug 2009)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Roja]] '''«High»'''</td><br />
<td>Articles needing cleanup (Mar 2009), Articles with unsourced statements (Dec 2009)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Salman Khan]] '''«High»'''</td><br />
<td>Articles with dead external links (Oct 2008)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Saroj Khan]] '''«High»'''</td><br />
<td>Articles with unsourced statements (Jul 2008)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Shyam Benegal]] '''«High»'''</td><br />
<td>Articles needing more detailed references</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
== Listing by number of categories assigned ==<br />
<br />
=== Articles with 6 cleanup categories assigned ===<br />
<br />
<table class="wikitable"><br />
<tr><th>Article</th><th>Maintenance categories</th></tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Cinema of Kerala]]</td><br />
<td>Articles lacking reliable references (Jun 2009), Articles that may contain original research (Jun 2009), Articles with specifically-marked weasel-worded phrases (Jun 2009, Nov 2009), Articles with unsourced statements (Jan 2010), Vague or ambiguous time</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Naayi Neralu]]</td><br />
<td>Articles lacking reliable references (Mar 2008), Articles lacking sources (Jan 2007), Articles needing cleanup (Oct 2009), Articles with unsourced statements (Oct 2009), Pages missing lead section, Wikipedia introduction cleanup (Oct 2009)</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
=== Articles with 5 cleanup categories assigned ===<br />
<br />
<table class="wikitable"><br />
<tr><th>Article</th><th>Maintenance categories</th></tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh]]</td><br />
<td>Articles lacking reliable references (Apr 2009), Articles needing cleanup (Apr 2009), Articles that may contain original research (Apr 2009), Articles with a promotional tone (Apr 2009), Articles with unsourced statements (Jan 2009)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Cinema of Punjab]]</td><br />
<td>Articles needing additional references (Sep 2009), Articles to be expanded (Nov 2007), Articles with unsourced statements (Jul 2008, Jun 2009), Wikipedia articles needing copy edit (Jul 2008)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Pehchaan (1993 film)]]</td><br />
<td>Articles lacking sources (Oct 2008), Articles needing cleanup (Oct 2008), Articles to be expanded (Oct 2008), Wikipedia articles needing copy edit (Oct 2008), Wikipedia introduction cleanup (Oct 2008)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Samaya (1975 film)]]</td><br />
<td>Articles lacking sources (Feb 2009), Articles needing cleanup (Feb 2009), Articles that need to be wikified (Feb 2009), Articles to be expanded (Feb 2009), Wikipedia external links cleanup</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
=== Articles with 4 cleanup categories assigned ===<br />
<br />
<table class="wikitable"><br />
<tr><th>Article</th><th>Maintenance categories</th></tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Gulaal]]</td><br />
<td>Articles needing cleanup (Feb 2009), Articles with trivia sections (Dec 2009), Articles with unsourced statements (Dec 2009), Wikipedia articles needing copy edit (Feb 2009)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Hyderabad International Film Festival]]</td><br />
<td>Articles needing additional references (May 2007), Articles needing cleanup (May 2007), India articles missing geocoordinate data, Orphaned articles (May 2007)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Padri (film)]]</td><br />
<td>Articles lacking sources (Nov 2007), Articles to be expanded (Nov 2007), Articles with topics of unclear notability (Nov 2007), Orphaned articles (Feb 2009)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Paheli]]</td><br />
<td>Articles needing additional references (Nov 2008), Articles with specifically-marked weasel-worded phrases (Nov 2008), Articles with unsourced statements (Oct 2008, Nov 2008)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Red Swastik]]</td><br />
<td>Articles lacking sources (Mar 2009), Articles with topics of unclear notability (Mar 2009), Wikipedia articles needing context (Mar 2009), Wikipedia introduction cleanup (Mar 2009)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Roadside Romeo]]</td><br />
<td>Articles to be expanded (Oct 2008), Articles with unsourced statements (Nov 2008), Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Wikipedia articles needing copy edit (Oct 2008)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Tamil cinema]]</td><br />
<td>Articles needing additional references (May 2009), Articles with unsourced statements (Nov 2008, May 2009, Jul 2009)</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
=== Articles with 3 cleanup categories assigned ===<br />
<br />
<table class="wikitable"><br />
<tr><th>Article</th><th>Maintenance categories</th></tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani]]</td><br />
<td>Articles needing cleanup (Nov 2009), Articles with unsourced statements (Nov 2009), Wikipedia articles needing rewrite (Nov 2009)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Ajantha (2009 film)]]</td><br />
<td>Articles lacking sources (Dec 2009), Articles that may contain original research (Sep 2007), Orphaned articles (Feb 2009)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[America America (1995 film)]]</td><br />
<td>Wikipedia articles needing clarification (Aug 2009, Oct 2009), Wikipedia articles needing copy edit (Aug 2009)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[A Wednesday!]]</td><br />
<td>Articles needing cleanup (Aug 2009), Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose (Aug 2009), Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention (Apr 2009)<br />
Cleanup Done by {{User|Nishitpatira}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Bas Itna Sa Khwaab Hai]]</td><br />
<td>Articles lacking sources (Oct 2009), Articles with trivia sections (Jan 2009), Articles with unsourced statements (Feb 2010)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Bheema]]</td><br />
<td>Articles needing cleanup (Nov 2008), Wikipedia articles needing copy edit (Nov 2008), Wikipedia articles needing style editing (Nov 2008)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Bollywood Movie Award – Best Film]]</td><br />
<td>Articles needing cleanup (Sep 2009), Pages missing lead section, Wikipedia introduction cleanup (Sep 2009)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Bunty Aur Babli]]</td><br />
<td>Articles lacking sources (Mar 2007, Jun 2009), Articles needing additional references (Jun 2009)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Capitol Cinema (Mumbai)]]</td><br />
<td>Articles lacking sources (Dec 2009), India articles missing geocoordinate data, Orphaned articles (Feb 2009)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Cinema of India]]</td><br />
<td>Articles needing additional references (Jan 2010), Articles to be expanded (Dec 2009), Articles with unsourced statements (Jan 2010)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Deva (film)]]</td><br />
<td>Articles lacking sources (Nov 2009), Articles with unsourced statements (Oct 2009), Wikipedia articles needing clarification (Nov 2009)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Dream Girl (film)]]</td><br />
<td>Articles lacking sources (Mar 2009), Articles that need to be wikified (Mar 2009), Articles to be expanded (Mar 2009)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Elizabeth (film)]]</td><br />
<td>Articles needing additional references (Aug 2009), Articles with trivia sections (Jan 2010), Articles with unsourced statements (Aug 2009)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Eros Labs]]</td><br />
<td>Articles lacking sources (Dec 2009), Articles with a promotional tone (Dec 2009), Wikipedia articles with possible conflicts of interest</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Federation of Western India Cine Employees]]</td><br />
<td>Articles lacking sources (Nov 2009), Articles needing cleanup (Dec 2006), Articles needing more detailed references</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Gandhi (film)]]</td><br />
<td>Articles needing additional references (Feb 2010), Articles to be expanded (Feb 2010), Articles with unsourced statements (Feb 2007)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Gang Leader]]</td><br />
<td>Articles needing additional references (Apr 2008), Articles with topics of unclear notability (Apr 2008), Articles with unsourced statements (Mar 2009)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Grihabhanga]]</td><br />
