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A. R. Murugadoss

2026-05-14T14:25:25Z

Ramesh: improved content for consistency

{{short description|Indian film director, screenwriter and film producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{distinguish|A. R. Rahman}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| image = murugadoss.jpg
| caption = Murugadoss in 2009
| birth_name = Murugadas Arunachalam
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|09|25|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kallakurichi]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Film director]]|[[Screenwriter]]|[[Film producer]]}}
| years_active = 1997–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Ramya|2005}}
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Dileepan]] (brother)
}}

'''Murugadas Arunachalam''' (born 25 September 1974), known professionally as '''A. R. Murugadoss''',<ref>{{cite web | url=http://forbesindia.com/article/2014-celebrity-100/ar-murugadoss-tamil-cinemas-golden-messenger/39217/1 | title=Murugadoss: Tamil cinema's golden messenger | work=Forbes India | author=N Madhavan | date=22 December 2014 | access-date=23 December 2014 | archive-date=23 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223081935/http://forbesindia.com/article/2014-celebrity-100/ar-murugadoss-tamil-cinemas-golden-messenger/39217/1 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="SoSc">{{cite web | url=http://www.southscope.in/tamil/article/ar-murugadoss-man-midas-touch | title=Murugadoss — Man with the midas touch | publisher=SouthScope | access-date=20 May 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101070513/http://www.southscope.in/tamil/article/ar-murugadoss-man-midas-touch | archive-date=1 November 2011}}</ref> ({{audio|LL-Q5885 (tam)-Sriveenkat-ஏ ஆர் முருகதாஸ்.wav|pronunciation}}) is an Indian film director, screenwriter and film producer who predominantly works in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/18muru.htm|title=Aamir's next director speaks|date=18 April 2006|work=[[Rediff]]|access-date=5 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200802220923.htm |title=Murugadoss upbeat over Mumbai entry |last=Seenivasan |first=Meera |date=22 February 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=5 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081106141145/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200802220923.htm |archive-date=6 November 2008 }}</ref> He is best known for directing action films mainly on social issues. In addition, he has worked in [[Telugu film]]s and [[Hindi film]]s. Murugadoss won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Director]] for his 2014 Tamil [[action drama film|action drama]] ''[[Kaththi]]''. He is regarded as one of the best directors in India.

Murugadoss' first break in the film industry was as an assistant director of ''[[Ratchagan]]'' (1997). He then worked with [[S. J. Surya]] for the film ''[[Kushi (2000 film)|Kushi]]'' (2000) before directing his first film, ''[[Dheena]]'' (2001). His first [[Bollywood]] film was ''[[Ghajini (2008 film)|Ghajini]]'' (2008), a [[Hindi]] remake of his [[Ghajini (2005 film)|Tamil film of the same name]]. It became the first Bollywood film to gross over {{INRConvert|100|c|link=y}} domestically.<ref name=":0" /> In 2012, he directed the action [[Thriller film|thriller]] ''[[Thuppakki]]'', starring [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], which became the second Tamil film to gross {{INR}}100 crore at the domestic box office alone.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/039thuppakki039-box-office-collection-crosses-100-crore-mark-vijay039s-biggest-grosser-ever-408828|title = 'Thuppakki' Box Office Collection Crosses ₹100 Crore Mark: Vijay's Biggest Grosser Ever|website = [[International Business Times]]|date = 27 November 2012}}</ref> He worked with Vijay again with the box office hits ''[[Kaththi]]'' (2014) and ''[[Sarkar (2018 film)|Sarkar]]'' (2018).

==Personal life==
Murugadoss was born in [[Kallakurichi]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/I-could-not-even-buy-a-cup-of-tea-for-my-father-with-my-money-AR-Murugadoss/articleshow/35951275.cms | title=I could not even buy a cup of tea for my father with my money: Murugadoss | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=Priya Gupta, TNN | date=3 June 2014 | access-date=5 June 2014}}</ref> The initials "AR" refer to his father's name Arunachalam and were added after Murugadoss signed his first film, ''[[Dheena]]''(2001).<ref name="SoSc" /> Murugadoss currently resides in [[Virugambakkam]], [[Chennai]].<ref name=armbio>{{cite web|title=A.R.Murugadoss Biography|url=http://movies.sulekha.com/a-r-murugadoss_film-director-biography|publisher=Sulekha|access-date=28 February 2013}}</ref> Murugadoss had his schooling at the Government Higher Secondary School<ref name="SoSc" /> and studied BA in [[Bishop Heber College]], [[Tiruchirapalli]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=A.R. Murugadoss Biography |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/a-r-murugadoss/biography.html|work=Filmibeat}}</ref> His cousin, [[Dileepan]] made his acting debut with ''[[Vathikuchi]]'', which is Murugadoss' production venture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Murugadoss-brother-debuts-as-an-actor/articleshow/12593431.cms|title=Murugadoss's brother debuts as an actor |website=Times of India|accessdate=11 November 2018}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Murugadoss With Amir Khan.jpg|thumb|right|Murugadoss with [[Aamir Khan]] in 2009]]

During his college days, Murugadoss was active in cultural events, particularly in mimicry and drawing.<ref name="SoSc" /> He subsequently became a cinephile watching up to seven films a week in his hometown and started writing jokes as well. After [[Ananda Vikatan]] published them, Murugadoss began to think of becoming a story writer.<ref name="SoSc" /> At [[Bharathidasan University]] he started to write sketch comedies and acted in them.<ref name="SoSc" /> After college he tried to join the [[Madras Film Institute]], but was rejected. Nevertheless, Murugadoss stayed in Chennai in multiple functions. First, he became an assistant writer of P. Kalaimani and wrote dialogues for the Tamil film ''Madurai Meenakshi.'' He became assistant director of ''[[Ratchagan]]'' (1997) for half of the film and continued as assistant script director for the Telugu film ''[[Kalisundam Raa]]''.<ref name="SoSc" /> Murugadoss then worked with [[S. J. Surya]] for the film ''[[Kushi (2000 film)|Kushi]]'' (2000).<ref>{{Cite news |title=AR Murugadoss: From Humble Beginnings to Cinematic Triumphs |url=https://yantranafilms.com/ar-murugadoss-biography |access-date=2025-03-22 |work=Yantrana Films}}</ref>

[[S. J. Suryah]] recommended Murugadoss to [[Ajith Kumar]] for directing his debut film, ''[[Dheena]]''. His next films were ''[[Ramana (film)|Ramana]]'', ''[[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]]'', and ''[[Stalin (2006 film)|Stalin]]''.

In 2003, he contemplated making a film titled ''Varathan'' with [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] in the lead role for producer [[Aascar Ravichandran|Oscar Ravichandran]], but later moved on to other projects.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/interviews/2003/sep/10-09-03.htm|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071218130749/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/interviews/2003/sep/10-09-03.htm|archive-date = 18 December 2007|title = 10-09-03}}</ref>

His fifth film was ''[[Ghajini (2008 film)|Ghajini]]'', which was a Hindi remake of his same-titled 2005 film and marked his Bollywood debut. It released in 2008 and became the first Bollywood film to gross over {{INR}}100 crore domestically.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://forbesindia.com/blog/business-strategy/journey-of-the-100-crore-bollywood-film/|title=Journey of the 100-Crore Bollywood Film - Forbes India Blog|website=Forbes India|access-date=5 January 2018|archive-date=1 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601233916/http://www.forbesindia.com/blog/business-strategy/journey-of-the-100-crore-bollywood-film/|url-status=dead}}</ref> His next Tamil film ''[[7 Aum Arivu]]'', was released in 2011. Murugadoss signed a deal with [[Fox Star Studios]] to produce two Tamil films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_fox-international-ties-up-with-murugadoss-to-produce-tamil-films_1433815|title=Fox International ties up with Murugadoss to produce Tamil films - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=5 September 2010|website=Dnaindia.com|access-date=5 January 2018}}</ref>

In 2012, he directed the action thriller ''[[Thuppakki]]'', starring [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] and produced by [[S. Dhanu]] released in 2012 to mostly positive reviews and became the second Tamil film to enter the {{INR}}100 crore club domestically alone<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Vijays-Thuppakki-makes-180-crore/etarticleshow/18691254.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301054755/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-26/news-interviews/37308961_1_vijay-s-thuppakki-crore-club-hindi-with-akshay-kumar|url-status=live|archive-date=1 March 2013|website=[[The Times of India]]|title=Vijay's Thuppakki makes 180 crore!|access-date=5 January 2018}}</ref> after ''[[Enthiran]]''. Thuppakki collected over {{INR}}180 crores end of its run as reported by the producer. He also directed the Hindi remake of the film, ''[[Holiday: A Soldier Is Never Off Duty]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/holiday-crosses-100-crore-at-the-box-office-80034/|title=Holiday crosses 100 crores at the Box Office|first=Umesh|last=Punwani|date=20 June 2014|website=India.com|access-date=5 January 2018}}</ref> In 2014, he was the writer and producer for the fantasy film ''[[Maan Karate]]'' starring [[Sivakarthikeyan]] which was directed by his former assistant Thirukumaran.

In 2014, he directed the action drama ''[[Kaththi]]'' starring Vijay and produced by [[Lyca Productions]] released in 2014 and emerged as one of the top-grossing films in Kollywood for 2014, collecting an estimated {{INR}}131 crores. In 2016, he directed ''[[Akira (2016 Hindi film)|Akira]]'' starring [[Sonakshi Sinha]]. It is a remake of the Tamil film ''[[Mouna Guru]]''. Then, he directed ''[[Spyder (film)|Spyder]]'' starring [[Mahesh Babu]] and [[Rakul Preet Singh]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/akira-is-the-title-for-ar-murugadoss-sonakshi-project-news-tamil-pdrjCSijdedhe.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924140346/http://www.sify.com/movies/akira-is-the-title-for-ar-murugadoss-sonakshi-project-news-tamil-pdrjCSijdedhe.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|title=Akira is the title for AR Murugadoss-Sonakshi project?|newspaper=Sify|access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babu-AR-Murugdoss-film-heads-to-Ahmedabad-for-nextschedule/articleshow/55202325.cms|title=Mahesh Babu-AR Murugdoss film heads to Ahmedabad for next schedule|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref> He joined with Vijay once again for the movie ''[[Sarkar (2018 film)|Sarkar]]'' which is produced by [[Sun Pictures]] [[Kalanithi Maran]] which released in 2018 for the Diwali. It was released in over 3000 screens around the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vijay-sarkar-3000-screens-worldwide-release-5435079/|title = Vijay's Sarkar to hit more than 3000 screens worldwide|date = 5 November 2018}}</ref> The next, his film ''[[Darbar (2020 film)|Darbar]]'' starring [[Rajinikanth]] was released in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ar-murugadoss-talks-about-darbar-rajinikanth-and-more/articleshow/73097334.cms|title=AR Murugadoss talks about 'Darbar', Rajinikanth and more|website=[[The Times of India]] |last1=Nyayapati |first1=Neeshita }}</ref>

After five years, Murugadoss made his directorial comeback in 2025 with two films {{endash}} ''[[Sikandar (2025 film)|Sikandar]]'' with [[Salman Khan]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Salman Khan's Fiery Look In New Sikander Poster Excites Fans, Eid Release Confirmed |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/salman-khan-looks-angry-in-new-sikander-poster-excited-fans-say-cannot-wait-9231803.html |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> and ''[[Madharaasi]]'' with [[Sivakarthikeyan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=AR Murugadoss's Upcoming Film With Sivakarthikeyan Is Titled Madharasi |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/a-r-murugadoss-s-film-with-sivakarthikeyan-titled-madharasi-7728641 |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

On 1 February 2026, it was reported that filmmaker A. R. Murugadoss would direct a high-profile pan-Indian action thriller featuring Sunny Deol and Jyotika in the lead roles, marking the first collaboration between the two actors.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sunny Deol and Jyotika to team up for the first time in big-ticket action thriller backed by A. R. Murugadoss |work=The Times of India |date=1 February 2026 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/sunny-deol-and-jyotika-to-team-up-for-the-first-time-in-big-ticket-action-thriller-backed-by-a-r-murugadoss-report/articleshow/127530357.cms |access-date=6 February 2026}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}

===As director===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Language
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2001
|''[[Dheena]]''
|rowspan="3"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2002
|''[[Ramanaa]]''
|
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2005
|''[[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]]''
|
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2006
|''[[Stalin (2006 film)|Stalin]]''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2008
|''[[Ghajini (2008 film)|Ghajini]]''
|[[Hindi]]
| A remake of his ''[[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]]'' (2005)
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2011
|''[[7 Aum Arivu]]''
|rowspan="2"|Tamil
|
|-
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|2012
|''[[Thuppakki]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Holiday: A Soldier Is Never Off Duty]]''
|Hindi
| A remake of his ''[[Thuppakki]]'' (2012)
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2014
|''[[Kaththi]]''
|Tamil
|
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2016
|''[[Akira (2016 Hindi film)|Akira]]''
|Hindi
| A remake of ''[[Mouna Guru]]'' (2011)
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |2017
| ''[[Spyder (film)|Spyder]]''
|Telugu Tamil
| Bilingual film
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2018
| ''[[Sarkar (2018 film)|Sarkar]]''
| rowspan="2"|Tamil
|
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2020
|''[[Darbar (film)|Darbar]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |2025
| ''[[Sikandar (2025 film)|Sikandar]]''
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Madharaasi]]''
|Tamil
|
|-
|}

=== As producer ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2011
|''[[Engaeyum Eppothum]]''
|
|-
|style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"; |2013
|''[[Vathikuchi]]''
|
|-
|''[[Raja Rani (2013 film)|Raja Rani]]''
|
|-
| style="text-align:center" ; |2014
|''[[Maan Karate]]''
|
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2015
|''[[10 Endrathukulla]]''
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2016
|''[[Akira (2016 Hindi film)|Akira]]''
|Hindi film
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2017
|''[[Rangoon (2017 Tamil film)|Rangoon]]''
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2023
|''[[August 16 1947]]''
|
|-
|}

=== As writer ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Film
! Credited as
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
!Writer
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1997
|''[[Poochudava]]''
|{{partial|Dialogues}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center" ; |2014
|''[[Maan Karate]]''
| rowspan="2" {{partial|Story}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2022
|''[[Raangi]]''
|
|-
|}

===As an actor===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Poochudava]]''
|Man requesting loan
|
|-
|2011
|''[[7 Aum Arivu]]''
|Director in the interview
|Uncredited appearance
|-
|2012
|''[[Thuppakki]]''
| rowspan="2" | Himself
|Uncredited appearance in the song "Google Google"
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014
|''[[Maan Karate]]''
| Special appearance in the song "Open the Tasmac"
|-
|''[[Kaththi]]''
| Common man
|Uncredited appearance
|-
|2015
|''[[Isai]]''
| rowspan="3" | Himself
| rowspan="2" |Special appearance
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''[[NOTA (film)|NOTA]]''
|-
| ''[[Sarkar (2018 film)|Sarkar]]''
| Uncredited appearance in the song "Oru Viral Puratchi"
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Madharaasi]]'' || Public person || Uncredited appearance
|}

==Awards==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Film
! Award
! Category
! Result
! class=unsortable|Ref.
|-
|rowspan=2|''[[Ramanaa]]''|| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] ||[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Dialogue Writer|Best Dialogue Writer]] ||{{won}} ||<ref name="indiaglitz.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/10733.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041024060415/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/10733.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 October 2004|title=Tamil Nadu announces film awards for three years|website=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=2009-10-19}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0378647/awards|title = Ramana - IMDb|website = [[IMDb]]}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Ghajini (2005 film)|''Ghajini'']]
|[[53rd Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director – Tamil]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinegoer.com/archives/september2006/filmfarewinners.htm |title=53rd Annual South Filmfare Awards Winners |access-date=2 May 2007 |date=9 September 2006 |publisher=CineGoer.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429030243/http://www.cinegoer.com/archives/september2006/filmfarewinners.htm |archive-date=29 April 2007 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|{{won}}
|<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/070907/85/6kgna.html |title=Tamilnadu Govt. awards }}{{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=4|[[Ghajini (2008 film)|''Ghajini'']]
|[[Stardust Awards]]
|Hottest New Filmmaker
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-5th-apsara-film-television-producers-guild-awards/|title=Winners of 5th Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=8 January 2010}}</ref>
|-
|[[54th Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref name=awtm>
{{cite web| url= http://www.panasianbiz.com/panasianbiz/54th-filmfare-awards-2008/| publisher= PanAsianBiz| date= 2009-02-28| author= Parasshuram Shalgar| title= Date of 54th Filmfare Awards| access-date= 2010-03-09| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100411094902/http://www.panasianbiz.com/panasianbiz/54th-filmfare-awards-2008/| archive-date= 11 April 2010| url-status= dead| df= dmy-all}}
</ref>
|-
|[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]
|[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/priyanka-in-the-running-for-a-second-apsara-63083-2009-12-16|title = Priyanka in the running for a second Apsara}}</ref>
|-
|[[10th IIFA Awards]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/features/2009/iifa-award-winners-150609.html
|work=OneIndia
|title=Winners of IIFA Awards 2009
|date=15 June 2009
|access-date=5 February 2012
|archive-date=10 July 2013
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710142819/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/features/2009/iifa-award-winners-150609.html
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
|-
|''[[7 Aum Arivu]]''
|[[59th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |author=Filmfare Editorial |title=59th Idea Filmfare Awards South (Winners list) |url=http://filmfare.com/news/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-winners-list-809.html |work=Filmfare |publisher=Times Internet Limited |access-date=20 July 2012 |date=9 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=8|''[[Thuppakki]]''
|rowspan=2|[[The Times of India|The Chennai Times Film Awards]]
|Best Director
|{{nom}}
|rowspan=2|<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Chennai Times Film Awards 2012 nominations |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Chennai-Times-Film-Awards-2012-nominations/articleshow/20930588.cms |access-date=27 April 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|Best Screenplay
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Edison Awards (India)|4th Edison Awards]]
|Best Director
|{{nom}}
|rowspan=2|<ref>{{Cite web |title=6th Edition Edison Award gets bigger and grander |url=http://movies.sulekha.com/tamil-movie-thuppaki-news-6th-edition-edison-award-gets-bigger-and-grander |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917051101/http://movies.sulekha.com/tamil-movie-thuppaki-news-6th-edition-edison-award-gets-bigger-and-grander |archive-date=17 September 2017 |access-date=16 July 2013 |website=Sulekha}}</ref>
|-
|Best Screenplay
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[60th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=60th Idea Filmfare Awards 2013 (South) Nominations |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/60th-idea-filmfare-awards-2013-south-nominations-3603-4.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120084209/http://www.filmfare.com/features/60th-idea-filmfare-awards-2013-south-nominations-3603-4.html |archive-date=20 January 2017 |access-date=4 June 2014 |publisher=[[Filmfare Awards South]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards|2nd SIIMA Awards]]
|Best Director
|{{nom}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2013 |title=SIIMA 2013: Vijay's 'Thuppakki' Gets 10 Nominations; Pawan's 'Gabbar Singh' Leads Telugu Category |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2013-vijay039s-039thuppakki039-gets-10-nominations-pawan039s-039gabbar-singh039-leads-telugu-category-501714 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207182924/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2013-vijay039s-039thuppakki039-gets-10-nominations-pawan039s-039gabbar-singh039-leads-telugu-category-501714 |archive-date=7 February 2015 |access-date=5 June 2014 |website=International Business Times}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[7th Vijay Awards]]
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Director|Favourite Director]]
|{{won}}
|rowspan=2|<ref name="sweeps">{{Cite web |date=13 May 2013 |title=Thuppakki sweeps Vijay Awards! |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Thuppakki-sweeps-Vijay-Awards/articleshow/20026331.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513173827/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Thuppakki-sweeps-Vijay-Awards/articleshow/20026331.cms |archive-date=13 May 2013 |access-date=26 June 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Raja Rani (2013 film)|''Raja Rani'']]
|[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]
|The Most Popular Film
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-05-24|title=Awards galore for 'Raja Rani' - Tamil News|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/awards-galore-for-raja-rani-tamil-news-107956|access-date=2021-03-27|website=IndiaGlitz.com|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20140528003120/https://www.indiaglitz.com/awards-galore-for-raja-rani-tamil-news-107956|archive-date=2014-05-28}}</ref>
|-
|[[8th Vijay Awards]]
|Favourite Film
|{{nom}}
|<ref name=aandw>{{cite web|title=8th Vijay Awards 2014 – Full List of Winners|url=http://www.awardsandwinners/news/8th-vijay-awards-2014-check-the-full-list-of-winners/#sthash.SK0HdnE4.dpbs|website=Awardsandwinners.com|access-date=25 July 2014}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|[[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|3rd SIIMA Awards]]
|Best Film
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news|title=And-the-SIIMA-Awards-go-to|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/And-the-SIIMA-Awards-go-to-/articleshow/42532423.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|publisher=timesofindia|access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=5|''[[Kaththi]]''
|[[62nd Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Winners-list-62nd-Filmfare-Awards-South/articleshow/47836755.cms |title=Winners list: 62nd Filmfare Awards (South) |date=27 June 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627160113/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Winners-list-62nd-Filmfare-Awards-South/articleshow/47836755.cms |archive-date=27 June 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[1st IIFA Utsavam]]
| rowspan="2" |Best Director
|{{nom}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iifautsavam.com/nominees-tam.html |title=IIFA Utsavam 2015 Nominees — Tamil |website=[[IIFA Utsavam]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704081611/http://www.iifautsavam.com/nominees-tam.html |archive-date=4 July 2017 |access-date=4 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
|[[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|4th SIIMA Awards]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/SIIMA-Awards-2015-Tamil-winners-list/articleshow/48399961.cms |title=SIIMA Awards 2015 Tamil winners list |date=8 August 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809060838/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/SIIMA-Awards-2015-Tamil-winners-list/articleshow/48399961.cms |archive-date=9 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[9th Vijay Awards]]
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Director|Favourite Director]]
|{{won}}
|rowspan=2|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/9th-annual-vijay-awards-ajith-vijay-rajinikanth-suriya-dhanush-nominated-complete-list-628225 |title=9th Annual Vijay Awards: Ajith, Vijay, Rajinikanth, Suriya, Dhanush Nominated [Complete List] |last=V. P. |first=Nicy |date=6 April 2015 |work=[[International Business Times]] |access-date=5 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505133549/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/9th-annual-vijay-awards-ajith-vijay-rajinikanth-suriya-dhanush-nominated-complete-list-628225 |archive-date=5 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Story, Screenplay Writer|Best Story, Screenplay Writer]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Sarkar (2018 film)|''Sarkar'']]
|[[66th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html|title=Winners of the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019|website=[[Filmfare]]|access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
|[[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|8th SIIMA Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |Best Director
|{{nom}}
|<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/siima-awards-2019-heres-a-complete-list-of-nominees/articleshow/70287216.cms SIIMA Awards 2019: Here’s a complete list of nominees]</ref>
|-
|rowspan=1|''[[Darbar (film)|Darbar]]''
|[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|10th SIIMA Awards]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=1436693}}
* {{Rotten-tomatoes-person|ar_murugadoss|A.R. Murugadoss}}
* {{Twitter|ARMurugadoss}}

