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Sri Moolastaneswara Swamy Temple, Mulapeta

2026-05-07T00:45:07Z

Ramesheditor: starting new place

'''Sri Moolastaneswara Swamy Temple''' is the oldest Sri Shaiva [[Kshetra]], from 11th Century. It is located at Mulapeta on the west side of [[Nellore]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-30 |title=Mulasthaneswara Swami Temple nellore Religious Places |url=http://www.maachittoor.com/nellore/nellore-temples/mulasthaneswara-swami-temple.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130044217/http://www.maachittoor.com/nellore/nellore-temples/mulasthaneswara-swami-temple.html |archive-date=2012-11-30 |website=maachittoor.com}}</ref> It is dedicated to one of the variations of Lord [[Shiva]]. [[Maha Shivaratri]] is a Hindu festival celebrated there. The traditional festival activities of Karthika Masam is the famous grand occasion for this temple.

== History ==
Mulasthaneswara temple is known as Mulapet Shivalayam, which is said to be 1400 years old. In the ancient times of the Nellore in the area of this temple is in the forest and it was established during the reign of the Kakatiya dynasty. It showcases the architectural style of that era.

Tikkana Somayaji started a ''[[Mahabharatha]]'' translation into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] only after offering prayers to the deity there.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Moolastaneswara Swamy Temple, Nellore {{!}} Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore District, Government of Andhra Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://spsnellore.ap.gov.in/sri-moolastaneswara-swamy-temple-nellore/ |access-date=2024-09-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{coord|14.4483|79.9695|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Nellore district]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Andhra Pradesh]]

{{India-hindu-temple-stub}}

East Bengal FC league record by opponent

2026-05-06T07:27:13Z

Ramesheditor: Created Post - done

{{Short description|none}}
{{Main|East Bengal FC}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}

'''East Bengal Football Club''' is an Indian [[association football]] club based in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], which competes in the top tier of Indian football, for the [[2022–23 in Indian football|2022–23 season]]. The club was formed when the vice-president of Jorabagan, Suresh Chandra Chaudhuri, resigned when Jorabagan sent out their starting eleven but with the notable exclusion of defender Sailesh Bose who was dropped from the squad for reasons not disclosed when they were about to face [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] in the Coochbehar Cup Semi-Final on 28 July 1920. He along with Raja Manmatha Nath Chaudhuri, Ramesh Chandra Sen, and Aurobinda Ghosh, formed East Bengal, in the Jorabagan home of Suresh Chandra on 1 August 1920; 99 years ago.<ref name="RiseofEastBengal">{{cite web|url=http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php|title=The Rise of East Bengal Club |last=|first=|date=|work=East Bengal Football Club|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818124203/http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php|archive-date=18 August 2012|accessdate=10 August 2012}}</ref> East Bengal started playing in the [[Calcutta Football League]] 2nd division from 1921 and in 1925 they qualified for the first division for the first time and since then they have won numerous titles in Indian Football.<ref name="RiseofEastBengal"/>

East Bengal joined the [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]] since its inception in 1996 and is the only club to play all seasons till date, even after its name change to [[I-League]] in 2007.<ref name="stats"/> East Bengal have won the [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]] thrice: 2000–01, 2002–03 and 2003–04 and became runners up 7 times, the most number of times by any Indian football club. Among other trophies, East Bengal has won the [[Calcutta Football League]] 39 times, the [[IFA Shield]] 29 times, the [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]] 8 times and the [[Durand Cup]] 16 times.

The team that East Bengal have met the most in [[I-League]] (formerly [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]]) competition is [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]], their arch-rivals, against whom they have contested 45 league matches having won 16 of these; Mohun Bagan are the side against whom East Bengal has won the most in league competition. [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]] have recorded the most league victories over East Bengal, with 16 wins in 42 matches.<ref name="stats"/>

In [[2020–21 in Indian football|2020–21 season]], East Bengal moved into the [[Indian Super League]], the officially declared new top tier league of Indian football, after a successful bid process.<ref name="ISL">{{cite web |title=Nita Ambani: East Bengal’s inclusion throws open limitless opportunities for Indian football |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/nita-ambani-east-bengals-inclusion-throws-open-limitless-opportunities-for-indian-football |website=Indian Super League |publisher=ISL Media Team |accessdate=27 September 2020 |archive-date=10 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010181118/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/nita-ambani-east-bengals-inclusion-throws-open-limitless-opportunities-for-indian-football |url-status=live }}</ref> They finished ninth in their debut season, having won three of the twenty league matches. The team finished eleventh, at the bottom in the [[2021–22 in Indian football|2021–22 season]], winning just one game in the entire campaign. In the [[2022–23 Indian Super League|2022–23 season]], East Bengal finished ninth again, having won six of the twenty league matches.

==All-time league record==
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
!Keys
|-
|The symbols and colours used below:
*The records include the results of matches played in the:
**[[National Football League (India)|National Football League]] (from 1996 to 2006)
**[[I-League]] (from 2006 to 2020)
**[[Indian Super League]] (from 2020 to present day)
*For the sake of simplicity, present-day names are used throughout: for example, results against ATK Mohun Bagan, Chirag United, Mahindra, and [[Pailan Arrows]] are integrated into the records against [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]], [[United S.C.]], [[Mahindra United]] and [[Indian Arrows]], respectively.
*The season given as the "first" denotes the season in which East Bengal first played a league match against that team.
*The season given as the "last" denotes the season in which East Bengal last played a league match against that team.
*{{legend2|#FFDDFF||border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{dagger|alt=divisional rivals}} Teams with this background and symbol in the "Club" column are current divisional rivals of [[East Bengal FC]].
*{{legend2|#87CEEB||border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{double dagger|alt=defunct}} Clubs with this background and symbol in the "Club" column are defunct.
*P = matches played; W = matches won; D = matches drawn; L = matches lost; Win% = percentage of total matches won.
|}

===Indian Super League===
====League record by ISL season====
<onlyinclude>
{{updated|5 May 2026}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; width:70%; text-align:center"
|-
|+East Bengal league record in ISL
|-
!Season!!Played!!Won!!Draw!!Loss!!GF!!GA!!GD!!Points!!Position!!Play-offs!!Ref
|-
|[[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21]] || 20 || 3 || 8 || 9 || 22 || 33 || −11 || 17 || '''9th'''|| [[2021 Indian Super League playoffs|Did not qualify]]
|<ref name="ISL2021">{{cite web|first1=Hans|last1=Schöggl|first2=Karel|last2=Stokkermans|date=24 July 2022|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india2021.html|title=India 2020/21|work=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|accessdate=11 January 2021|archive-date=13 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113035045/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india2021.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{nowrap|[[2021–22 Indian Super League|2021–22]]}} || 20 || 1 || 8 || 11 || 18 || 36 || −18 || 11 || '''11th'''|| [[2022 Indian Super League playoffs|Did not qualify]]
|<ref name="ISL2122">{{cite web|first1=Hans|last1=Schöggl|first2=Karel|last2=Stokkermans|date=3 October 2022|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india2022.html#circus|title=India 2021/22|work=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|accessdate=6 October 2022|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925153743/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india2022.html#circus|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[2022–23 Indian Super League|2022–23]] || 20 || 6 || 1 || 13 || 22 || 38 || −16 || 19 || '''9th''' || [[2023 Indian Super League playoffs|Did not qualify]]
|<ref name="ISL2223">{{cite web|first1=Hans|last1=Schöggl|date=6 October 2022|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india2023.html|title=India 2022/23|work=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|accessdate=6 October 2022|archive-date=7 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007120403/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india2023.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[2023–24 Indian Super League|2023–24]] || 22 || 6 || 6 || 10 || 27 || 29 || −2 || 24 || '''9th'''|| [[2024 Indian Super League playoffs|Did not qualify]]
|<ref name="ISL2324">{{cite web|first1=Hans|last1=Schöggl|date=20 September 2023|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india2024.html|title=India 2023/24|work=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|accessdate=25 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[2024–25 Indian Super League|2024–25]] || 24 || 8 || 4 || 12 || 27 || 33 || -6 || 28 || '''9th''' || [[2025 Indian Super League playoffs|Did not qualify]]
|<ref name="ISL2425">{{cite web|first1=Hans|last1=Schöggl|first2=Karel|last2=Stokkermans|date=7 January 2025|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india2025.html|title=India 2024/25|work=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|accessdate=11 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
|[[2025–26 Indian Super League|2025–26]] || 10 || 6 || 3 || 1 || 27 || 9 || +18 || 21 || ''4th'' || {{sort dash}}
|
|-
! TOTAL !! 116 !! 30 !! 30 !! 56 !! 143 !! 178 !! −35 !! 120
!colspan=3 scope="col"|
|}</onlyinclude>

====League record by opponents====
{{updated|5 May 2026}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:80%;"
|+East Bengal league record by opponents: ISL
|-
!scope=col; width=15%; rowspan=2| Club
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" font-size:85%; class="unsortable" colspan=6| Home
! style="background:#ffcd31; color:#d71a23; text-align:center;" font-size:85%; class="unsortable" colspan=6| Away
! class="unsortable" colspan=6| Total
! rowspan=2 scope=col|Win%
! rowspan=2 scope=col|First
! rowspan=2 scope=col|Last
! width=1%; class="unsortable" rowspan=2 scope=col|Notes
! width=1%; class="unsortable" rowspan=2 scope=col|Ref
|-
!scope=col|P
!scope=col|W
!scope=col|D
!scope=col|L
!scope=col|F
!scope=col|A
!scope=col|P
!scope=col|W
!scope=col|D
!scope=col|L
!scope=col|F
!scope=col|A
!scope=col|P
!scope=col|W
!scope=col|D
!scope=col|L
!scope=col|F
!scope=col|A
|-
!scope=row style=background:#FFDDFF| [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] {{dagger|alt=divisional rivals}}
|6||2||2||2||8||9
|5||2||1||2||4||4
{{WDLtot|11|4|3|4|for=12|against=13}}
|[[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21]]
|[[2025–26 Indian Super League|2025–26]]
|{{efn-ua|name=COVID}}{{efn-ua|name=ISL2026}}
|<ref name="ISL2324"/>
|-
!scope=row style=background:#FFDDFF| [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]] {{dagger|alt=divisional rivals}}
|5||1||2||2||5||8
|6||2||3||1||6||4
{{WDLtot|11|3|5|3|for=11|against=12}}
|[[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21]]
|[[2025–26 Indian Super League|2025–26]]
|{{efn-ua|name=COVID}}{{efn-ua|name=ISL2026}}
|<ref name="ISL2324"/>
|-
!scope=row style=background:#FFDDFF| [[FC Goa|Goa]] {{dagger|alt=divisional rivals}}
|6||0||2||4||8||12
|5||1||1||3||5||8
{{WDLtot|11|1|3|7|for=13|against=20}}
|[[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21]]
|[[2025–26 Indian Super League|2025–26]]
|{{efn-ua|name=COVID}}{{efn-ua|name=FCGoa23}}{{efn-ua|name=ISL2026}}
|<ref name="ISL2324"/>
|-
!scope=row style=background:#FFDDFF| [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]] {{dagger|alt=divisional rivals}}
|0||0||0||0||0||0
|0||0||0||0||0||0
{{WDLtot|0|0|0|0|for=0|against=0}}
|
|
|{{efn-ua|name=ISL2026}}
|<ref name="ISL2324"/>
|-
!scope=row style=background:#FFDDFF| [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]] {{dagger|alt=divisional rivals}}
|6||1||3||2||4||5
|5||2||0||3||6||7
{{WDLtot|11|3|3|5|for=10|against=12}}
|[[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21]]
|[[2025–26 Indian Super League|2025–26]]
|{{efn-ua|name=COVID}}{{efn-ua|name=ISL2026}}
|<ref name="ISL2324"/>
|-
!scope=row style=background:#FFDDFF| [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] {{dagger|alt=divisional rivals}}
|6||2||3||1||7||6
|5||1||1||3||7||9
{{WDLtot|11|3|4|4|for=14|against=15}}
|[[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21]]
|[[2025–26 Indian Super League|2025–26]]
|{{efn-ua|name=COVID}}{{efn-ua|name=ISL2026}}
|<ref name="ISL2324"/>
|-
!scope=row style=background:#FFDDFF| [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]] {{dagger|alt=divisional rivals}}
|2||1||1||0||7||0
|1||1||0||0||3||1
{{WDLtot|3|2|1|0|for=10|against=1}}
|[[2024–25 Indian Super League|2024–25]]
|[[2025–26 Indian Super League|2025–26]]
|{{efn-ua|name=ISL2026}}
|<ref name="ISL2324"/>
|-
!scope=row style=background:#FFDDFF| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] {{dagger|alt=divisional rivals}}
|5||0||0||5||1||12
|5||0||1||4||4||11
{{WDLtot|10|0|1|9|for=5|against=23}}
|[[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21]]
|[[2024–25 Indian Super League|2024–25]]
|{{efn-ua|name=COVID}} {{efn-ua|name=MBSG25}}
|<ref name="ISL2324"/>
|-
!scope=row style=background:#FFDDFF| [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] {{dagger|alt=divisional rivals}}
|5||0||1||4||2||8
|6||2||2||2||3||5
{{WDLtot|11|2|3|6|for=5|against=13}}
|[[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21]]
|[[2024–25 Indian Super League|2024–25]]
|{{efn-ua|name=COVID}}{{efn-ua|name=ISL2026}}
|<ref name="ISL2324"/>
|-
!scope=row style=background:#FFDDFF| [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]] {{dagger|alt=divisional rivals}}
|6||3||2||1||14||6
|5||1||0||4||5||12
{{WDLtot|11|4|2|5|for=19|against=17}}
|[[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21]]
|[[2025–26 Indian Super League|2025–26]]
|{{efn-ua|name=COVID}}{{efn-ua|name=ISL2026}}
|<ref name="ISL2324"/>
|-
!scope=row style=background:#FFDDFF| [[Odisha FC|Odisha]] {{dagger|alt=divisional rivals}}
|6||2||1||3||10||9
|5||0||0||5||12||19
{{WDLtot|11|2|1|8|for=22|against=28}}
|[[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21]]
|[[2025–26 Indian Super League|2025–26]]
|{{efn-ua|name=COVID}}{{efn-ua|name=ISL2026}}{{efn-ua|name=Odisha26}}
|<ref name="ISL2324"/>
|-
!scope=row style=background:#FFDDFF| [[RoundGlass Punjab FC|Punjab]] {{dagger|alt=divisional rivals}}
|2||1||1||0||4||2
|2||1||0||1||4||5
{{WDLtot|4|2|1|1|for=8|against=7}}
|[[2023–24 Indian Super League|2023–24]]
|[[2024–25 Indian Super League|2024–25]]
|
|<ref name="ISL2324"/>
|-
!scope=row style=background:#FFDDFF| [[SC Delhi]] {{efn-ua|name=SCD|[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]] rebranded themselves as [[SC Delhi]] hence the records are accumulated into one.<ref name=SCDelhiHyderabad>{{cite web|first=Neeladri|last=Bhattacharya|date=18 October 2025|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/hyderabad-fc-new-name-sporting-club-delhi-bc-jindal-group-tomas-tchorz-kerala-blasters-coach-super-cup/article70179109.ece|title=Hyderabad FC rebranded as Sporting Club Delhi; Tomas Tchorz set to be new coach|work=Sportstar|accessdate=25 February 2026}}</ref>}} {{dagger|alt=divisional rivals}}
|6||3||1||2||9||9
|5||1||2||2||5||7
{{WDLtot|11|4|3|4|for=14|against=16}}
|[[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21]]
|[[2025–26 Indian Super League|2025–26]]
|{{efn-ua|name=COVID}}{{efn-ua|name=ISL2026}}
|<ref name="ISL2324"/>
|-
|}

====Overall record in ISL====
<onlyinclude>
{{updated|5 May 2026}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size=95%;"
|+East Bengal overall league record in ISL
|-class="unsortable"
!scope="col" rowspan="2"|Competition
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" colspan="6"| Home
! style="background:#ffcd31; color:#d71a23; text-align:center;" colspan="6"| Away
! colspan="8"| Total
|-
!scope="col"|P
!scope="col"|W
!scope="col"|D
!scope="col"|L
!scope="col"|F
!scope="col"|A
!scope="col"|P
!scope="col"|W
!scope="col"|D
!scope="col"|L
!scope="col"|F
!scope="col"|A
!scope="col"|P
!scope="col"|W
!scope="col"|D
!scope="col"|L
!scope="col"|F
!scope="col"|A
!scope="col" rowspan=|Win%
!scope="col" rowspan= class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
!scope="row" align=left|{{sort|1|{{nowrap|[[Indian Super League|Indian Super League (2020–present)]]}}}} (Tier-One)

| 61 || 16 || 19 || 26 || 79 || 86
| 55 || 14 || 11 || 30 || 64 || 92
{{WDLtot|116|30|30|56|for=143|against=178}}
|{{efn-ua|name=COVID|Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], the [[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21]] and [[2021–22 Indian Super League|2021–22]] [[Indian Super League]] season was held entirely in [[Goa]], inside closed doors and [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] was allotted the [[Tilak Maidan Stadium]] as their home ground for both the seasons.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-isl-2020-21-all-need-know-about-tilak-maidan|title=ISL 2020-21: All you need to know about Tilak Maidan|work=Sportskeeda|accessdate=30 October 2020|archive-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119210329/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-isl-2020-21-all-need-know-about-tilak-maidan|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=ISL21a>{{cite web|first=James|last=Kuanal|date=17 June 2021|url=https://www.insidesport.co/isl-2021-22-indian-super-leagues-new-season-to-be-held-in-goa-in-mid-november/|title=ISL 2021-22: Indian Super League's new season to be held in Goa in mid-November|work=Inside Sport|accessdate=20 June 2021|archive-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623133902/https://www.insidesport.co/isl-2021-22-indian-super-leagues-new-season-to-be-held-in-goa-in-mid-november/|url-status=live}}</ref>}} {{efn-ua|name=FCGoa23|In [[2023–24 Indian Super League|2023–24]], the home match against [[FC Goa|Goa]] was shifted to Bhubaneshwar due to administrative issues.<ref name=reschedule>{{cite web|first=Uttiyo|last=Sarkar|date=5 October 2023|url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-10-indian-football-isl-east-bengal-vs-fc-goa-shifted-bhubaneswar|title=Why East Bengal vs FC Goa clash is moved to Bhubaneswar|work=Khel Now|accessdate=5 October 2023}}</ref>}} {{efn-ua|name=MBSG25|In [[2024–25 Indian Super League|2024–25]], the away match against [[Mohun Bagan Super Giants]] was shifted to Guwahati due to administrative issues.<ref name=reschedule2>{{cite web|first=Triyasha|last=Chatterjee|date=8 January 2025|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-isl-kolkata-derby-guwahati-202501|title=ISL: Kolkata Derby shifted from Kolkata to Guwahati amid security concerns|work=Khel Now|accessdate=11 January 2025}}</ref>}} {{efn-ua|name=ISL2026|A single legged [[2025–26 Indian Super League|2025–26]] season was announced due to delays with restructuring of the league. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-15 |title=AFC grants one-season exemption to India; ISL champions set to participate in ACL 2 qualifiers|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-isl-afc-grants-one-season-exemption-202601|access-date=2026-01-15 |website=Khel Now|language=en}}</ref>}}{{efn-ua|name=Odisha26|In [[2025–26 Indian Super League|2025–26]], the home match against [[Odisha FC|Odisha]] was shifted to Goa due to [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|Bengal elections]].<ref name=Odisha26>{{cite web|date=28 April 2026|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/east-bengal-vs-odisha-score-results-updates-isl-2025-26-ebfc-v-ofc-goals-standings-youssef-ezzejjari/article70917708.ece|title=ISL 2025-26: Ezzejjari brace, Bipin’s first-half strike help East Bengal ease past Odisha and stay in title race|work=Sportstar|accessdate=6 May 2026}}</ref>}}
|-
|}</onlyinclude>
 
----

===National Football League/I-League===
====League record by NFL/I-League season====
<onlyinclude>
{{updated|till the end of [[2019–20 I-League|2019–20]] season.<ref name="stats">{{cite web|url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/nfl-ileague-stat.html|title=East Bengal's performance in NFL / I League|work=East Bengal Club|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-date=7 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107193232/http://eastbengalclub.co.in/nfl-ileague-stat.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; width:70%; text-align:center"
|-
|+East Bengal league record in NFL/I-League
|-
!Season!!Played!!Won!!Draw!!Loss!!GF!!GA!!GD!!Points!!Position!!Ref
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1996–97 National Football League (India)|1996–97]] || 5{{efn|Group Stages}} || 3 || 2 || 0 || 6 || 2 || +4 || 11 || Qualify for Championship stage
| rowspan="2"|<ref name="NFL9697">{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india97.html|title=India 1996/97|work=[[RSSSF]]|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-date=11 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611104712/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india97.html#nfl1|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 14 || 7 || 4 || 3 || 19 || 11 || +8 || 25 || '''3rd'''
|-
| {{nowrap|[[1997–98 National Football League (India)|1997–98]]}} || 18 || 8 || 7 || 3 || 18 || 10 || +8 || 31 <td style="background:silver"> '''2nd'''</td>
|<ref name="NFL9798">{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india98.html|title=India 1997/98|work=[[RSSSF]]|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723193639/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india98.html#nfl2|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1998–99 National Football League (India)|1998–99]] || 10{{efn|First Stage}} || 8 || 2 || 0 || 19 || 2 || +17 || 26 || Qualify for Second Stage
| rowspan="2"|<ref name="NFL9899">{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india99.html|title=India 1998/99|work=[[RSSSF]]|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-date=11 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611102350/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india99.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 10 || 5 || 4 || 1 || 14 || 8 || +6 || 19 <td style="background:silver"> '''2nd'''</td>
|-
| [[1999–2000 National Football League (India)|1999–00]] || 22 || 8 || 8 || 6 || 25 || 21 || +4 || 32 || '''7th'''
|<ref name="NFL9900">{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india00.html|title=India 1999/00|work=[[RSSSF]]|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-date=22 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022023658/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india00.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[2000–01 National Football League (India)|2000–01]] || 22 || 13 || 7 || 2 || 30 || 9 || +21 || 46 <td style="background:gold">'''Champions'''</td>
|<ref name="NFL0001">{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india01.html|title=India 2000/01|work=[[RSSSF]]|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-date=8 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208191428/http://rsssf.com/tablesi/india01.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[2001–02 National Football League (India)|2001–02]] || 22 || 11 || 3 || 8 || 31 || 23 || +8 || 36 || '''5th'''
|<ref name="NFL0102">{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india02.html|title=India 2001/02|work=[[RSSSF]]|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-date=22 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022040100/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india02.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[2002–03 National Football League (India)|2002–03]] || 22 || 15 || 4 || 3 || 44 || 22 || +22 || 49 <td style="background:gold">'''Champions'''</td>
|<ref name="NFL0203">{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india03.html|title=India 2002/03|work=[[RSSSF]]|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-date=6 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506050418/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india03.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[2003–04 National Football League (India)|2003–04]] || 22 || 15 || 4 || 3 || 37 || 13 || +24 || 49 <td style="background:gold">'''Champions'''</td>
|<ref name="NFL0304">{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india04.html|title=India 2003/04|work=[[RSSSF]]|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-date=9 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609202906/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india04.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[2004–05 National Football League (India)|2004–05]] || 22 || 13 || 4 || 5 || 34 || 16 || +18 || 43 || '''3rd'''
|<ref name="NFL0405">{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india05.html|title=India 2004/05|work=[[RSSSF]]|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-date=9 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609202911/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india05.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[2005–06 National Football League (India)|2005–06]] || 17 || 9 || 4 || 4 || 25 || 16 || +9 || 31 <td style="background:silver"> '''2nd'''</td>
|<ref name="NFL0607">{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india07.html|title=India 2006/07|work=[[RSSSF]]|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-date=21 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721080727/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india07.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[2006–07 National Football League (India)|2006–07]] || 18 || 7 || 5 || 6 || 29 || 29 || 0 || 26 || '''5th'''
|<ref name="NFL0506">{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india06.html|title=India 2005/06|work=[[RSSSF]]|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-date=14 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114172539/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india06.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[2007–08 I-League|2007–08]] || 18 || 5 || 4 || 9 || 17 || 23 || −6 || 19 || '''6th'''
|<ref name="IL0708">{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india08.html|title=India 2007/08|work=[[RSSSF]]|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-date=9 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609203908/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india08.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[2008–09 I-League|2008–09]] || 22 || 7 || 7 || 8 || 31 || 26 || +5 || 28 || '''6th'''
|<ref name="IL0809">{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india09.html|title=India 2008/09|work=[[RSSSF]]|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-date=6 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706220412/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india09.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[2009–10 I-League|2009–10]] || 26 || 7 || 10 || 9 || 27 || 31 || −4 || 31 || '''9th'''
|<ref name="IL0910">{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india2010.html|title=India 2009/10|work=[[RSSSF]]|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-date=22 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022143130/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india2010.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[2010–11 I-League|2010–11]] || 26 || 15 || 6 || 5 || 44 || 21 || +23 || 51 <td style="background:silver"> '''2nd'''</td>
|<ref name="IL1011">{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india2011.html|title=India 2010/11|work=[[RSSSF]]|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-date=23 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023022536/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india2011.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[2011–12 I-League|2011–12]] || 26 || 15 || 6 || 5 || 46 || 22 || +24 || 51 <td style="background:silver"> '''2nd'''</td>
|<ref name="IL1112">{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india2012.html|title=India 2011/12|work=[[RSSSF]]|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-date=18 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918131733/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india2012.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[2012–13 I-League|2012–13]] || 26 || 13 || 8 || 5 || 44 || 18 || +26 || 47 || '''3rd'''
|<ref name="IL1213">{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india2013.html|title=India 2012/13|work=[[RSSSF]]|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-date=23 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023020636/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india2013.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]] || 24 || 12 || 7 || 5 || 39 || 23 || +16 || 43 <td style="background:silver"> '''2nd'''</td>
|<ref name="IL1314">{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india2014.html|title=India 2013/14|work=[[RSSSF]]|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-date=18 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918131733/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india2014.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[2014–15 I-League|2014–15]] || 20 || 8 || 5 || 7 || 30 || 28 || +2 || 29 || '''4th'''
|<ref name="IL1415">{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india2015.html|title=India 2014/15|work=[[RSSSF]]|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008052900/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india2015.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[2015–16 I-League|2015–16]] || 16 || 7 || 4 || 5 || 22 || 18 || +4 || 25 || '''3rd'''
|<ref name="IL1516">{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india2016.html|title=India 2015/16|work=[[RSSSF]]|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-date=22 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022233723/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india2016.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[2016–17 I-League|2016–17]] || 18 || 10 || 3 || 5 || 33 || 15 || +18 || 33 || '''3rd'''
|<ref name="IL1617">{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india2017.html|title=India 2016/17|work=[[RSSSF]]|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-date=22 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022072153/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india2017.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[2017–18 I-League|2017–18]] || 18 || 8 || 7 || 3 || 32 || 19 || +13 || 31 || '''4th'''
|<ref name="IL1718">{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india2018.html|title=India 2017/18|work=[[RSSSF]]|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-date=18 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918131733/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india2018.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[2018–19 I-League|2018–19]] || 20 || 13 || 3 || 4 || 37 || 20 || +17 || 42 <td style="background:silver"> '''2nd'''</td>
|<ref name="IL1819">{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india2019.html|title=India 2018/19|work=[[RSSSF]]|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221165350/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india2019.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[2019–20 I-League|2019–20]] || 16 || 6 || 5 || 5 || 23 || 18 || +4 || 20 <td style="background:silver">'''2nd'''{{efn|name="IL"|The [[2019–20 I-League]] was cancelled after 16 Rounds due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. East Bengal FC was at the second place when the league was cancelled.<ref name="IL Cancel">{{Cite web|url=https://i-league.org/league-committee-sends-its-recommendations-to-the-aiff-executive-committee/|title=League Committee sends its recommendations to the AIFF Executive Committee|work=I-League|access-date=23 April 2020|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627184725/https://i-league.org/league-committee-sends-its-recommendations-to-the-aiff-executive-committee/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|<ref name="IL1920">{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india2020.html|title=India 2019/20|work=[[RSSSF]]|accessdate=7 February 2020|archive-date=18 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218180837/http://rsssf.com/tablesi/india2020.html#nfl1|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| '''TOTAL''' || '''500''' || '''248''' || '''133''' || '''119''' || '''756''' || '''464''' || '''+292''' || '''877'''
!scope="col"|
|}

{{notelist}}

====League record by opponents====
:'' Statistics correct till end of [[2019–20 I-League]].''
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|+East Bengal league record by opponent
|-
!scope=col width=23% rowspan=2|Club
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" class="unsortable" colspan=4| Home
! style="background:#ffcd31; color:#d71a23; text-align:center;" class="unsortable" colspan=4| Away
! class="unsortable" colspan=6| Total
! rowspan=2 scope=col|Win%
! rowspan=2 scope=col|First
! rowspan=2 scope=col|Last
! class="unsortable" rowspan=2 scope=col|Notes
! class="unsortable" rowspan=2 scope=col|Refs
|-
!scope=col|P
!scope=col|W
!scope=col|D
!scope=col|L
!scope=col|P
!scope=col|W
!scope=col|D
!scope=col|L
!scope=col|P
!scope=col|W
!scope=col|D
!scope=col|L
!scope="col"|F
!scope="col"|A
|-
!scope=row style=background:#87CEEB| [[Air India (football club)|Air India]] {{double dagger|alt=defunct}}
|11||6||4||1||11||5||3||3
{{WDLtot|22|11|7|4|for=33|against=17}}
|[[1996–97 National Football League (India)|1996–97]]
|[[2012–13 I-League|2012–13]]
|
|<ref name="NFL9697"/><ref name="IL1213"/>
|-
!scope=row|[[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
|5||1||3||1||4||1||1||2
{{WDLtot|9|2|4|3|for=11|against=11}}
|[[2015–16 I-League|2015–16]]
|[[2019–20 I-League|2019–20]]
|{{efn-ua|name="ILCancel"}}
|<ref name="IL1516"/><ref name="IL1920"/>
|-
!scope=row| [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|4||3||0||1||4||2||0||2
{{WDLtot|8|5|0|3|for=11|against=9}}
|[[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]]
|[[2016–17 I-League|2016–17]]
|
|<ref name="IL1314"/><ref name="IL1617"/>
|-
!scope=row style=background:#87CEEB| [[Bharat F.C.|Bharat]] {{double dagger|alt=defunct}}
|1||0||1||0||1||1||0||0
{{WDLtot|2|1|1|0|for=4|against=1}}
|[[2014–15 I-League|2014–15]]
|[[2014–15 I-League|2014–15]]
|
|<ref name="IL1415"/>
|-
!scope=row style=background:#87CEEB| Border Security Forces {{double dagger|alt=defunct}}
|1||1||0||0||1||1||0||0
{{WDLtot|2|2|0|0|for=4|against=1}}
|[[1999–2000 National Football League (India)|1999–00]]
|[[1999–2000 National Football League (India)|1999–00]]
|
|<ref name="NFL9900"/>
|-
!scope=row| [[Chennai City F.C.|Chennai City]]
|3||2||0||1||4||2||0||2
{{WDLtot|7|4|0|3|for=17|against=8}}
|[[2016–17 I-League|2016–17]]
|[[2019–20 I-League|2019–20]]
|{{efn-ua|name="ILCancel"|The [[2019–20 I-League]] was cancelled after 16 Rounds due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. The return leg match was cancelled.<ref name="IL Cancel"/>}}
|<ref name="IL1617"/><ref name="IL1920"/>
|-
!scope=row| [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|21||9||6||6||21||5||6||10
{{WDLtot|42|14|12|16|for=53|against=52}}
|[[1996–97 National Football League (India)|1996–97]]
|[[2019–20 I-League|2019–20]]
|{{efn-ua|Includes a 3–0 Walkover win in [[1997–98 National Football League (India)|1997–98]] for [[East Bengal FC]] as [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]] refused to play due to disputes over Match ball.<ref name="NFL9798"/>}}
|<ref name="NFL9697"/><ref name="IL1920"/>
|-
!scope=row| [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
|16||9||5||2||16||3||7||6
{{WDLtot|32|12|12|8|for=52|against=44}}
|[[1996–97 National Football League (India)|1996–97]]
|[[2014–15 I-League|2014–15]]
|
|<ref name="NFL9697"/><ref name="IL1415"/>
|-
!scope=row style=background:#87CEEB| [[DSK Shivajians F.C.|DSK Shivajians]] {{double dagger|alt=defunct}}
|2||1||0||1||2||1||0||1
{{WDLtot|4|2|0|2|for=3|against=4}}
|[[2015–16 I-League|2015–16]]
|[[2016–17 I-League|2016–17]]
|
|<ref name="IL1516"/><ref name="IL1617"/>
|-
!scope=row style=background:#87CEEB| [[FC Kochin|Kochin]] {{double dagger|alt=defunct}}
|6||3||3||0||6||4||1||1
{{WDLtot|12|7|4|1|for=21|against=11}}
|[[1997–98 National Football League (India)|1997–98]]
|[[2001–02 National Football League (India)|2001–02]]
|{{efn-ua|Includes 2 matches from [[1998–99 National Football League (India)|1998–99]] Preliminary Stages.<ref name="NFL9899"/>|name=NFL99}}
|<ref name="NFL9798"/><ref name="NFL0102"/>
|-
!scope=row style=background:#87CEEB| [[Fransa-Pax FC|Fransa-Pax]] {{double dagger|alt=defunct}}
|2||1||0||1||1||0||1||0
{{WDLtot|3|1|1|1|for=2|against=1}}
|[[2004–05 National Football League (India)|2004–05]]
|[[2005–06 National Football League (India)|2005–06]]
|
|<ref name="NFL0405"/><ref name="NFL0506"/>
|-
!scope=row| [[Gokulam Kerala F.C.|Gokulam Kerala]]
|3||2||0||1||3||1||1||1
{{WDLtot|6|3|1|2|for=9|against=8}}
|[[2017–18 I-League|2017–18]]
|[[2019–20 I-League|2019–20]]
|
|<ref name="IL1718"/><ref name="IL1920"/>
|-
!scope=row style=background:#87CEEB| [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited S.C.|HAL]] {{double dagger|alt=defunct}}
|5||5||0||0||5||3||1||1
{{WDLtot|10|8|1|1|for=31|against=10}}
|[[2001–02 National Football League (India)|2001–02]]
|[[2011–12 I-League|2011–12]]
|
|<ref name="NFL0102"/><ref name="IL1112"/>
|-
!scope=row| [[Indian Arrows]]
|6||5||0||1||6||4||2||0
{{WDLtot|12|9|2|1|for=23|against=6}}
|[[2010–11 I-League|2010–11]]
|[[2019–20 I-League|2019–20]]
|
|<ref name="IL1011"/><ref name="IL1920"/>
|-
!scope=row style=background:#87CEEB| Indian Bank {{double dagger|alt=defunct}}
|6||4||2||0||5||3||2||0
{{WDLtot|11|7|4|0|for=19|against=5}}
|[[1996–97 National Football League (India)|1996–97]]
|[[2003–04 National Football League (India)|2003–04]]
|{{efn-ua|Includes 1 match from [[1996–97 National Football League (India)|1996–97]] First Stage which East Bengal won 1–0.<ref name="NFL9697"/>}}{{efn-ua|name=NFL99}}
|<ref name="NFL9697"/><ref name="NFL0304"/>
|-
!scope=row style=background:#87CEEB| ITI {{double dagger|alt=defunct}}
|6||5||0||1||5||2||2||1
{{WDLtot|11|7|2|2|for=15|against=6}}
|[[1996–97 National Football League (India)|1996–97]]
|[[2002–03 National Football League (India)|2002–03]]
|{{efn-ua|Includes 1 match from [[1996–97 National Football League (India)|1996–97]] First Stage which East Bengal won 2–0.<ref name="NFL9697"/>}}{{efn-ua|name=NFL99}}
|<ref name="NFL9697"/><ref name="NFL0203"/>
|-
!scope=row style=background:#87CEEB| [[JCT F.C.|JCT Mills]] {{double dagger|alt=defunct}}
|15||9||4||2||16||6||5||5
{{WDLtot|31|15|9|7|for=32|against=23}}
|[[1996–97 National Football League (India)|1996–97]]
|[[2010–11 I-League|2010–11]]
|{{efn-ua|Includes 1 match from [[1996–97 National Football League (India)|1996–97]] First Stage which ended 1–1.<ref name="NFL9697"/>}}
|<ref name="NFL9697"/><ref name="IL1011"/>
|-
!scope=row style=background:#87CEEB| [[Mahindra United F.C.|Mahindra United]] {{double dagger|alt=defunct}}
|14||9||4||1||14||4||3||7
{{WDLtot|28|13|7|8|for=33|against=22}}
|[[1996–97 National Football League (India)|1996–97]]
|[[2009–10 I-League|2009–10]]
|{{efn-ua|name=NFL99}}
|<ref name="NFL9697"/><ref name="IL0910"/>
|-
!scope=row| [[Minerva Punjab F.C.|Minerva Punjab]]
|4||1||2||1||4||3||1||0
{{WDLtot|8|4|3|1|for=14|against=6}}
|[[2016–17 I-League|2016–17]]
|[[2019–20 I-League|2019–20]]
|
|<ref name="IL1617"/><ref name="IL1920"/>
|-
!scope=row| [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|6||5||1||0||5||4||1||0
{{WDLtot|11|9|2|0|for=23|against=7}}
|[[1996–97 National Football League (India)|1996–97]]
|[[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]]
|{{efn-ua|Includes 1 match from [[1996–97 National Football League (India)|1996–97]] First Stage which East Bengal won 2–1.<ref name="NFL9697"/>}}
|<ref name="NFL9697"/><ref name="IL1314"/>
|-
!scope=row| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|22||11||7||4||23||6||6||11
{{WDLtot|45|17|13|15|for=50|against=42}}
|[[1997–98 National Football League (India)|1997–98]]
|[[2019–20 I-League|2019–20]]
|{{efn-ua|Includes a 3–0 Walkover win in [[2012–13 I-League|2012–13]] for East Bengal as [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] refused to play in the second half citing crowd violence.<ref name="IL1213"/>}}{{efn-ua|name="ILCancel"}}
|<ref name="NFL9798"/><ref name="IL1920"/>
|-
!scope=row style=background:#87CEEB| [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]] {{double dagger|alt=defunct}}
|9||4||3||2||9||2||3||4
{{WDLtot|18|6|6|6|for=28|against=20}}
|[[2008–09 I-League|2008–09]]
|[[2016–17 I-League|2016–17]]
|
|<ref name="IL0809"/><ref name="IL1617"/>
|-
!scope=row| [[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]]
|2||1||1||0||3||2||1||0
{{WDLtot|5|3|2|0|for=10|against=4}}
|[[2017–18 I-League|2017–18]]
|[[2019–20 I-League|2019–20]]
|{{efn-ua|name="ILCancel"}}
|<ref name="IL1718"/><ref name="IL1920"/>
|-
!scope=row style=background:#87CEEB| [[ONGC F.C.|ONGC]]{{double dagger|alt=defunct}}
|2||2||0||0||2||0||0||2
{{WDLtot|4|2|0|2|for=6|against=2}}
|[[2010–11 I-League|2010–11]]
|[[2012–13 I-League|2012–13]]
|
|<ref name="IL1011"/><ref name="IL1213"/>
|-
!scope=row style=background:#87CEEB| [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]{{double dagger|alt=defunct}}
|6||4||0||2||6||3||2||1
{{WDLtot|12|7|2|3|for=18|against=12}}
|[[2009–10 I-League|2009–10]]
|[[2014–15 I-League|2014–15]]
|
|<ref name="IL0910"/><ref name="IL1415"/>
|-
!scope=row style=background:#87CEEB| Punjab Police {{double dagger|alt=defunct}}
|1||1||0||0||1||1||0||0
{{WDLtot|2|2|0|0|for=6|against=2}}
|[[2001–02 National Football League (India)|2001–02]]
|[[2001–02 National Football League (India)|2001–02]]
|
|<ref name="NFL0102"/>
|-
!scope=row| [[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United]]
|1||1||0||0||1||1||0||0
{{WDLtot|2|2|0|0|for=5|against=2}}
|[[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]]
|[[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]]
|
|<ref name="IL1314"/>
|-
!scope=row| [[Real Kashmir F.C.|Real Kashmir]]
|2||0||2||0||2||2||0||0
{{WDLtot|4|2|2|0|for=5|against=3}}
|[[2018–19 I-League|2018–19]]
|[[2019–20 I-League|2019–20]]
|
|<ref name="IL1819"/><ref name="IL1920"/>
|-
!scope=row| [[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh]]
|1||1||0||0||1||0||0||1
{{WDLtot|2|1|0|1|for=2|against=1}}
|[[2014–15 I-League|2014–15]]
|[[2014–15 I-League|2014–15]]
|
|<ref name="IL1415"/>
|-
!scope=row| [[Salgaocar SC|Salgaocar]]
|20||13||6||1||19||2||5||12
{{WDLtot|39|15|11|13|for=43|against=46}}
|[[1996–97 National Football League (India)|1996–97]]
|[[2015–16 I-League|2015–16]]
|{{efn-ua|Includes 1 match from [[1996–97 National Football League (India)|1996–97]] First Stage which ended 0–0.<ref name="NFL9697"/>}}{{efn-ua|name=NFL99}}
|<ref name="NFL9697"/><ref name="IL1516"/>
|-
!scope=row| [[SBI Kerala (Football Club)|State Bank of Travancore]]
|3||3||0||0||3||2||1||0
{{WDLtot|6|5|1|0|for=16|against=5}}
|[[1999–2000 National Football League (India)|1999–00]]
|[[2004–05 National Football League (India)|2004–05]]
|
|<ref name="NFL9900"/><ref name="NFL0405"/>
|-
!scope=row| [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
|9||6||2||1||9||3||2||4
{{WDLtot|18|9|4|5|for=35|against=17}}
|[[2009–10 I-League|2009–10]]
|[[2018–19 I-League|2018–19]]
|
|<ref name="IL0910"/><ref name="IL1819"/>
|-
!scope=row| [[Sporting Club de Goa|Sporting CG]]
|12||5||5||2||12||5||5||2
{{WDLtot|24|10|10|4|for=35|against=26}}
|[[2003–04 National Football League (India)|2003–04]]
|[[2015–16 I-League|2015–16]]
|
|<ref name="NFL0304"/><ref name="IL1516"/>
|-
!scope=row| [[Tollygunge Agragami F.C.|Tollygunge Agragami]]
|6||4||0||2||6||5||1||0
{{WDLtot|12|9|1|2|for=21|against=4}}
|[[1999–2000 National Football League (India)|1999–00]]
|[[2004–05 National Football League (India)|2004–05]]
|
|<ref name="NFL9900"/><ref name="NFL0405"/>
|-
!scope=row| [[TRAU F.C.|TRAU]]
|1||1||0||0||1||1||0||0
{{WDLtot|2|2|0|0|for=6|against=3}}
|[[2019–20 I-League|2019–20]]
|[[2019–20 I-League|2019–20]]
|
|<ref name="IL1920"/>
|-
!scope=row| [[United S.C.|United]]
|6||3||1||2||6||1||4||1
{{WDLtot|12|4|5|3|for=14|against=10}}
|[[2008–09 I-League|2008–09]]
|[[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]]
|
|<ref name="IL0809"/><ref name="IL1314"/>
|-
!scope=row style=background:#87CEEB| [[United Sikkim F.C.|United Sikkim]] {{double dagger|alt=defunct}}
|1||1||0||0||1||1||0||0
{{WDLtot|2|2|0|0|for=7|against=0}}
|[[2012–13 I-League|2012–13]]
|[[2012–13 I-League|2012–13]]
|
|<ref name="IL1213"/>
|-
!scope=row| [[Vasco S.C.|Vasco]]
|6||4||0||2||6||3||3||0
{{WDLtot|12|7|3|2|for=22|against=8}}
|[[2000–01 National Football League (India)|2000–01]]
|[[2008–09 I-League|2008–09]]
|
|<ref name="NFL0001"/><ref name="IL0809"/>
|-
!scope=row style=background:#87CEEB| [[Chirag United Kerala F.C.|Viva Kerala]] {{double dagger|alt=defunct}}
|4||3||1||0||4||4||0||0
{{WDLtot|8|7|1|0|for=17|against=5}}
|[[2007–08 I-League|2007–08]]
|[[2011–12 I-League|2011–12]]
|
|<ref name="IL0708"/><ref name="IL1112"/>
|-
|}

====Overall record====
<onlyinclude>
:'' Statistics correct till end of [[2019–20 I-League]].''
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size=95%;"
|+East Bengal overall league record in NFL/I-League
|-class="unsortable"
!scope="col" rowspan="2"|Competition
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" colspan="4"| Home
! style="background:#ffcd31; color:#d71a23; text-align:center;" colspan="4"| Away
! colspan="8"| Total
|-
!scope="col"|P
!scope="col"|W
!scope="col"|D
!scope="col"|L
!scope="col"|P
!scope="col"|W
!scope="col"|D
!scope="col"|L
!scope="col"|P
!scope="col"|W
!scope="col"|D
!scope="col"|L
!scope="col"|F
!scope="col"|A
!scope="col" rowspan=|Win%
!scope="col" rowspan=class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
!scope="row" align=left|{{sort|1|[[National Football League (India)|National Football League (1996–2007)]]}} (Tier-One)
|114||77||25||12||110||45||33||32
{{WDLtot|224|122|58|44|for=331|against=182}}
|{{efn-ua|Includes 5 matches from [[1996–97 National Football League (India)|1996–97 NFL]] First Stage and 10 matches from [[1998–99 National Football League (India)|1998–99 NFL]] Preliminary Stages.}}<ref name="stats"/>
|-
!scope="row" align=left|{{sort|2|[[I-League|I-League (2007–2020)]]}} (Tier-One)
|137||72||38||27||139||54||37||48
{{WDLtot|276|126|75|75|for=425|against=282}}
|<ref name="stats"/>
|-
!scope="row"|'''Total'''
!251!!149!!63!!39!!249!!99!!70!!80
{{WDLtot|500|248|133|119|for=756|against=464}}
|<ref name="stats"/>
|}
</onlyinclude>

==Notes==
{{notelist-ua}}

== See also ==

* [[Indian Super League]]
* [[I-League]]
* [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]]

==References==
{{reflist}} {{East Bengal F.C.}}
{{National Football League seasons (India)}}
{{I-League seasons}}
{{I-League}}

[[Category:East Bengal Club-related lists|Record By Opponent]]
[[Category:Association football league records by opponent]]

Perabathula Rajasekharam

2026-04-30T02:04:25Z

Ramesheditor: creating new info

{{Short description|Politician from Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Perabathula Rajasekharam
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council|Member of Legislative Council Andhra Pradesh]]
| constituency = East Godavari-West Godavari Graduates Constituency
| term_start = 30 March 2025
| term_end =
| predecessor = I. Venkateswara Rao
| successor =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Kakinada, [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| other_party =
| website =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Perabathula Rajasekharam''' (born 1972) is an Indian politician who is member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]] from East and West Godavari Graduates Constituency representing [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref name="NDA-backed contestants win big in elections to Legislative Council in Andhra Pradesh">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=NDA-backed contestants win big in elections to Legislative Council in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/nda-backed-contestants-win-big-in-elections-to-legislative-council-in-andhra-pradesh/article69290348.ece |access-date=11 March 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=4 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311163832/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/nda-backed-contestants-win-big-in-elections-to-legislative-council-in-andhra-pradesh/article69290348.ece |archive-date=11 March 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Political career==
Rajasekharam started his political career by joining in Telugu Desam in 1998 and was elected as Mandal Praja Parishad president in 2006 and as a ZPTC in 2014. He aspired for the TDP ticket from Kakinada Rural constituency in the 2024 Assembly Elections, but the seat went to TDP’s alliance partner Jana Sena.

Perabathula Rajasekhar was named as Telugu Desam Party’s candidate for East and West Godavari districts Graduates’ constituency in November 2024.<ref name="TD announces P. Rajasekhar as NDA alliance’s MLC candidate">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=TD announces P. Rajasekhar as NDA alliance's MLC candidate |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/andhra-pradesh/td-announces-p-rajasekhar-as-nda-alliances-mlc-candidate-1831620 |accessdate=4 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=21 October 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304172038/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/andhra-pradesh/td-announces-p-rajasekhar-as-nda-alliances-mlc-candidate-1831620 |archivedate=4 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Elections were held on 27 February 2025 and the votes were counted on 5 March 2025 where he defeated his nearest rival PDF candidate DV Raghavulu with a majority of 77,460 votes. Rajasekhar secured 1,12,331 votes, DV Raghavulu with 47,241 votes.<ref name="NDA-backed candidates win in MLC polls">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=NDA-backed candidates win in MLC polls |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2025/Mar/05/nda-backed-candidates-win-in-mlc-polls |access-date=11 March 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=5 March 2025 |archive-date= |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:1972 births]]

Ka. Mu. Sheriff

2026-04-28T21:53:29Z

Ramesheditor:

{{more citations needed|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{infobox person
| name = Ka. Mu. Sheriff
| image = Ka._mu._sheriff.jpg
| birth_name = Kadershah Ravuthar Mu. Sheriff
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1914|8|11}}
| birth_place = Abhivirutheeswaram, East Thanjavur, Tamilnadu
| occupation = poet
| spouse =
| children = Daughter Name : Apsha Nachiyar
Grand Children Name : Shareefa Beevi,
Mahmutha,
Taj,
Mariyam Beevi (Late),
Bashariya,Allahpichai
| death_date = Before 1989
}}
'''Ka. Mu. Sheriff''' was a writer and poet who wrote mainly in the [[Tamil language]]. He was a popular Tamil film lyricist during the 1950s and 60s. His lyrics ''Chittukuruvi Chittukuruvi Sedhi Theriyuma?'', ''Yerikaraiyin Maele Poravale Penn Mayile'' are ever-green in the minds of Tamil film song lovers. He has also written screenplays and dialogue for some films.

==Early life==
Born on 11 August 1914 at Abhivirutheeswaram in East Thanjavur district as the only son of Kadershah Ravuthar and Pathuma amma, he lived an exemplary life. Though he was a Muslim by birth, he respected other faiths and was a vegetarian throughout his life. He never smoked or drank.

He did not have a regular school education but was tutored privately in Tamil language till he was 14 years of age. Encouraged by his father, he learned Tamil grammar and literature. He started writing poetry when he was young.

==Career==
He started writing short stories for [[Ananda Vikatan]]. (Later these short stories were published as a collection in book form). He published a monthly named "Oli" ({{Translation|Light}}) in 1948 and then between 1952 and 1969 he published two periodicals ''Saattai'' and ''Thamizh Muzhakkam''.

==Freedom fighter==
He was a follower of the Congress party freedom fight and has taken part in the [[Quit India Movement]] in 1942. Later he joined [[Ma. Po. Si.]]'s [[Tamil Arasu Kazhagam]] and functioned as its secretary. He participated in the struggle mooted by Tamil Arasu Kazhagam to retain [[Chennai|Madras]] as the Capital of Tamil Nadu. He also participated in the [[Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu]].

==Writer==
He has written numerous books on various subjects in Tamil. (Lists of books he authored can be found in [[:ta:கா. மு. ஷெரீப்]]).

==Lyricist==
In late 1940s, Sheriff was affiliated to the Modern Theatres in Salem. He was influential in introducing M. Karunanidhi to the [[Modern Theatres]]' owner [[T. R. Sundaram]], who hired the young script writer for a monthly sum of 500 rupees, to join the story department of his company. In his autobiography, Karunanidhi had acknowledged this debt. Sheriff has penned more than 400 lyrics, many of which are popular and ever-green among Tamil film song lovers. His very first movie lyric was penned for the 1950 film [[Ponmudi (1950 film)|Ponmudi]], produced by the Modern Theatres.

==Music Directors==
Music directors who composed tunes to his lyrics are: [[G. Ramanathan]], [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]], [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]], [[K. V. Mahadevan]], Ramaneekaran, T. A. Kalyanam, [[T. R. Pappa]], [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]

==Singers==
Singers who sang his lyrics include [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]], [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]], [[A. M. Rajah]], [[P. Leela]], [[Jikki]], [[K. Jamuna Rani]], [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Jayalakshmi]], [[Radha Jayalakshmi|(Radha) Jayalakshmi]], [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]], U. R. Chandra, Ponnammal, [[N. L. Ganasaraswathi]], [[A. P. Komala]],

==Notable compositions==
{{Incomplete list|date=April 2017}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Song/s !! Singer/s !! Music director !! Notes
|-
|1950
|[[Manthiri Kumari]]
| உலவும் தென்றல் காற்றினிலே and others
|
|G. [[G. Ramanathan|Ramanathan]]
|He is one of the lyricists along with [[A. Maruthakasi|A.Maruthakasi]]
|----
| 1950 || [[Digambara Samiyar]] || || || G. Ramanathan S. M. Subbaiah Naidu || He is one of the lyricists. Individual credits not known
|-
| 1950 || [[Ponmudi (1950 film)|Ponmudi]] || || || G. Ramanathan || He is one of the lyricists. Individual credits not known
|-
| 1950 || [[Chavukkadi Chandrakantha]] || || || G. Ramanathan || He is one of the lyricists. Individual credits not known
|-
| 1951 || [[Devaki (1951 film)|Devaki]] || || || G. Ramanathan || He is one of the lyricists. Individual credits not known
|-
| 1951 || [[Sarvadhikari (film)|Sarvadhikari]] || || || S. Dakshinamurthi || He is one of the lyricists. Individual credits not known
|-
| 1952 || [[Amarakavi]] || ''Oru Pizhaiyum Seydhariyen ..eesa Man meethile'' || M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar || G. Ramanathan T. A. Kalyanam ||
|-
| 1952 || [[Zamindar (1952 film)|Zamindar]] || || || G. Ramanathan || [[A. Maruthakasi]] also wrote lyrics. Individual credits not known
|-
| 1953 || [[Anbu (1953 film)|Anbu]] || ''Enna Enna Inbame'' || A. M. Rajah & Jikki || T. R. Pappa || 3 out of 12 songs were penned by him
|-
| 1953 || [[Inspector (1953 film)|Inspector]] || || || G. Ramanathan || He is one of the lyricists. Individual credits not known
|-
| 1953 || [[Naalvar]] || ''Valluvanaar Seydha Thozhil'' || U. R. Chandra, Ponnammal & group || K. V. Mahadevan ||
|-
| 1953 || [[Vazha Pirandhaval]] || || || G. Ramanathan S. Rajeswara Rao || All 9 songs were penned by him
|-
| 1954 || [[Koondukkili]] || ''Vaanga Ellorume Koodi'' || T. M. Soundararajan & K. Rani || K. V. Mahadevan ||
|-
| 1954 || [[Mangalyam (1954 film)|Mangalyam]] || ''Vaazhvadhu Ponaalum'' || T. M. Soundararajan || K. V. Mahadevan || 4 out of 7 songs were penned by him
|-
| 1954 || [[Pudhu Yugam (1954 film)|Pudhu Yugam]] || ''Jaadhiyile Naanga Thaazhndavanga'' || Jikki, N. L. Ganasaraswathi, A. P. Komala, A. G. Rathinamala || G. Ramanathan || He wrote the story also
|-
| 1955 || [[Asai Anna Arumai Thambi]] ||''Menakaiyum Naanuvaal'' || K. Rani || K. V. Mahadevan ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1955 || rowspan=2|[[Kalyanam Seydhukko]] || ''Engum Nirai Paramporul Onre'' || Sirkazhi Govindarajan || Ramaneekaran ||
|-
| ''Vaetti Kattina Pombale'' || Sirkazhi Govindarajan & Soolamangalam Jayalakshmi || ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1955 || rowspan=2|[[Mullaivanam]] || ''Engirundho ingu vandha radhiye''|| rowspan=2|T. M. Soundararajan & (Radha) Jayalakshmi || rowspan=2|K. V. Mahadevan ||
|-
| ''Sariyendru nee oru'' ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1955 || rowspan=2|[[Nalla Thangai]] || ''Ennai Pole Bhagyasaali'' || Jikki & P. Leela || rowspan=2|G. Ramanathan ||
|-
| ''Thaene Paage Thevittadha'' || (Radha) Jayalakshmi || |
|-
| 1955 || [[Town Bus]] || ''Chittukkuruvi Chittukkuruvi'' || || K. V. Mahadevan || All songs
|-
| 1956 || [[Naan Petra Selvam]] || || || G. Ramanathan || All (9) songs
|-
| 1957 || [[Makkalai Petra Magarasi]] || ''O Malliyakka O Rojakka'' || Jikki, K. Jamuna Rani & A. G. Rathnamala || K. V. Mahadevan ||
|-
| 1957 || [[Mudhalali]] || ''Yeri Karaiyin Mele'' || T. M. Soundararajan || K. V. Mahadevan || He wrote all the 7 songs
|-
| 1958 || [[Annaiyin Aanai]] || ''Patthu Maadham Sumandhu Annaiyai Pol Oru'' || T. M. Soundararajan || S. M. Subbaiah Naidu ||
|-
| 1960 || [[Sivagami]] || ''Vanil Mulu mathiyai kanden'' || T. M. Soundararajan || K. V. Mahadevan || He wrote 3 songs -MKTs last film |
|-

| 1963 || [[Thulasi Maadam]] || ''Aadum MAyile Aattam Enge'' || T. M. Soundararajan || K. V. Mahadevan || 3 out of 5 songs were penned by him
|}
<ref>{{cite news|title=Annayai Pol Oru|url=http://redmux.com/song/annayai-pol-oru-tm-soundararajankamu-sheriff|work=Lyrics by Ka. Mu. Sheriff|publisher=RedMux|access-date = 13 December 2017|date = 8 April 1958 }}</ref>

==Death==
Ka. Mu. Sheriff died before 1989.

== In popular culture ==
Sheriff is briefly portrayed by an uncredited actor in the film [[Periyar (2007 film)|''Periyar'']] (2007).<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=7374&v=J0xwDvTwxMs&feature=youtu.be |title=Periyar 2007 Tamil Full Movie |date=2021-01-26 |last=Joker Speech |access-date=2025-02-19 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
*{{Cite web|url=http://tamil.thehindu.com/cinema/cinema-others/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%87/article6402938.ece |title=கவி கா.மு. ஷெரீப் நூற்றாண்டு |trans-title=Poet Ka. Mu. Sheriff Centenary |language=Tamil |publisher=tamil.thehindu.com |date=12 September 2014 |accessdate=25 April 2017 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20170425022037/http://tamil.thehindu.com/cinema/cinema-others/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%87/article6402938.ece |archivedate=25 April 2017 |url-status=dead }}
*[https://kavikamu.wordpress.com/ Kavi Ka. Mu. Sheriff]
*{{Cite web|url=http://www.nakkheeran.in/users/frmArticles.aspx?A=17595 |title=Kaalam Isaikkum Kavithaikkup Peyar ka. mu. sheriff |trans-title=Ka. Mu. Sheriff is the name of the song rendered by Time |author=Thiru. Veerapandian |publisher=nakkheeran.in |date=1 September 2013 |accessdate=25 April 2017 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20170425022941/http://www.nakkheeran.in/users/frmArticles.aspx?A=17595 |archivedate=25 April 2017 |url-status=dead }}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

== External links ==

* [http://kavikamu.wordpress.com/ கவி கா.மு.ஷெரீப் வலைத்தளம்]
* [https://archive.today/20170425022941/http://www.nakkheeran.in/users/frmArticles.aspx?A=17595 காலம் இசைக்கும் கவிதைக்குப் பெயர் கா.மு. ஷெரிப்] - திரு. வீரபாண்டியன்

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sheriff, Ka. Mu.}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:Tamil poets]]
[[Category:Tamil film poets]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:Tamil Muslims]]

N. M. Anwar

2026-04-24T17:55:58Z

Ramesheditor: made a info from scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{one source|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = N. M. Anwar
| office = Member of the [[Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 1960
| term_end = 1966
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| party = [[All India Muslim Majlis-e-Mushawarat]]
| constituency = [[Tamil Nadu]]
}}

'''N. M. Anwar''' was an Indian politician. He was Member of [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu|Rajya Sabha from Tamil Nadu]]. He served from 1960 to 1966 representing the [[Indian National Congress]].

He was General secretary of [[All India Muslim Majlis-e-Mushawarat|All India Muslim Majlis-e-Mushawwarat]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The birth of the Muslim Majlis-e Mushawarat |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/6-issues/1329-the-birth-of-the-muslim-majlis-e-mushawarat/ |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=The Milli Gazette — Indian Muslims Leading News Source |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress (Organisation) politicians]]

K. S. Veerabhadrappa

2026-04-24T17:46:28Z

Ramesheditor: created some article v1 - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| profession = Politician, farmer, and trader
| birth_date = 29 July 1929
| birth_place = Gadag, Dharwar District.
| party = [[File:Hand INC.svg|25px]][[Indian National Congress]]
| office = Member of Parliament in [[6th Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Bellary Lok Sabha constituency|Bellary]]
| term_start = 1977
| term_end = 1979
}}

'''K.S. Veerabhadrappa''' (born 29 July 1929) is an Indian politician and [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] (MP) in [[6th Lok Sabha]], represented the [[Bellary Lok Sabha constituency|Bellary]] in [[Lok Sabha]], lower house of the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Lok |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w23VAAAAMAAJ&q=K.S.+Veerabhadrappa+lok+sabha |title=Lok Sabha Debates |date=1979 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FOjmZKCEBhwC&q=K.S.+Veerabhadrappa+lok+sabha |title=Socialist India |date=1976 |publisher=Indian National Congress. All India Congress Committee. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Lok |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JVhPAQAAMAAJ&q=K.S.+Veerabhadrappa+bellary |title=Lok Sabha Debates |date=1978 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Reed |first=Sir Stanley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vmLVAAAAMAAJ&q=K.S.+Veerabhadrappa+bellary |title=Indian and Pakistan Year Book and Who's who |date=1978 |publisher=Times of India Press |language=en}}</ref> He is also Director of M/S Karnataka Patrika Private Ltd., which published '[[Samyukta Karnataka|Samyukta, Karnataka]]' (Kannada Daily), 'Karma-veera' (Weekly), 'Kasturi' (Monthly) and 'Chitradeep' (Monthly).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Members Bioprofile |url=https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2634.htm |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=loksabha.nic.in}}</ref>

== Life ==
Veerabhadrappa was born on 29 July 1929 in [[Gadag]], [[Dharwar District]]. K. S. Sangappa was his father.<ref name=":0" />

He married Smt. K. S. Rathnamma and the couple has 6 sons and 2 daughters.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Veerabhadrappa, K.S.}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Karnataka]]
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:People from Ballari district]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Karnataka-politician-stub}}

Xavier Arakkal

2026-04-23T00:58:39Z

Ramesheditor: starting new article

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Xavier Arakkal
| image =
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Ernakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ernakulam]]
| term_start1 = 1996
| term_end1 = 1997
| predecessor1 = [[K. V. Thomas]]
| successor1 = [[Sebastian Paul]]
| term_start2 = 1980
| term_end2 = 1984
| constituency2 = [[Ernakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ernakulam]]
| predecessor2 = [[Henry Austin (Indian politician)|Henry Austin]]
| successor2 = [[K. V. Thomas]]
| office3 = Member of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 = 1977
| term_end3 = 1979
| predecessor3 = [[K. T. George]]
| successor3 = [[A. C. Jose]]
| constituency3 = [[Paravur Assembly constituency|Paravur]]
| spouse = Lereice
| children = 2
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1935|4|16}}
| birth_place = [[Kingdom of Cochin]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1997|2|9|1935|4|16}}
| death_place = [[Kerala]], India
}}
'''Xavier Arakkal''' was an Indian politician from [[Kerala]]. He represented [[Paravur Assembly constituency]] in 5th [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]. After that he was twice elected to the [[Parliament of India|Indian parliament]] ([[Lok Sabha]]), first in 1980 and then in 1996.

==Biography==
Xavier Arakkal was born on April 16, 1935, the youngest of Manjummal Arakkal Varghese's six children.<ref name="deshabhimani">{{Cite web |title=സേവ്യർ അറയ്‌ക്കലിന്റെ വേർപാടിന്‌ കാൽനൂറ്റാണ്ട്‌ |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/xavier-arakkal/1000320 |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=Deshabhimani |language=ml}}</ref> He studied at [[St. Albert's College]], Ernakulam, St. Joseph's College, Thrissur and [[Sacred Heart College, Thevara|Thevara Sacred Hearts College]].<ref name="deshabhimani"/> He then studied in the [[United States]] with the help of Archbishop Joseph Attipetti of Verapuzha.<ref name="deshabhimani"/> He also held a Master of Science in International Relations degree from the [[University of Chicago]], a master's degree from [[Loyola University Chicago|Loyola University]] and a law degree from the [[University of London]].<ref name="deshabhimani"/> Xavier stayed in the US and UK till 1970 and returned to India.<ref name="niyamasabha">{{Cite web|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/legislatorsupto2006.pdf|title=Legislators of Kerala |page=268}}</ref>

After return, Xavier worked as government pleader in [[Kerala High Court]] during 1974–77.<ref name="niyamasabha"/> He held several other positions including convenor of National Forum of Lawyers and Legal Aid and chairman of Kerala Weightlifting Association.<ref name="niyamasabha"/>

===Personal life and death===
While in England, he met and married Jamaican woman Lereice. They have two daughters.<ref name="niyamasabha"/> He died on February 9, 1997, of kidney failure.

==Political career==
Winning the [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]], Xavier Arakkal represented [[Paravur Assembly constituency]] in 5th [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate.<ref name="niyamasabha"/> After that he was elected to the Indian parliament (Lok Sabha) in 1980 in Congress ticket.<ref name="Sudhi">{{Cite news |last=Sudhi |first=K. S. |date=2014-04-10 |title=Ernakulam, the ground for political somersaults |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/ernakulam-the-ground-for-political-somersaults/article5895370.ece |access-date=2022-05-14 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In the 1984 elections after the martyrdom of [[Indira Gandhi]], on the instructions of the then Kerala Chief Minister [[K. Karunakaran]], Xavier Arakkal was dropped and [[K. V. Thomas]], a lecturer at Thevara College, was nominated.<ref name="rasheed">{{Cite web |last=rasheed |title=എറണാകുളം ഇത്തവണ എങ്ങോട്ട് ചായും? |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/magazine/entertainment-column/mandalakalam-constituency-analysis-by-nissam-syed-eranakulam-pom3t6 |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref><ref name="Sudhi"/> [[Rajiv Gandhi]] directly called back Xavier, who was about to contest as a rebel candidate.<ref name="rasheed"/>

In 1995 Xavier left Congress and became a follower of left wing politics.<ref name="deshabhimani"/> In 1996 he was again elected to the Lok Sabha as an independent candidate with the support from [[Left Democratic Front]].<ref name="Sudhi"/> He died in 1997, before completing his term as an MP.<ref name="Sudhi"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arakkal, Xavier}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:1997 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:University of Chicago alumni]]

Venkate Gopala Gowda

2026-04-22T02:02:47Z

Ramesheditor: starting a entry

{{Short description|Indian judge (born 1951)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Venkate Gowda Gopala Gowda
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = Judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]
| term_start = 24 December 2012
| term_end = 5 October 2016
| nominator =
| appointer =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 = 24th Chief Justice of the [[Odisha High Court]]
| term_start1 = 25 March 2010
| term_end1 = 24 December 2012
| nominator1 =
| appointer1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Bilal Nazki]]
| successor1 = [[Chokkalingam Nagappan]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1951|10|6}}
| birth_place = Peddur, Chintamani, [[Kolar district|Kolar]], [[Mysore State]], India ({{small|now in [[Chikkaballapur district|Chikkaballapur]], [[Karnataka]]}})
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| party =
| relations =
| children =
| alma_mater = Sri Jagadguru Renukacharya Law College, Bangalore
| education =
| occupation =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Venkate Gowda Gopala Gowda''' (born 6 October 1951) is a retired judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]], serving from 2012 to 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/sjud/vggowda.htm|title=Chief Justice of India & Sitting Hon'ble Judges Justice V. Gopala Gowda|publisher= Supreme Court of India portal}}</ref> He previously served as chief justice of the [[Orissa High Court]] from 2010 to 2012, and as judge of [[Karnataka High Court]] from June 1997 to March 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.orissahighcourt.nic.in/cjudgesret.asp|title=Former Chief Justice - Orissa|publisher=Orissa High Court Portal|access-date=2015-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707191453/http://www.orissahighcourt.nic.in/cjudgesret.asp|archive-date=2015-07-07|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gowda, Venkate Gowda}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Orissa High Court]]
[[Category:People from Chikkaballapura district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]

The Baker and the Beauty (Indian TV series)

2026-04-21T08:56:07Z

Ramesheditor: starting pg

{{short description|Indian web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = The Baker and The Beauty (web series).jpg
| genre = [[Romantic comedy|Romantic comedy drama]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Beauty and the Baker]]''|[[Assi Azar]]}}
| director = Jonathan Edwards
| starring = [[Santosh Sobhan]] Tina Shilparaj [[Venkat (Telugu actor)|Venkat]] Vishnu Priya Rajiv Kumar Aneja
| writer =
| composer = [[Prashanth R Vihari]]
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| cinematography = Suresh Ragutu
| editor = Nageswara Reddy Bonthala
| network = [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
| released = {{Start date|2021|09|10|df=y}}
| first_aired =
| company = [[Annapurna Studios]]
| runtime = 30-45 minutes
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 10
| executive_producer = Anand Reddy Karnati
| producer = Supriya Yarlagadda
}}

'''''The Baker and the Beauty''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Romantic comedy|romantic]] [[comedy-drama]] [[web series]] directed by Jonathan Edwards.<ref>{{Cite news|title='The baker And The Beauty' Trailer: Santosh Shoban and Tina Shilparaj starrer 'The Baker And The Beauty' Official Trailer {{!}} Entertainment - Times of India Videos|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/mx-play/telugu/the-baker-and-the-beauty-trailer-video-santosh-shoban-and-tina-shilparaj-starrer-the-baker-and-the-beauty-official-trailer-video/videoshow/86008159.cms|access-date=2021-09-14|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref> An adaptation of [[Israel]]i [[television series]] ''[[Beauty and the Baker]],''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ago|first=5 Days|date=2021-09-09|title=India's Aha picks up local version of Israeli romcom 'The Baker And The Beauty'|url=https://tbivision.com/2021/09/09/indias-aha-picks-up-local-version-of-israeli-romcom-the-baker-and-the-beauty/|access-date=2021-09-14|website=TBI Vision|language=en-US}}</ref> it is produced by Supriya Yarlagadda and stars [[Santosh Sobhan]], Tina Shilparaj, [[Venkat (Telugu actor)|Venkat]], Rajiv Kumar Aneja and Vishnu Priya in the lead roles. Season 1 of the series was premiered on 10 September 2021 on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Toleti|first=Siddartha|date=2021-09-12|title=The Baker And The Beauty Zee5 Net: Surprise Arrivals On Telugu OTT|url=https://www.mirchi9.com/movienews/surprise-arrivals-on-telugu-ott/|access-date=2021-09-14|website=mirchi9.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==

{{Empty section|date=January 2022}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Santosh Sobhan]] as Vijay "Vijju" Krishna Dasaripalle
*Tina Shilparaj as Aira Vasireddy
*[[Venkat (Telugu actor)|Venkat]] as Lakshmi
*Rajiv Kumar Aneja as Gogo Katyal
*Vishnu Priya as Maheswari
*[[Jhansi (TV anchor)|Jhansi]] as Padma Dasaripalle, Vijay, Vikram, and Meera's mother
*Sai Swetha as Meera Dasaripalle, Vijay's younger sister
*[[Sangeeth Sobhan]] as Vikram Krishna Dasaripalle, Vijay's younger brother
*[[Srikanth Iyyengar]] as Venkateshwarlu Dasaripalle, Vijay, Vikram, and Meera's father
*Tarusha Saxena as Suseela Aunty
*[[Kamakshi Bhaskarla]] as Smrithi
*Pavani as Melissa D'Souza
*Sonakshi as Soumya
*Sai Kiran as Madhu
*Zainil as Kabir
*Avinash as Gourav
*Abhishek Maharshi as Govardhan
*Priyansha as Priya
*Siri Raasi as Divya
*Rakesh as Chanti
}}

== Episodes ==

=== Season 1 ===
{{Episode table|episodes={{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = Wild-Mushroom Soup
| WrittenBy = Jonathan Edwards
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|10}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #0AD361
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = Jubilee hills Superman
| WrittenBy = Jonathan Edwards
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|10}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #0AD361
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = Aira's Fan Part 1
| WrittenBy = Jonathan Edwards
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|10}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #0AD361
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| Title = Aira's Fan Part 2
| WrittenBy = Jonathan Edwards
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|10}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #0AD361
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| Title = Festival of Lies
| WrittenBy = Jonathan Edwards
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|10}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #0AD361
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| Title = Over? Not Over!
| WrittenBy = Jonathan Edwards
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|10}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #0AD361
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| Title = Meet Vijay
| WrittenBy = Jonathan Edwards
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|10}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #0AD361
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| Title = Lakshmi Almighty
| WrittenBy = Jonathan Edwards
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|10}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #0AD361
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| Title = Goa here we come
| WrittenBy = Jonathan Edwards
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|10}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #0AD361
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| Title = The Finale
| WrittenBy = Jonathan Edwards
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|10}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #0AD361
}}|season=|seasonT=Episode|title=|titleT=Title|writer=|writerT=Directed by|airdate=|airdateT=Date of Broadcast|background=#F2EFE4}}

== Reception ==
Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' called it as a "faithful adaptation" of its original. She compared it with 2018 Telugu film ''[[Sammohanam]]'' and 1999 American film [[Notting Hill (film)|''Notting Hill'']].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2021-09-13|title='The Baker and the Beauty' series review: Good old fairytale romance, and some more|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/the-baker-and-the-beauty-series-review-santhosh-shobhan-scores-in-this-telugu-web-series/article36429430.ece|access-date=2021-09-14|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Another citic of [[Mallemala Entertainments|''123Telugu'']] gave a rating of 3 out of 5 and wrote that "The Baker And The Beauty banks on the subtle emotions that are evoked through the unlikely love track between the lead pair. But the emotional connect subdues towards the end, which doesn’t help the cause. Nevertheless, the series can make for a decent one-time watch."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-12|title=OTT Review : The Baker And The Beauty|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/the-baker-and-the-beauty-telugu-movie-review.html|access-date=2021-09-14|website=123telugu.com|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt15309920|title=The Baker and the Beauty}}
*[https://www.aha.video/originals/the-baker-and-the-beauty ''The Baker and The Beauty''] at [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:The Baker and the Beauty (Indian TV series)}}
[[Category:2021 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Aha (streaming service) original programming]]
[[Category:Telugu-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian comedy web series]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on non-Indian television series]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian romance television series]]
[[Category:Indian comedy television series]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related television shows]]
[[Category:Workplace comedy television series]]
[[Category:Workplace drama television series]]
[[Category:Fashion-themed television series]]
[[Category:Modeling-themed television series]]
[[Category:Television series set in hotels]]
[[Category:Serial drama television series]]
[[Category:Mass media portrayals of the working class]]
[[Category:Annapurna Studios films]]

Anti-POSCO movement

2026-04-20T17:30:24Z

Ramesheditor: Created a redirect

{{Short description|Grassroots movement in Odisha against POSCO-India}}
{{Infobox event
| title = Anti-POSCO Movement
| image =
| caption =
| date = c. August 2005 – March 2017
| place = Jagatsinghpur district, Odisha, India (incl. villages like Dhinkia, Nuagaon, Gobindpur, and Gadakujanga)
| result = * POSCO officially announced withdrawal from the project in March 2017.
* Acquired land transferred to Odisha government's land bank.
| fatalities = Four individuals killed in a bomb explosion in April 2013. Hundreds were also injured and arrested over the course of the movement.
}}

'''Anti-POSCO Movement''' was a prolonged period of [[grassroots]] resistance by local communities, primarily farmers and fisherfolk, against the establishment of a massive integrated steel plant by the South Korean company [[POSCO]] in the [[Jagatsinghpur district]] of [[Odisha]], [[India]].<ref name=aljazeera>{{Cite web |last1=Khalid |first1=Saif |last2=Kumar |first2=Sanjay |date=2014-01-28 |title=Posco steel project faces steely opposition |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2014/1/28/posco-steel-project-faces-steely-opposition |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> The movement, which began around 2005 following the signing of a [[Memorandum of understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] (MoU) between POSCO and the [[Government of Odisha|Odisha government]], centered on issues of land acquisition, livelihood displacement, environmental protection, and the rights of traditional forest dwellers.<ref name=amnesty>{{Cite web |date=2011-02-28 |title=India: Orissa steel project threatens human rights |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2011/02/india-orissa-steel-project-threatens-human-rights/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |publisher=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref><ref name="balaton-chrimes-2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Balaton-Chrimes |first1=Samantha |last2=Haines |first2=Fiona |date=2016-09-07 |title=Redress and Corporate Human Rights Harms: An Analysis of New Governance and the POSCO Odisha Project |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2016.1223958 |journal=Globalizations |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=596–610 |doi=10.1080/14747731.2016.1223958 |hdl=1885/247733 |issn=1474-7731|hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="das-2022">{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Manoranjan |last2=Pattnaik |first2=Binay Kumar |date=2022-06-01 |title=Understanding Anti-POSCO Movement in Odisha: Through the Politics of Development |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0972558X221095161 |journal=The Oriental Anthropologist |language=EN}}</ref> After over a decade of sustained protests, legal battles, and state actions resulting in human rights abuse,<ref name="escr-net">{{Cite web |title=The Price of Steel: Human Rights and Forced Evictions in the POSCO-India Project |url=https://www.escr-net.org/resources/the-price-of-steel-human-rights-and-forced-evictions-in-the-posco-india-project/ |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=ESCR-Net |language=en}}</ref> POSCO officially withdrew from the project in March 2017.<ref name="www.business-standard.com" />

The movement is considered a significant example in India of people's resistance against large-scale industrial projects perceived to be detrimental to local communities and the environment.<ref name="balaton-chrimes-2016" /><ref name="escr-net" /> Indian authorities faced significant backlash over [[human rights abuse]] in their attempt to secure land for the deal.<ref name="escr-net" /> It brought to national and international attention the complex issues surrounding development models, land rights, [[environmental governance]], and corporate accountability.<ref name="das-2022" />

== Background ==
{{See also|POSCO India}}
In June 2005, [[POSCO India]], a subsidiary of South Korean steel-making company [[POSCO]], signed a deal with the [[Government of Odisha]] to set up a 12 million tons per annum (MTPA) integrated steel plant and a captive port, with a projected investment of $12 billion (around ₹ 65,856 [[crore]]). Touted as India's largest [[Foreign direct investment|foreign direct investment (FDI)]] at the time,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Posco's Odisha journey: Travails of a big-ticket project |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/posco-s-odisha-journey-travails-of-a-big-ticket-project-115051901647_1.html |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=Business Standard |language=en-US}}</ref> the project required over 4,000 acres of land (overall impact estimated to be over 12,000 acres),<ref name="escr-net" /> largely coastal and fertile, encompassing several villages in the gram panchayats of Dhinkia, [[Nuagaon]], and Gadakujanga near [[Paradeep|Paradip]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bera |first=Sayantan |date=2011-06-30 |title=Package POSCO |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/environment/package-posco-33659 |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=Down To Earth |language=en}}</ref>

The proposed area was densely populated and supported a local economy based on [[Betel|betel vine]] cultivation, [[Paddy field|paddy farming]], cashew orchards, and coastal fishing.<ref name="npr.org3">{{cite web |title=India's Economic Battle: Development Vs. Tradition |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/01/03/144442184/indias-economic-battle-development-vs-tradition |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331231713/https://www.npr.org/2012/01/03/144442184/indias-economic-battle-development-vs-tradition |archive-date=2019-03-31 |access-date=2019-03-01 |work=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> Estimates suggested that the betel vine economy alone sustained around 20,000 people in the affected villages.<ref name="sahu-2017">{{Cite web |last=Sahu |first=Priya Ranjan |date=2017-03-22 |title=As Posco exits steel project, Odisha is left with thousands of felled trees and lost livelihoods |url=https://scroll.in/article/832463/as-posco-exits-steel-project-odisha-is-left-with-thousands-of-felled-trees-and-broken-job-promises |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> The project also involved land classified as forest land, bringing into play the [[The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006|Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006]] of India.<ref name="sahu-2017" />

== The Movement ==
Almost immediately after the MoU was signed, local communities began to organize against the project.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anti-Posco : Villagers resist the government’s push to acquire lands |url=https://sanhati.com/articles/3634/ |access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref> The 'POSCO Pratirodh Sangram Samiti (PPSS)' was formed in August 2005,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balachandran |first=Manu |date=2015-03-30 |title=Timeline: How India's largest foreign investor decided to pull back |url=https://qz.com/india/372162/timeline-how-indias-largest-foreign-investor-decided-to-pull-back |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=Quartz |language=en}}</ref> becoming the primary organization spearheading the resistance. Other groups like 'Nava Nirmana Samiti' and 'Bhitamati Bachao Andolana' also participated in the protests.<ref name="das-2022" />

The movement's opposition stemmed from a range of interconnected concerns. Villagers feared the forcible loss of their ancestral lands and homes, with displacement estimates varying widely from POSCO's initial figure of around 450 families to protesters' claims of over 20,000 people facing direct displacement and many more losing their livelihoods. A significant source of anxiety was the potential destruction of the local economy, heavily reliant on the fertile land used for betel vines—a lucrative [[cash crop]]—paddy, and other agricultural activities, as well as access to coastal fishing grounds. Furthermore, serious concerns were raised about the project's environmental impact, including potential damage to the coastal ecosystem from the felling of thousands of trees (an estimated 300,000 trees were reportedly felled even in preliminary stages including fruit-bearing trees),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barik |first=Satyasundar |date=2017-03-21 |title=Odisha felled 6 lakh trees in six years for road projects |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/odisha-felled-6-lakh-trees-in-six-years-for-road-projects/article17567168.ece |access-date=2025-05-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sahoo |first=Akshaya Kumar |date=2017-03-22 |title=Posco project site looks like war-ravaged land {{!}} Posco project site looks like war-ravaged land |url=https://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/220317/posco-project-site-looks-like-war-ravaged-land.html |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=www.asianage.com |language=en}}</ref> effects on local water sources,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saldanha |first=Bhargavi S. Rao,Leo F. |date=2011-06-08 |title=Tearing through the water landscape - Evaluating the environmental and social consequences of POSCO project in Odisha - A report by ESG |url=https://www.indiawaterportal.org/governance-and-policy/governance/tearing-through-water-landscape-evaluating-environmental-and-social-consequences-posco |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=India Water Portal |language=en}}</ref> and the perceived inadequacy of the [[Environmental impact assessment|Environmental Impact Assessment]] (EIA) reports. Activists and community members also alleged that the government was proceeding with land acquisition without properly recognizing and settling the rights of traditional forest dwellers as mandated by the Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006, and that [[Gram Sabha]] (village council) resolutions rejecting the project were being ignored. The movement also highlighted issues of state repression and human rights violations, reporting heavy police deployment, alleged intimidation, arbitrary arrests, the filing of numerous criminal cases against protesters, and incidents of violence.