<td>Articles lacking sources (Jan 2007), Wikipedia articles needing context (Oct 2009), Wikipedia introduction cleanup (Oct 2009)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Hungama]]</td><br />
<td>Articles needing cleanup (Sep 2009), Pages missing lead section, Wikipedia introduction cleanup (Sep 2009)Cleanup Done by {{User|Nishitpatira}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Nandi Award for Best Makeup Artist]]</td><br />
<td>Articles lacking sources (Jan 2007), Articles that need to be wikified (Nov 2009), Orphaned articles (Nov 2009)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Nandi Award for Best Special Effects]]</td><br />
<td>Articles lacking sources (Jan 2007), Articles that need to be wikified (Nov 2009), Orphaned articles (Nov 2009)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Niram]]</td><br />
<td>Articles lacking reliable references (Nov 2009), Articles lacking sources (Sep 2008), Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention (Nov 2009)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Osian's Cinefan Festival of Asian and Arab Cinema]]</td><br />
<td>Articles that need to be wikified (Oct 2008), Articles with a promotional tone (Feb 2009), India articles missing geocoordinate data</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Parayam]]</td><br />
<td>Articles lacking sources (Mar 2009), Wikipedia articles needing clarification (Mar 2009), Wikipedia articles needing style editing (Mar 2009)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Periya Idathu Penn]]</td><br />
<td>Articles lacking sources (Mar 2008), Wikipedia articles needing context (Oct 2009), Wikipedia introduction cleanup (Oct 2009)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Pyaar Mein Kabhi Kabhi]]</td><br />
<td>Articles lacking sources (Dec 2009), Articles that need to be wikified (Oct 2008), Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention (Oct 2008)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Sadak]]</td><br />
<td>Articles lacking reliable references (Mar 2010), Articles needing cleanup (Mar 2010), Wikipedia articles in need of updating</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Safed Haathi]]</td><br />
<td>Articles that need to be wikified (Apr 2008), Wikipedia articles needing context (Mar 2008), Wikipedia introduction cleanup (Mar 2008)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Satyajit Ray filmography]]</td><br />
<td>Articles needing cleanup (Mar 2009), Articles needing expert attention (Feb 2009), Miscellaneous articles needing expert attention</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Shararat (film)]]</td><br />
<td>Articles needing additional references (Feb 2010), Articles that may contain original research (Feb 2010), Articles with unsourced statements (Feb 2010)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Singham]]</td><br />
<td>Articles lacking sources (May 2008), Articles with topics of unclear notability (Aug 2008), Orphaned articles (Feb 2009)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Singh Is Kinng]]</td><br />
<td>Articles with peacock terms (Oct 2008), Articles with unsourced statements (Aug 2008), NPOV disputes (Oct 2008)Cleanup Done by {{User|Nishitpatira}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Slumdog Millionaire]]</td><br />
<td>Articles with dead external links (Oct 2009), Articles with unsourced statements (May 2009), Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention (Sep 2009)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Street Fighter: The Legend of Chun-Li]]</td><br />
<td>Articles to be expanded (Feb 2009), Articles with unsourced statements (Sep 2009), Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention (Feb 2009)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Swarnakamalam]]</td><br />
<td>Articles lacking sources (Sep 2008), Articles needing cleanup (Sep 2008), Articles with topics of unclear notability (Sep 2008)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Tango Charlie]]</td><br />
<td>Articles lacking sources (Jul 2008), NPOV disputes (May 2009), Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention (Aug 2008)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[The Fall (2008 film)]]</td><br />
<td>Articles needing cleanup (Feb 2010), Articles needing link rot cleanup, Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention (Feb 2010)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Varnajalam]]</td><br />
<td>Articles lacking sources (Mar 2008), Articles needing cleanup (Sep 2009), Wikipedia articles needing copy edit (Sep 2009)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Wave Cinemas]]</td><br />
<td>Articles that need to be wikified (Jun 2008), NPOV disputes (Jul 2008), Wikipedia articles needing clarification (Aug 2009)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Yakeen (1969 film)]]</td><br />
<td>Articles needing additional references (Apr 2007), Articles needing cleanup (Sep 2009), Wikipedia introduction cleanup (Sep 2009)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Yudham Sei]]</td><br />
<td>Articles lacking sources (Dec 2009), Articles that need to be wikified (Dec 2009), Orphaned articles (Dec 2009)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><td>[[Zee Cine Awards]]</td><br />
<td>Articles needing additional references (Jan 2009), Articles with dead external links (Aug 2009), Wikipedia references cleanup (Sep 2009)</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
=== Further entries (summary) ===<br />
<br />
Detail listing is suppressed due to size restrictions.<br />
<br />
<table class="wikitable"><br />
<tr><th>Group</th><th># Articles</th></tr><br />
<tr><td>Articles with 2 cleanup categories assigned</td><td>184</td></tr><br />
<tr><td>Articles with one cleanup category assigned</td><td>977</td></tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
== Listing by maintenance category ==<br />
<br />
=== Accuracy disputes ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal]] (May 2009)<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
=== Articles created via the Article Wizard ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[City of Gold (2010 film)]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
=== Articles lacking in-text citations ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[Madhumasam]] (Jan 2008)<br />
* [[Lajja (film)]] (Feb 2008)<br />
* [[Sex in Indian entertainment]] (Feb 2008)<br />
* [[Mard]] (Jul 2008)<br />
* [[Jigyaasa]] (Aug 2008)<br />
* [[Gentleman (film)]] (Oct 2008)<br />
* [[Guna (film)]] (Oct 2008)<br />
* [[Johnny (1980 film)]] (Oct 2008)<br />
* [[Kandukondain Kandukondain]] (Oct 2008)<br />
* [[Duet (film)]] (Nov 2008)<br />
* [[Kushi (2000 film)]] (Nov 2008)<br />
* [[Sadma]] (Nov 2008)<br />
* [[Thevar Magan]] (Nov 2008)<br />
* [[Hum Aapke Hain Kaun...!]] (Jan 2009)<br />
* [[Pasanga]] (May 2009)<br />
* [[Andala Ramudu (2006 film)]] (Jun 2009)<br />
* [[Daisy (1988 film)]] (Nov 2009)<br />
* [[Devaasuram]] (Dec 2009)<br />
* [[Dhool]] (Dec 2009)<br />
* [[Dil To Pagal Hai]] (Dec 2009)<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
=== Articles lacking reliable references ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[Naayi Neralu]] (Mar 2008)<br />
* [[True Cinema movement]] (Aug 2008)<br />
* [[Johnny (2003 film)]] (Jan 2009)<br />
* [[The Inner Eye]] (Jan 2009)<br />
* [[Devdas (2002 Bengali film)]] (Feb 2009)<br />
* [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh]] (Apr 2009)<br />
* [[Cinema of Kerala]] (Jun 2009)<br />
* [[Varalaru (film)]] (Aug 2009)<br />
* [[Zinda (film)]] (Aug 2009)<br />
* [[Niram]] (Nov 2009)<br />
* [[Arunachalam]] (Dec 2009)<br />
* [[Sadak]] (Mar 2010)<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
=== Articles lacking sources ===<br />
<br />
==== Oct 2006 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Chithrabhumi]]<br />
* [[Gemini (2002 film)]]<br />
* [[Kadhal Desam]]<br />
* [[Kasthuri Maan]]<br />
* [[Kisan (film)]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Dialogue Writer]]<br />
* [[Parthiban Kanavu (film)]]<br />
* [[Piriyadha Varam Vendum]]<br />
* [[Poornodaya Movie Creations]]<br />
* [[Ramji Londonwale]]<br />
* [[Ravoyi Chandamama]]<br />
* [[Relax (film)]]<br />
* [[Rhythm (film)]]<br />
* [[Rocky: The Rebel]]<br />
* [[Roja Kootam]]<br />
* [[Shock (2004 film)]]<br />
* [[Vallarasu]]<br />
* [[Youth Festival]]<br />
* [[Yuvaraju]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Nov 2006 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Adaikalam]]<br />
* [[Ayya (film)]]<br />
* [[Ek Khiladi Ek Haseena]]<br />
* [[Ganayogi Panchakshari Gavayi]]<br />
* [[Gopi – Goda Meedha Pilli]]<br />
* [[Intiguttu]]<br />
* [[List of films directed by Mani Ratnam featuring A R Rahman]]<br />
* [[Maga Maharaju]]<br />
* [[Muddina Maava]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Female Playback Singer]]<br />