{{AR Murugadoss}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestTamilDirector}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murugadoss, AR}}
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil-language film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:People from Viluppuram district]]
[[Category:Film producers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Action film directors]]

Bharatiya Janata Party – Tripura

2026-05-05T10:34:17Z

Ramesh:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}{{short description|Tripura affiliate of the Bharatiya Janata Party}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
| colorcode = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| native_name = ভারতীয় জনতা পার্টি – ত্রিপুরা ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]) ''Bharatiya Janata Parti – Twipra'' ([[Kokborok]])
| logo = [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|150px]]
| abbreviation = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| president = [[Rajib Bhattacharjee]]<ref>{{cite news |title=New President of BJP Tripura state unit|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rajiv-bhattacharjee-appointed-as-tripura-bjp-president/articleshow/93791268.cms|work=Economic Times}}</ref>
| general_secretary =
| headquarters = 12-A, Krishnanagar Main Road,(In between Advisor & Bijoy Kumar Chowmuhani), Po.[[Agartala]](Main), Dist.[[West Tripura]]-799 001, [[Tripura]], India
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bjp.org/tripura-state-office|title=Tripura State Office|website=www.bjp.org}}</ref>
| colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Saffron (color)|Saffron]]
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|2|2|hex=#FF9900}} (as of 2024)
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|1|1|hex=#FF9900}}(as of [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tripura|2024]])
| state_seats_name = [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|33|60|hex=#FF9933}}(as of 2026)
| state2_seats_name = [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]]
| state2_seats = {{Composition bar|4|30|hex=#FF9933}}(as of 2026)
| website = {{URL|https://www.bjp.org/tripura}}
| symbol = [[Nelumbo nucifera|Lotus]] [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|130px]]
| leader = [[Manik Saha]] 
({{small|[[List of chief ministers of Tripura|Chief Minister of Tripura]]}})
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|p=y|1980|4|6|br=y}}
| flag = BJP Flag.svg{{!}}border
| eci =
| alliance = '''National level''' [[National Democratic Alliance]] '''NorthEast Region''' [[North East Democratic Alliance]]
| ideology = {{ubl|[[Integral humanism (India)|Integral humanism]]|[[Social conservatism]]|[[Economic nationalism]]|[[Hindu nationalism]]|[[Cultural nationalism]] '''Faction''' [[Tripuri people|Tripuri Rights]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Only BJP has worked for Indigenous people of Tripura|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/tripura/tripura-kokborok-language-row-sushanta-chowdhury-bjp-indigenous-people-8279297/lite/|work=Indian Express}}</ref> [[National Register of Citizens|Pro-NRC]]<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP Tripura and its ally IPFT seeks NRC for whole nation |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-ally-ipft-seeks-nrc-for-whole-nation/articleshow/71140555.cms|work=Economic Times}}</ref>}}
| youth = [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]]
| women = [[BJP Mahila Morcha]]
| publication = '''[[Kamal Sandesh]]'''
| founder={{ubl
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| [[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]]<ref name=":3001">{{Cite news|date=23 May 2019|title=What you need to know about India's BJP|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513075856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|archive-date=13 May 2020}}</ref>
}} {{cslist
| title = Other founders<ref name="founders" />
| [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Praveen |date=7 January 2024 |title=Murli Manohar Joshi turns 90: Well-wishers flock to Raisina Road to celebrate life of BJP stalwart |url=https://theprint.in/in-pictures/murli-manohar-joshi-turns-90-well-wishers-flock-to-raisina-road-to-celebrate-life-of-bjp-stalwart/1913267/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Nanaji Deshmukh]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Ratna for Pranab, Nanaji Deshmukh and Bhupen Hazarika |url=http://www.bihartimes.in/newsbihar/2019/jan/newsbihar25jan12.html |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=Bihar Times}}</ref>
| [[K. R. Malkani]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sir |first=Sp |date=29 April 2021 |title=K R Malkani - The Sindhu World Sindhi Author: The Sindh Story: Sindhi Politician: Political Mysteries |url=https://thesindhuworld.com/k-r-malkani/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=The Sindhu World |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Sikandar Bakht]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2024 |script-title=hi:कौन थे बीजेपी के इकलौते मुस्लिम फाउंडर सिकंदर बख्त? जानिए कैसे थामा पार्टी का साथ |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/bjp-foundation-day-who-was-bjp-muslim-founder-sikandar-bakht-political-career-profile-in-hindi-2658177 |access-date=18 January 2025 |website= |language=hi}}</ref>
| [[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]
| [[Vijaya Raje Scindia]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Devaki |work=The Citizen (India) |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/7/20759/The-Maharani-who-Founded-the-BJP |title=The Maharani who founded the BJP |date=14 August 2021 }}</ref>
| [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2023 |title=Rajput votes at stake in Rajasthan, Bhairon Singh Shekhawat legacy a new front in BJP, Cong battle |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rajput-rajasthan-bhairon-singh-shekhawat-bjp-congress-8623357/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Shanta Kumar]]
| [[Ram Jethmalani]]
| [[Jagannathrao Joshi]]
}}
| predecessor =
* [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] (1951–1977)
* [[Janata Party]] (1977–1980)
| split = [[Janata Party]]
| labour = [[Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Need to Know BJP-led BMS is biggest labour union in India |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ohkSVkDnWYnxvZyuzggTsL/Need-to-Know--BJPled-BMS-is-biggest-labour-union-in-India.html |access-date=17 March 2020 |work=live mint |date=15 January 2008 |author=Pragya Singh }}</ref>
| peasants = [[Bharatiya Kisan Sangh]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Sejuta Das|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mQiKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA172|pages=172–173|title= Class, Politics, and Agricultural Policies in Post-liberalisation India|isbn=978-1-108-41628-3|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2019e}}</ref>
| name =
}}

'''Bharatiya Janata Party – Tripura''' ('''BJP Tripura''') is the [[Tripura]] affiliate of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in India. It is currently chaired by [[Rajib Bhattacharjee]]. It is currently the state's ruling party, with its headquarters at 12-A, Krishnanagar Main Road, (between Advisor and Bijoy Kumar Chowmuhani), Po.[[Agartala]](Main), Dist.[[West Tripura]]-799 001.

==Electoral performance==
===Lok Sabha Election===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Year
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Seats won
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |+/-
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Outcome
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|{{Composition bar|2|2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}} 2
|rowspan="2"|Government
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|{{Composition bar|2|2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{steady}}
|}

===Legislative Assembly Election===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Year || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Seats won || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|+/- || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Voteshare (%) || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |+/- (%) || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Outcome
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1983]]|| {{Composition bar|0|60|hex=#FF9933}} || New || 0.06% || New || rowspan="7"|None
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1988]]|| {{Composition bar|0|60|hex=#FF9933}} || {{steady}} || 0.15% || {{increase}} 0.09%
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1993]]|| {{Composition bar|0|60|hex=#FF9933}} || {{steady}} || 2.02% || {{increase}} 1.87%
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1998]]|| {{Composition bar|0|60|hex=#FF9933}} || {{steady}} || 5.87% || {{increase}} 3.85%
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2003]]|| {{Composition bar|0|60|hex=#FF9933}} || {{steady}} || 1.32% || {{decrease}} 4.55%
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]]|| {{Composition bar|0|60|hex=#FF9933}} || {{steady}} || 1.49% || {{increase}} 0.17%
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]]|| {{Composition bar|0|60|hex=#FF9933}} || {{steady}} || 1.54% || {{increase}} 0.05%
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || {{Composition bar|36|60|hex=#FF9933}} || {{increase}} 36 || 43.59% || {{increase}} 41.5% ||rowspan="2"|Government
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || {{Composition bar|32|60|hex=#FF9933}} || {{decrease}} 4 || 38.97% || {{decrease}} 4.62%
|}

===In Local Elections===

====Municipal corporation election results====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" | Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" | Municipal Corporation
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" | Seats contested
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" | Seats won
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" | Change in seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" | Percentage of votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" | Vote swing
|-
!colspan=7|Tripura
|-
|-
|2015
|[[Agartala Municipal Corporation|Agartala]]
|51
|{{Composition bar|0|51|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{steady}}
|
|
|-
|2021
|[[Agartala Municipal Corporation|Agartala]]
|51
|{{Composition bar|51|51|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}51<ref>{{cite news|title=2021 Tripura municipal election result|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cpm-is-runner-up-in-tripura-civic-polls-that-bjp-swept-says-state-election-body-101638215370560.html|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|57.39%
|
|}

====Autonomous District Council election====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" | Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" | Autonomous District Council
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" | Seats contested
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" | Seats won
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" | Change in seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" | Percentage of votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" | Vote swing
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" | Government
|-
!colspan=8|[[Khumulwng]]
|-
|-
|1982
!colspan=7|From 1982 election has been held at [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]] but [[BJP]] to win any seats was on 2021 election.{{huh|date=November 2023}}
|-
|2021
|[[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council|TTAADC]]
|26
|{{Composition bar|9|30|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{increase}} 9
|
|
|Government
|-
|2026
|[[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council|TTAADC]]
|28
|{{Composition bar|4|30|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{decrease}} 5
|
|
|Government
|}

====2015 Tripura local elections====
In 2015 local election BJP won 2 seats of 310 at various municipal council and one municipal corporation.<ref>{{cite news|title=2015 Tripura local election result|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/big-win-for-left-front-in-tripura-civic-polls/article7981680.ece|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

====[[2021 Tripura local elections]]====
In 2021 local election BJP won 329 seats of 334 at various municipal council and one municipal corporation, with vote percentage of 59.01%.<ref>{{cite news|title=2021 Tripura local election result|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cpm-is-runner-up-in-tripura-civic-polls-that-bjp-swept-says-state-election-body-101638215370560.html|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Leadership ==

=== [[List of Chief Ministers of Tripura|Chief ministers]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |No.
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |[[List of constituencies of Tripura Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" | Term of office<ref>[http://cm.uk.gov.in/pages/display/1160-exchief-ministers Former Chief Ministers of Tripura]. [[Government of Tripura]]. Retrieved on 21 August 2013.</ref>
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Assembly
|- style="text-align:center;" |
| 1
|[[File:Biplab Kumar Deb (cropped).png|133x133px]]
| [[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
| [[Banamalipur Assembly constituency|Banamalipur]]
| 9 March 2018
| 15 May 2022
|{{age in years and days|2018|3|9|2022|5|15}}
| rowspan="2" |[[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|12th]]
|- style="text-align:center;" |
| rowspan="2"|2
| rowspan="2"|[[File:Manik Saha Invitation for HWC 2023.jpg|89x89px]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Manik Saha]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Town Bordowali Assembly constituency|Town Bordowali]]
| 15 May 2022
| 12 March 2023
| {{age in years and days|2022|5|15|2023|3|12}}
|- style="text-align:center;" |
| 13 March 2023
| ''Incumbent''
| {{age in years and days|2023|3|13}}
|[[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|13th]]
|}

=== [[List of deputy chief ministers of Tripura|Deputy chief ministers]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |No
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |[[List of constituencies of the Tripura Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Term of Office
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Assembly
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |[[List of chief ministers of Tripura|Chief Minister]]
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Ref.
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1
|[[File:The Chief Minister of Tripura, Shri Biplab Kumar Deb and the Deputy Chief Minister, Shri Jishnu Debbarma calling on the Union Home Minister, Shri Rajnath Singh, in New Delhi on March 20, 2018 (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|[[Jishnu Dev Varma]]
|[[Charilam Assembly constituency|Charilam]]
|9 March 2018
|2 March 2023
|{{age in years and days|2018|03|09|2023|03|02}}
|[[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|12th]]
|[[Biplab Kumar Deb]] [[Manik Saha]]
|<ref>{{cite web|last=Deb |first=Priyanka |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-leader-biplab-deb-will-be-new-tripura-cm-jishnu-dev-varma-his-deputy/story-h0AzOQH581uv1699O5MCeL.html |title=BJP picks Biplab Deb as new Tripura CM, Jishnu Debbarma to be his deputy |website=Hindustan Times |date=2018-03-06 |accessdate=}}</ref>
|}

===[[Rajya Sabha|Rajya Sabha Members]]===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|No
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Name
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Constituency
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|From
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|To
|-
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|1
| [[Rajib Bhattacharjee]]
| [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tripura|Tripura]]
| 03/09/2024
| 02/04/2028
|}
===[[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha Members]]===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|No
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Portrait
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white;width:200px"|Name
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Constituency
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|[[2024 Indian general election in Tripura#Results by constituency|Win Margin in 2024]]
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|1
| [[File:Biplab Kumar Deb (cropped).png|75px]]
| [[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
|[[Tripura West Lok Sabha constituency|Tripura West]]
| 6,11,578
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|2
| [[File:Kriti Singh Debbarma 2024 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| [[Kriti Devi Debbarman]]
|[[Tripura East Lok Sabha constituency|Tripura East]]
| 4,86,819
|}

=== Former State President List ===
* Sudheendradas Gupta : 1980 - 2016
* Biplab Kumar Deb : 2016 - 2018
* Manik Saha : 2018 - 2022

==See also==
*[[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
*[[Manik Saha]]
*[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*[[National Democratic Alliance]]
*[[North East Democratic Alliance]]
*[[Indigenous People's Front of Tripura]]
*[[Communist Party of India (Marxist), Tripura]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharatiya Janata Party - Tripura}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party by state or union territory|Tripura]]
[[Category:Political parties in Tripura]]

List of international cricket five-wicket hauls at M. A. Chidambaram Stadium

2026-05-02T00:04:32Z

Ramesh: created the details first draft - done

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
[[File:New stands with fabric tensile rooves at the M. A. Chidambaram Stadium.jpg|thumb|300px|right|alt=M. A. Chidambaram Cricket Stadium|Bowlers have taken fifty-three five-wicket hauls in Tests and two five-wicket hauls in One Day International matches played at Chepauk.]]
[[File:Kumble edited.jpg|thumb|200px|right|alt=Anil Kumble|[[Anil Kumble]] took thirty-five Test [[five-wicket haul]]s in total, with five of them coming at Chepauk.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistics / A Kumble / Combined Test, ODI and T20I records |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/30176.html?class=11;filter=advanced;orderby=start;search_player=Anil+Kumble;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=23 August 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130122090238/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/30176.html?class=11;filter=advanced;orderby=start;search_player=Anil+Kumble;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets |archive-date=22 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>]]
[[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]] (MAC), also known as the Chepauk Stadium or simply Chepauk due its location in the city's locality of [[Chepauk]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://in.bookmyshow.com/iplt20/venuedetails-chennai.htm | title=Stadium Information & Entry Details — Chennai | publisher=Bookmyshow | access-date=7 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129075847/http://in.bookmyshow.com/iplt20/venuedetails-chennai.htm | archive-date=29 November 2014}}</ref> is a sports ground in [[Chennai]],{{efn|The city was formerly known as Madras and was renamed to Chennai in 1996.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-madras-day-tracing-a-city-s-transformation-as-chennai-turns-375-2012781 |title=Madras Day: Tracing a city's transformation as Chennai turns 375 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=22 August 2014 |access-date=3 September 2015 |last=Venkatesan |first=Deepa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027015932/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-madras-day-tracing-a-city-s-transformation-as-chennai-turns-375-2012781 |archive-date=27 October 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} India that has hosted international [[cricket]] matches along with provincial games.<ref name=MACS>{{cite web | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58008.html | title=MA Chidambaram Stadium | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | access-date=23 August 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027021112/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58008.html | archive-date=27 October 2015}}</ref> Named after [[M. A. Chidambaram]], former President of [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-the-bards-of-control-for-cricket-in-india-2733 |title=The bards of control for cricket in India |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=21 September 2005 |access-date=25 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925061217/http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-the-bards-of-control-for-cricket-in-india-2733 |archive-date=25 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the venue was formerly known as the Madras Cricket Club ground.{{efn|The Madras Cricket Club ground was built in 1892 before it was remodelled into the present M. A. Chidambaram Stadium in 1965.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2002/01/25/stories/2002012505481500.htm | title=All about Chidambaram Stadium | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=25 January 2002 | access-date=7 September 2015 | last=Menon | first=Mohandas | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027020122/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2002/01/25/stories/2002012505481500.htm | archive-date=27 October 2015}}</ref>}} It has a capacity of 38,000 spectators for international matches.<ref name=MACS/> It is the home ground of the [[Tamil Nadu cricket team]] and the [[Indian Premier League]] team [[Chennai Super Kings]].<ref name=MACS/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/744269.html | title=Adopted-home advantage for CSK and Royals? | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | date=13 May 2014 | access-date=23 August 2015 | first=Bishen | last=Jeswant | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027021117/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/744269.html | archive-date=27 October 2015}}</ref> The first [[Test cricket|Test]] at this venue took place in 1934, between [[Indian national cricket team|India]] and [[England cricket team|England]].<ref name=MACS/> As of February 2021, it has hosted a further 33 Test matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/58008.html?class=11;template=results;type=aggregate |title=Statistics / MA Chidambaram Stadium, Chepauk, Chennai / Combined Test, ODI and T20I records |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=23 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027021124/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/58008.html?class=11%3Btemplate%3Dresults%3Btype%3Daggregate |archive-date=27 October 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Chepauk has also staged 22 [[One Day International]] (ODI) matches,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/58008.html?class=2;template=results;type=aggregate |title=Statistics / MA Chidambaram Stadium, Chepauk, Chennai / One-Day Internationals |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=23 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027021128/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/58008.html?class=2%3Btemplate%3Dresults%3Btype%3Daggregate |archive-date=27 October 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the first of which was in 1987 when [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] defeated India in a group-match during the [[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987 World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/engine/match/65093.html | title=Reliance World Cup, 3rd Match: India v Australia at Chennai, Oct 9, 1987 | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | access-date=23 August 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027021133/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/engine/match/65093.html | archive-date=27 October 2015}}</ref>