To voice their opposition, the Anti-POSCO movement employed various forms of resistance. Villagers, often including women and children, formed human barricades to prevent government officials and POSCO personnel from entering the proposed plant site areas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2014-05-20 |title=Human Chain to Stop Water Use by Posco |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2014/May/20/human-chain-to-stop-water-use-by-posco-615107.html |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Peaceful sit-ins, demonstrations, and rallies were regularly organized to draw attention to their plight. Concurrently, the project's environmental clearances faced repeated legal challenges before the [[National Green Tribunal]] (NGT) and other courts. A key strategy also involved the assertion of community rights, with Gram Sabhas passing resolutions against the land acquisition, invoking their powers under the FRA.

=== Key phases ===
The resistance unfolded over several years, marked by significant events and escalations. Following the formation of the PPSS in August-September 2005, the movement steadily gained momentum. One notable early incident occurred on November 29, 2007, with allegations of a bombing of peaceful protesters' tents by government forces at Balitutha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-12-06 |title=Orissa's steely villagers stand up for Posco, Tata projects |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/orissa-s-steely-villagers-stand-up-for-posco-tata-projects-107120601081_1.html |access-date={{TODAY}} |website=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-03-02 |title=Two anti-Posco activists killed in bomb explosion in Odisha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/two-anti-posco-activists-killed-in-bomb-explosion-in-odisha/articleshow/18768779.cms |access-date=2025-05-14 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> This was followed by a major rally on April 1, 2008, at Balitutha, where protesters led by Abhay Sahu defied prohibitory orders.

In 2010, a central government committee, known as the Meena Gupta Committee, reviewed the project and highlighted concerns regarding the implementation of the Forest Rights Act and the project's environmental impact. Despite these concerns, the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) granted conditional environmental and forest clearances on January 31 and May 2, 2011, respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-05-03 |title=India gives final okay to $12bn Posco steel plant |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-13263586 |access-date=2025-05-14 |work=BBC News |language=en}}</ref> These clearances became subject to legal challenges.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-10-29 |title=POSCO row: Orissa moves Supreme Court |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/POSCO-row-Orissa-moves-Supreme-Court/article15797446.ece |access-date=2025-05-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> A significant turning point came on March 30, 2012, when the National Green Tribunal (NGT) suspended the environmental clearance granted to the project, citing an inadequate assessment of potential environmental impacts.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-03-30 |title=India suspends Posco steel plant environment licence |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-17558595 |access-date=2025-05-14 |work=BBC News |language=en}}</ref>

The situation on the ground remained volatile. In April 2013, violence escalated with reports of a bomb explosion that killed four anti-POSCO protesters during attempts by the administration to acquire land.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-12-15 |title=One killed,20 injured in clash at Posco site |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/one-killed-20-injured-in-clash-at-posco-site/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Reporter |first=BS |title=Anti-Posco group slams govt for use of force in land acquisition |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/anti-posco-group-slams-govt-for-use-of-force-in-land-acquisition-113070100019_1.html |access-date=2025-05-14 |language=en}}</ref> Subsequently, on May 28, 2013, the NGT again intervened to halt land acquisition activities for POSCO due to the lack of a valid environmental clearance. In an attempt to move forward, POSCO scaled down its planned capacity from 12 MTPA to 8 MTPA in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Odisha, Posco agree to cut steel plant size to 8 mtpa from 12 mtpa |url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/odisha-posco-agree-to-cut-steel-plant-size-to-8-mtpa-from-12-mtpa/25733.html |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=Moneylife NEWS & VIEWS |language=en}}</ref> However, the resistance continued, leading to decision by POSCO to suspend project before scrapping it completely.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Posco Puts on Hold $12 Billion India Plant, Delayed Since 2005 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-07-16/posco-puts-on-hold-12-billion-india-plant-delayed-since-2005-ic64ynkj |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828143218/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-07-16/posco-puts-on-hold-12-billion-india-plant-delayed-since-2005-ic64ynkj |archive-date=2020-08-28 |access-date=2025-05-13 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Key figures ===
Several individuals played prominent roles in leading and supporting the Anti-POSCO movement. Abhay Sahu, as president of the POSCO Pratirodh Sangram Samiti (PPSS), was a central figure in organizing the resistance from its early stages. Prasant Paikray served as a spokesperson for both the Anti-POSCO and later the Anti-Jindal movements, articulating the concerns of the affected communities. Debendra Swain was another key leader of the movement who, along with many others, faced arrest for his activism.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-06-07 |title=Row over JSW project: Medha Patkar denied entry in Odisha village by protesters |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2022/Jun/07/row-over-jsw-project-medha-patkar-denied-entry-in-odisha-village-by-protesters-2462840.html |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Several women activists, including Manorama Khatua, led semi-nude protests against paramilitary action.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-03-09 |title=Semi-nude protest: police register cases |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/seminude-protest-police-register-cases/article4491411.ece |access-date=2025-05-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="nigam-2013">{{Cite web |last=Nigam |first=Aditya |date=2013-03-15 |title=Dhinkia and Govindpur Mothers go Naked to Protest against Forcible Land Acquisition for POSCO: Minati Dash |url=https://kafila.online/2013/03/15/dhinkia-and-govindpur-mothers-go-naked-to-protest-against-forcible-land-acquisition-for-posco-minati-dash/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=KAFILA - COLLECTIVE EXPLORATIONS SINCE 2006 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="pti-2013">{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2013-03-09 |title=Odisha police register cases against semi-nude protesters |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2013/Mar/09/odisha-police-register-cases-against-semi-nude-protesters-457093.html |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Shanti Das, a notable woman leader, was actively involved in the protests and also faced arrests, particularly in the later phase of resistance against the JSW project.<ref>{{cite web |title=Arrest fear grips Posco activists |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/arrest-fear-grips-posco-activists/cid/1491895 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302025033/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/arrest-fear-grips-posco-activists/cid/1491895 |archive-date=2019-03-02 |access-date=2019-03-01 |work=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Other activists such as Nutan Das, Abhaya Mallick, Dillip Kandi, Narayan Muduli, Hrudananda Rout, and Megha Das were also among those who faced arrest during the protracted struggle. The movement also drew support from various national and international human rights organizations and environmental activists who helped to highlight the issues at a broader level.

== Withdrawal of POSCO ==
After years of intense local resistance, persistent legal hurdles, ongoing controversies surrounding environmental clearances and forest rights, significant delays in land acquisition, and changing global market conditions for steel, POSCO officially announced its decision to withdraw from the project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-28 |title=International human rights groups celebrate POSCO's withdrawal from Odisha |url=https://orissadiary.com/international-human-rights-groups-celebrate-poscos-withdrawal-odisha/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=Odisha Diary |language=en-US}}</ref> While initial signals of freezing the project came in 2015-2016, the formal exit was communicated to the Odisha government, and by March 2017, the company effectively pulled out.<ref name="www.business-standard.com">{{Cite web |title=Posco closes last chapter in Odisha project |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/posco-closes-last-chapter-in-odisha-project-117031700810_1.html |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Reasons cited for the withdrawal included the prolonged delay, the failure to acquire the entirety of the required land, and changes in India's Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act that affected the assurance of captive [[iron ore]] mine allocations for the project.<ref name="www.business-standard.com" />

== Aftermath and legacy ==
Following POSCO's withdrawal, the acquired land (approximately 2,700 acres that had been handed over to the company) was returned to the state government's land bank.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sahoo |first=Akshaya Kumar |date=2017-03-19 |title=Posco to return land to Odisha {{!}} Posco to return land to Odisha |url=https://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/190317/posco-to-return-land-to-odisha.html |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=www.asianage.com |language=en}}</ref> The failure of deal to materialize had significant impact on environment, loss of livelihoods,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Satapathy |first=Dillip |title=Betel vine workers lose livelihood as Posco scraps Odisha project |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/betel-vine-workers-lose-livelihood-as-posco-scraps-odisha-project-116110201570_1.html |access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref> and states economy. Subsequently, several projects pulled out of Odisha and foreign-direct investments dropped.<ref name="sahu-2017" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-13 |title=6 industries log out of Odisha, Posco plant plan on hold - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/six-industries-log-out-of-odisha-posco-plant-plan-on-hold-62694-2016-05-13 |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

However, the struggle for the local communities did not conclude. In September 2018, the Odisha government allocated a significant portion of this land to [[JSW Steel]] for a similar integrated steel plant project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-04 |title=As POSCO prepares for Odisha return, BJP counts a political win, BJD sceptical |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/posco-odisha-return-bjp-political-win-bjd-sceptical-9651234/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> This development led to a resurgence of protests, often referred to as the Anti-Jindal movement, with many of the same leaders and community members at the forefront.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-05 |title=A small village in eastern India is resisting a mega steel project—again |url=https://qz.com/india/1813178/after-koreas-posco-odisha-village-resists-jindal-steel-project |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Quartz |language=en}}</ref> They continued to demand the return of their lands and the protection of their livelihoods and environment.<ref name="senapati-2024">{{Cite web |last=Senapati |first=Ashis |date=2024-04-20 |title=Environment in elections: Dhinkia 'acid test' for ruling BJD as betel farmers unhappy with JSW steel plant land acquisition |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/governance/environment-in-elections-dhinkia-acid-test-for-ruling-bjd-as-betel-farmers-unhappy-with-jsw-steel-plant-land-acquisition-95693 |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=Down To Earth |language=en}}</ref> The protests against the JSW project also faced state action, with reports of arrests and clashes continuing into the 2020s.<ref name="senapati-2024" /> Legal battles concerning land rights under the LARR Act, 2013 ([[Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013|Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act]]) and the FRA also persisted.

== See also ==

* [[Singur Tata Nano controversy]]
* [[Land acquisition in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Protests in India]]
[[Category:21st-century protests]]
[[Category:Police brutality in India]]
[[Category:Police misconduct in India]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Economy of Odisha]]
[[Category:Land rights movements]]

Sindhu Rajasekaran

2026-04-20T17:07:59Z

Ramesheditor: starting new details

{{short description|Author, academic and filmmaker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}

'''Sindhu Rajasekaran''' is an author, academic and filmmaker. Her [[debut novel]] ''Kaleidoscopic Reflections'' was longlisted for the [[Crossword Book Award]] in 2011,<ref name="IBN LIVE">{{cite web | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/crossword-book-award-longlist-announced/151369-40-100.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503202728/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/crossword-book-award-longlist-announced/151369-40-100.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=3 May 2014 | title=Crossword Book Award Longlist announced | work=IBNLive.com | date=6 May 2011 | accessdate=3 May 2014}}</ref> while her best-selling book of non-fiction ''Smashing the Patriarchy – A Guide for the 21st Century Indian Woman''<ref name="Scroll">{{cite web | url=https://scroll.in/article/1011933/smashing-the-patriarchy-argues-for-a-new-kind-of-feminism-in-india-away-from-older-models | title=‘Smashing the Patriarchy’ argues for a new kind of feminism in India, away from older models | newspaper=Scroll.in | date=4 December 2021 | first=Saloni | last=Sharma | accessdate=27 July 2023}}</ref> was published by Aleph Book Company. Her latest book is ''Forbidden Desire – How the British Stole India’s Queer Pasts & Queer Futures'' published by Simon & Schuster.<ref name="Simon & Schuster">{{cite web | url=https://www.simonandschuster.ca/books/Forbidden-Desire/Sindhu-Rajasekaran/9788198872579| title=Forbidden Desire by Sindhu Rajasekaran | work=Simonandschuster.ca | date=20 January 2026}}</ref> She is the founder and curator of the art/culture platform The Subjective Space.<ref name="The Subjective Space">{{cite web | url=https://www.thesubjectivespace.com/|title=The Subjective Space| work=thesubjectivespace.com | date=20 January 2026}}</ref>

Sindhu's prose and poetry have appeared in internationally acclaimed literary magazines. She has also published a collection of short stories titled ''So I Let It Be''; it released in 2019.<ref name="Pegasus Publishers">{{cite web | url=https://pegasuspublishers.com/books/sindhu-rajasekaran/so-i-let-it-be|title=So I Let It Be by Sindhu Rajasekaran| work=Pegasuspublishers.com | date=28 February 2019}}</ref>

She co-founded an independent film production company, ''Camphor Cinema'', and produced the critically acclaimed Indo-British feature film ''[[Ramanujan (film)|Ramanujan]]'',<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/saluting-brilliance/article4882635.ece | title=Saluting brilliance | newspaper=The Hindu | date=5 July 2013 | first=Suganthy | last=Krishnamachari | accessdate=11 November 2018}}</ref> based on the life and times of the mathematical genius [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]].

==Early life and education==

Sindhu was born in Madras to IAS officer and Film Director [[Gnana Rajasekaran]] and Sakunthala Rajasekaran.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} She grew up in [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. Trained as an Electronics and Communications Engineer at [[Anna University]], Sindhu received a master's degree in English from the [[University of Edinburgh]].{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

A recipient of the Dean's Global Research Award at the University of Strathclyde,<ref name="Strathclyde">{{cite web | url=https://www.strath.ac.uk/humanities/meetourstudents/humanities/sindhurajasekaran/ |title=PhD Creative Writing}}</ref> Sindhu's research revolves around queer South Asian pasts, creative epistemologies & queer decolonial storytelling. She has presented her research at various international academic conferences including the Association for Asian Studies AAS-in-Asia Conference, Asia in Motion: Memory, Preservation and Documentation, in South Korea,<ref name= "Asian studies">{{cite web| url= https://www.asianstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/20203-AAS-in-Asia_Program-Book_%EC%B5%9C%EC%A2%85.pdf|title= ‘AAS-in-Asia Program Book’| date=January 20, 2026}}</ref> the 50th Annual Conference on South Asia at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]] Research Network,<ref name= "The British Empire, Scotland, and Indian Famines">{{cite web| url= https://blogs.ed.ac.uk/rseaward_indianfamines/events/|title= ‘The British Empire, Scotland, and Indian Famines: Writings on Food Crisis in Colonial India’| date=January 2024}}</ref> and at the Centre for Gender History, University of Glasgow.<ref name= "Hufton Postgraduate Reading Group">{{cite web| url= https://www.gla.ac.uk/media/Media_891277_smxx.pdf|title= ‘Programme of Events’| date=September 2022}}</ref> Sindhu graduated with a PhD in Creative Writing in 2025.

==Literary works==

Sindhu's debut novel ''Kaleidoscopic Reflections'' was longlisted for the Crossword Book Award in 2011.<ref name= "News 18">{{cite web| url= https://www.news18.com/news/books/crossword-book-award-longlist-announced-368191.html|title= ‘Crossword Book Award Longlist announced’| date=May 5, 2011}}</ref> The novel tells the tale of an inter-caste Tamil family, spanning five generations, and how their destiny is inextricably linked to the fate of India.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

In her second book, So I Let It Be, the themes of love, loss of individuality, sexuality, and an overwhelmingly poignant and profound sense of saudade are explored. Stories from this collection have previously been featured in literary magazines. ''The Sacred Cow'' appeared in the internationally acclaimed Asia Literary Review.<ref name= "asialiteraryreview.com">{{cite web| url=https://www.asialiteraryreview.com/sacred-cow |title= ‘Asia Literary Review’}}</ref> ''The Routine'' was published in Elsewhere Lit.<ref name= "elsewherelit.org">{{ cite web| url= http://www.elsewherelit.org/sindhu-rajasekaran |title= ‘Elsewhere Lit- A journey of literature and art’}}</ref> [[HuffPost|Huffington Post]]<ref name= "huffingtonpost.in">{{ cite web| url= https://www.huffingtonpost.in/anubha-yadav/14-contemporary-short-stories-that-will-spark-your-mind_a_21464159/ |title= ‘14 Contemporary Short Stories That Will Spark Your Mind’}}</ref> listed this story among 14 contemporary short stories that will spark your mind. Her short story ''Mountain of God'' was published in Kitaab.<ref name= "kitab.org">{{cite web| url= https://kitaab.org/2016/07/10/short-story-mountain-of-god/ |title= ‘Short Story: Mountain of God’}}</ref>

Sindhu's acclaimed third book, Smashing the Patriarchy, was published by [[Aleph Book Company]] in 2021.<ref name="Aleph Book Company">{{cite web | url=https://www.alephbookcompany.com/book/smashing-the-patriarchy-a-guide-for-the-21st-century-indian-woman/ | title=Smashing the Patriarchy | publisher=Aleph Book Company | access-date=24 March 2021}}</ref> Centred around the bold voices of millennials and Gen Zs, Smashing the Patriarchy explores how young Indian women from diverse backgrounds ingeniously overcome the patriarchy in their everyday lives.

In 2021, the renowned Canadian feminist literary magazine, Room, published Sindhu’s creative non-fiction Breasts, Being and Nothingness.<ref name="Room Magazine">{{cite web | url=https://roommagazine.com/product/city-rhythms-issue/ | title=Sindhu Rajasekaran | work=City Rhythms| accessdate=20 January 2026}}</ref> Her poem Unreal love/r(s) appeared in the Association for Scottish Literature’s anthology, New Writing Scotland 42: “Don’t. Even. Ask. Too. Hot.” in 2024.<ref name="ASL">{{cite web | url=https://asls.org.uk/publications/books/newwriting/nws42/ | title=Sindhu Rajasekaran | work=New Writing Scotland 42 | accessdate=20 January 2026}}</ref>

Her poems Meghdooth and Let Me Molest You have been published by [[Muse India]] as part of an anthology of poetry,<ref name="Muse India">{{cite web | url=http://www.museindia.com/featurecontent.asp?issid=46&id=3782 | title=Sindhu Rajasekaran | work=museindia.com| accessdate=3 May 2014}}</ref> and ''So I Let It Be'' and ''Mermaid''<ref name="Two in the Bush">{{cite web | url=http://blog.eca.ac.uk/twointhebush/category/laura-dixon-sindhu-rajasekaran/ | title=Two in the Bush | date=10 March 2011 | access-date=3 May 2014 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20140503170714/http://blog.eca.ac.uk/twointhebush/category/laura-dixon-sindhu-rajasekaran/ | archive-date=3 May 2014 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> were published in ''[[The Dance of the Peacock]]'' by Hidden Brook Press, Canada in 2013.<ref name="Dance of the Peacock">{{cite book | title=Dance of the Peacock | publisher=Hidden Brook Press | location=Canada | ISBN=978-1-927725-00-9 | year=2013}}</ref>

She has contributed articles on politics and culture to the Scottish magazine Bella Caledonia <ref name= "bellacaledonia.org.uk">{{cite web| url=https://bellacaledonia.org.uk/2014/09/06/what-scottish-independence-means-for-asia-for-india/ |title= ‘What Scottish independence means for Asia, for India’}}</ref> and India's Impact. She was one among the youngest writers invited to participate and speak at the [[Hyderabad Literary Festival]] in 2013.

==Theatre and film==

Sindhu co-wrote and acted in a play titled ''The Tiara Gynaelogues'', staged at the [[Edinburgh Festival Fringe]] in 2011.<ref name="The Tiara Gynaelogues">{{cite web | url=http://www.cityofliterature.com/whats-on.aspx?sec=5&pid=20&item=2819 | title=Literary Events in Edinburgh | work=cityofliterature.com | access-date=3 May 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503222302/http://www.cityofliterature.com/whats-on.aspx?sec=5&pid=20&item=2819 | archive-date=3 May 2014 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

She performed spoken word for the premier performance groups Illicit Ink<ref name= "edinburghspotlight.com">{{cite web| url=http://www.edinburghspotlight.com/2011/09/feature-illicit-ink/|title= ‘FEATURE – Illicit Ink’}}</ref> and Writers' Bloc in the UK.

With ''[[Ramanujan (film)|Ramanujan]]'' Sindhu forayed into the world of screenwriting and film production; she is the Assistant Scriptwriter<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.indianoon.com/news/entertainment/ramanujan-shoots-of-the-film-at-cambridge-and-london-13646.html | title=Ramanujan shoots of the film at Cambridge and London | work=indianoon.com | accessdate=3 May 2014}}</ref> of the film and also the Producer of the film. She set up the production house, Camphor Cinema, in 2012.<ref name="Box Office India">{{cite web | url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/camphor-cinema-presents-their-first-film-ramanujan/ | title=Camphor Cinema Presents Their First Film Ramanujan | work=boxofficeindia.co.in | access-date=3 May 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820212249/http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/camphor-cinema-presents-their-first-film-ramanujan/ | archive-date=20 August 2013 | df= }}</ref>

Critically acclaimed, ''Ramanujan'' won an award for Best Production at Norway's NTFF in 2015, the Ananda Vikadan Best Production Award and V4 Entertainers Film Awards. The Rashtrapati Bhavan invited Camphor Cinema to specially screen the film for the President of India, who felicitated the producers at the event <ref name= "newindianexpress.com">{{cite web| url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/mar/30/prez-pranab-wowed-by-ramanujan%e2%80%99s-story-735574.html |title= ‘Prez Pranab Wowed by Ramanujan’s Story’| date=March 30, 2013}}</ref>

== Personal life ==

Sindhu is [[bisexual]]. She has written widely about gender and sexuality, writing about her personal experiences in Gaysi,<ref name= "Gaysi Family">{{cite web| url= https://gaysifamily.com/lifestyle/bisexuality-being-and-nothingness/ | title=Gaysi }}</ref> Room and in her book ''Smashing the Patriarchy''. Sindhu is a jury member of the inaugural Rainbow Awards for Literature and Journalism <ref name= 'Rainbow Awards'>{{cite news| url= https://scroll.in/article/1049736/inaugural-rainbow-awards-to-honour-queer-literature-and-journalism | title= Inaugural Rainbow Awards to honour queer literature and journalism }}</ref> – instituted to honour queer literature and journalism in India.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* http://www.edinburghspotlight.com/2011/09/feature-illicit-ink/

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajasekaran, Sindhu}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Chennai]]
[[Category:Women writers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Women writers from Kerala]]

Muhammad Abdul Nasir

2026-04-16T05:10:34Z

Ramesheditor: made initial entry with sources.

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Lilong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lilong]]
| term_start = 10 March 2022
| predecessor = [[Y. Antas Khan]]
| term_start1 = 2012
| predecessor1 = Muhammad Helaluddin Khan
| term_end1 = 2020
| successor1 = [[Y. Antas Khan]]
| party = [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}

'''Muhammad Abdul Nasir''' is an Indian politician and former member of the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Lilong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lilong]]. He had served as the Minister of Agriculture in the [[Okram Ibobi Singh]] cabinet.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-07 |title=Congress MLA Md Abdul Nasir apologises {{as written|publi|cally [sic]|expecting=publicly}} for racial remarks |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/congress-mla-md-abdul-nasir-apologises-publicly-for-racial-remarks-5127769/ |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Nasir was elected to the Manipur Legislative Assembly in 2017 from [[Lilong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lilong]] as a candidate of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-10-05 |title=Violence in Manipur Village as Locals Protest Against Ex-MLA Abdul Nasir During Poll Campaign |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/violence-in-manipur-village-as-locals-protest-against-ex-mla-abdul-nasir-during-poll-campaign-2936187.html |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> In 2018, he faced difficulty with constructing his house in Nagaram village where the local tribal people do not sell land to outsiders and wanted to halt the construction of his house.<ref name=":0" />

Nasir resigned in 2020 along with five other politicians of Indian National Congress.<ref name=":1" /> He defected to [[Janata Dal (United)]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Karmakar |first=Rahul |date=2022-02-05 |title=JD(U) gains after defections from BJP, Cong. in Manipur |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/manipur-assembly/jdu-gains-after-defections-from-bjp-cong-in-manipur/article38378882.ece |access-date=2022-03-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="Manipur elections: Fate of BJP, Congress hinges on smaller parties as hung House predicted">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=15 February 2022 |title=Manipur elections: Fate of BJP, Congress hinges on smaller parties as hung House predicted |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/Feb/15/manipur-elections-fate-of-bjp-congress-hinges-on-smaller-parties-as-hung-house-predicted-2419762.html |archive-date= |access-date=23 January 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

He won the [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Lilong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lilong]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=mohd-abdul-nasir in Manipur Assembly Elections 2022 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/manipur/mohd-abdul-nasir-lilong-candidate-s14a030c03/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nasir, Muhammad Abdul}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Manipur]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]

{{JDU-politician-stub}}
{{Manipur-INC-politician-stub}}

Tirugaṇita-pañcāṅgam

2026-04-14T18:17:34Z

Ramesheditor:

{{Short description|Almanac popular among Tamil speaking people}}
[[File:Ragoonathachary.jpg|thumb|200px|Chintamani Ragoonathachari (1822 – 5 February 1880)]]

'''''Tirugaṇita-pañcāṅgam''''', also known as ''Dṛggaṇita pañcāṅgam'', is an almanac popular among [[Tamil people|Tamil]] speaking people in India and the world over. It is based on the modern values of the various astronomical parameters and it incorporates modern formulas and computational schemes. It was introduced by [[Chinthamani Ragoonatha Chary]] (1822 – 5 February 1880) an Indian astronomer attached to the then [[Madras Observatory]].<ref name=VT>{{cite web|last=Venkateswaran T. V.|title=Chinthamani Ragoonathachary and Secularization of Time During the Late Nineteenth Century Madras Presidency|url=http://web.gnowledge.org/episteme3/pro_pdfs/04-tvv.pdf|work=Proceeding No 521 of March 26, 1878, Fr St George.|access-date=30 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=B. S. Shylaja|title=Chintamani Ragoonathachari and Contemporary Indian Astronomy|journal=Current Science|date=10 May 2009|volume=96|issue=9|page=1273|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/96/09/1271.pdf|access-date=18 February 2016}}</ref> There is another almanac known as '''[[Vākyapañcāṅga|Vākyapañcāṅgam]]''', also popular among Tamil speaking people which is based on the astronomical data and computational methods propounded in the various ''Siddhānta'' texts like the ''Sūrya-Siddhānta'' and which uses the text ''[[Vākyakaraṇa]]'' of anonymous authorship as the basic source book.

The ''Dṛggaṇita pañcāṅgam'' popular among Tamil speaking people is not to be confused with the ''Dṛggaṇita pañcāṅgam'' popular among Malayalam speaking people. The latter is the nearly unanimous choice of almanac of people in Kerala and it was established by [[Parameshvara Nambudiri|Vatasseri Parameshvaran Nambudiri]] (c. 1380–1460) who was a major Indian mathematician and astronomer of the [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]] founded by [[Madhava of Sangamagrama]]. Since this has become the standard ''pañcāṅgam'' among people of Kerala, the adjective ''Dṛggaṇita'' is no longer applied to the Malayalam ''pañcāṅgam''.

==Introduction of ''Tirugaṇita-pañcāṅgam''==

Chinthamani Ragoonatha Chary was a member of a family of almanac makers and as such he was completely familiar with the traditional computational techniques employed by native astronomers. He joined the Madras Observatory as a menial laborer and rose to occupy the high position of first assistant in the Madras Observatory. He was assistant to [[Norman Pogson]], the British Government Astronomer and head of the Madras Observatory during 1861 - 1891. Ragoonatha Chary was a keen observer and an ardent learner. He acquired on his own efforts enough expertise in mathematics to devise novel methods of astronomical computations.<ref name=VT/>

During his association with the Observatory, he became aware of the acute inaccuracies in the almanacs that were being used by the native people of southern India. Incorporating modern western knowledge with ''Siddhāntic'' concepts and techniques he developed his own ''Pañcāṅga'' and referred to it as ''Dṛggaṇita Pañcāṅgam'', the adjective ''Dṛggaṇita'' was to emphasize the fact that the new almanac was in consonance with observations. The epithet ''Dṛig'' derived from ' ''Dṛṣṭi'' literally means ‘observation’. Ragoonatha Chary started publishing his new ''Dṛggaṇita Pañcāṅgam'' from 1869 onward. It was printed in both Tamil and Telugu scripts. There were two versions of the Pañcāṅgam, one of which was a short version called ''Śiriya Pañcāṅgam'' and the other a longer one called ''Periya Pañcāṅgam''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sankar Balakrishna Dikshit |title=English Translation of Bharatiya Jyothish Sastra Part II |date=1981 |publisher=India Meteorological Department, Govt of India |location=Delhi |page=285 |url=https://archive.org/details/BharatiyaJyotishSastra2/page/284/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=24 January 2024}}</ref>

Ragoonatha Chary gave several lectures to popularize the new almanac. His new ''Pañcāṅgam'' was severely criticized by the traditionalists on the ground that it was against the wisdom and teachings of ancient sages and seers. However, after several debates Ragoonatha Chary was able to win over the trust of the Chief of the Sriperumpudur Ahobilam Matt. Later Ragoonatha Chary and his friends succeeded in organizing a meeting at Sankara Mutt at Kumbakonam (now at [[Kanchipuram]]). The meeting was attended by eminent astronomical and astrological scholars, and great public personalities like Diwan Bahadur R V Srinivasa Iyer, Inspector General of Registration Rao Bahadur Appa Sastrigal and Appa Dikshitar. The meeting arrived at the conclusion that the Drig system needs to be followed and a new almanac need to be prepared on those lines. From then on a Drig almanac began to be published under the auspices of Kanchi Sankaracharya Matt in the name of "Sri Kanchi Math almanac".<ref name=VT/>

==See also==

* [[Vākyapañcāṅga|Vākyapañcāṅgam]]
* [[Drigganita]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{Indian astronomy}}

[[Category:Hindu astronomy]]
[[Category:Hindu calendar]]

Keisham Meghachandra Singh

2026-04-10T04:13:42Z

Ramesheditor: created first biography added tags

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian politician
| name = Keisham Meghachandra Singh
| native_name =
| image = File:Keisham_Meghachandra.jpg
| caption =
| order =
| office = Leader of [[Manipur Pradesh Congress Committee|Congress Legislative Party, Manipur]]
| term_start = {{Start date|df=y|2026|2|05}}
| term_end =
| deputy = [[Kangujam Ranjit Singh]]
| predecessor = [[Okram Ibobi Singh]]
| successor =
| office2 = President of [[Manipur Pradesh Congress Committee]]
| term_start2 = 30 March 2022
| term_end2 = 5 February 2026
| predecessor2 = N Loken Singh
| successor2 = [[Okram Ibobi Singh]]
| office3 = [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Member of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency3 = [[Wangkhem (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Wangkhem]]
| term_start3 = 2007
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 = Nimai Chand Luwang
| successor3 =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1973|03|01}}
| birth_place = Yairipok
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Smt. Keisham Ongbi Robita Devi
| parents = Keisham Kullabidhu Singh(Father)
Keisham Chandramukhi Devi(Mother)
| children = 2 Sons, 1 Daughter
| profession = Social Worker
| education = 1st Class (Hons) Graduate, M. A. (Pol.Sc.)
}}
'''Keisham Meghachandra Singh''' (born 1 March 1973) is an Indian politician from [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-01 |title=Meghachandra Singh named Manipur Congress president |url=https://thehillstimes.in/northeast/meghachandra-singh-named-manipur-congress-president |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=The Hills Times |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-31 |title=K Meghachandra appointed state Congress chief, O Ibobi is CLP leader |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/manipur-k-meghachandra-state-congress-chief-o-ibobi-is-clp-leader-7845005/ |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-31 |title=Meghachandra Singh appointed Manipur Congress President |url=https://themeghalayan.com/meghachandra-singh-appointed-manipur-congress-president/ |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=The Meghalayan |language=en-US}}</ref> and Member of [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] from [[Wangkhem Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Successful Candidates.pdf |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/?do=download&r=39852&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=83d41ba90589cfa219770539315d0592 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref> He won the [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]] from Wangkhem, getting 11,293 votes against his nearest competitor [[North East India Development Party|NEIDP]]'s Yumnam Nabachandra Singh's 8,413 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wangkhem Assembly Seat, Manipur Election 2022 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/manipur-assembly-election/wangkhem-1240151616 |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Keisham Meghachandra Singh |url=https://www.pccmanipur.in/keisham-meghachandra-singh}}</ref>He served as President of the [[Manipur Pradesh Congress Committee]] from 2022 till 2026.

== Personal life ==
He was born on 1 March 1973 in [[Yairipok]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=President |url=https://www.pccmanipur.in/who-is-who/president-mpcc |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=Manipur Pradesh Congress Committee}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Manipur]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:People from Thoubal district]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Manipur-INC-politician-stub}}

Alok Chatterjee

2026-04-02T05:01:30Z

Ramesheditor: adding new post

{{Short description|Indian theatre actor and director (1960 or 1961 – 2025)}}
{{Notability|Biographies|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Alok Chatterjee
| image = Alok Chatterjee.jpg
| caption = Alok Chatterjee at Madhya Pradesh School Of Drama, drama school in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 1960 or 1961
| birth_place = [[Damoh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| death_date = {{death date and given age|df=y|2025|01|06|64}}
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Theatre actor, stage director
| years_active = 1987–2025
| alma mater = [[National School of Drama]]
| known_for = [[Death of a Salesman]] (stage play)
| notable_works =
}}

'''Alok Chatterjee''' (1960 or 1961 – 6 January 2025) was an Indian theatre actor and director known for his theatre productions like ''[[Death of a Salesman]]'', ''Nat Samrat and #Anandmath latest play 2022''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/story/theater-artists-jayant-deshmukh-and-alok-chatterjee-came-together-to-play-natsamrat-1-932251.html|title=नटसम्राट: दो दीवाने घर को आए|work=aajtak.intoday.in|access-date=2017-11-18|language=hi|archive-date=9 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109191509/https://aajtak.intoday.in/story/theater-artists-jayant-deshmukh-and-alok-chatterjee-came-together-to-play-natsamrat-1-932251.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/when-prominent-theatre-artists-came-together-to-stage-their-plays-in-agra/articleshow/59793832.cms|title=When prominent theatre artists came together to stage their plays in Agra – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-11-09|archive-date=22 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222014049/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/when-prominent-theatre-artists-came-together-to-stage-their-plays-in-agra/articleshow/59793832.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/as-a-student-of-nsd-my-life-was-based-around-mandi-house-says-rohitash-gaud/articleshow/56296766.cms|title=As a student of NSD, my life was based around Mandi House, says Rohitash Gaud – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-11-09|archive-date=13 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113175851/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/as-a-student-of-nsd-my-life-was-based-around-mandi-house-says-rohitash-gaud/articleshow/56296766.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He has been teaching at [[National School of Drama|NSD]] and Pune based [[Film and Television Institute of India|FTII]]. He also taught acting in the institute of [[Anupam Kher]], Actor Prepress in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/Amateur-theatre-artistes-get-tips-from-NSD-experts/articleshow/55305742.cms|title=Amateur theatre artistes get tips from NSD experts – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-11-09|archive-date=23 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223231658/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/Amateur-theatre-artistes-get-tips-from-NSD-experts/articleshow/55305742.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> At present, Chatterjee, in [[Madhya Pradesh School of Drama|Madhya Pradesh Natya Vidyalaya]] Bhopal, is known for his vast range of [[acting]] (teaching) with deep [[Literature|literary]] understanding.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/story/theater-artists-jayant-deshmukh-and-alok-chatterjee-came-together-to-play-natsamrat-1-932251.html|title=नटसम्राट: दो दीवाने घर को आए|work=aajtak.intoday.in|access-date=2017-11-09|language=hi|archive-date=9 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109191509/https://aajtak.intoday.in/story/theater-artists-jayant-deshmukh-and-alok-chatterjee-came-together-to-play-natsamrat-1-932251.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He is a gold medalist from the [[National School of Drama]], Delhi for best acting.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bhopal/People-watch-a-play-on-Swami-Vivekanand-at-Antarang-in-Bharat-Bhavan-in-Bhopal/articleshow/20551520.cms|title=People watch a play on Swami Vivekanand at Antarang in Bharat Bhavan in Bhopal – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=9 November 2017|archive-date=25 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225143905/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bhopal/People-watch-a-play-on-Swami-Vivekanand-at-Antarang-in-Bharat-Bhavan-in-Bhopal/articleshow/20551520.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> At present Alok Chatterjee does theatre in his hometown at Bhopal.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/world-theatre-day-theatre-actors-who-deserve-a-bollywood-break/16095170|title=World Theatre Day: Theatre actors who deserve a Bollywood break|work=mid-day|access-date=2017-11-09|archive-date=9 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109191411/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/world-theatre-day-theatre-actors-who-deserve-a-bollywood-break/16095170|url-status=live}}</ref> He was also awarded Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for the year 2019 by the president of [[India]] [[Droupadi Murmu]] at Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Bhopal: Alok Chatterjee feted with Sangeet Natak Akademi Award |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/bhopal-alok-chatterjee-feted-with-sangeet-natak-akademi-award |access-date=2 April 2023 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en |archive-date=2 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402093416/https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/bhopal-alok-chatterjee-feted-with-sangeet-natak-akademi-award |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Life and career ==
Alok Chatterjee was born in [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]], to a [[Hindu]] family. He earned a scholarship to study at [[National School of Drama]] (NSD) in New Delhi in 1987.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nsd.gov.in/delhi/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/NSD-GRADUATES1.pdf|title=NSD graduates|last=NSD|website=www.nsd.gov.in|access-date=2017-11-11|archive-date=14 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914123339/https://nsd.gov.in/delhi/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/NSD-GRADUATES1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India"/> Actor [[Irrfan Khan|Irfan Khan]] was his batchmate in NSD.<ref name="The Times of India"/> When he was in Mumbai alcohol and some other chaos pushed them into oblivion. "It's hard to walk home In the words of Chatterjee who worshiped both times, Mahakal ([[Shiva]]), "It was the effect of fifty-seven years ago." (वह साढ़े साती का असर था)"<ref name=":1" />

Chatterjee died on 6 January 2025, at the age of 64.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/alok-chatterjee-irrfan-nsd-batchmate-and-theatre-actor-dies-at-64-2660844-2025-01-07 Alok Chatterjee, Irrfan's NSD batchmate and theatre actor, dies at 64]</ref>

== Plays ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Play
!Author
!Actor
!Director
!Notes
|-
|Krishnaarjun [[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.292204|Yuddh]]
|[[Makhanlal Chaturvedi|MakhanlalChaturvedi]]
|
|Yes
|Krishnaarjun Yuddh
|-
|Buget ki raat ek shahar mein
|shankar shesh
|
|Yes
|
|-
|Fandi
|[[Shanker Shesh|ShankarShesh]]
|
|Yes
|
|-
|ek tha gadha urf aladad khan
|[[Sharad Joshi|SharadJoshi]]
|
|
|
|-
|''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream]]''
|[[William Shakespeare]]
|
|Yes
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/its-play-time/article4927877.ece|title=Its play time...|last=Bajeli|first=Diwan Singh|date=18 July 2013|work=The Hindu|access-date=9 November 2017|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=27 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727081552/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/its-play-time/article4927877.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Death of a Salesman]]''
|[[Arthur Miller]]
|Yes
|Yes
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/bhopal-drama-festival-at-shaheed-bhavan-from-today/1023325|title=Bhopal: Drama festival at Shaheed Bhavan from today {{!}} Free Press Journal|website=www.freepressjournal.in|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-11-09|archive-date=9 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109191251/http://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/bhopal-drama-festival-at-shaheed-bhavan-from-today/1023325|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Nat Samrat
|[[Kusumagraj|Vishnu Vaman Shirwadkar]]
|Yes
|Jayant Deshmukh
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Sakuntala ki anghuthi
|[[Surendra Verma]]
|
|Yes
|
|-
|''Swami Vivekanand''
|
|Yes
|Yes
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|Ankahe Afsane
|
|
|Yes
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/namak-ka-daroga-ankahe-afsane-mark-premchand-birthday/899409|title='Namak Ka Daroga', 'Ankahe Afsane' mark Premchand birthday {{!}} Free Press Journal|website=www.freepressjournal.in|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-11-09|archive-date=10 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110004739/http://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/namak-ka-daroga-ankahe-afsane-mark-premchand-birthday/899409|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== Notable students ==
[[Manav Kaul]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/t2mVhQ7hioHzDcfrJ2IsIL/Manav-Kaul-The-devil-and-the-details.html|title=Manav Kaul: The devil and the details|last=Bhatia|first=Uday|date=2016-03-04|work=livemint.com/|access-date=2017-11-09|archive-date=9 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109193016/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/t2mVhQ7hioHzDcfrJ2IsIL/Manav-Kaul-The-devil-and-the-details.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=टीकम जोशीः सब्र के साथ संवारे किरदार |url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/story/teekam-joshi-created-characters-with-patience-1-1101728.html |work=aajtak.intoday.in |language=hi |access-date=2 August 2019 |archive-date=2 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802084828/https://aajtak.intoday.in/story/teekam-joshi-created-characters-with-patience-1-1101728.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Aatm Prakash Mishra

Anshul giri

== References ==
<references />

== Sources ==
* {{Cite web |title=Bhopal: Alok Chatterjee feted with Sangeet Natak Akademi Award |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/bhopal-alok-chatterjee-feted-with-sangeet-natak-akademi-award |access-date=April 2, 2023 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name| 3600425}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatterjee, Alok}}
[[Category:1960s births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian drama teachers]]
[[Category:National School of Drama alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

Kalahandi Lok Sabha constituency

2026-03-30T11:40:00Z

Ramesheditor: created a stub w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Odisha}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Kalahandi {{Small|OD-08}}
| constituency_no = 11
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Odisha/Kalahandi.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Kalahandi Lok Sabha constituency
| state = [[Odisha]]
| established = 1952
| reservation = None
| electors = 17,02,038{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
| incumbent_image = Malvika Devi MP 2024.jpg
| mp = [[Malvika Devi]]
| party = {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}}[[BJP]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| assembly_cons = [[Nuapada (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nuapada]] [[Khariar (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khariar]] [[Lanjigarh (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lanjigarh]] [[Junagarh (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Junagarh]] [[Dharmagarh (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dharmgarh]] 
[[Bhawanipatna (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhawanipatna]] [[Narla (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narla]]
}}

'''Kalahandi Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 21 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] state in eastern [[India]].

==Assembly Segments==

Before [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] in 2008, the legislative assembly segments, which constituted this parliamentary constituency were: Khariar, Dharamgarh, Koksara, Junagarh, Bhawanipatna, Narla and Kesinga.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2000/background/S18/Orissa_AC_Dist_PC.pdf
|title=Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies of Orissa
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|access-date=2008-09-20
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051108040424/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2000/background/S18/Orissa_AC_Dist_PC.pdf
|archive-date=2005-11-08
}}</ref>

Following delimitation, this constituency currently comprises the following legislative assembly segments:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|71
|[[Nuapada Assembly constituency|Nuapada]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Nuapada district|Nuapada]]
|[[Jay Dholakia]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|72
|[[Khariar Assembly constituency|Khariar]]
|[[Adhiraj Mohan Panigrahi]]
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|77
|[[Lanjigarh Assembly constituency|Lanjigarh]] (ST)
| rowspan="5" |[[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]]
|[[Pradip Kumar Dishari]]
|-
|78
|[[Junagarh Assembly constituency|Junagarh]]
|[[Dibya Shankar Mishra]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|79
|[[Dharmagarh Assembly constituency|Dharmgarh]]
|[[Sudhir Ranjan Pattjoshi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|80
|[[Bhawanipatna Assembly constituency|Bhawanipatna]] (SC)
|[[Sagar Charan Das]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|81
|[[Narla Assembly constituency|Narla]]
|[[Manorama Mohanty]]
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|}

== Elected Members ==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|38.74}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|35.18}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|25.16}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|28.25}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|47.35}}
{{bar percent|1999|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|57.89}}
{{bar percent|1998|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|56.55}}
{{bar percent|1996|{{party color|Samata Party}}|35.15}}
{{bar percent|1991|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|30.65}}
{{bar percent|1989|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|46.57}}
{{bar percent|1984|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|47.6}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|51.16}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Independent}}|64.6}}
{{bar percent|1971|{{party color|Swatantra Party}}|56.88}}
}}

Since its formation in 1952, 16 elections have been held till date. It was a two member constituency for 1952 & 1957

List of members elected from Kalahandi constituency are

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4"| {{center|'' As Kalahandi Balangir Constituency''}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}
|[[Girdhari Bhoi]]
|{{party name with color|rowspan=2|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
|[[Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo]]
|-
| colspan="4"| {{center|'' As Kalahandi Constituency''}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}
|Bijaya Chandra Pradhan
|{{party name with color|rowspan=2|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
|[[Pratap Keshari Deo]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|rowspan=4|[[Pratap Keshari Deo]]
|{{party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|{{party name with color|rowspan=2|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|{{party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|Rasa Behari Behara
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|Jagannath Patnaik
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Bhakta Charan Das]]
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|Subhash Chandra Nayak
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Bhakta Charan Das]]
|{{party name with color|Samata Party}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|rowspan=3|[[Bikram Keshari Deo]]
|{{party name with color|rowspan=3|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Kalahandi 2009 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/www.indiavotes.com/pc/detailsearch?eid=15&pcname=Kalahandi&submit= |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|[[Bhakta Charan Das]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
|[[Arka Keshari Deo]]
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Kalahandi 2019 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/www.indiavotes.com/pc/detailsearch?eid=17&pcname=Kalahandi&submit= |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|[[Basanta Kumar Panda]]
|{{party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Kalahandi lok sabha election results 2024: Kalahandi Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/odisha/kalahandi-constituency-result-18511 |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Malvika Devi]]
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 13th May 2024 in 4th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4th June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]] |access-date=30 May 2024 |archive-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507223908/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Malvika Devi]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Lambodhar Nial by a margin of 1,33,813 votes.<ref name=":3" />

{{Election box begin |
|title = [[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Kalahandi]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Malvika Devi]]
|votes = 5,44,303
|percentage = 40.79
|change = {{up}}5.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Lambodhar Nial
|votes = 4,10,490
|percentage = 30.77
|change = {{down}}2.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Droupadi Majhi
|votes = 3,03,199
|percentage = 22.72
|change = {{down}}3.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 19,715
|percentage = 1.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,33,813
|percentage = 10.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 13,38,480
|percentage = 78.64
|change = {{up}}2.23
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Basanta Kumar Panda]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Puspendra Singhdeo by a margin of 26,814 votes.<ref name=":2" />

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Kalahandi]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Kalahandi Lok Sabha constituency of Odisha: Full list of candidates, polling dates |url=https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/kalahandi-lok-sabha-constituency-of-odisha-full-list-of-candidates-polling-dates-2192223.html |access-date=10 April 2019 |work=Zee News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha Elections 2019 candidate list for Odisha |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/lok-sabha-elections-2019-candidate-list-for-odisha/articleshow/68686594.cms |access-date=10 April 2019 |work=Business Insider India |archive-date=10 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410080632/https://www.businessinsider.in/lok-sabha-elections-2019-candidate-list-for-odisha/articleshow/68686594.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Basanta Kumar Panda]]
|votes = 4,33,073
|percentage = 35.26
|change = {{increase}}7.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Puspendra Singhdeo
|votes = 4,06,260
|percentage = 33.08
|change = {{decrease}}0.11
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Bhakta Charan Das]]
|votes = 3,19,202
|percentage = 25.99
|change = {{decrease}}1.57
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 21,199
|percentage = 1.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Kamalini Yadav
|votes = 15,864
|percentage = 1.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Ambedkarite Party of India
|candidate = Chhabilal Nial
|votes = 12,409
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Premananda Bag
|votes = 10,448
|percentage = 0.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 26,814
|percentage = 2.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,30,929
|percentage = 76.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Arka Keshari Deo]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Pradeep Kumar Naik by a margin of 56,347 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Odisha Result Status|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/statewiseS18.htm?st=S18|publisher=ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA|access-date=31 May 2014|archive-date=28 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528011759/http://eciresults.nic.in/statewiseS18.htm?st=S18|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2014 Indian general elections]]: Kalahandi<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3631-orissa-2014/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2014 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lok Sabha Election 2014 - Orissa, Constituency: Kalahandi (11)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/Pconstituency.aspx?eid=987&cid=11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140601045741/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/Pconstituency.aspx?eid=987&cid=11|url-status=usurped|archive-date=1 June 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|access-date=31 May 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Arka Keshari Deo]]
|votes = 3,70,871
|percentage = 33.19
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Pradeep Kumar Naik
|votes = 3,14,524
|percentage = 28.14
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Bhakta Charan Das]]
|votes = 3,07,967
|percentage = 27.56
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 20,880
|percentage = 1.87
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Siba Hati
|votes = 18,869
|percentage = 1.69
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Saroj Kumar Naik
|votes = 14,115
|percentage = 1.26
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 56,347
|percentage = 5.04
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,17,831
|percentage = 75.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 14,74,135
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2014 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Bhakta Charan Das]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Subash Chandra Nayak by a margin of 1,54,037 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Kalahandi]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Bhakta Charan Das]]
|votes = 4,01,736
|percentage = 28.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Subash Chandra Nayak
|votes = 2,47,699
|percentage = 17.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Bikram Keshari Deo]]
|votes = 2,21,851
|percentage = 15.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,54,037
|percentage = 10.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,79,000
|percentage = 68.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/odisha/kalahandi/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Kalahandi lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Odisha}}
{{Odisha elections}}
{{coord |19.871834| 83.102733|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalahandi Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Odisha]]
[[Category:Kalahandi district]]
[[Category:Nuapada district]]

Dwijendralal College

2026-03-28T14:03:02Z

Ramesheditor: enhance content as per guidelines for accuracy

{{Short description|College in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox university |
| name = Dwijendralal College
| image =
| established = {{start date and age|1968}}
| type = Undergraduate and postgraduate college.
| principal = Dr. Banibrata Goswami
| address = Anata Hari Mitra Lane
| city = [[Krishnagar, West Bengal]]
| country = India
| postcode = 741101
| coordinates = {{coord|23|24|17|N|88|29|38|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| campus = Urban
| affiliations = [[University of Kalyani]]
| website = {{url|https://dlcollege.ac.in/}}
}}
'''Dwijendralal College''', (Bengali: দ্বিজেন্দ্রলাল কলেজ) established in 1968, is the general degree college in [[Nadia district]].

It was established as Krishnanagar College of Commerce, which was renamed later as Dwijendralal College.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

==Departments==

===Arts and Commerce===

*Bengali
*English
*Sanskrit
*History
*Geography
*Political Science
*Education
*Philosophy
*Commerce

==Accreditation==
The college is recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC).<ref>[http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/browse_reco_colleges.php?st=West%20Bengal Colleges in WestBengal, University Grants Commission] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116042454/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/browse_reco_colleges.php?st=West%20Bengal |date=16 November 2011 }}</ref> In 2003 it was accredited by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC), and awarded C grade (currently B+, 2025) accreditation that has since then expired.<ref>{{cite news|title=Institutions Accredited/ Re- accredited by NAAC whose accreditation validity period is over |url=http://www.naac.gov.in/sites/naac.gov.in/files/Validity_expired_institutions.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512054834/http://www.naac.gov.in/sites/naac.gov.in/files/Validity_expired_institutions.pdf |archive-date=2012-05-12 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal]]
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.dwijendralalcollege.org/ Dwijendralal College]
*[http://www.klyuniv.ac.in/ University of Kalyani]
*[http://www.ugc.ac.in/ University Grants Commission]
*[http://www.naac.gov.in/ National Assessment and Accreditation Council]

{{University of Kalyani}}

[[Category:Commerce colleges in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Nadia district]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to University of Kalyani]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1968]]
[[Category:1968 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{WestBengal-university-stub}}

Parsis

2026-03-22T18:05:13Z

Ramesheditor: improved section for consistency also and added references

{{Short description|Zoroastrian community in the Indian subcontinent}}
{{About|a Zoroastrian community in the Indian subcontinent|the Persian people|Persians|other uses|Parsi (disambiguation)}}
{{Distinguish|Persis}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2013}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Parsis
| native_name = 
| image = Parsi lady.jpg
| caption = {{nowrap|''A Parsi Lady'' ({{circa|1928}})}} {{nowrap|[[M. V. Dhurandhar|Mahadev V. Dhurandhar]]}}
| poptime =
| langs = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindustani language|Hindi–Urdu]], [[English language|English]] ([[Indian English|Indian dialect]] or [[Pakistani English|Pakistani dialect]]), [[Avestan]] (liturgical)
| rels = [[Zoroastrianism]]
| related_groups = [[Iranis (India)|Iranis]]
| popplace =
| region1 = {{flag|India}}
| region2 = {{flag|Canada}}
| region3 = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| pop1 = 57,264
| pop2 = 3,630
| pop3 = 2,348
| ref1 = <ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Parsi-population-dips-by-22-per-cent-between-2001-2011-study/article14508859.ece | title=Parsi population dips by 22 per cent between 2001-2011: Study | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=25 July 2016 | url-access=subscription | quote=The population of Parsi community in the country has dipped by 22 per cent to 57,264 in 2011 from 69,601 in 2001. | archive-date=January 6, 2019 | access-date=October 2, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106014327/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Parsi-population-dips-by-22-per-cent-between-2001-2011-study/article14508859.ece | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Nelson |first=Dean |date=16 October 2012 |title=India's dwindling Parsi population to be boosted with fertility clinics |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/9612009/Indias-dwindling-Parsi-population-to-be-boosted-with-fertility-clinics.html |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=25 January 2025 |quote= |url-access=subscription |archive-date=May 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506083831/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/9612009/Indias-dwindling-Parsi-population-to-be-boosted-with-fertility-clinics.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| ref2 = <ref name="Canada2021">{{Cite web |publisher=Government of Canada |date=October 26, 2022 |title=Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810034201 |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |archive-date=March 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305220639/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810034201 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|name=CanadaParsi|Total population of Zoroastrian religion respondents of South Asian descent.}}
| ref3 = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Religious Demographics of Pakistan 2023 |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_9.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721073727/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_9.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2024 }}</ref>
}}
{{Zoroastrianism sidebar}}


The '''Parsis''' or '''Parsees''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ɑr|s|i|z}}) are a [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] ethnic group in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of PARSI |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Parsi |access-date=2024-04-23 |publisher=Merriam-Webster |language=en |archive-date=April 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423072009/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Parsi |url-status=live }}</ref> They are descended from [[Persians|Persian]] refugees who migrated to the Indian subcontinent during and after the [[Muslim conquest of Persia|Arab-Islamic conquest of Iran]] in the 7th century, when Zoroastrians were [[Persecution of Zoroastrians|persecuted by the early Muslims]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Skutsch |first=Carl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ |title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities |date=November 7, 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-19388-1 |page=953 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Hinnells |first1=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NbF9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT17 |title=Parsis in India and the Diaspora |last2=Williams |first2=Alan |date=October 22, 2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-06751-0 |language=en}}</ref> Representing the elder of the Indian subcontinent's two Zoroastrian communities, the Parsi people are culturally, linguistically, and socially distinct from the [[Iranis (India)|Iranis]] (the name of another small Zoroastrian ethnic group, not to be confused with Iranians), whose Zoroastrian ancestors migrated to [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British-ruled India]] from [[Qajar Iran|Qajar-era Iran]]. The word ''Parsi'' is derived from the [[Persian language]], and literally translates to ''Persian'' ({{Langx|fa|پارسی|translit=Pārsi|label=none}}).<ref name=":4">[http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/138161 Parsee, n. and adj. – Oxford English Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20150308174807/http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/138161 |date=March 8, 2015 }}. oed.com. Retrieved on 2015-03-03.</ref>

The ''Sugar in the Milk'' story is a foundational legend explaining the integration of the Parsis into India, who found sanctuary mainly in Gujarat and Maharashtra, in the 7th-10th centuries.<ref>{{Citation |title=Qissa-i Sanjan |date=2025-06-26 |work=Bharatpedia |url=https://en.Bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qissa-i_Sanjan&oldid=1297513477 |access-date=2026-03-15 |language=en}}</ref> When King Jadi Rana feared his kingdom was full and could not accommodate them, a Parsi priest added sugar to a vessel of milk, demonstrating they would blend in and enrich the local culture without causing disruption.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ParsiCuisine.com |date=2025-01-14 |title=A Parsi Story: Sugar in the Milk |url=https://www.parsicuisine.com/sugar-in-the-milk-a-parsi-kitchen-story/ |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=ParsiCuisine.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Parsis became highly influential in trade, industry, culture and philanthropy. The icons among the Parsis include [[Jamsetji Tata]], [[Freddie Mercury]], [[Ardeshir Godrej]], [[Boman Irani|Boman Irani]], [[John Abraham]], [[Shapoor Mistry]], and [[Cyrus S. Poonawalla|Cyrus Poonawalla]].

According to the 16th-century Parsi epic ''[[Qissa-i Sanjan]]'', fleeing persecution, the Zarthushti (Zoroastrian) Persians, citizens of the Sassanian empire sought refuge in the Indian subcontinent. This migration from different parts of the Sassanian empire continued between the 8th century and the 10th century. The earliest of these migrants settled among the [[Hindus]] of present-day [[Gujarat]] after being granted refuge by Rajput King [[Jadi Rana|Jadhav Rana]], the king of [[Sanjan, Gujarat|Sanjan]].{{sfn|Hodivala|1920|p=88}}{{sfn|Boyce|2001|p=148}}{{sfn|Lambton|1981|p=205}}{{sfn|Nigosian|1993|p=42}}

Zoroastrianism (Zarathushti Pantha) had served as Iran's [[state religion]] since at least the time of the [[Achaemenid Empire]]. However, the conquest of the [[Sasanian Empire]] by the [[Rashidun Caliphate]] marked the beginning of the [[Islamization of Iran|Islamisation of Iran]], which prompted much of the Zoroastrian-majority population to either [[Conversion to Islam|convert to Islam]] or flee,<ref name=":3">[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/parsi-communities-i-early-history PARSI COMMUNITIES i. EARLY HISTORY – Encyclopaedia Iranica] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505224730/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/parsi-communities-i-early-history |date=May 5, 2020 }}. Iranicaonline.org (July 20, 2008). Retrieved on 2013-07-28.</ref> though a number of Iranian figures stayed in active revolt against the [[Rashidun army]] and the later [[caliphate|Islamic caliphates]] for almost 500 years after the collapse of the Sasanian Empire.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Muslim Conquest of Persia|last1=Akram|first1=A. I.|last2=al-Mehri|first2=A. B.|date=September 1, 2009|publisher=Maktabah Publications|isbn=978-0-9548665-3-2}}</ref> Nevertheless, Zoroastrianism continued to decline, and most Iranians had become [[Muslims]] by the 10th century, shifting the concentration of the religion's followers away from the [[Iranian Plateau|Iranian plateau]] for the first time in recorded history.

The [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]-speaking Parsi community accounts for the oldest sustained presence of [[Zoroastrianism in India]], and is legally differentiated from the [[Zoroastrian Dari language|Dari]]-speaking Irani community on the basis of their origin (Sanjan and Navsari in Central Asia) and the era of their migration to the country.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ganesh|first=Kamala|date=2008|title=Intra-community Dissent and Dialogue: The Bombay Parsis and the Zoroastrian Diaspora|journal=Sociological Bulletin|volume=57|issue=3 |pages=315–336|doi=10.1177/0038022920080301|jstor=23620804 }}</ref> Despite this legal distinction, the terms "Parsi" and "Zoroastrian" are commonly used interchangeably to denote both communities, which make up the [[List of countries by Zoroastrian population|world's largest Zoroastrian population]]. Notably, no substantial differences exist between Parsi and Irani religious principles, convictions, and customs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dadrawala |first=Noshir H. |date=April 13, 2019 |title=Parsi And Irani Zoroastrians – A Historical Perspective |url=https://parsi-times.com/2019/04/parsi-and-irani-zoroastrians-a-historical-perspective/ |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=Parsi Times |language=en-GB |archive-date=March 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302102324/https://parsi-times.com/2019/04/parsi-and-irani-zoroastrians-a-historical-perspective/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 19, 2007 |title=What sets Zoroastrian Iranis apart – Persian Journal Culture Archaeological History Art Archaeology cultural history news & Iranian culture newspaper |url=http://www.iranian.ws/cgi-bin/iran_news/exec/view.cgi/5/12134 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219092207/http://www.iranian.ws/cgi-bin/iran_news/exec/view.cgi/5/12134 |archive-date=2007-12-19 |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=iranian.ws}}</ref>

== Definition and identity ==
According to the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'',<blockquote>Parsi, also spelled Parsee, member of a group of followers in India of the Persian prophet [[Zoroaster]]. The Parsis, whose name means "Persians", are descended from Persian Zoroastrians who emigrated to India to avoid religious persecution by the Muslims. They live chiefly in Mumbai and in a few towns and villages mostly to the south of Mumbai, but also a few minorities nearby in [[Karachi]] (Pakistan) and [[Chennai]]. There is a sizeable Parsee population in [[Pune]] as well in [[Bangalore]]. A few Parsee families also reside in [[Kolkata]] and [[Hyderabad]]. Although they are not, strictly speaking, a [[caste]], since they are not Hindus, they form a well-defined community. The exact date of the Parsi migration is unknown. According to tradition, the Parsis initially settled at Hormuz on the [[Persian Gulf]] but finding themselves still persecuted they set sail for India, arriving in the 8th century. The migration may, in fact, have taken place as late as the 10th century, or in both. They settled first at [[Diu, India|Diu]] in [[Kathiawar]] but soon moved to South Gujarāt, where they remained for about 800 years as a small agricultural community.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/444672/Parsi |title=Parsi (people) |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2013-07-28 |archive-date=May 4, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504041101/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/444672/Parsi |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote>

The term ''Pārsi'', which in the Persian language is a [[demonym]] meaning "inhabitant of [[Fars province|Pārs]]" and hence "ethnic Persian", is not attested in Indian Zoroastrian texts until the 17th century. Until that time, such texts consistently use the Persian-origin terms ''Zartoshti'' "Zoroastrian" or ''Vehdin'' "[of] the good religion". The 12th-century ''Sixteen [[Shloka]]s'', a [[Sanskrit]] text in praise of the Parsis,<ref>Parsi legend attributes it to a Hindu author; [[cf.]] {{Harvard citation no brackets|Paymaster|1954|p=8}} incorrectly attributes the text to a Zoroastrian priest</ref> is the earliest attested use of the term as an identifier for Indian Zoroastrians.

[[File:Indian - Leaf from Bound Collection of 20 Miniatures Depicting Village Life - Walters 35176H.jpg|thumb|Parsis from India, {{Circa|1870}}]]
The first reference to the Parsis in a European language is from 1322, when a French monk, [[Jordan Catala|Jordanus]], briefly refers to their presence in [[Thane]] and [[Bharuch]]. Subsequently, the term appears in the journals of many European travelers, first French and Portuguese, later English, all of whom used a Europeanized version of an apparently local language term. For example, Portuguese physician [[Garcia de Orta]] observed in 1563 that "there are merchants ... in the kingdom of [[Khambhat|Cambaia]] ... known as Esparcis. We [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] call them Jews, but they are not so. They are [[Gentile|Gentios]]." In an early 20th-century legal ruling (see [[#Self-perceptions|self-perceptions]], below), Justices Davar and Beaman asserted (1909:540) that "Parsi" was also a term used in Iran to refer to [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrians]].{{sfn|Stausberg|2002|p=I.373}}{{sfn|Boyce|2002|p=105}} notes that in much the same way as the word "Hindu" was used by Iranians to refer to anyone from the Indian subcontinent, "Parsi" was used by the Indians to refer to anyone from Greater Iran, irrespective of whether they were actually ethnic Persian people. In any case, the term "Parsi" itself is "not necessarily an indication of their Iranian or 'Persian' origin, but rather as indicator – manifest as several properties – of ethnic identity".{{sfn|Stausberg|2002|p=I. 373}} Moreover, if heredity were the only factor in a determination of ethnicity, the Parsis would count as [[Parthia]]ns according to the ''Qissa-i Sanjan''.{{sfn|Boyce|2002|p=105}}

The term "Parseeism" or "Parsiism", is attributed to [[Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron]], who in the 1750s, when the word "Zoroastrianism" had yet to be coined, made the first detailed report of the Parsis and of Zoroastrianism, therein mistakenly assuming that the Parsis were the only remaining followers of the religion.

Some older texts also refer to Parsis as "Persees".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tuckey |first=James Hingston |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8xVDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA155 |title=Maritime Geography and Statistics, Or a Description of the Ocean and Its Coasts, Maritime Commerce, Navigation Etc: In 4 Volumes |date=1815 |publisher=Black |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ZOROASTRIANISM |url=https://archive.org/stream/zoroastrianism_202004/Parsis%20of%20ancient%20India%20by%20S.%20K.%20Hodivala%20(1920)_djvu.txt |title=Zoroastrianism}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lord |first1=Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=82HXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22persees%22 |title=A Discovery of the Banian Religion and the Religion of the Persees: A Critical Edition of Two Early English Works on Indian Religions |last2=Sweetman |first2=Will |date=1999 |publisher=Edwin Mellen Press |isbn=978-0-7734-7928-9 |language=en}}</ref>

In addition to above, the term "Parsi" (Persian) existed even before they moved to India:
* The earliest reference to the Persians is found in the Assyrian inscription of [[Shalmaneser III]] ({{circa|854}}-824 BC).
* [[Darius the Great]] (521-486 BC) establishes this fact when he records his Parsi ancestry for posterity, "parsa parsahya puthra ariya ariyachitra", meaning, "a Persian, the son of a Persian, an [[Arya (Iran)|Aryan]], of Aryan family" (Inscription at [[Naqsh-e Rustam|Naqsh-i-Rustam]], near [[Persepolis]], [[Iran]]).
* In Outlines of Persian History, Dasturji Hormazdyar Dastur Kayoji Mirza, Bombay 1987, pp. 3–4 writes, "According to the [[Pahlavi scripts|Pahlavi]] text of [[Karnamak-i Ardeshir-i Papakan|Karnamak i Artakhshir i Papakan]], the Indian astrologer refers to Artakhshir ([[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] king, and the founder of the Empire) as khvatay parsikan 'the king of the Persians'.
* [[Herodotus]] and [[Xenophon]], the two great historians who lived in the third and fourth centuries BC, referred to Iranians as Persians.<ref name="Jamshed Irani v. Banu Irani">{{Citation |last=Jamshed Irani v. Banu Irani |year=1966 |title=68 blr 794 |publisher=Justice Mody}}</ref>

== Origin ==
In ancient Persia, Zarathushtra taught that good ([[Ohrmazd]]) and evil ([[Angra Mainyu]]) were opposite forces and the battle between them is more or less evenly matched. A person should always be vigilant to align with forces of light. According to the ''[[asha]]'' or the righteousness and ''[[Asha|druj]]'' or the wickedness, the person has chosen in their life they will be judged at the [[Chinvat bridge]] to grant passage to Paradise, Hammistagan (A limbo area) or Hell by the bridge remaining wide for a righteous soul and turning narrow as a sword for the wicked. A personified form of the soul that represents the person's deeds takes the adjudged to their destination and they will abide there until the final apocalypse. After the final battle between good and evil, every soul's walk through a river of fire ordeal for burning of their dross and together they receive a post resurrection paradise. The Zoroastrian holy book, called the ''[[Avesta]]'', was written in the [[Avestan language]], which is closely related to [[Vedic Sanskrit]].