* [[Okariki Okaru]]<br />
* [[Preminchunkondam Raa]]<br />
* [[Priyamudan]]<br />
* [[Puli Bebbuli]]<br />
* [[Sahodaran Ayyappan (film)]]<br />
* [[Samarasimha Reddy]]<br />
* [[Shahjahan (film)]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Dec 2006 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Bava Nachadu]]<br />
* [[Donga Mogudu]]<br />
* [[Itlu Sravani Subramanyam]]<br />
* [[Jaane Hoga Kya]]<br />
* [[Kaliyuga Pandavulu]]<br />
* [[Kondaveeti Raja]]<br />
* [[Lankeshwarudu]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Female Comedian]]<br />
* [[Nuvve Nuvve]]<br />
* [[Political Rowdy]]<br />
* [[Rowdy Alludu]]<br />
* [[Sakhiya]]<br />
* [[Soggadu]]<br />
* [[Stuartpuram Police Station]]<br />
* [[Taj Mahal: An Eternal Love Story]]<br />
* [[Vaishno Academy]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Jan 2007 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[4 the People]]<br />
* [[Grihabhanga]]<br />
* [[Jedara Bale]]<br />
* [[Kraurya]]<br />
* [[Naajayaz]]<br />
* [[Naayi Neralu]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Audiographer]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Book]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Character Actor]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Child Actor]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Child Actress]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Debut Director]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Documentary Film]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Female Debut]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Fight Master]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Makeup Artist]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Male Comedian]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Male Dubbing Artist]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Popular Feature Film]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Screenplay Writer]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Special Effects]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Story Writer]]<br />
* [[Nehlle Pe Dehlla]]<br />
* [[Pranam Khareedu]]<br />
* [[Sahasa Veerudu Sagara Kanya]]<br />
* [[Sarojini Devi Award for a Film on National Integration]]<br />
* [[Season (film)]]<br />
* [[Tholi Valapu]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Feb 2007 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Adhu Oru Kana Kaalam]]<br />
* [[Alli Arjuna]]<br />
* [[Anandha Poongatre]]<br />
* [[Arasatchi]]<br />
* [[Arputha Theevu]]<br />
* [[Bunglavil Outha]]<br />
* [[Chandralekha (1995 film)]]<br />
* [[Chinna (film)]]<br />
* [[Coimbatore Maaple]]<br />
* [[Ela Cheppanu]]<br />
* [[Ishtam]]<br />
* [[Kaalamellam Kaathiruppen]]<br />
* [[Kadhal Sadugudu]]<br />
* [[Kasi (film)]]<br />
* [[Kathavasheshan]]<br />
* [[King (film)]]<br />
* [[Lee (film)]]<br />
* [[Love Today (film)]]<br />
* [[Madhu (film)]]<br />
* [[Minsara Kanna]]<br />
* [[Nagarahavu]]<br />
* [[Neeku Nenu Naaku Nuvvu]]<br />
* [[Nenjinile]]<br />
* [[Ninaithen Vandhai]]<br />
* [[Prema Pustagam]]<br />
* [[Priyamanavale]]<br />
* [[Rasigan]]<br />
* [[Sadaa Mee Sevalo]]<br />
* [[Samurai (film)]]<br />
* [[Selva (film)]]<br />
* [[Snehamante Idera]]<br />
* [[Taj Mahal (2000 film)]]<br />
* [[The River (1951 film)]]<br />
* [[Thoda Tum Badlo Thoda Hum]]<br />
* [[Thulladha Manamum Thullum]]<br />
* [[Vaasthavam]]<br />
* [[Vasantha Vaasal]]<br />
* [[Vinnukum Mannukum]]<br />
* [[Vishnu (film)]]<br />
* [[Winter (film)]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Mar 2007 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Bunty Aur Babli]]<br />
* [[Filmfare Best Actor Award (Telugu)]]<br />
* [[Filmfare Best Cinematographer Award (South)]]<br />
* [[Filmfare Best Director Award (Telugu)]]<br />
* [[Filmfare Best Female Playback Award (Telugu)]]<br />
* [[Filmfare Best Male Playback Award (Telugu)]]<br />
* [[Modati Cinema]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Apr 2007 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[En Uyir Nee Thaane]]<br />
* [[Stumble]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== May 2007 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Abhilasha (1983 film)]]<br />
* [[Adventures of a Brown Man in Search of Civilization]]<br />
* [[Alai (film)]]<br />
* [[Do Jasoos]]<br />
* [[Indian Cinematograph Committee]]<br />
* [[Kanna Nalama]]<br />
* [[Masti (2007 film)]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Further entries (summary) ====<br />
<br />
Detail listing is suppressed due to size restrictions.<br />
<br />
<table class="wikitable"><br />
<tr><th>Group</th><th># Articles</th></tr><br />
<tr><td>Jun 2007</td><td>129</td></tr><br />
<tr><td>Aug 2007</td><td>1</td></tr><br />
<tr><td>Sep 2007</td><td>1</td></tr><br />
<tr><td>Oct 2007</td><td>2</td></tr><br />
<tr><td>Nov 2007</td><td>3</td></tr><br />
<tr><td>Dec 2007</td><td>6</td></tr><br />
<tr><td>Feb 2008</td><td>6</td></tr><br />
<tr><td>Mar 2008</td><td>48</td></tr><br />
<tr><td>Apr 2008</td><td>2</td></tr><br />
<tr><td>May 2008</td><td>9</td></tr><br />
<tr><td>Jun 2008</td><td>7</td></tr><br />
<tr><td>Jul 2008</td><td>5</td></tr><br />
<tr><td>Aug 2008</td><td>3</td></tr><br />
<tr><td>Sep 2008</td><td>8</td></tr><br />
<tr><td>Oct 2008</td><td>6</td></tr><br />
<tr><td>Nov 2008</td><td>8</td></tr><br />
<tr><td>Dec 2008</td><td>5</td></tr><br />
<tr><td>Jan 2009</td><td>12</td></tr><br />
<tr><td>Feb 2009</td><td>1</td></tr><br />
<tr><td>Mar 2009</td><td>11</td></tr><br />
<tr><td>Apr 2009</td><td>6</td></tr><br />
<tr><td>May 2009</td><td>6</td></tr><br />
<tr><td>Jun 2009</td><td>7</td></tr><br />
<tr><td>Jul 2009</td><td>5</td></tr><br />
<tr><td>Aug 2009</td><td>25</td></tr><br />
<tr><td>Sep 2009</td><td>8</td></tr><br />
<tr><td>Oct 2009</td><td>7</td></tr><br />
<tr><td>Nov 2009</td><td>15</td></tr><br />
<tr><td>Dec 2009</td><td>161</td></tr><br />
<tr><td>Jan 2010</td><td>9</td></tr><br />
<tr><td>Feb 2010</td><td>8</td></tr><br />
<tr><td>Mar 2010</td><td>1</td></tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
=== Articles needing additional references ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[The Pink Mirror]] (Aug 2006)<br />
* [[Guru (1997 film)]] (Mar 2007)<br />
* [[Yakeen (1969 film)]] (Apr 2007)<br />
* [[Hyderabad International Film Festival]] (May 2007)<br />
* [[Yamagola Malli Modalayindi]] (May 2007)<br />
* [[Bhakta Kanakadasa]] (Jun 2007)<br />
* [[Sankarlal]] (Jun 2007)<br />
* [[Unnal Mudiyum Thambi]] (Jun 2007)<br />
* [[Moksha (film)]] (Jul 2007)<br />
* [[Parampara (film)]] (Aug 2007)<br />
* [[Vikramarkudu]] (Sep 2007)<br />
* [[Chain Kulii Ki Main Kulii]] (Oct 2007)<br />
* [[Aanandham Paramaanandham]] (Nov 2007)<br />
* [[Cash (2007 film)]] (Nov 2007)<br />
* [[Azhagiya Thamizh Magan]] (Dec 2007)<br />
* [[Paraya Dhan]] (Jan 2008)<br />
* [[Police Officer (1992 film)]] (Jan 2008)<br />
* [[Suraj]] (Jan 2008)<br />
* [[Gang Leader]] (Apr 2008)<br />
* [[Thenmavin Kombath]] (Jun 2008)<br />
* [[Mr. India]] (Jul 2008)<br />
* [[Avalude Ravukal]] (Aug 2008)<br />
* [[Hello (2008 film)]] (Sep 2008)<br />
* [[Monsoon Wedding]] (Nov 2008)<br />
* [[Paheli]] (Nov 2008)<br />
* [[Shyamali]] (Nov 2008)<br />
* [[Baaghi (2000 film)]] (Dec 2008)<br />
* [[Donga (film)]] (Dec 2008)<br />
* [[Tujhe Meri Kasam]] (Dec 2008)<br />
* [[Black (film)]] (Jan 2009)<br />
* [[List of awards and nominations received by Mohanlal]] (Jan 2009)<br />
* [[Zee Cine Awards]] (Jan 2009)<br />
* [[Hero (1983 film)]] (Feb 2009)<br />
* [[Naga Phasa]] (Mar 2009)<br />
* [[Vinodayathra]] (Mar 2009)<br />
* [[List of highest-grossing Tamil-language films]] (Apr 2009)<br />
* [[List of Tamil film actors]] (Apr 2009)<br />
* [[Takkari]] (Apr 2009)<br />
* [[Veerasamy]] (Apr 2009)<br />
* [[Billa (2007 film)]] (May 2009)<br />
* [[Humko Deewana Kar Gaye]] (May 2009)<br />
* [[Naalaya Theerpu]] (May 2009)<br />
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada]] (May 2009)<br />
* [[Shree 420]] (May 2009)<br />
* [[Tamil cinema]] (May 2009)<br />
* [[Bollywood Hungama]] (Jun 2009)<br />
* [[Bunty Aur Babli]] (Jun 2009)<br />
* [[Aanch]] (Jul 2009)<br />
* [[Krishna (1996 film)]] (Jul 2009)<br />
* [[Morning Walk]] (Jul 2009)<br />
* [[Elizabeth (film)]] (Aug 2009)<br />
* [[Item number]] (Aug 2009)<br />
* [[Anniyan]] (Sep 2009)<br />
* [[Cinema of Punjab]] (Sep 2009)<br />
* [[Friends (2001 film)]] (Sep 2009)<br />
* [[Rajshri Productions]] (Sep 2009)<br />
* [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (Oct 2009) '''«High»'''<br />
* [[Razia Sultan (film)]] (Oct 2009)<br />
* [[Saraswati Sabatham]] (Oct 2009)<br />
* [[AVM Productions]] (Nov 2009)<br />
* [[Dus Kahaniyaan]] (Nov 2009)<br />
* [[Aga Bai Arrecha]] (Dec 2009)<br />
* [[Bollywood films of 2010]] (Jan 2010)<br />