In cricket, a five-wicket haul (also known as a "five-for" or "fifer")<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/sport/cricket/pigeons-almost-perfect-sendoff/160581.aspx| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080815122142/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/sport/cricket/pigeons-almost-perfect-sendoff/160581.aspx | archive-date=15 August 2008 |title=Pigeon's almost perfect sendoff | last=Buckle | first=Greg |work=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=30 April 2007 |access-date=23 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Swinging it for the Auld Enemy – An interview with Ryan Sidebottom |url=http://www.scotsman.com/sport/swinging-it-for-the-auld-enemy-an-interview-with-ryan-sidebottom-1-1436381 |access-date=23 August 2015 |newspaper=[[The Scotsman]] |date=16 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027020316/http://www.scotsman.com/sport/swinging-it-for-the-auld-enemy-an-interview-with-ryan-sidebottom-1-1436381 |archive-date=27 October 2015 }}</ref> refers to a [[Bowling (cricket)|bowler]] taking five or more [[wicket]]s in a single [[Innings#Cricket|innings]]. This is regarded as a notable achievement.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pervez |first=M. A. |title=A Dictionary of Cricket |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2001 |page=31 |isbn=978-81-7370-184-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwYsHe-F-IUC&pg=PA31}}</ref> The first bowler to take a five-wicket haul in a Test match at Chepauk was [[Amar Singh (cricketer)|Amar Singh]] for India against England in 1934; he finished the innings with [[Bowling analysis|bowling figures]] of 7 wickets for 86 runs.<ref name="bowlingrecords">{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=11;filter=advanced;ground=291;orderby=start;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets |title=Statistics / Combined Test, ODI and T20I records / Bowling records |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=23 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027021141/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=11%3Bfilter%3Dadvanced%3Bground%3D291%3Borderby%3Dstart%3Btemplate%3Dresults%3Btype%3Dbowling%3Bview%3Dinnings%3Bwicketsmin1%3D5%3Bwicketsval1%3Dwickets |archive-date=27 October 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Australia's [[Ashley Mallett]] became the first to take two five-wicket hauls in the same match at Chepauk, when he took 5 for 91 and 5 for 53 in the second and fourth innings of the fifth Test of [[Australian cricket team in Ceylon and India in 1969–70|Australia's 1969–70 tour of India]].<ref name=bowlingrecords/> [[Narendra Hirwani]] is the most recent cricketer and the first Indian to take [[List of cricketers who have taken two five-wicket hauls on Test debut|two five-wicket hauls on debut]]. He took 8 for 61 and 8 for 75 against the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] during the fourth Test of the [[History of cricket in India from 1985–86 to 2000#1987–88 West Indies|1987–88 series between the teams]], which was held at this ground, and finished the match with bowling figures of 16 for 136.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63469.html|title=West Indies tour of India, 1987/88 – 4th Test|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027021533/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63469.html|archive-date=27 October 2015 }}</ref> These are also the best match-figures by any bowler on Test debut.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;orderby=wickets;qualmax1=2;qualmin1=2;qualval1=five_wickets;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics / Test matches / Bowling records / Overall figures (best bowling performance in a match on Test debut) |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=23 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027021547/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1%3Bdebut_or_last%3D1%3Bfilter%3Dadvanced%3Borderby%3Dwickets%3Bqualmax1%3D2%3Bqualmin1%3D2%3Bqualval1%3Dfive_wickets%3Btemplate%3Dresults%3Btype%3Dbowling |archive-date=27 October 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The best figures in Test cricket at Chepauk are 8 for 55, taken by India's [[Vinoo Mankad]] against England in 1952.<ref name=bowlingrecords/> [[Axar Patel]] took the most recent five-wicket haul at Chepauk, with figures of 5 for 60 against England in their [[English cricket team in India in 2020–21|2020–21 tour of India]].<ref name=bowlingrecords/> As of September 2024, 33 bowlers have taken 53 Test match five-wicket hauls at this ground.<ref name=bowlingrecords/>

As of September 2024, two bowlers have taken five-wicket hauls during ODIs at Chepauk.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?class=2;id=291;type=ground |title=Records / MA Chidambaram Stadium, Chepauk, Chennai / One-Day Internationals / Best bowling figures in an innings |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223100441/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?class=2%3Bid%3D291%3Btype%3Dground |archive-date=23 December 2016 |access-date=23 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first player to do so was [[Aaqib Javed]] of Pakistan, who achieved the feat when he took 5 wickets for 61 runs against India during the [[1997 Pepsi Independence Cup]].<ref name=Pepsicup>{{cite web|title=Pepsi Independence Cup, 6th Match: India v Pakistan at Chennai, May 21, 1997|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66113.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027021554/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66113.html|archive-date=27 October 2015 }}</ref> The other five-wicket haul was made by West Indies' [[Ravi Rampaul]], which is also the best figures in ODI cricket at this ground. He took 5 for 51 against India during the [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011 World Cup]].<ref name=bowlingrecords/> As of November 2017, a match between India and [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] is the only [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) to be held at the ground,<ref name=MACS/> which New Zealand won by one run.<ref name=MACS/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/engine/match/565820.html | title=New Zealand in India T20I Series – 2nd T20I | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | access-date=23 August 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027021600/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/engine/match/565820.html | archive-date=27 October 2015}}</ref> The best bowling figures in T20I cricket at Chepauk are [[Irfan Pathan]]'s 3 wickets for 31 runs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/india/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?class=3;id=291;type=ground |title=MA Chidambaram Stadium, Chepauk, Chennai / Records / Twenty20 Internationals / Best bowling figures in an innings |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=23 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027021608/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/india/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?class=3%3Bid%3D291%3Btype%3Dground |archive-date=27 October 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Tests==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 100%"
|+ Five-wicket hauls in Test matches at M. A. Chidambaram Stadium<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of five-wicket hauls taken at M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=291;orderby=start;size=200;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|access-date=2024-09-21|website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|- align=center
! scope="col" width="38"|No.
! scope="col" width="145"|Bowler
! scope="col" width="220"|Date
! scope="col" width="120"|Team
! scope="col" width="120"|Opposing team
! scope="col" width="60"|Inn
! scope="col" width="82"|Overs
! scope="col" width="70"|Runs
! scope="col" width="60"|Wkts
! scope="col" width="70"|Result
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 1 || {{sortname|Amar|Singh|Amar Singh (cricketer)}}{{efn-ua|name=eng1934|Amar Singh, Verity and Langridge took their five-wicket hauls during the same match.}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1934|02|10}} || {{cr|British India}} || {{cr|England}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|44.4}} || {{nts|86}} || {{sort|07114|7}} || England won<ref name=test232>{{cite web|title=England tour of India, 3rd Test: India v England at Chennai, Feb 10 – 13, 1934|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/62618.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027021955/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/62618.html|archive-date=27 October 2015}}</ref>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 2 || {{sortname|Hedley|Verity}}{{efn-ua|name=eng1934}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1934|02|10}} || {{cr|England}} || {{cr|British India}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|23.5}} || {{nts|49}} || {{sort|07151|7}} || England won<ref name=test232/>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 3 || {{sortname|James|Langridge}}{{efn-ua|name=eng1934}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1934|02|10}} || {{cr|England}} || {{cr|British India}} || {{nts|4}} || {{nts|24}} || {{nts|63}} || {{sort|05137|5}} || England won<ref name=test232/>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 4 || {{sortname|Dattu|Phadkar}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1949|01|27}} || {{cr|India}} || {{cr|West Indies}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|45.3}} || {{nts|159}} || {{sort|07041|7}} || {{nowrap|West Indies won<ref name=Test310>{{cite web|title=West Indies tour of India, 4th Test: India v West Indies at Chennai, Jan 27 – 31, 1949|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/62693.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027022008/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/62693.html|archive-date=27 October 2015}}</ref>}}
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 5 || {{sortname|Vinoo|Mankad}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1952|02|06}} || {{cr|India}} || {{cr|England}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|38.5}} || {{nts|55}} || {{sort|08145|8}} || India won<ref name=test348>{{cite web|title=England tour of India, 5th Test: India v England at Chennai, Feb 6 – 10, 1952|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/62729.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027022019/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/62729.html|archive-date=27 October 2015}}</ref>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 6 || {{sortname|Ashley|Mallett}}{{efn-ua|name=aus1969|Mallett and Prasanna took their five-wicket hauls during the same match. Mallett also took five-wicket hauls in both Indian innings in the match.}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1969|12|24}} || {{cr|Australia}} || {{cr|India}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|25}} || {{nts|91}} || {{sort|05109|5}} || Australia won<ref name=test669>{{cite web|title=Australia tour of India, 5th Test: India v Australia at Chennai, Dec 24 – 28, 1969|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63055.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027022027/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63055.html|archive-date=27 October 2015}}</ref>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 7 || {{sortname|E. A. S.|Prasanna}}{{efn-ua|name=aus1969}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1969|12|24}} || {{cr|India}} || {{cr|Australia}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|31}} || {{nts|74}} || {{sort|06126|6}} || Australia won<ref name=test669/>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 8 || {{sortname|Ashley|Mallett}}{{efn-ua|name=aus1969}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1969|12|24}} || {{cr|Australia}} || {{cr|India}} || {{nts|4}} || {{nts|29.2}} || {{nts|53}} || {{sort|05147|5}} || Australia won<ref name=test669/>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 9 || {{nowrap|{{sortname|B. S.|Chandrasekhar}}}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1973|01|12}} || {{cr|India}} || {{cr|England}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|38.5}} || {{nts|90}} || {{sort|06110|6}} || India won<ref name=test708>{{cite web|title=England tour of India, 3rd Test: India v England at Chennai, Jan 12 – 17, 1973|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63091.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027022041/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63091.html|archive-date=27 October 2015}}</ref>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 10 || {{sortname|Andy|Roberts|dab=cricketer}}{{efn-ua|name=win1975|Roberts and Prasanna took their five-wicket hauls during the same match. Roberts also took five-wicket hauls in both Indian innings in the match.}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1975|01|11}} || {{cr|West Indies}} || {{cr|India}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|20.5}} || {{nts|64}} || {{sort|07136|7}} || India won<ref name=test752>{{cite web|title=West Indies tour of India, 4th Test: India v West Indies at Chennai, Jan 11 – 15, 1975|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63134.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027022307/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63134.html|archive-date=27 October 2015}}</ref>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 11 || {{sortname|E. A. S.|Prasanna}}{{efn-ua|name=win1975}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1975|01|11}} || {{cr|India}} || {{cr|West Indies}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|23}} || {{nts|70}} || {{sort|05130|5}} || India won<ref name=test752/>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 12 || {{sortname|Andy|Roberts|dab=cricketer}}{{efn-ua|name=win1975}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1975|01|11}} || {{cr|West Indies}} || {{cr|India}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|21.4}} || {{nts|57}} || {{sort|05143|5}} || India won<ref name=test752/>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 13 || {{sortname|Lance|Cairns}}{{efn-ua|name=nz1976|Cairns and Bedi took their five-wicket hauls during the same match.}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1976|11|26}} || {{nowrap|{{cr|New Zealand}}}} || {{cr|India}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|33.1}} || {{nts|55}} || {{sort|05145|5}} || India won<ref name=test787>{{cite web|title=New Zealand tour of India, 3rd Test: India v New Zealand at Chennai, Nov 26 – Dec 2, 1976|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63173.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027022418/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63173.html|archive-date=27 October 2015}}</ref>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 14 || {{sortname|Bishan Singh|Bedi}}{{efn-ua|name=nz1976}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1976|11|26}} || {{cr|India}} || {{nowrap|{{cr|New Zealand}}}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|16.4}} || {{nts|48}} || {{sort|05152|5}} || India won<ref name=test787/>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 15 || {{sortname|John|Lever}}{{efn-ua|name=eng1977|Lever and Chandrasekhar took their five-wicket hauls during the same match.}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1977|01|14}} || {{cr|England}} || {{cr|India}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|19.5}} || {{nts|59}} || {{sort|05141|5}} || England won<ref name=test793>{{cite web|title=England tour of India, 3rd Test: India v England at Chennai, Jan 14 – 19, 1977|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63176.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027022427/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63176.html|archive-date=27 October 2015}}</ref>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 16 || {{sortname|B. S.|Chandrasekhar}}{{efn-ua|name=eng1977}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1977|01|14}} || {{cr|India}} || {{cr|England}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|20.5}} || {{nts|50}} || {{sort|05150|5}} || England won<ref name=test793/>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 17 || {{sortname|Dilip|Doshi}}{{efn-ua|name=aus1979|Doshi and Higgs took their five-wicket hauls during the same match.}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1979|09|11}} || {{cr|India}} || {{cr|Australia}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|43}} || {{nts|103}} || {{sort|06097|6}} || Drawn<ref name=test855>{{cite web|title=Australia tour of India, 1st Test: India v Australia at Chennai, Sep 11 – 16, 1979|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63241.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027022434/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63241.html|archive-date=27 October 2015}}</ref>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 18 || {{sortname|Jim|Higgs}}{{efn-ua|name=aus1979}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1979|09|11}} || {{cr|Australia}} || {{cr|India}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|41.3}} || {{nts|143}} || {{sort|07057|7}} || Drawn<ref name=test855/>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 19 || {{sortname|Imran|Khan}}{{efn-ua|name=pak1980|Imran Khan and Kapil Dev took their five-wicket hauls during the same match.}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1980|01|15}} || {{cr|Pakistan}} || {{cr|India}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|38.2}} || {{nts|114}} || {{sort|05086|5}} || India won<ref name=test869>{{cite web|title=Pakistan tour of India, 5th Test: India v Pakistan at Chennai, Jan 15 – 20, 1980|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63251.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027022442/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63251.html|archive-date=27 October 2015}}</ref>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 20 || {{sortname|Kapil|Dev}}{{efn-ua|name=pak1980}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1980|01|15}} || {{cr|India}} || {{cr|Pakistan}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|23.4}} || {{nts|56}} || {{sort|07144|7}}|| India won<ref name=test869/>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 21 || {{sortname|Dilip|Doshi}}{{efn-ua|name=sl1982|Doshi, Kapil Dev and de Mel took their five-wicket hauls during the same match.}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1982|09|17}} || {{cr|India}} || {{cr|Sri Lanka}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|30}} || {{nts|85}} || {{sort|05115|5}} || Drawn<ref name=test934>{{cite web|title=Sri Lanka tour of India, Only Test: India v Sri Lanka at Chennai, Sep 17 – 22, 1982|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63320.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027022449/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63320.html|archive-date=27 October 2015}}</ref>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 22 || {{sortname|Kapil|Dev}}{{efn-ua|name=sl1982}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1982|09|17}} || {{cr|India}} || {{cr|Sri Lanka}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|24.3}} || {{nts|110}} || {{sort|05090|5}} || Drawn<ref name=test934/>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 23 || {{sortname|Ashantha|de Mel}}{{efn-ua|name=sl1982}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1982|09|17}} || {{cr|Sri Lanka}} || {{cr|India}} || {{nts|4}} || {{nts|14}} || {{nts|68}} || {{sort|05132|5}} || Drawn<ref name=test934/>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 24 || {{sortname|Malcolm|Marshall}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1983|12|24}} || {{cr|West Indies}} || {{cr|India}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|26}} || {{nts|72}} || {{sort|05128|5}} || Drawn<ref name=test972>{{cite web|title=West Indies tour of India, 6th Test: India v West Indies at Chennai, Dec 24 – 29, 1983|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63355.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027022456/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63355.html|archive-date=27 October 2015}}</ref>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 25 || {{sortname|Neil|Foster}}{{efn-ua|name=eng1985|Foster took five-wicket hauls in both Australian innings in the match.}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1985|01|13}} || {{cr|England}} || {{cr|India}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|23}} || {{nts|104}} || {{sort|06096|6}} || England won<ref name=test1008>{{cite web|title=England tour of India, 4th Test: India v England at Chennai, Jan 13 – 18, 1985|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63394.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027022503/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63394.html|archive-date=27 October 2015}}</ref>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 26 || {{sortname|Neil|Foster}}{{efn-ua|name=eng1985}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1985|01|13}} || {{cr|England}} || {{cr|India}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|28}} || {{nts|59}} || {{sort|05141|5}} || England won<ref name=test1008/>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 27 || {{sortname|Greg|Matthews}}{{efn-ua|name=aus1985|Matthews and Bright took their five-wicket hauls in the same match. Matthews also took five-wicket hauls in both Indian innings in the match, with one of the five wicket hauls Matthews took alongside Bright during the second Indian innings.}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1985|09|18}} || {{cr|Australia}} || {{cr|India}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|28.2}} || {{nts|103}} || {{sort|05097|5}} || Tied<ref name=test1052>{{cite web|title=Australia tour of India, 1st Test: India v Australia at Chennai, Sep 18 – 22, 1986|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63438.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027022510/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63438.html|archive-date=27 October 2015}}</ref>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 28 || {{sortname|Greg|Matthews}}{{efn-ua|name=aus1985}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1985|09|18}} || {{cr|Australia}} || {{cr|India}} || {{nts|4}} || {{nts|39.5}} || {{nts|146}} || {{sort|05054|5}} || Tied<ref name=test1052/>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 29 || {{sortname|Ray|Bright}}{{efn-ua|name=aus1985}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1985|09|18}} || {{cr|Australia}} || {{cr|India}} || {{nts|4}} || {{nts|25}} || {{nts|94}} || {{sort|05106|5}} || Tied<ref name=test1052/>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 30 || {{sortname|Maninder|Singh|dab=cricketer}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1987|02|03}} || {{cr|India}} || {{cr|Pakistan}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|59}} || {{nts|135}} || {{sort|05065|5}} || Drawn<ref name=test1089>{{cite web|title=Pakistan tour of India, 1st Test: India v Pakistan at Chennai, Feb 3 – 8, 1987|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63452.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027022517/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63452.html|archive-date=27 October 2015}}</ref>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 31 || {{sortname|Narendra|Hirwani}}{{efn-ua|name=win1988|Hirwani took five-wicket hauls during both West Indian innings in the match.}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1988|01|11}} || {{cr|India}} || {{cr|West Indies}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|18.3}} || {{nts|61}} || {{sort|08139|8}} || India won<ref name=test1089/>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 32 || {{sortname|Narendra|Hirwani}}{{efn-ua|name=win1988}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1988|01|11}} || {{cr|India}} || {{cr|West Indies}} || {{nts|4}} || {{nts|15.2}} || {{nts|75}} || {{sort|08125|8}} || India won<ref name=test1089/>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 33 || {{sortname|Anil|Kumble}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1993|02|11}} || {{cr|India}} || {{cr|England}} || {{nts|4}} || {{nts|21}} || {{nts|64}} || {{sort|06136|6}} || India won<ref name=test1213>{{cite web|title=England tour of India, 2nd Test: India v England at Chennai, Feb 11 – 15, 1993|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63599.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027022528/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63599.html|archive-date=27 October 2015}}</ref>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 34 || {{sortname|Anil|Kumble}}{{efn-ua|name=pak1999|Kumble, Mushtaq and Prasad took their five-wicket hauls during the same match. Mushtaq also took five wickets in each Indian innings.}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1999|01|28}} || {{cr|India}} || {{cr|Pakistan}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|24.5}} || {{nts|70}} || {{sort|06130|6}} || Pakistan won<ref name=test1442>{{cite web|title=Pakistan tour of India, 1st Test: India v Pakistan at Chennai, Jan 28 – 31, 1999|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63828.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027022536/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63828.html|archive-date=27 October 2015}}</ref>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 35 || {{sortname|Saqlain|Mushtaq}}{{efn-ua|name=pak1999}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1999|01|28}} || {{cr|Pakistan}} || {{cr|India}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|35}} || {{nts|94}} || {{sort|05106|5}} || Pakistan won<ref name=test1442/>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 36 || {{sortname|Venkatesh|Prasad}}{{efn-ua|name=pak1999}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1999|01|28}} || {{cr|India}} || {{cr|Pakistan}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|10}} || {{nts|33}} || {{sort|06167|6}} || Pakistan won<ref name=test1442/>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 37 || {{sortname|Saqlain|Mushtaq}}{{efn-ua|name=pak1999}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1999|01|28}} || {{cr|Pakistan}} || {{cr|India}} || {{nts|4}} || {{nts|32.2}} || {{nts|93}} || {{sort|05107|5}} || Pakistan won<ref name=test1442/>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 38 || {{sortname|Harbhajan|Singh}}{{efn-ua|name=aus2001|Harbhajan took five-wicket hauls during both Australian innings in the match.}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2001|03|18}} || {{cr|India}} || {{cr|Australia}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|38.2}} || {{nts|133}} || {{sort|07067|7}} || India won<ref name=test1539>{{cite web|title=Australia tour of India, 3rd Test: India v Australia at Chennai, Mar 18 – 22, 2001|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63921.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027023021/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63921.html|archive-date=27 October 2015}}</ref>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 39 || {{sortname|Harbhajan|Singh}}{{efn-ua|name=aus2001}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2001|03|18}} || {{cr|India}} || {{cr|Australia}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|41.5}} || {{nts|84}} || {{sort|08116|8}} || India won<ref name=test1539/>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 40 || {{sortname|Anil|Kumble}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2002|10|17}} || {{cr|India}} || {{cr|West Indies}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|23.3}} || {{nts|30}} || {{sort|05170|5}} || India won<ref name=test1618>{{cite web|title=West Indies tour of India, 2nd Test: India v West Indies at Chennai, Oct 17 – 20, 2002|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64005.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027023029/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64005.html|archive-date=27 October 2015}}</ref>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 41 || {{sortname|Anil|Kumble}}{{efn-ua|name=aus2004|Kumble and Warne took their five-wicket hauls during the same match. Kumble also took five wickets in each Australian innings.}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2004|10|14}} || {{cr|India}} || {{cr|Australia}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|17.3}} || {{nts|48}} || {{sort|07152|7}} || Drawn<ref name=test1714>{{cite web|title=Australia tour of India, 2nd Test: India v Australia at Chennai, Oct 14 – 18, 2004|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64100.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027023041/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64100.html|archive-date=27 October 2015}}</ref>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 42 || {{sortname|Shane|Warne}}{{efn-ua|name=aus2004}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2004|10|14}} || {{cr|Australia}} || {{cr|India}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|42.3}} || {{nts|125}} || {{sort|06075|6}} || Drawn<ref name=test1714/>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 43 || {{sortname|Anil|Kumble}}{{efn-ua|name=aus2004}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2004|10|14}} || {{cr|India}} || {{cr|Australia}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|47}} || {{nts|133}} || {{sort|06067|6}} || Drawn<ref name=test1714/>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 44 || {{sortname|Harbhajan|Singh}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|03|26}} || {{cr|India}} || {{cr|South Africa}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|44.5}} || {{nts|164}} || {{sort|05036|5}} || Drawn<ref name=test1870>{{cite web|title=South Africa tour of India, 1st Test: India v South Africa at Chennai, Mar 26 – 30, 2008|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/332911.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027023050/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/332911.html|archive-date=27 October 2015}}</ref>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 45 || {{nowrap|{{sortname|Ravichandran|Ashwin}}{{efn-ua|name=aus2013|Ashwin and Patterson took their five-wicket hauls during the same match. Ashwin also took five wickets in each Australian innings.}}}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2013|02|22}} || {{cr|India}} || {{cr|Australia}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|42}} || {{nts|103}} || {{sort|07097|7}} || India won<ref name=test2074>{{cite web|title=Australia tour of India, 1st Test: India v Australia at Chennai, Feb 22 – 26, 2013|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/598812.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027023056/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/598812.html|archive-date=27 October 2015}}</ref>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 46 || {{sortname|James|Pattinson}}{{efn-ua|name=aus2013}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2013|02|22}} || {{cr|Australia}} || {{cr|India}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|30}} || {{nts|96}} || {{sort|05104|5}} || India won<ref name=test2074/>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 47 || {{sortname|Ravichandran|Ashwin}}{{efn-ua|name=aus2013}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2013|02|22}} || {{cr|India}} || {{cr|Australia}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|32}} || {{nts|95}} || {{sort|05105|5}} || India won<ref name=test2074/>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 48 || {{sortname|Ravindra|Jadeja}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2016|12|16}} || {{cr|India}} || {{cr|England}} || {{nts|4}} || {{nts|25}} || {{nts|48}} || {{sort|07152|7}} || India won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1034817.html|title=England tour of India, 5th Test: India v England at Chennai, Dec 16 – Dec 20, 2016|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221122035/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1034817.html|archive-date=21 December 2016}}</ref>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 49 || {{sortname|Ravichandran|Ashwin}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2021|02|05}} || {{cr|India}} || {{cr|England}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|17.3}} || {{nts|61}} || {{sort|06139|6}} || England won<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1243364.html|title=1st Test, Chennai, Feb 5 - Feb 9 2021, England tour of India|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=8 February 2021}}</ref>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 50 || {{sortname|Ravichandran|Ashwin}}{{efn-ua|name=eng2021|Ashwin and Axar Patel took their five-wicket hauls during the same match.}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2021|02|13}} || {{cr|India}} || {{cr|England}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|23.5}} || {{nts|43}} || {{sort|05157|5}} || India won<ref name=test2411>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1243385.html|title=2nd Test, Chennai, Feb 13 - Feb 17 2021, England tour of India|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=15 February 2021}}</ref>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 51 || {{sortname|Axar|Patel}}{{efn-ua|name=eng2021}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2021|02|13}} || {{cr|India}} || {{cr|England}} || {{nts|4}} || {{nts|21}} || {{nts|60}} || {{sort|05140|5}} || India won<ref name=test2411/>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 52 || {{sortname|Hasan|Mahmud|dab=cricketer}}{{efn-ua|name=ban2024|Hasan Mahmud and Ashwin took their five-wicket hauls during the same match.}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2024|09|19}} || {{cr|Bangladesh}} || {{cr|India}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|22.2}} || {{nts|83}} || {{sort|05159|5}} || India won<ref name=test2550>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1439891.html|title=1st Test, Chennai, September 19-23, 2024|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 September 2024}}</ref>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 53 || {{sortname|Ravichandran|Ashwin}}{{efn-ua|name=ban2024}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2024|09|19}} || {{cr|India}} || {{cr|Bangladesh}} || {{nts|4}} || {{nts|21}} || {{nts|88}} || {{nts|6}} || India won<ref name=test2550/>
|}