The ''[[Qissa-i Sanjan]]'' is a tale of the journey of the Parsis to India from Iran. It says they fled for reasons of religious freedom and they were allowed to settle in India thanks to the goodwill of a local prince. However, the Parsi community had to abide by three rules: they had to speak the local language, follow local marriage customs, and not carry any weapons. After showing the many similarities between their faith and local beliefs, the early community was granted a plot of land on which to build a [[fire temple]].
{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}

=== As an ethnic community ===
[[Image:Parsi wedding portrait with Dastur MN Dhalla.jpg|thumb|left|Wedding portrait, 1948]]
Over the centuries since the first Zoroastrians arrived in India, the Parsis have integrated themselves into Indian society while simultaneously maintaining or developing their own distinct customs and traditions (and thus ethnic identity). This in turn has given the Parsi community a rather peculiar standing: they are mostly Indians in terms of national affiliation, language and history, but not typically Indian in terms of [[consanguinity]] or ethnicity, cultural, behavioural and religious practices.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Entine |first=Jon |title=Abraham's Children: Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People |date=October 24, 2007 |publisher=Grand Central Publishing |isbn=978-0-446-40839-4 |page=236 |language=en}}</ref> 

=== Self-perceptions ===
[[Image:Parsi-navjote-sitting.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Parsi ''[[Navjote]]'' ceremony (rites of admission into the Zoroastrian faith)]]
The definition of who is, and is not, a Parsi is a matter of great contention within the Zoroastrian community in India. It is generally accepted that a Parsi is a person who:

:(a) is directly descended from the original Persian refugees, and
:(b) has been formally admitted into the Zoroastrian religion, through the [[navjote]] ceremony.

In this sense, ''Parsi'' is an ethno-religious designator, whose definition is of contention among its members, similar to the [[Who is a Jew?|identity question among Jews]].

Some members of the community additionally contend that a child must have a Parsi father to be eligible for introduction into the faith, but this assertion is considered by most to be a violation of the Zoroastrian tenets of [[gender equality]] and may be a remnant of an old legal definition of the term Parsi.

An oft-quoted legal definition of Parsi is based on a 1909 ruling (since nullified) that not only stipulated that a person could not become a Parsi by converting to the Zoroastrian faith but also noted:

{{Blockquote|the Parsi community consists of: a) Parsis who are descended from the original Persian emigrants and who are born of both Zoroastrian parents and who profess the Zoroastrian religion; b) Iranis [here meaning [[Iranian peoples|Iranians]], not the other group of Indian Zoroastrians] professing the Zoroastrian religion; c) the children of Parsi fathers by alien mothers who have been duly and properly admitted into the religion.<ref>{{Citation |last=Sir Dinsha Manekji Petit v. Sir Jamsetji Jijibhai |year=1909 |title=33 ILR 509 and 11 BLR 85 |publisher=Justices Dinshaw Davar and Frank Beaman}}</ref>}}

This definition was overturned several times. The equality principles of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] void the [[patrilineality|patrilineal]] restrictions expressed in the third clause. The second clause was contested and overturned in 1948.<ref>{{Citation |last=Sarwar Merwan Yezdiar v. Merwan Rashid Yezdiar |year=1948 |title=Parsi Matrimonial Court |publisher=Justice Coyaji}}</ref> On appeal in 1950, the 1948 ruling was upheld and the entire 1909 definition was deemed an [[obiter dictum]] – a collateral opinion and not legally binding (re-affirmed in 1966).<ref name="Jamshed Irani v. Banu Irani"/><ref>{{Citation |last=Merwan Rashid Yezdiar v. Sarwar Merwan Yezdiar |year=1950 |title=52 blr 876 |publisher=Justices Chagla and Gajendragadkar}}</ref>

== Population ==
{{Update|part=section|date=October 2024}}
{{See also|List of countries by Zoroastrian population}}

{{Historical populations
|title = Historical population of Parsis in India
|align = Centre
|footnote = Sources:<ref name="Census1872">{{cite web |jstor=saoa.crl.25057647 |title=Memorandum on the census of British India of 1871-72. |year=1872 |pages=50–54 |last1=Waterfield |first1=Henry |author2=Great Britain India Office Statistics AND Commerce Department }}</ref><ref name="Census1881">{{cite web |jstor=saoa.crl.25057654 |title=Report on the census of British India, taken on the 17th February 1881 ..., Vol. 2 |year=1881 |pages=9–18 }}</ref><ref name="Census1891">{{cite web |jstor=saoa.crl.25318666 |title=Census of India, 1891. General tables for British provinces and feudatory states. |year=1891 |pages=87–95 |last1=Baines |first1=Jervoise Athelstane |author2=India Census Commissioner |volume=1 }}</ref><ref name="Frazer 1897 p.">{{cite book | last=Frazer | first=R.W. | title=British India | publisher=G. P. Putnam's sons | series=The story of nations | year=1897 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9F8qAAAAYAAJ | page=355 | access-date=May 8, 2023 | archive-date=May 8, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508025115/https://books.google.com/books?id=9F8qAAAAYAAJ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Census1901">{{cite web |jstor=saoa.crl.25352838 |title=Census of India 1901. Vol. 1A, India. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1901 |pages=57–62 }}</ref><ref name="Census1911">{{cite web |jstor=saoa.crl.25393779 |title=Census of India, 1911. Vol. 1., Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1911 |pages=37–42 |last1=Edward Albert Gait |first1=Sir |author2=India Census Commissioner |volume=2 |publisher=Calcutta, Supt. Govt. Print., India, 1913. }}</ref><ref name="Census1921">{{cite web |jstor=saoa.crl.25394121 |title=Census of India 1921. Vol. 1, India. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1921 |pages=39–44 }}</ref><ref name="Bureau of Manufactures">{{cite book |author=United States Department of Commerce |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PYA0AQAAMAAJ |title=Trade and Economic Review for 1922 No. 34 |publisher=Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce |year=1924 |edition=Supplement to Commerce Reports |page=46 |access-date=May 8, 2023 |archive-date=May 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513164851/https://books.google.com/books?id=PYA0AQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Census1931">{{cite web |jstor=saoa.crl.25793234 |title=Census of India 1931. Vol. 1, India. Pt. 2, Imperial tables. |year=1931 |pages=513–519 }}</ref><ref name="Census1941">{{cite web |jstor=saoa.crl.28215532 |title=Census of India, 1941. Vol. 1, India |year=1941 |pages=97–101 |author1=India Census Commissioner |volume=1 }}</ref><ref name="The Hindu-2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Parsi-population-dips-by-22-per-cent-between-2001-2011-study/article14508859.ece|title=Parsi population dips by 22 per cent between 2001–2011: study|newspaper=The Hindu|date=July 26, 2016 |access-date=November 3, 2021|archive-date=January 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106014327/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Parsi-population-dips-by-22-per-cent-between-2001-2011-study/article14508859.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|percentages = pagr
|1872 | 69476
|1881 | 85397
|1891 | 89904
|1901 | 94190
|1911 | 100096
|1921 | 101778
|1931 | 109752
|1941 | 114890
|1971 | 91266
|1981 | 71630
|2001 | 69601
|2011 | 57264
}}

[[File:The geographical population distribution of modern and ancient Parsi.png|thumb|upright=1.15|The geographical distribution of modern and ancient Parsis in India and Pakistan.{{sfn|Chaubey|Ayub|Rai|Prakash|2017}}]]
According to the [[2011 census of India]], there are 57,264 Parsis in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/where-we-belong-the-fight-of-parsi-women-in-interfaith-marriages-4900480/ |title=Where we belong: The fight of Parsi women in interfaith marriages |date=October 24, 2017 |access-date=October 23, 2017 |archive-date=January 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106014351/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/where-we-belong-the-fight-of-parsi-women-in-interfaith-marriages-4900480/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Parsi-population-dips-by-22-per-cent-between-2001-2011-study/article14508859.ece|title=Parsi population dips by 22 per cent between 2001-2011: study|newspaper=The Hindu|date=July 25, 2016|archive-date=January 6, 2019|access-date=October 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106014327/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Parsi-population-dips-by-22-per-cent-between-2001-2011-study/article14508859.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the [[National Commission for Minorities]], there are a "variety of causes that are responsible for this steady decline in the population of the community", the most significant of which were childlessness and migration.{{sfn|Roy|Unisa|Bhatt|2004|pp=8, 21}}

The Parsi population increased by 233 between 2013 and 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-07 |title=Parsi population rose by 233 since Jiyo Parsi scheme launched: Naqvi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/parsi-population-rose-by-233-since-jiyo-parsi-scheme-launched-naqvi-6255084/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

One-fifth of the decrease in population is attributed to migration. There are sizeable Parsi communities in the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and the United States.{{sfn|Roy|Unisa|Bhatt|2004|p=21}} A slower birthrate than deathrate accounts for the rest: as of 2001, Parsis over the age of 60 make up for 31% of the community. Only 4.7% of the Parsi community are under 6 years of age, which translates to 7 births per year per 1,000 individuals.{{sfn|Roy|Unisa|Bhatt|2004|p=14}} Concerns have been raised in recent years over the rapidly declining population of the Parsi community in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Union Minister for Minority Affairs Shri Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi |first=PIB Delhi |date=March 21, 2022 |title=Declining Parsi Population in the Country |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1807702}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02wmp5q|title=Saving India's Parsis|publisher=BBC|archive-date=April 20, 2019|access-date=July 23, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420221421/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02wmp5q|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Ties to modern-day Iran===
Parsis have also been migrating to the traditional homeland of Iran and while the number of Parsis who have returned to Iran is small compared to the overall Zoroastrian community in Iran, their presence has helped to strengthen the ties between the Iranian and Indian Zoroastrian communities. The Parsis played a significant role in the modernization of Iran, particularly in the 20th century. They served as a reminder of Iran's ancient heritage, which was crucial to Iranians. The Parsis also demonstrated to Iranians that it was possible to be both modern and culturally authentic, and that the revival of Zoroastrianism could be a way of modernizing Iranian culture while retaining its original identity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 27, 2020 |title=Afshin Marashi talks about the role of the exiled Zoroastrian Parsi community of India in shaping Iranian nationalism when they |url=https://en.radiozamaneh.com/30459/ |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=Zamaneh Media |language=en-US |archive-date=March 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315215635/https://en.radiozamaneh.com/30459/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Both [[Reza Shah]] and [[Muhammad Reza Shah]] played an active role in encouraging Parsis to invest in Iran and contribute to its economic development by inviting them to return to their homeland. During the Pahlavi dynasty in Iran, the relationship between Zoroastrianism and Iranian national identity was blurred. This was exemplified by Reza Shah's adoption of Zoroastrian calendar names and placement of the Fravahar symbol on prominent government buildings. Additionally, he maintained a close relationship with the Zoroastrian parliamentary representative, [[Keikhosrow Shahrokh]], who was entrusted by him with important governmental tasks.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Ringer |first=Monica M. |title=Iranian Nationalism and Zoroastrian Identity |date=2012 |work=Iran Facing Others: Identity Boundaries in a Historical Perspective |pages=267–277 |editor-last=Amanat |editor-first=Abbas |place=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |language=en |doi=10.1057/9781137013408_13 |isbn=978-1-137-01340-8 |editor2-last=Vejdani |editor2-first=Farzin}}</ref>

Reza Shah was also sympathetic to Indian Zoroastrians (Parsis) and actively encouraged their return to Iran to invest and help develop the country's economy. In 1932, he invited [[Dinshah Irani]], a Parsi leader and founder of the Iranian Zoroastrian Anjoman and the Iran League in India, to visit Iran as part of a Parsi delegation. Irani was awarded honors by Reza Shah and entrusted with a message to take back to the Parsi community in India.<blockquote>''You Parsis are as much the children of this soil as any other Iranis, and so you are as much entitled to have your proper share in its development as any other nationals.''

''We estimate Our Empire's resources to be even greater than those of America, and in tapping them you can take your proper part. We do not want you to come all bag and baggage; just wait a little and watch.''

''If you find the proposition beneficial both to yourselves and to this land, then do come and We shall greet you with open arms, as We might.''

''Our dear brothers and sisters.''

''Iran is a vast country pregnant with many advantages and fresh fields waiting for development. We suggest that the Parsis, who are still the sons of Iran, though separated from her, should look upon this country of to-day as their own, and differentiate it from its immediate past, and strive to derive benefit from her developments.<ref name=":0" />''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Committee |first=Dinshah J. Irani Memorial Fund |title=Dinshah Irani Memorial Volume: Papers on Zoroastrian and Iranian Subjects |date=1943 |publisher=Dinshah J. Irani Memorial Fund Committee |language=en}}</ref><ref>The Shah's missive is reproduced in Sir Jehangir C. Coyajee, "A brief Life-Sketch of the Late Mr. Dinshah Jeejeebhoy Irani" in ''Dinshah Irani Memorial Volume: Papers on Zoroastrian and Iranian Subjects'' (Dinshah J. Irani Memorial Fund Committee, Bombay: 1948), pp i-xiii.</ref></blockquote>In the 1930s, Parsis discussed the idea of buying land in Iran to create a Parsi colony. Sir [[Hormusji Adenwala|Hormusji C. Adenwala]] proposed raising funds in Bombay for this purpose, with support from the Iranian government and Reza Shah. Some Parsis had already resettled in Iran earlier since the time of [[Maneckji Limji Hataria|Maneckji Hataria]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Marashi |first=Afshin |title=Exile and the Nation: The Parsi Community of India and the Making of Modern Iran |date=June 8, 2020 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=978-1-4773-2079-2 |language=en}}</ref> The Iran League Quarterly provided information on legal and economic aspects of land purchase. Land near Bandar-e Shapur was suggested as particularly valuable due to government plans for the port.<ref name=":1" /> Similar plans were considered for other Parsi colonies in Iran, including Yazd and Kerman. Textile manufacturing was seen as a potential area for Parsi investment, leading to the establishment of the Khorsovi Textile Mill in Mashhad (based on joint Parsi and Iranian ownership agreements).<ref name=":1" /> There was also discussion of combining industrial and agricultural ventures in such colonies.<ref name=":1" />

=== Other demographic statistics ===
As of 2001, the ratio of males to females was 1,000 males to 1,050 females (up from 1,024 in 1991), due primarily to the high median age of the population (elderly women are more common than elderly men), while the national average in India was 1,000 males to 933 females.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

Parsis have a high [[literacy rate]]; as of 2001, the literacy rate is 99.1%, the highest of any Indian community (the national average was 78.5%). 97.1% of Parsis reside in [[urban area]]s (the national average is 27.8%). Parsis mother tongue is [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Desai |first1=Usha |last2=Ramsay-Brijball |first2=Malini |title=Tracing Gujarati Language development: philologically and sociolinguistically |journal=Alternation |date=January 2004 |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=308–324 |hdl=10520/AJA10231757_350 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>Dodiya, J. (2006). Parsi English Novel. Sarup & Sons.|Dodiya, J. (2006). Parsi English Novel. Sarup & Sons.|[https://books.google.com/books?id=-NvXoUkeL_kC&dq=parsi+%22mother+tongue%22+gujarati&pg=PR7] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241224170717/https://books.google.com/books?dq=parsi+%22mother+tongue%22+gujarati&pg=PR7&id=-NvXoUkeL_kC|date=December 24, 2024}}|page=7</ref>
In the Greater Mumbai area, where the density of Parsis is highest, about 13% of Parsi females and about 24% of Parsi males do not marry.{{sfn|Roy|Unisa|Bhatt|2004|pp=18, 19}}

In 1891, according to the [[Census in British India|British Census]], there was 89,904 Parsis in [[British India|India]], which were geographically distributed as the following: 47,458 in [[Bombay]] (52%), 5,893 in [[Surat]], 4,452 in [[Navsari]], 2,243 in [[Bharuch]], 1,695 in [[Poona]], 1,375 in [[Karachi]], 726 in [[Bandra]], 723 in [[Ahmedabad]], 616 in [[Hyderabad]], 582 in [[Baroda]] and 24,141 elsewhere (26%).<ref>{{cite book|last=Baines |first=Jervoise Athelstane |date=1892 |title=Census of India, 1891. General tables for British provinces and feudatory states. |volume=1 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25318666 |location=London |pages=42–91 |jstor=saoa.crl.25318666 |access-date=}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Arrival in the Indian subcontinent ===
According to the [[Qissa-i Sanjan]], the only existing account of the early years of Zoroastrian refugees in India composed at least six centuries after their tentative date of arrival, the first group of immigrants originated from [[Greater Khorasan]].{{sfn|Hodivala|1920|p=88}} This historical region of [[Central Asia]] is in part in northeastern Iran, where it constitutes modern [[Khorasan province]], part of western/northern [[Afghanistan]], and in part in three Central-Asian republics namely [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkmenistan]] and [[Uzbekistan]].

According to the ''Qissa'', the immigrants were granted permission to stay by the local ruler, [[Jadi Rana]], on the condition that they adopt the local language ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]) and that their women adopt local dress (the ''[[sari]]'').{{sfn|Hodivala|1920|p={{page needed|date=January 2022}}}} The refugees accepted the conditions and founded the settlement of [[Sanjan (Gujarat)|Sanjan]], which is said to have been named after the city of their origin ([[Sanjan (Khorasan)|Sanjan]], near [[Merv]], modern Turkmenistan).{{sfn|Hodivala|1920|p=88}} This first group was followed by a second group from Greater Khorasan within five years of the first, and this time having religious implements with them (the ''alat''). In addition to these ''Khorasani''s or ''Kohistani''s "mountain folk", as the two initial groups are said to have been initially called,{{sfn|Vimadalal|1979|p=2}} at least one other group is said to have come overland from [[Sari, Iran]].{{sfn|Paymaster|1954}}

[[File:IslamicConquestsIroon.png|thumb|upright=1.15|Map of the [[Sasanian Empire]] and its surrounding regions on the eve of the [[Muslim conquest of Persia]]]]
Although the Sanjan group are believed to have been the first permanent settlers, the precise date of their arrival is a matter of conjecture. All estimates are based on the ''Qissa'', which is vague or contradictory with respect to some elapsed periods. Consequently, three possible dates – 716, 765, and 936 – have been proposed as the year of landing, and the disagreement has been the cause of "many an intense battle ... amongst Parsis".{{sfn|Taraporevala|2000}} Since dates are not specifically mentioned in Parsi texts prior to the 18th century, any date of arrival is perforce a matter of speculation. The importance of the ''Qissa'' lies in any case not so much in its reconstruction of events than in its depiction of the Parsis – in the way they have come to view themselves – and in their relationship to the dominant culture. As such, the text plays a crucial role in shaping Parsi identity. But, "even if one comes to the conclusion that the chronicle based on verbal transmission is not more than a legend, it still remains without doubt an extremely informative document for Parsee historiography."{{sfn|Kulke|1978|p=25}}

The Sanjan Zoroastrians were certainly not the first Zoroastrians on the subcontinent.{{Citation needed|date=February 2016}} [[Sindh]] touching [[Balochistan]], the easternmost periphery of the Iranian world, too had once been under coastal administration of the [[Sasanian Empire]] (226-651), which consequently maintained outposts there.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} Even following the loss of [[Sindh]], the Iranians continued to play a major role in the trade links between the east and west.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} The 9th-century Arab historiographer [[Al-Masudi]] briefly notes Zoroastrians with fire temples in al-Hind and in al-Sindh.{{sfn|Stausberg|2002|p=I.374}} There is evidence of individual Parsis residing in Sindh in the tenth and twelfth centuries, but the current modern community is thought to date from British arrival in Sindh.{{sfn|Hinnells|2005|p=199}} Moreover, for the Iranians, the harbours of Gujarat lay on the maritime routes that complemented the overland [[Silk Road]] and there were extensive trade relations between the two regions. The contact between Iranians and Indians was already well established even prior to the [[Common Era]], and both the [[Puranas]] and the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' use the term ''[[Parasika]]s'' to refer to the peoples west of the [[Indus River]].{{sfn|Maneck|1997|p=15}}

"Parsi legends regarding their ancestors' migration to India depict a beleaguered band of religious refugees escaping the new rule post the Muslim conquests in order to preserve their ancient faith."{{sfn|Maneck|1997|p=15}}{{sfn|Paymaster|1954|pp=2–3}}{{sfn|Boyce|2001|p=148}}{{sfn|Lambton|1981|p=205}}{{sfn|Nigosian|1993|p=42}} However, while Parsi settlements definitely arose along the western coast of the Indian subcontinent following the Arab conquest of Iran, it is not possible to state with certainty that these migrations occurred as a result of religious persecution against Zoroastrians. If the "traditional" 8th century date (as deduced from the ''Qissa'') is considered valid, it must be assumed "that the migration began while Zoroastrianism was still the predominant religion in Iran and economic factors predominated the initial decision to migrate."{{sfn|Maneck|1997|p=15}} This would have been particularly the case if – as the ''Qissa'' suggests – the first Parsis originally came from the north-east (i.e. Central Asia) and had previously been dependent on [[Silk Road]] trade.{{sfn|Stausberg|2002|p=I.373}} Even so, in the 17th century, Henry Lord, a [[chaplain]] with the [[East India Company|English East India Company]], noted that the Parsis came to India seeking "[[liberty of conscience]]" but simultaneously arrived as "merchantmen bound for the shores of India, in course of trade and merchandise."

=== Early years ===
The ''Qissa'' has little to say about the events that followed the establishment of Sanjan, and restricts itself to a brief note on the establishment of the "Fire of Victory" (Middle Persian: ''[[Atash Bahram]]'') at [[Sanjan, Gujarat|Sanjan]] and its subsequent move to [[Navsari]]. According to Dhalla, the next several centuries were "full of hardships" (''sic'') before Zoroastrianism "gained a real foothold in India and secured for its adherents some means of livelihood in this new country of their adoption".{{sfn|Dhalla|1938|p=447}}

Two centuries after their landing, the Parsis began to settle in other parts of Gujarat, which led to "difficulties in defining the limits of priestly jurisdiction".{{sfn|Kulke|1978|p=29}} These problems were resolved by 1290 through the division of Gujarat into five ''panthak''s (districts), each under the jurisdiction of one priestly family and their descendants. (Continuing disputes regarding jurisdiction over the ''Atash Bahram'' led to the fire being moved to Udvada in 1742, where today jurisdiction is shared in rotation among the five ''panthak'' families.)

Inscriptions at the [[Kanheri Caves]] near Mumbai suggest that at least until the early 11th century, [[Middle Persian]] was still the literary language of the hereditary Zoroastrian priesthood. Nonetheless, aside from the ''Qissa'' and the Kanheri inscriptions, there is little evidence of the Parsis until the 12th and 13th century, when "masterly"{{sfn|Dhalla|1938|p=448}} Sanskrit translations and transcriptions of the [[Avesta]] and its commentaries began to be prepared. From these translations Dhalla infers that "religious studies were prosecuted with great zeal at this period" and that the command of [[Middle Persian]] and Sanskrit among the clerics "was of a superior order".{{sfn|Dhalla|1938|p=448}}

From the 13th century to the late 16th century, the Zoroastrian priests of Gujarat sent (in all) twenty-two requests for religious guidance to their co-religionists in Iran, presumably because they considered the Iranian Zoroastrians "better informed on religious matters than themselves, and must have preserved the old-time tradition more faithfully than they themselves did".{{sfn|Dhalla|1938|p=457}} These transmissions and their replies – assiduously preserved by the community as the ''[[rivayat]]''s ([[epistle]]s) – span the years 1478–1766 and deal with both religious and social subjects. From a superficial 21st century point of view, some of these ''ithoter'' ("questions") are remarkably trivial – for instance, ''Rivayat'' 376: whether ink prepared by a non-Zoroastrian is suitable for copying [[Avestan language]] texts – but they provide a discerning insight into the fears and anxieties of the early modern Zoroastrians. Thus, the question of the ink is symptomatic of the fear of assimilation and the loss of identity, a theme that dominates the questions posed and continues to be an issue into the 21st century. So also the question of conversion of ''Juddin''s (non-Zoroastrians) to Zoroastrianism, to which the reply (R237, R238) was: acceptable, even meritorious.{{sfn|Dhalla|1938|pp=474–475}}

Nonetheless, "the precarious condition in which they lived for a considerable period made it impracticable for them to keep up their former [[proselytizing]] zeal. The instinctive fear of disintegration and absorption in the vast multitudes among whom they lived created in them a spirit of exclusiveness and a strong desire to preserve the racial characteristics and distinctive features of their community. Living in an atmosphere surcharged with the Hindu caste system, they felt that their own safety lay in encircling their fold by rigid caste barriers".{{sfn|Dhalla|1938|p=474}} Even so, at some point (possibly shortly after their arrival in India), the Zoroastrians – perhaps determining that the [[social stratification]] that they had brought with them was unsustainable in the small community – did away with all but the hereditary priesthood (called the ''asronih'' in Sassanid Iran). The remaining estates – the ''(r)atheshtarih'' (nobility, soldiers, and civil servants), ''vastaryoshih'' (farmers and herdsmen), ''hutokshih'' (artisans and labourers) – were folded into an all-comprehensive class today known as the ''behdini'' ("followers of ''daena''", for which "good religion" is one translation). This change would have far reaching consequences. For one, it opened the gene pool to some extent since until that time inter-class marriages were exceedingly rare (this would continue to be a problem for the priesthood until the 20th century). For another, it did away with the boundaries along occupational lines, a factor that would endear the Parsis to the 18th- and 19th-century colonial authorities who had little patience for the unpredictable complications of the [[Indian caste system|Hindu caste system]] (such as when a clerk from one caste would not deal with a clerk from another).{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

=== Age of opportunity ===
Following the commercial treaty in the early 17th century between [[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]] [[Jahangir]] and [[James VI and I|James I]] of England, the [[East India Company]] obtained the exclusive rights to reside and build factories in [[Surat]] and other areas. Many Parsis, who until then had been living in farming communities throughout Gujarat, moved to the English-run settlements to take the new jobs offered. In 1668 the English East India Company leased the [[Seven Islands of Bombay]] from [[Charles II of England]]. The company found the deep harbour on the east coast of the islands to be ideal for setting up their first port in the sub-continent, and in 1687 they transferred their headquarters from Surat to the fledgling settlement. The Parsis followed and soon began to occupy posts of trust in connection with government and public works.{{sfn|Palsetia|2001|pp=47–57}}

Where literacy had previously been the exclusive domain of the priesthood, in the era of the [[British Raj]], the British schools in India provided the new Parsi youth with the means not only to learn to read and write but also to be educated in the greater sense of the term and become familiar with the quirks of the British establishment. These capabilities were enormously useful to Parsis since they allowed them to "represent themselves as being like the British," which they did "more diligently and effectively than perhaps any other South Asian community".{{sfn|Luhrmann|2002|p=861}} While the colonial authorities often saw the other Indians "as passive, ignorant, irrational, outwardly submissive but inwardly guileful",{{sfn|Luhrmann|1994|p=333}} the Parsis were seen to have the traits that the authorities tended to ascribe to themselves. [[Johan Albrecht de Mandelslo]] (1638) saw them as "diligent", "conscientious", and "skillful" in their [[mercantile]] pursuits. Similar observations would be made by [[James Mackintosh]], Recorder of Bombay from 1804 to 1811, who noted that "the Parsees are a small remnant of one of the mightiest nations of the ancient world, who, flying from persecution into India, were for many ages lost in obscurity and poverty, till at length they met a just government under which they speedily rose to be one of the most popular mercantile bodies in Asia".{{sfn|Darukhanawala|Jeejeebhoy|1938|p=33}}

One of these was an enterprising agent named [[Rustom Maneck Seth|Rustom Maneck]]. In 1702, Maneck, who had probably already amassed a fortune under the Dutch and Portuguese, was appointed the first broker to the East India Company (acquiring the name "Seth" in the process), and in the following years "he and his Parsi associates widened the occupational and financial horizons of the larger Parsi community".{{sfn|White|1991|p=304}} Thus, by the mid-18th century, the brokerage houses of the [[Bombay Presidency]] were almost all in Parsi hands. As James Forbes, the Collector of Broach (now [[Bharuch]]), would note in his ''Oriental Memoirs'' (1770): "many of the principal merchants and owners of ships at Bombay and Surat are Parsees."  "Active, robust, prudent and persevering, they now form a very valuable part of the Company's subjects on the western shores of [[Hindustan]] where they are highly esteemed".{{sfn|Darukhanawala|Jeejeebhoy|1938|p=33}}In the 18th century, Parsis with their skills in ship building and trade greatly benefited with trade between India and China. The trade was mainly in timber, silk, cotton and opium. For example [[Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy]] acquired most of his wealth through trade in cotton and opium{{sfn|Palsetia|2001|pp=53–56}} Gradually certain families "acquired wealth and prominence (Sorabji, Modi, Cama, Wadia, Jeejeebhoy, Readymoney, Dadyseth, Petit, Patel, Mehta, Allbless, Tata, etc.), many of which would be noted for their participation in the public life of the city, and for their various educational, industrial, and charitable enterprises."{{sfn|Hull|1911}}{{sfn|Palsetia|2001|pp=37–45, 62-64, 128-140, 334-135}}).

Through his largesse, Maneck helped establish the infrastructure that was necessary for the Parsis to set themselves up in Bombay and in doing so "established Bombay as the primary centre of Parsi habitation and work in the 1720s".{{sfn|White|1991|p=304}} Following the political and economic isolation of Surat in the 1720s and 1730s that resulted from troubles between the (remnant) Mughal authorities and the increasingly dominant [[Maratha]]s, a number of Parsi families from Surat migrated to the new city. While in 1700 "fewer than a handful of individuals appear as merchants in any records; by mid-century, Parsis engaged in commerce constituted one of important commercial groups in Bombay".{{sfn|White|1991|p=312}} Maneck's generosity is incidentally also the first documented instance of Parsi philanthropy. In 1689, [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] chaplain John Ovington reported that in Surat the family "assist the poor and are ready to provide for the sustenance and comfort of such as want it. Their universal kindness, either employing such as are ready and able to work, or bestowing a seasonable bounteous charity to such as are infirm and miserable, leave no man destitute of relief, nor suffer a beggar in all their tribe".{{sfn|Ovington|1929|p=216}}

[[Image:Persians (Parsees) in Bombay 1873.jpg|thumb|upright|right|"Parsis of [[Bombay]]" a wood engraving, ''ca.'' 1878]]
In 1728 Rustom's eldest son Naoroz (later Naorojee) founded the [[Bombay Parsi Panchayet]] (in the sense of an instrument for [[self-governance]] and not in the sense of the trust it is today) to assist newly arriving Parsis in religious, social, legal and financial matters. Using their vast resources, the Maneck Seth family gave their time, energy and not inconsiderable financial resources to the Parsi community, with the result that by the mid-18th century, the Panchayat was the accepted means for Parsis to cope with the exigencies of urban life and the recognized instrument for regulating the affairs of the community.{{sfn|Karaka|1884|pp=215–217}} Nonetheless, by 1838 the Panchayat was under attack for impropriety and nepotism. In 1855 the ''[[The Times of India|Bombay Times]]'' noted that the Panchayat was utterly without the moral or legal authority to enforce its statutes (the ''Bundobusts'' or codes of conduct) and the council soon ceased to be considered representative of the community.{{sfn|Dobbin|1970|pp=150–151}} In the wake of a July 1856 ruling by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council that it had no jurisdiction over the Parsis in matters of marriage and divorce, the Panchayat was reduced to little more than a Government-recognized "Parsi Matrimonial Court". Although the Panchayat would eventually be reestablished as the administrator of community property, it ultimately ceased to be an instrument for self-governance.{{sfn|Palsetia|2001|pp=223–225}}

At about the same time as the role of the Panchayat was declining, a number of other institutions arose that would replace the Panchayat's role in contributing to the sense of [[structural cohesion|social cohesiveness]] that the community desperately sought. By the mid-19th century, the Parsis were keenly aware that their numbers were declining and saw education as a possible solution to the problem. In 1842 [[Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy]] established the Parsi Benevolent Fund with the aim of improving, through education, the condition of the impoverished Parsis still living in Surat and its environs. In 1849 the Parsis established their first school (co-educational, which was a novelty at the time, but would soon be split into separate schools for boys and girls) and the education movement quickened. The number of Parsi schools multiplied, but other schools and colleges were also freely attended.{{sfn|Palsetia|2001|pp=135–139}} Accompanied by better education and social cohesiveness, the community's sense of distinctiveness grew, and in 1854 [[Dinshaw Maneckji Petit]] founded the Persian Zoroastrian Amelioration Fund with the aim of improving conditions for his less fortunate co-religionists in Iran. The fund succeeded in convincing a number of Iranian Zoroastrians to emigrate to India (where they are known today as Iranis) and the efforts of its emissary [[Maneckji Limji Hataria]] were instrumental in obtaining a remission of the [[jizya]] for their co-religionists in 1882.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, the Parsis had emerged as "the foremost people in India in matters educational, industrial, and social. They came in the vanguard of progress, amassed vast fortunes, and munificently gave away large sums in charity".{{sfn|Dhalla|1938|p=483}} Near the end of the 19th century, the total number of Parsis in colonial India was 85,397, of which 48,507 lived in Bombay, constituting around 6.7% of the total population of the city, according to the 1881 census.{{sfn|Karaka|1884|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=w6PNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA91 91–93]}} This would be the last time that the Parsis would be considered a numerically significant minority in the city.{{Original research inline|date=April 2020}}

Nonetheless, the legacy of the 19th century was a sense of self-awareness as a community. The typically Parsi cultural symbols of the 17th and 18th centuries such as language (a Parsi variant of [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]), arts, crafts, and sartorial habits developed into [[Parsi theatre]], literature, newspapers, magazines, and schools. The Parsis now ran community medical centres, ambulance corps, [[Scouting]] troops, clubs, and [[Masonic Lodge]]s. They had their own charitable foundations, housing estates, legal institutions, courts, and governance. They were no longer weavers and petty merchants, but now were established and ran banks, mills, heavy industry, shipyards, and shipping companies. Moreover, even while maintaining their own cultural identity they did not fail to recognize themselves as nationally Indian, as [[Dadabhai Naoroji]], the first Asian to occupy a seat in the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]] would note: "Whether I am a Hindu, a Mohammedan, a Parsi, a Christian, or of any other creed, I am above all an Indian. Our country is India; our nationality is Indian".{{sfn|Ralhan|2002|p=1101}} While having an outsized role in the [[Indian independence movement]], the majority of Parsis [[opposition to the partition of India|opposed the partition of undivided India]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=none |journal=Asia and the Americas |date=1946 |volume=46 |page=212 |publisher=Asia Press |quote=Many Muslim organizations are opposed to it. Every non-Muslim, whether he is a Hindu or Sikh or Christian or Parsi, is opposed to it. Essentially the sentiment in favor of partition has grown in the areas where Muslims are in a small minority, areas which, in any event, would remain undetached from the rest of India. Muslims in provinces where they are in a majority have been less influenced by it; naturally, for they can stand on their own feet and have no reason to fear other groups. It is least evident in the Northwest Frontier Province (95 per cent Muslim) where the Pathans are brave and self-reliant and have no fear complex. Thus, oddly enough, the Muslim League's proposal to partition India finds far less response in the Muslim areas sought to be partitioned than in the Muslim minority areas which are unaffected by it.}}{{full citation needed|date=January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |date=April 26, 2016 |title=Parsis have made immense contributions to India: envoy |work=Business Standard |location=India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/parsis-have-made-immense-contributions-to-india-envoy-116042600954_1.html |access-date=2022-07-24 |archive-date=July 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724231059/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/parsis-have-made-immense-contributions-to-india-envoy-116042600954_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Indian Air Force Service ===

Parsis have made significant contributions to India's defence services, particularly the Indian Air Force. Notable officers such as Air Vice Marshal Minoo Merwan Engineer, Air Marshal Aspy Engineer, and Air VMarshal Adi Rustom Ghandhi exemplify the community's presence across ranks, from combat pilots to senior leadership. The cultural symbolism of the Faravahar, associated with Zoroastrianism, has been metaphorically linked to the community's affinity for flight.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Anchit |title=The Faravahar Soars: Parsis in the IAF |url=https://iafhistory.in/2023/10/29/the-faravahar-soars-parsis-in-the-iaf/ |website=IAFHistory |date=29 October 2023 |access-date=5 May 2025}}</ref>

== Change in religious education ==
{{Main|Criticism of Zoroastrianism}}

In the 1860s and 1870s, the linguist [[Martin Haug]] interpreted Zoroastrian scripture in Christian terms, and compared the ''yazata''s to the angels of Christianity. In this scheme, the Amesha Spentas are the arch-angel retinue of Ahura Mazda, with the ''hamkars'' as the supporting host of lesser angels.

At the time Haug wrote his translations, the [[Parsi people|Parsi]] (i.e. Indian Zoroastrian) community was under intense pressure from English and American missionaries, who severely criticized the Zoroastrians for—as John Wilson portrayed it in 1843—"polytheism", which the missionaries argued was of much lesser worth than their own "monotheism". At the time, Zoroastrianism lacked theologians of its own, and so the Zoroastrians were poorly equipped to make their own case. In this situation, Haug's counter-interpretation came as a welcome relief, and was (by-and-large) gratefully accepted as legitimate.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Foundation |first1=Encyclopaedia Iranica |title=HAUG, MARTIN – Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/haug-martin |access-date=2020-04-03 |website=iranicaonline.org |archive-date=September 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914015005/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/haug-martin |url-status=live }}</ref>

Haug's interpretations were subsequently disseminated as Zoroastrian ones, which then eventually reached the west where they were seen to corroborate Haug. Like most of Haug's interpretations, this comparison is today so well entrenched that a gloss of 'yazata' as 'angel' is almost universally accepted; both in publications intended for a general audience<ref name="cf_Gray_1927_VII562">''cf.'' {{harvnb|Gray|1927|p=562}}.</ref><ref name="cf_Edwards_1927_XI21">''cf.'' {{harvnb|Edwards|1927|p=21}}.</ref> as well as in (non-philological) academic literature.<ref name="Luhrmann_2002_871">''cf.'' {{harvnb|Luhrmann|2002|p=871}}.</ref><ref name="Dhalla_1914_135">''cf.'' {{harvnb|Dhalla|1914|p=135}}.</ref>

The migration of Parsis to India caused a lack of religious knowledge, which led to doubts in several matters, which made them send men to Iran during the Muslim rule in order to learn the religion from the Zoroastrians in Iran. However, according to the orientalist [[Arthur Christensen]] and several Arab historians, the Zoroastrian doctrine changed after the fall of the Sassanid state because the Zoroastrian clerics tried to save their religion from extinction by modifying it to resemble the religion of the Muslims. So that the Zoroastrians would not have a reason to convert to Islam, but this did not succeed in preventing the Zoroastrians from converting to Islam, and it also caused the emergence of a new version of Zoroastrianism that resembled Islam and differed from Zoroastrianism in the Sassanid era.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

The main components of Zoroastrianism as practiced by the Parsi community are the concepts of purity and pollution (nasu), initiation (navjot), daily prayers, worship at Fire Temples, marriage, funerals, and general worship via practicing good thoughts, words and deeds.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zoroastrianism |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/zoroastrian/worship/worship.shtml |access-date=March 10, 2024 |archive-date=April 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429204411/https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/zoroastrian/worship/worship.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Religious practices ==
=== Purity and pollution ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2025}}

The balance between good and evil is correlated to the idea of purity and pollution. Purity is held to be of the very essence of godliness. Pollution's very point is to destroy purity through the death of a human. In order to adhere to purity it is the duty of Parsis to continue to preserve purity within their body as God created them. A Zoroastrian priest spends his entire life dedicated to following a holy life.

=== Fasting ===
{{See also|Religious influences on Zoroastrianism}}

Fasting in Zoroastrianism is considered forbidden because it weakens the body and that is sin in Zoroastrianism, and many followers hate fasting, but the Parsees were influenced by the Hindus, who took the idea of fasting at a funeral.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=Encyclopaedia Iranica |title=Fasting |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/fasting |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=iranicaonline.org}}</ref>

=== ''Navjote'' ===
Zoroastrians are not initiated by [[infant baptism]]. Children are initiated into the faith when they are old enough to recite some required prayers along with the priest at the time of the [[navjote]] ceremony, ideally before they reach puberty. Though there is no actual age by which a child must be initiated into the faith (preferably after seven years), Navjote cannot be performed on an adult. While the Parsi traditionally do not do adult Navjote (except in cases where it is performed for descendants of Parsi wanting to join the faith), the Iranian Zoroastrian equivalent, the sedreh-pushti can be done at any age for those wanting to convert.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-konstantin-became-farrokh/articleshow/1167559.cms|title=How Konstantin became Farrokh|author=Bachi Karkaria|date=July 11, 2005|website=The Times of India|access-date=January 7, 2022|archive-date=January 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107232202/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-konstantin-became-farrokh/articleshow/1167559.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

The initiation begins with a ritual bath, then a spiritual cleansing prayer; the child changes into white [[Pajamas|pajama]] pants, a [[shawl]], and a small cap. Following introductory prayers, the child is given the sacred items that are associated with Zoroastrianism: a sacred shirt and cord, [[Sedreh|sudre]], and [[Kushti|kusti]]. The child then faces the main priest and fire is brought in to represent God. Once the priest finishes with the prayers, the child's initiation is complete and he or she has become part of the community and religion.

=== Marriage ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2017}}{{main|Zoroastrian wedding}}

[[File:Parsee Wedding 1905.jpg|thumb|Parsi wedding, 1905]]

Marriage is very important to the members of the Parsi community, believing that in order to continue the expansion of God's kingdom they must procreate. Up until the mid-19th century child marriages were common even though the idea of child marriage was not part of the religious doctrine. Consequently, when social reform started happening in India, the Parsi community discontinued the practice. There are, however, rising problems over the availability of brides. More and more women in the Parsi community are becoming well educated and are therefore either delaying marriage or not partaking at all. Women within the Parsi community in India are 97% literate; 42% have completed high school or college and 29% have an occupation in which they earn a substantial amount of money. The wedding ceremony begins much like the initiation with a cleansing bath. The bride and groom then travel to the wedding in florally decorated cars. The priests from both families facilitate the wedding. The couple begin by facing one another with a sheet to block their view of each another. Wool is passed over the two seven times to bind them together. The two are then supposed to throw rice to their partner symbolizing dominance. The religious element comes in next when the two sit side by side to face the priest.

=== Funerals ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2017}}
{{Main|Dakhma}}

[[File:Parsee Tower of Silence, Bombay.jpg|thumb|Parsi Tower of Silence, Bombay]]

The pollution that is associated with death has to be handled carefully. A separate part of the home is designated to house the corpse for funeral proceedings before being taken away. The priest comes to say prayers that are for the cleansing of sins and to affirm the faith of the deceased. Fire is brought to the room and prayers are begun. The body is washed and inserted clean within a sudre and kusti. The ceremony then begins, and a circle is drawn around the body into which only the bearers may enter. As they proceed to the cemetery they walk in pairs and are connected by white fabric. A dog is essential in the funeral process because it is able to see death. The body is taken to the tower of death where the vultures feed on it. Once the bones are bleached by the sun they are pushed into the circular opening in the center. The mourning process is four days long, and rather than creating graves for the dead, charities are established in honor of the person.

[[File:Parsi Fire Temple Delhi.jpg|thumb|Parsi Fire Temple Delhi]]

=== Temples ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2025}}
[[File:Parsi Fire Temple of Ahmedabad - Gujarat, India (4586854549).jpg|thumb|Parsi Fire Temple of [[Ahmedabad]], India]]

Zoroastrian festivals were originally held outside in the open air; temples were not common until later. Most of the temples were built by wealthy Parsis who needed centers that housed purity. As stated before, fire is considered to represent the presence of Ahura Mazda, and there are two distinct differences for the types of fire for the different temples. The first type of temple is the Atash Behram, which is the highest level of fire. The fire is prepared for an entire year before it can be installed, and once it is, it is cared for to the highest possible degree. There are only eight such temples located within India. The second type of fire temple is called a Dar-i Mihr, and the preparation process is not as intense. There are about 160 of these located throughout India.

== Factions within the community ==
[[Image:Parsi-jashan-ceremony-1.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Parsi ''Jashan'' ceremony (in this case, a house blessing)]]

=== Calendrical differences ===
{{hatnote|This section contains information specific to the Parsi calendar. For information on the calendar used by the Zoroastrians for religious purposes, including details on its history and its variations, see [[Zoroastrian calendar]].}}

Until about the 12th century, all Zoroastrians followed the same 365-day religious calendar, which had remained largely unmodified since the calendar reforms of [[Ardashir I of Persia|Ardashir I]] (''r.'' 226-241 AD). Since that calendar did not compensate for the fractional days that go to make up a full solar year, with time it was no longer accordant with the seasons.

Sometime between 1125 and 1250 (''[[cf.]]'' {{harvnb|Boyce|1970|p=537}}), the Parsis inserted an [[embolismic month]] to level out the accumulating fractional days. However, the Parsis were the only Zoroastrians to do so (and did it only once), with the result that, from then on, the calendar in use by the Parsis and the calendar in use by Zoroastrians elsewhere diverged by a matter of thirty days. The calendars still had the same name, ''Shahenshahi'' (imperial), presumably because none were aware that the calendars were no longer the same.

In 1745 the Parsis in and around Surat switched to the ''Kadmi'' or ''Kadimi'' calendar on the recommendation of their priests who were convinced that the calendar in use in the ancient homeland must be correct. Moreover, they denigrated the ''Shahenshahi'' calendar as being "royalist".

In 1906 attempts to bring the two factions together resulted in the introduction of a third calendar based on an 11th-century [[Great Seljuq Empire|Seljuk]] model: the ''Fasili'', or ''Fasli'', calendar had leap days intercalated every four years and it had a New Year's day that fell on the day of the [[March equinox|vernal equinox]]. Although it was the only calendar always in harmony with the seasons, most members of the Parsi community rejected it on the grounds that it was not in accord with the injunctions expressed in Zoroastrian tradition (''[[Denkard|Dēnkard]]'' 3.419).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Madan |first1=Dhanjishah Meherjibhai |title=The complete text of the Pahlavi Dinkard |date=1911 |publisher=Bombay |url=https://archive.org/details/completetextofpa01dhan |access-date=March 28, 2022}}</ref>

Today the majority of Parsis are adherents of the Parsi version of the ''Shahenshahi'' calendar although the ''Kadmi'' calendar does have its adherents among the Parsi communities of Surat and Bharuch. The ''Fasli'' calendar does not have a significant following among Parsis, but, by virtue of being compatible with the ''Bastani'' calendar (an Iranian development with the same salient features as the ''Fasli'' calendar), it is predominant among the Zoroastrians of Iran.

==== Effect of the calendar disputes ====
Since some of the [[Avesta]] prayers contain references to the names of the months, and some other prayers are used only at specific times of the year, the issue of which calendar is "correct" also has theological ramifications.

To further complicate matters, in the late 18th century (or early 19th century) a highly influential head-priest and staunch proponent of the ''Kadmi'' calendar, Phiroze Kaus Dastur of the Dadyseth Atash-Behram in Bombay, became convinced that the pronunciation of prayers as recited by visitors from Iran was correct, while the pronunciation as used by the Parsis was not. He accordingly went on to alter some (but not all) of the prayers, which in due course came to be accepted by all adherents of the ''Kadmi'' calendar as the more ancient (and thus presumably correct). However, scholars of [[Avestan language]] and linguistics attribute the difference in pronunciation to a vowel-shift that occurred only in Iran and that the Iranian pronunciation as adopted by the ''Kadmi''s is actually more recent than the pronunciation used by the non-''Kadmi'' Parsis.

The calendar disputes were not always purely academic, either. In the 1780s, emotions over the controversy ran so high that violence occasionally erupted. In 1783 a ''Shahenshahi'' resident of Bharuch named Homaji Jamshedji was sentenced to death for kicking a young ''Kadmi'' woman and so causing her to miscarry.

Of the eight Atash-Behrams (the highest grade of [[fire temple]]) in India, three follow the ''Kadmi'' pronunciation and calendar, the other five are ''Shahenshahi''. The ''Fassali''s do not have their own Atash-Behram.

=== ''Ilm-e-Khshnoom'' ===
{{Main|Ilm-e-Khshnoom}}

The ''[[Ilm-e-Khshnoom|Ilm-e-Kshnoom]]'' ('science of ecstasy', or 'science of bliss') is a school of Parsi-Zoroastrian philosophy based on a mystic and esoteric, rather than literal, interpretation of religious texts. According to adherents of the sect, they are followers of the Zoroastrian faith as preserved by a clan of 2,000 individuals called the ''Saheb-e-Dilan'' ('Masters of the Heart') who are said to live in complete isolation in the mountainous recesses of the [[Caucasus Mountains|Caucasus]] (alternatively, in the [[Alborz]] range, around [[Mount Damavand]]).

There are few obvious indications that a Parsi might be a follower of the Kshnoom. Although their ''Kusti'' prayers are very similar to those used by the ''Fassali''s, like the rest of the Parsi community the followers of Kshnoom are divided with respect to which calendar they observe. There are also other minor differences in their recitation of the liturgy, such as repetition of some sections of the longer prayers. Nonetheless, the Kshnoom are extremely conservative in their ideology and prefer isolation even with respect to other Parsis.

The largest community of followers of the Kshnoom lives in Jogeshwari, a suburb of Bombay, where they have their own fire temple (Behramshah Nowroji Shroff Daremeher), their own housing colony (Behram Baug) and their own newspaper (''Parsi Pukar''). There is a smaller concentration of adherents in [[Surat]], where the sect was founded in the last decades of the 19th century.

=== Issues relating to the deceased ===
[[File:St. Mary's Cemetery, Wandsworth 17.JPG|thumb|upright|Parsi funerary monument, [[St. Mary's Cemetery, Wandsworth|St Mary's Cemetery, Wandsworth]]]]
It has been traditional, in Mumbai and [[Karachi]] at least, for dead Parsis to be taken to the [[Tower of Silence|Towers of Silence]] where the corpses are quickly eaten by the city's [[vultures]]. The reason given for this practice is that earth, fire, and water are considered sacred elements which should not be defiled by the dead. Therefore, burial and cremation have always been prohibited in Parsi culture. However, in modern day Mumbai and Karachi the population of vultures has drastically reduced due to extensive urbanization and the unintended consequence of treating humans and livestock with antibiotics,<ref>[http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2009/03/16/rspb.2009.0071.full Cellular and humoral immunodepression in vultures feeding upon medicated livestock carrion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074357/http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2009/03/16/rspb.2009.0071.full |date=March 4, 2016 }}. Rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-28.</ref> and the anti-inflammatory [[diclofenac]], which harm vultures and have led to the [[Indian vulture crisis]].<ref>[http://www.peregrinefund.org/news-release/250 News Release]. The Peregrine Fund (August 23, 2012). Retrieved on 2013-07-28.</ref> As a result, the bodies of the deceased are taking much longer to decompose. Solar panels have been installed in the Towers of Silence to speed up the [[decomposition]] process, but this has been only partially successful especially during monsoons. In [[Peshawar]], a Parsi graveyard was established in the late 19th century, which still exists; this cemetery is unique as there is no [[Tower of Silence]]. Nevertheless, the majority of Parsis still use the traditional method of disposing of their loved ones and consider this as the last act of charity by the deceased on earth.

The Tower of Silence in [[Mumbai]] is located at Doongerwadi at [[Malabar Hill]]. In [[Karachi]], the Tower of Silence is located in Parsi Colony, near the [[Chanesar Goth]] and [[Mahmudabad, Karachi|Mehmoodabad]] localities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/386604/Tower-of-Silence|title=Tower of Silence – Clifton Cantonment|website=wikimapia.org}}</ref>

==Archaeogenetics==
[[Genealogical DNA test]]s have brought mixed results. Some studies support the Parsi contention that they have maintained their Persian roots by avoiding intermarriage with local populations.{{sfn|Nanavutty|1970|p=13}}

A study published in ''[[Genome Biology]]'' based on high density [[single-nucleotide polymorphism|SNP]] data has shown that the Parsis are genetically closer to Iranian populations than to their South Asian neighbours. They also share the highest number of haplotypes with present-day Iranians; the admixture of the Parsis with Indian populations was estimated to have occurred approximately 1,200 years ago. It is also found that Parsis are genetically closer to [[Neolithic]] Iranians than to modern Iranians who had recently received some genes from the Near East.{{sfn|Chaubey|Ayub|Rai|Prakash|2017}}

In that 2002 study of the [[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup|Y-chromosome]] (patrilineal) DNA of the Parsis of [[Pakistan]], it was determined that Parsis are genetically closer to Iranians than to their neighbours.{{sfn|Qamar|Ayub|Mohyuddin|Helgason|2002|p=1119}} A 2023 study was the first to delve deeply into maternal ancestry with high-resolution mitochondrial markers. They conducted a detailed phylogenetic analysis to infer their maternal genetic affinity. This revealed the Parsi mitogenomes, characterized by the mtDNA haplogroup M3a1 + 204, share a clade with both Middle Eastern and South Asian modern individuals in both the Maximum Likelihood tree and Bayesian phylogenetic tree. This haplogroup was also prevalent among the medieval Swat valley population and was observed in two Roopkund A individuals. In the phylogenetic network, these samples share a haplotype with both South Asian and Middle Eastern samples. Thus, the maternal ancestry of the first Parsi settlers includes genetic components similar to South Asian and Middle Eastern populations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Lomous |last2=Ahlawat |first2=Bhavna |last3=Kumar |first3=Sachin |last4=Mushrif-Tripathy |first4=Veena |last5=Rai |first5=Niraj |title=Maternal ancestry of first Parsi settlers of India using ancient mitogenome |journal=Mitochondrion |date=July 2023 |volume=71 |pages=104–111 |doi=10.1016/j.mito.2023.06.004 |pmid=37379890 }}</ref>

In 2017, a research study discovered that Parsis exhibit a stronger genetic affinity with Neolithic Iranians than with modern Iranians, who have experienced more recent admixture from the Near East. The study also identified 48% of South-Asian-specific mitochondrial lineages in ancient samples, which could be attributed to the assimilation of local females during the initial settlement or may be representative of mitochondrial lineages that have become extinct in Iran.{{sfn|Chaubey|Ayub|Rai|Prakash|2017}} That would make the [[population genetics]] of Parsis about 3/4 Iranian and 1/4 Indian.

The genetic studies of Parsis of Pakistan show sharp contrast between genetic data obtained from [[Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup|mitochondrial DNA]] (mtDNA) and [[Y-chromosome]] DNA (Y-DNA), different from most populations. Historical records suggest that they had moved from Iran to India, first to Gujarat and then to Mumbai and Karachi. According to Y-DNA, they resemble the Iranian population, which supports historical records. When the mtDNA pool is compared to Iranians and Gujaratis (their putative parental populations), it contrasted Y-DNA data. Parsis have a high frequency of [[Haplogroup M (mtDNA)|haplogroup M]] (55%), similar to Indians, which is just 1.7% in the combined Iranian sample. According to the research findings, there is a noticeable contrast between the maternal and paternal components of the Parsi population. Despite their small population size, the high diversity observed in both the Y-DNA and mtDNA lineages suggests that a strong drift effect is improbable. The studies suggest a male-mediated migration of Parsi ancestors from Iran to Gujarat where they admixed with the local female population during initial settlements, which ultimately resulted in loss of Iranian mtDNA.{{sfn|Quintana-Murci|Chaix|Wells|Behar|2004|p=840}}{{sfn|Chaubey|Ayub|Rai|Prakash|2017}}

The absence of lung cancer-related DNA mutational signals among Parsis both point to the community's distinctive non-smoking social practises, which have been practised for millennia. Additionally, Parsis have high prevalence of longevity as a genetic feature.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Patell |first1=Villoo Morawala |last2=Pasha |first2=Naseer |last3=Krishnasamy |first3=Kashyap |last4=Mittal |first4=Bharti |last5=Gopalakrishnan |first5=Chellappa |last6=Mugasimangalam |first6=Raja |last7=Sharma |first7=Naveen |last8=Gupta |first8=Arati-Khanna |last9=Bhote-Patell |first9=Perviz |last10=Rao |first10=Sudha |last11=Jain |first11=Renuka |title=The first complete Zoroastrian-Parsi mitochondrial reference genome and genetic signatures of an endogamous non-smoking population |journal=Meta Gene |date=2021 |volume=28 |article-number=100882 |doi=10.1016/j.mgene.2021.100882 |language=en |biorxiv=10.1101/2020.06.05.124891 }}</ref> Parsis have however been shown to have high rates of [[breast cancer]],<ref>{{cite news |title=High rate of cancer puts Parsis under microscope |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/high-rate-of-cancer-puts-parsis-under-microscope-2220668.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=May 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/high-rate-of-cancer-puts-parsis-under-microscope-2220668.html |archive-date=May 25, 2022}}</ref> [[bladder cancer]], [[glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency]] and [[Parkinson's disease]].<ref name="Kumar2012">[{{GBurl|2grSBwAAQBAJ|p=306}} Page 306] in: {{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Dhavendra |last2=Patton |first2=Michael A. |last3=Kumar |first3=Ajith |title=Genetic Disorders of the Indian Subcontinent |chapter=Genetic Neurological and Psychiatric Diseases |date=2004 |pages=291–312 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-2231-9_16 |isbn=978-90-481-6262-8 }}</ref>

== Notable Parsi people ==
{{Main|List of Parsis|l1 = List of Parsi people}}

D. L. Sheth, the former director of the [[Centre for the Study of Developing Societies]] (CSDS), lists Indian communities that constituted the [[middle class]] and were traditionally "urban and professional" (following professions such as doctors, lawyers, teachers, engineers, etc.) immediately after [[Partition of India|Indian partition in 1947]]. This list included the [[Kashmiri Pandits]], the [[Nagar Brahmin]]s from Gujarat, the [[Brahmin]]s from [[South India|Southern India]], the [[Khatri|Punjabi Khatris]] and [[Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha|Kayastha]] from [[North India|northern India]], the [[Chitpavan]]s and [[Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu|CKPs]] from [[Maharashtra]]; [[Bengalis|Bengali Probasis]] and [[Bhadralok]]s, the Parsis, as well as the upper echelons of the [[Islam in India|Indian Muslim]] and [[Christianity in India|Indian Christian]] communities throughout the country. According to [[Pavan Varma|Pavan K. Varma]], "Education was a common thread that bound together this pan-Indian elite"; almost all of the members of these communities could read and write in [[English language|English]] and were educated beyond regular schooling institutions.<ref>{{cite book |author=Pavan K. Varma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pbgMy8KfD74C&pg=PA28 |title=The Great Indian Middle class |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-14-310325-7 |page=28 |quote=...its main adherents came from those in government service, qualified professionals such as doctors, engineers and lawyers, business entrepreneurs, teachers in schools in the bigger cities and in the institutes of higher education, journalists [etc]...The upper castes dominated the Indian middle class. Prominent among its members were Punjabi Khatris, Kashmiri Pandits and South Indian brahmins. Then there were the 'traditional urban-oriented professional castes such as the Nagars of Gujarat, the Chitpawans and the Ckps (Chandrasenya Kayastha Prabhus)s of Maharashtra and the Kayasthas of North India. Also included were the old elite groups that emerged during the colonial rule: the Probasi and the Bhadralok Bengalis, the Parsis and the upper crusts of Muslim and Christian communities. Education was a common thread that bound together this pan Indian elite... But almost all its members spoke and wrote English and had had some education beyond school}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |year=2000 |title=none |journal=Social Action |publisher=Indian Social Institute |volume=50 |page=72}}{{full citation needed|date=January 2022}}</ref>[[File:Freddie Mercury performing in New Haven, CT, November 1977.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Freddie Mercury]], lead singer of the [[Rock music|rock]] band [[Queen (band)|Queen]]]]
[[File:JAMSETJI N. TATA.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Jamsetji Tata]], founder of [[Tata Group]] of companies.]]
The Parsis have made considerable contributions to the history and development of India, all the more remarkable considering their small numbers. As the [[Maxim (literature)|maxim]] "Parsi, [[thy name is]] charity" [[allude]]s to, their most prominent contribution is their [[philanthropy]].

Although their people's name Parsi comes from the Persian-language word for a Persian person, in Sanskrit the term means "one who gives alms".<ref name="jack">{{harvnb|Jackson|1906|p=27}}</ref><ref name="bleek212">{{harvnb|Bleeker|Widengren|1971|p=212}}</ref>

[[Mahatma Gandhi]] would note in a much misquoted statement,<ref>[http://parsikhabar.net/news/can-zoroastrians-save-their-faith/2060/ Can Zoroastrians save their faith?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513113509/http://parsikhabar.net/news/can-zoroastrians-save-their-faith/2060/ |date=May 13, 2013 }}. Parsi Khabar (January 6, 2010). Retrieved on 2013-07-28.</ref> "I am proud of my country, India, for having produced the splendid [[Zoroastrian]] stock, in numbers beneath contempt, but in charity and philanthropy perhaps unequaled and certainly unsurpassed."{{sfn|Rivetna|2002}}

Several landmarks in [[Mumbai]] are named after Parsis, including [[Nariman Point]]. The [[Malabar Hill]] in Mumbai, is a home to several prominent Parsis. Parsis prominent in the [[Indian independence movement]] include [[Pherozeshah Mehta]], [[Dadabhai Naoroji]], and [[Bhikaiji Cama]].

Particularly notable Parsis in the fields of science and industry include physicist [[Homi J. Bhabha]], nuclear scientist [[Homi N. Sethna]], industrialists [[J. R. D. Tata]] and [[Jamsetji Tata]], regarded as the "Father of Indian Industry",<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://webindia123.com/personal/industry/tata.htm|title=Jamshedji Tata – Founder of TATA Industries|website=webindia123.com|access-date=January 8, 2022|archive-date=January 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107113507/https://www.webindia123.com/personal/industry/tata.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> and construction tycoon [[Pallonji Mistry]]. The families [[Godrej family|Godrej]], Mistry family, [[Tata family|Tata]], [[Petit baronets|Petit]], [[Cowasjee family|Cowasjee]], [[Cyrus S. Poonawalla|Poonawalla]], and [[Wadia family|Wadia]] are important industrial Parsi families.
Other notable Parsi business persons include [[Ratan Tata]], [[Cyrus Mistry]], [[Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata]], [[Dinshaw Maneckji Petit]], [[Ness Wadia]], [[Neville Wadia]], [[Jehangir Wadia]] and [[Nusli Wadia]]{{mdash}}all of them related through marriage to [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the founder of [[Pakistan]]. Mohammad Ali Jinnah's wife [[Rattanbai Petit]], was born into two of the Parsi [[Petit baronets|Petit]]{{ndash}}[[Tata family|Tata]] families, and their daughter [[Dina Jinnah]] was married to Parsi industrialist [[Neville Wadia]], the scion of the [[Wadia family]]. Other notable businessmen include [[Cyrus S. Poonawalla|Cyrus Poonawalla]] and his son [[Adar Poonawalla]]. The husband of Indian Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] and son-in-law of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Feroze Gandhi]], was a Parsi with ancestral roots in [[Bharuch]].
[[File:Nauheed Cyrusi snapped on the sets of the play The Buckingham Secret in 2014 (01).jpg|thumb|[[Nauheed Cyrusi]], actress, model and VJ]]
The Parsi community has given India several distinguished military officers. [[Field Marshal]] [[Sam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw]], [[Military Cross]], the architect of India's victory in the 1971 war, was the first officer of the [[Indian Army]] to be appointed a [[Field Marshal]]. [[Admiral]] [[Jal Cursetji]] was the first Parsi to be appointed Chief of the Naval Staff of the [[Indian Navy]]. [[Air Marshal]] [[Aspy Engineer]] served as India's second [[Chief of Air Staff (India)|Chief of Air Staff]], post-independence, and [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Fali Homi Major]] served as the 18th [[Chief of Air Staff (India)|Chief of Air Staff]]. [[Vice Admiral]] RF Contractor served as the 17th Chief of the [[Indian Coast Guard]]. [[Lieutenant Colonel]] [[Ardeshir Tarapore|Ardeshir Burjorji Tarapore]] was killed in action in the 1965 Indo-Pakistan war and was posthumously awarded the Param Vir Chakra, India's highest military award for gallantry in action.

The Parsi community has produced several notable sports figures who have made significant contributions to their respective fields. In cricket, [[Nari Contractor]], [[Rusi Modi]], [[Farokh Engineer]] and [[Polly Umrigar]] were renowned for their exceptional skills and leadership. In music, rock musician [[Freddie Mercury]]; composer [[Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji]]; conductor [[Zubin Mehta]].

In literature and journalism, they boast authors [[Rohinton Mistry]], [[Firdaus Kanga]], [[Bapsi Sidhwa]], [[Ardashir Vakil]], and investigative journalists [[Ardeshir Cowasjee]], [[Russi Karanjia]], and [[Behram Contractor]]. The film industry features screenwriter and photographer [[Sooni Taraporevala]], actors [[Boman Irani]], [[Erick Avari]], actresses [[Nina Wadia]] and [[Persis Khambatta]], and Thailand's cinematic pioneer [[Rattana Pestonji]].

Educational and legal achievements include educator [[Jamshed Bharucha]], suffragist, cultural studies theorist [[Homi K. Bhabha]], and first female barrister [[Mithan Jamshed Lam]], Pakistan's first Parsi Supreme Court Justice [[Dorab Patel]], and constitutional experts [[Fali Sam Nariman|Fali S. Nariman]] and [[Nani Palkhivala|Nani Ardeshir Palkhivala]], along with former Attorney-General of India [[Soli Sorabjee]], and Supreme Court Justice [[Rohinton Fali Nariman|Rohinton F. Nariman]], India's first female photojournalist, [[Homai Vyarawalla]], also hails from this community, as does Naxalite leader and intellectual [[Kobad Ghandy]].

== See also ==
* [[Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley]]
* [[Oudh State|Kingdom of Awadh]]
* [[Religion in India]]
* [[Iranis (India)]]
* [[Religion in Iran]]
* [[Persecution of Buddhists by Zoroastrians]]
* {{section link|Freddie Mercury #Early life}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
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{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite web |title=Parsi-Religion and Expressive Culture |website=Countries and their Cultures |publisher=Advameg, Inc. |url= http://www.everyculture.com/South-Asia/Parsi-Religion-and-Expressive-Culture.html}}
* {{cite web |title=A brief introduction to Zoroastrianism |website=Kwintessentials |url= http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/religion/zoroastrianism.html|access-date=June 8, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501070758/http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/religion/zoroastrianism.html |archive-date=May 1, 2016 }}
* {{Citation|last=Naoroji |first=Dadabhai |author-link=Dadabhai Naoroji |title=The Parsee Religion|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924031767779#page/n3/mode/2up|year=1861|publisher= University of London}}
* [[Martin Haug|Haug, Martin]]. (1878) ''Essays on the Sacred Language, Writings, and Religion of the Parsis''
* {{Citation|last= Karaka |first= Dosabhai Framjee|author-link=Dosabhai Framji Karaka|title=History of the Parsis – Including their manners, customs, religion and present position. (Vol. 1)|year=1884a|publisher= Macmillan & Co.|place=London |url=https://archive.org/stream/historyofparsisi01karauoft#page/n9/mode/2up}}
* {{Citation|last= Karaka |first= Dosabhai Framjee|title=History of the Parsis – Including their manners, customs, religion and present position. (Vol. 2)|year=1884b|publisher= Macmillan & Co.|place=London |url=https://archive.org/stream/historyofparsisi02karauoft#page/n7/mode/2up}}
* {{cite web|author=Karkaria, Bachi|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-35219331|title=Why is India's wealthy Parsi community vanishing?|publisher=BBC|date=January 9, 2016}}
* Marashi, Afshin. "Exile and the Nation: The Parsi Community of India and the Making of Modern Iran". University of Texas Press, 2020.
* {{Citation | last = Editorial Viewpoint | title = How trust-worthy? | newspaper = Parsiana | issue = 48 | date = February 21, 2006 | url = http://www.parsiana.com/archives/articles.asp?issue_id=48&section_id=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715045457/http://www.parsiana.com/archives/articles.asp?issue_id=48&section_id=1 |archive-date=2011-07-15 }}
* Uberoi, Anuradha (January 6, 2020), ''Chennai Brew- Some Voices Some Communities'' & [https://www.thehindu.com/books/chennai-brew-tells-stories-of-people-from-other-parts-of-india-who-found-warmth-and-love-in-the-city/article30491202.ece "''These Communities Call Chennai 'home'"''], [[The Hindu]]. {{ISBN|978-93-5351-676-5}}.

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{EB1911 poster|Parsees}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/rssfeed/newdelhi/Govt-launches-scheme-to-arrest-decline-in-Parsi-population/Article1-578303.aspx |title=Govt launches scheme to arrest decline in Parsi population |date=July 27, 2010 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225100512/http://www.hindustantimes.com/rssfeed/newdelhi/Govt-launches-scheme-to-arrest-decline-in-Parsi-population/Article1-578303.aspx |archive-date=December 25, 2011}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101201001542/http://www.parsijourney.com/index.html ''Parsis – a photographic journey'']—online book
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11215928 "Falling Indian minority hopes romance can stop decline"]—[[BBC News]]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nfdU1x7YGeo The Story of Parsi Enterprise]


{{Zoroastrianism}}{{Iranian peoples|state=collapsed}}{{Social groups of Maharashtra}}{{Social groups of Gujarat|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Parsi people| ]]
[[Category:Zoroastrianism]]
[[Category:Social groups of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Religious identity]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Sindh]]
[[Category:Ethnoreligious groups in India]]
[[Category:Indian people of Iranian descent]]
[[Category:Pakistani people of Iranian descent]]
[[Category:Neo-Zoroastrianism]]

List of Hindi films of 1999

2026-03-19T00:40:23Z

Ramesheditor: fix structure as per guidelines and improved wording per sources

{{Short description|None}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2015}}
{{use Indian English|date=April 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Bollywood films}}

A list of films produced by the [[Bollywood]] film industry based in [[Mumbai]] in 1999.

[[Salman Khan]] was the lead actor in 3 of the 5 highest-grossing films of that year.