* [[Cinema of India]] (Jan 2010)<br />
* [[Gandhi, My Father]] (Feb 2010)<br />
* [[Gandhi (film)]] (Feb 2010)<br />
* [[Ghajini (2008 film)]] (Feb 2010)<br />
* [[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]] (Feb 2010)<br />
* [[Shararat (film)]] (Feb 2010)<br />
* [[Bollywood songs]] (Mar 2010)<br />
* [[Chaudhary Karnail Singh]] (June 2012)<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
=== Articles needing cleanup ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[Federation of Western India Cine Employees]] (Dec 2006)<br />
* [[Student No.1]] (Feb 2007)<br />
* [[Amarkalam]] (Mar 2007)<br />
* [[Hindustan Ki Kasam]] (Mar 2007)<br />
* [[Hyderabad International Film Festival]] (May 2007)<br />
* [[Rehguzar]] (May 2007)<br />
* [[The Inner and Outer World of Shah Rukh Khan]] (Jun 2007)<br />
* [[Daana Veera Soora Karna]] (Jul 2007)<br />
* [[Darna Zaroori Hai]] (Jul 2007)<br />
* [[Telugu films of the 2000s]] (Aug 2007)<br />
* [[Jai Santoshi Maa]] (Sep 2007)<br />
* [[Thommanum Makkalum]] (Sep 2007)<br />
* [[Mumbai Salsa (film)]] (Oct 2007)<br />
* [[Pokkiri Raja]] (Oct 2007)<br />
* [[Tick! Tick! Tick!]] (Oct 2007)<br />
* [[Winter (film)]] (Oct 2007)<br />
* [[Dus Kahaniyaan]] (Jan 2008)<br />
* [[Poi (film)]] (Jan 2008)<br />
* [[Godmother (film)]] (Feb 2008)<br />
* [[Snegithiye]] (Mar 2008)<br />
* [[Chess (2006 film)]] (May 2008)<br />
* [[Veerasamy]] (May 2008)<br />
* [[En Swasa Kaatre]] (Jun 2008)<br />
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Special Effects]] (Jun 2008)<br />
* [[Sunday (2008 film)]] (Jun 2008)<br />
* [[Inba (film)]] (Aug 2008)<br />
* [[Mithayi Mane]] (Aug 2008)<br />
* [[Swarnakamalam]] (Sep 2008)<br />
* [[Amrutha Varsham]] (Oct 2008)<br />
* [[Pehchaan (1993 film)]] (Oct 2008)<br />
* [[Bheema]] (Nov 2008)<br />
* [[Namastey London]] (Nov 2008)<br />
* [[Adivishnu]] (Dec 2008)<br />
* [[Hum Tum Aur Woh]] (Dec 2008)<br />
* [[Mr. Romeo]] (Dec 2008)<br />
* [[Murattu Kaalai (2010 film)]] (Dec 2008)<br />
* [[Oru Naal Oru Kanavu]] (Dec 2008)<br />
* [[Pyaar To Hona Hi Tha]] (Dec 2008)<br />
* [[Tujhe Meri Kasam]] (Dec 2008)<br />
* [[Anantana Avantara]] (Jan 2009)<br />
* [[Andavan Kattalai]] (Jan 2009)<br />
* [[Athisaya Piravi]] (Feb 2009)<br />
* [[Gulaal]] (Feb 2009)<br />
* [[King (2008 film)]] (Feb 2009)<br />
* [[Samaya (1975 film)]] (Feb 2009)<br />
* [[Baaja]] (Mar 2009)<br />
* [[Ek Duje Ke Liye]] (Mar 2009)<br />
* [[Malayalam films of the 2000s]] (Mar 2009)<br />
* [[Odaruthammava Aalariyam]] (Mar 2009)<br />
* [[Red Chillies Entertainment]] (Mar 2009)<br />
* [[Roja]] (Mar 2009) '''«High»'''<br />
* [[Sacred Evil]] (Mar 2009)<br />
* [[Satyajit Ray filmography]] (Mar 2009)<br />
* [[Shabd (film)]] (Mar 2009)<br />
* [[Chath: A Roof Without Walls]] (Apr 2009)<br />
* [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh]] (Apr 2009)<br />
* [[U Me Aur Hum]] (Apr 2009)<br />
* [[Aadhi]] (May 2009)<br />
* [[Dayavan]] (May 2009)<br />
* [[Naalaya Theerpu]] (May 2009)<br />
* [[Siva Manasula Sakthi]] (May 2009)<br />
* [[Yuvvraaj]] (May 2009)<br />
* [[Rang]] (Jun 2009)<br />
* [[Telugu films of the 1970s]] (Jul 2009)<br />
* [[A Wednesday!]] (Aug 2009)<br />
* [[Sirf (film)]] (Aug 2009)<br />
* [[Annavaram (film)]] (Sep 2009)<br />
* [[Bollywood Movie Award – Best Film]] (Sep 2009)<br />
* [[Hungama]] (Sep 2009)<br />
* [[Varnajalam]] (Sep 2009)<br />
* [[Yakeen (1969 film)]] (Sep 2009)<br />
* [[Naayi Neralu]] (Oct 2009)<br />
* [[Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani]] (Nov 2009)<br />
* [[GIFA Best Dialogues Award]] (Nov 2009)<br />
* [[Billa (2009 film)]] (Dec 2009)<br />
* [[Raja Hindustani]] (Dec 2009)<br />
* [[Vinashak – Destroyer]] (Jan 2010)<br />
* [[Lahore (film)]] (Feb 2010)<br />
* [[The Fall (2008 film)]] (Feb 2010)<br />
* [[Yavanika]] (Feb 2010)<br />
* [[Karthik Calling Karthik]] (Mar 2010)<br />
* [[Ontari]] (Mar 2010)<br />
* [[Sadak]] (Mar 2010)<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
=== Articles needing expert attention ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[Satyajit Ray filmography]] (Feb 2009)<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
=== Articles needing link rot cleanup ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[The Fall (2008 film)]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
=== Articles needing more detailed references ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[Chan Pardesi]]<br />
* [[Federation of Western India Cine Employees]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
=== Articles that may contain original research ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[Ajantha (2009 film)]] (Sep 2007)<br />
* [[Pokkiri Raja]] (Oct 2007)<br />
* [[Maathaad Maathaadu Mallige]] (Sep 2008)<br />
* [[Johnny (2003 film)]] (Jan 2009)<br />
* [[Chandralekha (1948 film)]] (Mar 2009)<br />
* [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh]] (Apr 2009)<br />
* [[Cinema of Kerala]] (Jun 2009)<br />
* [[Raqeeb]] (Jun 2009)<br />
* [[Hanuman (animated film)]] (Jul 2009)<br />
* [[Shararat (film)]] (Feb 2010)<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
=== Articles that need to be wikified ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[Hombisilu]] (Apr 2008)<br />
* [[Safed Haathi]] (Apr 2008)<br />
* [[Wave Cinemas]] (Jun 2008)<br />
* [[Bulandi (2000 film)]] (Jul 2008)<br />
* [[Osian's Cinefan Festival of Asian and Arab Cinema]] (Oct 2008)<br />
* [[Prem Bandhan]] (Oct 2008)<br />
* [[Pyaar Mein Kabhi Kabhi]] (Oct 2008)<br />
* [[Seeta Bibaha]] (Oct 2008)<br />
* [[Maaveeran]] (Nov 2008)<br />
* [[Amrita Kumbher Sandhane]] (Feb 2009)<br />
* [[Chaati Chiri Dele Tu..]] (Feb 2009)<br />
* [[Galpa Holeo Satyi]] (Feb 2009)<br />
* [[Nei Jaa Re Megha Mate]] (Feb 2009)<br />
* [[Samaya (1975 film)]] (Feb 2009)<br />
* [[Dream Girl (film)]] (Mar 2009)<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Female Debut]] (Aug 2009)<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Makeup Artist]] (Nov 2009)<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Special Effects]] (Nov 2009)<br />
* [[Cochin International Film Festival]] (Dec 2009)<br />
* [[Yudham Sei]] (Dec 2009)<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
=== Articles to be expanded ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[Bhoothakkannadi]] (Jan 2007)<br />
* [[Naajayaz]] (Aug 2007)<br />
* [[Amanaat]] (Oct 2007)<br />
* [[Cinema of Punjab]] (Nov 2007)<br />
* [[Padri (film)]] (Nov 2007)<br />
* [[Paraya Dhan]] (Jan 2008)<br />
* [[Poi (film)]] (Jan 2008)<br />
* [[Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha]] (Feb 2008)<br />
* [[Pathram]] (Sep 2008)<br />
* [[Dhill]] (Oct 2008)<br />
* [[Friends (2001 film)]] (Oct 2008)<br />
* [[Gentleman (film)]] (Oct 2008)<br />
* [[Guna (film)]] (Oct 2008)<br />
* [[Indira (film)]] (Oct 2008)<br />
* [[Kannukkul Nilavu]] (Oct 2008)<br />
* [[Mawaali]] (Oct 2008)<br />
* [[Pehchaan (1993 film)]] (Oct 2008)<br />
* [[Roadside Romeo]] (Oct 2008)<br />
* [[Yejaman]] (Oct 2008)<br />
* [[Karpagam]] (Dec 2008)<br />
* [[Shodh]] (Dec 2008)<br />
* [[Sita Swayamvar]] (Dec 2008)<br />
* [[Taxi Taxie]] (Dec 2008)<br />
* [[Tumhare Liye]] (Dec 2008)<br />
* [[Tumhari Kasam]] (Dec 2008)<br />
* [[Tyaag]] (Dec 2008)<br />
* [[Udhar Ka Sindur]] (Dec 2008)<br />
* [[Umar Qaid]] (Dec 2008)<br />
* [[Veer Bhagdavalo]] (Dec 2008)<br />
* [[Vishwasghaat]] (Dec 2008)<br />
* [[Zaroorat]] (Dec 2008)<br />
* [[Zehreeli]] (Dec 2008)<br />
* [[Zid]] (Dec 2008)<br />
* [[Zinda Dil]] (Dec 2008)<br />
* [[Lalita (1948 film)]] (Feb 2009)<br />
* [[Samaya (1975 film)]] (Feb 2009)<br />
* [[Street Fighter: The Legend of Chun-Li]] (Feb 2009)<br />
* [[Dream Girl (film)]] (Mar 2009)<br />
* [[Shehnai (film)]] (Sep 2009)<br />
* [[Aasha (1957 film)]] (Dec 2009)<br />
* [[Cinema of India]] (Dec 2009)<br />
* [[Kambakkht Ishq]] (Dec 2009)<br />
* [[Manikanda]] (Dec 2009)<br />
* [[PVR Cinemas]] (Dec 2009)<br />
* [[Sabaka]] (Dec 2009)<br />
* [[Bombay by Nite]] (Jan 2010)<br />
* [[Kadhal Kaditham]] (Jan 2010)<br />
* [[Veer (film)]] (Jan 2010)<br />
* [[Gandhi (film)]] (Feb 2010)<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
=== Articles to be merged ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[Veer Tejaji]] (Apr 2008)<br />
* [[Kalarippayattu films]] (Jul 2008)<br />
* [[Aran (film)]] (Feb 2009)<br />
* [[Keerthi Chakra]] (Feb 2009)<br />
* [[Zee Cine Award Superstar of the Year – Male]] (Aug 2009)<br />
* [[Chocolate: Deep Dark Secrets]] (Nov 2009)<br />
* [[Chocolate (Hindi film)]] (Nov 2009)<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
=== Articles to be split ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[Madhosh]] (Sep 2009)<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
=== Articles which may contain unencyclopedic material ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[Kadhalil Vizhunthen]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