==One Day Internationals==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 100%"
|+ Five-wicket hauls in One Day International matches at M. A. Chidambaram Stadium
|- align=center
! scope="col" width="38"|No.
! scope="col" width="185"|Bowler
! scope="col" width="180"|Date
! scope="col" width="120"|Team
! scope="col" width="120"|Opposing team
! scope="col" width="60"|Inn
! scope="col" width="82"|Overs
! scope="col" width="70"|Runs
! scope="col" width="60"|Wkts
! scope="col" width="70"|Result
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 1 ||{{sortname|Aaqib|Javed}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1997|5|21}} || {{cr|Pakistan}} || {{cr|India}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|10}} || {{nts|61}} || {{sort|05138|5}} || {{nowrap|Pakistan won<ref name=Pepsicup/>}}
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 2 || {{nowrap|{{sortname|Ravi|Rampaul}}}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|20}}{{efn|name=wc11|This match was part of the [[2011 Cricket World Cup]].}} || {{nowrap|{{cr|West Indies}}}}|| {{cr|India}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|10}} || {{nts|51}} || {{sort|05149|5}} || India won<ref>{{cite web|title=ICC Cricket World Cup, 42nd Match, Group B: India v West Indies at Chennai, Mar 20, 2011|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/433599.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027023104/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/433599.html|archive-date=27 October 2015}}</ref>
|}

==Women's Twenty20 Internationals==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 100%"
|+ Five-wicket hauls in Women's Twenty20 International matches at M. A. Chidambaram Stadium
|- align=center
! scope="col" width="38"|No.
! scope="col" width="185"|Bowler
! scope="col" width="180"|Date
! scope="col" width="120"|Team
! scope="col" width="120"|Opposing team
! scope="col" width="60"|Inn
! scope="col" width="82"|Overs
! scope="col" width="70"|Runs
! scope="col" width="60"|Wkts
! scope="col" width="70"|Result
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 1 ||{{sortname|Suné|Luus}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2016|3|23}} || {{nowrap|{{crw|South Africa}}}} || {{crw|Ireland}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|4}} || {{nts|8}} || {{sort|05192|5}} || {{nowrap|South Africa won<ref>{{cite web|title=Women's World T20, 12th Match, Group A: Ireland Women v South Africa Women at Chennai, Mar 23, 2016|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/951397.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702082829/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/951397.html|archive-date=2 July 2017}}</ref>}}
|}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
{{Notelist-ua}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==

{{International cricket five-wicket hauls by ground}}

{{Featured list}}

[[Category:Lists of international cricket five-wicket hauls by ground|M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]]
[[Category:India cricket-related lists]]

Ranisawargaon

2026-04-30T23:54:54Z

Ramesh: added some details more to come

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Unreferenced|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ranisawargaon
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.96546|N|76.749293|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Parbhani district|Parbhani]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Gram panchayat]]
| governing_body =
| leader_title = Sarpanch
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 392
| population_total = 8758
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Sawargaonkar
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 431536
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02453
| registration_plate = MH-22
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MH]]
| footnotes =

}}
'''Ranisawargaon''' also '''Rani Sawargaon''', is a major village in [[Gangakhed]] taluka of [[Parbhani district]] in [[Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]].

==Demography==
Ranisawargaon has total 1728 families residing. The village has population of 8,758 of which 4,480 are males while 4,278 are females as per Population Census 2011.

Average Sex Ratio of village is 955 which is higher than Maharashtra state average of 929.

Ranisawargaon village has lower literacy rate compared to Maharashtra. In 2011, literacy rate of village was 74.76% compared to 82.34% of Maharashtra. Male literacy stands at 84.25% while female literacy rate was 65%.

[[Schedule Caste]] (SC) constitutes 11.7% while [[Schedule Tribe]] (ST) were 0.39% of total population in village.

==Transport==
Distance of Ranisawargaon village from nearby cities is as following. Rani Sawargaon is well connected by road to Gangakhed, Palam, [[Nanded]] and Ahmedpur.

Nearest railway station is Gangakhed and nearest airports are Nanded Airport and Latur Airport.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! City !! Distance(km)
|-
| [[Gangakhed]] || 21
|-
| [[Palam, Parbhani|Palam]] || 25
|-
| [[Parli, Maharashtra|Parli]] || 51
|-
| [[Parbhani]] || 65
|-
| Ahmedpur || 21
|-
| [[Loha, Nanded|Loha]] || 43
|-
| [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] || 212
|-
| [[Mumbai]] || 479
|-
|[[Nanded]]
|67
|}

==Administration==
{{main article|Parbhani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gangakhed (Vidhan Sabha constituency)}}
As per [[constitution of India]] and [[Panchyati Raaj Act]], Ranisawargaon village is administrated by [[Sarpanch]] (Head of Village) who is elected representative of village.

==References==
<references />
{{Parbhani district villages}}

[[Category:Villages in Parbhani district]]

Rakesh Kumar Yadav (politician)

2026-04-30T02:18:01Z

Ramesh: added some biography initial version

{{Short description|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rakesh Kumar Yadav
| birth_place = [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| constituency = [[Gainsari Assembly constituency|Gainsari]]
| office = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = June 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Shiv Pratap Yadav]]
| successor =
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| profession = Politician
| father = [[Shiv Pratap Yadav]]
}}
'''Rakesh Kumar Yadav''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from the [[Gainsari Assembly constituency]] of [[Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh|Balrampur district]].<ref name="prs">{{Cite web |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/rakesh-kumar-yadav |title=Rakesh Kumar Yadav |publisher=[[PRS Legislative Research]] |access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/balrampur/news/rakesh-yadav-from-sp-wins-in-gasdi-133124770.html |title=गैसड़ी में सपा से राकेश यादव जीते:भाजपा के शैलेश कुमार सिंह को 9437 वोट से हराया, कहा- जनता के भरोसे को कम नहीं होने देंगे |publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref name="prs"/><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=4928 |title=Rakesh Kumar Yadav(Samajwadi Party(SP)):Constituency- GAINSARI : BYE ELECTION ON 25-05-2024(BALRAMPUR) |website=myneta.info |access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref>

==Early life==

Rakesh Kumar Yadav was born in [[Uttar Pradesh]] to a [[Hindu]] family of [[Shiv Pratap Yadav]], a four-time MLA from the Gainsari Assembly constituency.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/balrampur/story-former-minister-39-s-son-rakesh-got-ticket-in-gasdi-by-election-9604984.html |title=गैसड़ी के उप चुनाव में पूर्व मंत्री के पुत्र राकेश को मिला टिकट |date=23 March 2024 |publisher=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Rakesh Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Balrampur district]]
[[Category:Indian political people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-SP-politician-stub}}

Sunaram Soren

2026-04-29T19:57:41Z

Ramesh: Made first details initial version...

{{Short description|Indian politician from Odisha}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image = Sonaram Soren.jpg
| caption = Sonaram Soren
| birth_date = {{Birth date |df=yes|1918|2|4}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1988|7|19|1918|2|4}}
| birth_place = Hesela, Bahalda, [[Mayurbhanj State]], British India {{small|(now [[Mayurbhanj district]], [[Odisha]])}}
| party = [[Janata Party]]
| other_party = [[Orissa Jana Congress]], [[Indian National Congress]]
| constituency3 = [[Bahalda Assembly constituency|Bahalda]]
| term_start3 = 1951
| term_end3 = 1957
| predecessor3 = ''office established''
| successor3 = Surendramohan Hembram
| office4 = [[Government of Odisha|Minister of State of Odisha]]
| status4 = Cabinet minister<ref>{{cite report|title= COUNCIL OF MINISTERS OF ODISHA (1937–2009) |url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/357-397.pdf}}</ref>
| term_start4 = 20 February 1952
| term_end4 = 19 October 1956
| 1blankname4 = [[List of chief ministers of Odisha|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata4 = [[Nabakrushna Choudhury]]
| 2blankname4 = Ministry
| 2namedata4 = Tribal and Rural Welfare, Commerce, Labour
| predecessor4 =
| successor4 =
| constituency2 = [[Bahalda Assembly constituency|Bahalda]]
| term_start2 = 1961
| term_end2 = 1971
| predecessor2 = Surendramohan Hembram
| successor2 = Sashibhusan Marandi
| constituency1 = [[Bahalda Assembly constituency|Bahalda]]
| term_start1 = 1977
| term_end1 = 1980
| predecessor1 = Sashibhusan Marandi
| successor1 = Ramchandra Hansdah
| office1 = Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| spouse = Sona Soren
| father = Champati Ram Soren
| occupation = Agriculturist, Politician
| children = 1
| education = B.A LLB
| alma_mater =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Sunaram Soren''' (also spelled '''Sonaram Soren'''; 4 February 1918 - 19 July 1988) was an Indian politician from [[Odisha]]. He served four terms as a Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] and was a state cabinet minister.{{citation needed|date=February 2026}}

==Personal life==
Soren was born on 4 February 1918 in Hesela village of Bahalda, in the erstwhile [[Mayurbhanj State]] (now in [[Mayurbhanj district]], [[Odisha]]).<ref name=":0" />

He earned a Bachelor of Arts and a Bachelor of Laws (LLB) from [[Ravenshaw College]], Cuttack, and began practicing law in Baripada in 1940.<ref name=":0" />

== Career==
===Early activism===
Soren was inclined toward ethnic solidarity from an early age and associated with several prominent activists. In 1939, at the age of 21, he became a member of [[Raghunath Murmu]]’s association "Ol Samiti" to promote the [[Ol Chiki script]] for Santali literature.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.tribals.74399 |first=Suresh Ch. |last=Murmu |title=Nature-based OL CHIKI and Santal Ethno-Nationalism |first2= Jagannath |last2=Dash |journal=Adivasi |volume=52 |issue=1-2 |date=2012 |publisher=Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Research and Training Institute (SCSTRTI), Bhubaneswar, 751003}}</ref> His interest in tribal issues further deepened during his work in the court of the Mayurbhanj State at [[Baripada]]. Influenced by [[Jaipal Singh Munda]]’s organization ''[[Adivasi Mahasabha]]'' and its demand for tribal autonomy, he also founded the ''Mayurbhanj Adivasi Mahasabha'' in 1946, with its headquarter in [[Rairangpur]], and served as its president.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sachan |first=Jatindra Nath Singh Dev |date=2010 |title=Tribal Uprising of Mayurbhanj in 1949 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147540 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=71 |pages=712–721 |jstor=44147540 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJA2AAAAIAAJ |title=All India Reporter |date=1954 |publisher=D.V. Chitaley |language=en}}</ref>

After [[Indian independence movement|India’s independence]], on 16 September 1947, Soren wrote to Maharaja Pratap Chandra Bhanjdeo of Mayurbhanj expressing his wish for the state to merge with a proposed [[Jharkhand]]. Recognising tribal political aspirations, the Maharaja appointed Soren and other tribal leaders to the state assembly and the cabinet. Soren became leader of opposition in the house.<ref name="IAG">{{cite web | editor-last= Binani |editor-first=G.D. |editor-last2=Rama Rao |editor-first2=T.V. |edition=Revised edition September, 1954 |publisher=Orient Longmans Ltd|title=India At A Glance : A Comprehensive References Book Of India| url=https://archive.org/details/dli.scoerat.1290indiaataglanceacomprehensivereferencebookonindia/page/510/ | page=511}}</ref> The sentiment then shifted toward remaining an independent state. However, with the [[Vallabhbhai Patel]]-led [[Political integration of India|integration of princely states into India]], Mayurbhanj’s independence was considered unfeasible. On 16 September 1948, Soren demanded a plebiscite on the state’s future, and also led a rally in Baripada from 2 to 6 November 1948. But, in view of conflicting political aspirations among leaders in the state assembly and social mismanagement, the Maharaja signed the [[Instrument of Accession|merger agreement]] with India on 9 November 1948. On 1 January 1949, Mayurbhanj officially merged with Odisha. Subsequently, dissatisfied Soren led Mahasabha declared a civil disobedience movement on 8–9 January 1949, after [[V. P. Menon]] rejected their demand, which turned violent. Soren and other leaders were arrested on 4 February 1949.<ref name=":0" />

His arrest led to the ''Gunduria incident'' (6 February – 18 April 1949) in the Rairangpur subdivision, which lasted for two months. On 19 April, [[Chief Minister of Odisha|Premier of Odisha]] [[Dr. Harekrushna Mahtab|Dr. Harekrushna Mahatab]] visited Rairangpur to assess the situation. Following this, criminal cases against Soren and others were withdrawn, and they were released from jail.<ref name=":0" /> After his release, Soren went to [[Ranchi]], aiming to continue the agitation from outside Odisha.<ref name=Mohanty2011/>

===Legislative career===
Soren came to Odisha from Ranchi after political invitation, and contested the [[1952 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Bahalda Assembly constituency|Bahalda]] on the base of his organisation as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate and became the constituency’s first MLA.<ref name=Mohanty2011/> Due to his role in tribal politics, he was appointed Minister for Tribal and Rural Welfare, Commerce, and Labour in [[Nabakrushna Choudhuri|Nabakrushna Choudhury]]’s cabinet from 20 February 1952 to 19 October 1956. After two year being elected to the assembly, he merged his organisation into [[Nikhil Utkal Adivasi Congress]] to counter the territorial claims of [[Jharkhand Party]].<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=K.S. |url=http://archive.org/details/tmi.singh_vol.ii |title=Tribal Movements in India |date=2006 |chapter=The Jharkhand Party in Orissa |first=L.K. |last=Mohapatra |pages=67–86}}</ref><ref name=Mohanty2011>{{Cite book |first=Nivedita |last=Mohanty |date=2011 |chapter=Revisiting the States Reorganisation Commission in the Context of Orissa |pages= 211–248 |title=Interrogating Reorganisation of States |publisher=Routledge India |language=en |isbn=9780367818098 |doi=10.4324/9780367818098-14 }}</ref>

He lost the [[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957 election]] to independent candidate Surendramohan Hembram but regained the seat in [[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]] as a Congress candidate. In 1966, when the Congress in Odisha split to form the [[Orissa Jana Congress]], Soren joined the Odisha fraction and retained his seat in the [[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967 election]].

In later two elections, he lost to [[Jharkhand Party]] and independent candidate Sashibhusan Marandi, contesting as a Jharkhand Dal candidate. In [[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]], he won back the seat as a [[Janata Party]] candidate and served until 1980.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Electoral history
! Election
! House
! Constituency
! colspan="2"| Party
! Votes
! %
! Result
|-
| [[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="6"|[[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| rowspan="6"|[[Bahalda Assembly constituency|Bahalda]]
| {{Party name with colour|Janata Party}}
| 11,321
| 59.19
| {{won}}
|-
| [[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| {{Party name with colour|Jharkhand Party|shortname=JKP}}
| 4,980
| 19.96
| {{lost}}
|-
| [[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| {{Party name with colour|Orissa Jana Congress|shortname=OJC}}
| 10,947
| 52.74
| {{won}}
|-
| [[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
| 10,602
| 53.04
| {{won}}
|-
| [[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| 3,928
| 26.42
| {{lost}}
|-
| [[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
| 11,012
| 86.78
| {{won}}
|}

==Death==
Soren died on 19 July 1988 at the age of 67.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:1988 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1961–1967]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1967–1971]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1977–1980]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Party]]
[[Category:People from Mayurbhanj district]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:People from Odisha]]
[[Category:Santali people]]

Mucherla Aruna

2026-04-23T17:03:29Z

Ramesh:

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mucherla Aruna
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kothagudem]], [[Telangana]], India
| other_names =
| occupation = {{hlist|Influencer|actress}}
| years active = 1980–1990
| spouse = {{marriage|Mohan|1987}}
| children = 4
}}

'''Mucherla Aruna''' is an Indian [[influencer]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Valecha |first=Muskaan |date=2024-08-13 |title=Aruna Mucherla: South Indian Actress turned into an Influencer |url=https://www.thereelstars.com/lifestyle/aruna-mucherla-south-indian-actress-turned-into-an-influencer/ |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=The Reelstars |language=en-US}}</ref> and former actress who worked in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Kannada]] films, mainly during the 1980s.