==Box office collection==

Top 10 highest-grossing Bollywood films of 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php?year=1999|title = Top Worldwide Grossers 2000}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Rank !! Title !! Director !! Producer
!Worldwide collection
|-
! 1
| ''[[Hum Saath-Saath Hain]]''
| [[Sooraj Barjatya]]
| [[Rajshri Productions]]
|₹81.71 Crore<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Worldwide Grossers 1999 |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php?year=1999 |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
|-
! 2
| ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]''
| [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]
| [[Jhamu Sughand]]
|₹51.38 Crore
|-
! 3
| ''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]''
| [[Subhash Ghai]]
| [[Mukta Arts]]
|₹51.15 Crore
|-
! 4
| ''[[Biwi No.1]]''
| [[David Dhawan]]
| [[Vashu Bhagnani]]
|₹49.81 Crore
|-
! 5
| ''[[Hum Aapke Dil Mein Rehte Hain]]''
| [[Satish Kaushik]]
| [[Suresh Productions]]
|₹36.65 Crore
|-
! 6
| ''[[Mann (1999 film)|Mann]]''
| [[Indra Kumar]]
| Maruti International [[Shemaroo Entertainment]]
|₹35.45 Crore
|-
! 7
| ''[[Sarfarosh (1999 film)|Sarfarosh]]''
| [[John Matthew Matthan]]
| Cinematt Pictures
|₹33.46 Crore
|-
! 8
| ''[[Baadshah (1999 film)|Baadshah]]''
| [[Abbas–Mustan]]
| [[Venus Records & Tapes|United Sevens]]
|₹31.60 Crore
|-
! 9
| ''[[Kachche Dhaage]]''
| [[Milan Luthria]]
| [[Tips Industries|Tips Films]]
|₹28.87 Crore
|-
! 10
| ''[[Haseena Maan Jaayegi]]''
| [[David Dhawan]]
| [[Smita Thackeray]]
|₹27.16 Crore
|}

==Released films==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre
|-
|''[[Aaag Hi Aag]]''||[[T. L. V. Prasad]]||[[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]]||Action
|-
|''[[Aa Ab Laut Chalen]]'' || [[Rishi Kapoor]] || [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Akshaye Khanna]], [[Aishwarya Rai]], [[Kader Khan]], [[Jaspal Bhatti]], [[Satish Kaushik]], [[Moushumi Chatterji]], [[Himani Shivpuri]] || Romance, Drama,
|-
|''[[Aarzoo]]'' || [[Lawrence D'Souza]] || [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Madhuri Dixit]], [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Amrish Puri]] || Drama
|-
|''Aaya Toofan''||[[Deepak Balraj Vij]]||[[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Aditya Pancholi]]||Action, Adventure
|-
|''[[Anari No.1]]'' || [[Sandesh Kohli]] || [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Raveena Tandon]], [[Simran Bagga]], [[Kader Khan]], [[Satish Shah]], [[Aruna Irani]] || Comedy
|-
|''[[Arjun Pandit (1999 film)|Arjun Pandit]]'' || [[Rahul Rawail]] || [[Sunny Deol]], [[Juhi Chawla]], [[Saurabh Shukla]] || Action
|-
|''[[Baadshah (1999 film)|Baadshah]]'' || [[Abbas–Mustan]]|| [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Twinkle Khanna]], [[Deepshikha]], [[Prem Chopra]], [[Amrish Puri]], [[Johnny Lever]] || Action, Comedy
|-
|''[[Bade Dilwala]]'' || [[Shakeel Noorani]] || [[Sunil Shetty]], [[Priya Gill]], [[Paresh Rawal]] || Action
|-
|''[[Benaam (1999 film)|Benaam]]''||[[T. L. V. Prasad]]||[[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Aditya Pancholi]], [[Payal Malhotra]]||Action
|-
|''[[Bhoot Ka Darr]]''||S. Gawli||[[Rajesh Vivek]], [[Sapna (actress)|Sapna]]||Thriller
|-
|''[[Bhopal Express (film)|Bhopal Express]]'' || [[Mahesh Mathai]] || [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Kay Kay Menon]], [[Nethra Raghuraman]], [[Zeenat Aman]] || Drama
|-
|''[[Biwi No.1]]'' || [[David Dhawan]] || [[Salman Khan]], [[Karisma Kapoor]], [[Sushmita Sen]], [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Saif Ali Khan]] || Comedy
|-
|''[[Chalo America]]'' || [[Piyush Jha]] || [[Aashish Chaudhary]], [[Deven Bhojani]]||Comedy
|-
| ''[[Chandaal Aatma]]'' || [[S.R. Pratap]] ||[[Aparna Sen|Aparna]], [[Rakesh Bedi]], [[Sudhir Dalvi]]|| Horror
|-
| ''[[Chehraa (1999 film)|Chehraa]]'' || Gautam Adhikari ||Seema Kapoor, [[Ayub Khan (actor)|Ayub Khan]], [[Madhoo]] || Romance, Drama
|-
|''[[Chudail No. 1]]''||R. Kumar||[[Shehzad Khan]], [[Razak Khan]]|| Horror
|-
|''[[Daag (1999 film)|Daag]]'' || [[Raj Kanwar]] || [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Chandrachur Singh]], [[Mahima Chaudhry]] || Action, Romance
|-
|''[[Dahek]]'' || Lateef Binny ||[[Akshaye Khanna]], [[Sonali Bendre]], [[Danny Denzongpa]], [[Ahmed Khan (choreographer)|Ahmed Khan]] || Drama
|-
|''[[Dil Kya Kare]]'' || [[Prakash Jha]] || [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Kajol]], [[Mahima Chaudhry]], [[Chandrachur Singh]] || Drama
|-
|''[[Dillagi (1999 film)|Dillagi]]'' || [[Sunny Deol]] || [[Sunny Deol]], [[Bobby Deol]], [[Urmila Matondkar]], [[Parvin Dabas]], [[Preity Zinta]] || Drama
|-
| ''Double Gadbad'' || || [[Navneet Nishan]], [[Baba Sehgal]] || Comedy
|-
| ''Dracula'' || Bhooshan Lal ||[[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]], [[Ashna]], [[Mohan Joshi]] || Horror
|-
|''[[Dubashi]]'' (The Translator)||[[K. Hariharan (director)|K. Hariharan]]||[[Raja Krishnamoorthy]], Dhaneshwar Rao, B. S. Karthik||Children's
|-
|''[[Dulhan Banoo Main Teri]]'' || [[Anoop Kumar]] || [[Faraaz Khan]], [[Deepti Bhatnagar]] || Romance, Drama
|-
|''[[Gair (film)|Gair]]'' || Ashok Gaekwad ||[[Ajay Devgn]], [[Raveena Tandon]], [[Reena Roy]], [[Amrish Puri]] || Action
|-
|''[[Ganga Ki Kasam (1999 film)|Ganga Ki Kasam]]''||[[T. L. V. Prasad]]||[[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Dipti Bhatnagar]]||Action
|-
| ''[[Godmother (film)|Godmother]]'' ||Vinay Shukla || [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Milind Gunaji]], [[Nirmal Pandey]]|| Crime, Drama
|-
|''[[Haseena Maan Jaayegi]]'' || [[David Dhawan]] || [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Karisma Kapoor]], [[Pooja Batra]], [[Kader Khan]]|| Comedy
|-
| ''[[Heeralal Pannalal (1999 film)|Heeralal Pannalal]]'' || Kawal Sharma || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Johnny Lever]], [[Payal Malhotra]] || Drama, Action, Comedy, Crime
|-
|''[[Hello Brother (1999 film)|Hello Brother]]'' || [[Sohail Khan]] ||[[Salman Khan]], [[Rani Mukerji]], [[Arbaaz Khan]], [[Shakti Kapoor]] || Comedy
|-
|''[[Hindustan Ki Kasam (1999 film)|Hindustan Ki Kasam]]'' || [[Veeru Devgan]] || [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Manisha Koirala]], [[Sushmita Sen]], [[Prem Chopra]] || Patriotic, Action
|-
| ''[[Hogi Pyaar Ki Jeet]]'' || [[P. Vasu]] || [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Neha (actress)|Neha]], [[Arshad Warsi]] ||Romance, Drama
|-
|''[[Hote Hote Pyar Ho Gaya]]'' || [[Firoz Irani]] || [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Kajol]], [[Atul Agnihotri]], [[Ayesha Jhulka]] || Drama
|-
|''[[Hu Tu Tu]]'' || [[Gulzar]] || [[Nana Patekar]], [[Sunil Shetty]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] || Drama
|-
|''[[Hum Aapke Dil Mein Rehte Hain]]'' || [[Satish Kaushik]] || [[Kajol]], [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[Johny Lever]] || Romantic drama
|-
|''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]'' || [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] || [[Salman Khan]], [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Aishwarya Rai]] || Drama
|-
|''[[Hum Saath-Saath Hain]]'' || [[Sooraj R. Barjatya]] || [[Salman Khan]], [[Mohnish Bahl]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Karisma Kapoor]], [[Sonali Bendre]] || Family Drama
|-
|''[[Hum Tum Pe Marte Hain]]'' || Nabh Kumar Raju ||[[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Urmila Matondkar]] || Romance, Drama
|-
| ''[[International Khiladi]]'' || [[Umesh Mehra]] || [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Twinkle Khanna]], [[Rajat Bedi]] || Action, Crime, Drama, Romance
|-
|''[[Jaanam Samjha Karo]]'' || Andaleb Sulthapuri ||[[Salman Khan]], [[Urmila Matondkar]], [[Monica Bedi]] || Romance, Drama
|-
|''[[Jaanwar (1999 film)|Jaanwar]]'' || [[Suneel Darshan]] || [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Karisma Kapoor]], [[Shilpa Shetty]], [[Shakti Kapoor]], [[Ashutosh Rana]] || Drama
|-
| ''[[Jahan Tum Le Chalo]]'' || Desh Deepak || Rana Jung Bahadur, [[Shail Chaturvedi]], [[Sonali Kulkarni]]|| Romance
|-
| ''Jai Hind'' || [[Manoj Kumar]] || [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Kunal Goswami]], [[Shilpa Shirodkar]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] || Action, Romance
|-
| ''[[Kaala Samrajya]]'' ||[[Deepak Bahry]]||[[Sunil Shetty]], [[Monica Bedi]], [[Amrish Puri]]|| Action
|-
|''[[Kachche Dhaage]]'' || [[Milan Luthria]] || [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Manisha Koirala]], [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Namrata Shirodkar]] || Romance, Drama
|-
| ''Kahani Kismat Ki'' || Farogh Siddique|| [[Laxmikant Berde]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]], Deepshika||Action
|-
|''[[Kartoos]]'' || [[Mahesh Bhatt]] || [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Manisha Koirala]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Jaspal Bhatti]] || Action
|-
|''[[Kaun?]]'' || [[Ram Gopal Varma]] || [[Urmila Matondkar]], [[Manoj Bajpai]], Sushanth Kumar || Thriller
|-
|''[[Khoobsurat (1999 film)|Khoobsurat]]'' || Sanjay Chhel ||[[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Urmila Matondkar]], [[Om Puri]], [[Farida Jalal]] || Romance, Drama
|-
| ''[[Khooni Ilaaka:The Prohibited Area]]'' || Jitendra Chawda || [[Kishore Bhanushali|Kishore Anand Bhanushali]], Arif Khan, Anil Nagrath||Horror
|-
|''[[Khoonkar Darinde]]''||Teerat Singh||[[Shakti Kapoor]], [[Deepak Shirke]], [[Sapna (actress)|Sapna]]||Horror
|-
| ''[[Khopdi: The Skull]]'' ||Ramesh U. Lakhiani ||Rajesh Bakshi, Vijay Solanki ||Horror
|-
|''[[Kohram]]'' || Mehul Kumar || [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Nana Patekar]], [[Jaya Prada]] || Action
|-
|''[[Laawaris (1999 film)|Laawaris]]'' || Shrikant Sharma || [[Akshaye Khanna]], [[Manisha Koirala]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Dimple Kapadia]] || Drama
|-
|''[[Lal Baadshah]]''|| [[K. C. Bokadia]] || [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Shilpa Shetty]], [[Manisha Koirala]] ||Action
|-
|''[[Last Train to Mahakali]]''||[[Anurag Kashyap]]||[[Kay Kay Menon]], [[Nivedita Bhattacharya]]||Thriller
|-
| ''Lo Main Aa Gaya'' || Mahesh Kothare|| Vinay Anand, [[Laxmikant Berde]], [[Prem Chopra]]||Action
|-
|''[[Lohpurush]]''||Hersh Kinnu||[[Dharmendra]], [[Jaya Prada]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]]||
|-
| ''[[Maa Kasam (1999 film)|Maa Kasam]]'' ||Ashok Gaekwad || Kasam Ali, Vikas Anand, Arjun|| Action
|-
| ''Manchala'' || Jaiprakash Shaw||Vivek Mushran, Gauri Khopkar, Rakesh Bedi ||Romance
|-
|''[[Mann (1999 film)|Mann]]'' || [[Inder Kumar]] ||[[Aamir Khan]], [[Manisha Koirala]], [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Deepti Bhatnagar]], [[Rani Mukerji]] || Romance, Drama
|-
|''[[Mast (film)|Mast]]'' ||[[Ram Gopal Varma]] ||[[Aftab Shivdasani]], [[Urmila Matondkar]], [[Antara Mali]] || Romance, Drama
|-
| ''[[Mother (1999 film)|Mother]]'' ||[[Saawan Kumar Tak|Saawan Kumar]] ||[[Jeetendra]], [[Rekha]], [[Randhir Kapoor]] ||Comedy, Drama, Family
|-
| ''[[Munnibai]]'' ||Kanti Shah ||[[Dharmendra]], Mohan Joshi, [[Johnny Lever]] ||Action
|-
|''[[Murdaa Ghar]]''||Kishan Shah||[[Shakti Kapoor]], Jyoti Rana|| Horror
|-
| ''[[Naukar Ki Kameez]]'' || Mani Kaul ||Samir Ahmed, Vikrishnah Batt, Anu Joseph ||Drama
|-
| ''[[Nyaydaata]]'' || Vicky Ranawat || [[Tinnu Anand]], Aparajita, [[Asrani]] || Action
|-
| ''Phir Kabhi'' || Balwant Dullat || [[Rahul Roy]], Saraf Deepak, [[Farah Naaz]] ||Drama, Family
|-
| ''[[Phool Aur Aag]]'' || [[T. L. V. Prasad]] || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Jackie Shroff]], Archana|| Drama, Action, Comedy, Crime
|-
| ''Putlibai'' || Yash Chouhan ||Rajesh Bakshi, Raj Kiran, Raza Murad ||
|-
|''[[Pyaar Koi Khel Nahin]]'' || Subhash Sehgal || [[Sunny Deol]], [[Mahima Chaudhry]], [[Apoorva Agnihotri]], [[Mohnish Bahl]] || Drama
|-
|''[[Pyaar Mein Kabhi Kabhi]]'' ||[[Raj Kaushal]] || [[Sanjay Suri]], [[Dino Morea]], [[Rinke Khanna]] || Romance
|-
| ''[[Rajaji (film)|Rajaji]]'' || Vimal Kumar || [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Raveena Tandon]], [[Satish Kaushik]]|| Comedy, Romance
|-
|''[[Safari (1999 film)|Safari]]'' || Jyotin Goel || [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Juhi Chawla]], [[Mohnish Bahl]], [[Tanuja]], [[Suresh Oberoi]] || Action
|-
|''[[Samar (1999 film)|Samar]]'' || [[Shyam Benegal]] || [[Seema Biswas]], [[Ravi Jhankal]], Rajeshwari Sachdev || Drama
|-
|''[[Sangharsh (1999 film)|Sangharsh]]'' || [[Tanuja Chandra]] || [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Preity Zinta]], [[Alia Bhatt]], [[Ashutosh Rana]] || Thriller, Drama
|-
| ''[[Sanyasi Mera Naam]]'' ||Imran Khalid || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], Siddharth Dhawan, [[Mohan Joshi]]|| Action
|-
|''[[Sarfarosh (1999 film)|Sarfarosh]]''|| [[John Matthew Matthan]] || [[Aamir Khan]], [[Sonali Bendre]], [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Upasna Singh]], [[Mukesh Rishi]] || Action, Thriller
|-
| ''Sarfarosh-E-Hind'' ||D. R. Kaushal ||Ishrat Ali, [[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]], [[Arun Bakshi]] ||Action
|-
| ''[[Sautela]]'' ||T. Rama Rao || [[Vinay Anand]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Gulshan Grover]]||Action
|-
| ''[[Shaheed Udham Singh (film)|Shaheed Udham Singh]]'' || Chitraarth ||[[Gurdas Maan]], [[Raj Babbar]] || Drama
|-
| ''[[Shera (film)|Shera]]'' ||[[T. L. V. Prasad]] || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], Pinky Chinoy, [[Asrani]]||Action
|-
|''[[Shool]]'' || [[E. Nivas]] || [[Manoj Bajpai]], [[Raveena Tandon]], [[Sayaji Shinde]] || Action, Crime
|-
|''Sikandar Sadak Ka''||[[T. L. V. Prasad]]||[[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Manek Bedi]], [[Samrat Mukerji]], [[Monica Bedi]]||Drama
|-
|''[[Silsila Hai Pyar Ka]]'' || Shrabrani Deodar || [[Chandrachur Singh]], [[Karisma Kapoor]], [[Danny Denzongpa]], [[Aruna Irani]] || Romance
|-
|''[[Sirf Tum]]''|| [[Agathiyan]] || [[Sanjay Kapoor]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Sushmita Sen]], [[Priya Gill]], [[Salman Khan]] || Romance
|-
|''[[Sooryavansham]]''|| [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]] || [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Jayasudha]], [[Soundarya]], [[Rachana Banerjee]] ||Drama
|-
|''[[Split Wide Open]]'' || [[Dev Benegal]] || [[Rahul Bose]], [[Laila Rouass]], [[Shivaji Satam]], [[Ayesha Dharker]] || Social Drama
|-
|''[[Taal (1999 film)|Taal]]''|| [[Subhash Ghai]] || [[Akshaye Khanna]], [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Aishwarya Rai]], [[Alok Nath]] ||Musical, Romance
|-
| ''Tabaahi-The Destroyer'' || Gopi Sapru || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Divya Dutta]], Satyendra Kapoor||Action
|-
|''[[Thakshak]]'' || [[Govind Nihlani]] || [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Rahul Bose]], [[Amrish Puri]], [[Nethra Raghuraman]] || Drama
|-
| ''[[Trishakti]]'' ||Madhur Bhandarkar ||[[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]], Milind Gunaji, Jatin Kanakia || Action
|-
|''[[Vaastav: The Reality]]''|| [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] || [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Namrata Shirodkar]] ||Crime, Drama
|-
| ''[[Yeh Hai Mumbai Meri Jaan]]'' || [[Mahesh Bhatt]] || [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Twinkle Khanna]] ||Drama
|-
| ''[[Zulmi]]'' || Sandesh Kohli || [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Twinkle Khanna]] || Action, Romance
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Hindi films of 2000]]
* [[List of Hindi films of 1998]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/List?year=1999&&language=Hindi&&tv=on&&heading=9;1999;Hindi&&related=9;1999;1990;Hindi;Hindi&&nav=/Sections/Years/1999/include-bylanguage Bollywood films of 1999] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]

{{Bollywood|horiz}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{1999 films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bollywood Films Of 1999}}
[[Category:Lists of Hindi films by year|1999]]
[[Category:Lists of 1999 films by language|Hindi]]
[[Category:1999 in Indian cinema]]

Fiat money

2026-03-17T14:38:43Z

Ramesheditor:

{{short description|Currency not backed by any commodity}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2014}}
[[File:Yuan dynasty banknote with its printing plate 1287.jpg|thumb|[[Yuan dynasty]] banknotes are a medieval form of fiat money. This banknote has a value of {{Transliteration|zh|èr guàn}} ({{Lang|zh|貳貫}}) printed on it, where [[wikt:貳|貳]] is the version of the word "two" used in financial writing, and [[wikt:貫|貫]] is a unit of measure called a [[string of cash coins (currency unit)|string of cash coins]]. Directly under the words "貳貫" are a picture of 2 circular strings of cash coins, visually depicting the physical currency value represented by this banknote.]]
{{Economics sidebar}}
'''Fiat money''' or '''fiat currency''' is a type of government-issued [[currency]], authorized by government regulation to be [[legal tender]] but not backed by a precious metal, such as [[gold]] or [[silver]], nor by any other tangible asset or [[commodity]]. Since the end of the [[Bretton Woods system]] in 1976 by the [[Jamaica Accords]], all the major currencies in the world are fiat money.

Fiat money generally does not have [[Intrinsic value (finance)|intrinsic value]] nor a [[use value]]. It has value only because the individuals who use it (as a unit of account or, in the case of currency, a [[medium of exchange]]) agree on its value.<ref name="Goldberg">{{Cite journal|last=Goldberg|first=Dror|date=2005|title=Famous Myths of "Fiat Money"|jstor=3839155|journal=Journal of Money, Credit and Banking |volume=37| issue=5| pages=957–967|doi=10.1353/mcb.2005.0052|s2cid=54713138}}</ref> They trust that it will be accepted by merchants and other people as a means of payment for liabilities.

Fiat money is an alternative to [[commodity money]] (which is a currency that has intrinsic value because it contains, for example, a precious metal such as gold or silver which is embedded in the coin). Fiat also differs from [[representative money]] (which is money that has intrinsic value because it is backed by and can be converted into a precious metal or another commodity). Fiat money can look similar to representative money (such as paper bills), but the former has no backing, while the latter represents a claim on a commodity or a tradable investment, and can be redeemed to a greater or lesser extent.<ref name="mankiw" /><ref name="Walsh 2003">{{cite book
| last = Walsh
| first = Carl E.
| title = Monetary Theory and Policy
| publisher = The MIT Press
| year = 2003
| isbn = 978-0-262-23231-9
| url-access = registration
| url = https://archive.org/details/monetarytheorypo0000wals
}}</ref>{{efn|See [[Monetary economics]] for further discussion.}}

Government-issued fiat money [[banknote]]s were used first during the 13th century in [[China]].<ref name="Bernholz">{{cite book|author=Peter Bernholz|title=Monetary Regimes and Inflation: History, Economic and Political Relationships |year=2003 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |isbn=978-1-84376-155-6|page=53}}</ref> Fiat money started to predominate during the 20th century. Since US President [[Richard Nixon]]'s decision to [[Nixon shock|suspend US dollar convertibility to gold]] in 1971, a system of national fiat currencies has been used globally.

Fiat money can be:
* Money declared by a person, institution or government to be [[legal tender]],<ref>{{cite book
|title = Money and investments; a reference book for the use of those desiring information in the handling of money or the investment thereof
|author = Montgomery Rollins
|year = 1917
|publisher = George Routledge & Sons
|url = https://archive.org/details/cu31924013889773
|quote = Fiat Money. Money which a government declares shall be accepted as legal tender at its face value;
|page = [https://archive.org/details/cu31924013889773/page/161/mode/1up 161]
|via = archive.org
}} reprint {{isbn|978-1-358-41632-3}}</ref> meaning that it must be accepted in payment of a debt in specific circumstances.<ref name=RMLT>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royalmint.com/aboutus/policies-and-guidelines/legal-tender-guidelines/|title=Legal Tender Guidelines | The Royal Mint|website=www.royalmint.com|access-date=December 13, 2021|archive-date=March 2, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302223933/http://www.royalmint.com/aboutus/policies-and-guidelines/legal-tender-guidelines|url-status=live}}</ref>
* State-issued money which is neither convertible through a [[central bank]] to anything else nor fixed in value in terms of any objective standard.<ref name="keynesp7">{{cite book
|title=A Treatise on Money
|author=John Maynard Keynes
|volume=1
|page =7
|chapter=1. The Classification of Money
|orig-date=1930
|year=1965
|quote=''Fiat Money'' is Representative (or token) Money (''i.e.'' something the intrinsic value of the material substance of which is divorced from its monetary face value){{snd}} now generally made of paper except in the case of small denominations{{snd}} which is created and issued by the State, but is not convertible by law into anything other than itself, and has no fixed value in terms of an objective standard.
|publisher=Macmillan & Co Ltd}}</ref>
* Money used because of government decree.<ref name=mankiw>
{{cite book
|quote=fiat money: money without intrinsic value that is used as money because of government decree
|title= Principles of Economics
|author=N. Gregory Mankiw
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ubKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA220
|page=220
|isbn=978-1-285-16592-9
|year=2014|publisher= Cengage Learning
|author-link= N. Gregory Mankiw
}}</ref>
* An otherwise non-valuable object that serves as a medium of exchange<ref>{{Cite book |title=The new Palgrave dictionary of economics |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-349-95121-5 |edition=Living Reference Work |location=United Kingdom |oclc=968345651 |last1=Blume |first1=Lawrence E |last2=Durlauf |first2=Steven N |date=2019}}</ref> (also known as [[fiduciary]] money).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://quickonomics.com/different-types-of-money/ |title=The Four Different Types of Money – Quickonomics |date=2016-09-17 |website=Quickonomics |access-date=2018-02-12|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213195105/https://quickonomics.com/different-types-of-money/|archive-date=February 13, 2018}}</ref>

The term {{lang|la|[[wikt:fiat#Latin|fiat]]}} derives from [[Latin]] for "let [it] be done",{{efn|{{lang|la|Fīat}} is the third-person singular present active subjunctive of {{lang|la|[[wikt:en:fio#Latin|fiō]]}} ("I become", "I am made").}} used in the sense of an order, decree or resolution.<ref name=mankiw />

==Treatment in economics==
{{Quote box|Most of the money in the economy is created, not by printing presses at the central bank, but by banks when they provide loans. [...] This also means as you pay off the loan, the electronic money your bank created is 'deleted'{{snd}} it no longer exists. So essentially, banks create money, not wealth.<ref>{{cite web|title=Most of the money in the economy is created by banks when they provide loans.|publisher=[[Bank of England]]|url=https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/knowledgebank/how-is-money-created|date=1 October 2019|access-date=November 17, 2022|archive-date=September 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901002929/https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/knowledgebank/how-is-money-created|url-status=live}}</ref>
|author= [[Bank of England]]
| align = right
| width = 33%
}}
In [[monetary economics]], fiat money is an intrinsically valueless object or record that is accepted widely as a means of payment.<ref name="Goldberg"/> Accordingly, the value of fiat money is greater than the value of its metal or paper content.

One justification for fiat money comes from a [[microfoundations|micro-founded]] model. In most economic models, agents are [[Utility (economics)|intrinsically happier]] when they have more money. In a model by Lagos and Wright, fiat money does not have an intrinsic worth but agents get more of the goods they want when they trade assuming fiat money is valuable. Fiat money's value is [[endogeneity (econometrics)|created internally]] by the community and, at equilibrium, makes otherwise infeasible trades possible.<ref>{{Cite journal |first1=Ricardo |last1=Lagos |name-list-style= amp |first2=Randall |last2=Wright |year=2005 |title=A Unified Framework for Monetary Theory and Policy Analysis |journal=Journal of Political Economy |volume=113 |issue=3 |pages=463–84 |doi=10.1086/429804 |citeseerx=10.1.1.563.3199 |s2cid=154851073 }}.</ref>

Objections to fiat money can be traced back to at least the 1700s. In 1787, [[George Washington]] wrote to [[Jabez Bowen]], regarding the [[Rhode Island pound]]: "Paper money has had the effect in your State that it ever will have, to ruin commerce—oppress the honest, and open a door to every species of fraud and injustice."<ref>[https://founders.archives.gov/GEWN-04-04-02-0428 Letter to Jabez Bowen] (9 January 1787)</ref>

In the ''[[Grundrisse]]'' (1857–58), [[Karl Marx]] considered the modern economic ramifications of a historical switch to fiat money from the gold or silver-commodity. Marx writes: <blockquote>"Suppose that the Bank of France did not rest on a metallic base, and that other countries were willing to accept the French currency or its capital in any form, not only in the specific form of the precious metals. Would the bank not have been equally forced to raise the terms of its discounting precisely at the moment when its "public" clamoured most eagerly for its services? The notes with which it discounts the bills of exchange of this public are at present nothing more than drafts on gold and silver. In our hypothetical case, they would be drafts on the nation's stock of products and on its directly employable labour force: the former is limited, the latter can be increased only within very positive limits, and in certain amounts of time. The printing press, on the other hand, is inexhaustible and works like a stroke of magic."</blockquote>Commenting on the passage, Marxist economist and geographer [[David Harvey]] writes that "[t]he consequence, as Marx saw it, would be that "the directly exchangeable wealth of the nation" would be 'absolutely diminished' alongside of 'an unlimited increase of bank drafts' (i.e., accelerating indebtedness) with the direct consequence of 'increase in the price of products, raw materials and labour' (inflation) alongside a 'decrease in price of bank drafts' (ever-falling rates of interest)." Harvey notes the accuracy of the modern economy in this way, save for "...the rising prices of labor and means of production (low inflation except for assets such as stocks and shares, land and property and resources such as water rights)."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=David |title=A Companion to Marx's Grundrisse |publisher=Verso |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-80429-098-9 |location=388 Atlantic Avenue, Brooklyn, NY, 11217 |pages=41–42 |language=EN}}</ref> The latter point can be explained by the private exportation of [[Syndicated loan|debt]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Gayle E. |title=Millions Will Fall Into Extreme Poverty If The U.S. And China Can't Come Together On The African Debt Crisis |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/gaylesmith/2023/04/12/millions-will-fall-into-extreme-poverty-if-the-us-and-china-cant-come-together-on-the-african-debt-crisis/ |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> [[Sweatshop|labour]], and figurative and/or literal waste<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tabuchi |first=Hiroko |author-link=Hiroko Tabuchi |date=March 12, 2021 |title=Countries Tried to Curb Trade in Plastic Waste. The U.S. Is Shipping More. |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/12/climate/plastics-waste-export-ban.html}}</ref> to the global [[Periphery countries|periphery]], a concept related to [[Metabolic rift|metabolic]] and [[carbon rift]].

Another mathematical model that explains the value of fiat money comes from [[game theory]]. In a game where agents produce and trade objects, there can be multiple [[Nash equilibrium|Nash equilibria]] where agents settle on stable behavior. In a model by Kiyotaki and Wright, an object with no intrinsic worth can have value during trade in one (or more) of the Nash equilibria.<ref>{{Cite journal |author-link=Nobuhiro Kiyotaki |first1=Nobuhiro |last1=Kiyotaki |name-list-style=amp |author-link2=Randall Wright |first2=Randall |last2=Wright |year=1989 |title=On Money as a Medium of Exchange |journal=[[Journal of Political Economy]] |volume=97 |issue=4 |pages=927–54 |doi= 10.1086/261634 |s2cid=154872512 }}.</ref>

==History==
===China===
China has a long [[Banknote#Early Chinese paper money|history with paper money]], beginning in the 7th century [[Common Era|CE]]. During the 11th century, the government established a monopoly on its issuance, and about the end of the 12th century, convertibility was suspended.<ref>{{citation | last = Selgin | first = George | year = 2003 | title = Adaptive Learning and the Transition to Fiat Money | journal = The Economic Journal | volume = 113 | issue = 484 | pages = 147–65 | doi=10.1111/1468-0297.00094| s2cid = 153964856 | doi-access = free }}.</ref> The use of such money became widespread during the subsequent [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan]] and [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] dynasties.<ref>{{citation | last = Von Glahn | first = Richard | year = 1996 | title = Fountain of Fortune: Money and Monetary Policy in China, 1000–1700 | place = Berkeley | publisher = University of California Press}}.</ref>

[[File:Jiao zi.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Song dynasty ''Jiaozi,'' the world's earliest paper money]]

The [[Song dynasty]] in China was the first to issue paper money, ''[[Jiaozi (currency)|jiaozi]]'', about the 10th century CE. Although the notes were valued at a certain exchange rate for gold, silver, or silk, conversion was never allowed in practice. The notes were initially to be redeemed after three years' service, to be replaced by new notes for a 3% service charge, but, as more of them were printed without notes being retired, inflation became evident. The government made several attempts to maintain the value of the paper money by demanding taxes partly in currency and making other laws, but the damage had been done, and the notes became disfavored.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ramsden |first=Dave |year=2004 |title=A Very Short History of Chinese Paper Money |url=http://www.financialsense.com/fsu/editorials/ramsden/2004/0617.html |publisher=[[Jim Puplava|James J. Puplava]] Financial Sense |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609220821/http://www.financialsense.com/fsu/editorials/ramsden/2004/0617.html |archive-date=June 9, 2008 }}</ref>

The succeeding [[Yuan dynasty]] was the first dynasty of China to use paper currency as the predominant circulating medium. The founder of the Yuan dynasty, [[Kublai Khan]], issued paper money known as [[Jiaochao]] during his reign. The original notes during the Yuan dynasty were restricted in area and duration as in the Song dynasty.

During the 13th century, [[Marco Polo]] described the fiat money of the [[Yuan dynasty]] in his book ''[[The Travels of Marco Polo]]:''<ref name="MilesScott">{{cite book|author1=David Miles|author2=Andrew Scott|title=Macroeconomics: Understanding the Wealth of Nations|date=January 14, 2005|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-01243-7|page=273}}</ref><ref name="Marco Polo">{{cite book|author=Marco Polo|title=The Travels of Marco Polo, a Venetian, in the Thirteenth Century: Being a Description, by that Early Traveller, of Remarkable Places and Things, in the Eastern Parts of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JetQAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA353|access-date=September 19, 2012|year=1818|pages=353–55}}</ref>

{{blockquote|All these pieces of paper are issued with as much solemnity and authority as if they were of pure gold or silver... and indeed everybody takes them readily, for wheresoever a person may go throughout the Great Kaan's dominions he shall find these pieces of paper current, and shall be able to transact all sales and purchases of goods by means of them just as well as if they were coins of pure gold.|Marco Polo|''The Travels of Marco Polo''}}

===Europe===
According to a travelogue of a visit to Prague in 960 by [[Ibrahim ibn Yaqub]], small pieces of cloth were used as a means of trade, with these cloths having a set exchange rate versus silver.<ref>Jankowiak, Marek. ''Dirhams for slaves''. Medieval Seminar, All Souls, 2012, p. 8</ref>

Around 1150, the [[History of the Knights Templar#Bankers|Knights Templar]] would issue notes to pilgrims. Pilgrims would deposit valuables with a local Templar preceptory before embarking for the Holy Land and receive a document indicating the value of their deposit. They would then use that document upon arrival in the Holy Land to receive funds from the treasury of equal value.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarnowsky |first=Jürgen |title=Templar Order |year=2011 |isbn=978-9-0041-4666-2 |doi=10.1163/1877-5888_rpp_com_125078}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Martin |first=Sean |url=https://archive.org/details/knightstemplarhi00mart |title=The Knights Templar: The History and Myths of the Legendary Military Order |date=2004 |publisher=Thunder's Mouth Press |isbn=978-1-56025-645-8 |edition= |location=New York |oclc=57175151}}</ref>

[[Washington Irving]] records an emergency use of paper money by the Spanish for a siege during the [[Conquest of Granada]] (1482–1492). In 1661, [[Johan Palmstruch]] issued the first regular paper money in the West, by royal charter from the Kingdom of Sweden, through a new institution, the [[Stockholms Banco|Bank of Stockholm]]. While this private paper currency was largely a failure, the Swedish parliament eventually assumed control of the issue of paper money in the country. By 1745, its paper money was inconvertible to [[Bullion coin|specie]], but acceptance was mandated by the government.<ref>{{cite book |title= Fiat Paper Money – The History and Evolution of Our Currency |last= Foster |first= Ralph T. |year= 2010|publisher= Foster Publishing |location= Berkeley, California |isbn= 978-0-9643066-1-5|pages=59–60 }}</ref> This fiat currency depreciated so rapidly that by 1776 it was returned to a silver standard. Fiat money also has other beginnings in 17th-century Europe, having been introduced by the Bank of Amsterdam in 1683.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frbatlanta.org/pubs/wp/working_paper_2010-17.cfm|title=How Amsterdam Got Fiat Money|website=www.frbatlanta.org|access-date=May 8, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110233455/http://www.frbatlanta.org/pubs/wp/working_paper_2010-17.cfm|archive-date=November 10, 2013}}</ref>

===New France 1685–1770===
{{Main|Card money in New France}}
{{see also|History of the Canadian dollar}}

In 17th century [[New France]], now part of Canada, the universally accepted [[medium of exchange]] was the [[beaver]] pelt. As the colony expanded, coins from France came to be used widely, but there was usually a shortage of French coins. In 1685, the colonial authorities in New France found themselves seriously short of money. A military expedition against the [[Iroquois]] had gone badly and tax revenues were down, reducing government money reserves. Typically, when short of funds, the government would simply delay paying merchants for purchases, but it was not safe to delay payment to soldiers due to the risk of [[mutiny]].

[[Jacques de Meulles]], the Intendant of Finance, conceived an ingenious [[ad hoc]] solution – the temporary issuance of paper money to pay the soldiers, in the form of [[playing card]]s. He confiscated all the playing cards in the colony, had them cut into pieces, wrote denominations on the pieces, signed them, and issued them to the soldiers as pay in lieu of gold and silver. Because of the chronic shortages of money of all types in the colonies, these cards were accepted readily by merchants and the public and circulated freely at [[face value]]. It was intended to be purely a temporary expedient, and it was not until years later that its role as a [[medium of exchange]] was recognized. The first issue of playing card money occurred during June 1685 and was redeemed three months later. However, the shortages of coinage reoccurred and more issues of card money were made during subsequent years. Because of their wide acceptance as money and the general shortage of money in the colony, many of the playing cards were not redeemed but continued to circulate, acting as a useful substitute for scarce gold and silver coins from France. Eventually, the [[Governor of New France]] acknowledged their useful role as a circulating medium of exchange.<ref name="Candollar">{{cite web
|author = Bank of Canada
|website = A History of the Canadian Dollar
|title = New France (ca. 1600–1770)
|url = http://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/1600-1770.pdf
|publisher = Bank of Canada
|year = 2010
|access-date = February 12, 2014
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131002061441/http://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/1600-1770.pdf
|archive-date = October 2, 2013
|author-link = Bank of Canada
}}</ref>

As the finances of the French government deteriorated because of European wars, it reduced its financial assistance to its colonies, so the colonial authorities in Canada relied more and more on card money. By 1757, the government had discontinued all payments in coin and payments were made in paper instead. In an application of [[Gresham's Law]] – bad money drives out good – people [[hoarding|hoarded]] gold and silver, and used paper money instead. The costs of the [[Seven Years' War]] resulted in [[hyperinflation|rapid inflation]] in New France. After the [[Canada under British rule|British conquest]] in 1760, the paper money became almost worthless, but business did not end because gold and silver that had been hoarded came back into circulation. By the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)]], the French government agreed to convert the outstanding card money into [[debenture]]s, but with the French government [[sovereign default|essentially bankrupt]], these bonds were defaulted and by 1771 they were worthless.

The [[Royal Canadian Mint]] still issues Playing Card Money in commemoration of its history, but now in 92.5% silver form with gold plate on the edge. It therefore has an intrinsic value which considerably exceeds its fiat value.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mint.ca/store/coin/playing-card-money-set-prod220020#.UvvzS_ldV8F | title=Playing Card Money Set | publisher=Royal Canadian Mint | year=2014 | access-date=July 6, 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815194624/http://www.mint.ca/store/coin/playing-card-money-set-prod220020#.UvvzS_ldV8F | archive-date=August 15, 2016 }}</ref> The Bank of Canada and Canadian economists often use this early form of paper currency to illustrate the true nature of money for Canadians.<ref name="Candollar"/>

===18th and 19th centuries===
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+Adoption of 'Gold Standard'
(Paper currency convertible into gold)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/MyNews24/Rise-and-fall-of-the-Gold-Standard-20140530|title=Rise and fall of the Gold Standard|website=news24.com|access-date=May 8, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504121408/http://www.news24.com/MyNews24/Rise-and-fall-of-the-Gold-Standard-20140530|archive-date=May 4, 2017|date=May 30, 2014}}</ref>
!Country
!Year
|-
| [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] || 1821
|-
| Germany || 1871
|-
| Sweden || 1873
|-
| [[United States]] ([[de facto]])|| 1873
|-
| [[French Third Republic|France]] || 1874
|-
| Belgium || 1874
|-
| Italy || 1874
|-
| Switzerland || 1874
|-
| Netherlands || 1875
|-
| [[Austria-Hungary]] || 1892
|-
| [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] || 1897
|-
| Russia || 1898
|-
| [[United States]] ([[de jure]])|| 1900
|}

An early form of fiat currency in the [[Thirteen Colonies|American Colonies]] was "[[Bill of credit|bills of credit]]".<ref name="Michener2003">Michener, Ron (2003). "[http://eh.net/encyclopedia/money-in-the-american-colonies/ Money in the American Colonies] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221072516/http://eh.net/encyclopedia/money-in-the-american-colonies/ |date=February 21, 2015 }}." EH.Net Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples.</ref> Provincial governments produced notes which were fiat currency, with the promise to allow holders to pay taxes with those notes. The notes were issued to pay current obligations and could be used for taxes levied at a later time.<ref name="Michener2003"/>
Since the notes were denominated in the local unit of account, they were circulated from person to person in non-tax transactions. These types of notes were issued particularly in [[Pennsylvania]], [[Virginia]] and [[Massachusetts]]. Such money was sold at a discount to silver. The government would then spend them, and they would expire at a fixed later date.<ref name="Michener2003"/>

Bills of credit have generated some controversy from their inception. Those who have wanted to emphasize the dangers of inflation have emphasized those colonies where the bills of credit depreciated most dramatically: New England and the Carolinas.<ref name="Michener2003"/> Those who wanted to defend the use of bills of credit in the colonies have emphasized the middle colonies, where inflation was practically nonexistent.<ref name="Michener2003"/>

Colonial powers intentionally introduced fiat currencies backed by taxes (e.g., [[hut tax]]es or [[Tax per head|poll taxes]]) to mobilise economic resources in their new possessions, at least as a transitional arrangement. The purpose of such taxes was later served by [[property tax]]es. The repeated cycle of deflationary hard money, followed by inflationary paper money continued through much of the 18th and 19th centuries. Often nations would have dual currencies, with paper trading at some discount to money which represented [[Commodity money|specie]].

Examples are
* the "[[Continental (currency)|Continental]]" bills issued by the [[U.S. Congress]] before the [[United States Constitution]];
* paper versus gold [[ducat]]s in [[Napoleon]]ic era [[Vienna]], where paper often traded at 100:1 against gold;
* the [[South Sea Bubble]], which produced bank notes not representing sufficient reserves; and
* the [[Mississippi Company]] scheme of [[John Law (economist)|John Law]].

During the [[American Civil War]], the Federal Government issued [[United States Note]]s, a form of paper fiat currency known popularly as 'greenbacks'. Their issue was limited by Congress at slightly more than $340 million. During the 1870s, withdrawal of the notes from circulation was opposed by the [[United States Greenback Party]]. It was termed 'fiat money' in an 1878 party convention.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fiat Money|work=Chicago Daily Tribune|date=May 24, 1878}}</ref>

===20th century===

Immediately after [[World War I]], governments and banks generally still promised to convert notes and coins into their nominal commodity (redemption by [[Coin|specie]], typically gold) on demand. However, the costs of the war and the required repairs and economic growth based on subsequent government borrowing made governments suspend redemption by specie. Some governments were wary of avoiding [[sovereign default]] but did not realise the consequences of paying debts by consigning newly printed cash not associated with a metal standard to their creditors, which resulted in [[hyperinflation]]: for example the [[hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic]].

From 1944 to 1971, the [[Bretton Woods system|Bretton Woods agreement]] fixed the value of 35 United States dollars to one [[troy ounce]] of gold.<ref name="Library of Congress">{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/austria/at_glos.html |title="Bretton Woods" Federal Research Division Country Studies (Austria) |publisher=Library of Congress |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202070528/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/austria/at_glos.html |archive-date=December 2, 2010 }}</ref> Other currencies were calibrated with the U.S. dollar at fixed rates: for example the pound sterling traded for many years within a narrow band centred on US$2.80. The U.S. promised to redeem dollars with gold transferred to other national banks. Trade imbalances were corrected by gold reserve exchanges or by loans from the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF).

The Bretton Woods system was ended by what became known as the [[Nixon shock]], a series of economic changes by United States President [[Richard Nixon]] in 1971. These changes included unilaterally canceling the direct [[convertibility]] of the [[United States dollar]] to [[gold]]. Since then, a system of national fiat monies has been used globally, with variable exchange rates between the major currencies.<ref>{{cite book |title=Macroeconomics for Global Economies |author=Jeffrey D. Sachs, Felipe Larrain |date=1992 |quote=The Bretton Woods arrangement collapsed in 1971 when U.S. President Richard Nixon suspended the convertibility of the dollar into gold. Since then, the world has lived in a system of national fiat monies, with flexible exchange rates between the major currencies |isbn=978-0-7450-0608-6 |publisher=Prentice-Hall |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/macroeconomicsin0000sach}}</ref>

===Precious metal coinage===

During the 1960s, production of [[silver coin]]s for circulation ceased when the [[face value]] of the coin was less than the cost of the [[precious metal]] it contained (whereas [[Seigniorage|it had been greater historically]]). In the United States, the [[Coinage Act of 1965]] eliminated [[silver]] from circulating dimes and quarter dollars, and most other countries did the same with their coins.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.silvercoins.com/history-of-silver-as-money/|title=Silver as Money: A History of US Silver Coins|last=Dave|date=2014-08-22|website=Silver Coins|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-07}}</ref> [[Penny (Canadian coin)|The Canadian penny]], which was mostly [[copper]] until 1996, was removed from circulation altogether during the autumn of 2012 due to the cost of production relative to face value.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/gncy/bdgt/2012/cngsystm-eng.html|title=ARCHIVED – Eliminating the penny from Canada's coinage system - Canada.ca|first=Canada Revenue|last=Agency|website=www.cra-arc.gc.ca|access-date=May 8, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517021557/http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/gncy/bdgt/2012/cngsystm-eng.html|archive-date=May 17, 2017|date=June 22, 2017}}</ref> On February 9, 2025, United States President [[Donald Trump]] instructed [[Scott Bessent]], the [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|secretary of the Treasury]], to halt production of the penny, citing its high production costs.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/trump-doge-usaid-news-02-09-25#cm6yd9c61001m3b6no8ip8cc3 |title=Trump says he's instructed the Treasury to halt penny production |date=February 9, 2025 |last=Klein |first=Betsy |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=February 9, 2025}}</ref>

In 2007, the Royal Canadian Mint produced a million dollar [[gold]] [[bullion coin]] and sold five of them. In 2015, the gold in the coins was worth more than 3.5 times the face value.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mint.ca/store/mint/about-the-mint/million-dollar-coin-1600006#|title=Million Dollar Coin|website=www.mint.ca|access-date=May 8, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150309153548/http://www.mint.ca/store/mint/about-the-mint/million-dollar-coin-1600006|archive-date=March 9, 2015}}</ref>

==Money creation and regulation==

{{main|Money creation|Monetary policy}}

A [[central bank]] introduces new money into an economy by purchasing [[financial asset]]s or lending money to financial institutions. [[Commercial bank]]s then redeploy or repurpose this base money by credit creation through [[fractional reserve banking]], which expands the total supply of "[[broad money]]" (cash plus [[demand deposit]]s).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bill |date=2023-09-12 |title=Is the Money in Your Checking Account Yours or the Bank's? |url=https://mises.org/wire/money-your-checking-account-yours-or-banks |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=Mises Institute |language=en |archive-date=October 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005030020/https://mises.org/wire/money-your-checking-account-yours-or-banks |url-status=live }}</ref>

In modern economies, relatively little of the supply of broad money is physical currency. For example, in December 2010 in the U.S., of the $8,853.4 [[billion]] of broad money supply (M2), only $915.7 billion (about 10%) consisted of physical coins and paper money.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h6/20110127/ |title=FRB: H.6 Release--Money Stock and Debt Measures--January 27, 2011 |website=www.federalreserve.gov |access-date=May 8, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710091626/https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h6/20110127/ |archive-date=July 10, 2017 }}</ref> The manufacturing of new physical money is usually the responsibility of the national bank, or sometimes, the government's [[treasury]].

The [[Bank for International Settlements]] historically published detailed reviews of payment system developments in the [[Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures]] (CPMI) countries through annual "red book" reports.<ref name="bis-cpmi">{{cite journal |url=http://www.bis.org/cpmi/info.htm?m=3%7C16%7C29 |title=About the CPMI |date=February 2, 2016 |website=www.bis.org|access-date=May 8, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004051401/https://www.bis.org/cpmi/info.htm?m=3%7C16%7C29 |archive-date=October 4, 2017 }}</ref> Since November 2023, this data is now published through the BIS Data Portal rather than as a PDF report.<ref>{{cite web |title=BIS Data Portal - CPMI Payment & FMI Statistics |url=https://data.bis.org |website=Bank for International Settlements |access-date=2025-10-24}}</ref> The CPMI releases updated statistics annually in March, accompanied by a brief analytical report on payment trends.<ref>{{cite web |title=And so we pay: more digital and faster, with cash still in play |url=https://www.bis.org/cpmi/publ/brief03_25.htm |website=Bank for International Settlements |date=March 2025 |access-date=2025-10-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bis.org/list/cpmi/tid_57/ |title=CPMI - BIS - Red Book: CPMI countries |website=www.bis.org|access-date=May 8, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020070317/http://www.bis.org/list/cpmi/tid_57/ |archive-date=October 20, 2017 }}</ref> The value of physical currency as a percentage of GDP ranges from 19.4% in Japan to 1.7% in Sweden, with an overall average of 8.9% (7.9% for the US).

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"
|+ Banknotes and coins in circulation, end 2024
! Country or region
! M0 Supply, in Billions<ref name="FX-H10-2024" />
! Growth since 2014<ref name="CPMI-2014" /><ref name="FX-H10-2024" /><ref name="china-efn">China's M0 was not included in the 2015 Redbook, however China directly published M0 data. Figure is based on reported Chinese M0 ¥6,000 billion, priced in EOY 2014 USD exchange rate 1 CNY = US $0.1611.{{cite web |title=Statistical Communiqué of the People's Republic of China on the 2014 National Economic and Social Development |date=2015-02-26 |website=National Bureau of Statistics of China |url=https://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/201502/t20150228_687439.html}}
</ref>
! Per capita
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | United States<ref name="US-Fed-2024" /> || $2,322.9 || 63.0% || $6,976
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Eurozone]]<ref name="EZ-ECB-2024" /> || $1,800 || 48.8% || $5,202
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | China<ref name="CN-PBoC-2024" /> || $1,800 || 84.2% || $1,276
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Japan<ref name="JP-BOJ-2024" /> || $874 || 2.0% || $7,048
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | India<ref name="IN-RBI-2024" /> || $562 || 123.9% || $394
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Russia<ref name="RU-CBR-2024" /> || $180 || 53.8% || $1,250
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | United Kingdom<ref name="UK-BoE-2024" /> || $109 || 5.8% || $1,603
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Switzerland<ref name="CH-SNB-2024" /> || $110 || 44.7% || $12,222
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Korea<ref name="KR-BOK-2024" /> || $85 || 14.9% || $1,635
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Mexico<ref name="MX-Banxico-2024" /> || $100 || 38.9% || $775
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Canada<ref name="CA-BoC-2024" /> || $90.98 || 54.2% || $2,275
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Brazil<ref name="BR-BCB-2024" /> || $73.4 || 26.6% || $343
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Australia<ref name="AU-RBA-2024" /> || $70 || 27.3% || $2,692
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Saudi Arabia<ref name="SAU-SAMA-2024" /> || $70 || 32.1% || $1,944
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Hong Kong SAR<ref name="HK-HKMA-2024" /> || $55 || 14.6% || $7,333
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Turkey<ref name="TR-CBRT-2024" /> || $43 || 19.4% || $506
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Singapore<ref name="SG-MAS-2024" /> || $36 || 33.3% || $6,102
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Sweden<ref name="SE-Riksbank-2024" /> || $12 || 33.3% || $1,143
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | South Africa<ref name="ZA-SARB-2024" /> || $10 || 66.7% || $164
|-
! Total/Average !! $8,403.3 !! 85.3% !! $3,204
|}

Data on currency in circulation (M0) obtained from central bank reports and statistical releases, with foreign currency amounts converted to US dollars using Federal Reserve exchange rates as of December 31, 2024.{{efn|Attributed to multiple sources: <ref name="FX-H10-2024">{{Citation|title=Foreign exchange rates used for end-2024 USD conversions|url=https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h10/20250106/ |publisher=Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System|date=2025-01-06|language=en|access-date=2025-10-25}}</ref><ref name="US-Fed-2024">{{Citation|title=Currency in Circulation: Value|url=https://www.federalreserve.gov/paymentsystems/coin_currcircvalue.htm |publisher=Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System|date=2025-03-27|language=en|access-date=2025-10-25}}</ref><ref name="EZ-ECB-2024">{{Citation|title=Consolidated balance sheet of the Eurosystem as at 31 December 2024|url=https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/annual-reports-financial-statements/annual/balance/html/ecb.eurosystembalancesheet2024~28f64426e5.en.html |publisher=European Central Bank|date=2025-06-23|language=en|access-date=2025-10-25}}</ref><ref name="CN-PBoC-2024">{{Citation|title=2024年金融统计数据报告|url=https://camlmac.pbc.gov.cn/diaochatongjisi/116219/116225/5565447/index.html |publisher=People's Bank of China|date=2025-01-14|language=zh|access-date=2025-10-25}}</ref><ref name="JP-BOJ-2024">{{Citation|title=Monetary Base (December 2024)|url=https://www.boj.or.jp/en/statistics/boj/other/mb/base2412.pdf |publisher=Bank of Japan|date=2025-01-07|language=en|access-date=2025-10-25}}</ref><ref name="IN-RBI-2024">{{Citation|title=Reserve Money – Components and Sources|url=https://data.rbi.org.in/DBIE/ |publisher=Reserve Bank of India|date=2024-12-31|language=en|access-date=2025-10-25}}</ref><ref name="RU-CBR-2024">{{Citation|title=Amount of cash in circulation increases by ₽230 billion: 2024 results|url=https://www.cbr.ru/eng/press/event/?id=23323 |publisher=Bank of Russia|date=2025-01-29|language=en|access-date=2025-10-25}}</ref><ref name="UK-BoE-2024">{{Citation|title=Bank of England Weekly Report: 25 December 2024|url=https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/weekly-report/2024/25-december-2024 |publisher=Bank of England|date=2025-01-02|language=en|access-date=2025-10-25}}</ref><ref name="CH-SNB-2024">{{Citation|title=The SNB's annual financial statements and profit — Balance sheet as at 31 December 2024|url=https://www.snb.ch/en/the-snb/organisation/annual-report-profit |publisher=Swiss National Bank|date=2025-03-18|language=en|access-date=2025-10-25}}</ref><ref name="KR-BOK-2024">{{Citation|title=Currency in circulation statistics|url=https://www.bok.or.kr/eng/ |publisher=Bank of Korea|date=2024-12-31|language=en|access-date=2025-10-25}}</ref><ref name="MX-Banxico-2024">{{Citation|title=Billetes y monedas en circulación, diciembre de 2024 (Cuadro CF315)|url=https://www.banxico.org.mx/SieInternet/consultarDirectorioInternetAction.do?accion=consultarCuadro&idCuadro=CF315&locale=es&sector=11 |publisher=Banco de México|date=2024-12-31|language=es|access-date=2025-10-25}}</ref><ref name="CA-BoC-2024">{{Citation|title=Financial results — Annual Report 2024|url=https://www.bankofcanada.ca/publications/annual-reports-quarterly-financial-reports/annual-report-2024/financial-results/ |publisher=Bank of Canada|date=2024-12-31|language=en|access-date=2025-10-25}}</ref><ref name="BR-BCB-2024">{{Citation|title=BM – Papel moeda em circulação (saldo em final de período), série SGS 1786|url=https://dadosabertos.bcb.gov.br/it/dataset/1786-sgs |publisher=Banco Central do Brasil|date=2024-12-31|language=pt|access-date=2025-10-25}}</ref><ref name="AU-RBA-2024">{{Citation|title=Banknotes on Issue — Notes in Circulation|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/statistics/frequency/notes-in-circulation.html |publisher=Reserve Bank of Australia|date=2024-12-31|language=en|access-date=2025-10-25}}</ref><ref name="SAU-SAMA-2024">{{Citation|title=Key Economic Developments, Q4 2024|url=https://www.sama.gov.sa/en-US/EconomicReports/DevelopmentReports/Key_Economic_Developments_Q4_2024_En.pdf |publisher=Saudi Central Bank|date=2025-01-31|language=en|access-date=2025-10-25}}</ref><ref name="HK-HKMA-2024">{{Citation|title=Hong Kong Monetary Statistics — December 2024, Table 1C|url=https://www.hkma.gov.hk/media/eng/doc/key-information/press-release/2025/20250128e8a1.pdf |publisher=Hong Kong Monetary Authority|date=2025-01-28|language=en|access-date=2025-10-25}}</ref><ref name="TR-CBRT-2024">{{Citation|title=Annual Report 2024 — Section 2.6 Emission Operations|url=https://www3.tcmb.gov.tr/yillikrapor/2024/m-2-6/ |publisher=Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye|date=2024-12-31|language=tr|access-date=2025-10-25}}</ref><ref name="SG-MAS-2024">{{Citation|title=Currency in Circulation, 2015–2024|url=https://www.mas.gov.sg/-/media/mas-media-library/statistics/currency-statistics/currency-in-circulation-2024.pdf |publisher=Monetary Authority of Singapore|date=2024-12-31|language=en|access-date=2025-10-25}}</ref><ref name="SE-Riksbank-2024">{{Citation|title=Annual Report 2024 — Table 5 Value of banknotes and coins in circulation|url=https://www.riksbank.se/globalassets/media/rapporter/arsredovisning/engelska/annual-report-2024.pdf |publisher=Sveriges Riksbank|date=2024-12-31|language=en|access-date=2025-10-25}}</ref><ref name="ZA-SARB-2024">{{Citation|title=Statement of Assets and Liabilities as at 31 December 2024|url=https://www.resbank.co.za/content/dam/sarb/publications/statements/assets-and-liabilities/2024/December%202024.pdf |publisher=South African Reserve Bank|date=2024-12-31|language=en|access-date=2025-10-25}}</ref><ref name="CPMI-2014">{{Citation|title=Statistics on payment, clearing and settlement systems in the CPMI countries: Figures for 2014|url=https://www.bis.org/cpmi/publ/d152.pdf |publisher=Bank for International Settlements|date=2015-09-01|language=en|access-date=2025-10-26}}</ref>}}

==Inflation==

{{main|Inflation}}

The adoption of fiat currency by many countries, from the 18th century onwards, made much larger variations in the supply of money possible. Since then, huge increases in the supply of [[paper money]] have occurred in a number of countries.

[[Austrian school of economics|Austrian]], [[Monetarism|monetarist]], [[Neoclassical economics|neoclassical]] and [[New Keynesian economics|New Keynesian]] economists hold that increase in [[money supply]] causes inflation while [[Keynesian economics|Keynesian]], [[Post-Keynesian economics|Post-Keynesian]] and [[Modern Monetary Theory|modern monetary theory]] economists argue that increase in money supply is insufficient to cause inflation, if it doesn't result in increased [[aggregate demand]] or if it increases aggregate demand, but not enough to fill the [[output gap]] - the potential of the economy to produce goods and services.

The channel through which money supply is increased affects its distribution between firms and households, which in turn determines whether aggregate demand is increased.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dossche |first=Maarten |last2=Slacalek |first2=Jiri |last3=Wolswijk |first3=Guido |date=2021-03-24 |title=Monetary policy and inequality |url=https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/economic-bulletin/articles/2021/html/ecb.ebart202102_01~1773181511.en.html |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Monetary Policy's Distributional Effects – IMF F&D |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/fandd/issues/2021/06/distributional-effects-of-monetary-policy-budina-fratto-igan-poirson |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=IMF |language=en}}</ref> For example wealthy households that save most of their income contribute much less of this income to aggregate demand than poor households that spend most of it. As a result, if money supply takes the form of government bond coupon payments, these payments are received by wealthy households or by banks and firms that are in turn owned by mostly wealthy households<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Çerçil |first=İrfan |last2=Aksaray |first2=Gorkem |date=2025-08-01 |title=Monetary policy and inequality: Distributional effects of asset purchase programs |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261560625001196 |journal=Journal of International Money and Finance |volume=157 |article-number=103384 |doi=10.1016/j.jimonfin.2025.103384 |issn=0261-5606|doi-access=free }}</ref>, resulting in increased savings and increased prices of assets like real estate, but a negligible effect on aggregate demand.

Presently, most economists favor a small and steady rate of inflation.<ref name="econjournalwatch.org">Hummel, Jeffrey Rogers. "Death and Taxes, Including Inflation: the Public versus Economists" (January 2007). {{cite web |url=http://econjwatch.org/articles/death-and-taxes-including-inflation-the-public-versus-economists |title=Death and Taxes, Including Inflation: The Public versus Economists · Econ Journal Watch: Inflation, deadweight loss, deficit, money, national debt, seigniorage, taxation, velocity |access-date=2014-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225042059/http://econjwatch.org/articles/death-and-taxes-including-inflation-the-public-versus-economists |archive-date=December 25, 2013 }} p. 56</ref> Small (as opposed to zero or [[Deflation|negative]]) inflation reduces the severity of economic [[recessions]] by enabling the labor market to adjust more quickly to a recession, and reduces the risk that a [[liquidity trap]] (a reluctance to lend money due to low rates of interest) prevents [[monetary policy]] from stabilizing the economy.<ref>"[http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/089533003772034934 Escaping from a Liquidity Trap and Deflation: The Foolproof Way and Others] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226234952/http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257%2F089533003772034934 |date=February 26, 2014 }}" Lars E.O. Svensson, ''Journal of Economic Perspectives'', Volume 17, Issue 4 Fall 2003, pp. 145–66</ref> However, low interest rates don't always cause nominal increases of price. Money supply growth may instead result in stable prices at a time in which they would otherwise be decreasing. Some economists maintain that with the conditions of a [[liquidity trap]], large monetary injections are like "pushing on a string".<ref>{{cite web | author = John Makin | publisher = [[American Enterprise Institute|AEI]] | title = Bernanke Battles U.S. Deflation Threat | date = November 2010 | url = http://67.208.89.102/files/2010/11/01/11-Nov-2010-EO-g.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131217000600/http://67.208.89.102/files/2010/11/01/11-Nov-2010-EO-g.pdf | archive-date = December 17, 2013 | author-link = John H. Makin }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author1 = Paul Krugman | author2-link = Gauti Eggertsson | author2 = Gauti Eggertsson | title = Debt, Deleveraging, and the liquidity trap: A Fisher-Minsky-Koo approach | url = http://www.frbsf.org/economic-research/conferences/1102/eggertsson.pdf | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131217041416/http://www.frbsf.org/economic-research/conferences/1102/eggertsson.pdf | archive-date = December 17, 2013 | author1-link = Paul Krugman }}</ref>

The task of keeping the rate of inflation small and stable is usually given to [[monetary authority|monetary authorities]]. Generally, these monetary authorities are the [[central bank|national bank]]s that control monetary policy by the setting of [[interest rate]]s, by [[open market operation]]s, and by the setting of banking [[reserve requirements]].<ref name=Taylor>{{Cite book |last = Taylor |first=Timothy |title=Principles of Economics |publisher=Freeload Press |publication-date=2008 |isbn=978-1-930789-05-0|year=2008 }}</ref>

==Loss of backing==

[[Austrian school of economics|Austrian]], [[Monetarism|monetarist]] and [[New classical macroeconomics|New Classical]] economists generally argue that fiat-money systems are vulnerable to severe inflation when fiscal discipline collapses and monetary authorities are forced to accommodate deficits, often citing historical hyperinflations such as in [[Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic|Weimar Germany]], [[Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]], and [[Hyperinflation in Venezuela|Venezuela]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bernholz |first=Peter |last2=Gersbach |first2=Hans |date=1992 |title=The Present Monetary Theory of Advanced Inflation: A Failure? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40751559 |journal=Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics (JITE) / Zeitschrift für die gesamte Staatswissenschaft |volume=148 |issue=4 |pages=705–719 |issn=0932-4569}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=http://singaporeanjbem.com/pdfs/SG_VOL_1_(1)/3.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20170810215825/http://singaporeanjbem.com/pdfs/SG_VOL_1_(1)/3.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-10 |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=www.singaporeanjbem.com}}</ref> These schools emphasize excessive money growth, loss of credibility, and fiscal dominance as central mechanisms. In contrast, [[Modern Monetary Theory]] economists argue that all cases of hyperinflation were preceded by a prior collapse of real productive capacity due to war, land reform or external constraints and that money creation alone has historically not been sufficient to cause hyperinflation, though it may exacerbate inflation once real productive limits are breached.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MMTed - Home Page of Public Education in Modern Monetary Theory |url=https://www.mmted.org/MOOC/Week3_4.php |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=www.mmted.org}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Economics|Numismatics|Money}}
* {{Annotated link |Cryptocurrency}}
* {{Annotated link |Debasement}}
*[[Monetary system#Debt based monetary system|Debt based monetary system]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-06-14|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Monetary system#Debt based monetary system|reason= The anchor (Debt based monetary system) [[Special:Diff/1229021822|has been deleted]].}} - [[monetary system]] where commercial banks [[money creation|create the new money]] as debt
* {{Annotated link |Fractional-reserve banking}}
* {{Annotated link |Hard currency}}
* {{Annotated link |Demurrage currency}}
* {{Annotated link |Inflation hedge}}
* {{Annotated link |Modern Monetary Theory}}
* {{Annotated link |Money creation}}
* {{Annotated link |Money supply}}
* {{Annotated link |Network effect}}
* {{anli|Scrip}}
** {{anli|Company scrip}}, can only be spent in the company store
* {{Annotated link |Seigniorage}}
* {{Annotated link |Silver coin}}
* {{Annotated link |Silver standard}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Means of Exchange}}
{{Money and central banking within the contemporary United States (pre–1913)}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fiat Money}}
[[Category:Currency]]
[[Category:Monetary reform]]
[[Category:Numismatics]]

Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu

2026-03-13T13:43:35Z

Ramesheditor:

{{Short description|Hindu Shiva temples in south India}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
[[File:Temple Tangore 1.jpg|upright=1.35|[[Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram]], the foremost Shiva temple in Tamil Nadu|thumb|alt=Large, ornate temple with a pool of water in front]]
{{Hinduism small}}

Shiva temples are [[Hindu temple]]s with shrines of [[Shiva]], one of [[Hinduism]]'s principal deities.{{efn|{{IPAc-en|"|m|@|n|d|I|r|,_|-|d|i|r}} {{respell|MUN|dər|,_|-|deer}}; 'd' dental.<ref name="Chambers">{{Cite book|title=The Chambers Dictionary|publisher=Chambers|year=2003|isbn=0-550-10105-5|edition=9th|chapter=mandir}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Collins English Dictionary|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2018|isbn=978-0-008-28437-4|edition=13th|chapter=mandir}}</ref> also ''mandira'' {{IPAc-en|"|m|@|n|d|I|r|@}} {{respell|MUN|dər|ah}}<ref name="Chambers" />}} It is estimated that there are over 260 Shiva temples in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=information |first=Temples in India |date=30 December 2016 |title=264 Shivalayas in Tamil Nadu, List of Lord Shiva Temples in Tamilnadu |url=https://templesinindiainfo.com/264-shivalayas-in-tamil-nadu-list-of-lord-shiva-temples-in-tamilnadu/ |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=Temples in India Info: Unveiling the Divine Splendor |language=en-us}}</ref>

== {{anchor|Pancha Bootha Sthalangal temples}}Pancha Bhuta Sthalam ==

The [[Pancha Bhuta Sthalam]] are temples which embody the manifestation of the five elements: land, water, air, sky, and fire.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ Pancha Bootha Sthalangal
! Image
! Temple
! Element
! Location
|-
|align="center"|[[File:Ekambareswarar5.jpg|50px]]
| [[Sri Ekambaranathar Temple]]
| Land
| [[Kanchipuram]]
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:tiruvannamalai004.jpg|50px]]
| [[Arunachalesvara Temple|Arunachaleshwarar Temple]]
| Fire
| [[Tiruvannamalai]]
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Tiruvannaikkaval4.jpg|50px]]
| [[Jambukeswarar Temple, Thiruvanaikaval|Jambukeswarar Temple]]
| Water
| [[Tiruchirappalli|Tiruchchirappalli]]
|-
|align="center"|[[File:Le_temple_de_Shiva_Nataraja_(Chidambaram,_Inde)_(14037020332).jpg|50px]]
| [[Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|Thillai Nataraja Temple]]
| Sky
| [[Chidambaram]]
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:SrikalahastiGaligopuram.jpg|50px]]
| [[Srikalahasti Temple]]
| Air
| [[Kalahasthi]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.shaivam.org/siddhanta/bootha.html | title = Shaivam.org }}</ref>
|}

== {{anchor|Pancha Sabhai Sthalangal}}Pancha Sabhai ==

[[Pancha Sabhai]] are the five temples where Shiva is believed to have performed the [[Tandava|Cosmic Dance]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image
! Temple
! Aspect
! Location
|-
| align="center"|[[Image:Tiruvalangadu6.jpg|50px]]
| [[Sri Vadaranyeswarar Temple]]
| Diamond
| [[Thiruvalangadu]]
|-
| align="center"|[[Image:Gopuram of the Ramanathaswamy Temple, Ramanathapuram, Tamil Nadu, India (2010).jpg|50px]]
| [[Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|Chidambaram Temple]]
| Gold
| [[Chidambaram]]
|-
| align="center"|[[Image:India - Madurai temple - 0781.jpg|50px]]
| [[Meenakshi Temple|Sundareswarar Temple]]
| Silver
| [[Madurai]]
|-
| align="center"|[[Image:Nellaiappar2.jpg|50px]]
| [[Azhagiya koothar Temple]]
| Copper
| [[Chepparai, Tirunelveli]]
|-
| align="center"|[[Image:The Kutraleeshwarar temple Gopuram.jpg|50px]]
| [[Kutralanathar Temple]]
| Art
| [[Kutralam]]
|}

== {{anchor|Paadal Petra Sthalangal temples}}Paadal Petra Sthalam ==

The [[Paadal Petra Sthalam]] temples are revered in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ''[[Tevaram]]'', which includes the works of the seventh- to ninth-century [[Nayanars|Nalvar]] poets [[Thirunavukarasar]], [[Sambandar]] and [[Sundarar]].