=== Articles with a promotional tone ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]] (Jun 2008)<br />
* [[Red: The Dark Side]] (Jan 2009)<br />
* [[Osian's Cinefan Festival of Asian and Arab Cinema]] (Feb 2009)<br />
* [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh]] (Apr 2009)<br />
* [[Eros Labs]] (Dec 2009)<br />
* [[The Bollywood Saga]] (Dec 2009)<br />
* [[Asian Academy of Film & Television]] (Jan 2010)<br />
* [[Season's Greetings (2009 film)]] (Jan 2010)<br />
* [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] (Jan 2010)<br />
* [[Tata Elxsi]] (Feb 2010)<br />
* [[Chatur Singh Two Star]]<br />
* [[Khalnayak]]<br />
* [[Traffic Signal (film)]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
=== Articles with dead external links ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]] (Jan 2009)<br />
* [[Zee Cine Awards]] (Aug 2009)<br />
* [[Parzania]] (Sep 2009)<br />
* [[Vettaikaran (2009 film)]] (Sep 2009)<br />
* [[Slumdog Millionaire]] (Oct 2009)<br />
* [[Kambakkht Ishq]] (Dec 2009)<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
=== Articles with disputed statements ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[Dasavathaaram]] (Nov 2008)<br />
* [[Koochie Koochie Hota Hain]] (Sep 2009)<br />
* [[Kisna: The Warrior Poet]] (Feb 2010)<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
=== Articles with peacock terms ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[Sunday (2008 film)]] (Jun 2008)<br />
* [[Singh Is Kinng]] (Oct 2008)<br />
* [[Kondaveeti Donga]] (Nov 2009)<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
=== Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[Thommanum Makkalum]] (Sep 2007)<br />
* [[A Wednesday!]] (Aug 2009)<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
=== Articles with specifically-marked weasel-worded phrases ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[Son nom de Venise dans Calcutta désert]] (Jul 2008)<br />
* [[Sarkar (film)]] (Aug 2008)<br />
* [[Paheli]] (Nov 2008)<br />
* [[Cinema of Kerala]] (Jun 2009)<br />
* [[Sarkar (film)]] (Sep 2009)<br />
* [[Barsaat Ki Raat]] (Oct 2009)<br />
* [[Cinema of Kerala]] (Nov 2009)<br />
* [[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]] (Feb 2010)<br />
* [[Mayabazar]] (Feb 2010)<br />
* [[Sathi Leelavathi]] (Feb 2010)<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
=== Articles with topics of unclear notability ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[Partition (1987 film)]] (Oct 2007)<br />
* [[Padri (film)]] (Nov 2007)<br />
* [[Sundara Purushan]] (Nov 2007)<br />
* [[Gang Leader]] (Apr 2008)<br />
* [[Rendu Jella Sita]] (May 2008)<br />
* [[Shaadi (film)]] (May 2008)<br />
* [[Saavn]] (Jun 2008)<br />
* [[I Love You Da]] (Jul 2008)<br />
* [[Singham]] (Aug 2008)<br />
* [[Ali Baba aur 40 Chor]] (Sep 2008)<br />
* [[Mahaguru]] (Sep 2008)<br />
* [[Swarnakamalam]] (Sep 2008)<br />
* [[Pudhiya Mugam]] (Nov 2008)<br />
* [[Dishyum]] (Jan 2009)<br />
* [[En Mana Vaanil]] (Jan 2009)<br />
* [[Kasethan Kadavulada]] (Jan 2009)<br />
* [[Roja Kootam]] (Jan 2009)<br />
* [[Vathiyar]] (Jan 2009)<br />
* [[Asha Parekh filmography]] (Mar 2009)<br />
* [[Red Swastik]] (Mar 2009)<br />
* [[Humko Deewana Kar Gaye]] (May 2009)<br />
* [[Ahimsa (film)]] (Jul 2009)<br />
* [[Kasoor]] (Jul 2009)<br />
* [[Yagnam]] (Nov 2009)<br />
* [[Lava Kusa – The Warrior Twins]] (Dec 2009)<br />
* [[Aadhya Paadham]] (Jan 2010)<br />
* [[Bama Vijayam]] (Jan 2010)<br />
* [[Ashta Maangalyam]] (Mar 2010)<br />
* [[Gnan Ninne Premikkunnu]] (Mar 2010)<br />
* [[Unarchigal]] (Mar 2010)<br />
* [[Viratham]] (Mar 2010)<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
=== Articles with trivia sections ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[Avvaiyyar (1953 film)]] (Sep 2007)<br />
* [[Indra (film)]] (Sep 2007)<br />
* [[Sholay]] (Sep 2007)<br />
* [[Gol Maal]] (Oct 2007)<br />
* [[Kuch Naa Kaho]] (Oct 2007)<br />
* [[Sankarabharanam]] (Oct 2007)<br />
* [[Baasha (film)]] (Nov 2007)<br />
* [[Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro]] (Jan 2008)<br />
* [[Joymati]] (Jan 2008)<br />
* [[Tom, Dick, and Harry (2006 film)]] (Jan 2008)<br />
* [[Godavari (film)]] (Jun 2008)<br />
* [[Hey Ram]] (Jul 2008)<br />
* [[International Film Festival of India]] (Jul 2008)<br />
* [[Kisan (film)]] (Jul 2008)<br />
* [[Rakhi (2006 film)]] (Jul 2008)<br />
* [[Irupatham Noottandu]] (Aug 2008)<br />
* [[Jigyaasa]] (Aug 2008)<br />
* [[Muniyandi Vilangial Moonramandu]] (Aug 2008)<br />
* [[Neal 'n' Nikki]] (Sep 2008)<br />
* [[Darna Zaroori Hai]] (Oct 2008)<br />
* [[Bas Itna Sa Khwaab Hai]] (Jan 2009)<br />
* [[Boot Polish (film)]] (Jan 2009)<br />
* [[Johnny Gaddaar]] (Jan 2009)<br />
* [[Naach (film)]] (Jan 2009)<br />
* [[Ratchagan]] (Jan 2009)<br />
* [[Cinema of Karnataka]] (Feb 2009)<br />
* [[Parash Pathar]] (Feb 2009)<br />
* [[Bluffmaster!]] (Mar 2009)<br />
* [[Kaise Kahoon Ke... Pyaar Hai]] (Mar 2009)<br />
* [[Arjun (film)]] (Apr 2009)<br />
* [[Ek Ajnabee]] (Apr 2009)<br />
* [[Raja Hindustani]] (Apr 2009)<br />
* [[Kaafila]] (May 2009)<br />
* [[Devdas (1953 Telugu film)]] (Jun 2009)<br />
* [[Gowri (film)]] (Jun 2009)<br />
* [[Thaamirabharani]] (Jun 2009)<br />
* [[Ghulam]] (Jul 2009)<br />
* [[Oram Po]] (Jul 2009)<br />
* [[Sarkar Raj]] (Jul 2009)<br />
* [[Border (1997 film)]] (Aug 2009)<br />
* [[Desamuduru]] (Aug 2009)<br />
* [[Fanaa (film)]] (Aug 2009)<br />
* [[Kshatriya (film)]] (Aug 2009)<br />
* [[Mela (2000 film)]] (Aug 2009)<br />
* [[Anthony Kaun Hai]] (Oct 2009)<br />
* [[Ek Duje Ke Liye]] (Oct 2009)<br />
* [[The Legend of Bhagat Singh]] (Oct 2009)<br />
* [[What's Your Raashee?]] (Oct 2009)<br />
* [[Happy (film)]] (Nov 2009)<br />
* [[Naksha]] (Nov 2009)<br />
* [[Tagore (film)]] (Nov 2009)<br />
* [[Alaipayuthey]] (Dec 2009)<br />
* [[Corporate (film)]] (Dec 2009)<br />
* [[Flash (2007 film)]] (Dec 2009)<br />
* [[Gulaal]] (Dec 2009)<br />
* [[Jogi]] (Dec 2009)<br />
* [[Vishwatma]] (Dec 2009)<br />
* [[Elizabeth (film)]] (Jan 2010)<br />
* [[Ramana (film)]] (Jan 2010)<br />
* [[Lamhe]] (Feb 2010)<br />
* [[Meera (1979 film)]] (Feb 2010)<br />
* [[Shakespeare Wallah]] (Feb 2010)<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
=== Articles with unsourced statements ===<br />
<br />
==== Feb 2007 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Classmates (film)]]<br />
* [[Gandhi (film)]]<br />
* [[Ghulam]]<br />
* [[Hare Rama Hare Krishna (1971 film)]]<br />
* [[List of films directed by Mani Ratnam featuring A R Rahman]]<br />
* [[Manasellam]]<br />
* [[Meghasandesam]]<br />
* [[Meghe Dhaka Tara]]<br />
* [[Okariki Okaru]]<br />
* [[Woh Saat Din]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Mar 2007 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Bombay to Goa]]<br />
* [[Desamuduru]]<br />
* [[Dil Apna Punjabi]]<br />
* [[Mera Naam Joker]]<br />
* [[Monsoon Wedding]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Apr 2007 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Bangaaradha Manushya]]<br />
* [[Jait Re Jait]]<br />
* [[Jayam (2002 film)]]<br />
* [[Kireedam (1989 film)]]<br />
* [[Stumble]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== May 2007 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Dhee]]<br />
* [[Dhill]]<br />
* [[Sathyam Cinemas]]<br />
* [[Vandanam]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Jun 2007 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Anniyan]]<br />
* [[Boot Polish (film)]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Jul 2007 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Asoka (2001 film)]]<br />
* [[Bahumati]]<br />
* [[Bhagyalakshmi Bumper Draw]]<br />
* [[Company (film)]]<br />
* [[Pratidwandi]]<br />
* [[Tata Birla Madhyalo Laila]]<br />
* [[Yamaleela]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Aug 2007 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Suresh Productions]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Oct 2007 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Manoranjan]]<br />
* [[Mudhalvan]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Nov 2007 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Abhijan]]<br />
* [[Kaante]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Dec 2007 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Jee Aayan Nu]]<br />
* [[Paris, je t'aime]]<br />
* [[Paruthiveeran]]<br />
* [[Sukran]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Jan 2008 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Aadi (film)]]<br />
* [[Aakhree Raasta]]<br />
* [[Abhimaan (1973 film)]]<br />
* [[Billa (1980 film)]]<br />
* [[Filmi]]<br />