==Early life and career==
Mucherla Aruna was born in [[Kothagudem]] of [[Telangana]] into a family that belongs to [[Arjunudupalem]], near Tanuku [[West Godavari district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. She was brought up in [[Chennai]] and [[Hyderabad]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=ఆ హీరోను కొట్టక తప్పలేదు! అమితాబ్‌‌.. హేమమాలిని మా ఇంటి పక్కనే : ముచ్చర్ల అరుణ |trans-title=I had the beat that hero! Amitabh and Hemamali were my neighbours: Mucherla Aruna |url=http://www.eenadu.net/homeinner.aspx?category=home&item=break120 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731115051/http://www.eenadu.net/homeinner.aspx?category=home&item=break120 |archive-date=31 July 2018 |website=[[Eenadu]] |language=te}}</ref>

Aruna made her debut in the Tamil film titled ''[[Kallukkul Eeram]]'' by [[Bharathiraja]] which was released in 1980. She has been frequently paired with actor [[Vijayakanth]] in ''[[Sivappu Malli]]'', ''[[Needhi Pizhaithathu]]'', ''[[Sattam Sirikkiradhu]]'', and ''Kanalukku Karaiyethu'' with Shankar . In some of the Tamil movies, she appeared as the second lead and supporting roles. She acted as [[Poornima Bhagyaraj]]'s friend in ''[[Darling, Darling, Darling]]'' and as [[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]]'s sister in ''Pennin Vazhkai''. She acted with [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] in suspense movie ''[[Kelviyum Naane Pathilum Naane]]'' which was released in 1982 where actress [[Srividya]] acted as an antagonist. Aruna Mucherla also acted in some good family-oriented movies like ''Kathula Poo'', ''Sakalakala Sambanth''i, and ''[[Penmani Aval Kanmani]]''.

In 1981, the Telugu film ''[[Seethakoka Chiluka (1981 film)|Seethakoka Chiluka]]'' received a Swarna (Gold) [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film]]. She spread across acting more than 80 movies within 10 years majoring all 4 South Indian languages.

She is married to Mohan, a businessman based from Chandigarh in 1987 and the couple has four daughters.<ref name=":0" /> She lives in [[Chennai]] with her family.<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HwUwIhXL |title=Anveshana : TV9 team on the lookout for actress Mucharla Aruna |publisher=[[TV9 Telugu]] |date=24 July 2019}}</ref>

==Filmography==
In order of languages in which she acted the most to fewest films.

===Telugu===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
# ''[[Seethakoka Chiluka (1981 film)|Seetakoka Chiluka]]'' (1981)
# ''Jegantalu'' (1981)
# ''[[Justice Chowdary]]'' (1982)
# ''[[Pratigna (1982 film)|Pratigna]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Prathignya (1982) |url=https://indiancine.ma/WYB/info |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1982) as Tulasi
# ''Poola Pallki'' (1982)
# ''[[Pralaya Rudrudu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pralaya Rudrudu (1982) |url=https://indiancine.ma/WYA |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1982) as Janaki
# ''[[Kirayi Kotigadu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kirayi Kotigadu (1983) |url=https://indiancine.ma/XRI/info |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1983) as Lakshmi
# ''Kalyana Veena'' (1983)
# ''Mugguru Ammayila Mogudu'' (1983)
# ''[[Adavi Simhalu]]'' (1983)
# ''[[Aalaya Sikharam]]'' (1983) as Thayaru
# ''Puttadi Bomma'' (1983)
# ''Rama Rao Gopal Rao a.k.a. Rao Gopal Rao''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravoo Gopala Ravoo (1984) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ZCI |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1984) as Sarada
# ''[[Seethamma Pelli]]'' (1984)
# ''[[Raraju (1984 film)|Raraju]]'' (1984)
# ''[[Srivariki Premalekha]]'' (1984)
# ''Padmavyuham'' (1984)
# ''[[Bobbili Brahmanna]]'' (1984)
# ''[[Swathi (1985 film)|Swathi]]'' (1985)
# ''[[Sravanthi (film)|Sravanthi]]'' (1985)
# ''Patala Nagu'' (1985)
# ''[[Surya Chandra]]'' (1985)
# ''Assadhyudu'' (1985)
# ''[[Aagraham (1984 film)|Aagraham]]'' (1985)
# ''Mudilla Muchata'' (1985)
# ''Aruna Kiranam'' (1986)
# ''Karpoora Deepam'' (1986)
# ''[[Chantabbai]]'' (1986)
# ''[[Seetharama Kalyanam (1986 film)|Seetharama Kalyanam]]'' (1986)
# ''Neti Yuga Dharmam'' (1986)
# ''[[Deshoddharakudu]]'' (1986)
# ''[[Bhargava Ramudu]]'' (1987)
# ''[[Samsaram Oka Chadarangam]]'' (1987)
# ''[[Veera Pratap]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veera Pratap (1987) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ANRZ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1987) as Malini
# ''[[Bharatamlo Arjunudu]]'' (1987)
# ''Dongallo Dora'' (1987)
# ''[[Makutamleni Maharaju]]'' (1987)
# ''[[Shrutilayalu]]'' (1987)
# ''[[Muddayi]]'' (1987) as Kamala
# ''[[Srimathi Oka Bahumathi]]'' (1987)
# ''[[Bhanumati Gari Mogudu]]'' (1987)
# ''[[Collector Vijaya]]'' (1988)
# ''[[Yuddha Bhoomi]]'' (1988)
# ''Aadade Aadharam'' (1988)
# ''Illu Illalu Pillalu'' (1988)
# ''[[Swarnakamalam]]'' (1988)
# ''[[Aswaddhama]]'' (1988) as Jyothi
# ''[[Geethanjali (1989 film)|Geethanjali]]'' (1989)
# ''[[Mouna Poratam]]'' (1989)
# ''[[Athaku Yamudu Ammayiki Mogudu]]'' (1989)
# ''Adavilo Ardharatri'' (1989)
# ''[[Rao Gari Intlo Rowdy]]'' (1990)
{{div col end}}

===Tamil===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
# ''[[Kallukkul Eeram]]'' (1980) – Debut in Tamil
# ''[[Magarandham]]'' (1981)
# ''[[Sivappu Malli]]'' (1981)
# ''[[Needhi Pizhaithathu]]'' (1981)
# ''[[Pennin Vazhkai]]'' (1981)
# ''[[Nadodi Raja]]'' (1982)
# ''[[Anandha Ragam]]'' (1982)
# ''[[Sattam Sirikkiradhu]]'' (1982)
# ''[[Darling, Darling, Darling]]'' (1982)
# ''[[Nandri, Meendum Varuga]]'' (1982)
# ''[[Kelviyum Naane Pathilum Naane]]'' (1982)
# ''Kanalukku Karaiyethu'' (1982)
# ''[[Kaakkum Kaamakakshi]]'' (1983)
# ''[[Kathula Poo]]'' (1984)
# ''[[Idhayam Thedum Udhayam]]'' (1984)
# ''[[Muthal Mariyathai]]'' (1985)
# ''[[Karimedu Karuvayan]]'' (1986)
# ''[[Meendum Mahaan]]'' (1987)
# ''[[Penmani Aval Kanmani]]'' (1988)
# ''[[Kai Naattu]]'' (1988)
# ''[[Sakalakala Sammandhi]]'' (1989) as Durga
# ''[[Geethanjali (1989 film)|Idhayathai Thirudathe]]'' (1989)
# ''[[Enga Annan Varattum]]'' (1989)
# ''[[Aadi Velli (film)|Aadi Velli]]'' (1990)
{{div col end}}

===Malayalam===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
# ''[[Oomakkuyil]]'' (1983)
# ''[[Mansoru Maha Samudram]]'' (1983) as Renuka
# ''[[Pinnilavu]]'' (1983) as Gopi's wife
# ''[[Sreekrishna Parunthu|Sreekrishna Parunth]]'' (1984) as Naanikutty
# ''[[Nethavu]]'' (1984)
# ''[[Poomadhathe Pennu]]'' (1984) as Jaanu
# ''[[Veendum Chalikkunna Chakram]]'' (1984) as Meera
# ''Theere Pratheekshikkathe'' (1984) as Aruna
# ''[[Njan Piranna Nattil]]'' (1985) as Sudha
# ''[[Snehicha Kuttathinu]]'' (1985) as Sulochana
# ''[[Uyarum Njan Nadake]]'' (1985) as Lasitha
# ''[[Mulamoottil Adima]]'' (1985) as Sainaba
# ''[[Scene No. 7]]'' (1985) as Nandini
# ''[[Ashtabandham]]'' (1986) as Ambika Antharjanam
{{div col end}}

===Kannada===
# ''Parajitha'' (1982)
# ''[[Ondagi Balu]]'' (1986)
# ''[[Sowbhagya Lakshmi]]'' (1987)
# ''Rudra'' (1989)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0610858}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033026/http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Aruna Aruna at MSI]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aruna, Mucherla}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:People from Palakollu]]
[[Category:Actors from West Godavari district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Improve categories|date=May 2025}}

Shiv Shakti – Tap Tyaag Tandav

2026-04-20T16:14:27Z

Ramesh:

{{short description|Indian hindu religious and historical television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Shiv Shakti.jpeg
| genre = Mythology
| creative_director =
| creator = [[Siddharth Kumar Tewary]]
| writer =
| story = Siddharth Kumar Tewary
| screenplay =
| starring = Ram Yashvardhan Subha Rajput
| open_theme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 914 
| director = J.P Sharma
| producer = Gayatri Gil Tewary Rahul Kumar Tewary
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20-40 minutes
| company = [[Swastik Productions]]
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|06|19|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|12|26|df=y}}
}}

'''''Shiv Shakti – Tap Tyaag Tandav''''' is an [[Television in India|Indian]] Hindi-language television [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] series that aired on [[Colors TV]] and [[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]] from 19 June 2023 to 26 December 2025 at 8PM. The show traced the first love story of the universe with exploring the journey of [[Shiva]] and [[Shakti]]. Produced by [[Siddharth Kumar Tewary]]'s [[Swastik Productions]], it starred Ram Yashvardhan and Subha Rajput.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Ram Yashvardhan as [[Shiva|Mahadev]]
** Also as [[Sadashiva]] / [[Virabhadra]] / [[Bhairava|Kalbhairava]] / [[Ardhanarishvara]] / [[Nataraja]]/ [[Tripurantaka]]/ [[Jalandhara]] / [[Babulnath]] / [[Shiva|Sundareswarar]] / [[Somnath]] / [[Mallikarjuna Temple, Srisailam|Mallikarjuna]] / [[Mahakala|Mahakaal]] / [[Omkareshwar Temple|Omkareshwar]] / [[Baidyanath Temple|Baidyanath]] / [[Nageshvara Jyotirlinga|Nageshwara]] / [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple|Vishwanath]] / [[Kedarnath]] / [[Rudra]] / [[Pashupati]]nath / [[Shiva|Kapali]] / [[Khandoba]]/ [[Bhootnath]] / [[Bholenath]] (2023-2025)
* Subha Rajput as [[Parvati]]
** Also as [[Shakti]] / [[Mahadevi|Adishakti]] / [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]] / [[Bhadrakali]] / [[Shailaputri]] / [[Brahmacharini]] / [[Chandraghanta]] / [[Kushmanda]] / [[Skandamata]] / [[Katyayani]] / [[Siddhidatri]] / [[Ardhanarishvara]] / [[Mahadevi|Mahamaya]] / [[Tripura Sundari]] / [[Sankranti]] / [[Kaushiki]] / [[Dhumavati]] / [[Chamunda]] / [[Kali]] / [[Mahakali]] / [[Ambe]] / [[Mumba Devi temple|Mumba Devi]] / [[Durga|Mata Durga]] / [[Bahuchara Mata]] / [[Jagaddhatri]] / [[Vandevi Temple|Vandevi]] / [[Devi Kanya Kumari]] / [[Meenakshi]] / [[Bhramari]] / [[Bagalamukhi]] / [[Ambika (goddess)|Ambika]] / [[Mhalsa]] / [[Chandi]] / [[Shitala]] / [[Shakambari]] / [[Kamakhya]] / [[Kheer Bhawani]] (2023-2025)

* [[Tarun Khanna (actor)|Tarun Khanna]] / [[Kunal Bakshi]] as [[Indra]] (2023-2024) / (2024-2025)
* Ruchi RK Kaushal as [[Shachi]] (2025)
* Srikant Dwivedi as [[Vishnu]] / [[Kurma]] / [[Vamana]] / [[Krishna]] (2023-2025)
* Sheetal Tiwari / [[Shivya Pathania]] / Aanchal Goswami/ Pragati Tomar as [[Mahalakshmi]] / [[Bhudevi]] / [[Mahalakshmi Temple, Kolhapur|Kolhapur Mahalakshmi]] (2023-2024) / (2024) / (2025) / (2025)
* Akangsha Rawat as [[Diti]] (2023-2025)
* Yash Bhojwani as [[Kartikeya]] / [[Murugan]] (2024-2025)
**Swarnim Neema as young [[Kartikeya]] (2023-2024)
* Pooja Somani as [[Devasena]] / [[Devayanai]] (2025)
** Shreya Patel as young [[Devsena]] (2024)
* Riyansh Vikram Dhabi / Kaizan Khambatta as [[Ganesha]] (2024) / (2024-2025)
* [[Puneet Vashist]] as [[Narada]] (2023-2025)
* [[Ketan Karande]] as [[Nandi (mythology)|Nandi]] (2023-2025)
* Dinesh Agarwal as Shivgan Badbola (2023-2025)
* Rohit Devda as [[Vasuki]] (2023-2025)

===Recurring===

* Mahan Mehta as [[Mohasur]] (2025)
* Amit Kalra as [[Mahabali]] (2023)
* Sandeep Aurora as [[Svarbhanu]]/[[Rahu]]/[[Ketu (mythology)|Ketu]] (2023-2025)
* Dinesh Mehta as [[Vajranga]] (2023)
* Jaydeep Kalsi as [[Surya]] (2023-2025)
* [[Meer Ali]] as [[Chandra]] (2023-2025)
* Keshav Aswani / Sanjay Sharma as [[Agni]] (2023-2025) / (2025)
* Ishaan Sharma as [[Varuna]] (2023-2025)
* Vivek Tripathi as [[Vayu]] (2023-2025)
* Akshay Dandekar as [[Kubera]] (2024-2025)
* Yogesh Mahajan / [[Nimai Bali]]/ Arup Pal as [[Shukracharya]] (2023-2025) / (2025) / (2025)
* Pratik Vohra as [[Durvasa]] (2023)
* Siddhant Issar as [[Tārakāsura|Tarakasura]] (2023-2024)
* Ramkisham Gurjar as Dambha (2023)
* Shweta Vyas as Shambuki (2023-2024)
* Shuman Das as [[Tripurasura|Tarakaksha]] (2023)
* Satendra Yadav as [[Tripurasura|Kamalaksha]] (2023)
* Asif Khan as [[Tripurasura|Vidhyunmali]] (2023)
* [[Vaidehi Nair]] as [[Rohini (goddess)|Rohini]] (2023)
* [[Vishwajeet Pradhan]] as [[Daksha]] (2023)
* Sampada Vaze as [[Prasuti]] (2023)
* Preeti Gandwani as [[Aditi]] (2023)
* Shalini Vishnudev as [[Saraswati|Saraswati Devi]] (2023-2025)
* Deepak Bhatia as [[Brahma]] (2023-2025)
* Haelyn Shastri as [[Mohini]] (2023)
* [[Ansha Sayed]] as Vajrangi (2023)
* [[Prachi Bansal]] / Garima Verma as [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] (2023-2024) / (2024-2025)
* Sanjeev Sharma as [[Himavat]] (2023)
* Jaswinder Gardner as Mainavati (2023)
* Ashutosh Yadav as [[Kamadeva]] (2023)
* Pranjali Singh Parihar as [[Rati]] (2023)
*Sonal Singh as Talika (2024)
*Priyall Ghore as Surupa (2023-2024)
*Unknown as Maharishi [[Angiras]] (2023)
*Unknown as Shankarasura (2024)
*Unknown as Kinkarasura (2024)
*Muskan Kalyani as [[Ashokasundari]] (2024)
* [[Garima Jain]] as [[Vrinda|Tulasi]] (2024)
* Farhaan Khan as Shankhchura (2024)
* Raviz Thakur as [[Bhasmasura]] (2024)
* Javed Pathan as [[Shumbha]] (2024)
* Ravish Rathi as [[Nishumbha]] (2024)
* Deepak Kumar Verma as [[Apasmara]] (2024)
* [[Gurpreet Singh (actor)|Gurpreet Singh]] as [[Bhagiratha]] (2024)
* [[Kartikey Malviya]] as [[Shani]] (2024-2025)
* Unknown as [[Rambha (asura)|Rambha]] (2024)
* Supriti Sharma as [[Rambha (asura)#Birth of Mahishasura|Shyamala]] (2024)
* Unknown as Dhumralochana (2024)
* Unknown as [[Chanda and Munda|Chanda]] (2024)
* Unknown as [[Chanda and Munda|Munda]] (2024)
* Unknown as [[Matrikas#Iconography|Vaishnavi]] (2024)
* Unknown as [[Varahi]] (2024)
*Unknown as [[Narasimhi]] (2024)
* Unknown as [[Matrikas#Iconography|Kaumari]] (2024)
* Unknown as [[Indrani]] (2024)
* Varnita Sati as [[Matrikas#Iconography|Maheshwari]] (2024)
*Unknown as [[Brahmani (Matrika)|Brahmani]] (2024)
* Uthpal Dashora as [[Raktabeeja]] (2024)
* Zuber Ali / [[Arav Chowdhary]] as [[Mahishasura]] (2024)
** Unknown as young [[Mahishasura]]
* [[Chetan Hansraj]] as [[Parashurama]] (2024)
* Manish Bishla as [[Samudra]] (2024-2025)
* [[Saanvie Tallwar]] as [[Vrinda]] (2024)
* MM Rishi as [[Nahusha]] (2024)
* Vipin Sharma as Hunda (2024)
* Aniket Chauhan as [[Vahana#Mushika|Mushaka]] (2024)
* Gitanjali Mangal as [[Dakini]] (2024)
* Unknown as [[Katyayana]] (2024)
* Brownie Parashar as [[Kashyapa]] (2024-2025)
* Unknown as Analasura (2024)
* [[Alihassan Turabi]] as [[Pururavas|Pururava]] (2024)
* Sharma M Shishir as Mumbarak (2024)
* Jameel Choudhary as Karindrasura (2024)
* Melissa Pais as [[Mahishi]] (2024-2025)
* Randheer Rai as [[Gajasura]] (2024-2025)
* Amit Sinha as the Kinnaur Guru (2024)
*[[Karanvir Bohra]] as [[Andhaka]] (2024)
* Heer Chopra as [[Rambha (apsara)|Rambha]] (2024)
* [[Amit Pachori]] as [[Mangala|Mangala/Bhaum]] (2024)
** Kamini Dhoarjiya as child [[Mangala|Bhaum]]
* Yash Kail as Vajramali (2024)
* Rokky Mahajan as [[Krauncha giri|Krauncha]] (2025)
* Unknown as [[Agastya]] (2025)
* Bhupinder Bhoopi as Jimranasura (2025)
* Riya Sharma as [[Devi Kanya Kumari]] (2025)
* Shahwar Ali Khan as Arunasura (2025)
* Unknown as [[Bhrigu]] (2025)
* Jasmeet Kaur as Rani Kanchanmala (2025)
* Athar Siddiqui as Rajkumar Vayu (2025)
* Anila Kharbanda as Nagmata (2025)
* Unknown as [[Gautama Maharishi|Gautama]] (2025)
* [[Saurav Gurjar]] as [[selfishness|Swarth]] (2025)
* [[Riya Deepsi]] as [[Manasa|Manasa]] (2025)
* Divya Lakshmi as [[Kadru]] (2025)
* Lala Naren Pandey as Heti (2025)
* Saif Ullah Rahmani as Praheti (2025)
* Unknown as Dundubhirnaad (2025)
* Akshay Nalwade as [[Garuda]] (2025)
* [[Rushiraj Pawar]] as Malla and Mani (2025)
* [[Preeti Amin]] as Mahalasa's mother (2025)
* Vishal Patni as [[Kali (demon)|Kali]] (2025)
* Amar Sharma as [[Ripunjay]]/[[Divodas]] (2025)
* Abhilash Chaudhary as [[Narakasura]] (2025)
* Kinjal Pandya as [[Daruka]] (2025)
* Ajay Dhansu as Dāruka (2025)
* Unknown as [[Mahishi]] (2025)
* Unknown as [[Ayyappa]] (2025)
* Vishesh Arora as Ayyappa's father (2025)
* Deepak Tanwar as Vipracitti (2025)
* Unknown as [[Vishwakarma]] (2025)
* [[Puneet Issar]] as [[Ravana]]/[[Jaya-Vijaya|Jaya]] (2025)
* Sameer Khan as [[Jaya-Vijaya|Vijaya]] (2025)
* Unknown as [[Sumali]] (2025)
* Unknown as Pulatsya (2025)
* Unknown as [[Kaikesi]] (2025)
* Firoz Ali as Marutta (2025)
* Manthan Setia as [[Anaranya]] (2025)
* Unknown as [[Mandodari]] (2025)
* Devish Ahuja as [[Indrajit|Meghanada]] (2025)