=== {{anchor|Chennai & Tiruvallur}}Chennai and Tiruvallur ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image
! Name
! Location
|-
| [[Image:thyagaraswamy4.jpg|50px]]
| [[Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvottiyur|Thiyagaraja Swamy Temple]]
| [[Thiruvotriyur]]
|-
| [[Image:kapaleeswarar2.jpg|50px]]
| [[Kapaleeswarar Temple]]
| [[Mylapore|Thirumayilai]]
|-
| [[Image:marundeeswarar5.jpg|50px]]
| [[Marundeeswarar Temple]]
| [[Thiruvanmiyur]]
|-
| [[Image:பாடி திருவல்லீசுவரர் கோவில்.JPG|50px]]
| [[Tiruvalithayam Tiruvallesvarar Temple|Tiruvaleeswarar Temple]]
| [[Padi, Chennai|Thiruvalithaayam]]
|-
| [[Image:Vadathirumullaivoyal.JPG|50px]]
| [[Masilamaniswara Temple, Thirumullaivoyal|Masilamaniswarar Temple]]
| [[Thirumullaivoyal|Thirumullaivayil]]
|-
| [[Image:Vedapureeswar temple, Thiruverkadu1.JPG|50px]]
| [[Vedapureeswarar temple, Thiruverkadu|Vedapureeswarar Temple]]
| [[Thiruverkadu]]
|-
| [[Image:Thirupasoor12.jpg|50px]]
| [[Vaseeswarar Temple]]
| [[Tiruvallur district|Thirupasoor]]
|-
|
| [[Gnanapureeswarar Temple, Tiruvadishoolam|Idaisuranathar Temple]]
| Thiruidaichuram
|-
| [[File:Marundeeswarar7.jpg|50px]]
| [[Marundeeswarar Temple]]
| [[Thiruvanmiyur|Thirukachoor]]
|-
| [[File:Tiruvalangadu6.jpg|50px]]
| [[Sri Vadaranyeswarar Temple]]
| [[Thiruvaalangadu]]
|-
|
| Undreeshwarar Temple
| Thiruvenbakkam
|-
|
| Arambeswarar Temple
| Ilambayam Kottur
|-
| [[File:Tripurantakam-Prakasam-Sri-Tripurantakeswara-Swamy-Temple-2.jpg|50px]]
| [[Tripuranthaka Swamy Temple]]
| Thiruvirkolam
|-
| [[Image:Main Gopuram.jpg|50px]]
| [[Vedagiriswarar Temple]]
| [[Thirukazhukundram]]
|-
| [[Image:acharapakkam15.jpg|50px]]
| [[Aksheeswaraswamy Temple, Acharapakkam|Aksheeswaraswamy Temple]]
| [[Acharapakkam]]
|-
|
| [[Tirukkandalam Sivanandeswarar Temple]]
| Tirukandalam (Thirukkallil), [[Tiruvallur]]
|}

=== Coimbatore ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image
! Name
! Location
|-
| [[Image:PERUR_PATTEESHWARAR_TEMPLE.jpg|50px]]
| [[Perur Pateeswarar Temple, Coimbatore|Perur Pateeswarar Temple]]
| [[Perur]]
|-
| [[Image:அன்னூர் மன்னீஸ்வரசுவாமி கோயில்.jpg|50px]]
| [[Arulmigu Manneaswarar Temple, Annur|Arulmigu Manneaswarar Temple]]
| [[Annur]]
|-
| [[Image:Theneeswarar Temple (2).jpg|50px]]
| [[Theneeswarar Temple]]
| [[Vellalore]]
|}

=== Kancheepuram ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image
! Name
! Location
|-
| [[Image:ekam.jpg|50px]]
| [[Ekambareswarar Temple (Kanchipuram)|Ekambareswarar Temple]]
| [[Kancheepuram|Kanchipuram]]
|-
|
|[[Kailasanathar Temple, Kanchipuram|Kailasanathar Temple]]
|Kanchipuram
|-
|
| Maakaraleeswarar Temple
| Thirumaagaral
|-
|
| Valeeswarar Temple
| Kuranganilmuttam
|-
|
| Thalapurishwarar Temple/Kirubanathiswarar Temple
| Thiruppanangadu
|-
|
| Vedapureeswarar Temple
| Thiruvothur
|-
| [[Image:tirumalper10.jpg|50px]]
| Manikandeswarar Temple
| [[Thirumarperu]]
|-
|
| Thiruveeral Temple
| Thiruveeral
|-
|
| Vilwanatheswarar Temple
| Tiruvallam
|}

=== Panrutti ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image
! Name
! Location
|-
| align="center"|[[File:Sri Veerattaaneswarar Temple.JPG|50px]]
| [[Thiruvadigai Temple, Panruti|Veerattaaneswarar Temple]]
| Thiruvadigai
|-
|
| Shishta Gurunathar Temple
| Thiruthuraiyur
|}

=== Tindivanam ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image
! Temple
! Location
|-
|
| Chandramouleeswarar Temple
| Thiruvakkarai
|-
|
| Arasileeswarar Temple
| Ozhindhiapattu (Thiru Arasili)
|-
|
| Magakaleswarar Temple
| [[Irumbai]] (Irumbaimagaalam)
|-
| [[Image:tiruvamathur01.jpg|50px]]
| Nandieswarar Temple
| Thiruvaamathur
|-
|
| Puravaar Panangattoor Temple
| Panangattoor (Panayapuram)
|-
|
| Srinidheeswarar Temple
| [[Annamputhur]]
|}

=== Thirukkoviloor ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image
! Temple
! Location
|-
|
| Veerateswarar Temple
| [[Thirukovilur]]
|-
|
| Athulya Nadheswara Temple
| [[Arakandanallur]] (Araiyani Nalloor)
|-
| [[File:idayar.jpg|50px]]
| Marudheeswarar Temple
| Idaiyaru
|-
| [[File:tiruvennai.jpg|50px]]
| Sri Krupapureeswarar Temple
| [[Thiruvennainallur]]
|}

=== Ulundurpettai ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image
! Name
! Location
|-
| [[Image:tirunavalur.jpg|50px]]
| Sri Bhakthajaneswarar Temple
| [[Tirunavalur block|Thirunavalur]], {{convert|15|km}} northeast of [[Ulundurpet]]
|-
| [[Image:nelvennai.jpg|50px]]
| Sornakatesvarar Temple
| [[Thiruvennainallur]], 15 km northwest of Ulundurpet
|-
| [[Image:tirumundeecharam.jpg|50px]]
| Sivaloganathar Temple
| Thirumundeecharam, {{convert|24|km}} northeast of Ulundurpet
|}

=== Chidambaram ===
{| class="wikitable" border="1" width="100%"
|-
! Image
! Temple
! Location
|-
| [[Image:Gopuram of the Ramanathaswamy Temple, Ramanathapuram, Tamil Nadu, India (2010).jpg|50px]]
| [[Nataraja]]
| Center of [[Chidambaram]]
|-
|
| Thiruvetkalam
| {{convert|3|km}} east of Chidambaram, on the [[Annamalai University]] campus
|-
|
| Thirunelvayal(Sivapuri)
| 3 km southeast of Chidambaram, near the Thiruvetkalam temple
|-
|
| Thirukkazhippalai
| {{convert|5|km}} southeast of Chidambaram
|}

=== Kattumannarkoil ===
{| class="wikitable" border="1" width="100%"
|-
! Temple
! Location
|-
| Koodalaiyatroor
| {{convert|28|km}} north of [[Kattumannarkoil]]
|-
| Omampuliyur
| {{convert|6|km}} south of Kattumannarkoil, on the north bank of the [[Kollidam River]]
|-
| Kaanattumullur
| {{convert|5|km}} south of Kattumannarkoil, on the banks of the Kollidam River
|-
| Thirunaaraiyur
| 6 km northeast of Kattumannarkoil, on the north bank of the Kollidam River
|-
| Thirukkadamboor
| 5 km southwest of Kattumannarkoil
|}

=== Sirkazhi - [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai District]] ===
{| class="wikitable" border="1" width="100%"
|-
! Image
! Temple
! Location
|-
|  
| Sattainadhar Temple
| Center of [[Sirkazhi]]
|-
|  
| Thirukolakka
| {{convert|2|km}} west of Sirkazhi
|-
|  
| Then Thirumullaivayil
|{{convert|12|km}} east of Sirkazhi
|-
|  
| Magendrapalli
| {{convert|19|km}} northeast of Sirkazhi on the south bank of the [[Kollidam River]], 2 km from the [[Bay of Bengal]]
|-
|  
| Thirunalloor Perumaanam (Achaalpuram)
| {{convert|15|km}} north of Sirkazhi, on the south bank of the Kollidam River
|-
|  
| Thirukarugaavoor (Thirukadaavoor)
| {{convert|6|km}} east of Sirkazhi
|-
| 
| Thillaiyadi (Saranaa Ratsagar Temple)
| {{convert|9|km}} east of Sirkazhi
|-
|  
| Kalikaamoor ([[Annappanpettai]])
| {{convert|3|km}} south of the Then Thirumullaivayil temple
|-
| [[Image:tirupungoor13.jpg|50px]]
| Thiruppunkoor
| 3 km west of Vaitheeswaran Koil, on the south bank of the Kollidam River
|-
|  
| Thiruvenkadu
| {{convert|10|km}} southeast of Sirkazhi
|-
|  
| [[Thirukattupalli]]
| {{convert|0.5|km}} from the Thiruvenkadu temple
|-
|  
| Thiruchaaikkaadu
| 3 km south of the Thiruvenkadu temple, on the Sirkazhi–[[Poompuhar]] road
|-
|  
| Pallavaneecharam
| {{convert|4|km}} south of [[Thiruvenkadu]]
|-
|  
| [[Vaitheeswaran Koil]]
| {{convert|7|km}} south of Sirkhazi
|-
|  
| Radhanallur
| 10 km east of Sirkazhi
|}

=== Mayiladuthurai ===
{| class="wikitable" border="1" width="100%"
|-
! Image
! Temple
! Location
|-
|[[File:Gopura of the Mayuranathaswamy Temple.jpg|67x67px]]
| [[Mayuranathaswami Temple, Mayiladuthurai|Mayuranathaswami Temple]]
| Inside the town
|-
| [[File:Palamannipadikkarai1.jpg|border|left|67x67px]]
| [[Iluppaipattu Neelakandeswarar Temple]] (also known as Pazhamannipadikkarai)
| In the madhoogam – vaitheeswaran koil – thirupananthal road, located near a village called [[Manalmedu]]
|-
|  
| Sri Rathnapureeswarar Temple - Thiruvazhkoliputhur
| 10 km north of [[Mayiladuthurai]], near Pazhamannipadikkarai temple above
|-
| [[File:Veerateeswarar temple, Parasalur (1).jpg|67x67px|left]]
| [[Veerateeswarar Temple, Thirupariyalur|Veerateeswarar Temple]], Thirupariyalur
| 13 km east of [[Mayiladuthurai]], near [[Sembanarkoil]]
|-
| [[File:Sembanarkovil sornapurisvarar temple1.jpg|left|89x89px]]
| [[Semponarkoil Swarnapureeswarar Temple]], Thiruchemponpalli, Semponnarkoil
| 10 km east of [[Mayiladuthurai]], located on south bank of [[cauvery]]
|-
| [[File:Akkurthanthondrisvarartemple1.jpg|left|89x89px]]
| [[Aakkoor Thanthondreeswarar Temple]], [[Akkur, Mayiladuthurai|Akkur]]
| 15 km east of [[Mayiladuthurai]]
|-
| [[Image:Karuvarai Gopuram Ponsei Natrunaiyappar Temple.jpg|50px]]
| [[Ponsei Natrunaiyappar Temple]], [[Ponsei-Kidarankondan|Ponsei]], Thirunanipalli
| 6 km northeast of Semponnarkoil and 13 km from [[Mayiladuthurai]]
|-
| [[File:Korukkai Veeratteswarar Temple1.jpg|left|89x89px]]
| [[Veerateeswarar Temple, Korukkai|Veerateeswarar Temple]], Korukkai
| 12 km northwest of [[Mayiladuthurai]], on the north bank of [[cauvery]]
|-
| [[File:Tirunindriyur2.jpg|left|78x78px]]
| [[Mahalakshmeeswarar Temple]], Tirunindriyur
| 8 km north east of [[Mayiladuthurai]]
|-
| [[File:Kannayiranathar.jpg|67x67px]]
| [[Kurumanakkudi Kannayiram Udayar Temple]], Kurumanakkudi
| On the vaitheeswaran koil – mayiladuthirai road, 3 km left of a place called Kurumanakkudi
|-
| [[File:Keezhaiyur kadaimudinathar.jpg|50x50px]]
| [[Keezhaiyur Kadaimudinathar Temple|Kadaimudinathar Temple]], Keezhaiyur
| 2 km northeast of semponar temple
|-
| [[File:Karuppariyalur3.jpg|74x74px]]
| [[Karuppariyalur Kutram Poruttha Naathar Temple|Kutram Poruttha Naathar Temple]], ThiruKaruppariyalur, Thalainayar
| 14 km north of [[Mayiladuthurai]], on the north bank of [[cauvery]]
|-
| [[File:Kurakkukka1.jpg|68x68px]]
| Kundaleswarar Temple, Thirukurakka
| near Thirukarapariyalur temple, north bank of Pazha Aaru
|-
| [[File:Melaperumpallamvalampuranathar3.jpg|50x50px]]
| Valampurinathar Temple, Thiruvalampuram
| 8 km northeast of semponar temple
|-
| [[File:Talaichangadu sangaranesvarar temple1.jpg|89x89px]]
| Sankaranyeswarar Temple, [[Thalachangadu|Thalaichangadu]]
| 4 km north of Aakkoor, on the south bank of [[cauvery]]
|-
| [[File:Thiruneedur Somanathaswami Temple1.jpg|89x89px]]
| [[Thiruneedur Somanathaswami Temple|Somanathaswami Temple]], Needur, Thiruneedur
| 5 km north of [[Mayiladuthurai]]
|-
| [[File:Etirkolpadi airavatesvarar temple1.jpg|84x84px]]
| [[MelaThirumanancheri Iyravatheswarar Temple|Iyravatheswarar Temple]], Mela Thirumanancheri
| 6 km north of [[Kuttalam]] on the north bank of [[cauvery]]
|-
| [[File:Uthavaitheesvarar Inside.jpg|69x69px]]
| [[Uthavedeeswarar Temple]] ([[kuttalam]])
| [[Kuttalam]], 10 km southwest of [[Mayiladuthurai]], on the south bank of cauvery
|-
| [[File:Tirumananjeri utvakanathar temple1.jpg|75x75px]]
| [[Tirumanancheri Udhvaganathar Temple|Udhvaganathar Temple]], [[Thirumanancheri]]
| 7 km from [[kuttalam]], on the north bank of [[cauvery]] - www.thirumanancheri.info
|-
| [[File:Tiruvelvikkudi kalyana sundaresvarar temple1.jpg|69x69px]]
| [[Kalyanasundareswarar Temple, Thiruvelvikudi|Kalyanasundareswarar Temple]], Thiruvelvikkudi, [[Kuthalam taluk|Kuthalam]]
| 5 km northeast of kuttalam
|-
|[[File:Viratteswara Temple, Vazhuvur.jpg|67x67px]]
|[[Veerateeswarar Temple, Vazhuvur]]
|7 km south-west of Mayiladuthurai, Tamil Nadu, India
|-
| [[File:Thirukadayur (7).jpg|71x71px]]
| [[Amritaghateswarar-Abirami Temple]], [[Thirukkadaiyur]]
| 21 km East of [[Mayiladuthurai]]
|-
| [[File:Thiruvavaduthurai4.JPG|67x67px]]
| [[Masilamaniswara Temple, Thiruvaduthurai|Masilamaniswara Temple]], [[Thiruvaduthurai]]
| 16 km southwest of Mayiladuthurai on the cauvery south bank
|-
| [[File:Thirunallam Shiva Temple.jpg|50x50px]]
| [[Uma Maheswarar Temple, Konerirajapuram|Uma Maheswarar Temple]], [[Konerirajapuram]] (Thirunallam)
| 6 km south of thiruvaavaduthurai above, on the cauvery south bank
|-
| [[File:Tiruvaikal vaikalnathar temple1.jpg|50x50px]]
| [[Vaigalnathar Temple]], Thiruvaigal, Mayiladuthurai
| 4 km northwest of Koneri Rajapuram, on the cauvery south bank
|-
| [[File:Tiruvilanagar uchivanesvarartemple1.jpg|89x89px]]
| [[Tiruvilanagar Uchiravaneswarar Temple|Uchiravaneswarar Temple]], Tiruvila Nagar in Mayiladuthurai
| 7 km east of [[Mayiladuthurai]], on the south bank of cauvery
|-
| [[File:Therazhunthur 9.jpg|83x83px]]
| [[Therazhundur Vedapureeswarar Temple|Vedapureeswarar Temple]], Thiruvazhundhoor(Therazhundoor)
| 4 km south of kuttalam, near moovalur temple, south bank of cauvery
|-
| [[File:Anniyur Abathsahayeswarar Temple1.jpg|89x89px]]
| [[Anniyur Abathsahayeswarar Temple|Abathsahayeswarar Temple]], Thiru Anniyoor (ponnoor)
| 7 km northwest of Mayiladuthurai, north bank of cauvery
|-
| [[File:Tirukkadayurmayanambrahmapurisvarartemple.jpg|89x89px]]
| Brahmapureeswarar Temple, Tirumayanam (ThiruKadavur Mayanam)
| 1 km east of Thirukkadaiyoor temple above
|}

=== Kumbakonam ===
{| class="wikitable" border="1" width="100%"
|-
! Image
! Temple
! Location
|-
| [[Image:Kumbeswarar temple7.jpg|50px]]
| [[Adi Kumbeswarar Temple]]
| [[Kumbakonam]]
|-
| [[Image:Nageswaran1.jpg|50px]]
| [[Nageswaraswamy Temple, Kumbakonam|Nageswaraswamy Temple]]
| East of the Kumbakonam bus stand
|-
| [[Image:Kasivisvanathar4.jpg|50px]]
| [[Kasi Viswanathar Temple, Kumbakonam|Kasi Viswanathar Temple]]
| Near Porthamarai Kulam in Kumbakonam
|-
|  
| [[Thirunageswaram]]
| {{convert|5|km}} east of Kumbakonam, on the south bank of the [[Kaveri]]
|-
| [[Image:Sakkottai02.jpg|50px]]
| [[Amirthakadeswarar Temple, Sakkottai|Amirthakadeswarar Temple]]
| 5 km southeast of Kumbakonam in [[Sakkottai]], on the south bank of the Kaveri
|-
| [[Image:Sivapuramsivagurunathasamytemple2.jpg|50px]]
| [[Sivagurunathaswamy Temple]]
| 2 km northeast of Sakkottai, on the south bank of the Arasalaar
|-
| [[Image:Tirunaraiyursitthanathesvarartemple1.jpg|50px]]
| [[Tirunarayur Siddhanatheswarar Temple]]
| 10 km southeast of Kumbakonam, adjacent to [[Nachiyar Koil]], on the south bank of the Kaveri
|-
| [[Image:tirukarukkudi.jpg|50px]]
| Thirukarukkudi (marudhanthanalloor)
| 8 km southeast of Kumbakonam, on the south bank of the Kaveri
|-
| [[Image:Tiruppanthuraisivananthesvarartemple1.jpg|50px]]
| [[Sivanandeswarar Temple]]
| 3 km northeast of Nachiyar Koil/Tirunarayur Siddhanatheswarar Temple, on the south bank of the Kaveri
|-
| [[Image:Alagaputturpadikkasunathartemple2.jpg|50px]]
| [[Padikasu Nathar Temple]]
| 3 km northwest of Nachiyar Koil/Tirunarayur Siddhanatheswarar Temple, on the south bank of the Kaveri
|-
| [[Image:Tirucheraisaraparamesvarartemple1.jpg|50px]]
| [[Tirucherai Gnanaparameswarar Temple]]
| 5 km south of Nachiyar Koil, 15 km southeast of Kumbakonam, on the south bank of the Kaveri
|-
| [[Image:Kudavasalkonesvarartemple2.jpg|50px]]
| [[Koneswarar Temple, Kudavasal|Koneswarar Temple]]
| 15 km from Kumbakonam, on the south bank of the Kaveri
|-
|  
| [[Tirukkollampudur Vilvaranyeswarar Temple]]
| 6 km southwest of [[Kudavasal]], on the south bank of the Kaveri
|-
| [[Image:Kottayurkotiswarar7.JPG|50px]]
| [[Kottaiyur Kodeeswarar Temple]]
| 2 km northwest of Kumbakonam, on the north bank of the Kaveri
|-
| [[Image:Innambar elutharinathar temple vimana.jpg|50px]]
| [[Innambur Ezhutharinathar Temple]]
| 6 km northwest of Kumbakonam, on the north bank of the Kaveri
|-
| [[Image:Tirupurambiam satchinathar temple.jpg|50px]]
| [[Sakshinatheswarar Temple, Thiruppurambiyam|Sakshinatheswarar Temple]]
| 9 km northwest of Kumbakonam, 3 km from Innambur Ezhutharinathar Temple, on the north bank of the Kaveri
|-
| [[Image:Kabardeesvararsecond entrance1.jpg|50px]]
| [[Kabartheeswarar Temple]]
| 4 km west of Kumbakonam, on the south bank of the Kaveri
|-
| [[Image:Denupuriswarar1.jpg|50px]]
|[[Thenupuriswarar Temple, Patteeswaram|Thenupuriswarar Temple]]
| 6 km southwest of Kumbakonam, on the south bank of the Kaveri
|-
| [[Image:Tirusakthimutram vimanapresidingdeity.jpg|50px]]
| [[Sakthivanesvara Temple]]
| Next to Thenupuriswarar Temple, on the south bank of the Kaveri
|-
| [[Image:Palayarai3.jpg|50px]]
| [[Pazhayarai Vadathali]]
| 2 km from Thenupuriswarar Temple, on the south bank of the Kaveri
|-
| [[File:Apathsahayeswarar temple, Aduthurai (5).jpg|50px]]
| [[Thenkurangaduthurai Temple, Aduthurai|Thenkurangaduthurai Temple]]
| In [[Maruthuvakudi|Aduthurai]], 14 km from Kumbakonam
|}

=== Papanasam ===
{| class="wikitable" border="1" width="100%"
|-
! Image
! Temple
! Location
|-
| [[Image:Tirupalaitturai palaivananathar temple1.jpg|50px]]
| [[Palaivananathar Temple]]
| 1 km northeast of the [[Papanasam]] railway station, on the south bank of the Kaveri
|-
| [[Image:Tiruvaikavur vilvavanatar4.jpg|50px]]
| [[Tiruvaikavur Temple]]
| 12 km north of Papanasam, on the south bank of the Kollidam River
|-
| [[Image:Vijayamangai vijayanatheswarar temple entrance.jpg|50px]]
| [[Vijayamangai Vijayanatheswarar Temple]]
| 1 km east of the Tiruvaikavur Temple, on the north bank of the Kaveri
|-
| [[Image:Vadakurangaduthuraidhayanitheesvarartemple1.jpg|50px]]
| [[Dayanidheeswarar Temple]]
| 4 km north of Papanasam, on the north bank of the Kaveri
|-
| [[Image:Tirukkarukavur2.jpg|50px]]
| [[Garbharakshambigai Temple]]
| 6 km south of Papanasam, on the south bank of the Kaveri
|-
| [[Image:Tirunallur kalyanasundaravesvarar temple3.jpg|50px]]
| [[Kalyanasundaresar Temple, Nallur|[Kalyanasundaresar Temple]]
| 5 km east of Papanasam, on the south bank of the Kaveri
|-
| [[Image:Avur pasupatisvarar temple.jpg|50px]]
| [[Pasupatheeswarar Temple, Aavoor|Pasupatheeswarar Temple]]
| 12 km southeast of Papanasam, on the south bank of the Kaveri
|-
| [[Image:Charakkapalli2.jpg|50px]]
| [[Chakravageswarar Temple, Chakkarappalli|Chakravageswarar Temple]]
| 10 km west of Papanasam, on the south bank of the Kaveri
|-
| [[Image:Pullamangai1.jpg|50px]]
| [[Alandurainathar Temple, Pullamangai]]
| 3 km from the [[Pasupathikoil]] railway station (Kumbakonam-[[Thanjavur]] line), on the south bank of the Kaveri
|-
| [[Image:Andarkovil sornapurisvarartemple1.jpg|50px]]
| [[Andarkoil Swarnapureewarar Temple]]
| 18 km southeast of Papanasam, on the Kudavasal-Valangaimaan bus route and the south bank of the Kaveri
|-
|  
| Thiru Irumboolai, Aalangudi
| 6 km south of Valangaimaan, on the south bank of the Kaveri
|}

=== {{anchor|Kaaraikkal}}Karaikal ===

{| class="wikitable" border="1" width="100%"
|-
! Image
! Temple
! Location
|-
| [[Image:Tirunallardarbaranesvarartemple.jpg|50px]]
| [[Tirunallar Dharbaranyeswarar Temple]]
| 5 km west of [[Karaikal]], on the [[Kumbakonam]] road and the south bank of the Kaveri
|-
| [[Image:Karaikkaldharmapuramyalmurinathartemple1.jpg|50px]]
| [[Dharumapuram Yazhmoorinathar Temple]]
| 2 km on the Thirunallaru–Karaikal road, on the south bank of the Kaveri
|-
| [[Image:Vettakuditirimenialagartemple1.jpg|50px]]
| [[Tiruvettakkudi Sundareshwarar Temple]]
| Near Karaikal, on the south bank of the Kaveri
|-
| [[Image:Tirutelicheryparvatheesvarar temple1.jpg|50px]]
| [[Tiruttelicheri Parvatheeswarar Temple]]
| In [[Kovilpathu]], on the south bank of the Kaveri
|}

=== Mannargudi ===

{| class="wikitable" border="1" width="100%"
|-
! Image
! Temple
! Location
|-
| [[Image:kovilvenni.jpg|50px]]
| Vennikarumbeeswarar Temple, Thiruvenniyur, Kovilvenni
| 8 km northwest of [[Needamangalam]] on the [[Tanjore]]-[[Tiruvarur]] road, south bank of the Kaveri
|-
| [[File:Thirukalar.jpg|50px]]
| Parijatha Vaneswarar Temple, Thirukalar
| 23 km southeast of Manargudi on the [[Thiruthuraipoondi]] road, south bank of the Kaveri
|-
|  
| Chathuranga vallapanathar Temple, Thirupoovanur
| 8 km north of [[Mannargudi]] on the [[Needamangalam]] road, south bank of the Kaveri
|-
|  
| Kozhuntheesar Temple, Kottur
| 15 km southeast of Mannargudi, south bank of the Kaveri
|-
| [[Image:ogaiperaiyur.jpg|50px]]
| Thiruppaereyil, Ogaiperaiyur
| 16 km northeast of Mannargudi, south bank of the Kaveri
|-
|[[File:Thirunellikaval.jpg|50px]]
| Nellivana Nathar, Thirunellikaval
| 23 km east of Mannargudi, south bank of the Kaveri
|-
| [[Image:tirunavalur.jpg|50px]]
| Manikkavannar Temple, Thirunaattiyathankudi
| 10 km northeast of Mannargudi, 12 km southeast of [[Koothanallur]], south bank of the Kaveri
|-
|[[File:THIRUKOLLIKADU.jpg|50px]]
|Agneeswarar Temple, Thirukollikadu
|19 km from Mannargudi
|-
|
|Sri Ramanatha Swamy Temple, Thirurameshwaram
|11 km from Mannargudi, on the Thiruthuraipoondi road
|-
|  
| Vendurainathar Temple, Thiruvanduthurai
| 10 km east of Mannargudi, south bank of the Kaveri
|-
|
|Thiruneelakanteswarar Temple
|1 km east of [[Rajagopalaswamy Temple, Mannargudi|Rajagopalaswamy Temple]], Mannargudi, south bank of the Kaveri
|-
|
|Annamalai Nathar Temple, Mannargudi
|2 km west of Rajagopalaswamy Temple, south bank of the Kaveri
|-
|
|Kailasa Nathar Temple
|1.5 km east of Rajagopalaswamy Temple, south bank of the Kaveri
|-
|
|Meenakshi Sokkanathar Temple
|4 km southeast of Rajagopalaswamy Temple, south bank of the Kaveri
|-
|  
| Jayamkonda Nathar Temple
| 2 km northeast of Rajagopalaswamy Temple, south bank of the Kaveri
|-
|
|Kasivishwa Nathar Temple
|2 km northeast of Rajagopalaswamy Temple, south bank of the Kaveri
|-
|
|Kasivishwa Nathar Temple
|1 km north of Rajagopalaswamy Temple, south bank of the Kaveri
|-
|
|Kamakshi Samedha Ekambareswarar Temple
|1 km east of Rajagopalaswamy Temple, south bank of the Kaveri
|-
|[[File:Pamini.jpg|50px]]
|[[Pamani Naganathar Temple]]
|2 km north of Mannargudi, south bank of the Kaveri, north bank of the [[Pamaniyar River]]
|}

=== Thiruthuraipoondi ===

{| class="wikitable" border="1" width="100%"
|-
! Image
! Temple
! Location
|-
| [[Image:thandalaineelneri.jpg|50px]]
| Thandalai Neelneri
| 3 km north of Thiruthuraipoondi on the Tiruvarur road, south bank of the Kaveri
|-
|  
| Kaichinnam
| 11 km north of [[Thiruthuraipoondi]], south bank of the Kaveri
|-
|  
| Thiruthengoor
| 16 km north of [[Thiruthuraipoondi]], 2 km from Thirunellikkaa, south bank of the Kaveri
|-
|  
| Thirukkollikkadu
| 15 km north of Thiruthuraipoondi, south bank of the Kaveri
|-
| [[Image:kovilvenni.jpg|50px]]
| Thiruchitremam
| 14 km northeast of Thiruthuraipoondi, south bank of the Kaveri
|-
|  
| Idumbaavanam
| 12 km south of Thiruthuraipoondi, south bank of the Kaveri; 2 km west of Karpaganadharkulam (below)
|-
| [[Image:karpaganadharkulam.jpg|50px]]
| Thirukkadikulam, Karpaganadharkulam, Karpaganarkoil
| 2 km east of Idumbavanam temple, south bank of the Kaveri
|-
|  
| Thiruvuchaathanam, Koviloor
| 2 km north of Muthupettai, southwest of Thiruthuraipoondi, south bank of the Kaveri
|}

=== Nagapattinam ===
{| class="wikitable" border="1" width="100%"
|-
! Temple
! Location
|-
| Thirunaagaikaaronam
| In [[Nagapattinam]], south bank of the Kaveri
|-
| [[Sikkal]]
| 5 km west of Nagapattinam, south bank of the Kaveri
|-
| [[Vyagrapureeswarar Temple]]
|7 km west of [[Nagapattinam]], 3 km from Sikkal
|-
| [[Brahmapureeswarar Temple, Thirukkuvalai|Brahmapureeswarar Temple]]
| In [[Thirukkuvalai]], 25 km southwest of Nagapattinam, 19 km from [[Tiruvarur]]
|-
| Tiruvaimoor
| 3 km south of Thirukkuvalai, south bank of the Kaveri
|-
| [[Vedaranyeswarar Temple]]
| In [[Vedaranyam]], south of Nagapattinam and the Kaveri
|-
| Agathiyanpalli
| 2 km south of Vedaranyam on the Kodikkarai road
|-
| [[Kodi Kuzhagar Temple]]
| In [[Point Calimere]], 9 km south of Thirumaraikkadu
|}

=== Namakkal ===
{| class="wikitable" border="1" width="100%"
|-
! Temple
! Location
|-
| [[Ardhanareeswarar Temple, Tiruchengode|Ardhanareeswarar Temple]]
| [[Tiruchengode]]
|-
| Sri Asala Deepeshwarar Temple
| [[Mohanur]]
|-
|}

=== Thanjavur ===

{| class="wikitable" border="1" width="100%"
|-
! Image
! Temple
! Location
|-
| [[Image:Tiruvedikudi vimana.jpg|50px]]
| [[Vedapuriswarar Temple, Thiruvedhikudi|Vedapuriswarar Temple]]
| 7 km north of [[Thanjavur]], 1 km from [[Thirukkandiyur]]; Kaveri south bank
|-
| [[Image:Thittai1.jpg|50px]]
| [[Vasishteswarar Temple, Thittai|Vasishteswarar Temple]]
| In [[Thittai]], 10 km north of [[Thanjavur]]; Kaveri south bank
|-
| [[File:Parithiniyamamparithiyappartemple.jpg|50px]]
| [[Paridiniyamam Parithiappar Temple]]
| 18 km southeast of Thanjavur, 4 km north of [[Orathanad]]; Kaveri south bank
|-
| [[Image:haridwaramangalam.jpg|50px]]
| Aradhaiperumpaazhi, Arithuvaramangalam
| Accessible by the Thanjavur bus; Kaveri south bank
|-
| [[File:Avalivanallursatchinathartemple.jpg|50px]]
| [[Avalivanallur Satchinathar Temple]]
| 3 km west of Aradhaiperumpaazhi; Kaveri south bank
|-
| [[Image:Vphoto1.jpg|50px]]
| [[Akshayapureeswarar Temple]]
| In Vilankulam, 18 km from [[Peravurani]]
|-
| [[File:Brihadesvara Temple, Tanjavur, India 02.jpg|50px]]
| [[Brihadisvara Temple]]
| 1 km from old bus stand, 1 km from Thanjavur palace
|}

=== {{anchor|Tiruchirapalli}}Tiruchirappalli ===
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Image
! Temple
! Location
|-
| [[Image:tiruchiramalai1.jpg|50px]]
| Rockfort temple
| In the center of [[Tiruchirappalli]], on the south bank of the Kaveri
|-
| [[Image:tirumukkecharam1.jpg|50px]]
| [[Panchavarnaswamy Temple]]
| [[Urayur]]
|-
| [[Image:Tiruvannaikkaval4.jpg|50px]]
| [[Jambukeswarar Temple, Thiruvanaikaval|Jambukeswarar Temple]]
| In [[Thiruvanaikaval]], 3 km north of Tiruchirappalli
|-
| [[Image:tiruverumbur6.jpg|50px]]
| [[Erumbeeswarar Temple]]
| In [[Thiruverumbur]], 11 km east of Tiruchirapalli on the [[Thanjavur]] road
|}

=== Madurai ===

{| class="wikitable" border="1" width="100%"
|-
! Image
! Temple
! Location
|-
| [[Image:meenaeastgopuram2.jpg|50px]]
| [[Meenakshi Temple]]
| [[Madurai]] city center
|-
| [[Image:appudayar1.jpg|50px]]
| [[Thiru Aappanoor]]
| About 2 km from the city center, on the north bank of the [[Vaigai River]]
|-
|  
| [[Subramaniya Swamy Temple, Thiruparankundram|Subramaniya Swamy Temple]]
| 9 km southwest of Madurai, one of the [[Six Abodes of Murugan]]
|-
| [[File:Tiruvedagam2.JPG|50px]]
| [[Edaganathar temple]]
| In [[Thiruvedagam]], 17 km northwest of Madurai
|-
| [[File:Piranmalai (25).jpg|50px]]
| [[Piranmalai Kodunkundreeswar Temple]]
| 24 km northwest of [[Thiruputhur]]
|-
| [[File:Thiruppuvanam (1).jpg|50px]]
| [[Pushpavaneswarar temple|Poovananathar Temple]] [[Thirupuvanam, Sivaganga|Thirupuvanam]]
| 19 km east of Madurai, on the Vaigai River
|-
| [[File:Thiruvadanai (9).jpg|50px]]
| [[Adhi Ratneswarar Temple]]
| [[Tiruvadanai]]
|-
| [[File:Thiruchuzhi (23).jpg|50px]]
| [[Thirumeninathar temple]]
| In [[Tiruchuli]], 48 km south of Madurai
|-
| [[File:Kalayarkoil (4).jpg|50px]]
| [[Kalaiyar Kovil]]
| 18 km east of [[Sivaganga]]
|-
| [[File:Neyyadiyappar - Thirrupathur (1).jpg|50px]]
| [[Tiruttalinathar Temple]]
| In [[Thiruputhur]], 20 km west of [[Karaikkudi]]
|-
|  
| [[Thiruppunavayil]]
| 25 km south of Thiru Aappanoor
|-
|  
| [[Shree Kailasha Nathar Temple]]
| In [[Piramanoor]], 23 km east of Madurai
|-
|}

=== Dindigul ===

The [[Kondarangi Hills|Lord Malligarjuna Swamy Temple]] is in [[Kondarangi Keeranur]], [[Dindigul district]].

=== Tirunelveli ===

{| class="wikitable" border="1" width="100%"
|-
! Image
! Temple
! Location
|-
| [[Image:Nellaiappar2.jpg|50px]]
| [[Nellaiappar Temple]]
| [[Tirunelveli]]
|-
| [[Image:The Kutraleeshwarar temple Gopuram.jpg|50px]]
| [[Thirukutralam]]
| [[Courtallam|Kutralam]]
|-
|-
| [[Image:skoil1.jpg|50px]]
| [[Sankaranayinarkoil]]
| [[Sankarankovil]]
|-
| [[Image:Tenkasi Temple.jpg|50px]]
| [[Kasi Viswanathar Temple, Tenkasi|Kasi Viswanathar Temple]]
| [[Tenkasi]]
|-
| [[Image:Vanatheertham falls 2007.jpg|50px]]
| [[Papanasanathar Temple]]
| In [[Papanasam, Tirunelveli|Papanasam]], 49 km from Tirunelveli
|-
| [[File:Sivasailam.JPG|50px]]
| [[Sivasailam Temple]]
| In [[Sivasailam]], 60 km from Tirunelveli
|}

=== Tiruvannamalai ===
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Image
! Temple
! Location
|-
| [[File:Arunachalam temple from a nearby hill.jpg|50px]]
| [[Arunachalesvara Temple]]
| In [[Tiruvannamalai]], 64 km west of [[Tindivanam]]
|-
|  
| [[Agastheesvarar Temple, Purisai|Agastheesvarar Temple]]
| In [[Purisai]], between [[Cheyyar]] and [[Vandavasi]]
|}

=== Rameswaram ===
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Image
! Temple
! Location
|-
| [[Image:Sri Ramanathaswamy Temple, Ramanathapuram, Tamil Nadu, India (2009).jpg|50px]]
| [[Ramanathaswamy Temple]]
| [[Rameswaram]]
|}

== Nava Kailasam temples ==
{{main|Nava Kailasam}}
These nine Shiva temples are on the [[Thamirabarani River]] near [[Tirunelveli]]:
*[[Papanasam, Tirunelveli|Papanasam]]
*[[Cheranmadevi|Cheran Mahadevi]]
*[[Kodaganallur]]
*Kunnathur, Tirunelveli<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tirunelveli.nic.in/arulmigu-gothaparameshwarar-temple-kunnathur/|title=Arulmigu Gothaparameshwarar Temple Kunnathur | Tirunelveli District, Government of Tamil Nadu | India}}</ref>
*Murappanadu
*[[Srivaikuntam]]
*[[Thenthiruperai]]
*Rajapathy
*Senthamangalam, Tuticorin

==References==
* {{cite book | title = Thamizhaga Sivalayangal 308 | author = V. T. Ramasubramaniam }}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==External links==
* [http://www.shivatemples.com Temples in Tamil Nadu – An introduction]

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

{{Hindu Culture and Epics}}
{{Jyotirlinga temples}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shiva temples Of Tamil Nadu}}
[[Category:Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu| ]]
[[Category:Lists of Hindu temples in India]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in Tamil Nadu]]

Addepalli Ramamohana Rao

2026-03-12T03:42:42Z

Ramesheditor: adding biography

{{Short description|Indian poet and literary critic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{infobox person
|name =Addepalli Ramamohana Rao
|birth_date =6 September 1936
|birth_place =Chintalaguntapalem, Machilipatnam, Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh
|occupation =poet, literary critic
|death_date ={{death date and age|df=yes|2016|1|14|1936|9|6}}
|death_place =Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh
}}
'''Addepalli Ramamohana Rao''' was a noted Telugu poet and literary critic from India.<ref name="TOI">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajahmundry/Poet-Ramamohana-Rao-no-more/articleshow/50570993.cms Poet Ramamohana Rao no more]</ref>

==Early life==
He was born in [[Chintalaguntapalem]] village in [[Machilipatnam]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], India, on 6 September 1936.<ref name="TOI"/>

==Works==
He penned 13 compilations of poetry, 25 books on literary criticism and 600 books on various genres.<ref name="TOI"/>

==Awards==
*Praja Kavi<ref name="TOI"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Addepalli Ramamohana}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Telugu poets]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:People from Machilipatnam]]
[[Category:Writers from Krishna district]]
[[Category:Poets from Andhra Pradesh]]

Karauli state

2026-03-09T13:15:42Z

Ramesheditor: created new article with sources

{{short description|Indian princely state (1348 - 1949)}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
| conventional_long_name = Karauli State
| common_name = Karauli
| nation = [[British India]]
| subdivision = [[Princely State]]
| capital = [[Karauli]]
| era =
| year_start = 1348
| date_start =
| event_start =
| year_end = 1949
| date_end =
| event_end = [[Partition of India|Indian independence]]
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| p1 =
| s1 = Matsya Union
| flag_p1 =
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
| image_flag =
| image_coat = Karauli State CoA.png
| image_map = Map of Karauli.jpg
| image_map_caption = Karauli State (orange) within [[Rajputana]] (yellow), in the [[Imperial Gazetteer of India]] (1909)
| stat_area1 = 3216
| stat_year1 = 1931
| stat_pop1 = 140,525
| footnotes =
| today = [[India]] {{·}} [[Rajasthan]]
}}
[[File:Timangarh.jpg|thumb|275px|View of [[Timan Garh]] Fort in former Karauli State. Its foundations are said to have been built in the 2 century AD.]]
'''Karauli State''' was a [[princely state]] in the north eastern edge of modern-day [[Rajasthan]], [[India]] from 1348 to 1949 ruled by the [[Jadaun (clan)|Jadaun Rajputs]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ&q=karauli |title=A History of Rajasthan |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-0890-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bayley |first=C. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7nwUqnwj4h4C&dq=karauli+jadon&pg=PA65 |title=Chiefs and Leading Families in Rajputana |date=2004 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1066-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Scott-Keltie |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TdTMDQAAQBAJ&dq=karauli+jadon&pg=PA127 |title=The Statesman's Year-Book |date=2016-12-27 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-27041-1 |language=en}}</ref> The area of the former state is located in the cultural [[Braj]] region. [[Karauli]] was the capital while [[Mandrayal]] or Mandrail was another important town.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malleson |first=G. B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=30PkEAAAQBAJ&dq=karauli&pg=PA87 |title=An Historical Sketch of the Native States of India |date=2023-11-20 |publisher=BoD – Books on Demand |isbn=978-3-385-23103-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gaur |first=D. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uVAFAAAAMAAJ&q=karauli+jadon |title=Constitutional Development of Eastern Rajputana States |date=1978 |publisher=Usha Publishing House |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
The rulers of Karauli State belonged to the [[Jadaun]] clan of Rajputs and claimed descent from the [[Yaduvanshi Rajput|Yaduvanshi]] lineage of the [[Lunar dynasty|Chandravanshi]] dynasty.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Knapp |first=Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1JJCgAAQBAJ&dq=karauli&pg=PT455 |title=Seeing Spiritual India: A Guide to Temples, Holy Sites, Festivals and Traditions |date=2008-05-29 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-0-595-61452-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Department |first=India Foreign and Political |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7If217KeokC&dq=karauli&pg=PA264 |title=A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads, Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries |date=1909 |publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India |language=en}}</ref> The founder of the dynasty was Raja Vijay Pal who came from [[Mathura]] and founded the fort of [[Bayana]] in 1040. Vijay Pal also came into conflict with the [[Ghaznavid]] tribes during his reign. Raja Timan Pal (r.1093-1159) was an early important ruler of the dynasty, who extended his domain by conquering the territories of modern-day Dang, [[Alwar]], [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]], [[Dholpur]], [[Gurgaon]], [[Mathura]], [[Agra]] and [[Gwalior]]. Raja Arjun Pal Dev founded the new capital called "Kalyanpuri" which over time got the current name of [[Karauli]] in 1348. Sultan Mahmud Khilji of the [[Malwa|Malwa Sultanate]] invaded and captured Karauli in 1454 which led the kingdom into a decline. The rulers of Karauli shifted to Untagarh and ruled a small territory. During [[Akbar|Mughal Emperor Akbar's]] reign Raja Gopaldas of Karauli got back his ancestral capital of Karauli.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohammad Habib, Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzARcgAACAAJ&q=A+COMPREHENSIVE++HISTORY+OF+INDIA+VOL.5 |title=A Comprehensive History of India: Vol. 5. The Delhi sultanat: A.D. 1206-1526; Pt. 2 |date=1993 |publisher=People's Publishing House |pages=838–839 |language=en}}</ref>

=== British era ===
The state under the rule of Maharaja Sir Ganesh Pal Dev along with the neighbouring states of [[Alwar]], [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]], and [[Dholpur]] acceded to the [[Dominion of India]] on 4 August 1947 to form [[Matsya Union]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=New Delhi: States Department, Government of India. 1947. pg. 2, 3, 5 |title=Karauli State- Instrument of Accession and Standstill Agreement signed between H.H. Maharaja Ganesh Pal Deo Bahadur Yadukul Chandra Bhal, Ruler of Karauli State and the Dominion of India |url=https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/2748362 |website=National Archives of India}}</ref> While being part of Matsya Union Karauli and others later merged with [[Dominion of India|Greater Rajasthan]] in 1949 and became part of the current state of [[Rajasthan]] in the 1950s.[[File:Princely States. Karauli. Manak Pal (1772-1804) Karauli mint. Struck in the name of the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II. Dated 1784-5 CE.jpg|thumb|Coinage of Maharaja Manak Pal (1772–1804), Princely State of Karauli. Karauli mint. Struck in the name of the Mughal emperor [[Shah Alam II]]. Dated 1784-5 CE]]
[[File:Karauli. Arjun Pal. (1876-1886) In the name of Victoria, Queen of Great Britain and Empress of India. Dated 1878 CE.jpg|thumb|Karauli. Coinage of Maharaja Arjun Pal (1876-1886), Princely State of Karauli. In the name of Victoria, Queen of Great Britain and Empress of India. Dated 1878 CE.]]Maharaja Madan Pal Dev was made a Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Star of India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gaur |first=dr d d |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.547188 |title=Constitutional Development Of Eastern Rajputana States |date=1960 |pages=18}}</ref> The salute of honour, to which the Chiefs of Karauli were entitled, was also enhanced from 15 to 17 in appreciation of the loyal services of Maharaja Madan Pal Dev, who was also decorated with a rich dress of honour.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Markand Nandshankar |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.02572 |title=The Hind Rajasthani : an annual of the native states of India |date=1896 |publisher=Times, Ahmedabad |pages=332–334}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Savitri |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.146826/page/n53/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Rajasthan District Gazetteers Sawai Madhopur |date=1960 |pages=40–42}}</ref>

==Rulers==
The rulers were:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=KARAULI |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/karauli.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018060509/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/karauli.html |archive-date=2017-10-18 |access-date=2026-01-17 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref>

* Dharam Pal
* Ratan Pal
* Kuwnar Pal
* Gopal Singh
* Tursam Pal
* Manik Pal
* Amolak Pal
* Harbaksh Pal
* Pratap Pal
* Narsingh Pal
* Bharat Pal
* Madan Pal
* Lakshman Pal
* Jaisingh Pal
* Arjun Pal
* Bhanwar Pal Deo
* Bhom Pal Deo
* Ganesh Pal Deo

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.japhila.cz/hof/0128/index0128a.htm Revenue Stamps of the Princely State of Karauli] Exhibit by Jiří Černý

{{Princely states of India}}

{{coord|26.3|N|77.23|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Karauli district|*]]
[[Category:States under the Rajputana Agency]]
[[Category:Rajput history]]
[[Category:1348 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:14th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:1949 disestablishments in India]]

List of Punjabi films of 2023

2026-03-08T03:02:37Z

Ramesheditor: Created new stub.

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
This is a list of [[Punjabi cinema]] films released in 2023.
{{Punjabi film list}}

== Box office collection ==
The following is the [[list of highest-grossing Punjabi cinema films]] released in 2023. The rank of the films in the following table depends on the estimate of worldwide collections as reported by organizations classified as green by Wikipedia.{{efn|See [[WP:RSP]], [[WP:ICTFSOURCES]]}} There is no official tracking of [[List of highest-grossing films in India|domestic box office figures]] within India.

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
|+ {{Screen reader-only|Highest grossing Bengali cinema films of 2024}}
|-
!Rank{{efn|name="ro"|Sorted based on the lowest value when figures are presented as a range, and for the same value, the older item is given a higher order.}}
!Title
!Production company
!Worldwide gross
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
!style="text-align:center;" |1
|''[[Carry on Jatta 3]]''
|{{Ubl|Humble Motion Pictures}}
|₹100 crore
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 July 2023 |title=Gippy Grewal & Sonam Bajwa-starrer 'Carry on Jatta 3' becomes first Punjabi movie to enter Rs 100 cr club |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/gippy-grewal-sonam-bajwa-starrer-carry-on-jatta-3-becomes-first-punjabi-movie-to-enter-rs-100-cr-club/articleshow/102014504.cms?from=mdr |access-date=14 September 2023 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|-
!style="text-align:center;" |2
|style="text-align:left;"|''[[Mastaney]]''
|{{Ubl|Vehli Janta Films|Fateh Film Production|Omjee Star Studios}}
|₹69 crore
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2023 |title=Mastaney becomes Second highest grossing Punjabi film after Carry on Jatta 3 at worldwide box office |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/mastaney-becomes-second-highest-grossing-punjabi-film-after-carry-on-jatta-3-at-worldwide-box-office-1241933 |access-date=14 September 2023 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!style="text-align:center;" |3
|''[[Kali Jotta]]''
|{{Ubl|Neeru Bajwa Entertainment|U&I Films|VH Entertainment}}
|₹42.53 crore
|style="text-align:center;" |{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}
|-
!style="text-align:center;" |4
|''[[Jodi (2023 film)|Jodi]]''
|{{Ubl|Thind Motion Films|Rhythm Boyz Entertainment}}
|₹36.15 crore
|style="text-align:center;" |{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}
|-
!style="text-align:center;" |5
|''Annhi Dea Mazaak Ae''
|{{Ubl|Panj Paani Films|Rhythm Boyz}}
|₹18.44 crore
|style="text-align:center;" |{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}
|-
!style="text-align:center;" |6
|''[[Godday Godday Chaa]]''
|{{Ubl |Zee Studios|VH Entertainment}}
|₹25.02 crore
|style="text-align:center;" |{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}
|-
!style="text-align:center;" |7
|''Medal''
|{{Ubl|Desi Junction}}
|₹4.5 crore
|style="text-align:center;" |{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}
|-
!style="text-align:center;" |8
|''[[Maurh]]''
|{{Ubl|Rhythm Boyz|Naad Sstudios}}
|₹2.03 crore
|style="text-align:center;" |{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}
|-
!style="text-align:center;" |9
|''Es Jahano Door Kitte Chal Jindiye''
|{{Ubl|Neeru Bajwa Entertainment|Ghaint Boyz Entertainment}}
|₹1.29 crore
|style="text-align:center;" |{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}
|-
!style="text-align:center;" |10
|''[[Mitran Da Naa Chalda]]''
|{{Ubl|Pankaj Batra Films|Zee Studios}}
|₹43 lakh
|style="text-align:center;" |{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}
|}

==January–June==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! colspan="2" style="width:6%" | Opening
! style="width:18%" | Title
! style="width:18%" | Director
! Cast
! style="width:4%;" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
! rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#7FFFD4; textcolor:#000;" |F E B
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#dbfff8;" |
'''3'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''[[Kali Jotta (2023 film)|Kali Jotta]]''|| Vijay Kumar Arora||[[Neeru Bajwa]], [[Satinder Sartaaj]], [[Wamiqa Gabbi]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2023 |title= As Satinder Sartaaj and Neeru Bajwa get ready to team up onscreen with the film Kali Jotta, they share how the project needed the lot of, care and space |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/as-satinder-sartaaj-and-neeru-bajwa-get-ready-to-team-up-onscreen-with-the-film-kali-jotta-they-share-how-the-project-needed-a-lot-of-love-care-and-space-474602|access-date=2 February 2023 |website= The Tribune |language=English
}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#dbfff8;" |'''10'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''Tu Hovein Main Hovan''|| Vakil Singh || [[Jimmy Sheirgill]], [[Kulraj Randhawa]], Sajjan Adeeb, Delbar Arya ||<ref>{{cite web|date=18 January 2023|title=Tu Hovein Main Hovan: Jimmy Sheirgill and Kulraj Randhawa starrer to release on February 10|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/tu-hovein-main-hovan-jimmy-sheirgill-and-kulraj-randhawa-starrer-to-release-on-february-10/articleshow/97089272.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=13 February 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#dbfff8;" |'''17'''
| style="text-align:center"|''[[Gol Gappe (film)|Gol Gappe]]''|| [[Smeep Kang]] || [[Binnu Dhillon]], [[Rajat Bedi]], [[B. N. Sharma]] ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Gol Gappe Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-details/gol-gappe/movieshow/72515763.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329051112/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-details/gol-gappe/movieshow/72515763.cms|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 March 2020|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 February 2023|access-date=13 February 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#dbfff8;" |'''24'''
| style="text-align: center;"|''Ji Wife Ji''|| Avtar Singh || [[Roshan Prince]], [[Karamjit Anmol]], [[Anita Devgan]] ||<ref>{{cite news|title=Ji Wife Ji Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-details/ji-wife-ji/movieshow/97305268.cms#:~:text=Ji%20Wife%20Ji%20is%20an,Harby%20Sangha%20as%20lead%20characters.|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=13 February 2023
}}</ref>
|- March
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#93CCEA; textcolor:#000;" |'''M A R'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;" |'''8'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''[[Mitran Da Naa Chalda]]''|| [[Pankaj Batra]] || [[Gippy Grewal]], [[Tania (Indian actress)|Tania]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2022 |title= Motion poster of Gippy Grewal's next Punjabi film 'Mitran Da Naa Chalda' is out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/motion-poster-of-gippy-grewals-next-punjabi-film-uchiyan-ne-gallan-tere-yaar-diyan-is-out/articleshow/94681544.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130185607/https://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/motion-poster-of-gippy-grewals-next-punjabi-film-uchiyan-ne-gallan-tere-yaar-diyan-is-out/articleshow/94681544.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=30 November 2022 |access-date=1 December 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English
}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;"|'''17'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''[[Nigah Marda Ayi Ve]]'' || [[Rupinder Inderjit]] || [[Sargun Mehta]], [[Gurnam Bhullar]] || <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2022 |title=Niga Marda Aayi Ve: Sargun Mehta, Gurnam Bhullar confirm release date of their 'love saga' |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/niga-marda-aayi-ve-sargun-mehta-gurnam-bhullar-confirm-release-date-of-their-love-saga |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130192905/https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/niga-marda-aayi-ve-sargun-mehta-gurnam-bhullar-confirm-release-date-of-their-love-saga |archive-date=30 November 2022 |access-date=1 December 2022 |website=[[PTC Punjabi]] |language=English
}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;" |'''24'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Rang Ratta'' || Gurcharan Singh || [[Roshan Prince]], [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]], [[Diljott]], Mahabir Bhullar ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Rang Ratta Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-details/rang-ratta/movieshow/98639206.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 March 2023|access-date=4 April 2023
}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: center;"| ''Ki Mein Jhooth Boleya'' || Amritpreet Singh || [[Roshan Prince]], Shehnaz Seher, [[Nisha Bano]], [[Nirmal Rishi]] ||{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;"|'''30'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''Yaaran Diyan Poun Baaran'' || [[Upasana Singh]] || Nanak Singh, Swati Sharma, [[Harnaaz Sandhu]], [[Jaswinder Bhalla]], Upasana Singh ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Yaaran Diyan Poun Baaran Movie|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-details/yaaran-diyan-poun-baaran/movieshow/98860946.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 March 2023|access-date=3 April 2023}}</ref>
|- April
! rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#EFDECD; textcolor:#000;" |''A P R''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#FAEBD7" |'''7'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''Chal Jindiye''|| Uday Pratap Singh || [[Neeru Bajwa]], [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]], [[Kulwinder Billa]], [[Jass Bajwa]], [[Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1983)|Aditi Sharma]], [[Rupinder Rupi]]||<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2023 |title=Chal Jindiye: New Release Date Of Upcoming Punjabi Film Is Announced |url=https://punjabimania.com/post/chal-jindiye-new-release-date-of-upcoming-punjabi-film-is-announced |access-date=1 December 2022 |website= [[Punjabi Mania]] |language=English
}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#FAEBD7;" |'''14'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Udeekan Teriyan'' || Raj Sinha || [[Jaswinder Bhalla]], [[Pukhraj Bhalla]], [[Vindu Dara Singh]] ||<ref>{{cite web|date=11 February 2023|title=Jaswinder Bhalla Announces Punjabi Movie Udeekan Teriyan With Release Date|url=https://kiddaan.com/udeekan-teriyan-release-date/|url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217132117/https://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://kiddaan.com/udeekan-teriyan-release-date/|archive-date=17 February 2023|access-date=17 February 2023|website=Kiddaan.Com|language=English}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Yaaran Da Rutba'' || [[Mandeep Benipal]] || [[Dev Kharoud]], [[Prince Kanwaljit Singh]], [[Rahul Dev]], Yesha Sagar ||<ref>{{cite news|title=Yaaran Da Rutbaa: Title of Dev Kharoud's next announced|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/yaaran-da-rutbaa-title-of-dev-kharouds-next-announced/articleshow/98534209.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 March 2023|access-date=3 April 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#FAEBD7;" |'''21'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Annhi Dea Mazaak Ae'' || Rakesh Dhawan || [[Ammy Virk]], Pari Pandher, [[Nasir Chinyoti]] ||<ref>{{cite web|title='Annhi Dea Mazaak Ae' gets a new release date|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/annhi-dea-mazaak-ae-gets-a-new-release-date/articleshow/99027037.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 March 2023|access-date=28 April 2023
}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#FAEBD7;" |'''28'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''Mining - Reyte te Kabzaa''
|Simranjit Singh Hundal
|[[Singga]], [[Sara Gurpal]], Ranjha Vikram Singh, Pradeep Singh Rawat
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mining: Singga & Ranjha Vikram Singh To Lead In Simranjit Hundal's Next, Releasing This April! |url=http://www.ghaintpunjab.com/GhaintPunjab/Article/56288/mining-singga-ranjha-vikram-singh-punjabi-movie |access-date=19 April 2023 |website=Ghaint Punjab}}</ref>
|- May
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#FBCEB1; textcolor:#000;" |'''M A Y'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#FED8B1;" |'''5'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''[[Jodi (2023 film)|Jodi]]''
| [[Amberdeep Singh]]
| [[Diljit Dosanjh]], [[Nimrat Khaira]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/diljit-dosanjhs-jodi-and-dev-kharouds-blackia-2-to-witness-box-office-clash-in-the-year-2023|title=Diljit Dosanjh's 'Jodi' and Dev Kharoud's 'Blackia 2' to witness box office clash in the year 2023|last= Sharma|first=Shimona|date=28 November 2022|website=[[PTC Punjabi]]|language=en-US|access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#FED8B1;" |'''12'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Nidarr'' || Mandeep Chaahal || Raghav Rishi, Kulnoor Brar, [[Vikramjeet Virk]] ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Punjab's Biggest Action Thriller Movie 'Nidarr' Announced! Release Date Inside|url=https://kiddaan.com/release-date-of-punjabi-movie-nidarr/|work=Kiddaan|date=7 March 2023|access-date=24 April 2023
}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Painter'' || Taj || Mehraaj Singh, Akriti Sahota ||{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#FED8B1;" |'''18'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''[[Sidhus of Southall]]''
|[[Navaniat Singh]]
|[[Sargun Mehta]], [[Prince Kanwaljit Singh|Ajay Sarkaria]], Prince Kanwaljit Singh, B. N. Sharma, Iftikhar Thakur, Amar Noorie, Jatinder Kaur
|[38]
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#FED8B1;" |'''19'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Mera Baba Nanak'' || Amanmeet Singh || [[Vikramjeet Virk]], Amanmeet Singh, Harashjot Kaur, Harpreet Bains, Malkeet Rauni ||<ref>{{cite web|title='Mera Baba Nanak': A new Punjabi film announced that is a tale of faith|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/mera-baba-nanak-a-new-punjabi-film-announced-that-is-a-tale-of-faith/articleshow/99501193.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 April 2023|access-date=19 April 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#FED8B1;" |'''26'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Godday Godday Chaa]]'' || Vijay Kumar Arora || [[Sonam Bajwa]], [[Tania (actress)|Tania]], Gitaz Bindrakhia, Gurjaz ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Godday Godday Chaa: The release date of Sonam Bajwa, Tania, and Gitaz Bindrakhia is out|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/godday-godday-chaa-the-release-date-of-sonam-bajwa-tania-and-gitaz-bindrakhia-is-out/articleshow/98113810.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 February 2023|access-date=9 March 2023}}</ref>
|- June
! rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:plum; textcolor:#000;" |J U N E
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''2'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Medal'' || Maneesh Bhatt || [[Jayy Randhawa]], [[Baani Sandhu]] ||<ref>{{cite news|title=Medal: Jay Randhawa And Baani Sandhu Starrer Gets A Release Date|url=https://www.5dariyanews.com/news/407322-Medal-Jay-Randhawa-And-Baani-Sandhu-Starrer-Gets-A-Release-Date#:~:text=Maneesh%20Bhatt%20Directorial%20is%20set,in%20theatres%20(worldwide)%E2%80%9D.|website=5 Dariya News|date=14 March 2023|access-date=3 April 2023}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Lehmberginni'' || Ishaan Chopra || [[Ranjit Bawa]], Mahira Sharma ||<ref>{{cite news|title=Lehmberginni: Ranjit Bawa And Mahira Sharma Starrer Gets A New Release Date|url=https://www.5dariyanews.com/news/411192-Lehmberginni-Ranjit-Bawa-And-Mahira-Sharma-Starrer-Gets-A-New-Release-Date|date=14 April 2023|access-date=27 April 2023|website=5 Dariya News|language=English
}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''9'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Maurh]]'' || [[Jatinder Mauhar]] || [[Dev Kharoud]], [[Ammy Virk]], [[Vikramjeet Virk]], [[Kuljinder Singh Sidhu]], Amiek Singh Virk ||<ref>{{cite news|title=Ammy Virk and Dev Kharoud's 'Maurh' to release on THIS date|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/ammy-virk-and-dev-kharouds-maurh-to-release-on-this-date/articleshow/99058988.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 March 2023|access-date=3 April 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''29'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Carry on Jatta 3]]''|| [[Smeep Kang]] || [[Gippy Grewal]], [[Sonam Bajwa]], [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2022 |title= Gippy Grewal's 'Carry On Jatta 3' to go on floors in October, release date announced |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/gippy-grewals-carry-on-jatta-3-to-go-on-floors-in-october-release-date-announced/articleshow/90605265.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130190918/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/gippy-grewals-carry-on-jatta-3-to-go-on-floors-in-october-release-date-announced/articleshow/90605265.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=30 November 2022 |access-date=1 December 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English
}}</ref>
|}

==July–December==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" style="width:6%" | Opening
! style="width:18%" | Title
! style="width:18%" | Director
! Cast
! style="width:4%;" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#32CD35; textcolor:#000;" |J U L
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#90EE90;" |
'''14'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Superstar'' || [[Ksshitij Chaudhary]] || [[Gurnam Bhullar]], [[Roopi Gill]] ||<ref>{{cite news|title=Superstar: Gurnam Bhullar and Roopi Gill to headline the new Punjabi drama|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/superstar-gurnam-bhullar-and-roopi-gill-to-headline-the-new-punjabi-drama/articleshow/98205577.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 February 2023|access-date=4 April 2023}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Kade Dade Diyan Kade Pote Diyan'' || Laada Siyan Ghuman || [[Harish Verma]], [[Simi Chahal]] ||<ref>{{cite news|title=Release Date Of Simi Chahal – Harish Verma Starrer Kade Dade Diyan Kade Pote Diyan Announced|url=https://kiddaan.com/release-date-of-simi-chahal-harish-verma-starrer-kade-dade-diyan-kade-pote-diyan-announced/|website=Kiddaan|date=24 April 2023|access-date=28 April 2023
}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#90EE90;" |
'''21'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Tufang '' || [[Dheeraj Rattan]] || [[Guri]], [[Rukshar Dhillon]], [[Jagjeet Sandhu]], Mahabir Bhullar|
|
|- August
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#dbfff8; textcolor:#000;" |A U G
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#dbfff8;" |'''04'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Balle O Chalaak Sajjna]]'' || Royal Singh || [[Raj Singh Jhinjar]], Molina Sodhi, [[Vikram Chouhan]], [[Nirmal Rishi]], [[Raj Dhaliwal]] ||<ref>{{cite news|title=Balle o chalaak sajjna releasing on august 4 date|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-deails/balle-o-chalaak-sajjna/movieshow/101700187.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 July 2023|access-date=21 July 2023
}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#dbfff8;" |'''25'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Mastaney]]''|| Sharan Art || [[Tarsem Jassar]], [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]], [[Simi Chahal]]
|- September
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#93CCEA; textcolor:#000;" |S E P
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;" |'''15'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Buhe Bariyan'' || Uday Pratap Singh || [[Neeru Bajwa]], [[Nirmal Rishi]], [[Rubina Bajwa]] ||<ref>{{cite news|title='Boohey Bariyan': Neeru Bajwa announces new Punjabi movie with all-female cast|url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/pollywood/boohey-bariyan-neeru-bajwa-announces-new-punjabi-movie-with-all-female-cast-414237|website=[[PTC Punjabi]]|date=22 April 2023|access-date=28 April 2023
}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;" |'''28'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Gaddi Jaandi Ae Chalaangaan Maardi]]'' || [[Smeep Kang]] || [[Ammy Virk]], [[Binnu Dhillon]], [[Jaswinder Bhalla]] ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjabi Movies September 2023: 5 Must Watch Films releasing in September 2023|website=[[PTC Punjabi]]|date=24 August 2023
}}</ref>
|- October
! style="text-align:center; background:#EFDECD; textcolor:#000;" |O C T
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#FAEBD7;" |
'''20'''
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Maujaan Hi Maujaan]]''|| [[Smeep Kang]]|| [[Binnu Dhillon]], [[Gippy Grewal]], [[Karamjit Anmol]]||<ref>{{cite news |date=14 February 2023 |title=Sargun Mehta and Ajay Sarkaria's 'Sidhus Of Southall' to release on May 19 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/97913872.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=of [[ETimes]]}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Punjabi films of 2022]]
* [[List of Punjabi films]]
* [[2023 in film]]
* [[List of Indian films of 2023]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/upcoming-movies/upcoming-punjabi-movies Upcoming Punjabi films]

{{Cinema of Punjab}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{2023 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Punjabi films by year|2023]]
[[Category:2023 in Indian cinema|Films]]
[[Category:Lists of 2023 films by language|Punjabi]]
[[Category:2023 Punjabi-language films| List]]

Bhagalpur

2026-03-07T15:08:52Z

Ramesheditor: brief updated content per standard format further and updated info

{{About|the City in India|its namesake district|Bhagalpur district}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Original research|date=May 2025}}
{{Copy edit|date=December 2025}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhagalpur
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/1
| image1 = Ghantaghar Bhagalpur.jpg
| caption1= Ghantaghar (clocktower)
| image3 = Kuppaghat Bhagalpur.jpg
| caption3 = Maharishi Mehi Aashram
| image4 =
Vikramshila 2012-08-10-17.14.08.jpg
| caption4 = Ruins of [[Vikramshila]] Mahavihara
}}
| image_caption =
| nickname = The Silk City<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/traveller/ot-getaway-guides/bhagalpur-silk-city/|title=Bhagalpur: The Silk City|date=16 June 2017|work=Outlook India|access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref>
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Bhagalpur in Bihar
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India3
| coordinates = {{coord|25|15|N|87|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Bihar Government Banner.png}} [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]]
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Basundhara Lal ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| leader_title1 = [[Municipal commissioner]]
| leader_name1 = Nitin Kumar Singh ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 218.28
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Welcome to Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation(BMC)|url=https://bhagalpurnagarnigam.in/brief-history|website=bhagalpurnagarnigam.in|access-date=22 November 2020}}</ref>
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://dateandtime.info/citycoordinates.php?id=1276300 |title=Geographic coordinates of Bhagalpur, India. Latitude, longitude, and elevation above sea level of Bhagalpur |website=Dateandtime.info |access-date=7 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511110951/http://dateandtime.info/citycoordinates.php?id=1276300 |archive-date=11 May 2018 }}</ref>
| elevation_m = 52
| population_footnotes = <ref name=UA1Lakhandabove>{{cite web | url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above | publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India | access-date=12 May 2014 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017153124/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | archive-date=17 October 2013 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| population_total = 410210
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Bhagalpuri
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=4 October 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/>
| demographics1_title3 = Regional
| demographics1_info3 = [[Angika]]<ref name="Angika">{{cite book |last1=Masica |first1=Colin P. |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |date=9 September 1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29944-2 |page=12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&pg=PA12 |language=en}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number]]
| postal_code = 812001-81XXXX<ref>{{cite news |title=BHAGALPUR Pin Code - 812001, Jagdishpur All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search BHAGALPUR Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/bihar/bhagalpur/bhagalpur-pincode-812001.html |access-date=18 July 2022 |work=ABP}}</ref>
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD Code]]
| area_code = 0641
| registration_plate = BR-10
| website = {{URL|https://bhagalpur.nic.in/}}
| official_name =
| other_name = Champanagri Bhaugulpore
}}
'''Bhagalpur''' (official and romanised name),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhagalpur {{!}} Bhagalpur District Silk City of Bihar {{!}} India |url=https://bhagalpur.nic.in/ |access-date=24 August 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref> historically known as [[Champapuri|'''Champa Nagari''']],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pham |first=Tan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RIMqEQAAQBAJ&dq=bhagalpur+champa&pg=PA60 |title=Đại Việt and Champa: Panduranga, Kauthara, and Indrapura: Volume 3B of A Traveller's Story of Vietnam's Past |date=7 November 2024 |publisher=315Kio Publishing |isbn=978-1-0670208-1-1 |language=en}}</ref> is a city in the Indian state of [[Bihar]], situated on the southern bank of the [[Ganges river]]. It is the [[Bihar#Government and administration|third largest city]] of Bihar by population and also serves the headquarters of [[Bhagalpur district]], [[Bhagalpur division]], and [[Bihar Police|Eastern Range]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhagalpur Smart City |url=https://bhagalpursmartcity.co.in/cityprofile |website=bhagalpursmartcity.co.in}}</ref> It is known as the [[Bhagalpuri silk|Silk City]] and also listed for development under the [[Smart Cities Mission]] by the [[Government of India]].
It is the only district in Bihar after capital city Patna where three major higher educational institutions, [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Bhagalpur|IIIT Bhagalpur]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Bhagalpur|Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College]], [[Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University|TMBU]], and [[Bihar Agricultural University|Agriculture University (BAU)]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 April 2025 |title=BAU integrates AI, machine learning for agricultural biotech research |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bau-integrates-ai-machine-learning-for-agricultural-biotech-research/articleshow/120766193.cms |access-date=24 August 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> are located. [[Vikramshila|Vikramshila Central University]] is under construction next to the ruins of the medieval [[Vikramshila|Vikramshila Mahavihara]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Sandeep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jcpLEAAAQBAJ&dq=education+bhagalpur+colleges+iiit&pg=PA30 |title=ProjectX India: 15th August 2021 - Tracking Multisector Projects from India |date=15 August 2021 |publisher=Sandeep Sharma |language=en}}</ref> [[Bhagalpur Junction railway station|Bhagalpur Railway Station]] serves the city.
The river around the city is home to the [[Gangetic dolphin]], the national aquatic animal of India,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/river-dolphin-crowned-indias-aquatic-animal-57955-2009-10-05 |title=River dolphin crowned India's aquatic animals : Latest Headlines, News – India Today |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=6 October 2009 |access-date=13 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614043909/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/River+dolphin+crowned+India%27s+aquatic+animal/1/65014.html |archive-date=14 June 2012 }}</ref> and the [[Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary]] is established near the town. The city holds the largest [[Manasa]] Puja and one of the largest processions in [[Kali]] Puja, an important part of the cultural heritage of the region.<ref>{{cite news |title=मां विषहरी पूजा: बिहुला विषहरी की गाथा का साक्षी है अंग का इतिहास |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/bhagalpur/story-history-of-angh-mother-vishahari-worship-and-bihula-is-a-witness-of-vishahari-worship-2693163.html |access-date=18 August 2022 |work=Hindustan |date=17 August 2019 |language=hi}}</ref>

==Geography==
=== Flora and fauna ===
====Greater adjutant (Garuda) ====
[[File:Greater Adjutant.jpg|thumb|left|Greater adjutant]]
[[Greater adjutant]] (''Leptoptilos dubius''), a member of the [[stork]] family associated with the mythical bird [[Garuda]], has a Rescue and Rehabilitation area located in Bhagalpur, the second largest of its kind. Loss of nesting habitat and feeding sites through drainage, [[pollution]], and disturbance, together with hunting and egg collection, caused a massive dip in the population of the species. Garuda birds were first spotted nesting and breeding on a silk cotton tree near a village in the [[Ganga]]-Diara area in Bhagalpur in 2007. In May 2006, 42 birds were seen by the Mandar Nature Club team for the first time. Prior to this, the species had never been seen in [[Bihar]] during its breeding period. Four years after these endangered birds started nesting and [[breeding in the wild|breeding]] in Bhagalpur district, their number eventually increased, from 78 to over 500,<ref>{{cite web|title=Garuda's population now 500 in Bhagalpur, Bihar|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/eco-news/garudas-population-now-500-in-bihar_1617481.html|website=Zee News|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723004138/http://zeenews.india.com/news/eco-news/garudas-population-now-500-in-bihar_1617481.html|archive-date=23 July 2015|date=21 June 2015}}</ref> making Bhagalpur one of only three places to host Garudas, the others being [[Cambodia]] and [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Rescue and Rehabilitation centre was opened in Bhagalpur|url=http://epaper.prabhatkhabar.com/527659/BHAGALPUR-City/City#page/9/2|website=Prabhat Khabar|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721110423/http://epaper.prabhatkhabar.com/527659/BHAGALPUR-City/City#page/9/2|archive-date=21 July 2015}}</ref>

The greater adjutant is classified as endangered on the [[IUCN]] Red List 2004 of threatened species and listed under Schedule IV of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. This huge stork has a naked pink head, a very thick yellow bill, and a low-hanging neck pouch. The neck ruff is white. The bird looks like a vulture. Other than the pale grey edge on each wing, the rest of the greater adjutant's body is dark grey. Younglings have a narrower bill, thicker down on the head and neck, and entirely dark wings. A Garuda bird measures 145–150 cm (about three feet) in length and four to five feet in height.<ref>{{cite web|title=World's third nestling spot for the 'Leptoptilos dubius' "Garuda"species is in Bhagalpur, Bihar|url=http://www.theweekendleader.com/Nature/820/garuda-returns.html|website=theweekendleader|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721184049/http://www.theweekendleader.com/Nature/820/garuda-returns.html|archive-date=21 July 2015}}</ref>

===Climate===
{{Weather box
| location = Bhagalpur (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2020)
| collapsed = yes
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| width = auto
| Jan record high C = 31.9
| Feb record high C = 35.8
| Mar record high C = 43.2
| Apr record high C = 45.3
| May record high C = 46.4
| Jun record high C = 46.0
| Jul record high C = 42.3
| Aug record high C = 39.7
| Sep record high C = 38.6
| Oct record high C = 40.0
| Nov record high C = 37.4
| Dec record high C = 32.2
|year record high C = 46.4
| Jan high C = 21.5
| Feb high C = 26.6
| Mar high C = 32.8
| Apr high C = 37.4
| May high C = 37.4
| Jun high C = 36.0
| Jul high C = 33.3
| Aug high C = 33.3
| Sep high C = 32.8
| Oct high C = 32.3
| Nov high C = 28.7
| Dec high C = 23.7
|year high C = 31.3
| Jan low C = 12.2
| Feb low C = 15.8
| Mar low C = 20.7
| Apr low C = 24.6
| May low C = 26.5
| Jun low C = 27.4
| Jul low C = 27.3
| Aug low C = 27.3
| Sep low C = 26.6
| Oct low C = 24.3
| Nov low C = 19.2
| Dec low C = 14.4
|year low C = 22.0
| Jan record low C = 4.2
| Feb record low C = 5.0
| Mar record low C = 10.8
| Apr record low C = 13.1
| May record low C = 14.5
| Jun record low C = 19.5
| Jul record low C = 22.4
| Aug record low C = 20.1
| Sep record low C = 21.5
| Oct record low C = 15.4
| Nov record low C = 11.1
| Dec record low C = 3.9
|year record low C = 3.9
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 12.3
| Feb rain mm = 9.9
| Mar rain mm = 11.2
| Apr rain mm = 25.4
| May rain mm = 84.1
| Jun rain mm = 176.2
| Jul rain mm = 294.5
| Aug rain mm = 239.1
| Sep rain mm = 223.3
| Oct rain mm = 75.2
| Nov rain mm = 4.9
| Dec rain mm = 5.6
|year rain mm = 1161.6
| Jan rain days = 1.2
| Feb rain days = 1.1
| Mar rain days = 1.0
| Apr rain days = 2.1
| May rain days = 4.5
| Jun rain days = 8.0
| Jul rain days = 13.9
| Aug rain days = 11.5
| Sep rain days = 9.6
| Oct rain days = 3.0
| Nov rain days = 0.4
| Dec rain days = 0.4
|year rain days = 56.6
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 73
| Feb humidity = 61
| Mar humidity = 50
| Apr humidity = 48
| May humidity = 57
| Jun humidity = 68
| Jul humidity = 78
| Aug humidity = 78
| Sep humidity = 77
| Oct humidity = 73
| Nov humidity = 69
| Dec humidity = 73
|year humidity = 67
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = 8 April 2024
}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Bhagalpur Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 127–128
| access-date = 18 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M32
| access-date = 18 August 2020}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
{{See also|List of cities in Bihar}}

{{Historical populations
| 1872| 65377
| 1881| 68238
| 1891| 69,106
| 1901| 75,760
| 1911| 74,349
| 1921| 68,878
| 1931| 83,847
| 1941| 93,254
| 1951| 1,14,530
| 1961| 1,43,850
| 1971| 1,72,202
| 1981| 2,25,062
| 1991| 2,53,225
| 2001| 3,40,767
| 2011| 4,00,146
| title= Historical Population of Municipal Corporation
| align = right
|footnote= Source: District Census Handbook<ref name="dchba">{{cite book|title=District Census Handbook Bhagalpur Part-A|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Bihar|location=Bhagalpur|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/258/download/682/DH_2011_1022_PART_A_DCHB_BHAGALPUR.pdf}} </ref>
}}

As of the 2011 India [[census]], the Bhagalpur Urban Agglomeration has a population of 410,210, of which 218,284 were males and 191,926 were females. It is the 3rd largest city in Bihar in terms of urban population. The total population in the age group of 0 to 6 years is 55,898. The total number of literates are 286,125, with 160,720 males and 125,405 females. The effective literacy rate of the 7+ population is 80.76%, of which the male literacy rate is 84.95% and the women's rate is at 75.95%.<ref name="UA1Lakhandabove" />

=== Religion ===
[[Hinduism]] is the majority religion in Bhagalpur City with about 70% of the population following it, than followed by [[Islam]] with 29% adherants. It also has a small minority of [[Jainism|Jains]] and [[Christians]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India - C-01: Population by religious community, Bihar - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11366 |access-date=8 December 2024 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

=== Language ===
Bhagalpur is a geographical landmark, which is at the convergence of Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bengal. Historically the capital of Anga Pradesh and a nation of independence by Tilkamanjhi, it has been a land of emerging languages and cultures. A fair number of Biharis, Bengalis, Marwaris, Muslims, Santhalis, and Pahadiyas reside in the region, making it a language and cultural hub.

The [[Angika]] language is primarily spoken in the district.<ref>{{cite journal
| last1 = Suman
| first1 = Chandan
| last2 = Kiran
| first2 = Jyoti
| last3 = Kumar
| first3 = Sujeet
| title = Angika Territory: Unraveling Geographical Extent and Linguistic Identity
| journal = Talent Publication
| volume = 1
| issue = 1
| year = 2023
| issn = 2583-9985
| doi = 10.13140/RG.2.2.13307.69926
| url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374119574
| access-date = 1 May 2025
}}</ref> Apart from Angika, [[Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Urdu]], and [[Santali language|Santhali]] are prominent languages of the region.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Buchanan
| first = Francis
| title = An Account of the District of Bhagalpur in 1810–11
| publisher = Bihar and Orissa Research Society
| year = 1939
| location = Patna
| url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100299
| access-date = 1 May 2025
}}</ref> It is a multilingual district and has been a centre of development for many languages during the ancient era in the Vikramshila University.

== Culture ==

Bhagalpur has a long lasting legacy of rich culture and traditions. The ancient city of Champanagari is known for its silk industry and trade. The city has richness in its festivals, art, food, and trade. The "Aangi" or "Angika" culture is followed in this region. It also is a homeland of multicultural community. Being one of the important centres of Anga, then Bengal, and now Bihar, it has grasped, respected, and promoted the cultures and traditions and thus empowered and maintained its richness.

===Kali Puja===
[[File:Kali Puja Shobhana at Bhagalpur.jpg|thumb|upright|Kali Puja celebration in Bhagalpur]]

[[Kali Puja]] is one of the most important festivals in and around the region. Several Kali Temples and Puja Mandaps are decked up on Deepawali to worship Kalika. The procession after the Puja is so long that it takes 36 hours to complete one big phase of Murti Bisarjan. The Shobhayatra of Bhagalpur Kali Puja celebrated its 71st year in 2024.<ref>{{cite news
|title=श्रद्धा व आस्था के साथ मां काली की हुई पूजा, विसर्जन शोभायात्रा आज से होगी शुरू
|trans-title=Devotees Celebrate Kali Puja with Rituals and Processions in Bhagalpur
|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/bhagalpur/story-devotees-celebrate-kali-puja-with-rituals-and-processions-in-bhagalpur-201730488857305.html
|work=Live Hindustan
|date=2 November 2024
|access-date=1 May 2025
|language=hi
}}</ref> Kali Puja holds the cultural significance of the Anga Region. The procession after the Puja is the intangible cultural asset to the city.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Abhishek |title=Kali Puja 2021 भागलपुर में आज परबती की बुढिय़ा काली सहित 85 प्रतिमाओं की निकलेगी भव्‍य विसर्जन यात्रा - Kali Puja 2021: In Bhagalpur today 85 idols including Kali of Parbati will be immersed |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/bhagalpur-kali-puja-2021-in-bhagalpur-today-85-idols-including-kali-of-parbati-will-be-immersed-22181526.html |access-date=22 July 2023 |work=Jagran |date=6 November 2021 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Byrne |first=Joseph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ddsA_RIgg78C&dq=kali+puja+bhagalpur&pg=PA169 |title=Bhagalpur |date=2011 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7268-203-3 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Behula Bishari ===
[[File:Mansa Puja at Chhoti Khanjarpur, Bhagalpur.jpg|thumb|upright|This is an image of cultural festival of Bhagalpur.]]