* [[Salaam-e-Ishq: A Tribute to Love]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Feb 2008 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Thenali]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Mar 2008 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Evano Oruvan]]<br />
* [[Ghajini (2005 film)]]<br />
* [[Indiralohathil Na Azhagappan]]<br />
* [[Manjil Virinja Pookkal]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== May 2008 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Ankit, Pallavi & Friends]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Jun 2008 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Abhijan]]<br />
* [[Born into Brothels]]<br />
* [[People's Encounter]]<br />
* [[Satya (film)]]<br />
* [[Sivaji (film)]] '''«GA»'''<br />
* [[Teesri Kasam]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Jul 2008 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Cinema of Punjab]]<br />
* [[Kismat Konnection]]<br />
* [[Mullum Malarum]]<br />
* [[Ontari]]<br />
* [[Paying Guest]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Aug 2008 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Guide (film)]] '''«High»'''<br />
* [[Jo Bole So Nihaal (film)]]<br />
* [[Mozhi]]<br />
* [[Singh Is Kinng]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Oct 2008 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Baazi (1995 film)]]<br />
* [[Paheli]]<br />
* [[Raaz (1967 film)]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Nov 2008 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]<br />
* [[Paheli]]<br />
* [[Pooja (1975 film)]]<br />
* [[Roadside Romeo]]<br />
* [[Sawaal (film)]]<br />
* [[Tamil cinema]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Dec 2008 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Kaakha Kaakha]]<br />
* [[Minnale]]<br />
* [[Mungaru Male]]<br />
* [[Pattikada Pattanama]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Jan 2009 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Aascar Films]]<br />
* [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
* [[Hum Aapke Hain Kaun...!]]<br />
* [[Kaagaz Ke Phool]]<br />
* [[Padayappa]]<br />
* [[Vijaya Studios]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Feb 2009 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Keerthi Chakra]]<br />
* [[Luck by Chance]]<br />
* [[No Entry]]<br />
* [[Saawariya]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Mar 2009 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Aval Appadithan]]<br />
* [[Dostana (2008 film)]]<br />
* [[Gang Leader]]<br />
* [[God Tussi Great Ho]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Apr 2009 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[2 Harihar Nagar]]<br />
* [[8 x 10 Tasveer]]<br />
* [[Athidhi (film)]]<br />
* [[Bombay Boys]]<br />
* [[Tera Jadoo Chal Gayaa]]<br />
* [[Woh Lamhe]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== May 2009 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Padayottam]]<br />
* [[Slumdog Millionaire]]<br />
* [[Tamil cinema]]<br />
* [[The Darjeeling Limited]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Jun 2009 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Aascar Films]]<br />
* [[Bewafai]]<br />
* [[Cinema of Punjab]]<br />
* [[Ek Ajnabee]]<br />
* [[Naan Avanillai (2007 film)]]<br />
* [[Sillunu Oru Kaadhal]]<br />
* [[The River (1951 film)]]<br />
* [[Thillu Mullu]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Jul 2009 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Tamil cinema]]<br />
* [[The Terrorist (film)]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Aug 2009 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Agyaat]]<br />
* [[Dharmapuri (film)]]<br />
* [[Don: The Chase Begins Again]]<br />
* [[Elizabeth (film)]]<br />
* [[Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi]]<br />
* [[Johnny Gaddaar]]<br />
* [[Simhadri (film)]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Sep 2009 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Aakrosh (1980 film)]]<br />
* [[Chandramukhi]]<br />
* [[Street Fighter: The Legend of Chun-Li]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Oct 2009 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Baabarr]]<br />
* [[Deva (film)]]<br />
* [[Dharmatma]]<br />
* [[Don (1978 film)]]<br />
* [[Kick (2009 film)]]<br />
* [[Mungaru Male]]<br />
* [[Muthu (film)]]<br />
* [[Naayi Neralu]]<br />
* [[Razia Sultan (film)]]<br />
* [[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu]]<br />
* [[Waqt (1965 film)]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Nov 2009 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Aayutha Ezhuthu]]<br />
* [[Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani]]<br />
* [[Chamku (film)]]<br />
* [[Fanaa (film)]]<br />
* [[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]<br />
* [[Kal Kissne Dekha]]<br />
* [[Manichitrathazhu]]<br />
* [[Nijam]]<br />
* [[Poochakkoru Mookkuthi]]<br />
* [[Race (film)]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Dec 2009 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Gulaal]]<br />
* [[Libaas]]<br />
* [[Parzania]]<br />
* [[Roja]] '''«High»'''<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Jan 2010 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Calcutta News]]<br />
* [[Cinema of India]]<br />
* [[Cinema of Kerala]]<br />
* [[De Taali]]<br />
* [[Mela (2000 film)]]<br />
* [[Thiruda Thiruda]]<br />
* [[Veer (film)]]<br />
* [[Water (2005 film)]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Feb 2010 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Avunu Valliddaru Ista Paddaru]]<br />
* [[Bariwali]]<br />
* [[Bas Itna Sa Khwaab Hai]]<br />
* [[Citizen (film)]]<br />
* [[Endrendrum Kadhal]]<br />
* [[Kaadhal Mannan]]<br />
* [[Kaala Patthar]]<br />
* [[Nilaave Vaa]]<br />
* [[Poove Unakkaga]]<br />
* [[Shararat (film)]]<br />
* [[Uyirodu Uyiraga]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Mar 2010 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Dasvidaniya]]<br />
* [[Irumbu Kottai Murattu Singam]]<br />
* [[Rann (film)]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
=== BLP articles lacking sources ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[Arunachalam]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
=== Czech Republic articles missing geocoordinate data ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[Bollywood Film Festival]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
=== Goa articles missing geocoordinate data ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[International Film Festival of India]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
=== India articles missing geocoordinate data ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[Bring Your Own Film Festival]]<br />
* [[Capitol Cinema (Mumbai)]]<br />
* [[Hyderabad International Film Festival]]<br />
* [[Kolkata Film Festival]]<br />
* [[Orma Film Festival]]<br />
* [[Osian's Cinefan Festival of Asian and Arab Cinema]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
=== Kerala articles missing geocoordinate data ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[Cinema halls in Trivandrum]]<br />
* [[International Film Festival of Kerala]]<br />
* [[ViBGYOR Film Festival]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
=== Maharashtra articles missing geocoordinate data ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[Film and Television Institute of India]]<br />
* [[Regal Cinema]]<br />
* [[Whistling Woods International Institute for Films, Media, Animation and Media Arts]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
=== Miscellaneous articles needing expert attention ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[Satyajit Ray filmography]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
=== NPOV disputes ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[International Film & Television Research Center]] (Dec 2007)<br />
* [[Yours Emotionally]] (Dec 2007)<br />
* [[Wave Cinemas]] (Jul 2008)<br />
* [[Thanmathra]] (Aug 2008)<br />
* [[Singh Is Kinng]] (Oct 2008)<br />
* [[Engal Anna]] (Nov 2008)<br />
* [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (Mar 2009) '''«High»'''<br />
* [[Ghatothkach]] (Mar 2009)<br />
* [[Tango Charlie]] (May 2009)<br />
* [[Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda]] (Jul 2009)<br />
* [[Pokiri (2006 film)]] (Aug 2009)<br />
* [[Cinema of West Bengal]] (Sep 2009)<br />
* [[Ram Gopal Varma Ki Aag]] (Jan 2010)<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
=== Orphaned articles ===<br />
<br />
==== Oct 2006 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Indian Cinematograph Committee]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Nov 2006 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Jagga Daku (1991 film)]]<br />
* [[Kanaka Simhasanam]]<br />