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The series set was designed by [[Omung Kumar]]. He said that it took two to three months to complete the set's design, including Kailash, Asur Lok and Indra Lok.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Omung Kumar reveals it took '2-3 months' to design Shiv Shakti's set. Exclusive details |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/omung-kumar-reveals-it-took-2-3-months-to-design-shiv-shaktis-set-exclusive-details-2392012-2023-06-13 |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=India Today |date=13 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Ram Yashvardhan and Subha Rajput were cast to play the leads as [[Shiva]] and [[Shakti (Hindu goddess)|Shakti]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ram Yashvardhan and Subha Rajput To Star In 'Shiv Shakti - Tap, Tyaag, Taandav' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/ram-yashvardhan-subha-rajput-to-star-in-shiv-shakti-tap-tyaag-taandav--news-284667/amp |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=Outlook India |date=8 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref> [[Tarun Khanna (actor)|Tarun Khanna]] was cast to play [[Indra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarun Khanna speaks about portraying the role of "Devraj Indra" In Shiv Shakti – Tap, Tyag, Tandav |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/videos/tv-news/tarun-khanna-speaks-about-portraying-the-role-of-devraj-indra-in-shiv-shakti-tap-tyag-tandav-video-100826691 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Zoom TV |language=en}}</ref> [[Vishwajeet Pradhan]] was cast as [[Daksha]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vishwajeet Pradhan on Shiv Shakti: Carrying the mukut for the role was the biggest challenge |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/vishwajeet-pradhan-on-shiv-shakti-carrying-the-mukut-for-the-role-was-the-biggest-challenge/videoshow/100773326.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-06-08 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Tarun Khanna: Some parts of the Shiv Shakti Tap Tyag Tandav set are grander than Baahubali set |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/tarun-khanna-some-parts-of-the-shiv-shakti-tap-tyag-tandav-set-are-grander-than-baahubali-set/videoshow/100771763.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-06-08 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Srikant Dwivedi was cast to play [[Vishnu]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-07 |title=After Naagin 6, Srikant Dwivedi bags Ram Yashvardhan starrer Shiv Shakti Tap Tyag Tandav - Exclusive |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/after-naagin-6-srikant-dwivedi-bags-ram-yashvardhan-starrer-shiv-shakti-tap-tyag-tandav-exclusive/articleshow/100823663.cms |access-date=2023-06-08 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

'''Reception'''

The series started with an average rating of 1.3 TVR. It started to grow slowly and entered the top 10 most watched Hindi TV serials. During the Sati Daahan (Demise) track in the 2nd week of August 2023, it received 2.1 TVR and became the fourth most watched Hindi TV serial. The channel sent off air notice to makers due to low trp and a promo stating that the rudra avtar and devi mahakali would be a "Antim Adhyay" was published but the trp went up in the antim adhyay track and the show become 2nd most watched show on the channel and received 6 months extension. Owing to low trp it went off air on 26 December 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=Adgully |date=2023-08-21 |title=COLORSâ€™ â€˜Shiv Shakti â€" Tap Tyag Tandavâ€™ enters the Top 4 HGEC shows |url=https://www.adgully.com/colors----shiv-shakti--tap-tyag-tandav--enters-the-top-4-hgec-shows-135502.html |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=www.adgully.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Spin-off==
The show has a spin-off series named ''[[Lakshmi Narayan – Sukh Samarthya Santulan|Lakshmi Narayan – Sukh Saamarthya Santulan]]'', describing the story of Lord Narayan and Goddess Lakshmi which aired from 22 April to 2 October 2024. The cast of both shows were all same.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-18 |title=COLORS Unveils 'Laxmi Narayan': A New Epic Tale Premiering This Auspicious Chaitra Month|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/colors-unveils-laxmi-narayan-a-new-epic-tale-premiering-this-auspicious-chaitra-month-6869789/|access-date=2024-04-23 |website=[[India.com]] |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|27719227}}
{{Colors Programmes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shiv Shakti - Tap Tyaag Tandav}}
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Swastik Productions television series]]

Vishwanathganj Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:37:24Z

Ramesh: Made first data w/ refs...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Vishwanathganj
| map_image = 247-Vishwanathganj.svg
| mla = Jeet Lal Patel
| party = {{Party index link|Apna Dal (Sonelal)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| electors = 3,99,623
| constituency_no = 247
}}
'''Vishwanathganj''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Vishwanathganj in the [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

Vishwanathganj is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Pratapgarh Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 247 amongst 403 constituencies.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Vishwanathganj Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/vishwanathganj.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2012 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|Raja Ram
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|2014^
| rowspan="2" |[[Rakesh Kumar Verma]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Apna Dal}}" |
|[[Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)|Apna Dal]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Apna Dal (Soneylal)}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Apna Dal (Soneylal)]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Jeet Lal|Jeet Lal Patel]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vishwanathganj<ref name="results2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Apna Dal (Sonelal)
|candidate = [[Jeet Lal | Jeet Lal Patel ]]
|votes = {{formatnum:86829}}
|percentage = 43.21
|change = {{increase}}1.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Saurabh Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:38777}}
|percentage = 19.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sanjay Pandey
|votes = {{formatnum:22962}}
|percentage = 11.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party
|candidate = Mohd Ashfaq
|votes = {{formatnum:20271}}
|percentage = 10.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sanjay
|votes = {{formatnum:16633}}
|percentage = 8.28
|change = {{decrease}}8.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Prashant Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1910}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change = {{decrease}}28.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Maharani Deen
|votes = {{formatnum:1871}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change = {{decrease}}0.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1900}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change = {{decrease}}0.05
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:48052}}
|percentage = 23.91
|change = {{increase}}12.03
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:200930}}
|percentage = 50.28
|change = {{decrease}}1.39
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Apna Dal (Sonelal)
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]] candidate Rakesh Kumar Verma won in [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Indian National Congress|INC]] candidate '''Sanjay Pandey''' by a margin of 23,358 votes.<ref name="results2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="election2012">{{Cite web |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2012 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf |website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Vishwanathgan<ref name="results2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Apna Dal (Sonelal)
|candidate = Rakesh Kumar Verma Alias Dr.R.K.Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:81899}}
|percentage = 41.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sanjay Pandey
|votes = {{formatnum:58541}}
|percentage = 29.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Premanand Tripathi
|votes = {{formatnum:33878}}
|percentage = 17.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rakesh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:5830}}
|percentage = 2.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Upendra Narayan
|votes = {{formatnum:2627}}
|percentage = 1.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janta Party
|candidate = Sushil Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2053}}
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1951}}
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:23358}}
|percentage = 11.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:196623}}
|percentage = 51.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|25.81|81.94|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Martam–Rumtek Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:30:56Z

Ramesh: created the info needs work

{{Short description|Constituency of the Sikkim legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Martam-Rumtek
| type = SLA
| constituency_no =
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Sonam Venchungpa]]
|party = {{Party index link|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Sikkim]]
| district = [[Gangtok district|Gangtok]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim]]
| established = 2008
| electors =
| reservation = BL
}}
'''Martam–Rumtek Assembly constituency''' is one of the 32 assembly constituencies of [[Sikkim]] a north east state of [[India]]. Martam-Rumtek is part of [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/sikkim/assembly-constituencies/martam-rumtek.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Martam-Rumtek Assembly constituency]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S02/Old/partycomp24.htm Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceosikkim.nic.in/Files/Assembly_block.htm |title=Assembly constituencies Revenue Blocks |access-date=2019-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416060808/http://ceosikkim.nic.in/Files/Assembly_block.htm |archive-date=2019-04-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=227, 250}}</ref> This Constituency is reserved for Scheduled Tribes (ST: [[Bhutia]], [[Lepcha people|Lepcha]] and [[Sherpa people|Sherpa]]).

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || Menlom Lepcha || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|-
| [[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || Mechung Bhutia || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
| [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Dorjee Tshering Lepcha]] || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|-
| [[2019 elections in India#Sikkim|2019 by-election]] || rowspan=2|[[Sonam Venchungpa]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Martam–Rumtek}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sonam Venchungpa|Sonam Tshering Venchungpa]] |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=8,070 |percentage=54.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mechung Bhutia |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=5,308 |percentage=35.53% |change={{increase}}18.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chewang Dadul Bhutia |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=705 |percentage=4.72% |change={{decrease}}61.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karma Tshering Bhutia |party=Citizen Action Party – Sikkim |votes=637 |percentage=4.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=132 |percentage=0.88% |change={{decrease}}0.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganga Lepcha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=89 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,762 |percentage=18.49% |change= {{decrease}}31.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,941 |percentage=83.73% |change= {{increase}}11.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,844 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.84 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}12.27 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly by-election 2019 ===
In [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]], [[Dorjee Tshering Lepcha]] (D. T. Lepcha) of former ruling [[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]] won in both Gnathang-Machong and Martam-Rumtek constituencies, so he relinquished Martam-Rumtek seat.

In the by-election, ruling [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|SKM]] didn't send its candidate to Martam-Rumtek. Meanwhile, former SKM candidate [[Sonam Venchungpa|Sonam Tshering Venchungpa]] moved to opposition [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], and SKM supported him. In addition, D. T. Lepcha had already moved to BJP in August. Former ruling [[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]] participated in the Sikkim Legislative Assembly election as the opposition for the first time in 25 years. Opposition [[Sikkim Republican Party|SRP]] sent its candidate to Martam-Rumtek for the first time. Opposition [[Indian National Congress|INC]] boycotted this by-election.

As the result, Sonam Tshering Venchungpa of BJP defeated his nearest rival [[Nuk Tshering Bhutia]] of SDF.

{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 elections in India#Sikkim|2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Martam–Rumtek}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sonam Venchungpa]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,204 |percentage=66.28% |change={{increase}}60.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nuk Tshering Bhutia |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=2,054 |percentage=16.60% |change={{decrease}}28.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nima Lepcha |party=Hamro Sikkim Party |votes=1,235 |percentage=9.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mechung Bhutia |party=Independent politician |votes=439 |percentage=3.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Passang Gyali Sherpa |party=Independent politician |votes=272 |percentage=2.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mingma Tshering Sherpa |party=Sikkim Republican Party |votes=173 |percentage=1.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=154 |percentage=1.24% |change={{increase}}0.39 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,150 |percentage=49.69% |change= {{increase}}49.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,377 |percentage=72.72% |change= {{decrease}}8.30 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,020 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.27 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{increase}}20.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Martam–Rumtek<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-24|title=Sikkim Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners|url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/sikkim-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205926.html|access-date=2020-08-15|website=Zee News|language=en|archive-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106160313/https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/sikkim-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205926.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dorjee Tshering Lepcha]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=6,244 |percentage=45.40% |change={{decrease}}0.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sonam Venchungpa]] |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=6,171 |percentage=44.87% |change={{decrease}}5.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jigdal Chewang Bhutia |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=804 |percentage=5.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nima Lepcha |party=Hamro Sikkim Party |votes=183 |percentage=1.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gyaltsen Bhutia |party=Independent politician |votes=121 |percentage=0.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=118 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sonam Tshering Bhutia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=112 |percentage=0.81% |change={{decrease}}0.70 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=73 |percentage=0.53% |change= {{decrease}}3.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,753 |percentage=81.02% |change= {{decrease}}2.04 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,975 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.97 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |swing= {{decrease}}4.84 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Martam–Rumtek}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mechung Bhutia |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=6,055 |percentage=50.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Menlom Lepcha |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=5,576 |percentage=46.26% |change={{decrease}}17.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=239 |percentage=1.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sonam Tshering Bhutia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=183 |percentage=1.52% |change={{decrease}}28.81 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=479 |percentage=3.97% |change= {{decrease}}29.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,053 |percentage=83.06% |change= {{decrease}}2.24 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,512 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{decrease}}13.81 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Martam–Rumtek<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/Stats_SK_April2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404202702/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/Stats_SK_April2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2014|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Menlom Lepcha |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=6,392 |percentage=64.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rinzing Namgyal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,027 |percentage=30.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nima Lepcha |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=336 |percentage=3.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sonam Tashi Bhutia |party=Independent politician |votes=117 |percentage=1.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bindu Lepcha |party=Sikkim Gorkha Party |votes=68 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,365 |percentage=33.71% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,981 |percentage=85.29% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,702 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Rumtek]]
* [[Gangtok district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|27.262|88.555|display=title}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Sikkim}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Martam-Rumtek Assembly constituency}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Gangtok district]]
[[Category:Politics of Sikkim]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Veemeeswarar Temple, Serapanancheri

2026-04-16T22:33:02Z

Ramesh:

{{Short description|Temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=April 2016}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2024}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}

'''Serapanancheri''' is a small village located near [[Padappai]] on the Tambaram-Walajabad road in [[Kanchipuram district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] in India. Serapanancheri is famous for its Shiva Temple that dates back to {{circa|1180}} CE and its first inscription starts with Chola King Kulothunga III.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Special Commissioner of Archaeology |title=Inscriptions of Kanchipuram District |url=https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/book/TVA_BOK_0010723_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D.pdf |website=Tamil Digital Library |access-date=5 August 2024 |language=ta, en|date=2006}}</ref> The main deity of the temple is lord [[Veemeeswarar]] (originally believed to be Lord Vinmeeneswarar) who is the ruler of all 27 star constellations.

Legend has that Lord Surya (The Sun God) worships Shiva at this place regularly. The Veemeeswarar temple is also believed to be visited by numerous sages, and [[siddha]]s. Lord veemeeswarar is accompanied by her consort [[Swarnaambigai]]. Two [[Nandi (Hinduism)|nandi]]s serve the lord here, instead of one. Lord Surya (The Sun God) stands behind the nandi, as a worshipper of lord Shiva.

As in all other Shiva temples, [[Pradosha|Pradhosham]] and Shiva rathri are celebrated here by the locals regularly. The temple is also surrounded by three [[Theertham|theertha]]s (sacred tanks) - Agni Theertham, Brahma Theertham and Vishnu Theertham. The tanks currently dried up,{{when|date=August 2024}} but may re-appear during rainy seasons.

Veemeeswaram temple architecture is partly destroyed on the outer side, but the inside sanctum, and the deities remain intact. In fact the shiva [[lingam]] is much bigger than in many other places, and presents a pleasant view for the [[baktha]]s. Goddess Swarnambigai resides next to Lord Veemeswarar, and the goddess too sits inside the main sanctum.

Veemeeswarar sametha Swarnambigai Koil, Serapanancheri is said to be a temple visited by many yoga purushas, and is a place of true divine manifestation.

==See also==

* [[List of Hindu temples in Tamil Nadu]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{Kanchipuram district}}
{{Authority control}}
{{coord|12.87657|79.98375|region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Kanchipuram district]]

Tseminyü Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:33:06Z

Ramesh: Made the pg needs work

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Nagaland State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tseminyü
| map_image = Tseminyü Assembly constituency map.svg
| state = [[Nagaland]]
| type = SLA
| district = [[Tseminyü district|Tseminyü]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagaland (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaland]]
| established = 1964
| constituency_no = 12
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Jwenga Seb]]
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:24253}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14874-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
}}
'''Tseminyü''' is one of the 60 [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Nagaland]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/nagaland/nagaland-w.htm |title=Nagaland Legislative Assembly |website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Tseminyü district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|-
| [[1964 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1964]] || Viyekha || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1966 Nagaland Legislative Assembly by-election|1966 by-election]] || rowspan=2 | Riga Thong || {{Full party name with color|Nagaland Nationalist Organisation|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1969 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
| [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || Rushulo || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || rowspan=2 | R. S. Rengma || {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland)}}
|-
| [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || {{Full party name with color|Naga National Democratic Party}}
|-
| [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || Nillo || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || Khasu || {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|-
| [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || rowspan=2 | Nillo || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || rowspan=2 | R. Khing || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|-
| [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|-
| [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || Er. Levi Rengma || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || R. Khing || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Jwenga Seb]]|| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tseminyü<ref name=election2023>{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=3 March 2023 |date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303042608/https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |archive-date=3 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jwenga Seb]] |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=8,096 |percentage=35.90% |change=35.42%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Loguseng Semp|party=Republican Party of India (Athawale)|votes=5,533|percentage=24.54%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=R. Khing|party=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|votes=4,781|percentage=21.20%|change=-14.85%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Joel Naga|party=Rising People’s Party|votes=3,718|percentage=16.49%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Er. Levi Rengma|party=Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|votes=352|percentage=1.56%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=71|percentage=0.31%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,563 |percentage=11.37% |change=7.44% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=22,551|percentage=92.98%|change=2.93%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,253 |change =-0.65% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal (United) |loser=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |swing= -0.15% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tseminyü<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128161430/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 13th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2018 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Khing |party=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |votes=7,925 |percentage=36.05% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Er. Levi Rengma |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=7,062 |percentage=32.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Loguseng Semp |party=Naga People's Front |votes=6,871 |percentage=31.26% |change=-3.20% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thapimo Semy |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=105 |percentage=0.48% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=20 |percentage=0.09% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=863 |percentage=3.93% |change=0.79% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,983 |percentage=90.05% |change= -5.93% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,411 |change =-4.38% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= -1.54% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tseminyü<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125124535/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2013 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Er. Levi Rengma |party=Independent politician |votes=9,212 |percentage=37.59% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Khing |party=Naga People's Front |votes=8,444 |percentage=34.46% |change=0.68% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nillo |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,778 |percentage=27.66% |change=-5.25% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Sebu |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=33 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sajukha Rengma |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=23 |percentage=0.09% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=768 |percentage=3.13% |change=2.86% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,504 |percentage=95.98% |change= 0.51% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,530 |change =0.20% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= 3.82% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2008 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tseminyü<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128170532/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2008 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Khing |party=Naga People's Front |votes=8,216 |percentage=33.78% |change=12.15% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Er. Levi Rengma |party=Independent politician |votes=8,150 |percentage=33.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nillo |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,006 |percentage=32.91% |change=2.02% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=66 |percentage=0.27% |change=-7.74% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,325 |percentage=95.66% |change= -0.68% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,479 |change =14.46% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Janata Dal (United) |swing= -5.13% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2003 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tseminyü<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623083626/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 10th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2003 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Khing |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=8,327 |percentage=38.91% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nillo |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,612 |percentage=30.89% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khasu Kath |party=Naga People's Front |votes=4,629 |percentage=21.63% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Johny G. Rengma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,112 |percentage=5.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chinny Mech |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=723 |percentage=3.38% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,715 |percentage=8.01% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,403 |percentage=96.15% |change= 3.96% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,260 |change =14.32% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal (United) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -25.34% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1998 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tseminyü}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Nillo |party=Indian National Congress }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,472 |change =36.52% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1993 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tseminyü}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nillo |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,369 |percentage=64.24% |change=17.62% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khasu Kath |party=Naga People's Front |votes=4,658 |percentage=35.76% |change=-17.62% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,711 |percentage=28.49% |change=21.73% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,027 |percentage=92.19% |change= -2.43% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,263 |change =64.40% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= 10.86% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1989 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tseminyü}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Khasu |party=Naga People's Front |votes=4,350 |percentage=53.38% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nillo |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,799 |percentage=46.62% |change=7.26% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=551 |percentage=6.76% |change=-0.77% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,149 |percentage=94.62% |change= 5.22% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,676 |change =-0.14% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 14.02% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1987 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tseminyü}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nillo |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,019 |percentage=39.36% |change=17.98% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. S. Rengma |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=2,441 |percentage=31.82% |change=5.04% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khasu |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=2,211 |percentage=28.82% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=578 |percentage=7.53% |change=6.71% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,671 |percentage=89.40% |change= 6.59% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,688 |change =-9.09% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Naga National Democratic Party |swing= 12.57% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1982 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tseminyü}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=R. S. Rengma |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=2,104 |percentage=26.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nillo |party=Independent politician |votes=2,039 |percentage=25.95% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thonshi Rengma |party=Independent politician |votes=2,034 |percentage=25.89% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Riga Thong |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,679 |percentage=21.37% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=65 |percentage=0.83% |change=-6.49% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,856 |percentage=82.81% |change= 0.17% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,557 |change =43.80% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga National Democratic Party |loser=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |swing= -26.88% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1977 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tseminyü}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=R. S. Rengma |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=2,888 |percentage=53.66% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Riga Thong |party=National Convention of Nagaland |votes=2,494 |percentage=46.34% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=394 |percentage=7.32% |change=5.49% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,382 |percentage=82.64% |change= -1.62% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,646 |change =9.80% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |loser=Independent politician |swing= 2.75% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1974 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tseminyü}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rushulo |party=Independent politician |votes=2,564 |percentage=50.91% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Riga Thong |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=2,472 |percentage=49.09% |change=-4.10% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=92 |percentage=1.83% |change=-4.56% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,036 |percentage=84.26% |change= -1.58% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,053 |change =24.65% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |swing= -2.28% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1969 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1969 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tseminyü}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Riga Thong |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=2,217 |percentage=53.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vivekha |party=United Front of Nagaland |votes=1,951 |percentage=46.81% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=266 |percentage=6.38% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,168 |percentage=85.83% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,856 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |loser=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1966 Assembly by-election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1966 Nagaland Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Tseminyü}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Riga Thong |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1964 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1964 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tseminyü}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Viyekha |party=Independent politician |votes=1,660 |percentage=65.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Riga Thong |party=Independent politician |votes=889 |percentage=34.88% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=771 |percentage=30.25% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,549 |percentage=75.57% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,373 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Tseminyü district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Nagaland}}