[[File:Manasa Temple, Deepnagar Chowk, Bhagalpur.jpg|thumb|upright|Manasa Puja at Deepnagar Chowk, Bhagalpur.]]

Manasa, popularly known as "Bishari Puja", is a folk festival of Bhagalpur, started from [[Champapuri]], the capital city of Anga Mahajanapada. The festival celebrates the renunciation of the Guardian Goddess, Maa Mansa. The city also commemorates the wedding of Behula and Lakhinder every year during puja.<ref>{{cite web
|title=अंग माता विषहरी की पूजा का इतिहास: बिहुला बनीं साक्षी
|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/bhagalpur/story-history-of-angh-mother-vishahari-worship-and-bihula-is-a-witness-of-vishahari-worship-2693163.html
|website=Live Hindustan
|date=16 August 2023 |access-date=30 April 2025 |language=hi
}}</ref>

[[File:Behula-Lakhinder_at_Champanagar_Manasa_Temple.jpg|thumb|upright|Behula and Lakhinder at Champanagar Manasa Temple, Bhagalpur.]]

In medieval [[Bengali literature]], Mansamangal, Behula is projected as heroine and a goddess. In the period from the thirteenth to the eighteenth centuries, many works based on this story were produced. The religious purpose of these works was to render the importance of goddess [[Manasa]],<ref>{{cite news |title=चंपानगर: नागपंचमी पर मनसा देवी मंदिर में श्रद्धालुओं ने की पूजा |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/bhagalpur/story-champanagar-devotees-worship-at-the-mansa-devi-temple-on-nagpanchami-3374975.html |access-date=22 July 2023 |work=Hindustan |date=25 July 2019 |language=hindi}}</ref> but these works are more known for the pious love of Behula and her husband Lakhander (Lakhindar or Lakshinder). Local women sing folk songs in [[Angika]] and offer [[Manjusha Art|Manjusha]] to the Goddess. However, this is not just a mythological story, the evidence of the metal house created by [[Vishvakarma]] on order of Chand Saudagar for Behula and her husband Lakhender to protect from snake bite is still seen and reported when there is heavy rain in the region.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sunil |title=मां विषहरी पूजा: बिहुला विषहरी की गाथा का साक्षी है अंग का इतिहास |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/bhagalpur/story-history-of-angh-mother-vishahari-worship-and-bihula-is-a-witness-of-vishahari-worship-2693163.html |access-date=22 July 2023 |work=Hindustan |date=17 August 2019 |language=hi}}</ref>

=== Saraswati Puja ===
Saraswati Puja is another big festival celebrated with zest and enthusiasm. It is celebrated on "Basant Panchami", which is locally called "Shree Panchami". It worships Maa Bagdevi, the goddess of knowledge, art, and all sciences. The city goes artistic and is decked up with Pandals and lights, welcoming the beloved deity of the students, teachers, and artisans.<ref>{{cite news
|title=विद्या की देवी मां सरस्वती की प्रतिमा स्थापित कर हो रही पूजा-अर्चना
|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/bhagalpur/story-saraswati-puja-celebrated-with-idols-installed-in-educational-institutions-of-bhagalpur-201738560702668.html
|work=हिन्दुस्तान
|language=hi
|date=3 February 2025
|access-date=1 May 2025
}}</ref>

=== Durga Puja ===

[[File:Mahashay Deori, Bhagalpur.jpg|thumb|upright|Mahashay Deori, Champanagar, Bhagalpur.]]

Durga Puja is celebrated in Bhagalpur with pomp and show. Both the Aangi- Bihari and Bengali communities celebrate the puja with great enthusiasm. The puja Pandals are decked up by Shasthi and idols of the Goddess is installed by Vedic chants and "Belbhorni Puja". Some of the prominent puja communities include Mahashay Deori,<ref>{{cite news
|title=Traditional family Puja
|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/traditional-family-puja/cid/369180
|work=The Telegraph
|location=Bhagalpur
|first=Gautam
|last=Sarkar
|date=18 October 2012
|access-date=1 May 2025
}}</ref> which dates back to more than 400 years of celebration, Jubak Sangha, Sarkarbari, Kalibari, Durga Bari, Hind-e-Yuva club, Satkar Club, Housing Board colony, etc. It is the time when localites buy new clothes, visits Pandals, eat delicacies, and spend time with friends and families.

=== Chhath Puja ===
Chhath Puja, like the rest of the Bihar, is celebrated with great devotion in Bhagalpur. The festival is prominent as Bhagalpur is a city on the banks of river Ganga. Devotees throng here to worship "Goddess Shasthi" or "[[Chhath|Chhathi maiya]]" and "Surya".

=== Bisua/Baisakkha ===
Bisua or Baisakkha marks the new beginning in the Anga region. It is a new year festivity celebrated during 14–15 April every year. It is the welcoming of summer. On Bisua, locals install holy pitchers with mango leaves and a raw mango on the top, and keep it at Puja Ghar, temples, above tulsi plant and Shivilinga. Lots of delicacies like Daal Puri, Raspua, Thekua, Daal paratha, Guramma (sweet and tangy raw mango chutney), Bari jhol, and Bhaat are made and eaten. Barley Sattu, Jaggery, Raw mango, and seasonal fruits are offered to the Gods. The next day, cooking is avoided and "Paniyota Bhaat" (similar to Panta bhaat of Bengal and Pakhala of Odisha) is consumed. Sweets and fruits are distributed and a lavish meal, usually fish or mutton, is prepared at night. It is similar to "Satuani" of Purvanchal region, "Jur Shital" of Mithilanchal, "Pohela Boisakh" of Bengal, and "Mahabisuba Sankranti" of Odisha.

== Local Attraction ==
{{Context|date=January 2026}}
===Vikramshila Mahavihara===
Vikramshila Mahavihara's ruins have been excavated at Antichak village in Bhagalpur. It was established by [[Dharmapala (emperor)|Emperor Dharmapala]] of the [[Pala Empire]]. It was an international centre of learning that focussed on multiple fields of knowledge, including Tantricism. It was considered at par with [[Nalanda]] university as it was a flourishing university.<ref>{{cite journal
| last1 = Singh
| first1 = Shyama Nand
| last2 = Jha
| first2 = Sudhanshu Kumar
| title = Vikramshila University: Forgotten Glory of Ancient India
| journal = Journal of Indian Research
| volume = 5
| issue = 2
| pages = 43–49
| year = 2017
| publisher = Mewar University
| url = https://jir.mewaruniversity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/JIR%20Volume%205,%20Issue%202,%20Apr-Jun%202017.pdf#page=49
| access-date = 3 May 2025
}}</ref> However, Bhaktiyar Khilji destroyed it and left it to ash and ruin. It has been recently recognised by the government with the excavation at the site.

=== Mansa Temple, Champanagar Tanti Bazar ===
Mansa Mandir, situated in the old quarters of Champanagar locality, is one of the important pilgrimage sites of the city. Dedicated to Goddess Bishari (Mansa), this site is believed to be the place where Chandradhar Saudagar offered puja to the Goddess for the first time.<ref>{{cite journal
| last = Kumari
| first = Sarika
| title = Tracing the Visual Aesthetics of Mañjuṣā
| journal = Abhidha Journal of Art, Archaeology and Cultural Heritage
| volume = 2
| issue = 2
| pages = 140–155
| year = 2022
| url = https://abhidhajournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Paper-9_Tracing-the-visual-aesthetics-of-Manju%E1%B9%A3a_v3.pdf
| access-date = 3 May 2025
}}</ref> Every year, during 16–18 August, thousands of devotees throng here to commemorate the wedding of Behula and Lakhinder. The temple replicated the scene of Behula- Bishari gatha during the festival. Large sized Manjusha<ref>{{cite web |title=Manjusha Art |url=https://umsas.org.in/manjusha-art/ |website=Upendra Maharathi Shilp Anusandhan Sansthan |access-date=3 May 2025}}</ref> are offered to the Goddess and is submerged in the holy Champa river, near the temple.

=== Dharhara ===
{{main|Dharhara, Bhagalpur}}
[[Dharhara, Bhagalpur|Dharhara]] village, located at Naugachia of Bhagalpur, nestled within the fertile lands, is a village globally celebrated for its deeply rooted, sustainable tradition: the village mandates the planting of at least ten fruit-bearing trees—primarily mango and lychee—upon the birth of every girl child.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 June 2010 |title=How fruit trees in Indian village save girls' lives |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10204759 |access-date=6 December 2025 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> This extraordinary custom, which has earned Dharhara the moniker of the "Reformist Village," has transformed the landscape into a lush, green canopy, making it a unique destination that blends cultural significance with environmental stewardship.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=DNA Web |title=Nitish Kumar hails Dharhara natives for planting trees |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-nitish-kumar-hails-dharhara-natives-for-planting-trees-1392731 |access-date=6 December 2025 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> Visitors are drawn to witness this harmonious balance, explore the extensive orchards that double as a dowry and economic security for the daughters, and experience the rich Angika culture centered around the ancient Thakurbari Temple and the serene Sonaiya Pokhar lake managed by Thakurbari Temple Trust .<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 December 2011 |title=Dharahara village in Bhagalpur district known for planting fruit-bearing trees in the name of every newborn daughter there, is destined to get on the national map, as the ministry of defence (MoD) has selected Bihar government's tableau for the Republic Day parade next year. It is modelled on the typical practice of the village. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/dharahara-village-inbhagalpur-district-known-for-planting-fruit-bearing-trees-in-the-name-of-every-newborn-daughter-there-is-destined-to-get-on-the-national-map-as-the-ministry-of-defence-mod-has-selected-bihar-governments-tableau-for-the-republic-day-parade-next-year-it-is-modelled-on-the-typical-practice-of-the-village-/articleshow/11062239.cms |access-date=6 December 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2010 |title=Bihar's forest of daughters |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bihar-s-forest-of-daughters/story-85t5Fkbl0XjyYugaS4GGdO.html |access-date=6 December 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

===Budhanath Temple===
{{Main|Budhanath Temple}}

[[File:Baba Budhanath Temple.png|alt=Bal Vriddheswarnath Temple|thumb|Budhanath Temple, one of 108 Nath temples in India mentioned in [[Shiva Purana]] ]]

Spread over three acres, [[Budhanath Temple]] is located on the banks of the [[Uttarvahini Ganga]] (flowing from south to north) River. Being one of the oldest temples in the region, it witnesses influx of devotees throughout the year. It is about twenty minutes from the main town. Reference of Baba Budhanath can be found in [[Shiva Purana]] as Baba Bal Vridheshwarnath. Also, this name has been stated in the first segment of the eighth segments of [[Shiva Purana]]. The lingam of this place of worship is self-incarnated nevertheless as to when it came into being is still unknown. Idol of Ma Bhavani can be seen beside the Shivalinga or [[Lingam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bhagalpuronline.in/city-guide/bhagalpur-tourism |title=Bhagalpur Tourism, Travel and Tourism in Bhagalpur city, Bihar |website=Bhagalpuronline.in |access-date=7 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331150010/http://www.bhagalpuronline.in/city-guide/bhagalpur-tourism |archive-date=31 March 2016 }}</ref>

===Shri Champapur Digamber Jain Temple===
{{Main|Champapuri}}

[[File:Lord Vasupujya.jpeg|upright|thumb|The tallest statue of Lord Vasupujya, Champapur]]

Champapur is an ancient and historic Teerth Kshetra of [[Jainism]]. It is the place where all the five Kalyanaks, Garbha, Janam, Tapa, KevalGyan, and Moksha Kalyanak of Bhagwan [[Vasupujya]], the 12th Jain Teerthankar, have taken place. Champapur was the capital of [[Anga]] Janpada, one of the 52 [[Janapada]]s established by Adi Teerthankar Bhagwan Rishabh Deo. Champapur also existed as [[Mahajanapada]] among the six Mahajanapadas during the time of Bhagwan [[Mahavira]] Swami.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

The three Chaturmas of Bhagwan [[Mahavira]] Swami during his Dikshakal, religious propagation centre of [[Anga]]-[[Vanga Kingdom|Banga]]-[[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadh]]-[[Vaishali district|Vaishali]], test of modesty of Sati Subhadra and Anantmati, Aahardan to Bhagwan Mahaveer Swami by Sati Chandan Bala have taken place in Champapur. Champapur is also related to great stories of 'origin of Harivansha, Shripal-Mainasundari, Shri Dharma Ghosh Muni, King [[Karna]] of [[Mahabharata]], King Mudrak and great architect [[Vishvakarman]]'.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jain Temple Nathnagar, Bhagalpur|url=http://jainteerth.com/bihar-jain-teerth/shri-champapur-digamber-jain-siddha-kshetra-bada-mandir-nathnagar-bhagalpur-bihar/|website=jainteerth|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722052345/http://jainteerth.com/bihar-jain-teerth/shri-champapur-digamber-jain-siddha-kshetra-bada-mandir-nathnagar-bhagalpur-bihar/|archive-date=22 July 2015}}</ref>

The main temple of Champapur Siddha Kshetra is about 2500 years old. This temple, being symbolic of 'Panch Kalyanaka', is adorned with 5 altars, magnificent spire, and 2 columns of fame. It is said that there were 4 'Columns of Fame (Keerti Stambha)' which existed in four corners of the campus of the temple. Later on, 2 out of 4 were destroyed in the earthquake of year 1934 and repair (Jirnoddhar) of other 2 columns was done in 1938. The 'Columns of Fame' are about 2200 years old.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shri Champapur Digamber Jain, Bhagalpur|url=http://jain.org.in/tirth-bihar-champapur.html|website=jain|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723070226/http://jain.org.in/tirth-bihar-champapur.html|archive-date=23 July 2015}}</ref>

=== Khanqah-e-Shahbazia ===
{{Main|Khanqah-e-Shahbazia}}

Founded in 1577 AD, the Khanqah-e-Shahbazia is one of the most revered shrines of Bhagalpur. It houses the grave of Maulana Shahbaz, a saint whose 13th-generation descendants still run the place.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Bhagalpur: The Silk City|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/traveller/ot-getaway-guides/bhagalpur-silk-city/|access-date=25 June 2020|website=Outlook Traveller|language=en-US}}</ref> Maulana Shahbaz Rahmatullah is considered one of the 40 Sufi saints sent to spread the message of Allah. The ''Sajjadah Nasheen'' (direct descendant of the saint) is supposed to spend his life within the confines of the Khanqah and take care of its management, lead prayers, and offer spiritual services. It is said that they are exempted from appearing in a court of law.

The Mosque was built by [[Aurangzeb]] and was frequently visited by him. Every Thursday, visitors assemble at the place to be blessed. Most of the visitors are said to be from the eastern parts of India and Bangladesh. There is a belief that the water in a pond here has medicinal qualities that can cure illness and snake bites. The [[Archaeological Survey of India|Archeological Survey of India]] has discovered some ancient manuscripts from the basement of Khanqah e Shahbazia.

The Khanqah is also famous for its library, which has a vast collection of Arabic and Persian theological texts, including a copy of the ''Qur'an'' transcribed by [[Murshid Quli Khan]], the Nawab of Murshidabad, Bengal.<ref name=":0" />

=== Ghats in Bhagalpur ===
{{main|Ghats in Bhagalpur}}

The [[Ghat|ghats]] of Bhagalpur are riverfront steps and embankments situated along the banks of the Ganga River in the Bhagalpur district. These ghats serve as important cultural, spiritual, and social spaces, playing a vital role in the daily lives of residents. They are especially significant during major Hindu festivals such as [[Shravani Mela]], [[Chhath Puja]], [[Magha Purnima|Maghi Purnima]], [[Shravana (month)|Shravan Somvari]], and [[Makar Sankranti]], when thousands gather for ritual bathing, prayers, and offerings to "[[Surya]]".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dept |first=Bihar (India) Public Relations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IfIfAQAAIAAJ&q=ghats+in+bhagalpur |title=Bihar |date=1958 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Staff |date=21 June 2025 |title=DM-SSP Reviews Shravani Mela Preparations in Bhagalpur, Orders Cleanliness at Ganga Ghats |url=https://patnapress.com/dm-ssp-reviews-shravani-mela-preparations-in-bhagalpur-orders-cleanliness-at-ganga-ghats/ |access-date=24 August 2025 |website=Patna Press |language=en-US}}</ref>

The most prominent ghats in Bhagalpur, ranked by religious significance, crowd density during major festivals like Chhath Puja and Sawan, and cultural heritage, include Barari Pul Ghat, which remains the largest and most frequented; Budhanath Ghat, closely linked with the historic Budhanath Temple; and Barari Sidhi Ghat, known for its grand staircase and proximity to the Radha Krishna octagonal temple. Other important ghats are Khanjarpur Ghat (SM College Ghat), Hanuman Ghat with its old temple heritage, and Manik Sarkar Ghat, which is particularly crowded during Shravan. Additionally, Pipli Dham Ghat, Jogsar Ghat, Khirni Ghat, and the emerging Babupur Ghat (now part of the urban zone after city expansion) also hold notable significance for ritual bathing and religious gatherings. These ghats collectively reflect the devotional and historical richness of the Ganga riverfront in Bhagalpur.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Abhijit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7L1dEAAAQBAJ&dq=ghats+in+bhagalpur&pg=PA74 |title=Riverine Systems: Understanding the Hydrological, Hydrosocial and Hydro-heritage Dynamics |date=8 February 2022 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-87067-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Mukul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aOKwAAAAIAAJ&q=ghats+in+bhagalpur |title=Landscapes and Lives: Environmental Dispatches on Rural India |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-565533-9 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Barari Nayi Sidhi Ghat.jpg|thumb|Ganga Aarti at Seedhi Ghat]]

== River ==
There are many rivers which cross the Bhagalpur Border. They are:

# [[Ganges|Ganga River]]- The Ganga is the most sacred river in India. It flows through Bhagalpur.
# [[Kosi River]]: The Koshi River, also known as the "Sorrow of Bihar," is a major river that flows near Bhagalpur.
# [[Chandan River|Chanan River]]: An important river which flows through Bhagalpur and Banka Districts of Bihar, the adjoining area is known as Chanan Basin and is famous for the [[Katarni rice|Katarni Rice]].

==Education==
{{Main|List of educational institutes in Bhagalpur}}

[[File:Bihar agriculture college.jpg|thumb|[[Bihar Agricultural University ]]]]

*[[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Bhagalpur|Indian Institute of Information Technology (IIIT), Bhagalpur]]
*[[Bihar Agricultural University|Bihar Agricultural University (BAU), Sabour, Bhagalpur]]
*[[Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Bhagalpur|Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College & Hospital (JLNMCH), Mayaganj, Bhagalpur]]
*[[Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University|Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University (TMBU), Bhagalpur]]
*[[Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering and Technology|Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering and Technology-CSTS, Bhagalpur]]
*[[Kahalgaon Super Thermal Power Station|NTPC Kahalgaon, Bhagalpur]]
*[[Software Technology Parks of India|Software Technology Park (STPI), Bhagalpur]]
*[[Vikramshila|Vikramshila Central University, Bhagalpur]] (proposed)
*[[Bhagalpur College of Engineering|Bhagalpur College of Engineering (BCE), Bhagalpur]]
*[[Marwari College, Bhagalpur]]
*[[D.A.V. Public School]]
*[[St. Joseph's School, Pakartalla, Kahalgaon|Saint Joseph's School]]
*[[Mount Assisi School]]
*[[Mount Carmel School]]
*[[T.N.B. College, Bhagalpur]]

==Media==
Print media include the Hindi ''[[Dainik Jagran]]'', ''[[Dainik Bhaskar]]'', ''[[Aaj (newspaper)|Aaj]]'', ''[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]]'' (under ''[[Hindustan Times]]''), and ''[[Prabhat Khabar]]''; the Urdu ''[[The Inquilab]]''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jagran Prakashan launches multiple editions of Inquilab in Bihar|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/37634_jagran-prakashan-launches-multiple-editions-of-inquilab-in-bihar|access-date=11 August 2020|website=afaqs!|date=30 May 2013 }}</ref> and ''Taasir'', while English ''[[Times of India]]'', ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]],'' and ''Hindustan Times'' are also available.

Broadcast media include [[All India Radio]] (Frequency 1458 kHz, 1206 kHz) 90.4 FM Radio Active (Bhagalpur) and AIR FM Rainbow India 100.1.M, sadhna plus news channel

Telecommunications services include [[BSNL]], [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]], [[Vodafone Idea]], and [[Reliance Jio]].

[[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]], [[Jio]], [[BSNL]], and [[Sify]] are providing broadband services in this region.

==Notable people==

{{sort list|asc|2=
* [[Ajit Pal Mangat]] – Indian film director.
* [[Alexander Dow]] – Died at Bhagalpur was an orientalist, writer, playwright and army officer in the East India Company
* [[A. M. Sahay|Anand Mohan Sahay]] – General Secretary in INA with Netaji. Ambassador in seven different countries.
* [[Ashis Nandy]] – Indian political psychologist, a social theorist, and a contemporary cultural and political critic.
* [[Ashok Kumar]] – Hindi Indian movie actor.
* [[Ashwini Kumar Choubey]] – [[BJP]] politician. Ex health minister of Bihar.
* [[Aisha Sharma]] - Actress, Bollywood, Sister of [[Neha Sharma]]
* [[Aparajita Sarangi]] - Member of Parliament and IAS officer who brought in Bhagalpur
* [[Ajit Sharma]] – Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly from Bhagalpur constituency.
* [[Buddhadev Das Gupta]] -Indian classical musician
* [[B. J. Choubey]] – Professor in the [[Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University]]
* [[Balai Chand Mukhopadhyay]] – Pen name Banaphool, Bengali writer.
* [[Bhagwat Jha Azad]] – Former Chief minister of Bihar
* [[Chunchun Prasad Yadav]] - Three consecutive times MP from Bhagalpur
* [[Chandan Kushwaha]], IPS officer of Bihar cadre.
* [[Diwakar Prasad Singh]], Former Member of Legislative Council, Former Minister of Education, Bihar
* [[Dibyendu Palit]] – Bengali writer
* [[Francis David Millet Brown]]-British Indian Army officer
* [[George Francis Brown]] - East India Company, and Commissioner of Bhagalpur
* [[George Heenan]] - New Zealand cricketer, schoolteacher and geologist
* [[Gorelal Manishi]]
* [[Gurmeet Choudhary]] – Indian television actor, model and dancer.
* [[Kadambini Ganguly]] – Daughter of Braja Kishore Bose, headmaster of Bhagalpur School, was India's one of the first women graduates and Doctor was born in Bhagalpur.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://epaper.jagran.com/ePaperArticle/27-jul-2015-edition-Bhagalpur-City-page_8-46499-5583-205.html |title=Story |website=Epaper.jagran.com |date=27 July 2015 |access-date=7 May 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603140424/http://epaper.jagran.com/ePaperArticle/27-jul-2015-edition-Bhagalpur-City-page_8-46499-5583-205.html |archive-date=3 June 2016 }}</ref>
* [[Lutfur Rahman (poet)|Lutfur Rahman]] – Urdu poet
* [[Marco della Tomba]] - . He died in Bhagalpur
* [[Maharani Chakravorty]] - Indian molecular biologist
* [[Mehi]] - saint
* [[Muhammad Sahool Bhagalpuri]] -Muslim scholar
* [[Nandalal Bose]] – Artist
* [[Neha Sharma]] – Hindi & South-Indian movie actress.<ref name="Koi Moi">{{cite web |url=http://www.koimoi.com/actress/neha-sharma/ |title=Neha Sharma | Actresses |website=Koimoi.com |date=20 June 2014 |access-date=7 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504022202/http://www.koimoi.com/actress/neha-sharma/ |archive-date=4 May 2016 }}</ref>
* [[Nishikant Dubey]]<ref name="Election Commission of India">{{cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/jharkhand/parliamentary-constituencies/godda.html |title=Godda(Jharkhand) Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 with Sitting MP and Party Name |website=Elections.in |access-date=7 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530202333/http://www.elections.in/jharkhand/parliamentary-constituencies/godda.html |archive-date=30 May 2016 }}</ref>
* [[Pritish Nandy]] – Poet, painter, journalist, politician, television personality, animal activist and film producer.<ref name="indian by accident">{{cite web |url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/extraordinaryissue/an-indian-by-accident-we-contain-multitudes-lets-celebrate-the-freedom-of-being-indian-the-way-we-want-to-be/ |title=An Indian by accident |website=timesofindia.com |date=14 August 2015 |access-date=6 August 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807113607/http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/extraordinaryissue/an-indian-by-accident-we-contain-multitudes-lets-celebrate-the-freedom-of-being-indian-the-way-we-want-to-be/ |archive-date=7 August 2017 }}</ref>
* [[Rabindra Kumar Rana]] – Politician, Member of the 14th Lok Sabha.
* [[Raj Kamal Jha]] – Chief Editor, The Indian Express; author and novelist
* [[Ramjee Singh]] – Book edited - Gandhi's centenary number, T.N.B . college, Bhagalpur University, 1970
* [[Raveesh Kumar]] - Indian ambassador to Finland, former spokesperson of [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs in Government of India]].
* [[Rajesh Verma (Khagaria politician)]]
* [[William St Clair Grant]] -Scottish international rugby player, born in Bhaugulpore, Bengal, India.
* [[William Vansittart]] - British politician born in Bhagalpur
* [[Sanjay Jha (businessman)|Sanjay Jha]] – Former CEO of [[GlobalFoundries|Global Foundries]].
* [[Saratchandra Chattopadhyay]] – Famous Bengali novelist. The novel Srikanth is based on Bhagalpur.
* [[Suchitra Bhattacharya]] – Acclaimed Indian novelist was born in Bhagalpur on 10 January 1950.
* [[Syed Shahnawaz Hussain]] – [[BJP]] leader
* [[Saeedullah Khan]] – [[Vice Chief of the Air Staff (Pakistan)|Deputy Chief of Air Staff]] [[Pakistan Air Force]]
* [[Shashi Prasad Singh]] – Freedom fighter and former General Secretary of the Bhagalpur District Congress Committee; martyred during the [[Quit India Movement]].
* [[Tapan Sinha]] – Film director
* [[Tilka Manjhi]] – First [[Santhal people|Santhal]] freedom fighter
}}


==Regional/Zonal offices in Bhagalpur==
*[[India Post|India Post East Region Bhagalpur]]
*[[Chairperson of the Central Board of Direct Taxes|Zonal Accounts Office, CBDT (Bhagalpur)]]
*[[State Bank of India]]
*[[Bank of India]]
*[[Union Bank of India]]
*[[UCO Bank]]
*[[Indian Bank|Indian Bank (Allahabad Bank)]]
*[[Punjab National Bank|Punjab National Bank Circle Office]]
*[[Bharti Airtel|Airtel Zonal Office]]
*[[Life Insurance Corporation|LIC Divisional Office]]
*[[Bihar School Examination Board]]
*Bihar Industrial Area Development Authority (BIADA)
*Bihar State Pollution Control Board
* [[Employees' Provident Fund Organisation|Employees' Provident Fund Organisation(EPFO) Sub-Regional Office, Bhagalpur]]
*[[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|MSME office Bhagalpur]]
*[[Forensic science laboratory|Regional Forensic science laboratory]]
*[[Water Treatment|Regional Water Treatment Laboratory]]
*[[National Dairy Development Board|Regional Dairy Development Office]]
*[[National Career Service (India)|National Career Service(NCS) Regional office]]
*Environment And Forest Division Bhagalpur

==See also==
*[[1980 Bhagalpur blindings]]
*[[Aranyak]]
*[[Bhagalpur sari]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bhagalpur}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180310093738/http://bhagalpur.bih.nic.in/ Official Bhagalpur District website]
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Bhagalpur}}

{{Bhagalpur district}}
{{Bhagalpur Division}}
{{Bihar}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bhagalpur| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Bhagalpur district]]

Vyasatirtha

2026-03-07T08:22:07Z

Ramesheditor: content fix

{{short description|16th-century Indian philosopher}}
{{good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}

{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific-prefix = Sri
| name = Vyasatirtha
| image_size = 180px
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| school = [[Vedanta]]
| birth_name = Yatiraja
| birth_date = 22 April 1447
| birth_place = [[Bannur]], Karnataka
| death_date = 8 March 1539
| death_place = [[Hampi]]
| resting_place = [[Nava Brindavana]]
| predecessor = Bramhanya Tirtha
| guru = [[Sripadaraja]], Bramhanya Tirtha
| disciples = [[Purandara Dasa]]
*[[Kanaka Dasa]]
*[[Vijayendra Tirtha]]
*[[Vadiraja Tirtha]]
*Srinivasa Tirtha
| honors = ''Chandrikacharya'', ''Vyasaraja''
| image =
| philosophy = [[Dvaita]]
}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
{{DvaitaInfobox}}
''' Vyāsatīrtha''' ({{circa|1460|1539}}{{Sfn|Stoker|2016|p=2}}), also called ''Vyasaraja'' or ''Chandrikacharya'', was a [[Hindu]] [[philosopher]], scholar, polemicist, commentator and poet belonging to the [[Madhwacharya]]'s [[Dvaita]] order of [[Vedanta]]. As the rajaguru of [[Vijayanagara Empire]], Vyasatirtha was at the forefront of a golden age in Dvaita which saw new developments in dialectical thought, growth of the [[Haridasa]] literature under bards like [[Purandara Dasa]] and [[Kanaka Dasa]] and an increased spread of [[Dvaita]] across the subcontinent. He himself composed many kīrtanas in [[Kannada]] and [[Sanskrit]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal Carpet Carnatic Composers: Vyasaraya |url=https://karnatik.com/co1083.shtml |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=karnatik.com}}</ref>

Three of his polemically themed [[doxography|doxographical]] works ''Nyayamruta'', ''Tatparya Chandrika'' and ''Tarka Tandava'' (collectively called ''Vyasa Traya'') documented and critiqued an encyclopaedic range of sub-philosophies in [[Advaita Vedanta#Post-Shankara – early medieaval times|Advaita]],{{refn|group=note|Quote from Sastri: It was Vyasatirtha, who, for the first time took special pains to collect together from the vast range of Advaitic literature, all the crucial points for discussion and arrange them on a novel, yet thoroughly scientific and systematic plan.{{Sfn|Sastri|1982|p=36}}}} [[Vishishtadvaita#Tenkalai and Vadakalai schools of thought|Visistadvaita]], [[Early Buddhist schools|Mahayana Buddhism]], [[Mīmāṃsā#History|Mimamsa]] and [[Nyaya#Literature|Nyaya]], revealing internal contradictions and fallacies. His ''Nyayamruta'' caused a stir in the [[Advaita]] community across the country requiring a rebuttal by [[Madhusudhana Saraswati]] through his text, ''Advaitasiddhi''. He is considered as an amsha of [[Prahlada]] in the Madhva ''Parampara''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sumadhwaseva.com/yatigalu/vyasaraja-mutt/vyasarajaru/ | title=Vyasarajaru – Sumadhwa Seva | date=29 March 2013 | access-date=23 February 2022 | archive-date=30 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430222349/https://www.sumadhwaseva.com/yatigalu/vyasaraja-mutt/vyasarajaru/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Born into a [[Brahmin]] family as ''Yatiraja'', Bramhanya Tirtha, the pontiff of the [[matha]] at [[Abbur, Bangalore Rural|Abbur]], assumed guardianship over him and oversaw his education. He studied the [[Āstika and nāstika#Āstika|six orthodox schools]] of [[Hinduism]] at [[Kanchi]] and subsequently, the philosophy of Dvaita under [[Sripadaraja]] at [[Mulbagal]], eventually succeeding him as the [[pontiff]]. He served as a spiritual adviser to [[Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya]] at [[Chandragiri]] though his most notable association was with the [[Tuluva]] king [[Krishna Deva Raya]]. With the royal patronage of the latter, Vyasatirtha undertook a expansion of Dvaita into the scholarly circles, through his polemical tracts as well as into the lives of the laymen through [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] classical devotional songs and Krithis. In this regard, he penned several ''[[kirtana]]s'' under the [[pen name]] of ''Krishna''. His famous compositions are ''[[Krishna Nee Begane]]'', ''Dasarendare Purandara'', ''Krishna Krishna Endu'', ''Olaga Sulabhavo'' and many more.

Politically, Vyasatirtha was responsible for the development of irrigation systems in villages such as Bettakonda and establishment of several [[Vayu]] temples in the newly conquered regions between [[Bengaluru]] and [[Mysore]] in-order to quell any rebellion and facilitate their integration into the Empire.

For his contribution to the Dvaita school of thought, he, along with [[Madhva]] and [[Jayatirtha]], are considered to be the three great saints of Dvaita (''munitraya''). Scholar [[Surendranath Dasgupta]] notes, "The logical skill and depth of acute dialectical thinking shown by Vyasa-tirtha stands almost unrivalled in the whole field of Indian thought".{{sfn|Dasgupta|1991|p=viii}}

== Historical sources ==
Information about Vyasatirtha is derived from his biography by the poet Somanatha Kavi called ''Vyasayogicharita'' and inscriptional evidence. Songs of [[Purandara Dasa]] and traditional stories yield important insights too. Though ''Vyasayogicharita'' is a [[hagiography]], unlike other works in the genre, it is free of embellishments such as performance of miracles and some of its claims can be corroborated with inscriptional evidence.{{sfn|Stoker|2016|p=24}} Somanatha mentions at the end of the text that the biography was approved by Vyasatirtha himself, implying the contemporary nature of the work. While some scholars attest the veracity of the text to the claim that Somanatha was a [[Smartha]] hence free of sectarian bias,{{sfn|Sharma|2000|p=252-253}}{{sfn|Rao|1926|p=xviii}} others question the claim citing a lack of evidence.{{sfn|Sarma|2007|p=157}}{{sfn|Verghese|1995|p=8}}

== Context ==
The philosophy of Dvaita or Tattvavada was an obscure movement within [[Vedanta]] in [[medieval India]]. Philosophically, its tenets stood in direct opposition to [[Advaita]] in that its progenitor, [[Madhva]], postulated that the self ([[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]]) and god ([[Brahman]]) are distinct and that the world is real. As Advaita was the prevailing sub-sect of Vedanta at the time, the works of Madhva and his followers came under significant attack and ridicule.{{Sfn|Dalmia|2009|p=158}} Madhva deployed his disciples to promulgate the philosophy across the country, which led to the establishment of a small and diffuse network of ''[[mathas]]'', or centres of worship, across the subcontinent.{{Sfn|Sharma|1961|p=255}} The early years of Dvaita were spent spreading its basic tenets including participating in debates with the Advaita scholars.{{Sfn|Sharma|1961|p=183}}

Philosophical improvements were pioneered by [[Padmanabha Tirtha]] and subsequently perfected by [[Jayatirtha]]. Dasgupta contends that the latter's contributions brought Dvaita up to the standards of intellectual sophistication set by Advaita and [[Visistadvaita]].{{Sfn|Dasgupta|1991|p=viii}} By imbuing the nascent philosophy with structure and expanding upon Madhva's terse texts, he reinforced the intellectual position of Madhva and set the standard for [[Dvaita literature]] through his seminal work, ''Nyaya Sudha'' ('Nectar of Logic').{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=330}}

Subsequent authors such as Vishnudasacharya further expanded upon these texts and authored commentaries branching into diverse fields such as [[Mimamsa]] and [[Navya Nyaya]], a tradition which would continue for centuries. Despite the intellectual growth, due to the [[Persecution of Hindus#Delhi Sultanate (13-16th century)|turbulent political atmosphere of India]] at the time, penetration of Dvaita into the cultural collective of the subcontinent was limited.{{Sfn|Rao|1959|p=101}}{{Sfn|Stoker|2016|p=3}} It was not until [[Sripadaraja]], the [[Pontiff#Other religions|pontiff]] of the matha at Abbur, who aligned himself with the [[Vijaynagara]] king [[Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya]] and served as his [[guru]], that Dvaita would receive royal encouragement and a certain degree of power.{{sfn|Jackson|2000|p=802}} But the [[Smartha]] Brahmins, adhering to the principles of Advaita, and [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnavites]], following the Visistadvaita philosophy of [[Ramanuja]], controlled the [[Shiva]] and [[Vishnu]] temples respectively, thus limiting the influence of Dvaita.{{Sfn|Stoker|2016|p=3}}

== Early life ==
Vyasatirtha was born Yatiraja into a [[Madhva Brahmin]] family<ref>{{cite book|title= The Sri-Krsna Temple at Udupi: The History and Spiritual Center of the Madhvite Sect of Hinduism|url=https://archive.org/details/SriKrsnaTempleAtUdupi|first=B.N|last=Hebbar|publisher=Bharatiya Granth Nikethan|year=2005|page=93|isbn=81-89211-04-8|quote=Vyäsatirtha was a deśastha Madhva and not a Taulava. He was the fifth pontiff of the Dakşinădi Matha (which was later renamed after him as the Vyāsarāya Matha as it is known today).}}</ref> to Ramacharya (Ballanna) and Lakshmi Bai (Akkamma) in a hamlet called [[Bannur]]. According to Vyasayogicharita, the childless couple approached saint Bramhanya Tirtha, who granted them a boon of three children with the condition that the second child, who would turn out to be Yatiraja, be handed over to him. After Yatiraja's [[upanayana]], Bramhanya Tirtha assumed guardianship over the child.{{sfn|Jackson|2000|p=902}} Bramhanya was surprised by the precocious intellect of the child and intended to ordain him as a monk. Yatiraja, anticipating the ordination, decided to run away from the hermitage. While resting under a tree, he had a vision of [[Vishnu]], who urged Yatiraja to return, which he did. He was subsequently ordained as Vyasatirtha. [[Indologist]] B.N.K Sharma contends that Vyasatirtha would have been 16 years of age at this time.{{sfn|Sharma|2000|p=26}}

After the death of Bramhanya Tirtha during the [[Famine in India#Ancient, medieval and pre-colonial India|famine of 1475–1476]], Vyasatirtha succeeded him as the pontiff of the ''matha'' at Abbur in 1478{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=286}} and proceeded to [[Kanchi]], which was the centre for Sastric learning in South India at the time, to educate himself on the [[Astika and Nastika|six orthodox schools of thought]], which are: Vedanta, [[Samkhya]], Nyaya, Mimamsa, [[Vaisheshika]] and [[Yoga]]. Sharma conjectures that the education Vyasatirtha received in Kanchi helped him become erudite in the intricacies and subtleties of [[Advaita]], [[Visistadvaita]], [[Navya Nyaya]] and other schools of thought.{{sfn|Sharma|2000|p=26}} After completing his education at Kanchi, Vyasatirtha headed to [[Mulbagal]] to study the philosophy of [[Dvaita]] under [[Sripadaraja]], whom he would consider his guru, for a period of five to six years. He was subsequently sent to the [[Vijayanagara]] court of [[Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya]] at the behest of Sripadaraja.{{Sfn|Jackson|2000|p=903}}

== At Chandragiri ==
[[File:Tirumala 090615.jpg|thumb| Vyasatirtha served as the head priest at the [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Venkateswara Temple]], Tirumala.]]

Vyasatirtha was received by Saluva Narasimha at [[Chandragiri]].{{Sfn|Jackson|2000|p=903}} Somanatha speaks of several debates and discussions in which Vyasatirtha was triumphant over the leading scholars of the day. He also talks about Vyasatirtha giving spiritual guidance to the king. Around the same time, Vyasatirtha was entrusted with the worship of the [[Venkateshwara]] deity at [[Tirupati]] and undertook his first South Indian tour (a tour entailing travelling to different regions in order to spread the doctrines of Dvaita). After the death of Saluva Narasimha, Vyasatirtha remained at Chandragiri in the court of [[Narasimha Raya II]] until [[Tuluva Narasa Nayaka]] declared himself to be the ''de facto'' ruler of Vijayanagara.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=27-28}} At the behest of Narasa, Vyasatirtha moved to [[Hampi]] and would remain there for the rest of his life. After the death of Narasa, his son [[Viranarasimha Raya]] was subsequently crowned.{{Sfn|Farooqui|2011|p=121}} Some scholars argue against the claim that Vyasatirtha acted as a spiritual adviser to Saluva Narasimha, Narasimha II and Vira Narasimha due to the lack of inscriptional evidence.{{sfn|Verghese|1995|p=8}}{{sfn|Sarma|2007|p=156}}

== At Hampi ==
[[File:Vijayanagara.jpg|thumb| Vyasatirtha maintained cordial relationships with the royalty, especially [[Krishnadevaraya]], who considered Vyasatirtha as his [[guru]].]]

At [[Hampi]], the new capital of the empire, Vyasatirtha was appointed as the "Guardian Saint of the State" after a period of prolonged disputations and debates with scholars led by Basava Bhatta, an emissary from the Kingdom of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]].{{sfn|Stoker|2016|p=29}} His association with the royalty continued after [[Viranarasimha Raya]] overthrew [[Narasimha Raya II]] to become the emperor. [[Fernão Nunes]] observes that "The King of Bisnega, everyday, hears the teachings of a learned Brahmin who never married nor ever touched a woman" which Sharma conjectures is Vyasatirtha.{{sfn|Sharma|2000|p=29}} Sharma also contends that it was around this time that Vyasatirtha had begun his work on ''Tatparya Chandrika'', ''Nyayamruta'' and ''Tarka Tandva''.{{sfn|Sharma|2000|p=29}}
After the accession of [[Krishnadeva Raya]], Vyasatirtha, who the king regarded as his ''[[kuladevata]]'', greatly expanded his influence by serving as an emissary and diplomat to the neighbouring kingdoms while simultaneously disseminating the philosophy of [[Dvaita]] into the subcontinent. His close relationship to [[Krishnadeva Raya]] is corroborated by inscriptions on the Vitthala Temple at Hampi and accounts by the Portuguese traveler [[Domingo Paes]].{{Sfn|Sewell|2000|p=249-250}}{{refn|group=note|Quote from Paes: Raya being washed by a Brahmin whom he held sacred and who was a great favourite of his. Sharma conjectures that the washing of the disciple by the guru is found only among the Brahmins adhering to the Madhva tradition (mentioned in Madhva's ''Tantrasara'').{{Sfn|Sewell|2000|p=249-250}}}}

Vyasatirtha was also sent on diplomatic missions to the [[Adil Shahi Dynasty|Bijapur Sultanate]] and accepted grants of villages in newly conquered territories for the establishment of Mathas. Stoker conjectures that this was advantageous to both the king and Vyasatirtha as the establishments of Mathas in these newly conquered regions led to political stability and also furthered the reach of [[Dvaita]].{{sfn|Stoker|2016|p=39-40}}
Somanatha writes of an incident where Krishnadeva Raya was sent a work of criticism against Dvaita by an Advaita scholar in Kalinga as a challenge. After Vyasatirtha retaliated accordingly, Krishnadeva Raya awarded Vyasatirtha with a ''ratnabhisheka'' (a shower of jewels) which Vyasatirtha subsequently distributed among the poor.{{sfn|Stoker|2016|p=30}}{{sfn|Sharma|2000|p=33}} The inscriptions speak of grants of villages to Vyasatirtha from Krishnadeva Raya around this period, including Bettakonda, where he developed large irrigation systems including a lake called ''Vyasasamudra''.{{sfn|Jackson|2000|p=903}} This period of Vyasatirtha also saw the establishment of ''Dasakuta'' (translated as ''community of devotees''), a forum where people gathered and sung hymns and devotional songs. The forum attracted a number of wandering bards (called [[Haridasa]]s or ''devotees of Vishnu'') such as [[Purandara Dasa]] and [[Kanaka Dasa]].{{Sfn|Karmarkar|1939|p=40}}

== Time Period of Kuhu Yoga ==
Kuhu yoga parihara – Once Krishnadevaraya had Kuhu yoga. Sri Vyasarajaru, noticing that the kingdom is in trouble, asked the king to donate to Vyasarajaru, who ruled the state before the kuhuyoga period and during the period. When the Kuhuyoga came in the form of Krishna sarpa, he kept his kaavi on the simhasana which was burnt into ashes. Then after the Kuhuyoga period was over, the very next day itself, he asked the king to take back his kingdom. King Krishnadevaraya was reluctant to take back the kingdom, as he himself had donated the same to Sri Vyasarajaru, which would amount to Dattapahara dosha. But Sri Vyasarajaru insisted and ordered him to take back, so he took it.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sumadhwaseva.com/yatigalu/vyasaraja-mutt/vyasarajaru/ | title=Vyasarajaru – Sumadhwa Seva | date=29 March 2013 | access-date=23 February 2022 | archive-date=30 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430222349/https://www.sumadhwaseva.com/yatigalu/vyasaraja-mutt/vyasarajaru/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Later years ==
[[File:The elegant stone chariot.jpg|thumb|right| In his later years Vyasatirtha donated a Narasimha idol to the Vittala Temple.]]
There was a period of "temporary estrangement" from the royalty due to internal political friction, during which Vyasatirtha retreated to Bettakonda.{{sfn|Sharma|2000|p=33}} After the death of Krishnadeva Raya, Vyasatirtha continued to advise [[Achyuta Deva Raya]]. Inscriptions speak of his donation of a Narasimha idol to the Vittala Temple at Hampi indicating he was still an active figure.{{sfn|Stoker|2016|p=78}} His disciples [[Vijayendra Tirtha]] and [[Vadiraja Tirtha]] furthered his legacy by penning polemical works and spreading the philosophy of Dvaita into the [[Chola]] and the [[Malnad]] region, eventually assuming pontifical seats at [[Kumbakonam]] and [[Sodhe]], respectively. He died in 1539 and his mortal remains are enshrined in [[Nava Brindavana]], near [[Hampi]]. His remembrance day every year (called ''Aradhana'') is celebrated in the month of [[Phalguna]]. He was succeeded by his disciple, Srinivasa Tirtha.
[[File:Vyasatirtha tomb.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Vyasatirtha tomb|The tomb or Brindavana of Vyasatirtha in Anegundi{{refn|group=note|In 2019, his tomb was dismantled by miscreants in search of a treasure.{{Sfn|Hindu|2019}} It was rebuilt the subsequent day by the devotees.}}]]

== Works ==
Vyasatirtha authored eight works consisting of polemical tracts, commentaries on the works of [[Madhva]] and a few hymns. Visnudasacharya's ''Vadaratnavali'', a polemical treatise against the tenets of Advaita, is considered to have influenced him.{{sfn|Williams|2014}} By tracing a detailed and historically sensitive evolution of systems of thought such as Advaita, [[Vyakarana]], [[Nyaya]] and [[Mimamsa]] and revealing internal inconsistencies, McCrea contends that Vyasatirtha created a new form of [[doxography]].{{sfn|McCrea|2015}} [[Ramanuja]]'s Visistadvaita as well as [[Nagarjuna]]'s [[Madhyamaka]] is dealt with in ''Nyayamruta''.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=105-111}} This style of polemics influenced [[Appayya Dikshita]], who authored his own doxographical work titled ''Śātrasiddhāntaleśasaṃgraha''.{{sfn|McCrea|2015}}

=== Nyayamruta ===
''Nyayamruta'' is a polemical and expositional work in four chapters.{{Sfn|Nair|1990|p=20}} Advaita assumes that the world and its multiplicity is the result of the interaction between [[Maya (religion)|Maya]] (sometimes also characterized as ''[[Avidya (Hinduism)|avidya]]'' or ''ignorance'') and the Brahman.{{Sfn|Timalsina|2008|p=63}} Therefore, according to Advaita, the world is nothing more than an illusory construct.{{Sfn|Timalsina|2008|p=67}} The definition of this falsity of the world (called ''mithyatva'') varies within Advaita with some opining that the world has various degrees of reality{{Sfn|Timalsina|2008|p=10}} for example Appayya Dikshita assumes three degrees, while [[Madhusudhana Saraswati]] assumes two.{{Sfn|Timalsina|2008|p=66}} The first chapter of Nyayamruta refutes these definitions of reality.{{Sfn|Nair|1990|p=20}}

In the second chapter, Vyasatirtha examines role of [[pramanas]] in Dvaita and Advaita.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=40}} Pramana translates to "proof" or "means of knowing".{{Sfn|Lochtefeld|2002|p=520}} Dvaita assumes the validity of three ''pramanas'': ''pratyeksha'' (direct experience), ''anumana'' (inference) and ''sabda'' ([[Āgama (Hinduism)|agama]]).{{Sfn|Sharma|1961|p=181}} Here, Vyasatirtha argues that the principles of Dvaita can be supported by the relevant ''pramanas'' and demonstrates this by verifying Madhva's doctrine of [[Madhvacharya#Metaphysics|five fold difference]] accordingly.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=40}}{{Refn|group=note|According to Madhva, there exists five kinds of differences (called ''panchabheda'') in the world. According to this doctrine: 1. no two individual souls or Atmans are alike. 2. Atman and Brahman are distinct and separate 3. Atman is distinct from Matter (called 'jada'). 4. No two particles of matter are alike 5. Brahman and matter are separate and distinct.}} Subsequently, the Advaita concept of [[Para Brahman#Advaita Vedanta – Nirguna Brahman|Nirguna Brahman]] is argued against.{{Sfn|Nair|1990|p=20}} While the third deals with the critique of the [[Advaita]] view on the attainment of true knowledge (''jnana''), the fourth argues against [[soteriological]] issues in Advaita like ''[[Moksha]]'', specifically dealing with the concept of ''Jivanmukti'' (enlightenment while alive).{{Sfn|Nair|1990|p=20}} Vyasatirtha asks whether, for an Advaitin, the body ceases to exist after the veil of illusion has been lifted and the unity with the [[Brahman]] has been attained.

''Nyayamruta'' caused a furore in the Advaita community resulting in a series of scholarly debates over centuries. Madhusudhana Saraswati, a scholar from [[Varanasi]], composed a line-by-line refutation of ''Nyayamruta'' titled ''Advaitasiddhi''.{{Sfn|Nair|1990|p=21}} In response, Vyasa Ramacharya rebutted with ''Nyayamruta Tarangini''{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=145}} and Pandurangi Anandabhattaraka with ''Nyayamruta Kantakoddhara''.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=150}} The former is criticised by [[Brahmananda Saraswati]] in his commentary on ''Advaitasiddhi'', ''Guruchandrika''.{{Sfn|Nair|1990|p=22}} Vanamali Mishra composed a refutation of the Bramhananda Saraswati's work and the controversy eventually died down.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=155}} Stoker conjectures that the strong responses Vyasatirtha received were due to the waning power of Advaita in the Vijayanagara empire coupled by the fact that as an administrator of the ''mathas'', Vyasatirtha enjoyed royal patronage.{{Sfn|Stoker|2016|p=3}}

Vyasatirtha's disciple [[Vijayendra Tirtha]] has authored a commentary on the ''Nyayamruta'' called ''Laghu Amoda''.

=== Tatparya Chandrika ===
''Tatparya Chandrika'' or ''Chandrika'' is a commentary on ''Tattva Prakasika'' by Jayatirtha, which in turn is a commentary on Madhva's ''Brahma Sutra Bhashya'' (which is a ''[[bhashya]]'' or a commentary on [[Badarayana]]'s [[Brahma Sutra]]). It not only documents and analyses the commentaries of [[Adi Shankara|Shankara]], Madhva and [[Ramanuja]] on the Brahma Sutra but also their respective sub-commentaries.{{Refn|group=note|''Bhamati'', ''Panchapadika'', ''Vivarana'' and ''Kalpataru'' of the Advaita school, ''Srutaprakasha'' and ''Adhikaranasaravali'' of the Visistadvaita school and ''Tattva Prakasika'' and ''Nyaya Sudha'' of the Madhva school.}} The goal of Vyasatirtha here is to prove the supremacy of Madhva's ''Brahma Sutra Bhashya'' by showing it to be in harmony with the original source, more so than the other commentaries. The doxographical style of Vyasatirtha is evident in his copious quotations from the main commentaries (of Advaita and Visistadvaita) and their respective sub-commentaries under every ''adhikarna'' or chapter.{{sfn|Sharma|2000|p=45}} Only the first two chapters of the Brahma Sutra are covered. The rest was completed by Raghunatha Tirtha in the 18th century.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=301}}

=== Tarka Tandava ===
''Tarka Tandava'' or "The Dance of Logic" is a polemical tract targeted towards the [[Nyaya]] school. Though Vyasatirtha and his predecessors borrowed the technical language, logical tools and terminologies from the Nyaya school of thought and there is much in common between the two schools, there were significant differences especially with regards to [[epistemology]].{{Sfn|Potter|1972|p=240}} Jayatirtha's ''Nyaya Sudha'' and ''Pramana Paddhati'' were the first reactions against the Nyaya school.{{sfn|Williams|2014}}
The advent of [[Navya Nyaya]] widened the differences between the two schools especially related to the acquisition of knowledge or ''[[pramanas]]'', triggering a systematic response from Vyasatirtha through ''Tarka Tandava''. Vyasatirtha refers to and critiques standard as well as contemporary works of Nyaya: [[Gangesha Upadhyaya]]'s ''Tattvachintamani'', ''Nyayalilavati'' by Sri Vallabha and Udayana's ''Kusumanjali'' and their commentaries. The work is divided into three chapters corresponding to the three ''pramanas'', and a number of topics are raised, including a controversial claim arguing for the supremacy of the conclusion (''upasamhara'') as opposed to the opening statement (''upakrama'') of the ''Brahma Sutra''.{{Sfn|Sharma|1972|p=508}} [[Purva Mimamsa]] and Advaita adhere to the theory that the opening statement trumps the conclusion and base their assumptions accordingly. Vyasatirtha's claim put him at odds with the [[Vedanta]] community with Appayya Dikshita being his most vocal opponent. Vyasatirtha's claim was defended by Vijayendra Tirtha in ''Upasamhara Vijaya''.{{sfn|Sharma|2000|p=53-54}}

=== Mandara Manjari ===
''Mandara Manjari'' is the collective name given to Vyasatirtha's glosses on three (''Mayavada Khandana'', ''Upadhi Khandana'', ''Prapancha Mithyavada Khandana'') out of Madhva's ten refutation treatises called ''Dasha Prakarna'' and one on ''Tattvaviveka'' of Jayatirtha. Vyasatirtha here expands only on the obscure passages in the source text.

=== Bhedojjivana ===
''Bhedojjivana'' is the last work of Vyasatirtha as it quotes from his previous works. The main focus of this treatise is to emphasise the doctrine of difference (''Bheda'') in Dvaita as is evident from the title, which can be translated to "Resuscitation of Bheda". Sarma notes "Within a short compass, he has covered the ground of the entire Monistic literature pushed into contemporary prominence and argued an unexpurgated case for the Realism of Madhva".{{sfn|Sarma|1937|p=15}}

== Legacy ==
Vyasatirtha is considered to be one of the foremost philosophers of Dvaita thought, along with [[Jayatirtha]] and [[Madhva]], for his philosophical and dialectical thought, his role in spreading the school of Dvaita across the subcontinent and his support to the Haridasa movement. Sharma writes "we find in his works a profoundly wide knowledge of ancient and contemporary systems of thought and an astonishingly brilliant intellect coupled with rare clarity and incisiveness of thought and expression".{{sfn|Sharma|2000|p=97}} His role as an adviser and guide to the Vijayanagara emperors, especially Krishna Devaraya, has been notable as well.{{Sfn|Stoker|2016|p=2}}

=== Spread of Dvaita ===
[[File:Le temple de Virupaksha (Hampi, Inde) (14255857272).jpg|thumb|Hampi became the center of Dvaita under Vyasatirtha.]]
Sharma credits Vyasatirtha of converting Dvaita from an obscure movement to a fully realised school of thought of philosophical and dialectical merit.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=103}} Through his involvement in various diplomatic missions in the North Karnataka region and his pilgrimages across South India, he disseminated the precepts of Dvaita across the sub-continent. By giving patronage to the wandering bards or Haridasas, he oversaw the percolation of the philosophy into the vernacular and as a result into the lives of the lay people. He also contributed to the spread of Dvaita by establishing 732 [[Vayu]]{{Refn|group=note|[[Madhva]] along with [[Hanuman]] and [[Bhima]] are considered to be the avatars of [[Vayu]].}} idols across Karnataka. Vyasatirtha is also considered as a major influence on the then burgeoning [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Chaitanya]] movement in modern-day [[Bengal]].{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=104}} [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]](1486–1534) is said to be a disciple of Isvara Puri who was a disciple of Madhavendra Puri who was a disciple of Lakshmipati Tirtha who was a disciple of Vyasatirtha (1469–1539).<ref>https://gaudiya.com/pdf/Is_the_Gaudiya_Vaishnava_sampradaya_connected_to_the_Madhva_line.pdf Connection between Gaudiya and Madhva Sampradayas (pdf)</ref> Stoker postulates that his polemics against the rival schools of thought also had the effect of securing royal patronage towards Dvaita.{{Sfn|Stoker|2016|p=2}}

=== Scholarly Influence ===
Vyasatirtha was influenced by his predecessors such as Vishnudasacharya, Jayatirtha and Madhva in that he borrowed from their style and method of enquiry. He exerted considerable influence on his successors. Vadiraja's Yuktimalika derives some of its arguments from Nyayamruta,{{Sfn|Bhatta|1997|p=366}} while subsequent philosophers like Vijayendra Tirtha and Raghavendra Tirtha have authored several commentaries on the works of Vyasatirtha. Vijayadhwaja Tirtha's ''Padaratnavali'', a commentary on the [[Madhva]]'s ''Bhagvata Tatparya Nirnaya'', borrows some its aspects from Vyasatirtha's oeuvre. His influence outside the Dvaita community is found in the works of Appayya, who adopted his doxographical style in some of his works and in the works of [[Jiva Goswami]].{{Sfn|Vilas|1964|p=162}}

In his dialectics, Vyasatirtha incorporated elements from such diverse schools as Purva Mimamsa, [[Vyakarana]] and Navya Nyaya. His criticism of Advaita and Nyaya led to a severe scholarly controversy, generating a series of exchanges between these schools of thought, and led to reformulations of the philosophical definitions of the respective schools. Bagchi notes "It must be recognised that Vyasatirtha's definition of reasoning and his exposition of its nature and service really register a high watermark in the logical speculations of India and they ought to be accepted as a distinct improvement upon the theories of Nyaya-Vaisesika school".{{Sfn|Bagchi|1953|p=125}}

=== Contributions to the Haridasa Movement ===
The contribution of Vyasatirtha to the Haridasa cult is two fold: he established a forum of interactions for these bards called ''Dasakuta'' and he himself penned several hymns in the vernacular language ([[Kannada]]) under the pen name ''Krishna'', most notable of those being the classical Carnatic song ''[[Krishna Ni Begane Baaro]]''.{{Sfn|Karmarkar|1939|p=40-42}} Vyasatirtha was also the initiator of social change within the Dvaita order by inducting wandering bards into the mainstream Dvaita movement regardless of caste or creed. This is evident in his initiation of [[Kanaka Dasa]] ,{{Sfn|Karmarkar|1939|p=68}} who was not a Brahmin and [[Purandara Dasa]]{{Sfn|Karmarkar|1939|p=49}} who was a merchant.

=== Political influence ===
The political influence of Vyasatirtha came into view after the discovery of ''Vyasayogicharita''. The court of Vijayanagara was selective in its patronage thereby creating competition between the sectarian groups.{{Sfn|Stoker|2016|p=2}} Stoker contends that Vyasatirtha, cognizant of the power of Smartha and the Sri Vaishnava Brahmins in the court, targeted them through his polemical works.{{Sfn|Stoker|2016|p=3}} Though his works targeted the philosophy of Ramanuja, Vyasatirtha maintained a cordial relationship towards the Sri Vaishnavites, often donating land and money to their temples.{{Sfn|Stoker|2016|p=74}}

In his role as a diplomat, he interacted with a variety of people including tribal leaders, foreign dignitaries and emissaries from the North India.{{Sfn|Stoker|2016|p=4}} By establishing [[mathas]] and shrines across the subcontinent, patronizing large scale irrigation projects at strategic locations{{sfn|Stoker|2016|p=4}} and forging productive relationship across various social groups, he not only furthered the reach of Vaishnavism but smoothed the integration of newly conquered or rebellious territories into the empire.{{Sfn|Stoker|2016|p=33}} In doing so, he exported the Madhva iconography, doctrines and rituals into the Telugu and Tamil speaking regions of the empire. The establishment of Madhva Mathas, apart from serving as a place of worship and community, led to fostering of economic connections as they also served centers of trade and [[redistribution of wealth]].{{Sfn|Stoker|2016|p=136}}
According to a legend, he isconsidered to have taken over the throne of Vijayanagara for two years on behalf of the king.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sumadhwaseva.com/yatigalu/vyasaraja-mutt/vyasarajaru/ | title=Vyasarajaru – Sumadhwa Seva | date=29 March 2013 | access-date=23 February 2022 | archive-date=30 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430222349/https://www.sumadhwaseva.com/yatigalu/vyasaraja-mutt/vyasarajaru/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|20em}}

== Sources ==
{{Refbegin|40em}}
*{{cite book |last= Sharma|first= B.N.K|title= History of Dvaita school of Vedanta and its Literature| volume=2 |orig-year=1961|year=2000|publisher= Motilal Banarasidass|edition=3rd|location= Bombay|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfDvaitaSchoolSharmaBNKVol2|isbn= 81-208-1575-0}}
* {{cite book|title = A History of Indian Philosophy, Vol 4 |first = Surendranath| last = Dasgupta| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn = 978-8120804159 | year= 1991 }}
*{{cite book |last= Jackson|first= William|title= Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopaedia|year=2000|publisher= ABC-CLIO|isbn= 978-1-57607-355-1}}
*{{cite book |last= Stoker|first= Valerie|title= Polemics and Patronage in the City of Victory |year=2016|publisher= Univ of California Press|isbn= 978-0-520-29183-6}}
* {{cite book|title = Reign of realism in Indian philosophy|first = R. Nagaraja| last = Sarma| publisher=National Press | year= 1937 }}
*{{cite book |last= Sarma|first= Deepak|title= Madhvacarya and Vyasatirtha: Biographical sketches of a Systematizer and his Successors |year=2007|publisher= Journal of Vaishnava Studies|pages=145–168}}
*{{cite book |last= Verghese|first= Anila|title= Religious Traditions at Vijayanagara: As Revealed Through Its Monuments |year= 1995 |publisher= Manohar|pages=145–168|isbn=9788173040863}}
*{{cite book |last= Rao|first= Venkoba|title= Śrī Vyāsayogicaritam: Life of Śrī Vyāsarāja, a Champū Kāvya in Sanskrit by Somanātha |year= 1926 |publisher=Dvaita Vedanta Studies and Research Foundation|location=Bangalore}}
*{{cite book |last= McCrea|first=Lawrence|title= Freed by the weight of history: polemic and doxography in sixteenth century Vedānta |year= 2015 |publisher=South Asian History and Culture, Vol 6.|pages=87–101}}
*{{cite journal |last= Williams|first=Michael|s2cid=144973134|title= Mādhva Vedānta at the Turn of the Early Modern Period: Vyāsatīrtha and the Navya-Naiyāyikas |year= 2014 |journal=International Journal of Hindu Studies |volume=18|issue=2|pages=119–152|doi=10.1007/s11407-014-9157-7}}
*{{cite book |last= Sewell|first=Robert|title= A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar): A Contribution to the History of India
|orig-year= 1900|year=2000 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788120601253}}
*{{cite book |last= Sharma|first= B.N.K|title= History of Dvaita school of Vedanta and its Literature| volume=1 |year=1961|publisher= Motilal Banarasidass|edition=1st|location= Bombay|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfDvaitaSchoolSharmaBNKVol1}}
*{{cite book |last=Dalmia|first=Vasudha |title= The Oxford India Hinduism Reader |year= 2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-806246-2}}
*{{cite book |last= Sastri|first=N.S Anantakrishna |title= Advaitasiddhiḥ |year= 1982 |publisher=Parimala Pablikeśansa |url=https://archive.org/details/NyayamritaAdvaitaSiddhiEdAnantakrishnaSastriMeharchandLachmanDas}}
*{{cite book |last= Bagchi|first= Sitansusekhar |title= Inductive reasoning: a study of Tarka and its role in Indian logic
|year=1953 |publisher=Calcutta Oriental Press |url=https://archive.org/details/InductiveReasoningAStudyOfTarkaAndItsRoleInIndianLogicSitansusekharBagchi?q=vyasatirtha
}}
*{{cite book |last=Rao|first=M.V. Krishna |title= A Brief Survey of Mystic Tradition in Religion and Art in Karnataka |year= 1959 |publisher=Wardha Publishing House }}
*{{cite book |last=Timalsina|first=Sthaneshwar |title= Consciousness in Indian Philosophy: The Advaita Doctrine of 'Awareness Only'
|year= 2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-97092-5}}
*{{cite book |last=Potter|first=Karl H. |title= Thirtieth Anniversary Commemorative Series: Southeast Asia |year= 1972 |publisher=University of Arizona Press }}
*{{cite book |last=Sharma|first=R. K. |title= International Sanskrit Conference |year= 1972 |publisher=The Ministry }}
*{{cite book |last=Bhatta|first=C. Panduranga |title= Contribution of Karaṇāṭaka to Sanskrit |year= 1997 |publisher=Institute of Asian Studies }}
*{{cite book |last=Vilas|first=Bhakti |title= Sri Chaitanya's Concept of Theistic Vedanta |year= 1964 |publisher=Sree Gaudiya Math }}
*{{cite book |last=Farooqui|first=Salma Ahmed |title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century |year= 2011 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=9788131732021}}
*{{cite book |last=Karmarkar |first=A. P.|title= Mystic Teachings of the Haridasas of Karnatak |year= 1939 |publisher=Karnatak Vidyavardhak Sangha }}
*{{cite book |last=Nair |first=K. Maheshwaran |title=Advaitasiddhi: A Critical Study |year= 1990 |publisher=Sri Satguru Publications }}
*{{cite book |last=Lochtefeld |first=James G. |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism |volume=2 |year=2002 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch }}
*{{cite book|title= The Sri-Krsna Temple at Udupi: The History and Spiritual Center of the Madhvite Sect of Hinduism|url=https://archive.org/details/SriKrsnaTempleAtUdupi|first=B.N|last=Hebbar|publisher=Bharatiya Granth Nikethan|year=2005|isbn=81-89211-04-8}}
*{{cite news |author= |title=Reconstruction of demolished Brindavana of Vyasaraja begins|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/reconstruction-of-demolished-brindavana-of-vyasaraja-tirtha-begins/article28566248.ece |work=Hindu |date=2019 |ref={{harvid|Hindu|2019}} }}
* {{cite book |last=Williams |first=Michael Thomas |title=Existence and Perception in Medieval Vedānta: Vyāsatīrtha's Defence of Realism in the Nyāyāmṛta |year=2024 |publisher=De Gruyter |url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110728521/html |doi=10.1515/9783110728521 |isbn=9783110728491 }}
{{Refend|40em}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.dvaita.org/scholars/vyasaraja/ Biography of Vyasatirtha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328105033/http://dvaita.org/scholars/vyasaraja/ |date=28 March 2016 }}
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.383479 Bhedojjivana (Sanskrit text)]
*[https://archive.org/details/TarkaTandavaVyasaTirthaNyayaDipaRaghavendraTirthaEd.SrinivasacharyaD.Vol1UniversityOfMysore Tarka Tandava (Sanskrit text)]
*[https://archive.org/details/AdvaitasiddhiVsNyayamrta Nyayamrta and Advaitasiddhi]
*[https://archive.org/details/TatparyaChandrika Tatparya Chandrika (Sanskrit text)]

{{Madhva Religious Figures}}
{{Caitanya sampradaya}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:16th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Madhva religious leaders]]
[[Category:Dvaita Vedanta]]
[[Category:Haridasa]]
[[Category:Carnatic musicians]]
[[Category:Scholars from Mysore]]
[[Category:Dvaitin philosophers]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:Writers from Mysore]]
[[Category:Vijayanagara poets]]
[[Category:Scholars from the Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:Kannada poets]]
[[Category:Sanskrit poets]]

Bara, Ghazipur

2026-03-04T20:55:19Z

Ramesheditor: adding new info

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bara
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Bara,Ghazipur.jpeg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Aerial view
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|30|41|N|83|51|17|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1400s
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Indian government
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 12.33
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 21405
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 232325
| postal_code = 232325
| registration_plate = UP 61
| website = {{URL|up.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-UP]]
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| demographics1_title3 = Native
| demographics1_info3 = [[Bhojpuri Language]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
}}
[[File:Bara -Evening view at Ganga River.jpg|alt=Bara -Evening view at Ganga River|thumb|Bara -Evening view at Ganga River]]
'''Bara''' is a village located in the [[Dildarnagar Kamsar]] region of Ghazipur district, in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is situated along the banks of the holy river [[Ganges]], offering a scenic and culturally rich environment.

The village has a predominantly Muslim (Pathan) population and is known for its communal harmony and active participation in sports. Local sports are an integral part of village life, with teams such as the Bara Cricket Club and Bara [[Association football|Football]] Club regularly engaging in regional tournaments.

The village hosts a higher secondary educational institution, Bara Inter College, which serves students from Bara and nearby villages.

Bara is particularly noted for its traditional horse racing events, which are held annually and attract nearly 500 participants from across the region, making it a prominent cultural attraction in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Every year nearly 500 participants attend. The race is done with fifty horses.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhulekh|url=http://upbhulekh.gov.in/public/public_ror/Public_ROR.jsp|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506041339/http://www.upbhulekh.gov.in:80/public/public_ror/Public_ROR.jsp |archive-date=6 May 2016 }}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Bara post old monument.jpeg|alt=In Village Bara|thumb|upright|an old monument, a tomb of an army chief in who died during the [[Battle of Chausa]]]]
According to the old books and sayings it is said that the Bara village was established by the family [[Chero dynasty|Cherus]]. Tikam deo was a King of [[Chero dynasty|chero Dynasty]] and a ruler of [[Birpur, Ghazipur|Birpur]] estate. Later Kam dev and Dham dev came to this region and Tikam deo Lost the power and Birpur came in direct control of them and later [[Dildarnagar Kamsar|Kamsar jagir]]. After Tikam deo Lost his estate his descendants name as Rajdhar Rai, Mukund Rai, and Pithaur Rai out of three brothers, one brother settled at [[Birpur, Ghazipur|Birpur]], and one brother established Narayanpur and Ujjar villages. Later their family established many villages near [[Birpur, Ghazipur|Birpur]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Evolution and Spatial Organization of Clan Settlements: A Case Study of Middle Ganga Valley, A book by Sayed Hassan Ansari (1986)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dxDWbsztdVQC&q=Bara|last1=Ansari|first1=Saiyad Hasan|year=1986}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Ghazipur Gazetter|url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/37271|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102053303/https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/37271 |archive-date=2 January 2022 }}</ref>

One brother adopted [[Islam]] in early 16th century, on getting influenced by a [[Wali|Sufi Saint]] and established bara. The brother who adopted Islam and his descendants were in a good relationship from [[Dildarnagar Kamsar|Kamsar]] because of which many [[Kamsaar Pathans|Kamsar pathans]] settled at Bara and family from bara settled in different villages of [[Dildarnagar Kamsar|Kamsar]]. Originally the land on which bara stands was a part of Kamsar Jagir . Bara was also a [[pargana]] of Kamsaar. The desendets of the old family of Raizada after adopting Islam are known as Bar pathans,. At [[Birpur, Ghazipur|Birpur]], Where one brother In the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal period]] and subsequently to the British Imperialism, it lies on an important route of [[Delhi]] to [[Kolkata]], and there were constant movement of businessmen and traders.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

The village has a railway station known as Bara kalan station. During [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] the Bara was also a trade centre because of its distance from the [[Ganges|ganga river]]. An old [[port]] in Bara was built in the early 1600s. Bara witnessed the [[Battle of Chausa]], a military engagement between the [[Mughal emperors|Mughal Emperor]] Humayun, and the Pathan [[Sher Shah Suri]], fought on 26 June 1539, 2 km away.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

===Historical population of Bara===

{{Historical populations
|title= Population Growth of Bara village
|1851|6675
|1861|5401
|1871|5424
|1881|5360
|1891|5954
|1901|5260
|1911|6049
|1921|6956
|1931|8020
|1941|9200
|1951|10166
|1961|11232
|1971|13020
|1981|15621
|1991|18105
|2001|19916
|2011|21405
|footnote= Source:[[Census of India]]<ref name="Census data">{{cite web|url=http://mospi.gov.in/comenv2000tab7.2.11.htm |title=Census of India |publisher=mospi.gov.in |access-date=23 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080813081037/http://mospi.gov.in/comenv2000tab7.2.11.htm |archive-date=13 August 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=2011 census of India.|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/}}</ref><ref name="censusindia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.populstat.info/Asia/indiat.htm|title=Historical Census of India|access-date=5 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217053707/http://www.populstat.info/Asia/indiat.htm|archive-date=17 February 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}

==Agriculture==
[[File:Bara farm.jpeg |thumb|left|upright|A farm in Bara.]]
[[Agriculture]] is the main employment in the village. More than 2500 acres of land are used for agriculture. All kinds of machinery like [[tractor]]s, [[combine harvester]]s, [[baler]]s etc. are used in the village. The village has a good water supply for irrigation purposes. Most people have their own [[tube well]]s or other things for irrigation. The village is near to [[Dildarnagar Fatehpur Bazar|Dildarnagar]] and [[Chausa]] which are some of the main markets for agriculture. The village is surrounded by two [[river]] name as [[Karmanasa River|Karmanasa]] and [[Ganges]]. The soil of the village is good for farming. All kinds of crops which are grown in [[Purvanchal]] and [[Buxar district]] are grown in the village.<ref name=":1" />
[[File:A Beautiful sunset view on Holy River Ganga -Bara.jpg|alt=Ganag River Sunset view|thumb|Ganga River sunset view]]
[[File:Bara - Ganga River Beach.jpg|alt=In Village Bara|thumb|Ganga River beach at Bara]]
[[File:A Beautiful sunset at Bara Village.jpg|alt=Bara Village sunset view|thumb|Sunset at Bara]]
[[Watermelon]] is grown at a large scale in the village as [[Ganges|Ganges river]] passes about 4.8 kilometres from the village. The village has many [[ponds]].<ref name=":1" />

== Demography ==

{{Empty section|date=September 2022}}

==Transport==
Barakalan Halt railway station, Gahmar railway station, Dildarnagar junction and Buxar junction are the closest railway stations to Bara. The nearest airport is in [[Varanasi]], [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport|Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport]] and Sri Rajendra Nagar Patna Airport.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.instagram.com/bara.village/ Instagram page]
{{Dildarnagar Kamsar}}

[[Category:Villages in Ghazipur district]]
[[Category:Towns and villages in Kamsar]]

S. P. Sangliyana Part 2

2026-03-03T22:07:29Z

Ramesheditor: general updated references for accuracy and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = S. P. Sangliana Part 2
| image = S. P. Sangliyana Part 2.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = P. Nanjundappa
| writer = K.V. Raju, P. Nanjundappa
| screenplay = K.V. Raju
| story = K.V. Raju
| based_on =
| starring = [[Shankar Nag]] [[Bhavya]] Shivaranjini [[Devaraj]]
| producer = Krishna Raju and Friends
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cinematography = Mallikarjun
| editing = K. Balu
| studio = Swarnagiri Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1990}}
| runtime = 115 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
| budget = 
}}

'''''S. P. Sangliyana Part 2''''' is a 1990 [[Kannada]] [[action drama]] film, directed and written by P. Nanjundappa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://leakouts.com/search/S-P-Sangliyana.html |title=S. P. Sangaliyana Part 2 |access-date=5 May 2016 |archive-date=2 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602045558/http://leakouts.com/search/S-P-Sangliyana.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It is a sequel to the 1988 film ''[[Sangliyana]]''. The film stars [[Shankar Nag]], [[Bhavya]] and Shivaranjini in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/s-p-sangliana-part-2/cast-crew.html |title=Cast & Crew |access-date=5 May 2016 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508052647/http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/s-p-sangliana-part-2/cast-crew.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was produced under Swarnagiri Movies banner and the music was scored and composed by [[Hamsalekha]]. The film was a blockbuster at the Kannada box office, the biggest hit of [[Shankar Nag]]'s career. According to reports, the film was watched by 1,84,150 people over the course of 9 weeks at the Kapali theatre.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-11 |title=Late actor Shankar Nag starrer S P Sangliyana 2 to be re-released on November 18 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/late-actor-shankar-nag-starrer-s-p-sangliyana-2-to-be-re-released-on-november-18/articleshow/95449679.cms |access-date=2023-06-07 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=11 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211010506/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/late-actor-shankar-nag-starrer-s-p-sangliyana-2-to-be-re-released-on-november-18/articleshow/95449679.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-19 |title=Late Kannada Actor Shankar Nag's S.P. Sangliyana 2 Re-released In Theatres |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/late-kannada-actor-shankar-nags-s-p-sangliyana-2-re-released-in-theatres-6422011.html |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=News18 |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424083201/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/late-kannada-actor-shankar-nags-s-p-sangliyana-2-re-released-in-theatres-6422011.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film re-released in theatres in November 2022, 32 years after it was first released on March 19, 1990. The film also marked an important phase in the way cops were portrayed in Kannada films.<ref>{{cite web | title=Dr. Rajkumar to Malashree -A brief history of the Sandalwood cop | work=The Times of India | date=2 June 2021 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dr-rajkumar-to-malashree-a-brief-history-of-the-sandalwood-cop/etphotostory/83145094.cms }}</ref> ''Sangliyana Part 3'' was made in 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=S. Shyam |title='SP Sangliyana Part 2': Memories of a super cop |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/sp-sangliyana-part-2-memories-of-a-super-cop-1163700.html |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Late Shankar Nag's SP Sangliyana Part 2 in theatres again today |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/late-shankar-nags-sp-sangliyana-part-2-in-theatres-again-today/550054677c819 |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> The film was dubbed into Telugu as ''Police Belt''.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B4Tk6SZsPmE|title = - YouTube|website = [[YouTube]]|access-date = 10 May 2018|archive-date = 28 July 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200728040656/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B4Tk6SZsPmE|url-status = live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Shankar Nag]] as S. P. Sangliana
* [[Bhavya]] as Kanchana Sangliana
* Shivaranjini as Ranjini
* [[Devaraj]] as Vikram ''Vicky''
* [[Ashok (Kannada actor)|Ashok]] as Police Commissioner
* [[Mukhyamantri Chandru]] as Dhanraj
* [[Vajramuni]] MLA Nagappa
* [[Master Manjunath]] as Avinash
* [[Kunigal Nagabhushan]]
* [[Jai Jagadish]] Inspector Kiran (extended cameo appearance)
* [[Shashikumar]] Fake CBI Officer
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Fake CBI Officer
* [[Lohithaswa]] as Mahesh
* [[Sudheer (Kannada Actor)|Sudheer]] as Kumbhi
* [[Mysore Lokesh]]
* [[Lakshmi Chandrashekar]]
* [[Negro Johnny]]
{{div col end}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = S. P. Sangliyana Part 2
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = 1990
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The music was composed and the lyrics were written by [[Hamsalekha]]. The album consists of five tracks.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mp3songsdownloadfree.in/site_sp-sangliyana-2-kannada-movie-songs.xhtml |title=SP Sangliyaana 2 Kannada Movie Mp3 Songs |access-date=5 May 2016 |archive-date=12 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012092840/http://mp3songsdownloadfree.in/site_sp-sangliyana-2-kannada-movie-songs.xhtml |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Tu Tu Tu Tu
| extra1 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Latha Hamsalekha]]
| lyrics1 = [[Hamsalekha]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Meru Giriyane
| extra2 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Rathnamala Prakash]]
| lyrics2 = Hamsalekha
| length2 =
| title3 = Ondu Muthinantha
| extra3 = [[Manjula Gururaj]]
| lyrics3 = Hamsalekha
| length3 =
| title4 = Ramaiah Ramaiah Nee
| extra4 = Manjula Gururaj, [[B. R. Chaya]], Latha Hamsalekha
| lyrics4 = Hamsalekha
| length4 =
| title5 = Maiyella Kannidda Obba
| extra5 = Manjula Gururaj
| lyrics5 = Hamsalekha
| length5 =
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1319164}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:S. P. Sangliyana}}
[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:1990 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1990 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:1990s masala films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Karnataka Police]]
[[Category:1990s biographical drama films]]
[[Category:1990 drama films]]
[[Category:1990 action drama films]]

{{1990s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Prabhuvinte Makkal

2026-03-03T20:49:19Z

Ramesheditor: creating a info.