* [[The Bollywood Saga]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== May 2007 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Hyderabad International Film Festival]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Sep 2008 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Mr. Singh / Mrs. Mehta]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Oct 2008 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Sins (film)]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Nov 2008 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Kasturi Nivasa]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Dec 2008 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Aadamkhor]]<br />
* [[Aadhi Haqeeqat, Aadha Fasana]]<br />
* [[Aag Aandhi Aur Toofan]]<br />
* [[Aag Ka Toofan]]<br />
* [[Aag Ke Sholay]]<br />
* [[Aag Laga Do Sawan Ko]]<br />
* [[Aasmaan]]<br />
* [[Abelay Garam Bhaat]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Feb 2009 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Ajantha (2009 film)]]<br />
* [[Alluri Seetharama Raju (1974 film)]]<br />
* [[Bandhish (film)]]<br />
* [[Capitol Cinema (Mumbai)]]<br />
* [[Daulat (1937 film)]]<br />
* [[Daulat (1949 film)]]<br />
* [[Daulat (1982 film)]]<br />
* [[Devdas (1953 Tamil film)]]<br />
* [[Ek Abla]]<br />
* [[Garjane]]<br />
* [[Hum Sab Chor Hain (1973 film)]]<br />
* [[Ice Cream (film)]]<br />
* [[I Love You (1979 film)]]<br />
* [[Jesus (1973 film)]]<br />
* [[Kali (film)]]<br />
* [[Kariyallam Shenbaga Poo]]<br />
* [[List of Rajasthani language films]]<br />
* [[Main hoon na 2]]<br />
* [[Onnanu Nammal]]<br />
* [[Padri (film)]]<br />
* [[People's Encounter]]<br />
* [[Priya (1979 film)]]<br />
* [[Rakshabandham]]<br />
* [[Saath Saath (1982 film)]]<br />
* [[Saavn]]<br />
* [[Singham]]<br />
* [[Something Like a War]]<br />
* [[Sreekrishna Parunthu]]<br />
* [[Telugu films of 1961]]<br />
* [[Telugu films of 1962]]<br />
* [[Telugu films of 1963]]<br />
* [[Tholaipesi]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Apr 2009 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Aadu Puli Attam (2006 film)]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Jul 2009 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Bollywood films of the 1970s]]<br />
* [[Bollywood films of the 1980s]]<br />
* [[GIFA Best Editing Award]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Sep 2009 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Film Critic]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Nov 2009 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Bunglavil Outha]]<br />
* [[Chaudhary Karnail Singh]]<br />
* [[Gundamma Gaari Manavadu]]<br />
* [[Guru Dutt Movies Pvt. Ltd.]]<br />
* [[Kushikushigaa]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Audiographer]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Book]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Child Actor]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Documentary Film]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Female Comedian]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Fight Master]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Makeup Artist]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Male Comedian]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Male Dubbing Artist]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Popular Feature Film]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Screenplay Writer]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Special Effects]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Story Writer]]<br />
* [[Neenyare]]<br />
* [[Preminchunkondam Raa]]<br />
* [[Puli Bebbuli]]<br />
* [[Rudraksh (film)]]<br />
* [[Sahodaran Ayyappan (film)]]<br />
* [[Sarojini Devi Award for a Film on National Integration]]<br />
* [[Tinnama Padukunnama, Tellarinda]]<br />
* [[Vasantha Vaasal]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Dec 2009 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Diary of a Housewife (film)]]<br />
* [[Energising India]]<br />
* [[FulMarxx Shorts Fest]]<br />
* [[Hridayathil Sookshikkan]]<br />
* [[Jairam]]<br />
* [[Jaws of Death (documentary)]]<br />
* [[Konchem Koththaga]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Choreographer]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Cinematographer]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Editor]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Lyricist]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Male Debut]]<br />
* [[National Film Award for Best Anthropological/Ethnographic Film]]<br />
* [[National Film Award for Best Educational/Motivational/Instructional Film]]<br />
* [[National Film Award for Best Exploration/Adventure Film]]<br />
* [[National Film Award for Best Investigative Film]]<br />
* [[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Audiography]]<br />
* [[National Film Award for Best Non-feature Film on Family Welfare]]<br />
* [[National Film Award for Best Scientific Film]]<br />
* [[Red Chillies (film)]]<br />
* [[Valathottu Thirinjal Nalamathe Veedu]]<br />
* [[Vidyaarthi]]<br />
* [[Yudham Sei]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Jan 2010 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Aap Ka Saaya]]<br />
* [[Bhoochakra]]<br />
* [[E-Preeti]]<br />
* [[Hissss]]<br />
* [[Horn Ok Please (film)]]<br />
* [[Love Has No Language]]<br />
* [[Malik Ek]]<br />
* [[Mr. Girisham]]<br />
* [[Naam (2009 film)]]<br />
* [[Nair-san (film)]]<br />
* [[Nasraani]]<br />
* [[Once Upon a Time in Mumbai]]<br />
* [[Padosan Remake]]<br />
* [[Raat Gayi Baat Gayi?]]<br />
* [[Virsa]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Feb 2010 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Ethirum Pudhirum]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==== Mar 2010 ====<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
* [[Lava Kusa – The Warrior Twins]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
=== Pages missing lead section ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[Bollywood Movie Award – Best Film]]<br />
* [[Hungama]]<br />
* [[Naayi Neralu]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
=== Pages with missing references list ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[Kathaa Animations]]<br />
* [[My Name Is Khan]]<br />
* [[Sikandar (2009 film)]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
=== Uttar Pradesh articles missing geocoordinate data ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[Asian Academy of Film & Television]]<br />
* [[Noida Film City]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
=== Vague or ambiguous time ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[Cinema of Kerala]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
=== Wikipedia articles in need of updating ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[Chatur Singh Two Star]]<br />
* [[Roadside Romeo]]<br />
* [[Sadak]]<br />
* [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
=== Wikipedia articles needing clarification ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[Mayura (film)]] (Dec 2006)<br />
* [[Abhilasha (1983 film)]] (May 2007)<br />
* [[Bajimaat]] (Oct 2008)<br />
* [[Chanti (film)]] (Feb 2009)<br />
* [[Okka Magaadu]] (Feb 2009)<br />
* [[Parayam]] (Mar 2009)<br />
* [[America America (1995 film)]] (Aug 2009)<br />
* [[Wave Cinemas]] (Aug 2009)<br />
* [[America America (1995 film)]] (Oct 2009)<br />
* [[Aaraam Thampuran]] (Nov 2009)<br />
* [[Deva (film)]] (Nov 2009)<br />
* [[Ishq Vishk]] (Dec 2009)<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
=== Wikipedia articles needing context ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[Safed Haathi]] (Mar 2008)<br />
* [[Red Swastik]] (Mar 2009)<br />
* [[Ente Mamattikkuttiyammakku]] (Oct 2009)<br />
* [[Grihabhanga]] (Oct 2009)<br />
* [[Periya Idathu Penn]] (Oct 2009)<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
=== Wikipedia articles needing copy edit ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[Race (film)]] (Feb 2008)<br />
* [[Soorma Bhopali]] (Mar 2008)<br />
* [[Cinema of Punjab]] (Jul 2008)<br />
* [[Mann (film)]] (Jul 2008)<br />
* [[Palum Pazhamum]] (Aug 2008)<br />
* [[Pehchaan (1993 film)]] (Oct 2008)<br />
* [[Roadside Romeo]] (Oct 2008)<br />
* [[Bheema]] (Nov 2008)<br />
* [[Mere Apne]] (Nov 2008)<br />
* [[Gharshana]] (Dec 2008)<br />
* [[Kaakha Kaakha]] (Dec 2008)<br />
* [[Repati Pourulu]] (Jan 2009)<br />
* [[Gulaal]] (Feb 2009)<br />
* [[Matira Manisha]] (Mar 2009)<br />
* [[America America (1995 film)]] (Aug 2009)<br />
* [[Dhoom 2]] (Sep 2009)<br />
* [[Varnajalam]] (Sep 2009)<br />
* [[Takkari]] (Oct 2009)<br />
* [[Peranmai]] (Nov 2009)<br />
* [[Black and White (2008 Indian film)]] (Dec 2009)<br />
* [[Evidam Swargamanu]] (Dec 2009)<br />
* [[Gaalipata]] (Dec 2009)<br />
* [[List of Indian playback singers]] (Dec 2009)<br />