{{coord|25.93|94.21|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tseminyü Assembly constituency}}
[[Category:Kohima district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Politics of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Nagaland]]

Indian influences in early Philippine polities

2026-04-09T03:06:40Z

Ramesh: Put up info

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Philippine English|date=April 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2023}}
The '''Indian influences in early Philippine polities''', particularly the influence of the [[Srivijaya]] and [[Majapahit]] [[Thalassocracy|thalassocracies]] on cultural development, is a significant area of research for scholars of Philippine, Indonesian, and Southeast Asian history,<ref name="Scott1994">{{cite book | last = Scott | first = William Henry | author-link = William Henry Scott (historian) | title = Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society | publisher = Ateneo de Manila University Press | date = 1994 | location = Quezon City | isbn = 971-550-135-4 }}</ref> and is believed to be the source of [[hinduism|Hindu]] and [[buddhism|Buddhist]] elements in early Philippine [[Culture of the Philippines|culture]], [[Religion in the Philippines|religion]], and [[Languages of the Philippines|language]].<ref name="Jocano2001">{{cite book | last = Jocano | first = F. Landa | author-link = F. Landa Jocano | title = Filipino Prehistory: Rediscovering Precolonial Heritage | publisher = Punlad Research House, Inc. | date = 2001 | location = Quezon City | isbn = 971-622-006-5 }}</ref><ref name="Osborne2004">{{cite book | last = Osborne | first = Milton | author-link = Milton Osborne | title = Southeast Asia: An Introductory History | publisher = Allen & Unwin | date = 2004 | location = Australia | edition = Ninth | isbn = 1-74114-448-5 }}</ref><ref name="JocanoJr2012">{{Cite book |title=A Question of Origins |last=Jocano |first=Felipe Jr. |date=August 7, 2012 |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |isbn=978-1-4629-0742-7 |editor-last=Wiley |editor-first=Mark |language=en|others=Arnis: Reflections on the History and Development of Filipino Martial Arts}}</ref> Because the Indonesian thalassocracies of Srivijaya and Majapahit acquired many of these Hindu and Buddhist elements through [[Indianization of Southeast Asia|Indianization]], the introduction of such elements to early Philippine cultures has sometimes been referred to as ''indianization''.<ref name="Osborne2004"/> In more recent scholarship, it is termed ''localization'',<ref name="Jamkajornkeiat">{{Cite web | last = Jamkajornkeiat | first = Thiti | url = https://kyotoreview.org/yav/southeast-asia-surprisingly/ | title = Southeast Asia, Surprisingly | access-date = May 20, 2019 | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190326103019/https://kyotoreview.org/yav/southeast-asia-surprisingly/ | archive-date = March 26, 2019 }}</ref> as in, e.g., localization of Hindu and Buddhist beliefs.<ref>{{cite book|last=Holt|first=Emily|title=Water and Power in Past Societies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7paDwAAQBAJ|year=2018|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-1-4384-6875-4|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-7paDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA165&dq=localization+Hindu+Buddhist 165]}}</ref> Some scholars also place the Philippine archipelago within the outermost reaches of the [[Indosphere]], along with [[Northern Vietnam]], where the Hindu and Buddhist elements were not directly introduced by Indian travellers.<ref name="Churchill1977">{{Cite journal |last=Churchill |first=Malcolm H. |year=1977 |title=Indian Penetration of Pre-Spanish Philippines |url=http://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-15-1977/francisco-indian-prespanish-philippines.pdf |journal=Asian Studies |language=en |publisher=University of the Philippines Asian Center |location=Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines |volume=15}}</ref>

The most updated scholarship notes that there is no evidence of direct political or economic interaction between India and the various polities of the Philippine archipelago prior to the [[History of the Philippines (1565–1898)|Philippines' European colonial era]]. Scholars such as [[Milton Osborne]] and [[F. Landa Jocano]] instead suggest that "indirect cultural influence"<ref name="Osborne2004"/><ref name="Jocano2001"/> mostly arrived through these early Philippine polities' relations with the Srivijaya and Majapahit empires.<ref name="Jocano2001"/><ref name="Churchill1977"/> during the 10th through the early 14th centuries. This updates the theories of earlier scholars, who posited that Indian elements in Philippine culture suggested relations between the two societies as early as the 2nd and 3rd centuries BCE.<ref name="Jocano2001"/> This also places the Philippines and the northern part of Vietnam outside the pattern of "Indianization" which took place elsewhere in Southeast Asia.<ref name="Osborne2004"/>

== History ==
[[File:Filippine, provincia di agusan, immagine hindu, statuetta in oro massiccio, xiii secolo.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Agusan image]] statue (900–950 CE) discovered in 1917 on the banks of the Wawa River near [[Esperanza, Agusan del Sur|Esperanza]], [[Agusan del Sur]], [[Mindanao]] in the [[Philippines]].]]

Historians prior to the later part of the twentieth century such as Zaide and Manuel generally believed that Srivijaya and Majapahit played a significant role in the development of cultures throughout the Philippine archipelago, although the degree of Srivijayan influence was later questioned in seminal works by Jocano and Scott.<ref name="Jocano2001"/>

Hindu and Buddhist influences first reached [[Nusantara (archipelago)|Nusantara]] or Maritime Southeast Asia as early as the first century.<ref name=jgonda>[[Jan Gonda]], The Indian Religions in Pre-Islamic Indonesia and their survival in Bali, in {{Google books|X7YfAAAAIAAJ|Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3 Southeast Asia, Religions|page=1}}, pp. 1-54</ref> There are two major theories for the arrival of Hinduism in the region, both focusing on Indonesia. The first is that South Indian sea traders brought Hinduism with them, and second being that Indonesian royalty welcomed Indian religions and culture, and it is they who first adopted these spiritual ideas followed by the masses. Either way, Indonesian islands adopted both Hindu and Buddhist ideas, fusing them with pre-existing native folk religion and Animist beliefs.<ref name="junemcdaniel">{{cite journal|last=McDaniel|first=June|date=August 1, 2010|title=Agama Hindu Dharma Indonesia as a New Religious Movement: Hinduism Recreated in the Image of Islam|journal=Nova Religio|volume=14|issue=1|pages=93–111|doi=10.1525/nr.2010.14.1.93}}</ref>

This meant that the Buddhism and Hinduism introduced into the Philippine archipelago by the Srivijaya and the Majapahit were of a distinctly (Insular) Southeast Asian variant,<ref name="Osborne2004"/> as Osborne, in his 2004 history of Southeast Asia, notes:<blockquote>''Much, but not all, of this culture was absorbed by the local population and joined to their existing cultural patterns.[…] Because Indian culture “came” to Southeast Asia, one must not think that Southeast Asians lacked a culture of their own. Indeed, the generally accepted view is that Indian culture made such an impact on Southeast Asia because it fitted easily with the existing cultural patterns and religious beliefs of populations that had already moved a considerable distance along the path of civilization.[…] Southeast Asians, to summarize the point, borrowed but they also adapted. In some very important cases, they did not need to borrow at all.''"<ref name="Osborne2004"/>{{rp|pages=23–24}}</blockquote>

=== Possible influence through early contacts with the Srivijaya ===
{{see also|Hinduism in the Philippines|Religion in pre-colonial Philippines}}

Popular literature and some 20th century history textbooks often suggest that Hindu and Buddhist cultural influences first came to the Philippines through early contacts with the [[Srivijaya]]n and Majapahit thalassocracies. Jocano notes, however, that there is insufficient physical evidence<ref name="Jocano2001"/> to suggest that Philippine polities traded extensively with the Srivijayan empire. He suggests that contact between Philippine polities and the Srivijaya was probably limited to small-scale trade.<ref name="Jocano2001"/>

=== Influence through trade with the Majapahit ===
Jocano suggests that the Hindu and Buddhist cultural influences on Philippine cultures actually probably came through the [[Majapahit]], as evidenced by significant archeological findings: <blockquote>''"Philippine-Indonesian relations during precolonial times became intensified during the rise of the Majapahit Empire. It was during this time that much of the so-called Indian cultural influence reached the Philippines through Indonesia. But what penetrated into our country, particularly in the seaport communities, was already the modified version of the original Hindu cultural traits."''<ref name="Jocano2001"/>{{rp|page=142}}</blockquote>

== Manifestations of cultural influence ==
Because physical evidence regarding the degree to which India influenced the Philippines prior to the [[History of the Philippines (1521–1898)|Spanish conquista]] is rather sparse, scholars have held differing views on this matter over the years. Preeminent Filipino Anthropologist [[F. Landa Jocano]] (2001) notes:<blockquote>''"Except for a few artifacts and identified loanwords that have been accepted as proofs of Indian-Philippine relations, there are meager intrusive materials to sustain definite views concerning the range of Indian prehistoric influence in the country. Many generalizations [that] have so far been advanced merely obscure the basic issues of Philippine cultural development. Even archeological data, mostly trade items, must be critically evaluated before they are judged as evidence of direct contacts.<ref name="Jocano2001"/>{{rp|pages=138–139}}"''</blockquote>

Jocano lists the various streams of the evidence which support the assertion that this influence reached the Philippines include:<ref name="Jocano2001"/><blockquote>''"Syllabic writing; artifacts in the form of different figurines made of clay, gold, and bronze that were dug in various sites in the Philippines; and 336 loanwords identified by Professor Francisco to be Sanskrit in origin, with 150 of them identified as the origin of some major Philippine terms."''</blockquote>

=== The Agusan image===
{{Main|Agusan image}}
One major artifact often presented as physical evidence of early Indian influence in the Philippines is the "[[Agusan image|golden image of Agusan]]" artifact, a 1.79 kilogram, 21 carat [[Mataram Kingdom|Mataram]]-period gold image discovered by a [[Manobo]] woman named Bilay Campos in [[Esperanza, Agusan]] in 1918.

[[H. Otley Beyer]] interpreted the image as that of a [[Shaivism|Sivaite goddess]], but with the religiously important hand signals improperly copied by local (probably Mindanao) workmen. Thus it suggests that Hinduism was already in the Philippines before Magellan arrived, but also suggests that the early Filipinos had an imperfect version of Hinduism which they got from the Majapahit.<ref name="Beyer1947">H. Otley Beyer, "Outline Review of Philippine Archaeology by Islands and Provinces," Philippine Journal of Science, Vol. 77, Nos. 34 (July–August 1947), pp. 205-374</ref>

=== The Laguna copperplate inscription ===
{{Main|Laguna Copperplate Inscription}} {{see also | Tabon_Caves#Tabon_Caves_Garuda_Gold_Pendant | label 1 = Tabon Caves Garuda Gold Pendant }}
Another artifact often presented as physical evidence of early Indonesian and Indian influence in the Philippines is the 10th century [[Laguna Copperplate Inscription]] (LCI), found in 1989 and deciphered in 1992 by Dutch anthropologist [[Antoon Postma]], and famous as the earliest known written document found in the Philippines.<ref name="Postma1992">{{cite journal|url=http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/1033/1018|title=The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary|jstor=42633308|last=Postma|first=Antoon|journal=Philippine Studies|volume=40|issue=2|pages=182–203|publisher=Ateneo de Manila University|date=April–June 1992}}</ref>

The (LCI) was written in a variety of the [[Old Malay]] language, using the [[Old Kawi]] script,<ref name="Postma1992"/> and contains numerous loanwords from [[Sanskrit]] and a few non-Malay vocabulary elements whose origin may be [[Old Javanese]]. The use of Sanskrit loanwords is considered evidence of Indian cultural influences on the cultures of the Malay Archipelago, which in turn had close trade and cultural ties with early Philippine polities, including those mentioned in the LCI.<ref name="Jocano2001"/>

=== Sanskrit loanwords and scripts ===
{{main | List_of_loanwords_in_Tagalog#Sanskrit | label 1 = Sanskrit loanwords in Tagalog }} {{Further| Indosphere | Sanskritisation | Indian honorifics | Juan R. Francisco}}
According to Jocano, a total of 336 loanwords were identified by Professor [[Juan R. Francisco]] to be Sanskrit in origin, "''with 150 of them identified as the origin of some major Philippine terms.''"<ref name="Jocano2001"/> Many of these loanwords concerned governance and mythology, which were the particular concern of the [[Maginoo]] class, indicating a desire of members of that class to validate their status as rulers by associating themselves with foreign powers.<ref name="Junker1990">{{cite journal | title=The Organization of IntraRegional and LongDistance Trade in PreHispanic Philippine Complex Societies | author=Junker, Laura Lee | journal=Asian Perspectives | year=1990 | volume=29 | issue=2 | pages=167–209}}</ref>

[[Indian honorifics]] also influenced the [[Filipino styles and honorifics|Filipino]] honorifics.<ref name=tit1>Krishna Chandra Sagar, 2002, An Era of Peace, Page 52.</ref> Examples of these include Raja, Rani, Maharlika, Datu, etc. which were transmitted from Indian culture to Philippines via Malays and [[Srivijaya empire]].

The origins of various pre-colonial [[Suyat|native Filipino scripts]] such as the [[Baybayin]], the [[Visayan languages|Visayan]] as '''badlit''', the [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]] '''kur-itan/kurditan''', and the [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]] '''kudlitan''', can be traced to the [[Brahmic scripts]] of India and first recorded in the 16th century.<ref name="baybayin">{{Cite web | last = Morrow | first = Paul | url = http://www.mts.net/~pmorrow/bayeng1.htm | publisher = MTS | title = Baybayin, the Ancient Philippine script | access-date = September 4, 2008 | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100821192259/http://www.mts.net/~pmorrow/bayeng1.htm | archive-date = August 21, 2010 }}.</ref>

===Folk literature===
The most prominent example of Indian cultural influence on early Philippine folk literature is the case of the [[Maharadia Lawana]], a [[Maranao people|Maranao]] epic which tells a local version of the Indian epic [[Ramayana]],<ref name="Francisco1969">{{Cite publication| last=Francisco|first=Juan R.|title=Maharadia Lawana|url=http://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-07-02-1969/franciso-maharadia%20lawana.pdf}}</ref> first documented by Filipino anthropologist [[Juan R. Francisco]] in the late 1960s. Francisco believed that the Ramayana narrative arrived in the Philippines some time between the 17th to 19th centuries, via interactions with Javanese and Malaysian cultures which traded extensively with India.<ref name="Francisco1989">{{Cite journal|last=FRANCISCO|first=JUAN R.|date=1989|title=The Indigenization of the Rama Story in the Philippines|jstor=42633135|journal=Philippine Studies|volume=37|issue=1|pages=101–111}}</ref>{{rp|page=101}}

Some Philippine High School textbooks<ref name="Halili2004">Halilli, Maria Christine (2004), Philippines History, pp. 46</ref> have also suggested that the Ilocano epic [[Biag ni Lam-ang]] may have been influenced by Hindu epics the [[Mahabharata]] and [[Ramayana]], although the textbooks do not substantiate this claim.<ref name="Halili2004"/> Most of the scholarship around the poem focus instead on the incorporation of syncretistic elements from [[Roman Catholicism]], with no mention of supposed Indian influence.<ref name="Lopez2006">{{Cite book |title=A Handbook of Philippine Folklore |last=Lopez |first=Mellie Leandicho |publisher=University of the Philippines Press |year=2006 |isbn=9789715425148 |location=Diliman, Quezon City}}</ref>

Philippine anthropologists and historiographers such as [[F. Landa Jocano]] suggest that such Hindu influences probably arrived in the Philippines through the extensive trade local cultures had with the [[Majapahit empire]] during the 14th through 16th centuries,<ref name="Lopez2006"/><ref name="Osborne2004"/><ref name="Jocano2001"/> although earlier scholars such as [[Juan R. Francisco]] and [[Josephine Acosta Pasricha]] had suggested earlier dates for this influence, during the 9th to 10th century AD.<ref name="Lopez2006"/>{{rp|pages="xxiv-xxv"}}

== "Indirect Indianization" through Maritime Southeast Asia ==
{{see also | Greater India | Indosphere | Sanskritisation | List of India-related topics in the Philippines | label 5 = India-Philippines topics }}

==="Indianization" in Maritime Southeast Asia===
Historically [[Southeast Asia]] was under the influence of [[Greater India|Ancient India]], where numerous [[Indianized kingdom|Indianized principalities]] and empires flourished for several centuries in Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the southern part of Vietnam, with cultural influence also spreading indirectly to the mostly Austronesian cultures of the Philippine archipelago and the highly sinified culture of Northern Vietnam.<ref name="Osborne2004"/> The influence of Indian culture in these areas was given the term ''indianization''.<ref name=acharya>{{cite web|last1=Acharya|first1=Amitav|title=The "Indianization of Southeast Asia" Revisited: Initiative, Adaptation and Transformation in Classical Civilizations|url=http://www.amitavacharya.com/sites/default/files/Indianisation%20of%20Southeast%20Asia%20Revisited.pdf|website=amitavacharya.com|access-date=April 3, 2018|archive-date=January 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107152930/http://www.amitavacharya.com/sites/default/files/Indianisation%20of%20Southeast%20Asia%20Revisited.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> French archaeologist, [[George Cœdès]], defined it as the expansion of an organized culture that was framed upon Indian originations of royalty, [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhist|Buddhism]] and the [[Sanskrit language]].<ref name=coedes>{{cite book|last1=Cœdès|first1=George|author-link=George Cœdès|title=The Indianized States of Southeast Asia|date=1967|publisher=Australian National University Press}}</ref> This can be seen in the [[Indianization of Southeast Asia]], [[Hinduism in Southeast Asia|spread of Hinduism]] and [[Silk Road transmission of Buddhism|Buddhism]].