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2012}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Prabhuvinte Makkal
| image =
| caption =
| director = Sajeevan Anthikad
| producer = M. Sindhu
| writer = Sajeevan Anthikad
| starring = {{ubl|[[Vinay Forrt]]|[[Swasika]]|[[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]]|[[Kalabhavan Mani]]|[[Salim Kumar]]|[[Jijoy Rajagopal]]|[[Tovino Thomas]]}}
| music = {{ubl|Arakkal Nandakumar|Joy Cheruvathur}}
| cinematography = {{ubl|Manoj Narayanan|Manju Lal}}
| editing = Pradeep Shankar
| studio = Free Thought Cinema
| distributor = Free Thought Cinema
| runtime = 174 minutes
| released = {{Film date|2012|10|26|df=yes}}
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| gross =
| country = [[India]]
}}
'''''Prabhuvinte Makkal''''' is a [[List of Malayalam films of 2012|2012]] Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[drama film]] written and directed by Sajeevan Anthikad, and starring [[Vinay Forrt]], [[Jijoy Rajagopal]], [[Swasika]], and [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]]. The film discusses the theme of atheism. It was the debut film of [[Tovino Thomas]].

==Plot==
The film centres around a [[septuagenarian]] industrialist called Dayadananda Prabhu. He has two sons, Mani and Siddhartha. Mani is a confirmed atheist. But Siddhartha, in spite of being a physics student, and completing post-graduation in it with high grades, is more into spiritualism and oriental occult. Prabhu wants Siddhartha to marry Devika his classmate, and join the same college as lecturer. But by this time, Sidhartha is hopelessly enamored by spiritualism and the works of Fritjof Kapra, the Austrian born American physicist. He suddenly leaves home to Hrishikesh, the sacred place of Hindus; he is in search of a guru who can teach him ''Ashtasiddhi'' (the eight divine yogic powers).

Siddhartha spends almost seven years in Hrishikesh and comes across many divine men and gurus there. At the end of his spiritual wanderings, he achieves ‘realisation’ – of the dark and diabolic side of spiritual industry, and returns home as a totally changed man. Coming back to his village after eleven years, Siddhartha is overwhelmed at the sight of religious revival in his society. Even Prabhu who was once an irreligious man has become the devotee of a god man. He is also pleasantly surprised to know that Devika still remains unmarried as she could never forget him.

Prabhu is about to hand over 60 acres of his land to the god man to build a super specialty hospital. Siddhartha is very upset with the developments. Before transferring the assets Prabhu dies in a car accident in mysterious circumstances. For the first time in his life, Siddhartha is forced into action. With the staunch support and help of his brother Mani, and Devika, Sidhartha unravels the dark truth behind his father's death. In this effort, he is supported by the timely and honest efforts of Adithya, the Deputy Superintendent of Police.

==Cast==
*[[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] as Dayadananda Prabhu, Siddharathan's and Mani's father
* [[Vinay Forrt]] as Siddharthan
* [[Swasika]] as Siddharathan's fiancé
* [[Jijoy Rajagopal|Jijoy]] as Mani, Siddharathan's brother
* [[Kalabhavan Mani]] as the police officer
* Prakash Bare as the god-man
* Jose Valloor as politician
* [[Salim Kumar]]
* [[Arun Cherukavil|Arun]] as Rajayogi Sukhdev
* [[Tovino Thomas]] as Che Guevara Surendran
* [[Ambika Mohan]]
* [[Kulappulli Leela]]
* [[Narendra Nayak]] as Himself (cameo appearance)

==Production==
''Prabhuvinte Makkal'' is the debutant venture of Sajeevan Anthikkad, who has some previous experience in documentary films. The story is loosely based on the life of a real person, who was known for his atheist views.<ref name=TOI>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-17/news-interviews/31204568_1_feature-film-sidhartha-veteran-actor|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103112132/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-17/news-interviews/31204568_1_feature-film-sidhartha-veteran-actor|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|title=Prabhuvinte Makkal is based on a real person|first=Asha|last=Prakash|date=17 March 2012|accessdate=26 October 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The film was blocked on [[YouTube]] on 11 February 2015. It was uploaded on YouTube on 8 January 2015 by the Kerala Freethinkers Forum, a rationalist and secularist group. Other videos uploaded by the forum on religious bigotry, superstition, and rationalism were also blocked. According to the director, Hindu communal forces were behind the block.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/rationalist-malayalam-movie-blocked-on-youtube/article6889020.ece/ "Rationalist Malayalam movie blocked on YouTube"]. ''The Hindu''. 13 February 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2015.</ref>

==Reception==
Paresh.C.Palicha of [[Rediff.com]] rated the film 2 out of 5 stars and said that the film "has some interesting insights into religious thought but peters out along the way." He concluded his review writing, "On the whole, Prabhuvinte Makkal, turns out to be a let down because it promised a lot before the release."<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-prabhuvinte-makkal-is-a-let-down/20121029.htm "Review: Prabhuvinte Makkal is a let down"]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2012 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2012 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 drama films]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language drama films]]

Desoddharakudu

2026-03-03T19:05:49Z

Ramesheditor: Created Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Desoddharakudu
| image = Deshoddharakudu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = Satyanand {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = [[Gollapudi Maruthi Rao]]
| screenplay = S. S. Ravi Chandra
| producer = D. Murali Mohan Rao
| director = S. S. Ravi Chandra
| starring = [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] [[Vijayashanti]]
| music = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| cinematography = Nandamuri Mohana Krishna
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| studio = Vijayabhaskar Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1986|8|7}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross = 5 Crores
}}

'''''Desoddharakudu''''' ({{translation|Reformer of the Country}}) is a 1986 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action drama film]], produced by D. Murali Mohan Rao under the Vijayabhaskar Productions banner and directed by S. S. Ravi Chandra. It stars [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] and [[Vijayashanti]], with music composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]].<ref name="Heading">{{cite web |url=http://telugumoviepedia.com/movie/cast/996/desoddarakudu-cast.html |title=Heading |publisher=Chitr.com |access-date=29 January 2015 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305172726/http://telugumoviepedia.com/movie/cast/996/desoddarakudu-cast.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Heading-2">{{cite web |url=http://www.gomolo.com/dhesodharakudu-movie/17523 |title=Heading-2 |publisher=gomolo |access-date=29 January 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924071126/http://www.gomolo.com/dhesodharakudu-movie/17523 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins in a village where Gopi is a naughty guy raised by his grandfather, Shankaraiah, along with his sister, Lakshmi. He always performs mischievous deeds, and Shankaraiah masks them to save his prestige. Once, a beautiful girl, Vijaya, visits their village, where her acquaintance with Gopi begins with petty quarrels. Later, she starts liking him after protecting her against harm. Meanwhile, Shankaraiah looks like a match for Lakshmi, which breaks up because of Gopi's misdeeds, leading to Shankaraiah's death. Gopi aims to acquire recognition, so he moves toward the city. Parallelly, in another village, two malicious Dharma Rayudu & Narasimha Naidu carry out their barbarities and try to overpower each other. Fortunately, Vijaya resides as the daughter of the School Master, who is also a victim of their cruelty. So, she files a complaint when the government appoints a special officer for it. Being conscious of it, both the devils are alert to take hold of him. Fortuitously, Gopi lands there, whom they mistake for the officer. Here, Vijaya requests him to continue protecting the village. Soon, Vijaya civilizes and establishes him as a master of all fields. Afterward, Gopi starts teasing Dharma Rayudu & Narasimha Naidu, bars their violations, and develops the village. So, avenged evildoers join when the truth comes forward that the town's madman is the actual special officer. At last, Gopi ceases the baddies, and the same bridegroom, Venu, backs to marry Lakshmi, witnessing Gopi's nobility. Finally, the movie ends happily with Gopi & Vijaya's marriage.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] as Gopi
*[[Vijayashanti]] as Vijaya
*[[Rao Gopal Rao]] as Sankarayya
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as Dharma Rayudu
*[[Gollapudi Maruthi Rao]] as Madman / Special Officer
*[[Nutan Prasad]] as Narasimha Naidu
*[[Kanta Rao]] as School Master
*[[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]] as Sivudu
*Balaji as Papa Rao
*Arun Kumar as Venu
*[[Suthi Veerabhadra Rao]] as Post Master
*[[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]] as Kotilingam
*Jayabhaskar as Kondandam
*Dr. Siva Prasad as Drama Contractor
*[[Mada Venkateswara Rao|Mada]] as Eedukondalu
*KK Sarma as Dr.Seshavatharam
*Telephone Satyanarayana as Pichiswara Rao
*[[Chitti Babu Punyamurthula|Chitti Babu]] as Hanumanthu
*Chidatala Appa Rao as Appigadu
*[[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]] as Gedala Gavarraju
*[[Mucherla Aruna]] as Gowri
*Samyutha as Lakshmi
*Kakinada Shyamala as Dharma Rayudu's wife
*Kalpana Rai as Post Master's wife
*[[Y. Vijaya]] as Seetallu
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Desoddarakudu
| type = film
| artist = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1986
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 20:27
| label = Sapthaswar Audio
| producer = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| prev_title = [[Anasuyamma Gari Alludu]]
| prev_year = 1986
| next_title = [[Kaliyuga Krishnudu]]
| next_year = 1986
}}

Music composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]. Lyrics were written by [[Veturi]]. Music released on Sapthaswar Audio Company.
{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 20:27

| title1 = Ammaayi Muddha Banthi
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
| length1 = 4:10

| title2 = Entha Pani Chesindhammaa
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
| length2 = 4:20

| title3 = Gagana Vexed hullo
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
| length3 = 4:19

| title4 = Pattukunte Maasipoye
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
| length4 = 3:49

| title5 = Vacche Vacche Vaanajallu
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
| length5 = 3:49
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1986 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. Chakravarthy]]
[[Category:1986 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1986 Indian films]]

Mutton Soup

2026-03-03T09:08:44Z

Ramesheditor: made new details from scratch.

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mutton Soup
| image = Mutton Soup poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Ramachandra Vattikuti
| writer = Ramachandra Vattikuti
| producer = Mallikarjuna Elika Sanapala Ramakrishna Arun Chandra Vattikuti
| starring = Raman Reddy Korivi Varsha Vishwanath Gemini Suresh Sanapala Ramakrishna Govindraj Neerudi Kiran Medasani Mallikarjuna Elika Sunitha Manohar
| music = Venky Veena
| cinematography = Lokesh Kumar Kadali
| editing = Lokesh Kumar Kadali
| studio = Independent Production
| released = {{Film date|2025|10|10|India|df=yes}}
| runtime = 132 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Mutton Soup''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu-language]] crime thriller film written and directed by Ramachandra Vattikuti.
The film stars Raman Reddy Korivi and Varsha Vishwanath in the lead roles, with Gemini Suresh, Sanapala Ramakrishna, and Mallikarjuna Elika appearing in supporting roles.
Produced by Mallikarjuna Elika, Sanapala Ramakrishna, and Arun Chandra Vattikuti, the film features music composed by Venky Veena.
It was released theatrically on 10 October 2025.

==Plot==
''Mutton Soup'' follows the story of a married couple whose peaceful life takes a dark turn after an unexpected tragedy.
As the story progresses, their personal struggles unfold into a complex web of crime and deception, blurring the line between guilt and redemption.
Set in Hyderabad's shadowy streets, the film explores how a single act can spiral into chaos, leading to devastating consequences.

==Cast==
* Raman Reddy Korivi as Sriram
* Varsha Vishwanath as Satya
* Gemini Suresh as Shivaram
* Sanapala Ramakrishna as Gopal
* Govindraj Neerudi as Govind
* Kiran Medasani as Rajkumar
* Mallikarjuna Elika as Narayana
* Sunitha Manohar

==Production==
The film's title poster was unveiled by veteran producer K. S. Rama Rao in early 2025, officially introducing ''Mutton Soup'' as a raw and realistic crime thriller inspired by true incidents.<ref name="TeluguTimes">{{cite web |title=Producer K. S. Rama Rao unveils the title poster of ''Mutton Soup'' |url=https://www.telugutimes.net/en/cinemas/cinema-news/producer-k-s-rama-rao-unveils-the-title-poster-of-mutton-soup-324112.html |work=Telugu Times |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref>
The trailer launch event was graced by filmmaker Vassishta, who wished the team success ahead of the release.<ref name="DeccanChronicle">{{cite web |title=Director Vassishta extends heartfelt wishes for ''Mutton Soup's'' success |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/director-vassishta-extends-heartfelt-wishes-for-mutton-soups-success-1908749 |work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref>
[[Principal photography]] took place in Hyderabad, with [[cinematographer]] [[Lokesh]] Kumar Kadali focusing on gritty visual realism to capture the city's underbelly.

==Music==
The film's score and soundtrack were composed by Venky Veena.
*"Hara Hara Shankara"<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tanikella-bharani-releases-hara-hara-shankara-song-from-mutton-soup-1001212 |title=Tanikella Bharani releases ‘Hara Hara Shankara’ song from ‘Mutton Soup’ |first=Suhas |last=Sistu |date=28 August 2025 |website=thehansindia.com}}</ref>

==Release and reception==
''Mutton Soup'' was released in Indian theatres on 10 October 2025.<ref name="TOI">{{cite web |title=Mutton Soup Movie Details |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/mutton-soup/movieshow/124253476.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="OTTPlay">{{cite web |title=Mutton Soup Trailer: Gemini Kiran's suspense thriller is all about a dish going wrong |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/mutton-soup-trailer-gemini-kirans-suspense-thriller-is-all-about-a-dish-going-wrong/6c3707bb88455 |publisher=OTTplay |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anil Ravipudi impressed by ''Mutton Soup'' teaser |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/anil-ravipudi-impressed-by-mutton-soup-teaser-1907406 |work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="TelanganaToday">{{cite web |title=Vassishta launches ''Mutton Soup'' trailer ahead of October 10 release |url=https://telanganatoday.com/vassishta-launches-mutton-soup-trailer-ahead-of-october-10-release |publisher=Telangana Today |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[OTTplay]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "On the whole, ''Mutton Soup'' has an interesting premise, but the lack of noted actors takes things down in key areas. But there are a few thrills that have been narrated well and end the film on a passable note".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/mutton-soup-review-gemini-sureshs-thriller-has-strong-story-but-weak-performances-hold-it-back/322ca3ef42898 |title=Mutton Soup Review: Has decent twists but uneven execution spoils the thrill |website=OTTPlay}}</ref>

''[[The Hans India]]'' rated the movie 3/5 stars.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sistu |first1=Suhas |title=Mutton Soup : Crime thriller served hot |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/mutton-soup-crime-thriller-served-hot-1013593 |access-date=25 February 2026 |work=[[The Hans India]] |date=11 October 2025 |language=en}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/ott/friday-releases-mirai-mutton-soup-and-other-ott-and-theatre-lineup-for-october-10-2025-2025-10-09-1012032 India TV News – Friday Releases]
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/telugu/mutton-soup-official-motion-poster/videoshow/124252420.cms Times of India – Motion Poster Video]
* [https://telanganatoday.com/mutton-soup-title-poster-launched-by-veteran-producer-k-s-rama-rao Telangana Today – Title Poster Launch]
* [https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/producer-ks-rama-rao-unveils-poster-of-mutton-soup-film-1897701 Deccan Chronicle – Poster Launch]
* [https://www.ottplay.com/news/mutton-soup-raman-and-varsha-headline-a-thriller-set-in-hyderabads-dark-underbelly/1044dc3333339 OTTplay – Hyderabad's Dark Underbelly Story]

[[Category:Telugu-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]

Muruga (film)

2026-03-03T04:37:47Z

Ramesheditor: quick fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Muruga
| image = Muruga film poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[R. T. Neason]]
| writer = R. T. Neason
| producer = Ram Senthil
| starring = {{ubl|[[Ashok Kumar (Tamil actor)|Ashok]]|[[Shruti Sharma]]|[[Vadivelu]]}}
| cinematography = [[Padmesh]]
| music = [[Karthik Raja]]
| studio = Cocktail Dream Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2007|03|07}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Muruga''''' is a 2007 Indian [[Tamil language]] film written and directed by [[R. T. Neason]], starring [[Ashok Kumar (Tamil actor)|Ashok]], [[Shruti Sharma]] and [[Vadivelu]]. The story, screenplay and dialogues are by Neason, who has worked as an assistant to [[Director Udayasankar|Udayasankar]] and [[Vincent Selva]]. The music is by [[Karthik Raja]].

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=February 2024}}
Murugan ([[Ashok Kumar (Tamil actor)|Ashok]]) falls in love with his schoolmate Amudha ([[Shruti Sharma]]), a rich girl who does not love him in return. When the news of Murugan's love reaches her family, Amudha's uncle Selvam ([[Riyaz Khan]]) tries to kill him, ultimately banishing Murugan and his mother from the village. Saddened, Murugan goes to [[Chennai]] and ends up with a job as a delivery boy. Having given up all hope of ever seeing Amutha again, he bumps into her when making a delivery at a medical college. Forgetting the past and her family's issues, the two become good friends, and this friendship develops into love. After completing her studies, Amutha returns to the village, only to discover that wedding preparations are underway as her parents had arranged for her to marry Selvam. Finally, Murugan and Amudha succeed in getting married with Amudha's father's blessings.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ashok Kumar (Tamil actor)|Ashok]] as Murugan
* [[Shruti Sharma]] as Amudha
* [[Vadivelu]] as "Courier" Gopu
* [[Riyaz Khan]] as Selvam
* [[Pithamagan Mahadevan|Mahadevan]] as Vinayaka Murthy
* [[Chitra Shenoy]] as Amudha's mother
* [[Manobala]]
* [[Vincent Asokan]] as Police inspector
* [[Pandi (actor)|Pandi]]
* R. Thyagarajan
*[[Singamuthu]]
* [[Bava Lakshmanan]]
* Sakthivel
* [[Sameksha|Samiksha Singh]] as an item number
}}

==Production==
The film saw the debut of Nesan as director, Padmesh as cinematographer and Ramji Senthil as producer. [[Chaya Singh]] was originally part of the cast but eventually did not feature.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 September 2005 |title=Three gems to make Muruga |url=http://cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/23092005-2.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808040515/http://cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/23092005-2.shtml |archive-date=8 August 2007 |access-date=18 July 2024 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The film's soundtrack was composed by [[Karthik Raja]]. Saraswathy Srinivas of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote, "Overall, in this album Karthik Raja follows the beaten track, offering up routine stuff".<ref name="Rediff 1">{{Cite news |last=Srinivas |first=Saraswathy |date=21 December 2006 |title=Muruga offers routine stuff |url=http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2006/dec/21muruga.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315134857/http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2006/dec/21muruga.htm |archive-date=15 March 2015 |access-date=19 August 2013 |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

Lyrics written by [[Na. Muthukumar]].

# "Kuthuna" by [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
# "En Kathali" by [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
# "Chinnanchiru Chitte" by [[Vineeth Srinivasan]] and [[Sangeetha Rajeshwaran]]
# "Melathe Kottu" by [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] and [[Malgudi Subha]]
# "Pollatha Kirukku" by [[Udit Narayan]] and [[Shreya Ghosal]]

== Reception ==
Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote "The film, by first-timer Nesan (apprenticed under directors like Vincent Selva), perks up at times but falls flat at others, slipping into predictable lines."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=16 March 2007 |title=Muruga |url=http://chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2007/03muruga.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011072120/http://chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2007/03muruga.asp |archive-date=11 October 2007 |access-date=7 August 2023 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> Lajjavathi of ''Kalki'' wrote that the film, which should have been powerful enough for the powerful title ''Muruga'', missed somewhere.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=லஜ்ஜாவதி |date=8 April 2007 |title=முருகா |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2007-04-08/page/n81/mode/2up |access-date=29 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=80 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
{{R. T. Neason}}

[[Category:2007 Indian films]]
[[Category:2007 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2007 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Karthik Raja]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Hailakandi

2026-03-02T15:57:12Z

Ramesheditor: slightly expand formatting per sources for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hailakandi Town
| other_name = 
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Hailakandi Town symbol.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Hailakandi Town
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Assam, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.68|N|92.57|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hailakandi district|Hailakandi]]
| established_title = District created
| established_date = 1 October 1989
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Hailakandi Municipality Board
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1327
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 21
| population_total = 33637(census of 2011)
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 497
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Religion"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Meitei language|Meitei]] ([[Manipuri language|Manipuri]])
| blank1_name_sec2 = Most spoken language
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 788155
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91 - (0) 03844
| registration_plate = AS-24
| website = {{URL|https://hailakandi.assam.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
| official_name = Hailakandi Municipal Board
}}
'''Hailakandi''' ({{IPA|bn|hai̯laːkandi}}), is a town and the district headquarters of [[Hailakandi district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Assam]]. Hailakandi is located at {{Coord|24.68|N|92.57|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/03/Hailakandi.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Hailakandi]</ref>

==Demography==
[[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Meitei language|Meitei]] ([[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]) are the official languages of this place.<ref name="BnOff">{{Cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/govt-withdraws-assamese-as-official-language-from-barak-valley-114090901180_1.html |title=Govt withdraws Assamese as official language from Barak valley |agency=Press Trust of India |date=9 September 2014 |work=Business Standard India |access-date=29 January 2018 |archive-date=29 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129195116/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/govt-withdraws-assamese-as-official-language-from-barak-valley-114090901180_1.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Meitei">{{Cite news |last=Purkayastha |first=Biswa Kalyan |date=24 February 2024 |title=Assam recognises Manipuri as associate official language in four districts |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/assam-recognises-manipuri-as-associate-official-language-in-four-districts-101708770769105.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=26 February 2024}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religions in Hailakandi Town (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW18C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |access-date=14 November 2020}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Hinduism]]
|value1 = 67.26
|color1 = DarkOrange
|label2 = [[Islam]]
|value2 = 31.77
|color2 = Green
|label3 = [[Christianity]]
|value3 = 0.23
|color3 = Blue
|label4 = Others
|value4 = 0.74
|color4 = Black}}

According to the 2011 census, Hailakandi had a population of 33,637. Most of the people in the town follow [[Hinduism]], with significant followers of [[Islam]] and a small [[Christians|Christian]] population.<ref name="Religion"/>

== Educational institutions ==

*[[Srikishan Sarda College]]

==See also==
* [[Hailakandi Airfield]]
* [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Stadium]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{URL|https://hailakandi.assam.gov.in/|Hailakandi District Official Website}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070626175831/http://www.hailakandi.nic.in/map.htm Map of Hailakandi]

[[Category:Hailakandi| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Hailakandi district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Cachar district]]

Actual Ground Position Line

2026-02-21T13:06:06Z

Ramesheditor: general add layout as per guidelines and fixed typos after review

{{Short description|Physical India–Pakistan boundary in Kashmir}}
[[File:Kashmir_Jammu_Map.png|thumb|320x236px|right|UN map showing Siachen in white. Line between the green and white area is the ''"Actual Ground Position Line"'' (AGPL). The white area east of the AGPL is held by India.]]
[[File:Kashmir_map.jpg|thumb|420x346px|right|Indo-Pak mutually-agreed undisputed ''"International Border"'' (IB) in the black line, Indo-Pak ''"Line of Control"'' (LoC) in black dotted line in the north and west, Indo-Sino ''"Line of Actual"'' (LAC) in black dotted line in the east, Indo-Pak line across Siachen in north is ''"Actual Ground Position Line"'' (AGPL). The areas shown in green are the two Pakistani-controlled areas: Gilgit–Baltistan in the north and Azad Kashmir in the south. The area shown in orange is the Indian-controlled territories of Jammu and Kashmir, and Ladakh, and the diagonally-hatched area to the east is the Chinese-controlled area known as Aksai Chin. ''"Territories ceded by Pakistan to China claimed by India"'' in the north is Shaksgam ([[Trans-Karakoram Tract]]).]]
[[File:Un-kashmir-jammu.png|thumb|420x380px|right|[[United Nations|UN]] map of the [[Line of Control]], which ends at ''"Point NJ980420"'' (Point NJ9842). The ''"Actual Ground Position Line"'' (AGPL) of the Siachen Glacier begins here. [[Nubra River]] valley and Siachen glaciers held by India, along with Bilafond La and Sia La. The Masherbrum Range, Baltoro Glacier, Baltoro Glacier, Baltoro Muztagh and K2 are held by Pakistan.]]
[[File:Siachen_Glacier_map_detail,_from-_Map_India_and_Pakistan_1-250,000_Tile_NI_43-4_Chulung_(cropped).jpg|thumb|320x236px|right|Features in the Siachen area.]]
The '''Actual Ground Position Line''' ('''AGPL''') divides current positions of Indian and Pakistani military posts and troops along the entire {{convert|110|km|mi}} long frontline in the [[Siachen conflict|disputed region]] of [[Siachen Glacier]].<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/368394/the-fight-for-siachen/ The fight for Siachen]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianconversations.com/SiachenGlacier.php |title=The endless India-Pakistan sabre-rattling over Siachen glacier and the Line of Control can be resolved by turning the area into a peace park for glacial and weather studies, by B G Verghese, and more from Asian Conversations and Dancing Wolf Media |access-date=2015-04-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412102328/http://www.asianconversations.com/SiachenGlacier.php |archive-date=2015-04-12 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19920531-siachen-while-the-battle-continues-to-rage-no-settlement-is-in-sight-766379-2013-06-13 They shall not pass]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.timescrest.com/opinion/bullish-on-siachen-9572 |title=Bullish on siachen |access-date=2014-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222021918/http://www.timescrest.com/opinion/bullish-on-siachen-9572 |archive-date=2014-02-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref> AGPL generally runs along the [[Saltoro Mountains]] range, beginning from the northernmost point of the ([[Line of Control|LOC]]) at Point [[NJ 9842]] and
ending in the north on the [[Indira Col|Indira Ridge]] at the India-China-Pakistan [[Line of Actual Control|LAC]] tripoint near [[Sia Kangri]] about {{cvt|4|km}} northwest of [[Indira Col|Indira Col West]], with peaks in excess of {{cvt|7000|m}} and temperatures ranging to around {{cvt|-55|C}}.<ref name=agp2>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2020/aug/31/revisiting-siachen-after-the-ladakh-stand-off-2190461.html|title=Revisiting Siachen after the Ladakh stand-off}}</ref><ref name=controlall1/> India gained control of {{convert|1000|sqmi|km2}} of disputed territory in 1984 because of its [[Siachen conflict|military operations]] in Siachen.<ref name=":1">{{cite magazine | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,958254-2,00.html | magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | title=The Himalayas War at the Top Of the World | date=31 July 1989 | first=Edward W. | last=Desmond/Kashmir | access-date=11 October 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114104526/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C958254-2%2C00.html | archive-date=14 January 2009 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="time.com">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,958254-2,00.html|title=The Himalayas War at the Top Of the World|first=Edward W.|last=Desmond|date=31 July 1989|magazine=Time|access-date=11 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114104526/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C958254-2%2C00.html|archive-date=14 January 2009|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A cease-fire was announced in 2003.<ref name="Watson">{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-nov-26-fg-ceasefire26-story.html|title=India and Pakistan Agree to Cease-Fire in Kashmir|last=Watson|first=Paul|date=26 November 2003|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=27 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427193640/http://articles.latimes.com/2003/nov/26/world/fg-ceasefire26|archive-date=27 April 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=Kapadia1>{{cite book
| last =Kapadia
| first =Harish
| author-link = Harish Kapadia
| title =Across Peaks & Passes in Ladakh, Zanskar & East Karakoram
| publisher =Indus Publishing Company
| year =1999
| location =New Delhi, India
| pages = 94; 185–87
| isbn = 81-7387-100-0}}</ref><ref name=Time/>

India has at least 108 forward military outposts and artillery observation posts in this area where temperature goes down to {{cvt|-55|C}} during winters with icy [[Beaufort scale#Modern scale|100 km/h]] ({{convert|100|km/h|mph|disp=output only}}) [[blizzard]]s.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025|reason=no identified source, changed from previous highly exaggerated numbers}}[[Bana Top]] ({{convert|20500|ft|m|disp=flip}}) is the highest post and requires an {{convert|80|km|mi|adj=on}} trek that takes up to 20 days for troops to reach. Pahalwan Post ({{convert|20000|ft|m|disp=flip}}), and [[Indira Col]] ({{convert|19000|ft|m|disp=flip}}), are other high posts. India has two major bases, each with a brigade strength of five to eight battalions supported by additional artillery, air defence, engineer and other logistic units: [[Thoise]] which serves the southern Siachen sector, and [[Siachen Base Camp]] which serves the northern and middle sectors of Siachen.<ref name=trisia1/> Kumar Post, a logistics subbase of Siachen Base Camp, is a {{convert|60|km|mi|adj=on}} 9-day return trek from Siachen Base camp towards Indira Col.<ref name=siaet2>[https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/travel-tourism/siachen-glacier-open-to-tourists-everything-you-must-know-before-visiting-worlds-highest-battlefield/1746512/ Siachen Glacier open to tourists! Everything you must know before visiting world’s highest battlefield], Financial Express, 26 October 2019.</ref> India has significant tactical advantage as it occupies most of the higher peaks on the [[Saltoro Mountains|Saltoro Mountain Range]] in the western sector of Siachen. The [[Pakistani Army]] hold posts at lower heights on the western slopes of the spurs of the Saltoro Ridge. Pakistan has not been able to scale the crest of the Saltoro Range occupied by India.<ref name=trisia1/> Each post has an artillery officer who are deployed in the rotation of 45 days.<ref name=trisia2>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/haryanatribune/haryanvi-meghdoot-who-defended-the-most-challenging-post-in-siachen-858562#:~:text=Captain%20Sunil%20Khokhar%2C%20an%20artillery,part%20of%20'Operation%20Meghdoot'. Haryanvi Meghdoot who defended the most challenging post in Siachen], The Tribune, 9 Nov 2019.</ref> The average temperature is between minus 25 °C during day and minus 55 °C during the night.<ref name=trisia6>[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/everyday-there-is-a-story-recall-army-officers-who-served-at-siachen-glacier/ Everyday is a story: Army officers recall their time at Siachen Glacier], Indian Express, 14 Feb 2016.</ref> As of 2013, Siachen operations cost INR 3,000 [[crore]] annually where over 850 Indian and over 1,800 Pakistani soldiers have died, mostly not in combat, but due to the weather conditions.<ref name=trisia1/>

The actual India-Pakistan boundary is divided into four types of borders: disputed [[Sir Creek]] (SC) riverine border, mutually agreed [[India–Pakistan border|India–Pakistan International Border]] (IB) from north of ''Sir Creek'' to north of [[Dhalan]] near [[Jammu]], [[Line of Control|LoC]] across [[Kashmir conflict|disputed Kashmir and Ladakh regions]] from north of Dhalan in India and west of [[Chicken's Neck (Pakistan)|Chicken's Neck]] in Pakistan to Point [[NJ9842]], and Actual Ground Position Line (AGPL) across [[Siachen]] from ''Point NJ9842'' to [[Indira Col|Indira Col West]]. Siachen lies south of the [[Trans-Karakoram Tract|Shaksgam]] ceded by Pakistan to China via the 1963 [[Sino-Pakistan Agreement]] but also claimed by India<ref name=Time>{{cite magazine |url =http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,870184,00.html | title = Pakistan: Signing with the Red Chinese | magazine = [[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date =15 March 1963 | access-date =11 January 2020}}</ref> and [[Aksai Chin]] held by China since 1962 but also claimed by India. The Shaksgam Tract, controlled by China, is located north of the Saltoro mountain range from the [[Apsarasas Kangri]] Range to {{cvt|90|km}} northwest of [[K2]].<ref name=control2>R Baghela and M Nüsserab, 2015, [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0962629815000347 Securing the heights: The vertical dimension of the Siachen conflict between India and Pakistan in the Eastern Karakoram], [[Political Geography (journal)]], Volume 48, Pages 24–36.</ref>

==AGPL details ==
{{anchor | AGPL }}

===AGPL alignment===
{{anchor | Align | Alignment | AGPL alignment | AGPL starting point | AGPL Starting Point | AGPL end point | AGPL End Point }}

AGPL alignment, from south to north, runs near the following features of the [[Saltoro Mountains]] subrange of [[Karakoram]]:<ref name=Kapadia1/><ref name=agp2/><ref name=control2/><ref name=controlall1/><ref name=":1"/><ref name="time.com"/><ref name=agp1>{{cite web|publisher=Bharat Rakshak Monitor |title=Manning the Siachen Glacier |year=2003 |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE6-1/Siachen.html |access-date=2011-01-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614202041/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE6-1/Siachen.html |archive-date=2012-06-14 }}</ref> AGPL runs through the western side of the [[Saltoro Mountains]] Range, of which western slopes are held by Pakistan and separated by the AGPL the higher peaks and passes are held by India - all of which remain snowbound throughout the year. Five passes in the Saltoro Mountains Range provide access to [[Siachen Glacier]] to its east, i.e., listed from south to north are [[Chulung La]] (5,800m), [[Yarma La]] (6,100m), [[Gyong La]] (5,640m), [[Bilafond La]] (6,160m) - also called Saltoro La, and [[Sia La]] (7,300m).<ref name=block1>Ghazanfar Ali and Hassan Akhtar Ghani, Siachen-The world's highest battlefield; Military Technology; Bonn Vol. 22, Iss. 3, (Mar 1998): S15-S17.</ref> To the east of AGPL is Siachen Glacier which falls from the height of 18000 ft at Indira Kol to nearly 11000 ft at its terminus near [[Siachen Base Camp (India)|India's Siachen Base Camp]]. India and Pakistan have nearly 150 military posts in Siachen along AGPL with nearly 3,000 soldiers each. Nearest road is to the Indian Military Base Camp at '''Dzingrulma''', with 5G mobile and internet connectivity, which is 72 km from the beginning of the Siachen glacier at Indira Col. Nearest civilian village is Warshi in India, 16 km (10 miles) downstream from the Indian base camp on the '''Dzingrulma-[[Khalsar, India|Khalsar]] Road'''.<ref name=sbapost1/>

Subsectors of SGPL, so named by the Indian Army, are listed below.

====Southern Saltoro Ridge subsector ====

Southern Sector, so named by the Indian Army, is approached by via the Nubra Valley.

* '''AGPL Starting Point''' is [[NJ9842]] peak (?); the Line of Control ends and the AGPL begins here and runs northwards.
* [[Chulung Glacier]], AGPL runs east of this Pakistan-held glacier while the higher peaks around the Chulung Glacier including [[Battle of Bahadur post#Bahadur|Bahadur Post]] are held by India.
* [[Chulung La]] (5,800m), held by India.
* [[Battle of Bahadur post|Chulung Peak]] (also called the '''Bahadur Post''') (6,100 m or 20,000 feet), held by India.
* [[Gharkun]] peak (6620 m), AGPL runs southeast of this Pakistan-held peak.
* [[La Yongma Ri]] (6828 m), AGPL runs west of this India-held glacier.
* [[La Yongma Ri|Yarma La]] (6,100m) near La Yongma Ri glacier, both held by India.
* Northeast of Pakistan-held [[Gyong Glacier]].
* [[Siachen conflict|5770 (Naveed Top/Cheema Top/Bilal Top)]], held by India.
* [[Gyong Kangri]] peak (6,965 m), lies near Gyong La pass at the southern end of the Saltoro Ridge, it guards the approach to the Siachen Glacier from the south, held by India.<ref name=saw1>Sawhney, Pravin (2002). The Defence Makeover: 10 Myths That Shape India's Image. Sage Publications. p. 124. ISBN 978-0761996221. "Indian forces control Gyong Kangri and Gyong La since Operation Meghdoot in 1984."</ref>
* [[Gyong La]] pass (5,640m), held by India.</ref name=saw1>

====Central Saltoro Ridge subsector ====

* East of [[2012 Gayari Sector avalanche|Gyari]] (valley) Pakistani army base camp.
* [[Chumik Kangri]] (peak, 675 4m), overlooks Chumik Glacier sector, held by India.<ref name=chumk1>Singh, Jasjit (2005). Siachen Glacier: The Battle of Roses. Knowledge World. p. 67. ISBN 978-8187966441. "Chumik Kangri has been under Indian military control since the 1980s."</ref>
* [[K12 (mountain)|K12]] (peak, 7,428 m), held by India (east face) and Pakistan (west face).<ref>Kapadia, Harish (2010). "Siachen: Glacier of War". Roli Books. p. 92.</ref>
* West of [[Bilafond La]] (6,160m), held by India.<ref>Indian Army (2019). "Siachen: The Frozen Frontier". p. 41.</ref>
* West of [[Bana Top]] peak (6,400m or 22,143 ft), formerly '''Quaid Post''' of Pakistan, the highest post in the region at 20,500 ft two km south of Bilafond La, held by India since 1987 after the Operation Rajiv. In the same Bilafond La sector, also lie the India-held [[Operation Rajiv#Sonam|Sonam post]] (21,000 ft or 6,400 m elevation between Bana and Amar posts is slightly northwest of Bana Post, was established by Havildar Sonam in 1984, has world's highest helipad), and India-held [[Operation Rajiv#Amar|Amar Post]] (south of Bana and Sonam Post on the slopes of the Saltoro Ridge at a higher elevation than Sonam Post but lower than Bana Post).<ref name=trisia4>[http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/sonam-a-legend-whose-legacy-will-go-on-a-tribute-to-legends-of-siachen/ Sonam a Legend whose Legacy will Go On: A Tribute to Legends of Siachen], Indian Defence Review, 11 Feb 2016.</ref><ref name=sbapost1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/siachenthe-worlds-highest-battlefield/articleshow/45788658.cms Siachen—the world’s highest battlefield], Times of India, 14 Sept 2025.</ref>
* [[Saltoro Kangri|Saltoro Kangri I]] (7,742 m or 25,400 ft), 10 km northwest of Bana Top, twin peaks of ''Saltoro Kangri I'' to south and ''Saltoro Kangri II'' at a lower height to the north. It is the highest peak in the Siachen sector,<ref name=bullk1>[https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/the-story-of-how-siachen-was-won-as-told-by-narendra-bull-kumar/347940 "The story of how the Siachen Glacier was won – As told by Narendra 'Bull' Kumar"], ''Times Now'', 16 January 2019.</ref> India controls the area around the peak but Pakistan also claims the territory.<ref>Kapadia, Harish (2010). Siachen: Glacier of War. Roli Books. p. 89. ISBN 978-8174368312. "Saltoro Kangri's northern slopes are patrolled by Indian troops."</ref>
* Turtle (6,363 m) saddle/pass, key observation post held by India.<ref>Sawhney, Pravin (2002). "The Defence Makeover". Sage. p. 127.</ref>
* [[Sherpi Kangri]] (7,380 m), twin peaks 6 km south of Ghent Kangri (7,380 m) and 10 km northwest of Saltoro Kangri (7,742 m). Sherpi Kangri I is the higher, western summit at 7380 m. Sherpi Kangri II at approximately 7100 m is further east, it is on AGPL, held by India.<ref>Indian Army (2019). Siachen: The Frozen Frontier. Army Training Command. p. 34. "Sherpi Kangri posts provide surveillance of Bilafond La approaches."</ref>

==== Northern Saltoro Ridge subsector ====

* West of [[Ghent Kangri]] (7380 m), held by India.<ref>Clary, Christopher (2022). "The Difficult Politics of Peace". Oxford UP. p. 153.
"Ghent Kangri's eastern slopes are patrolled by India as part of AGPL defenses."</ref>

* West of [[Sia La]] (5,589 m or 18,336 ft), one of three key passes in the area held by India.<ref>Ministry of Defence, India (2020). *Annual Report 2019-20*. p. 45. "Sia La remains under firm Indian control as part of Saltoro Ridge defences."</ref>
* West of Chogolisa (7,665 m) peak, held by Pakistan.<ref>Alpine Journal (2017), p. 215.</ref>

====Baltoro-Gasherbrum subsector ====

* East of [[Baltoro Kangri]] (7312 m), peak itself lies in the Pakistan administered area with no Pakistani post on the peak,<ref>Himalayan Journal Vol. 60 (2005), p. 78.</ref> while Indian Army holds some of the offshoots of this peak.
* West of Gasherbrum Group (Gasherbrum II 8,035 m, Gasherbrum III 7,952 m, and Gasherbrum IV 7,925 m) peaks, held by Pakistan.<ref>Pakistan Army: A Modern Army (2019), p. 134.</ref>
* Gasherbrum I held by China (north face), Pakistan (west face), and India (east and south face).

====Northern subsector ====

* West of [[Tiger Saddle]], 6.5 km northwest of Sia La, held by India.
* West of [[Sia La#Conway|Conway Saddle]] (6044 m), west of and opposite to Tiger Saddle, the saddle has a Pakistan post called "Leghari Observation Post" (Leghari OP).
* East of [[Sia Kangri]] (7,422 m or 24,350 ft), west of Tiger saddle and near India-Pakistan-China trijunction, held by Pakistan (southwest face) and India (northeast face).<ref>Clary, Christopher (2022). The Difficult Politics of Peace. Oxford University Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-0197638408. "Sia Kangri's control is divided along the AGPL."</ref>
* West of [[Indira Col|Indira Col West ]] (7,422 m or 24,350 ft) on Indira Ridge, on the border of Indian and Chinese controlled territory.<ref>Annual Report of the United Service Institution of India (2018). p. 112. "Indira Col marks India's northernmost military post."</ref>
* '''AGPL End Point''': AGPL ends on the [[Indira Col|Indira Ridge]] at the India-China-Pakistan [[Line of Actual Control|LAC]] tripoint near Sia Kangri 4 km northwest of Indira Col West.

===Trans-Karakoram LAC alignment===
{{anchor | TK | LAC | TKLAC }}

While AGPL runs through the Saltoro Mountain Range, the line which separates disputed China-held [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]] (also called Shaksgam Valley, gifted by Pakistan to China and also claimed by India) from the India-held Siachen area runs through the following features of [[Karakoram range]] as follows (from west to east):<ref name=aps1/>

* Indira Col
* [[Indira Col|Turkestan La]], Turkestan La North and Turkestan La East.<ref name=aps1/>
* [[Singhi Kangri]] (7,202 m or 23,629 ft).<ref name=aps1/>
* [[Teram Kangri|Teram Kangri I]] (7,462 metres or 24,482 feet), Teram Kangri group is a mountain massif in the remote [[Siachen Muztagh]] subrange of the Karakoram range, Teram Kangri I is the highest peak.<ref name=aps1/>
* [[Apsarasas Kangri]] ( 7,245 m or 23,770 ft), has multiple peaks.<ref name=aps1>[https://www.harishkapadia.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/2002-Siachen-Glacier-Historical-Review-Booklet.pdf Siachen glacier Historical Review], Harsh Kapadia, accessed 14 Feb 2025.</ref>
* Shaksgam La
* [[Karakoram Pass]] (5,540 m or 18,176 ft), in [[Depsang Plains]].

===Military posts along AGPL ===
{{anchor | Post | Posts }}

India maintains at least 108 forward military outposts and artillery observation posts along the Actual Ground Position Line (AGPL), which runs along the Saltoro Ridge. Pakistan has around 50 posts, mostly at lower elevations west of the Saltoro ridge. Some of the well-known bases and posts are:<ref name=siaet2/><ref name=trisia1>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140413/pers.htm#1 30 years of the world's coldest war], The Tribune, 13 April 1984.</ref>

====India====

Listed south to north:

* Southern Saltoro Ridge subsector
** [[Siachen Base Camp (India)|Siachen Base Camp]] at Partapur: serves as the main base for the [[XIV Corps (India)|102 Infantry Brigade]] (Siachen Brigade) includes Siachen Battle School for training and acclimatization, reachable from Leh via [[Khardung La]].<ref name=siaet2/><ref name=trisia1/>
** [[Siachen Base Camp (India)|Kumar Base]] (Kumar Base): Named after Colonel [[Narendra Kumar (mountaineer)|Narendra "Bull" Kumar]], who played a key role in mapping Siachen. Serves as a battalion headquarters, located 60 km from Siachen Base Camp toward Indira Col.<ref name=siaet2/><ref name=trisia1/>
* Central Saltoro Ridge subsector
** Pahalwan Post:<ref name=siaet2/><ref name=trisia1/>
** Gyong La Post: Provides tactical dominance over surrounding areas.
** Bilafond La subsector: Site of multiple Pakistani counterattacks, including one led by Brigadier Pervez Musharraf, all repelled by India.
*** [[Bilafond La|Bilafond La Post]]:<ref name=siaet2/><ref name=trisia1/>
*** [[Operation Rajiv#Amar|Amar Post]]:<ref name=siaet2/><ref name=trisia1/>
*** [[Operation Rajiv|Bana Post]] (Quaid Post - former name by Pakistan): Captured by India in 1987 during Operation Rajiv. Requires an 80-km, 20-day trek from Siachen Base Camp.<ref name=siaet2/><ref name=trisia1/>
*** [[Operation Rajiv#Sonam|Sonam Post]]: The highest permanently manned post in the world, located between the Amar and Bana posts. Used for logistics and observation.<ref name=siaet2/><ref name=trisia1/>
* Northern Saltoro Ridge subsector
** Sia La Post: Provides control over northern access routes.<ref name=siaet2/><ref name=trisia1/>
* Northern subsector
** Indira Post: near [[Indira Col]], named after the Workman expedition (not Indira Gandhi). One of the northernmost posts, critical for monitoring the India-China-Pakistan tri-junction.<ref name=siaet2/><ref name=trisia1/>

====Pakistan====
[[File:Goma_Village,_Ghanche,_Gilgit_and_Baltistan,_Pakistan.JPG|thumb|Goma]]

Listed south to north:

Pakistan controls the glacial valleys west of the Saltoro Ridge, at lower altitudes, with posts located on the western slopes of the ridge’s spurs.

* Southern Saltoro Ridge subsector
** Goma Base: at lower elevation than Indian posts, is a logistical base west of the Saltoro Ridge, supporting Pakistani operations in the region. Connected by road networks, providing a logistical advantage over India’s helicopter-dependent supply lines.
** [[2012 Gayari Sector avalanche|Gayari Base Camp]] (~4,500 m or 14,764 ft): in the Gayari subsector, southwest of the Saltoro Ridge. Devastated by an avalanche in 2012, killing 129 soldiers and 11 civilians. Rebuilt and operational.
* Central Saltoro Ridge subsector
** Naveed Post (~6,750 m or 22,158 ft):
* Northern Saltoro Ridge subsector
** Conway Saddle Post (~6,032 m or 19,790 ft): at the junction of the Karakoram and Saltoro Ranges, near the Baltoro Glacier. Blocks Indian access to K2 and provides strategic oversight of surrounding peaks.

==Background context==

=== Borders ===

The borders of India-Pakistan and their tri-junction with Tibet are:

* [[India–Pakistan border|India–Pakistan International Border]] (IB)
* [[Line of Control]] (LoC)
* [[Line of Actual Control]] (LAC)
* [[Sir Creek]] (SC)
* [[Borders of China]]
* [[Borders of India]]

=== Conflicts ===

The major conflicts involving India-Pakistan and their tri-junction with Tibet are:

* [[Kashmir conflict]]
* [[Siachen conflict]]
* [[Sino-Indian War|Sino-Indian conflict]]
* [[:Category:Territorial disputes of China|List of disputed territories of China]]
* [[List of disputed territories of India]]
* [[:Category:Territorial disputes of Pakistan|List of disputed territories of Pakistan]]
* [[Northern Areas]]
* [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]]

=== Military operation ===
Military operations undertaken by India and/or Pakistan in this area are:

* Operation Ababeel/[[Operation Meghdoot]], failed Pakistan's Ababeel Operation and successful capture of Siachen by India in 1984.
* [[Operation Rajiv]], successful operation and capture of Quaid Post (Bana Post) by India in 1987.
* [[Siachen conflict|Operation Qaidat/Operation Vajrashakti]], by Pakistan and successful counter by India in September 1987.
* [[Operation Chumik/Operation Ibex]], by Pakistan and successful counter by India in 1989.
* [[Battle of Bahadur post|Operation Trishul Shakti]], India successful thwarted Pakistani attempt to capture Bahadur post in Chulung area in 1992.
* [[Siachen conflict|Battle of Tyakshi Post]]: Pakistan Army NLI attack on the Indian [[Tyakshi]] post at the very southern edge of the Saltoro defense line was repulsed by Indian troops in May 1995.
* [[Siachen conflict|Battle of Point 5770 (Naveed Top/Cheema Top/Bilal Top)]]: Indian Army under Brig. P. C. Katoch, Col. Konsam Himalaya Singh snatched control of Pt 5770 (called Naveed Top/Cheema Top/Bilal Top by Pakistanis) in Gyong La area from Pakistan troops in the southern edge of the [[Saltoro Mountains|Saltoro defense line]] in June 1999.

==History==

===Karachi Agreement and Shimla Agreement ===

The [[Karachi Agreement]] of 1949 created the Line of Control between India and Pakistan, but this line ended at a location called Khor in [[Nubra]]. The only additional relevant text for the Saltoro – Siachen area in either the 1949 or the superseding 1972 [[Simla Agreement]] was "thence north to the glaciers." The countries interpreted that differently, leading to the [[Siachen conflict]].<ref>{{citation |last=Krishna Rao |first=K. V. |title=Prepare or Perish: A Study of National Security |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G7xPaJomYsEC&pg=PA472 |year=1991 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-81-7212-001-6 |page=472}}</ref>

=== 1972 delineation ===
As part of the [[Simla Agreement]] signed on 2 July 1972, prime ministers [[Indira Gandhi]] and [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] agreed that "the line of control resulting from the ceasefire of December 17, 1971, shall be respected by both sides without prejudice to the recognised position of either side".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mea.gov.in/in-focus-article.htm?19005/Simla+Agreement+July+2+1972 |title=Simla Agreement |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Kashmir/shimla.htm |title=Simla Agreement between India and Pakistan |publisher=Embassy of India, Washington, DC |access-date=2009-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091111122810/http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Kashmir/shimla.htm |archive-date=2009-11-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In November–December 1972, the military delegations of the two sides met in [[Suchetgarh]] to delineate the Line of Control. After delineation, signed maps were exchanged by the two sides and submitted to the respective governments for ratification.<ref>{{citation |author=Asian Recorder |chapter=Annexure VII: Asian Recorder, 1–7, Jan. 1973 (SUMMARY: Delineation Maps Exchanged with Pakistan) |editor=Jasjit Singh |title=India and Pakistan: Crisis of Relationship |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eWEkDNZhojEC&pg=PA185 |year=1990 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-81-7062-118-8 |pages=185–189}}</ref> Scholar Brian Cloughley remarked that the delineation represented remarkable territorial precision. However, it terminated at the grid reference NJ9842, leaving undelimited 60 to 75 km to the border with China.<ref name=Cloughley>{{citation |last=Cloughley |first=Brian |title=A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and Insurrections |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JE1kCwAAQBAJ |date=2016 |publisher=Carrel Books |isbn=978-1-63144-039-7 |at=Chapter 10}}</ref>

===1984 capture of Siachen by India ===

In 1984 by India's successful captured the disputed Siachen Glacier through its [[Operation Meghdoot]], and subsequently continued with [[Operation Rajiv]]. India took control of the {{convert|76|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} Siachen Glacier and its tributary glaciers, as well as all the main passes and heights of the [[Saltoro Mountains|Saltoro Ridge]] immediately west of the glacier, including [[Sia La]], [[Bilafond La]], and [[Gyong La]]. Pakistan controls the glacial valleys and slopes immediately west of the Saltoro Ridge.<ref name="Wirsing">{{cite book |last = Wirsing |first = Robert |title = Pakistan's security under Zia, 1977–1988: the policy imperatives of a peripheral Asian state |publisher = Palgrave Macmillan, 1991 |isbn = 9780312060671|date = 15 November 1991 }}</ref><ref name="Child">{{cite book |last = Child |first = Greg |title = Thin air: encounters in the Himalayas |publisher = The Mountaineers Books, 1998 |isbn = 9780898865882 |year = 1998 |url-access = registration |url = https://archive.org/details/thinairencounter00chil }}</ref>

== Current status ==

=== Army deployment ===
{{anchor | Army | Army deployment }}

Indian soldiers, following the often-internationally accepted principal of the highest watershed (mountain peaks and ridges) as the border, have held all of the Siachen Glacier and all its main passes since 1984.<ref name=controlall1/> India launched [[Operation Meghdoot]] in 1984 during the Siachen conflict, and took control of the Siachen Glacier.

[[Indian Army]] posts are along the Saltoro Ridge, west of the main Siachen glacier, along a line roughly connecting Gyong La, Bilafond La, Sia La, and Indira Col. Pakistan controls the region west of Saltoro Ridge.<ref name=controlall1/> India has more than 50 military posts across the length of AGPL which are located almost 3,000 ft above Pakistani posts,<ref name=controlall1>[https://theprint.in/opinion/how-india-realised-it-was-at-risk-of-losing-the-siachen-glacier-to-pakistan/49141/ How India realised it was at risk of losing the Siachen glacier to Pakistan], The Print, 12 April 2018.</ref> with 80 km [[Sightline|line of sight]] visibility range in the clear weather. The Indian soldiers hold on to the heights on the ridge, preventing the Pakistani soldiers from climbing up to the Saltoro Range heights.<ref name=control2/>
[[File:Goma,siachen glacier.jpg|thumb|right|Goma, Gilgit and Baltistan]]
The [[Pakistan Army]] has base camps at [[Goma, Gilgit and Baltistan|Goma]] and posts at its [[2012 Gayari Sector avalanche|Gayari]] subsector in the sub glaciers southwest of the Saltoro Range, and access on the [[Baltoro Glacier]] to the Conway Saddle in the northern extremes of the region.<ref name=control2/> The peaks and passes under Pakistan's control such as [[2012 Gayari Sector avalanche|Gayari Camp]], [[Chogolisa]], [[Baltoro Glacier]], [[Conway Saddle]],<ref name=control2/> [[Baltoro Muztagh]], and [[Gasherbrum]] lie west of the AGPL.

=== Tourism ===
{{anchor | Tourism | Tourism in Siachen | Tourism in AGPL areas | Tourism in AGPL area | AGPL Tourism | AGPL tourism }}
{{ main | Tourism in Ladakh }}

India allows several tourist and civilian activities in Siachen area. To exploit the potential for tourism, the government is making ongoing efforts to improve connectivity.<ref name=siaet1>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/siachen-worlds-highest-battlefield-now-opened-for-tourists/articleshow/71688660.cms?from=mdr "Siachen, world's highest battlefield, now open for tourists"], ''Economic Times'', 21 October 2019.</ref> There is a recurring planned annual civilian expedition from [[Siachen Base Camp (India)|Siachen Base Camp]] to Indira Ridge, Indira Col and other features. India has opened up the entire area from ''Siachen Base Camp'' at 12,000 ft to Kumar Post at 15,000 ft for the regular tourism for the civilians. Bana Post at 20,500 ft will remain off limit to tourists. Temperatures drop to below minus 60 degrees Celsius during the winter.<ref name=siaet1/>

Until 2010, civilian tourists were permitted only in the [[Nubra Valley]] up to [[Panamik]]. Since 2010 tourist have been permitted in Nubra Valley up to [[Turtuk]] and beyond to [[Tyakshi]] on the LAC; both of these villages were captured from Pakistan by India in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]. From 2019, medically fit civilians below the age of 45 are allowed up to Kumar Base (16,000 ft) on a 30-day trek organised by Army Adventure Cell in August–September, during which tourists go through the highly altitude conditioning at Leh Base, Siachen Base and forward staging posts, at the end of which they undertake an extreme adventure 9-day return track from Siachen Base to Kumar Base 60 km away.<ref name=siaet2/>

In 2018, five road routes and four trails with a night stay in Ladakh were opened for the tourists by the [[Government of India]] (GoI), all located above the altitude of 14,000 ft, and the maximum limit of travel permit was raised from 7 days to 15 days:<ref name=tra1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/5-new-routes-4-trails-in-ladakh-to-open-for-travellers-permit-limit-also-increased/as67160834.cms "5 new routes, 4 trails in Ladakh to open for travellers; permit limit also increased"], ''India Times'', 19 December 2018.</ref>

==In the popular culture==

Books on the topic are:
* Beyond NJ 9842: The Siachen Saga
* Meghdoot : The Beginning of the Coldest War

==See also==

* [[Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces]]
* [[Bana Singh]], after whom Quaid Post was renamed to Bana Top
* [[List of extreme points of India]]
* [[Sino-Pakistan Agreement]] for transfer of Trans-Karakoram Tract to China

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Borders of Pakistan|Borders of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Politics of the Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan border]]

2024 Bishkek riots

2026-02-20T06:49:53Z

Ramesheditor: Made First Article V1.

{{Short description|Xenophobic riots in Bishkek}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 2024 Bishkek riots
| location = [[Bishkek]], [[Kyrgyzstan]]
| date = May 17–18, 2024
| image =
| caption =
| target = Foreigners, especially ones from [[Middle East and North Africa|SWANA]] and [[South Asia]]
| type = Mob violence
| fatalities = 4
| injuries = At least 29<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-18 |title=First batch of students arrives as govt moves in to rescue Pakistanis in Bishkek |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2024/05/18/no-pakistanis-killed-in-kyrgyzstan-mob-violence-targeting-foreign-students/ |access-date=2024-05-19 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519092226/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2024/05/18/no-pakistanis-killed-in-kyrgyzstan-mob-violence-targeting-foreign-students/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| perpetrators = Kyrgyz nationalist mobs
| numparts = Over 100 (initially) 500–700
| motive = [[Xenophobia]]
}}
The '''2024 Bishkek riots''' were attacks on foreigners by ethnic [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]] mobs in [[Bishkek]], the capital of [[Kyrgyzstan]]. The clashes lasted from May 17th to the 18th, with four reported deaths.

Foreign governments with citizens in the country took a deep concern, with the [[Pakistan]]i government successfully evacuating 3000+ Pakistani students.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Salim |first=Yusra |date=2024-05-26 |title=Panic in Bishkek |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2468230/panic-in-bishkek |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
Kyrgyzstan is a common destination for medical students, given its cheap costs of education and internationally recognized [[medical degree]]s. It had more than 60,000 foreign students in 2021, including 14,500 [[India]]n students and 10,000 Pakistani students.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-18 |title=Mob violence in Kyrgyzstan a threat to Indian, Pakistani students? What we know so far |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/mob-violence-in-kyrgyzstan-a-threat-to-indian-pakistani-students-what-we-know-so-far-13772259.html |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us |archive-date=2024-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518142053/https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/mob-violence-in-kyrgyzstan-a-threat-to-indian-pakistani-students-what-we-know-so-far-13772259.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Trigger ==
The trigger of the clashes was a brawl between four or five young local citizens and [[Egyptians|Egyptian]] students in a dormitory on May 13th at about 02:00.<ref name=elba>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-18 |title=غاغة ضد المهاجرين في قرغيزستان واحتجاز 3 طلاب مصريين |url=https://elbashayer.com/3327337/%d8%ba%d8%a7%d8%ba%d8%a9-%d8%b6%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%ba%d9%8a%d8%b2%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%ad%d8%aa%d8%ac%d8%a7/ |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=جريدة البشاير |language=ar |archive-date=2024-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518145440/https://elbashayer.com/3327337/%d8%ba%d8%a7%d8%ba%d8%a9-%d8%b6%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%ba%d9%8a%d8%b2%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%ad%d8%aa%d8%ac%d8%a7/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=ru>{{cite news |title=Хронология событий приведшие к волнению в городе Бишкек |url=https://mvd.gov.kg/rus/news/3247 |access-date=24 December 2024 |work=mvd.gov.kg}}</ref> Kyrgyzstani young men demanded cigarettes, which Egyptians refused.<ref name=issue>{{cite news |title=Issue of Egyptian students in Kyrgyzstan solved: Egypt’s Foreign Ministry |url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/132510/Issue-of-Egyptian-students-in-Kyrgyzstan-solved-Egypt%E2%80%99s-Foreign-Ministry |access-date=24 December 2024 |work=EgyptToday |date=24 May 2024}}</ref> An existing video footage depicts Egyptian students attacking Kyrgyzstani men.<ref name=asia>{{cite news |last1=Asia |first1=Times of Central |title=An Uneasy Calm After Unrest in Bishkek - The Times Of Central Asia |url=https://timesca.com/an-uneasy-calm-after-unrest-in-bishkek/ |access-date=24 December 2024 |date=20 May 2024}}</ref> The Kyrgyz police arrested three<ref>{{cite news |title=What happened in Kyrgyzstan capital Bishkek? |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/544603-what-happened-in-kyrgyzstan-capital-bishkek |access-date=24 December 2024 |work=www.geo.tv |language=en}}</ref> or four<ref name=asia/> Egyptian citizens and placed them in the temporary detention center of the Central Internal Affairs Directorate in Bishkek over suspicion of hooliganism.<ref>{{cite news |title=Egypt working to release detained students in Kyrgyzstan violence: Foreign ministry - Foreign Affairs - Egypt |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/1234/523938/Egypt/Foreign-Affairs/Egypt-working-to-release-detained-students-in-Kyrg.aspx |access-date=24 December 2024 |work=Ahram Online}}</ref> After the original problem was resolved, the video was published on May 17th,<ref name=ru/> spread across social media channels and the issue escalated. Later, it sparked retaliation by Kyrgyz mobs against foreigners in the country. Initially, over 100 Kyrgyz gathered "to take revenge on the foreigners who beat up residents."<ref name=arabnews>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador says five Pakistani students injured in Kyrgyzstan mob violence |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2512516/amp |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=Arab News |language=en |archive-date=2024-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518130403/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2512516/amp |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Main events ==

The Kyrgyz mobs began targeting anyone with a similar appearance to the Arabs they had fought. Pakistanis became the most targeted, and [[India]]ns and [[Bangladeshi]] were attacked too.<ref name=arabnews/><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 18, 2024 |title=Pakistanis in Kyrgyzstan's Bishkek asked to stay indoors amid mob riots targeting international students |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1834250 |access-date=May 18, 2024 |archive-date=May 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518174046/https://www.dawn.com/news/1834250 |url-status=live }}</ref> The attacks were initially in universities, although they later spread to the streets, with Kyrgyz mobs attacking anyone perceived as foreign, whether they were male or female. Foreigners were instructed not to leave their homes and to close their curtains and to hide as the Kyrgyz mobs were severely beating people without any exceptions. The Kyrgyz mobs began going on a manhunt around the city for foreigners. 500–700 more Kyrgyz youth aged between 18 and 25 gathered in the city center.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rferl.org/a/bishkek-clashes-dozens-injured/32952534.html | title=4 Arrested, Dozens Injured as Mob Violence Targets Foreigners in Bishkek | access-date=2024-05-18 | archive-date=2024-05-18 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518125018/https://www.rferl.org/amp/bishkek-clashes-dozens-injured/32952534.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

After midnight, police recorded a video of the detained Egyptians, in which they apologized to the Kyrgyz people, expressed regret for what had happened, pledged that this will not happen again, and affirmed their determination to respect Kyrgyz law.<ref name=elba/>

Four Pakistani students were reported killed, according to a news network from Srinagar, India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://freepresskashmir.news/2024/05/19/kyrgyzstan-four-pakistani-students-killed-in-violent-attack-india-urges-students-to-stay-indoor/amp/|title=Kyrgyzstan: Four Pakistani students killed in violent attack; India urges students to stay indoor|work=Free Press Kashmir|date=19 May 2024}}</ref> However, Pakistan and Kyrgyzstan both reported that no Pakistani students were killed.

On Kyrgyz social media, rioters sent messages calling on locals to come out and attack foreigners. Streets were extremely dangerous as hundreds of Kyrgyz rioters were mercilessly beating any foreigner they saw.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/locals-spreading-hate-messages-on-tiktok-indian-students-in-kyrgyzstan/articleshow/110232396.cms | title=Locals spreading hate messages on TikTok: Indian students in Kyrgyzstan | newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=2024-05-18 | archive-date=2024-05-18 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518125012/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/locals-spreading-hate-messages-on-tiktok-indian-students-in-kyrgyzstan/amp_articleshow/110232396.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

Mobs surrounded universities, workplaces, houses, and hostels where Pakistanis, Indians, and [[Bangladesh]]is were located, and dragged them out to beat. They also chanted racist slogans.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rferl.org/a/kyrgyzstan-pakistan-riots-mob-violence-students-bishkek/32952766.html | title='A Living Hell': Pakistani Students Describe Harrowing Bishkek Mob Violence | access-date=2024-05-18 | archive-date=2024-05-18 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518125016/https://www.rferl.org/amp/kyrgyzstan-pakistan-riots-mob-violence-students-bishkek/32952766.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Local streets were closed by authorities, although it did not have much effect.<ref>{{cite web |last1=|first1= |date=17 May 2024 |title=Thousands of Pakistani students attacked by locals in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan |url=https://humenglish.com/world/thousands-of-pakistani-students-attacked-by-locals-in-bishkek-kyrgyzstan/ |access-date=18 May 2024 |website=humenglish.com |language=en |archive-date=20 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520104727/https://humenglish.com/world/thousands-of-pakistani-students-attacked-by-locals-in-bishkek-kyrgyzstan/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

By May 18, the violence had died down and the authorities declared the riot over. One-hundred-eighty Pakistanis, including 140 students, left Kyrgyzstan.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Service |first=RFE/RL's Kyrgyz |title=Bishkek University Reportedly Calm After Mob Violence That Injured At Least 29 |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/bishkek-clashes-dozens-injured/32952534.html |access-date=2024-05-20 |work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |language=en |archive-date=2024-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519172219/https://www.rferl.org/a/bishkek-clashes-dozens-injured/32952534.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Reactions and response==
===Egyptian government===
On May 22nd, the Egyptian embassy in Kazakhstan stated that the issue of Egyptian students in Kyrgyzstan is solved.<ref name=issue/> All detained students were released.

===Pakistani government ===
The [[Pakistani government]] was commended for its quick response to ensure the safety of Pakistani students. The [[Kyrgyz government]] ensured provision of foolproof security to Pakistani students. Standard medical services were provided to the injured students. The government announced plans to operate special flights to bring back Pakistanis from Bishkek. A committee was also constituted to investigate the matter.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.radio.gov.pk/19-05-2024/bishkek-incident-nation-lauds-govts-swift-response-for-the-safety-of-pakistani-students | title=Bishkek incident: Govt's swift response for safety of Pakistani students lauded | access-date=2024-05-20 | archive-date=2024-05-19 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519172225/https://www.radio.gov.pk/19-05-2024/bishkek-incident-nation-lauds-govts-swift-response-for-the-safety-of-pakistani-students | url-status=live }}</ref>

Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister [[Ishaq Dar|Muhammad Ishaq Dar]] announced that three special planes will bring back a total of 540 Pakistani students from Bishkek.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.radio.gov.pk/19-05-2024/540-pakistani-students-to-return-from-kyrgyzstan-tonight-via-special-flights-ishaq-dar | title=Three special planes to bring back 540 Pakistanis from Bishkek tonight: Ishaq Dar | access-date=2024-05-20 | archive-date=2024-05-19 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519152219/https://www.radio.gov.pk/19-05-2024/540-pakistani-students-to-return-from-kyrgyzstan-tonight-via-special-flights-ishaq-dar | url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]], a major opposition party, [[Sindh]]’s region President [[Haleem Adil Sheikh]] criticized the government's response and said that the government did nothing but issue statements. Shaikh called for immediate start of emergency flight operations and opening of a Green Corridor to ensure safe return of Pakistani nationals.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40304221 | title=Bishkek: PTI leader assails govt for its 'action' | date=20 May 2024 | access-date=2024-05-20 | archive-date=2024-05-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520104728/https://www.brecorder.com/news/40304221 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Both the Indian and Pakistani embassies in Bishkek recommended that their nationals in Bishkek should stay indoors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-18 |title=Kyrgyzstan Violence: India, Pakistan Issue Emergency Helplines For Students Amid Reports of Riots In Kyrgyzstan {{!}} What We Know |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/india-pakistan-issue-emergency-helplines-for-students-amid-reports-of-riots-in-kyrgyzstan-what-we-know |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=Outlook India |language=en |archive-date=2024-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518061329/https://www.outlookindia.com/national/india-pakistan-issue-emergency-helplines-for-students-amid-reports-of-riots-in-kyrgyzstan-what-we-know |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Kyrgyz government===

On 22 May the Kyrgyz [[Ministry of the Interior (Kyrgyzstan)|Ministry of Internal Affairs]] announced that ten people, six Kyrgyz nationals and four foreigners, had been detained in connection with the violent riots. According to the ministry, nine investigations were launched into hooliganism, robbery, mass disorder, and inciting ethnic hatred.<ref>[https://www.rferl.org/a/kyrgyz-foreign-nationals-detained-mob-attack/32959434.html 6 Kyrgyz, 4 Foreign Nationals Detained Over Mob Attacks In Bishkek That Triggered Exodus (RFE/RL)]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}{{Kyrgyzstan topics}}
[[Category:2024 in Kyrgyzstan]]
[[Category:2024 riots]]
[[Category:Racism in Asia]]
[[Category:Anti-Indian sentiment in Asia]]
[[Category:Anti-Pakistan sentiment]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Kyrgyzstan]]
[[Category:May 2024 in Kyrgyzstan]]
[[Category:Discrimination in Kyrgyzstan]]
[[Category:Kyrgyzstan–Pakistan relations]]
[[Category:India–Kyrgyzstan relations]]
[[Category:Bangladesh–Kyrgyzstan relations]]
[[Category:Racially motivated violence in Asia]]

Narayan Singh Manaklao

2026-02-18T18:45:25Z

Ramesheditor: further expand citations for consistency and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{BLP primary sources|date=January 2008}}
'''Narayan Singh Manaklao''' is a noted social worker of India and was member of the [[Rajya Sabha]], by nomination during August 2003 to August 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx|title=Rajya Sabha members|access-date=2009-12-31}}</ref>
He is also a recipient of the [[Padma Bhushan]] award. He was born in [[Jodhpur district]] of [[Rajasthan]] in 1942.