* [[Kurukshetra (2008 film)]] (Feb 2010)<br />
* [[Veendum Lisa]] (Feb 2010)<br />
{{colend}}<br />
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=== Wikipedia articles needing rewrite ===<br />
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{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[Road Romeo]] (Jan 2009)<br />
* [[Bulandi (2000 film)]] (May 2009)<br />
* [[Aag Hi Aag]] (Jul 2009)<br />
* [[Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani]] (Nov 2009)<br />
* [[Accident (2008 film)]]<br />
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=== Wikipedia articles needing style editing ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[Ankhiyon Ke Jharokhon Se]] (Dec 2007)<br />
* [[Hanste Zakhm]] (Dec 2007)<br />
* [[Rajshri Productions]] (Dec 2007)<br />
* [[Say Salaam India]] (Dec 2007)<br />
* [[Swathi Kiranam]] (Dec 2007)<br />
* [[The Pink Mirror]] (Dec 2007)<br />
* [[Filmi]] (Jan 2008)<br />
* [[Kovilpatti Veeralakshmi]] (Mar 2008)<br />
* [[Mission 90 Days]] (Aug 2008)<br />
* [[Muniyandi Vilangial Moonramandu]] (Aug 2008)<br />
* [[Amanush]] (Oct 2008)<br />
* [[Bheema]] (Nov 2008)<br />
* [[Sadhu Miranda]] (Nov 2008)<br />
* [[Mughal-e-Azam]] (Feb 2009)<br />
* [[Nayagan]] (Mar 2009)<br />
* [[Parayam]] (Mar 2009)<br />
* [[Raja (2002 film)]] (Apr 2009)<br />
* [[Whistle (film)]] (Apr 2009)<br />
* [[Kadhalil Vizhunthen]] (Jun 2009)<br />
* [[Blue (2009 film)]] (Oct 2009)<br />
* [[Chirodini Tumi Je Amar]] (Nov 2009)<br />
* [[Gaalipata]] (Dec 2009)<br />
* [[Cinema of Karnataka]] (Jan 2010)<br />
* [[Memsahab]] (Jan 2010)<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
=== Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[Pachhadlela]] (Dec 2007)<br />
* [[Sukran]] (Dec 2007)<br />
* [[Vargam]] (Dec 2007)<br />
* [[Sarfarosh]] (Feb 2008)<br />
* [[Deewane]] (May 2008)<br />
* [[Sholay]] (Jun 2008)<br />
* [[1971 (film)]] (Jul 2008)<br />
* [[Tango Charlie]] (Aug 2008)<br />
* [[Pyaar Mein Kabhi Kabhi]] (Oct 2008)<br />
* [[Paar Magale Paar]] (Nov 2008)<br />
* [[Street Fighter: The Legend of Chun-Li]] (Feb 2009)<br />
* [[A Wednesday!]] (Apr 2009)<br />
* [[Maanbumigu Maanavan]] (Apr 2009)<br />
* [[Thotti Jaya]] (Apr 2009)<br />
* [[Varalaru (film)]] (Apr 2009)<br />
* [[Sivakasi (film)]] (May 2009)<br />
* [[Siva Manasula Sakthi]] (May 2009)<br />
* [[Thirupaachi]] (Jun 2009)<br />
* [[Gangster (film)]] (Aug 2009)<br />
* [[Kaminey]] (Sep 2009)<br />
* [[Lee (film)]] (Sep 2009)<br />
* [[Slumdog Millionaire]] (Sep 2009)<br />
* [[Aayutha Ezhuthu]] (Nov 2009)<br />
* [[Niram]] (Nov 2009)<br />
* [[Shaitani Ilaaka]] (Nov 2009)<br />
* [[Agneepath]] (Dec 2009)<br />
* [[Amal (film)]] (Dec 2009)<br />
* [[3 Idiots]] (Jan 2010)<br />
* [[Ayan (film)]] (Feb 2010)<br />
* [[Beladingala Baale]] (Feb 2010)<br />
* [[Satyakam]] (Feb 2010)<br />
* [[The Fall (2008 film)]] (Feb 2010)<br />
{{colend}}<br />
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=== Wikipedia articles with possible conflicts of interest ===<br />
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{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[Eros Labs]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
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=== Wikipedia external links cleanup ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[Samaya (1975 film)]]<br />
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=== Wikipedia introduction cleanup ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[Safed Haathi]] (Mar 2008)<br />
* [[Pehchaan (1993 film)]] (Oct 2008)<br />
* [[Red Swastik]] (Mar 2009)<br />
* [[Bollywood Movie Award – Best Film]] (Sep 2009)<br />
* [[Hungama]] (Sep 2009)<br />
* [[Yakeen (1969 film)]] (Sep 2009)<br />
* [[Ente Mamattikkuttiyammakku]] (Oct 2009)<br />
* [[Grihabhanga]] (Oct 2009)<br />
* [[Naayi Neralu]] (Oct 2009)<br />
* [[Periya Idathu Penn]] (Oct 2009)<br />
* [[GIFA Best Dialogues Award]] (Nov 2009)<br />
{{colend}}<br />
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=== Wikipedia references cleanup ===<br />
<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
* [[Artistic depictions of the partition of India]] (Sep 2009)<br />
* [[Bobby (1973 film)]] (Sep 2009)<br />
* [[List of awards and nominations received by Ajay Devgan]] (Sep 2009)<br />
* [[Zee Cine Awards]] (Sep 2009)<br />
{{colend}}</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kannada_films_of_2024&diff=508262Kannada films of 20242024-03-16T03:02:21Z<p>RamonTietjen8: created redirect</p>
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<div>#Redirect [[List of Kannada films of 2024]]<br />
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{{Rcat shell|<br />
{{R from alternative name}}<br />
}}</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pochampalli&diff=525728Pochampalli2024-03-05T12:53:55Z<p>RamonTietjen8: creating a page</p>
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<div>'''Pochampalle''', '''Pochampalli''' or '''Pochampally''' may refer to :<br />
<br />
* [[Pochampalli, Tamil Nadu]], a town in Krishnagiri district, Tamil Nadu, India<br />
** [[Pochampalli taluk]]<br />
* [[Bhoodan Pochampally]], a mandal in Nalgonda district, Telangana, India<br />
** [[Pochampally sari]], made in Boodhan Pochampally<br />
* [[Gundlapochampalli]], or Gundla Pochampalli, a village in Rangareddy district, Telangana, India<br />
<br />
{{geodis}}</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhagiyaraj&diff=490672Bhagiyaraj2024-02-15T14:19:06Z<p>RamonTietjen8: new redirect</p>
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<div>#Redirect [[K. Bhagyaraj]]</div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharatpedia:Version_1.0_Editorial_Team/Tamil_Nadu_articles_by_quality_statistics&diff=545216Bharatpedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Tamil Nadu articles by quality statistics2024-02-14T04:47:18Z<p>RamonTietjen8: starting a bio</p>
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<div>{{User:WP 1.0 bot/Tables/Project/Tamil Nadu}}<br />
<noinclude>[[Category:Tamil Nadu articles by quality]]</noinclude></div>RamonTietjen8https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konda_Paharpur&diff=510414Konda Paharpur2024-02-04T20:51:19Z<p>RamonTietjen8: Created First Info W/ Infobox</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Konda Paharpur<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| image_map = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|27.07094|N|79.05927|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = [[India]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Karhal]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/><br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 0.125<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 463<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/><br />
| demographics_type1 = <br />
| demographics1_title1 = <br />
| demographics1_info1 = <br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 205268<br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Konda Paharpur''' ({{IAST|Koṇḍā Pahāṛpur}}) is a village in [[Karhal]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], Uttar Pradesh. As of 2011, it had a population of 463, in 63 households.<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
As of 2011, Konda Paharpur had a population of 463, in 63 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|149}} This population was 54.2% male (251) and 45.8% female (212).<!-- Census 2011 B, p. 118 --> The 0-6 age group numbered 90 (45 male and 45 female), or 19.4% of the total population.<!-- Census 2011 B, p. 118 --> 35 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 7.6% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|118-9}}<br />
<br />
The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Konda Paharpur as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 277 people (127 male and 100 female), in 39 households and 34 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 296 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|lviii}}<br />
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== Infrastructure ==<br />
As of 2011, Konda Paharpur had 1 primary school; it did not have any kind of healthcare facility.<!-- Census 2011 A, p. 149-50 --> Drinking water was provided by well, hand pump, and tube well; there were no public toilets.<!-- Census 2011 A, p. 151 --> The village had a post office but no public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes.<!-- Census 2011 A, p. 152, 4 --> Streets were made of ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<!-- Census 2011 A, p. 153 --><ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|149-54}}<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Mainpuri district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]</div>RamonTietjen8