He was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1991 by the [[Government of India]]<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> in recognition of dedicated services rendered in helping to reduce the anti-social consumption of [[opium]] by organizing systematic and scientific de-addiction programmes, Founded a Trust called [[Opium De Addiction Treatment Training Research Turst Manaklao]] which have benefited thousands of rural and urban men, women and children drawn from all strata of society since 1978 and he started this Institute at [[Manaklao]] in [[Jodhpur District]]. He established Sucheta Kriplani Shiksha Niketan, a unique residential Senior Secondary School to impart free and quality education to the physically disabled children in 1991.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

He had earlier received [[Padma Shri]] in 1986.<ref name="Padma Awards" /> Currently he is providing scholarships to poor children to fulfil their dreams by a NGO he is part of.

== External links ==
* [http://164.100.24.167:8080/members/website/Mainweb.asp?mpcode=1926 Manaklao at the Parliament of India website]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1990–99}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manaklao, Narayan Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Social workers from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthani people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in social work]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:People from Jodhpur district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]

{{India-activist-stub}}

College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Mhow

2026-02-17T00:50:51Z

Ramesheditor: Created New Info - done

{{Short description|Autonomous veterinary university in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| name = College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Mhow
| image_name =
| image_size =
| caption =
| motto =
| mottoeng =
| established = 1955<ref name="ndvsu_website">{{cite web|url=https://www.ndvsu.org/index.php/history-of-college |title= ndvsu_website |publisher=ndvsu.org }}</ref>
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| head = Dr. B.P. Shukla
| head_label = Dean
| city = [[Mhow]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| coor = {{coord|22.5875|N|75.7828|E|region:IN_type:edu|display=title,inline}}
| undergrad =
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]], 257 acres
| affiliations = [[Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University]]
| website = https://www.ndvsu.org/index.php/departments/jabalpur-vet-college/veterinary-college-mhow
}}
The '''College of [[Veterinary medicine|Veterinary Sciences]] and [[Animal husbandry|Animal Husbandry]], [[Mhow]]''' is a constituent college of [[Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University]], [[Jabalpur]] an autonomous veterinary university in India, and is a pioneer college in the field of veterinary sciences in India. It is one of the oldest veterinary colleges in [[Madhya Pradesh]], was founded in 1955 the present building of the college was inaugurated by the first prime minister of India Pt.[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] on 12 November 1959.

==History==
The College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, located in the Malwa region. Originally functioning as a satellite branch of [[U.P. Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Veterinary Science University and Cattle Research Institute|Mathura Veterinary College]] under Agra University, the college awarded its first B.V.Sc. & A.H. degrees through [[Vikram University]], Ujjain. The foundation stone was laid on 27 December 1954 by Shri V.V. Dravid, the Minister of Labor, alongside Dr. R.L. Kaushal, the founding Principal. Officially inaugurated on 12 July 1955, the college was initially named "College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry cum Livestock Research Institute." In 1964, it joined Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya(JNKVV), Jabalpur, as a constituent unit. Later, in 2008, it became part of Rajmata Vijayaraje Sindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya (RVSKVV), Gwalior. Finally, in 2009, the college was integrated into Madhya Pradesh Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwa Vidyalaya, which was renamed Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University (NDVSU) on 3 November 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of College |url=https://www.ndvsu.org/index.php/history-of-college |website=Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University |access-date=24 January 2025}}</ref>

== Campus and student activities ==
The campus is situated approximately 5 km from Mhow cantonment and is 18 km from the Indore railway station on Mumbai Agra National highway No. 3.

It has a college building academic block, administrative block, teaching veterinary complex. It also has a dairy farm and a poultry farm. The college offers both undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in veterinary sciences and a diploma course in animal husbandry.

The college campus has accommodation facilities for its staff and students; there are two boys hostels namely Gandhi Hall and Tagore Hall, and a separate girls hostel. Every year in late January the college organises an annual cultural and sports week.

== Departments ==
# Department of Veterinary Anatomy
# Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry
# Department of Livestock Production and Management
# Department of Biochemistry
# Department of Veterinary Microbiology
# Department of Veterinary Pathology
# Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding
# Department of Veterinary Public Health
# Department of Animal Nutrition
# Department of Livestock Production Technology
# Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension
# Department of Veterinary Parasitology
# Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology
# Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology
# Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics
# Department of Veterinary Medicine
# Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* http://mppcvv.org
* https://web.archive.org/web/20130819001242/http://veterinarycollegemhow.org/
* https://www.ndvsu.org/index.php/departments/jabalpur-vet-college/veterinary-college-mhow

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Mhow]]
[[Category:Veterinary schools in India]]

Patan (Satara) Assembly constituency

2026-02-12T18:18:00Z

Ramesheditor: creating a data.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Patan (Satara)
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| abolished = 1961 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - DPACO 1961 |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 55,298
| mla = [[Balasaheb Desai|Daulatrao Shripatrao Desai]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| district = North Satara District
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}
Patan (Satara) Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. After the 1961 Delimitation act, it was split into [[Patan, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Patan]] and [[Satara Assembly constituency|Satara]] constituencies.
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || [[Balasaheb Desai|Daulatrao Shripatrao Desai]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Patan (Satara)<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Balasaheb Desai|Daulatrao Shripatrao Desai]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 19,568 |percentage = 58.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patankar Balasaheb Ganpatrao |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 13,686 |percentage = 41.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,882 |percentage = 17.69% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 33,254 |percentage = 60.14% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 33,254}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,298|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Kruttika Desai

2026-02-07T23:44:17Z

Ramesheditor: created the page with sources - done

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kruttika Desai
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| other_names =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1985–present
| spouse = [[Imtiaz Khan]]
| children = Ayesha Khan
| parents =
| relatives = [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] (brother-in-law )
| notable_works = {{ubl|''[[Uttaran]]''|''[[Mere Angne Mein]]''|''[[Pandya Store]]''|''[[Chandrakanta (1994 TV series)|Chandrakanta]]''}}
}}

'''Kruttika Desai''' is an Indian film, theatre and [[Actor|television actress]]. In the 90s, she gained initial fame in the serial ''[[Buniyaad]]'' and later for her 4 roles including of a Vishkanya in popular fantasy series ''[[Chandrakanta (1994 TV series)|Chandrakanta]]'', and later in the next 2 decades, she went on to earn huge recognition for portraying a wide range of characters in television soap operas like Airhostess, Kismet, Dewaar, Noorjahan, Junoon, Lipstick, Tumhari Disha, Mere Anganay mein. She also hosted many shows like Mansi, [[Superhit Muqabla]], and Superhit Hangama. She is the first television actress to go bald for a show, ''[[Uttaran]]''. She is widely known for her role in ''[[Pandya Store]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/pooja-banerjee-to-meghna-naidu-5-times-vishkanyas-gave-naagins-a-run-for-their-money-lifetv-975036-2017-05-03 |title=Pooja Banerjee to Meghna Naidu: 5 times Vishkanyas gave Naagins a run for their money}}</ref>

==Acting career==
Desai started her career with theatre, Modelling (Surf, White line, Reliance) and moved onto television in its earliest stages with Airhostess, Ek Kahani, and Ramesh Sippy spotted her and cast her as Mangala in Buniyad. Later she was involved in "Akansha",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/story/80838/b |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120730051510/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/story/80838/b |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 July 2012 |title=Different dreams |work=The Financial Express |date=27 November 2005 |accessdate=19 July 2012}}</ref> a theatre workshop for street children and directed their musical extravaganzas. She has also acted in some [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] plays and monologues. She has done over 40 serials and later in her career went on to shave her head for the serial ''Uttaran'', making her the first woman to go bald in the history of Indian Television.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Kruttika-Desai-goes-bald-for-a-role/articleshow/18628387.cms |title=Kruttika Desai goes bald for a role |work=The Times of India |date=23 February 2013 |accessdate=25 July 2014}}</ref> Desai played many popular roles in [[Indian soap opera]]s, most notably Noorjehan, A mouthful of sky, (only English serial made in India), Kussum, Chandrakanta, Betal, Black, Junoon, ''[[Ram Milaayi Jodi]]'', ''[[Uttaran]]''. She also did India's first count down show, Superhit Muqabala where she covered the Michael Jackson show in Bangkok, and many chat shows like Mansi and game shows like Surf Dhamaka. In 2015, she played the pivotal role of Shanti Devi in the [[Star Plus]] serial ''[[Mere Angne Mein]]'' which became one of the most successful and long-running shows. The show ended in August 2017 after a successful run of 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mere Angne Mein To Go Off Air After Two Year Run! {{!}} SpotboyE |url=https://www.spotboye.com/television/television-news/mere-angne-mein-to-go-off-air-after-two-year-run/58d3ee7f2cf334876b6d11b3 |access-date=18 February 2023 |website=www.spotboye.com |language=en}}</ref> She has done some international films like Turn left for this world, Au bout du Monde and Bengali films and a few Hindi films like Section 375, Blurr, Kiya, Sarpanch Lajoji.

==Personal life==
Desai was married to [[Imtiaz Khan]], an avant-garde film and serial director and actor. Imtiaz died on 15 March 2020.<ref name=":0" /> The couple adopted a daughter named Ayesha Khan who is a model and actor.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Krutika Desai's husband Imtiaz Khan passes away at 77 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/krutika-desais-husband-imtiaz-khan-passes-away/articleshow/74666202.cms |access-date=18 February 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Their nephews Seemaab Khan and [[Shadaab Khan]] are actors in the industry. Desai is a [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-09-11 |title=Actress Krutika Desai thinks she and her husband are one of the most oddly matched couples. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/telly-actress-krutika-desai-thinks-she-and-her-husband-are-one-of-the-most-oddly-matched-couples-among-other-differences-she-says-her-muslim-husband-being-a-kattar-non-vegetarian-and-she-being-a-pure-vegetarian-is-certainly-an-odd-match-/articleshow/6537773.cms?from=mdr |access-date=27 January 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |quote=Among other differences, she says her muslim husband being a "kattar" non-vegetarian and she being a pure vegetarian, is certainly an odd match.}}</ref>

==Filmography==

=== Films ===
{| class = "wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1987
| ''[[Insaaf (1987 film)|Insaaf]]''
| Geeta Kapoor
|
|-
|1996
|''[[Dastak (1996 film)|Dastak]]''
|
|
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Dattak]]''
| Roma
|
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Turn Left at the End of the World]]''
| Rachel Talkar
| Israeli film
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Section 375]]''
| Justice Indrani
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Blurr]]''
| Radha Solanki
|
|-
| 2023
| ''Meri Lajjo Sarpanch''
| Lajjo
|
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year !!Title !!Role !!Notes
|-
|1986-1987 ||''[[Buniyaad]]'' || Mangla ||
|-
|1986 |||''Air Hostess'' || ||
|-
|1993-1994 ||''[[Dekh Bhai Dekh]]'' || ||
|-
|1993-1994 ||''[[Superhit Muqabla]]'' || ||
|-
|1994-1996 ||''[[Chandrakanta (1994 TV series)|Chandrakanta]]'' ||Sabhya/Ramya/Amba/Vishkanya/Jwala ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1995 ||''Zameen Aasmaan'' || ||
|-
|''[[A Mouthful of Sky]]'' || Anita ||
|-
|1996-1997 ||''Kismet'' || ||
|-
|1997-1998 ||''[[Betaal Pachisi (TV series)|Betaal Pachisi]]'' || Naina Jogan ||
|-
| ||''Hungama'' || ||
|-
|2000-2001 ||''[[Noorjahan (TV Series)|Noorjahan]]'' || Maharani [[Shah Begum (wife of Jahangir)|Maan Bai]] ||
|-
|2004-2006 ||''[[Tumhari Disha]]'' || Gargi Sehgal||
|-
| ||''Mansi'' || ||
|-
|2007-2008 ||''[[Woh Rehne Waali Mehlon Ki]]'' || Kamya Abhay Parashar ||
|-
|2007-2008 ||''Annu Ki Ho Gayee Waah Bhai Waah'' || ||
|-
|2007–2009 ||''[[Chandramukhi (TV series)|Chandramukhi]]'' || Durgeshwari ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2008 || rowspan="2" |''[[Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai]]'' || Mansi Veerpratap Singh ||Episode 76/77
|-
| Madhavi ||Episode 94/95
|-
|2009 || ''[[Black (Indian TV series)|Black]]'' || Rubi Gujral ||
|-
|2010 ||''[[Do Saheliyaan]]'' || Anadi's mother ||
|-
|2010-2012 ||''[[Ram Milaayi Jodi]]'' ||Bharti Gandhi ||
|-
|2011 || ''[[Kaala Saaya]]'' || Rubi Gujral ||
|-
|2013-2015 ||''[[Uttaran]]'' ||Ekadashi Chatterjee ||
|-
|2015-2017 ||''[[Mere Angne Mein]]'' ||Shanti Devi ||
|-
|2017 ||''[[Paramavatar Shri Krishna]]'' ||Chandalni ||
|-
|2017-2019 ||''[[Jiji Maa]]'' ||Haryali Rawat ||
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Shakti - Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]''
| Preeto's mother
|-
|2018 ||''[[Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka]]'' || Parvati || Cameo
|-
|2019 ||''[[Laal Ishq (2018 TV series)|Laal Ishq]]'' || Kesar Dadi || Episode 114
|-
|2021–2024 ||''[[Pandya Store]]'' ||rowspan= "2"| Suman Pandya ||
|-
|2022 || ''[[Ravivaar With Star Parivaar]]''|| Episode 6/7/9/11/16
|-
|2025
|''[[Meri Bhavya Life]]''
|Damayanti Thakur
|
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
|-
|2020
|''[[Bebaakee]]''
|Rashida Abdullah
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0992986}}
* [https://www.instagram.com/kruttika_desai Kruttika Desai] at [[Instagram]]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Desai, Kruttika}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Gujarati theatre]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Amitabh Aurora

2026-02-06T05:25:08Z

Ramesheditor: adding article

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Amitabh Aurora
| image = File:Amitabh Aurora at the 2011 Zanzibar International Film Festival.jpg
| alt = Aurora at the 2011 Zanzibar International Film Festival
| caption = Aurora at the 2011 [[Zanzibar International Film Festival]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1982|06|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = {{plainlist |
* [[Film director|Director]]
* Screenwriter
* Actor
}}
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

'''Amitabh Aurora''' (born 11 June 1982, Allahabad) is an Indian film director, screenwriter and actor.
Aurora is best known for his Bongo films in the Swahili language and is cited as having written and directed ‘the first high quality Bongo movie from Zanzibar.’<ref>{{cite web|title=Glamour- First High Quality Bongo Movie From Zanzibar|url=http://www.bongocelebrity.com/2011/03/29/glamourfirst-high-quality-bongo-movie-from-zanzibar/|website=bongocelebrity.com|accessdate=22 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324041746/http://www.bongocelebrity.com/2011/03/29/glamourfirst-high-quality-bongo-movie-from-zanzibar/|archive-date=24 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Career==
Aurora began his career in New Delhi, working as a stage actor for 4 years with New Delhi Players and Yatrik Theatre Group. He moved to Mumbai to be an actor where he worked acting in T.V. serials for 3 years.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}

He moved to Tanzania, East Africa in 2009 where he wrote and directed four feature films in Tanzania working for leading producer of Bongo movies Zanzibar-based ZG Films.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chemhere, Martin. "Weaving A Spell" Screen Africa magazine. August 2012.|url=http://www.screenafrica.com/pls/cms/iac.page?p_t1=2054&p_t2=7877&p_t3=0&p_t4=0&p_dynamic=YP&p_content_id=1558036&p_site_id=103|work=screenafrica.com|access-date=1 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012841/http://www.screenafrica.com/pls/cms/iac.page?p_t1=2054&p_t2=7877&p_t3=0&p_t4=0&p_dynamic=YP&p_content_id=1558036&p_site_id=103|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> All his Swahili feature films featured in the 2012 [[Zanzibar International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bose|first1=Shinjini|title=Zanzibar International Film Festival|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/zanzibar-international-film-festival-2/|website=boxofficeindia.co.in|accessdate=22 March 2015}}</ref> Black Magic was shortlisted in the Montreal International Black Film Festival in 2012. He also Line Produced several foreign productions in Tanzania for BBC London, M Net South Africa and Al Jazeera News .

Aurora moved back to India in 2012 and began work as Executive Producer in Charlie Kay Chakkar Mein starring [[Naseeruddin Shah]] and as creative producer and additional dialogue writer in forthcoming film Chai Shai Biscuits both produced by Picture Thoughts Productions.

He directed and acted in several short films including Captain The Struggler, which was shortlisted in Paraj Mumbai Short Film Festival in 2014.

He wrote Television shows including [[Bani - Ishq Da Kalma]] and [[Kehta Hai Dil Jee Le Zara]].
In 2015 he assisted [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]] on feature film Yaara.

He is the founder and creative director of Mumbai-based production house Have Camera Make Films (HCMF). In early 2016 HCMF received critical acclaim in the Deccan Chronicle for their short film "Free Basics" featuring popular South Indian actress Shradda Das. The Chronicle described it as a "brilliant production" bringing " to the fore the topic of sudden, unplanned and haphazard growth, urbanisation and development."<ref>{{cite web|title=Gupta, Namita. "Basic'ally, Let's Tackle the Real Issues" Deccan Chronicle. April 2016.|date=2 April 2016|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/020416/basic-ally-let-s-tackle-the-real-issues.html}}</ref> Free Basics was part of the official selection for the [[Zanzibar International Film Festival]] 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ziff.or.tz/2017/05/19/ziff-2017-officialselection/|title=ZIFF official selection 2017|last=|first=|date=19 May 2017|website=|access-date=20 May 2017}}</ref>

In 2018 he produced and directed the short film "Blink to Speak" for agency TBWA/India, created for a non-profit, Asha Ek Hope Foundation and NeuroGen Brain & Spine Institute, which won the Health Grand Prix for Good at the 2018 [[Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.adageindia.in/advertising/special-cannes-lions/an-eye-language-for-paralyzed-people-wins-cannes-health-grand-prix-for-good/articleshow/64640711.cms|title = Advertising, Marketing, Agency, Tech and Data News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/advertising/tbwa-india-bags-grand-prix-for-good-at-the-cannes-lions/articleshow/64641733.cms|title=TBWA India bags Grand Prix for Good at the Cannes Lions|newspaper=The Economic Times|last1=Irani|first1=Delshad}}</ref>

In 2022, Amitabh wrote, directed and co-produced ASYLUM, a political thriller short film, starring Taher Shabbir, Rishina Kandhari, Sulbha Arya, Vaishnavi Dhanraj. It is being presented by eminent film maker Sudhir Mishra and has won best director for Amitabh in Florence Film Awards, best thriller in Paris Film Awards and had its European Premiere at the Indian Film Festival of Stuttgart in July 2023. It will be released on a leading ott platform in Dec 2023.

==Filmography==
'''Feature Films'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Film !! Year !! Notes
|-
| Usaliti || 2009 || Director, writer
|-
| Glamour - The Reality Behind The Dreams || 2011 || Director, writer
|-
| Black Magic || 2012 || Director, writer
|-
| Room Number 13 || 2012 || Director, writer
|}

'''Short Films'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Film !! Year !! Notes
|-
| Undercurrent Temper || 2009 || Director, writer, actor
|-
| Captain The Struggler || 2014 || Director, writer, actor
|-
| [[Sauti za Busara]] || 2011 || Director, writer
|-
| Captain Returns || 2015 || Director, writer, actor
|-
| Free Basics || 2016 || Director, writer
|-
|Asylum
|2023
|Director, Producer, Writer
|}

==Acting==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Role !! Production !! Year
|-
| Yash || [[Astitva...Ek Prem Kahani]] || 2005, 2006
|-
| Vicky|| Woh Hue na Humaare || 2006, 2007
|-
| Various || Aisi ki taisi || 2007, 2008
|}

==Writing credits==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Production/Channel !! Year
|-
| [[Bani – Ishq Da Kalma]] || Colors TV || 2014
|-
| [[Kehta Hai Dil Jee Le Zara]] || Sony TV || 2013
|-
| Chai Shai Biscuits || Picture Thoughts Productions || 2013
|-
|Asylum
|HCMF Productions
|2023
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}


{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aurora, Amitabh}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Film directors from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Male actors from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Amalendu Chaudhary

2026-02-04T11:44:34Z

Ramesheditor: adding new page

{{Short description|Indian cinematographer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}{{Infobox person
| name = Amalendu Chaudhary
| image = 
| caption =
| birth_place = [[India]]
| occupation = [[Cinematographer]]
| years_active = 2000s–present
| known_for = ''[[Chhichhore]]'', ''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]'', ''[[OMG 2]]'', ''[[Fukrey 3]]''
| awards = Maharashtra State Award, [[Filmfare Award]]
}}

'''Amalendu Chaudhary''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[cinematographer]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amalendu Chaudhary - Photos, Videos, Birthday, Latest News, Height In Feet - FilmiBeat |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/amalendu-chaudhary.html |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=www.filmibeat.com |language=en}}</ref> known for his work in [[Hindi]] and [[Marathi cinema]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-09 |title=Oh My God 2 release date: Akshay Kumar, Pankaj Tripathi-starrer to release in August |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/trending/entertainment/news-oh-my-god-2-movie-release-date-2023-sequel-akshay-kumar-pankaj-tripathi-latest-news-update-239312 |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Zee Business |language=en}}</ref> He is known for his works in [[The Sabarmati Report]], [[Ae Watan Mere Watan]]'','' [[Fukrey 3]] and [[OMG 2]]''.''

== Career ==
Amalendu Chaudhary is known for his work in ''[[Harishchandrachi Factory]]'' (2009), which was chosen as India’s official entry for the [[Oscars]] in 2010.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-11 |title=Amalendu Chaudhary latest venture |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/amalendu-chaudhary-latest-venture/articleshow/5077503.cms |access-date=2025-01-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Malani |first=Gaurav |date=2009-10-24 |title=Harishchandrachi Factory: Movie Review |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/harishchandrachi-factory-movie-review/articleshow/5157285.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-01-29 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In 2018, he received the [[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematographer – Marathi|Filmfare Award]] and [[Maharashtra State Film Award]] for his work in ''[[Hampi (film)|Hampi]]'' (2017) and ''[[Cycle (2018 film)|Cycle]]'' (2018), respectively.<ref name=":2" />

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Notes !! Ref.
|-
| 2004 || ''Shubra Kaahi'' || rowspan="7" | Marathi || Short film ||
|-
| 2007 || ''Dohaa''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2009 || ''[[Bokya Satbande]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Harishchandrachi Factory]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Gandha (film)|Gandha]]'' || ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Jhing Chik Jhing]]'' || ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Hello Jai Hind!]]'' || ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Aiyyaa]]'' || Hindi || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2013 || ''[[Chintoo 2: Khajinyachi Chittarkatha]]'' || rowspan="3" | Marathi || ||
|-
| ''[[Prem Mhanje Prem Mhanje Prem Asta]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Tendulkar Out]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014 || ''[[Youngistaan]]'' || rowspan="3" | Hindi || ||
|-
| ''[[The Shaukeens]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016 || ''[[Tere Bin Laden: Dead or Alive]]'' || ||
|-
| ''The Kill'' || rowspan="4" | Marathi || ||
|-
| ''That Pair''|| Short film ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017 || ''[[Kachcha Limboo]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Hampi (film)|Hampi]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="7" |2018 || ''[[Baa Baaa Black Sheep (film)|Baa Baaa Black Sheep]]'' || Hindi || ||
|-
| ''[[Nude (2018 film)|Nude]]'' || rowspan="2" | Marathi || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sasi |first=Tusshar |date=2018-04-28 |title="Nude"... A bold, immersive film with revolutionary performances {{!}} REVIEW |url=https://filmysasi.com/nude-marathi-review/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Filmy Sasi |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-28 |title=Movie Review: Nude |url=https://www.nagpurtoday.in/movie-review-nude/04282042 |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Nagpur Today : Nagpur News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Cycle (2017 film)|Cycle]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seta |first=Keyur |title=Cycle review: Prakash Kunte's film takes you on a two-wheeler joyride |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/cycle-24958 |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster 3|Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster 3]]'' || rowspan="2" | Hindi || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amalendu Chaudhary - Movies, Biography, News, Age & Photos |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/amalendu-chaudhary/IEIN021193 |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster 3 |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt7695014/credits/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2018-08-31 |title=‘Stree’ review: A top-notch cast and steady humour elevate lightweight material |url=https://scroll.in/reel/892610/stree-review-a-top-notch-cast-and-steady-humour-elevate-lightweight-material |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-31 |title=Stree Review: Rajkummar-Shraddha film has more laughs than scares |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/stree-review-rajkummar-shraddha-film-has-more-laughs-than-scares-1328457-2018-08-31 |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Stree Review - This Stree May Just Make History |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/21262/stree-review |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=www.moviecrow.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mauli (film)|Mauli]]'' || rowspan="2" | Marathi || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-14 |title=Honest Review Of Mauli Is Out. Will You Watch It? - RVCJ Media |url=https://www.rvcj.com/honest-review-of-mauli-is-out-will-you-watch-it/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''State vs. Malti Mhaske''|| ||<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/state-vs-malti-mhaske/ |title=State vs. Malti Mhaske (2019) |language=en |access-date=2025-01-29 |via=letterboxd.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Chhichhore]]'' || rowspan="9" | Hindi || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sasi |first=Tusshar |date=2019-09-07 |title="Chhichhore" projects campus bonhomie on a fluffy, nostalgic canvas {{!}} REVIEW |url=https://filmysasi.com/chhichhore-review/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Filmy Sasi |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Darbaan]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parasuraman |first=Prathyush |date=2020-12-04 |title=Darbaan On Zee5 Review: A Cloying Over-Sweetness Coats This Inconsistent Generational Tale Starring Sharad Kelkar |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/darbaan-zee5-review-a-cloying-over-sweetness-coats-this-inconsistent-generational-tale-starring-sharad-kelkar |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sahu |first=Sushri |date=2020-12-04 |title=‘Darbaan’ Review: Sharib Hashmi Shines In This Tale Of Loyalty And Sacrifice Between Two Generations |url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/18680/darbaan-review-sharib-hashmi-shines-in-this-tale-of-loyalty-and-sacrifice-between-two-generations |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Mashable India |language=en-in}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021 || ''[[Roohi (2021 film)|Roohi]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |date=2021-03-11 |title=Roohi Has A Screenplay That Borders On Incoherence |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/roohi-review-horror-comedy-a-screenplay-that-borders-on-incoherence-janhvi-kapoor-rajkummar-rao-varun-sharma-anupama-chopra |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Shiddat]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |date=2021-10-01 |title=Shiddat, On DisneyPlus Hotstar, Is Old School And Not In A Good Way |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/streaming-reviews/shiddat-movie-is-old-school-and-not-in-a-good-way-diana-penty-mohit-raina-anupama-chopra |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Hum Do Hamare Do]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=Rahul |date=2021-10-29 |title=Hum Do Hamare Do On Disney Plus Hotstar is a Vapid and Unoriginal Social Comedy |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/hum-do-hamare-do-hotstar-review-rajkummar-rao-kriti-sanon-unoriginal-social-comedy |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023 || ''[[OMG 2]]'' || ||<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-09 |title=Akshay Kumar, Pankaj Tripathi-starrer ‘Oh My God 2’ to release in August |url=https://statetimes.in/akshay-kumar-pankaj-tripathi-starrer-oh-my-god-2-to-release-in-august/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Statetimes |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2021-10-23 |title=Akshay Kumar to play Lord Shiva in 'Oh My God 2', begins filming |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/Oct/23/akshay-kumar-to-play-lord-shiva-in-oh-my-god-2-begins-filming-2374815.html |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Omg 2 (Oh My God 2): Story, Preview, First Day Box Office Collection - FilmiBeat |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/movies/omg-2-oh-my-god-2/story.html |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=www.filmibeat.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Fukrey 3]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-23 |title=‘Fukrey 3’ OTT release: When and where to watch the comedy entertainer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/fukrey-3-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-the-comedy-entertainer/articleshow/105447257.cms |access-date=2025-01-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-28 |title=Fukrey 3 review: Pulkit Samrat, Varun Sharma & gang bring you a comedy caper |url=https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/entertainment/movies/fukrey-3-review-pulkit-samrat-varun-sharma-pankaj-tripathi-richa-chaddha/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Lifestyle Asia India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |title=Fukrey 3 {{!}} Official Trailer {{!}} Pulkit Samrat {{!}} Varun Sharma {{!}} Manjot Singh {{!}} Richa Chadha {{!}} Pankaj Tripathi {{!}} Video Trailer - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/movie-promos/fukrey-3-official-trailer-pulkit-samrat-varun-sharma-manjot-singh-richa-chadha-pankaj-tripathi/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=mimedia |date=2023-09-04 |title=Fukrey 3: Release Date,Trailer, Songs, Cast: एक बार फिर 'फुकरे' मिलकर करेंगे बड़ा 'जुगाड़' |url=https://mobilenews24.com/fukrey-3-release-date-trailer-songs-cast-once-again-fukrey-will-do-a-big-jugaad-together/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Mobile News 24 ✓ Hindi men Aaj ka mukhya samachar, taza khabren, news Headline in hindi. |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024 || ''[[Ae Watan Mere Watan]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Arnab |date=2024-03-25 |title=Review: Ae Watan Mere Watan |url=https://www.indianlink.com.au/review-ratings-ae-watan-mere-watan/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Indian Link |language=en-AU}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Sabarmati Report]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-29 |title=The Sabarmati Report OTT release date Zee5: When to watch Vikrant Massey’s political drama |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/when-and-where-to-watch-vikrant-massey-film-the-sabarmati-report-online-ott-details-zee5-release-date-649303.html |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sabarmati Report OTT Release Date: When & Where To Watch Vikrant Massey's Film Online |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/the-sabarmati-report-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-vikrant-masseys-film-online |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sabarmati Report Review: Vikrant Massey, Raashii Khanna's Film Is Unmasking Truth Or Just Another Story? |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/the-sabarmati-report-review-vikrant-massey-raashii-khannas-film-is-unmasking-truth-or-just-another-story |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-30 |title=The Sabarmati Report OTT Release: Vikrant Massey-led thriller to drop digitally on THIS date? Here’s what we know |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/the-sabarmati-report-ott-release-vikrant-massey-led-thriller-to-drop-digitally-on-this-date-heres-what-we-know-1364853 |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Gondhal]]''
|Marathi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gondhal |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMTI3MTAyMDI1MDAwNzU= |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=cbfcindia.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Accolades ==
* [[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Award]] – ''Hampi'', ''Cycle'' (2018)<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2018-09-29 |title=Filmfare Awards Marathi 2018 winners list: Sonali Kulkarni wins Best Actress, Mithila Palkar bags Best Debut Female |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/filmfare-awards-marathi-winners-list-5379126/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* [[National Film Awards|National Award]] for Best Hindi Film – ''Chhichhore'' (2019)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-15 |title=Chhichhore (2019) – Cast, Budget, IMDb Ratings – A Heartfelt Tale Of Friendship And Life Lessons - |url=https://ssrmovies.actor/chhichhore/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm2226885}}
{{Portal bar|India|Film|Bollywood|biography}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhary, Amalendu}}
[[Category:Indian cinematographers]]
[[Category:Hindi film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Marathi film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:National Film Award (India) winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Film people from Mumbai]]

Major Archeparchy of Trivandrum

2026-02-04T10:43:26Z

Ramesheditor: made the stub added tags.

{{Short description|Eastern Catholic archeparchy in Kerala, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction = Major Archeparchy
| name = Trivandrum
| local =
| image =
| image_size = frameless
| image_alt =
| caption = The Catholicate Centre in Thiruvananthapuram, which houses the Major Archiepiscopal Curia
| denomination = [[Catholic Church]]
| sui_iuris_church = [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]]
| rite = [[Malankara Rite|Syro-Malankara Rite]]

| country =[[India]]
| metropolitan = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| territory =
| province =
| coordinates = 

| area_km2 = 
| population =
| population_as_of = 2012
| catholics = 
| catholics_percent =
| parishes = 217
| churches = 
| congregations = 
| schools = 
| cathedral = [[Cathedral of Saint Mary, Pattom]]
| patron = [[Saint Peter]]
| priests = 

| pope = {{Incumbent pope}} 
| bishop_title = Major Archbishop
| bishop = [[Baselios Cleemis|Baselios Cardinal Cleemis Catholicos]]
| coadjutor =
| auxiliary_bishops = [[Yoohanon Alexios Kuttiyil]]
| vicar_general =
| emeritus_bishops =

| map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =

| website = [http://www.catholicate.net/pro_epar_trivan.html catholicate.net]
| footnotes =
|dissolved=|founded=|established=1932|latin=Trivandrensis Syrorum Malankarensium|headquarters=|flag=|coat=|language=}}

The '''Major Archeparchy of Trivandrum''' is a [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]] ecclesiastical territory or [[diocese|major archeparchy]] of the [[Catholic Church]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[India]]. [[Baselios Cleemis]], the [[Major Archbishop]]-[[Catholicos]] of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]], presides over the {{As of|2020|lc=y}}. The [[cathedra]] is at [[Cathedral of Saint Mary, Pattom|Cathedral of Saint Mary, Pattom, Trivandrum]] in Pattom, [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]]. The Archeparchy of Trivandrum is a [[metropolis (religious jurisdiction)|metropolitan see]] with five [[suffragan diocese|suffragan eparchies]].

==History==
The Archeparchy of Trivandrum was erected in 1932. Its suffragan eparchies are [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Marthandom|Marthandom]], [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Mavelikara|Mavelikara]], [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Pathanamthitta|Pathanamthitta]], [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Parassala|Parassala]] and [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of St. Ephrem of Khadki|St. Ephrem of Khadki]].<ref name=hier>{{cite web
|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dtrml.html
|publisher=catholic-hierarchy.org
|title=Archeparchy of Trivandrum (Malankarese)
}}</ref>

==Major Archbishop-Catholicos==
[[Baselios Cleemis|Baselios Cardinal Cleemis]], [[Major Archbishop]] of Trivandrum and [[Catholicos]] of the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church, was elected Major Archbishop of Trivandrum in 2007.

==Statistics==
In 2020 the Archeparchy had an estimated 1,81,400 faithful, in 217 parishes, with 151 diocesan priests, 34 religious priests, 19 religious brothers, 642 religious sisters, and 89 seminarians.<ref name="cnewastat">{{cite web
|url=http://www.cnewa.org/source-images/Roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat08.pdf
|author=Ronald Roberson
|title=The Eastern Catholic Churches 2008
|publisher=Catholic Near East Welfare Association
|accessdate=26 April 2010}} Information sourced from ''Annuario Pontificio'' 2008 edition.</ref>

==Saints and causes for canonisation==
*[[Geevarghese Ivanios]]<ref name="CCBI">{{Cite web|url=http://ccbi.in/saints-blessed/|title=Saints & Blessed – CCBI|accessdate=Oct 17, 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Seminaries==
* [[St. Mary’s Malankara Major Seminary]]
* [[St. Aloysius Seminary, Trivandrum|St. Aloysius Seminary, Thiruvananthapuram]]

==External links==
* [http://www.catholicate.net/pro_epar_trivan.html Archeparchy info] from the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church website
* [http://www.malankaratvm.com/ Major Archdiocese of Trivandrum]

{{Syro-Malankara Catholic Church Hierarchy}}

{{coord|8.4333|N|76.9167|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Syro-Malankara Catholic dioceses]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholic dioceses in Kerala]]
[[Category:Dioceses established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:1932 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1932]]

Indian Institute of Infrastructure and Construction

2026-02-03T14:29:18Z

Ramesheditor: Created a details

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| image_name = Indian Institute of Infrastructure and Construction-Kollam, Mar 2016.jpg
| image_size =
| name = Indian Institute of Infrastructure and Construction
| motto =
| mottoeng =
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2018|07|23}}
| type = [[Public school (government funded)|Public]] [[educational institution]]
| chairman = Shri. Rameshan Paleri
| director = Dr. B Sunil Kumar
| campus = [[Suburban]], 9.02 acres
| students = 2000 students ''(Expecting)''
| coor = {{Coord|8.97068|76.53245|display=inline,title|type:edu}}
| city = [[chavara]], [[Kollam]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| country = [[India]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.iiic.ac.in}}
| affiliations =
| free_label =
| free =
}}

The '''Indian Institute of Infrastructure and Construction Kollam''' or '''IIIC-Kollam''' is a public institute situated at [[Chavara]] in [[Kollam Metropolitan Area|Kollam]], [[Kerala]]. The initiative has been undertaken by the [[Government of Kerala]] with the support of the [[Government of India]]. The academy is coming under the Kerala Academy for Skills Excellence (KASE) to support the skill development programmes for construction related occupations<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skilldevelopment.gov.in/states.html |title=States-Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship |publisher=Government of India |access-date=16 July 2015}}</ref>

==History==
The construction academy was first proposed by the [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] ministry during 2008. They started the background works for the academy and named the project as ''Kerala Construction Academy'', proposed at [[Chathannoor]] in [[Kollam district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/120118/rs-100-crore-infrastructure-academy-a-non-starter.html |title=Rs 100-crore infrastructure academy a non-starter |work=Deccan Chronicle|date=12 January 2018 |access-date=15 October 2018}}</ref> When [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] came into power, they have shifted the project from [[Chathannoor]] to [[chavara]] and renamed as ''Indian Institute of Infrastructure and Construction''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article73359.ece |title=Academy for construction workers on the cards |newspaper=The New Indian Express |access-date=5 March 2016 |archive-date=3 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903082450/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2009/aug/23/academy-for-construction-workers-on-the-cards-79725.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Campus==
[[File:Logo of IIIC-Kollam.png|right|thumb|Logo of IIIC-Kollam]]
The institute is on a {{convert|9.02|acre|m2}} campus along the [[National Highway 47 (India) (old numbering)|NH-66]], near [[chavara]] in [[Kollam Metropolitan Area]]. KASE has developed a Master Plan and detailed design for the campus with {{convert|235100|sqft|m2|-2}} of facilities including an administrative block, training block, canteen, and substation. Foundation stone was laid by the then [[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Chief Minister of Kerala]] [[Oommen Chandy|Mr. Oommen Chandy]] on 15 March 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kase.in/kase_old_backup/newsdetails.php?id=16 |title=Foundation Stone Laying Ceremony of Indian Institute of Infrastructure and Construction (IIIC) |publisher=KASE |access-date=16 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716164856/http://www.kase.in/kase_old_backup/newsdetails.php?id=16 |archive-date=16 July 2015 }}</ref> The campus was inaugurated for academic activities by the Hon. Chief Minister Shri. Pinarayi Vijayan in August 2018.

==Courses==
During the initial phase, there will be three technician and managerial level courses along with a course in supervisory level. There will be an advanced certificate programme also in plumbing engineering. Candidates with SSLC, Plus Two, ITI, diploma, degree and B.Tech. qualification can join for the courses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiancooperative.com/labour-cooperative-2/iiic-ulcc-comes-up-with-world-class-institute/ |title=IIIC: ULCC comes up with world class institute |publisher=Indian Cooperative |access-date=23 July 2018}}</ref>

==Significance ==
[[Kerala]] state depends on migrant workers for the various jobs needed. The dependence on [[Migrant labourers in Kerala]] is found mainly in the field of [[construction]]. The city of [[Kollam]] and other places like [[Punalur]], [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]] in [[Kollam district]], [[Perumbavoor]], [[Thrissur]] etc. are slowly becoming overwhelmed with a number of migrants from North India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/with-migrant-workers-hindi-settles-down-among-kerala-locals/ |title=With migrant workers, Hindi settles down among Kerala locals |newspaper=The Indian Express |access-date=16 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Safety-Cards-Issued-to-Migrant-Labourers/2014/12/15/article2571713.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717020311/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Safety-Cards-Issued-to-Migrant-Labourers/2014/12/15/article2571713.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 July 2015 |title=Safety Cards Issued to Migrant Labourers |newspaper=The New Indian Express |access-date=16 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/migrant-workers-in-kerala-travel-over-3000-km-to-vote/article5901471.ece |title=Migrant workers in Kerala travel over 3,000 km to vote |newspaper=Business Line |access-date=16 July 2015}}</ref> The migrant labours in places like [[Kollam]] have started scoring top marks in literacy equivalent examination.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kerala-government-schools-become-a-boon-for-migrants/story-HJPkzXNrd2NoMmbpTixevM.html |title=Kerala government schools become a boon for migrants |newspaper=Hindustantimes |date=1 February 2020 |access-date=2 February 2020}}</ref> So an institute for developing the unskilled domestic labours as well as migrant labourers has become an essential need in [[Kerala]]. The main aim behind this institute is to train masons to upgrade their skills and get a certification from the Britain-based organisation [[City and Guilds of London Institute|City and Guilds]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/keralas-infrastructure-and-construction-institute-to-train-masons-to-become-engineers/articleshow/48082160.cms |title=Kerala's infrastructure and construction institute to train masons to become engineers |newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=16 July 2015}}</ref>

In May 2018, The Kerala Academy for Skills Excellence(KASE) decide to partner with [[Uralungal Labour Contract Co-operative Society|The Uralungal Labour Contract Society Ltd(ULCCS)]] to collaborate in courses offered at IIIC-Kollam under KASE. An [[Memorandum of understanding|MoU]] in this regard is signed on 30 May in the presence of Labour and Excise Minister for Kerala, [[T. P. Ramakrishnan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/~/kase-to-sign-pact-with-ulccs-for-courses-in-iiic/States/news/1245868.html |title=KASE to sign pact with ULCCS for courses in IIIC |publisher=UNI |date=29 May 2018 |access-date=30 May 2018}}</ref>

==Project details of IIIC-Kollam==
* Total area - 9.02 acre
* Total built up space - 235102 square feet
* Blocks - Administrative Block, Training block, Canteen, Substation etc.
* Total estimated project cost - Rs. 100 Crores
* Main Building - 1.5 lakh square feet, 38 classrooms, 10 office rooms, canteen etc.
* Hostel Building - 35,000 square feet, 54 rooms, Canteen etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/120118/rs-100-crore-infrastructure-academy-a-non-starter.html |title=Rs 100-crore infrastructure academy a non-starter |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=12 January 2018}}</ref>

==Facilities==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Eco-friendly campus with the usage of [[biodegradation|bio-degradable]] materials.
* Plastic free campus from the inception itself.
* LED-based street and external lighting systems using photovoltaics
* 30% of the cooking gas requirements are satisfied through bio-gas plants
* [[Rainwater harvesting]] systems are installed to save water from wastage
* Residential campus with modern and homely hostels
* Sewage treatment plant
* Classrooms with multimedia facilities
* Canteen
* Central Library
* Language Lab
* Transportation facility
* Emergency medical care.
* Bank Counter & ATM
* Guest House.
* Staff Quarters<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kase.in/pictures/tender/6-pdf36.pdf |title=Setting up and operation of Indian Institute of Infrastructure and Construction(IIIC) at Chavara, Kollam |publisher=Kerala Academy for Skills Excellence |access-date=16 July 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122832/http://www.kase.in/pictures/tender/6-pdf36.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{div col end|2}}

==References==
{{Portal|Education|India}}
{{reflist}}
{{Navboxes
|title = [[File:Gnome-globe.svg|25px]]{{nbsp}}Geographic locale
|list =
'''[[Geographic coordinate system|Lat. and Long.]] {{Coord|8|58|18|N|76|31|58|E|display=inline}}'''
}}

{{Kollam |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Education in Kollam]]
[[Category:Labour ministries]]
[[Category:Internal migration in India]]
[[Category:Labour in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Kollam]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2018]]
[[Category:State agencies of Kerala]]

Rajbir Sherawat

2026-01-17T18:49:36Z

Ramesheditor: creating a article.

{{Short description|Indian Judge}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{orphan|date=November 2025}}

'''Rajbir Sherawat''' (born 31 October 1962) has been a judge of the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]] in India since 10 July 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CDJ Law Journal|url=https://www.cdjlawjournal.com/judge-profile1.php?id=1312&cid=39|access-date=2024-08-07|website=www.cdjlawjournal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=7 August 2024|title=Hon'ble Judges,|url=https://highcourtchd.gov.in/?mod=chief|website=Punjab & Haryana High Court, Chandigarh}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Law}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sherawat, Rajbir}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Pravin Gandhi

2026-01-12T16:44:46Z

Ramesheditor: creating article.

{{short description|Indian film director, and actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
|caption =
|name = Pravin Gandhi
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1974|2|10}}
|birth_place = [[Chennai]], India
|birth_name = Praveenkanth
|occupation = Film director, actor
|yearsactive = 1996–2014, 2025
|
}}
'''Pravin Gandhi''' (also credited as '''Praveenkanth''' or '''Praveen Gandhi''') is an Indian film director, and actor known for his works in [[Tamil cinema]].

==Career==
Pravin Gandhi entered the industry with the aim to become an actor. Since he lacked the background, he worked as the co-director for [[Priyadarshan]].<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Kalki|language=ta|url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2005-10-09/page/16/mode/2up|pages=16–17|date=9 October 2005|access-date=26 April 2024|title=கடவுளே நினைச்சாலும் என்னை காப்பாத்த முடியாதாம்!}}</ref> He was first given the opportunity to become a film maker by producer [[K. T. Kunjumon]] with ''[[Ratchagan]]'' (1997), who noted that in the director he saw "a young man who is very talented and full of ideas who was willing to work hard".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/aug/02sush.htm |title=Rediff On The Net, Movies: Will Rakshakan resurrect Sushmita's career? |work=Rediff.com |date=1997-08-02 |access-date=2012-11-12}}</ref> The film was launched in January 1996 but filming only commenced the following year in January 1997, with an established cast and crew including Telugu actor [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Miss Universe]] pageant winner [[Sushmita Sen]], [[Girish Karnad]] and [[A. R. Rahman]]. The film was shot all over India including locations in [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]], [[Mumbai]], [[Goa]], [[Ooty]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Delhi]], with Kunjumon making a claim during filming stages that the film would become India's most costly production.<ref name="indolink">{{cite web |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Nov/deepavali/deepavali1.htm |title=Deepavali releases |work=Indolink Tamil |access-date=2012-07-01 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817104937/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Nov/deepavali/deepavali1.htm |archive-date=17 August 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Pravin Gandhi returned in 1999 with the romantic film, ''[[Jodi (1999 film)|Jodi]]'', featuring [[Prashanth]] and [[Simran (actress)|Simran]]. He released the film under the name Praveenkanth, his original name, after being known as Praveen Gandhi in his first venture. The director also played a cameo role in the film portraying an eloping youngster who assists Prashanth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/jun/07spice.htm |title=rediff.com, Movies: Gossip from the southern film industry |work=Rediff.com |date= |access-date=2012-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/may/31spice.htm |title=rediff.com, Movies: Gossip from the southern film industry |work=Rediff.com |date=2000-05-31 |access-date=2012-08-04}}</ref> The film opened to positive reviews and became a box office success, with a reviewer noting "the director's light-veined screenplay keeps the movie moving at a good pace".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Reviews/articles/Jodi_211349.html |title=Jodi: Movie Review |publisher=Indolink.com |date= |access-date=2012-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714000411/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Reviews/articles/Jodi_211349.html |archive-date=14 July 2012 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

In 2000, Pravin Gandhi considered making a film titled ''Apoorvan'' with [[Ajith Kumar]] and [[Aishwarya Rai]] starring, but the project did not materialise.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/gossip/31-05-00/prabu.htm|title=dinakaran|date=23 October 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041023162508/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/gossip/31-05-00/prabu.htm|archive-date=23 October 2004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/28072000/titbits.shtml|title=www.cinesouth.com - Masala (Hot News from Tamil Film Industry)|date=15 May 2001|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010515043127/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/28072000/titbits.shtml|archive-date=15 May 2001}}</ref> ''Jodi'''s success prompted director to collaborate with Prashanth and Simran again in a project called ''[[Star (2001 film)|Star]]'' (2001), but Simran soon dropped out and the film failed to replicate the success of ''Jodi''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/08B79646119C3FC2E5256B59001A2CCD |title=Star: A multi-starrer flop — The New Indian Express |date=2004-06-20 |access-date=2012-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322145911/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/08B79646119C3FC2E5256B59001A2CCD |archive-date=22 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Portraying a full length supporting role, Praveen Gandhi won negative reviews for his acting and direction with a critic noting it was a "ruinously shoddy script" and "the director’s attempt to enter into the acting arena, and play one of the crucial characters in the film adds insult to injury".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.siliconeer.com/past_issues/2001/august2001.html|title=Siliconeer: August 2001|website=www.siliconeer.com}}</ref> Another reviewer described that "the messy screenplay in the second half ruins the story that admittedly has enough potential for romance, laughs, sentiments and action".<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.thiraipadam.com/cgi-bin/movie_review.pl?id=177&user_name=bbalaji&review_lang=english&lang=english| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100114061553/http://thiraipadam.com/cgi-bin/movie_review.pl?id=177&user_name=bbalaji&review_lang=english&lang=english| archive-date = 2010-01-14| title = Star - Tamil Movie Review}}</ref>

In 2003, he began working on a film titled ''Thullal'', in which he would play the central character and despite being launched amidst much fanfare, its theatrical release saw a delay.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/07/29/stories/2004072900070200.htm |title=The Hindu : Another director-actor! |website=www.hindu.com |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040924204119/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/07/29/stories/2004072900070200.htm |archive-date=24 September 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The film eventually opened in July 2007 to unanimously poor reviews, with a critic labelling the film as "torture", adding that the director has a "misplaced sense of self importance in his very first film as a hero".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/thullal-review-tamil-14485145.html|title=Movie Review : Thullal|website=[[Sify]] |date=29 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329091838/http://www.sify.com/movies/thullal-review-tamil-14485145.html|archive-date=29 March 2014}}</ref> Despite the failure of the film, he announced two further acting ventures ''Muktha'' then ''Vilasam TN 03 6999'', though neither film were completed or released.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/sep-07-01/05-09-07-praveen-kanth.html|title=THULLAL PRAVEEN KANTH Nagarjuna Sushmita Sen Jodi Prashanth Simran Vilasam TN 03 6999 Tamil Movie Trailer Indian movie Trailers image gallery|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref> Another directorial venture planned in 2009, ''Adayalam'' with Ragini, also failed to materialize.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/51014.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026052239/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/51014.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 October 2009|title = Tamil Cinema News | Tamil Movie Reviews | Tamil Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Tamil}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" scope="col"| Year
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" colspan="2"| Credited as
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Role
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
! Director !! Actor
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Ratchagan]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{n/a}} ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Jodi (1999 film)|Jodi]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Eloping youngster || rowspan="3" |credited as Praveenkanth
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Star (2001 film)|Star]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Santhosh
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Thullal (film)|Thullal]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Seenu
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Pulipaarvai]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{n/a}} || Also editor, composer, art director, lyricist
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%;"
! Year !! Programme / Show !! Role !! Language !! Channel !! Notes
|-
| 2025 ||''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 9|Bigg Boss season 9]]'' || Contestant ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|| [[Star Vijay]] || Evicted
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gandhi, Praveen}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:1974 births]]

Happy ending (disambiguation)

2026-01-11T04:30:46Z

Ramesheditor: Made The Article With Sources.

{{wiktionary|happy ending}}
A '''[[happy ending]]''' is a type of plot conclusion.

'''Happy Ending''' or '''Happy Endings''' may also refer to:

{{TOC right}}
== Film and television==

* [[Happy Ending (Schitt's Creek)|"Happy Ending" (Schitt's Creek)]], the 2020 series finale of ''Schitt's Creek''
* [[Happy Ending (2014 film)|''Happy Ending'' (2014 film)]], an Indian Hindi-language film
* [[Happy Ending (2024 film)|''Happy Ending'' (2024 film)]], an Indian Telugu-language film
* [[Happy Endings (TV series)|''Happy Endings'' (TV series)]], a 2011–2013 American sitcom
* [[Happy Ending (TV series)|''Happy Ending'' (TV series)]], a 2012 South Korean television series
* ''[[Happy Endings?]]'', a 2009 documentary
* ''[[Winter Passing]]'', a 2005 American film released in the UK in 2013 as ''Happy Endings''
* [[Happy Endings (film)|''Happy Endings'' (film)]], a 2005 film starring Lisa Kudrow
* ''Happy Endings'' (1983 film), a film directed by [[Noel Black]]
* ''[[The Happy Ending]]'', a 1969 drama starring Jean Simmons
* [[The Happy Ending (1931 film)|''The Happy Ending'' (1931 film)]], starring George Barraud
* [[The Happy Ending (1925 film)|''The Happy Ending'' (1925 film)]], starring Fay Compton
* ''Happy Endings'', the working title for British television programme ''[[Inside No. 9]]''

== Fiction ==
* [[Happy Endings (novel)|''Happy Endings'' (novel)]], a 1996 ''Doctor Who'' novel by Paul Cornell
* [[Happy Ending (short story)|"Happy Ending" (short story)]], a 1948 science-fiction story by Henry Kuttner
* [[Happy Endings (short story)|"Happy Endings" (short story)]], a short story by Margaret Atwood
* Happy Ending, a 1957 short story and 1990 anthology by [[Bibliography of Fredric Brown|Fredric Brown]]
* ''Happy Endings: Tales of a Meaty-Breasted Zilch'', a 2007 book by [[Jim Norton (comedian)#Selected works|Jim Norton]]

== Music ==
=== Albums ===
* [[Happy Ending (Dogstar album)|''Happy Ending'' (Dogstar album)]], 2000
* [[Happy Ending (The Phoenix Foundation album)|''Happy Ending'' (The Phoenix Foundation album)]], 2007
* [[Happy Ending (EP)|''Happy Ending'' (EP)]], 2016 extended play by South Korean girl group DIA
* [[Happy Endings (album)|''Happy Endings'' (album)]], a 2017 album by Old Dominion
* ''Happy Ending'', a 1972 album by [[Terry Riley]]
* ''Happy Endings'', a 1975 album by [[Betty Everett]]
* ''Happy Endings'', a 1981 album by [[Peter Skellern#Discography|Peter Skellern]]
* ''¿HAPPY ENDING?'', a 2023 extended play by [[Tobias Rahim]]

=== Songs ===
* [[Happy Ending (Hopsin song)|"Happy Ending" (Hopsin song)]], 2017
* [[Happy Ending (Joe Jackson song)|"Happy Ending" (Joe Jackson song)]], 1984
* [[Happy Ending (Mika song)|"Happy Ending" (Mika song)]], 2007
* [[Happy Ending (Seventeen song)|"Happy Ending" (Seventeen song)]], 2019
* "Happy Ending", by Ayumi Hamasaki from ''[[My Story (Ayumi Hamasaki album)#Tracklisting|My Story]]'', 2004
* "Happy Ending", by Bailey Spinn, 2023
* "Happy Ending", by Demi Lovato from ''[[Holy Fvck]]'', 2022
* "Happy Endings", by Doris Day from ''[[My Heart (Doris Day album)|My Heart]]'', 2011
* "Happy Endings", by Pulp from ''[[His 'n' Hers]]'', 1994
* "Happy Endings", by The All-American Rejects from the 2003 album ''[[The All-American Rejects (album)|The All-American Rejects]]''
* "Happy Endings", by the Beach Boys from the film ''[[The Telephone (1988 film)|The Telephone]]'', 1988
*"Happy Ending", by the cast of ''[[The Pirate Movie]]'', 1982

== Other ==
* [[Happy Endings (Jackie Martling album)|''Happy Endings'' (Jackie Martling album)]], a 2008 comedy recording
* [[Erotic massage|Happy ending (massage)]], orgasm as part of erotic massage

== See also ==
* [[Happy End (disambiguation)]]
* [[My Happy Ending (disambiguation)]]
* [[Happy ending problem]]
* [[Happy Endings Productions]], an Irish entertainment television production company

{{disambiguation}}

Vaishali Kasaravalli

2026-01-06T12:36:33Z

Ramesheditor: update formatting also and updated info for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vaishali Kasaravalli
| image = Vaishali Kasaravalli.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1952|04|12}}
| birth_place = [[Gulbarga]], [[Karnataka]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2010|09|27|1952|04|12}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| years_active =
| children = [[Apurva Kasaravalli|Apurva]] (son) [[Ananya Kasaravalli|Ananya]] (daughter)
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Girish Kasaravalli]]|1978|2010}}
}}
'''Vaishali Kasaravalli''' (12 April 1952 – 27 September 2010) was a noted [[Kannada]] actress, television serial director, and costume designer.

==Early life==
She was born on 12 April 1952 in [[Gulbarga]] to theatre enthusiast parents Dr. Chitagopi and Nirmala.<ref name="sify.com"/> She completed a BA.<ref name="toi.com"/>

== Career ==

===Actor===
She was initiated to theatre by [[B. V. Karanth]]. After her family migrated to [[Bangalore]], Vaishali acted in many plays including Hayavadana, Jokumaraswamy, Midsummer Nights Dream, Natakakaarana Shdhaneyalli Aaru Paathragalu and many others. She also directed Sevanthi Prasanga and translated many classic works from Marathi and Hindi.<ref name="sify.com"/>

She made her film debut with ''[[Yaava Janmada Maitri]]'' followed by ''[[Professor Huchuraya]]'' in 1972. Her popular films are Akramana, [[Yarigu Helbedi]], [[Kittu Puttu]], ''[[Kubi Matthu Iyala]]'', Angaialli Apsare, Kraurya, Hombisilu, Swamy, Thabarana Kathe, Ksheera Sagara, Anukolakkoba Ganda, Asegoba Meesegobba, Mooru Daarigalu, Mahadasoshi Sharana Basava, Chandramuki Pranasaki, Panjarada Gili, Hoovondhu Beku Ballige, Vigneswarana Vahana, Shanker Guru, Palitamsha, Parivarthana, Sparsha, Nigatha, [[Ganeshana Maduve]], [[Gauri Ganesha]], Thavarumane Udugore, No 73 Shanthinivasa, and others. Her performance as the leading lady in Aakramana directed by [[Girish Kasaravalli]] won her laurels and also a state government award for the Best actress.

Vaishali also acted in many tele-serials including Namma Nammalli, Kasa Musure Saroja, [[Malgudi Days (TV series)|Malgudi Days]], Kshamaya Daritri, [[Mayamruga]], Manvanthara, Sadhane. Namma Nammalli directed by [[T. S. Nagabharana]] was the first of the serials she was featured in.<ref name="sify.com"/>

== Filmography ==
{{cleanup|reason=Needs standardized formatting.|date=February 2021}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=2|1972
| [[Yaava Janmada Maitri]]
|
|
|-
| [[Subhadra Kalyana]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan=4|1974
| [[Professor Hucchuraya]]
|
|
|-
| [[Eradu Kanasu (1974 film)|Eradu Kanasu]]
|
|
|-
| [[Bhootayyana Maga Ayyu]]
| Puttamma
|
|-
| [[Bangaarada Panjara]]
| Pallavi
|
|-
| rowspan=2|1976
| [[Phalitamsha]]
|
|
|-
| [[Parivarthane]]
|
|
|-
| 1977
| [[Kittu Puttu]]
| Kamali, Kutti's lover
|
|-
| rowspan=2|1978
| [[Shankar Guru (1978 film)|Shankar Guru]]
|
|
|
|-
| [[Hombisilu]]
| Dr. Vasanthi
|
|-
| 1979
| [[Akramana]]
|
|
|-
| 1982
| [[Manasa Sarovara]]
|
|
|-
| 1984
| [[Vigneshwara Vahana]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|1985
| [[Maruthi Mahime]]
|
|
|-
| [[Mamatheya Madilu]]
| Leela
|
|-
| 1986
| [[Henne Ninagenu Bandhana]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan=4|1988
| ''[[Chiranjeevi Sudhakar]]''
|
|
|-
| [[Tabarana Kathe]]
|
|
|-
| [[Mahadasohi Sharana Basava]]
|
|
|-
| [[Kadina Benki]]
|
|
|-
| 1989
| [[Bangarada Baduku]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan=5|1990
| [[Shruthi (film)|Shruthi]]
|
|
|-
| [[Hosa Jeevana]]
| Rukku
|
|-
| [[Ganeshana Maduve]]
| Satyabhama, Ganesha's mother
|
|-
| [[Abhimanyu (1990 film)|Abhimanyu]]
|
|
|-
| [[Aasegobba Meesegobba]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan=6|1991
| [[Thavarumane Udugore]]
|
|
|-
| [[Readymade Ganda]]
|
|
|-
| [[Mangalya]]
|
|
|-
| [[Kalyana Mantapa]]
|
|
|-
| [[Gowri Kalyana]]
|
|
|-
| [[Gauri Ganesha]]
| Chandramouli's mother
|
|-
| rowspan=7|1992
| [[Amara Prema]]
|
|
|-
|[[Ksheera Sagara]]
|
|
|-
|[[Hatamari Hennu Kiladi Gandu]]
|
|
|-
| [[Goonda Rajya]]
|
|
|-
|[[Ganesha Subramanya]]
|
|
|-
|[[Belliyappa Bangarappa]]
|
|
|-
| [[Agni Panjara]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan=6|1993
| [[Nanendu Nimmavane]]
|
|
|-
| [[Manikantana Mahime]]
|
|
|-
| [[Kadambari]]
|
|
|-
| [[Hoovondu Beku Ballige]]
|
|
|-
| [[Anuragada Alegalu]]
|
|
|-
| [[Angaiyalli Apsare]]
|
|
|-
| 1994
| [[Yarigu Helbedi]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|1995
| [[Nighatha]]
|
|
|
|-
| [[Hosa Baduku]]
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|1996
| [[Sowbhagya Devathe]]
|
|
|-
| [[Hello Daddy]]
| Surabhi's grandmother
|
|-
| rowspan=3|1997
| [[Prema Raga Hadu Gelathi]]
|
|
|-
| [[Kalavida]]
| Vishwa's mother
|
|-
| [[America! America!!|America America]]
| Bhoomika's mother
|
|-
| 1999
| [[Chandramukhi Pranasakhi]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|2000
| [[Shrirasthu Shubhamasthu]]
| Karthik's mother
|
|-
| [[Premi (2000 film)|Premi]]
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|2003
| Panchali
|
|
|
|-
| Wrong Number
|
|
|
|-
| 2006
| [[Savira Mettilu]]
|
|
|
|-
|2007
| [[No 73, Shanthi Nivasa]]
| Seethadevi
|
|-
|}

===Director===
She has directed popular Kannada TV serials like ''Muttina Torana'' and ''[[Moodala Mane]]''.<ref name="sify.com"/>

=== Dubbing artist ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Actress
|-
| rowspan=3|1978
| [[Geejagana Goodu]]
|
|-
| [[Sandarbha]]
|
|-
| [[Vathsalya Patha]]
|
|-
| 1983
| [[Anveshane]]
|
|-
| 1990
| [[Mane (film)|Mane]]
|
|-
| 2007
| [[Nayi Neralu]]
|
|}

===Costume designer===
Vaishali Kasaravalli worked as a costume designer in her husband's films such as ''Bannada Vesha'', ''[[Mane (film)|Mane]]'', ''[[Kubi Mathu Iyyala]]'', ''[[Kraurya]]'', ''[[Thaayi Saheba]]'' (won national award in 1998), ''[[Dweepa]],'' and ''[[Kanasemba Kudureyaneri]]''.<ref name="sify.com"/>

==Awards==
Vaishali received several honors including
*State award for acting (Aakramana),
*National award for costume design ([[Thaayi Saheba]]),
*State Best supporting actress (Palitamsha),
*Natak Academy award and [[Rajyotsava Prashasti|Rajyotsava award]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}

==Politics==
Vaishali was into politics in the late '90s. She contested for the Bangalore City Corporation elections in 1996 from the Lok Shakti party but lost. She was a staunch admirer of former chief minister [[Ramakrishna Hegde]].<ref name="toi.com"/>

== Personal life ==
Vaishali was married to acclaimed film-maker [[Girish Kasaravalli]]. She had two children, [[Apurva Kasaravalli|Apoorva Kasaravalli]] and [[Ananya Kasaravalli]]<ref name="sify.com"/>

==Death==
She died on 27 September 2010 in [[Bangalore]], after ailing for few years with diabetes, liver, and kidney problems. Her body was kept at [[Ravindra Kalakshetra]] for her relatives, friends, and fans to pay their final respect. She was cremated according to her family tradition at Banashankari crematorium in Bangalore.{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="toi.com">{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-28/bangalore/28265621_1_versatile-actor-award-serials|url-status=dead|date=28 September 2010|archive-date=3 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103135527/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-28/bangalore/28265621_1_versatile-actor-award-serials|title=Actor Director Vaishali Kasaravalli passes away }}</ref>

<ref name="sify.com">{{cite web |date=28 September 2010 |title=Vaishali Kasaravalli: A multifaceted personality |website=Sify.com |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vaishali-kasaravalli-a-multifaceted-personality-news-kannada-kkgu9bagcba.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009002001/http://www.sify.com/movies/vaishali-kasaravalli-a-multifaceted-personality-news-kannada-kkgu9bagcba.html }}</ref>
</references>

== External links ==
{{Karnataka State Award for Best Actress}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kasaravalli, Vaishali}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women television directors]]
[[Category:Indian television directors]]
[[Category:Indian costume designers]]
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]
[[Category:People from Kalaburagi]]
[[Category:Women in Karnataka politics]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Actresses from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian designers]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada theatre]]
[[Category:Best Costume Design National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2005]]

Ervin Baktay

2026-01-01T09:45:18Z

Ramesheditor: Created A Pg

{{Short description|Hungarian author (1890–1963)}}
{{Infobox writer
| embed =
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Ervin Baktay
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Baktay Ervin, Búvár, 1935.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Ervin Gottesmann
| birth_date = 1890
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1963
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation = Writer, painter
| language =
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| subject = [[Indologist|Indology]]
| movement =
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| relatives = *[[Amrita Sher-Gil]] (niece)
*[[Umrao Singh Sher-Gil]] (brother-in-law)
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'''Ervin Baktay''' (1890–1963; born '''Ervin Gottesmann'''<ref>[http://www.terebess.hu/keletkultinfo/baktay.html Baktay Ervin (1890-1963) megjelent könyvei (Terebess Ázsia E-Tár)]</ref>) was an author noted for popularizing [[Indian culture]] in [[Hungary]].<ref name="embassy">[http://www.indianembassy.hu/html/education.html Indo-Hungarian Cultural & Educational Relations, Historical Perspective] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009170120/http://www.indianembassy.hu/html/education.html |date=2008-10-09 }}, Indian Embassy in Hungary</ref><ref>Claudine Bautze-Picron. [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01079408/document Ervin Baktay, the art historian]. BÉLA KELÉNYI, Az indológus indián. Baktay Ervin emlékezete (The Indologist Indian: Memory of Ervin Baktay), Budapest: Museum of Fine Arts – Ferenc Hopp Museum of Eastern Asiatic Arts, 2014 (pp. 364-9)., 2014. halshs-01079408</ref>

Baktay had started his career as a painter<ref name="sikh-heritage">[http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/arts/amritashergil/amritashergill.html Amrita Shergil], sikh-heritage.co.uk</ref> and he encouraged his niece [[Amrita Sher-Gil]] to pursue art.<ref name=Dalmia.12/> He gave up painting to study [[eastern religion]]s and art, and became a renowned [[Indologist]].<ref name="sikh-heritage"/>

==Early life==
Ervin Baktay was born on 24 June 1890 in [[Dunaharaszti]], on the Pest side of Budapest.<ref name=Dalmia.12>Dalmia, pp. 12-13</ref> He was the youngest of five children of Raoul Gottesmann and his wife Antononia Levys-Martonfalvy.<ref name=Sundaram.xvi>Sundaram, p. xvi</ref> Following the death of his father in 1905, Baktay's mother decided to move to Austria and then to [[Zebegény]], Hungary, at the onset of the [[First World War]].<ref name=Sundaram.60>Sundaram, p. 60</ref> He studied painting with [[Simon Hollósy]] in [[Munich]].<ref name=Sundaram.56>Sundaram, p. 56</ref> Later, in 1927, he made his first journey to India.<ref name=Keserü>{{cite book |last1=Keserü |first1=Katalin |editor1-last=Dalmia |editor1-first=Yashodhara |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: Art & Life : a reader |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-809886-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U7W4oAEACAAJ |language=en |chapter=8. Amrita Sher-Gil: the Indian painter and her French and Hungarian connections|pages=67-68}}</ref>

He was uncle to artist [[Amrita Sher-Gil]] and nephew to Nagybánya artist Alfréd Gottesmann (1872–1965).{{citation needed|date =April 2024}}

==Works==
Baktay translated the ''[[Kama Sutra]]'' in 1920 and then published a version of the ''[[Mahābhārata]]'' in 1923.<ref name="Pollet1995">{{cite book |last1=Pollet |first1=Ag |title=Indian Epic Values: Rāmāyaṇa and Its Impact : Proceedings of the 8th International Rāmāyaṇa Conference, Leuven, 6-8 July 1991 |date=1995 |publisher=Peeters Publishers |location=Leuven |isbn=90-6831-701-6 |page=149 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EVnK3q48dL0C&dq=Ervin+Baktay&pg=PA149 |language=en |chapter=II. International impact of Ramayana}}</ref> In 1960, he produced a version of the ''[[Ramayana]]''.<ref name="Pollet1995"/> His major work, ''History of Indian Art'', was published in 1963.<ref name=Sundaram.56/>

==Death==
[[Image:Baktay Ervin.jpg|thumb|right|Dr. Ervin Baktay's tomb at [[Farkasréti Cemetery]]]]

Baktay died in 1963.<ref name=Sundaram.56/>

==Selected publications==
*Baktay Ervin: Die Kunst Indiens; Übers. Edith Róth; Bearb. Heinz Kucharski; Berlin - Budapest, Terra - Akad. Verlag, 1963.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book |last=Dalmia|first=Yashodhara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj3mlgEACAAJ |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Life |date=2013 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=Gurugram |isbn=978-0-14-342026-2 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sundaram |first1=Vivan |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Self-Portrait in Letters and Writings |date=2010 |publisher=Tulika Books |location=New Delhi |volume=1|pages=1-417|isbn=978-81-89487-59-1}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sundaram |first1=Vivan |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Self-Portrait in Letters and Writings |date=2010 |publisher=Tulika Books |location=New Delhi |volume=2|pages=418-821|isbn=978-81-89487-59-1}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baktay, Ervin}}
[[Category:Hungarian Indologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Hungarian Jews]]
[[Category:People from Dunaharaszti]]
[[Category:1890 births]]
[[Category:1963 deaths]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:Burials at Farkasréti Cemetery]]

{{Hungary-academic-bio-stub}}

Jagdish Chaturvedi (writer)

2025-12-31T07:43:07Z

Ramesheditor: clean up

{{Short description|Indian poet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jagdish Chaturvedi
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 9 January 1932
| birth_place = [[Gwalior]] [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| death_date = {{Death year and age|2015|1932}}
| death_place = Delhi, India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Writer Poet
| yearsactive =
| known for =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] Mahakavi Bihari Award
}}
'''Jagdish Chaturvedi''' was an Indian poet of [[Hindi]] literature.<ref name="Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC&q=Jagdish+Chaturvedi+writer&pg=PA233 | title=Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | author=Kartik Chandra Dutt | year=1999 | pages=1490 | isbn=9788126008735}}</ref>

== Early life ==
He was born on 15 August 1929,<ref name="Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M" /> at [[Gwalior]] in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and after securing his master's degree in Philosophy, started his career by joining Madhav College, [[Ujjain]] as a member of its faculty.<ref name="Renowned writer passes away">{{cite web | url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhopal/renowned-writer-passes-away.html | title=Renowned writer passes away | publisher=The Pioneer | date=17 September 2015 | access-date=November 12, 2015}}</ref> Later, worked in [[All India Radio]] and the [[Central Hindi Directorate]] as an editor.<ref name="Renowned writer passes away" /> He published several books of prose and poetry<ref name="Hindi Book Centre profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.hindibook.com/index.php?String=JAGDISH%20CHATURVEDI&p=sr&Field=author | title=Hindi Book Centre profile | publisher=Hindi Book Centre | date=2015 | access-date=November 12, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Five Hindi Poets">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UeNjAAAAMAAJ | title=Five Hindi Poets | publisher=Sampark | author=Viśvamohana Tivārī | year=2004 | pages=111 | isbn=9788177680034}}</ref> and also translated many books into the Hindi language.<ref name="Renowned writer passes away" /> The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]] in 2003.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=July 21, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=October 15, 2015 }}</ref> He died at his Delhi residence in 2015.<ref name="Renowned writer passes away" />

{{Portal|India|Literature}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaturvedi, Jagdish}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:People from Gwalior district]]
[[Category:Poets from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindi-language poets]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

Harsh

2025-12-31T05:13:23Z

Ramesheditor: created the info w/ refs

{{wiktionary|harsh}}
'''Harsh''' may refer to:
{{TOC right}}
== Places ==
* [[Harsh, Sikar]], village in Rajasthan, India

==People with the given name==
{{main|Harsh (given name)}}
* [[Harsh Chhaya]] (born 1966), Indian actor
* [[Harsh Chitale]], Indian businessman
* [[Harsh Gupta]] (born 1942), Indian earth scientist and seismologist
* [[Harsh Kumar]], Indian ophthalmologist
* [[Harsh Mahajan]] (born 1955), Indian politician
* [[Harsh Mahajan (radiologist)]], Indian radiologist
* [[Harsh Mander]] (born 1955), Indian civil rights activist
* [[Harsh Mankad]] (born 1979), Indian tennis player
* [[Harsh Mayar]] (born 1998), Indian actor
* [[Harsh Rajput]] (born 1987), Indian actor
* [[Harsh Vardhan (disambiguation)|Harsh Vardhan]], various people
* [[Harsh Sanghavi]], (born 1945) Indian politician

== People with the surname ==
* [[Frank Harsh]] (1894–1956), American football and basketball coach
* [[George Harsh]] (1810–1897), American politician from Ohio
* [[Griffith R. Harsh]] (born 1953), American surgeon
* [[John Harsh]] (1825–1906), American politician
* [[Leonard Harsh]] (1801–1866), American politician from Ohio
* [[Sabastian Harsh]], American football player
* [[Vivian G. Harsh]] (1890–1960), American librarian

==See also==
* [[Harsha (disambiguation)]]
* [[Harshness]]

{{disambiguation|surname|given name}}

[[Category:Indian masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names]]