=== "Indirect Indianization" in the Philippines ===
Historiographers — both from Southeast Asia in general,<ref name="Osborne2004"/> and the Philippines specifically<ref name="Scott1994"/><ref name="Jocano2001"/><ref name="JocanoJr2012"/> — agree that the impact of "indianization" in Philippines was indirect in nature,<ref name="Osborne2004"/> occurring through contacts with the [[Majapahit]] culture.<ref name="Jocano2001"/><ref name="Scott1994"/> Osborne (2004) notes that Vietnam and the Philippines did not participate in the main wave of Indianization:<ref name="Osborne2004"/>{{rp|page=23}} <blockquote>''"In the case of Vietnam, who were in this period living under Chinese rule, the process of Indianization never took place. For a different reason – distant geographical location – neither did the Philippines participate in this process."''</blockquote>

Jocano furthers:<blockquote>''"The Philippines is geographically outside the direct line of early commerce between India and the rest of Southeast Asia. Moreover, the island world of Indonesia, with Sumatra and Java controlling the traffic of trade, functioned as a sieve for whatever influence (cultural, social, and commercial) India might have had to offer beyond the Indonesian archipelago.[...]Thus, it can be said that Indian Influence filtered into the Philippines only indirectly."<ref name="Jocano2001"/>{{rp|page=139}}''</blockquote>

=== Degree and nature of "influence" in the Philippines===
Regardless of how and when it actually happened, Historiographers specializing in Southeast Asia note that this "influence" was cultural and religious, rather than military or political in nature. For example, Osborne, in his 2004 history of Southeast Asia, notes:<ref name="Osborne2004"/>{{rp|page=23}}<blockquote>''Beginning in the 2nd and third centuries C.E. there was a slow expansion of [Indian] cultural contacts with the Southeast Asian region. It was an uneven process, with some areas receiving Indian influence much later than others, and the degree of influence varying from century to century. [...] Indianization did not mean there was a mass migration of Indian population into Southeast Asia. Rather, a relatively limited number of traders and priest scholars brought Indian culture in its various forms to Southeast Asia where much, but not all, of this culture was absorbed by the local population and joined to their existing cultural patterns.''</blockquote>

Osborne further emphasizes that this "indianization" of Southeast Asia did not per-se overwrite existing indigenous patterns, cultures, and beliefs: <blockquote>"''Because Indian culture “came” to Southeast Asia, one must not think that Southeast Asians lacked a culture of their own. Indeed, the generally accepted view is that Indian culture made such an impact on Southeast Asia because it fitted easily with the existing cultural patterns and religious beliefs of populations that had already moved a considerable distance along the path of civilization.[…] Southeast Asians, to summarize the point, borrowed but they also adapted. In some very important cases, they did not need to borrow at all.''<ref name="Osborne2004"/>{{rp|page=24}}"</blockquote>

=== Localization of Hindu and Buddhist beliefs ===
Milner (2011)<ref name="Milner2011">{{Cite book |title=The Malays |last=Milner |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=9781444339031 |location=Chichester |oclc=733917612|first=Anthony Crothers}}</ref> suggests that the cultural adaptation of Hindu and Buddhist beliefs in Maritime Southeast Asia is better characterized as "localization," which Wolters (1999) describes as a process by which foreign ideas ("specifically Indian materials"<ref name="Milner2011"/>) could be "fractured and restated and therefore drained of their original significance" in the process of being adopted into "various local complexes."<ref name="Wolters1999">{{Cite book |title=History, culture, and region in Southeast Asian perspectives |last=Wolters, O. W. |date=1999 |publisher=Southeast Asia Publications, Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University |isbn=9781501732607 |edition= Rev. |location=Ithaca, N.Y. |oclc=318419814}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Butuan (historical polity)]]
* [[Cebu (historical polity)]]
* [[Indosphere]]
* [[Greater India]]
* [[Indian Filipino]]
* [[History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia]]
* [[List of India-related topics in the Philippines]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{India-related topics in Philippines}}

[[Category:Political history of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Indosphere]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora by country]]

Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi

2026-03-29T02:47:55Z

Ramesh: small changes

{{Short description|1948 murder in New Delhi, India}}
{{Redirect|Assassination of Gandhi||Assassination of Indira Gandhi|and|Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi
| image = Gandhi Smriti Delhi.jpg
| caption = A memorial marks the spot in [[Birla House]] (now ''Gandhi Smriti''), New Delhi, where Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated at 5:17 PM on 30 January 1948.
| location = [[New Delhi]], [[Dominion of India|India]]
| type = [[Assassination]], [[murder]] by [[Gun violence|shooting]]
| target = [[Mahatma Gandhi]]
| date = 30 January 1948
| time = 17:17
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| weapons = [[Beretta M 1934]] [[semi-automatic pistol]]
| fatalities = 1 (Gandhi)
| accused = Digambar Badge (granted immunity) Shankar Kistaiya (acquitted on appeal) [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]] (acquitted)
| perps = [[Nathuram Godse]] [[Narayan Apte]] Dattatraya Parchure Vishnu Karkare Madanlal Pahwa [[Gopal Godse]]
| convictions = [[Murder in Indian law|Murder]]{{Infobox event
| title =
| child = yes
| sentence = Godse and Apte: [[Capital punishment in India|Death by hanging]] Other conspirators: [[Life imprisonment]]}}
}}

[[Mahatma Gandhi]] was assassinated on 30 January 1948 at the age of 78 in the compound of The Birla House (now [[Gandhi Smriti]]), a large mansion in central [[New Delhi]]. His assassin was [[Nathuram Godse]], from [[Pune]], Maharashtra, a [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]],{{sfn|Hardiman|2003|pp=174–176}} with a history of association with the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a right-wing Hindu paramilitary organization,{{sfn|Nash|1981|p=69}} and with membership in the [[Hindu Mahasabha]].{{sfn|Hansen|1999|p=249}}<ref name="CushRobinson2008">{{Cite book |last1=Cush |first1=Denise |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC&pg=PA544 |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |last2=Robinson |first2=Catherine |last3=York |first3=Michael |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7007-1267-0 |page=544 |quote=The apotheosis of this contrast is the assassination of Gandhi in 1948 by a militant Nathuram Godse, on the basis of his 'weak' accommodationist approach towards the new state of Pakistan. |access-date=31 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012221104/http://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC&pg=PA544 |archive-date=12 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Markovits|2004|p=57}}{{sfn|Mallot|2012|pp=75–76}}

Sometime after 5 PM, according to witnesses, Gandhi had reached the top of the stairs leading to the raised lawn behind Birla House where he had been conducting multi-faith prayer meetings every evening. As Gandhi began to walk toward the dais, Godse stepped out of the crowd flanking Gandhi's path, and fired three bullets into Gandhi's chest and stomach at [[point-blank range]].<ref name=guardian31011948/>{{sfn|Stratton|1950|pp=40–42}} Gandhi fell to the ground. He was carried back to his room in Birla House from which a representative emerged sometime later to announce his death.{{sfn|Stratton|1950|pp=40–42}}{{efn-ua|'''Quote''': "Mr. Gandhi was picked up by attendants and carried rapidly back to the unpretentious bedroom where he had passed most of his working and sleeping hours. As he was taken through the door Hindu onlookers who could see him began to wail and beat their breasts. Less than half an hour later a member of Mr. Gandhi's entourage came out of the room and said to those about the door: "Bapu (father) is finished." But it was not until Mr. Gandhi's death was announced by All India Radio, at 6{{nbsp}}pm that the words spread widely."{{harvtxt|Trumbull|1948}}}}

Godse was captured by members of the crowd—the most widely reported of whom was [[Herbert Reiner Jr]], a vice-consul at the American embassy in Delhi—and handed over to the police. The Gandhi murder trial opened in May 1948 in Delhi's historic [[Red Fort]], with Godse the main defendant, and his collaborator [[Narayan Apte]], and six more, deemed co-defendants. The trial was rushed through, the haste sometimes attributed to the home minister [[Vallabhbhai Patel]]'s desire "to avoid scrutiny for the failure to prevent the assassination."{{sfn|Markovits|2004|pp=57-58}} Godse and Apte were sentenced to death on 8 November 1949. Although pleas for [[Commutation (law)|commutation]] were made by Gandhi's two sons, [[Manilal Gandhi]] and [[Ramdas Gandhi]], they were turned down by India's prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], deputy prime minister Vallabhbhai Patel, and Governor-General [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]].{{sfn|Gandhi|2006|p=660}} Godse and Apte were hanged in the [[Ambala|Ambala jail]] on 15 November 1949.{{sfn|Bandyopadhyay|2009|p=146}}

==Preparations==
In May 1944, Nathuram Vinayak Godse attempted to assassinate Gandhi with a knife. He led a group of 15 to 20 young men who rushed at Gandhi during a prayer meeting at [[Panchgani]]. Godse and his group were prevented by the crowds from reaching Gandhi. He was released due to Gandhi's own policy of declining to press criminal charges.<ref name="Newton">{{cite book | last=Newton | first=M. | title=Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia [2 volumes] | publisher=ABC-CLIO | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-61069-286-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F4-dAwAAQBAJ | access-date=2023-01-30 | page=167}}</ref>

In September 1944, Godse again led another group to block Gandhi's passage from [[Sevagram]] to [[Mumbai]]. This time Godse was arrested with a dagger and he uttered threats to kill Gandhi. He was released again owing to Gandhi's policy of not pressing criminal charges.<ref name="Newton"/>

In early September 1947, Gandhi moved to Delhi to help stem the violent rioting there and in the neighbouring province of [[East Punjab]].{{sfn|Lelyveld|2012|p=332}} The rioting had come in the wake of the [[partition of India|partition of the British Indian empire]], which had accompanied the creation of the new independent dominions of India and Pakistan, and involved large, chaotic transfers of population between them.{{sfn|Talbot|Singh|2009|p=2}}{{efn|"Communal massacres sparked a chaotic two-way flight of Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan and Muslims from India. In all an estimated 15 million people were displaced in what became the largest forced migration in the twentieth century".{{sfn|Talbot|Singh|2009|p=2}}}}

Godse and his assassination accomplices were residents of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region. Godse had previously led a civil disobedience movement against [[Osman Ali Khan]], the Muslim ruler of the princely Deccan region dominion of [[Hyderabad State]] in [[British India]]. Godse joined a protest march in 1938 in Hyderabad,{{failed verification|date=January 2022|reason=the source provided doesn't speak of ánything mentioned here}} <ref>{{cite book |author=Fetherling |first=George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yv2tU3yD00gC |title=The Book of Assassins |publisher=Random House |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-307-36909-3 |pages=164–165}}</ref> He was arrested for political crimes and served a prison sentence. Once he was out of prison, Godse continued his civil disobedience and worked as a journalist reporting the sufferings of Hindu refugees escaping from Pakistan, and during the various religious riots that erupted in the 1940s.<ref name="Naimp124">{{cite book |author=Fernhout |first=Rein |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=plEEQnaDGYYC&pg=PA124 |title=Human Rights and Religious Values: An Uneasy Relationship? |publisher=Rodopi |year=1995 |isbn=90-5183-777-1 |editor=ʻAbd Allāh Aḥmad Naʻim |pages=124–126 |display-editors=et al}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Roosa |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-RPSAAAAMAAJ |title=The Quandary of the Qaum: Indian Nationalism in a Muslim State, Hyderabad 1850-1948 |publisher=University of Wisconsin-Madison Press |year=1998 |pages=489–494 |oclc=56613452}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Kr̥ṣṇamūrti |first=Nāḍiga |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LkleAAAAIAAJ |title=Indian journalism: origin, growth and development of Indian journalism from Asoka to Nehru |publisher=University of Mysore |year=1966 |pages=248–249}}</ref>

Plans to assassinate Gandhi were initiated by Godse and his accomplices in January 1948, after India and Pakistan had already started [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|a war over Kashmir]]<ref name="Guha2018">{{citation|last=Guha|first=Ramachandra|title=Gandhi: The Years That Changed the World, 1914-1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfJEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT550|year=2018|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-385-53232-7|pages=550–|access-date=29 November 2019|archive-date=10 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910073945/https://books.google.com/books?id=cfJEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT550#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Nehru had held up a payment to the belligerent Pakistan as part of the post-Partition division of funds of British India. But Gandhi opposed the decision and went on a fast-unto-death on 13{{nbsp}}January 1948 to pressure the Indian government to release the payment to Pakistan.{{Explain|date=January 2023 |reason=An explanation (with source(s)) of "the payment to Pakistan" is needed.}} The Indian government, yielding to Gandhi, reversed its decision. Godse and his colleagues interpreted this sequence of events to be a case of Mahatma Gandhi controlling power and hurting India.<ref name="Sharma2013p26">{{cite book |author=Sharma |first=Arvind |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_YQH-LS1JtAC&pg=PA54 |title=Gandhi: A Spiritual Biography |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-300-18596-6 |pages=27–28, 97, 150–152}}</ref><ref name="Naimp124"/>

On the day Gandhi went on hunger strike, Godse and his colleagues began planning how to assassinate Gandhi.<ref name="Sharma2013p26"/><ref name="Jain76"/> [[Nathuram Vinayak Godse]] and Narayan Apte purchased a [[Beretta]] [[Beretta M1934|M1934]]. Along with purchasing the [[pistol]], Godse and his accomplices shadowed Gandhi's movements.

==Assassination attempt on 20 January 1948==
Gandhi had initially been staying at the Balmiki Temple, near [[Gole Market]] in the northern part of New Delhi, and was holding his prayer meetings there. When the temple was requisitioned for sheltering refugees of the partition he moved to [[Birla House]], a large mansion on what was then [[Albuquerque Road]] in south-central New Delhi, not far from the diplomatic enclave.{{sfn|Stratton|1950|pp=40–42}} Gandhi was living in two unpretentious rooms in the left wing of Birla House, and conducting prayer meetings on a raised lawn behind the mansion.{{sfn|Stratton|1950|pp=40–42}}

The first attempt to assassinate Gandhi at Birla House occurred on 20{{nbsp}}January 1948. According to Stanley Wolpert, [[Nathuram Godse]] and his colleagues followed Gandhi to a park where he was speaking.<ref name="Wolpert2001p254"/> One of them threw a grenade away from the crowd. The loud explosion scared the crowd, creating a chaotic stampede of people. Gandhi was left alone on the speakers' platform. The original assassination plan was to throw a second grenade, after the crowds had run away, at the isolated Gandhi<ref name="Wolpert2001p254"/> but the alleged accomplice, Digambar Badge, lost his courage, did not throw the second grenade and ran away with the crowd. All of the assassination plotters ran away, except Madanlal Pahwa who was a Punjabi refugee of the [[Partition of India]]. He was arrested.<ref name="Wolpert2001p254">{{cite book |author=Wolpert |first=Stanley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ih1VCqkUr4gC |title=Gandhi's Passion: The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-972872-5 |pages=254–256}}</ref>

== 30 January 1948 ==
=== Manuben Gandhi ===
Manu (Mridula) Gandhi, called "Manuben" in Gujarati fashion, was Mahatma Gandhi's great niece (more precisely, a first cousin twice removed). She had come to join Gandhi's entourage during his [[Noakhali riots#Gandhi peace mission|peace mission]] to [[Noakhali]] in East Bengal, which had been gripped by communal violence. Abha Chatterjee (Abhaben Chatterjee) was a girl adopted by the Gandhis who would later marry Gandhi's nephew, [[Kanu Gandhi]]. Both young women were walking with Gandhi when he was assassinated.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2012 |title=The truth about Gandhi's sex life |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/thrill-of-the-chaste-the-truth-about-gandhi-s-sex-life-b1912595.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603033106/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/thrill-of-the-chaste-the-truth-about-gandhis-sex-life-1937411.html |archive-date=3 June 2013 |access-date= |website=The Independent}}</ref> According to ''Last Glimpses Of Bapu'', a memoir by Manuben Gandhi published in 1962, Mahatma Gandhi (Bapu) started the day in Birla House by listening to a recitation of the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]''.{{sfn|Gandhi|1962|p=300}} He then worked on a Congress constitution he wanted to publish in the ''Harijan'', had his bath and massage at 8{{nbsp}}a.m., and reprimanded Manuben to take care of herself since her health was not what it should be for an 18-year-old.{{sfn|Gandhi|1962|pp=301–302}} Gandhi, aged 78, was weighed after his bath and was {{convert|109.5|lb|kg}}. He then ate lunch with Pyarelalji discussing [[Noakhali riots]].{{sfn|Gandhi|1962|p=303}} After lunch, states Manuben, Gandhi napped. After waking up, he had a meeting with Sardar Dada. Two Kathiawar leaders wanted to meet him, and when Manuben informed Gandhi that they wanted to meet him, Gandhi replied, "Tell them that, if I remain alive, they can talk to me after the prayer on my walk".{{sfn|Gandhi|1962|pp=305–306}}

According to Manuben's memoir, the meeting between Vallabhbhai Patel and Gandhi went past the scheduled time and Gandhi was about ten minutes late to the prayer meeting.{{sfn|Gandhi|1962|p=306}} He began his walk to the prayer location by walking with Manuben to his right and Abha to his left, holding onto them as walking sticks.{{sfn|Gandhi|1962|p=308}} A stout young man in khaki dress, wrote Manuben, pushed his way through the crowd bent over and with his hands folded. Manuben thought that the man wanted to touch Gandhi's feet. She pushed the man aside, saying, "Bapu is already ten minutes late; why do you embarrass him?" Godse pushed her aside so forcibly that she lost her balance, and the rosary, notebook, and Gandhi's spittoon she was carrying fell out of her hands.{{sfn|Gandhi|1962|p=309}} She recalled that as she bent to the ground to pick up the items, she heard four shots, resounding booms, and she saw smoke everywhere. Gandhi's hands were folded and he was saying, "Hey Ram...! Hey Ram...!". Abhaben, wrote Manuben, had also fallen down and she saw the assassinated Gandhi in Abhaben's lap.{{sfn|Gandhi|1962|pp=308–309}}

The pistol shots had deafened her, wrote Manuben, the smoke was very thick, and the incident complete within 3 to 4{{nbsp}}minutes. A crowd of people rushed towards them, according to Manuben.{{sfn|Gandhi|1962|pp=309–310}} The watch she was carrying showed 5:17{{nbsp}}p.m. and blood was everywhere on their white clothes. Manuben estimated that it took about ten minutes to carry Gandhi back into the house, and no doctor was available in the meanwhile. They only had a first aid box, but there was no medicine in it for treating Gandhi's wounds.{{sfn|Gandhi|1962|p=309}} According to Manuben: {{blockquote|the first bullet from the assassin's seven-bore automatic hit the belly 3.5{{nbsp}}inches to the right of the middle and 2.5{{nbsp}}inches above the navel; the second hit the belly 1{{nbsp}}inch away from middle, and the third 4{{nbsp}}inches away to the right".{{sfn|Gandhi|1962|pp=310–311}}}} Gandhi had suffered profuse blood loss. Everyone was crying loudly. In the house, Bhai Saheb had phoned the hospital many times, but was unable to reach any help. He then went to Willingdon Hospital in person, but came back disappointed. Manuben and others read the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' as Gandhi's body lay in the room. Colonel Bhargava arrived, and he pronounced Gandhi dead.{{sfn|Gandhi|1962|pp=310–311}}

=== Herbert Reiner ===
{{main|Herbert Reiner Jr.}}
According to several reports, while the attending crowd was still in shock, Gandhi's assassin Godse was seized by [[Herbert Reiner Jr]], a 32-year-old, newly arrived vice-consul at the American embassy in [[Delhi]]. According to an obituary for Reiner published in May 2000 by ''The Los Angeles Times'', Reiner's role was reported on the front pages of newspapers around the world.<ref name=AP_Reiner>{{citation|date=February 1, 1948|agency=The Associated Press|title=American who held killer 'Wanted to see Gandhi'|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1948/02/01/96415235.html?pageNumber=42|access-date=22 July 2017|archive-date=10 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910073833/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1948/02/01/96415235.html?pageNumber=42|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="LATimes">{{cite news |date=May 26, 2000 |title=Herbert Reiner Jr.; Captured Gandhi's killer |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-may-26-me-34297-story.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731093809/http://articles.latimes.com/2000/may/26/local/me-34297 |archive-date=31 July 2017 |access-date=January 27, 2017 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |department=Obituary |quote=On Jan. 30, 1948, he went to a prayer meeting to catch a glimpse of Gandhi. It was to be Gandhi's last meeting. Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist enraged by Gandhi's overtures to Muslims, brushed past his aide and fired three shots at the great moral leader. Reiner seized him and swung him into the hands of the Indian police, an action captured on the front pages of newspapers around the world.}}</ref>{{sfnm|1a1=Stimson|1y=1948| 2a1=Pronko|2a2=Bowles|2y=2013|2p=343| 3a1=Tunzelmann|3y=2012|3p=320 |4a1=Trumbull|4y=1948| 5a1=Bamzai|5a2=Damle|5y=2016 |6a1=Gauba|6y=1969|6p=150 |7a1=Kapoor|7y=2014 |8a1=Rajghatai|8y=2013}}{{efn-ua|'''Quote 1''': "As he got to the top of the steps and approached the crowd, he took his arms from the shoulders of his friends and raised his hands in salutation. He was still smiling. A thick-set man, in his 30s I should say and dressed in khaki, was in the forefront of the crowd. He moved a step toward Mr. Gandhi, took out a revolver and fired several shots at almost point-blank range. It did not sound like a revolver but like a Chinese cracker a child might have let off. Mr. Gandhi fell. For a few seconds no one could believe what had happened; every one seemed dazed and numb, and then a young American who had come for prayers rushed forward and seized the shoulders of the man in the khaki coat. That broke the spell.".{{sfn|Stimson|1948}} {{*}}'''Quote 2''': In ''Empirical Foundation of Psychology'', the authors, N. H. Pronko and J. W. Bowles introduce Robert Stimson's BBC report about Reiner as a case study, and make the observation: "The preoccupation of the audience with Gandhi's attire and actions as he entered the garden, the disrupting stimulus of Gandhi being shot, the no-response period, the new stimulus in the form of the American, and the frenzied reaction of the crowd combine to trace the sequence in a typical emotional reaction.{{Sfn|Pronko|Bowles|2013|page=343}}{{sfn|Stimson|1948}} {{*}}'''Quote 3''': "Immediately, there was chaos. As Gandhi was cradled by his devotees and carried back to the house, the assassin was seized and pummeled by thirty-two-year-old diplomatic officer Herbert Reiner of Springdale, Connecticut. A doctor was found within minutes, but he was of no use. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was dead."{{sfn|Tunzelmann|2012|p=320}} Robert Trumbull of ''The New York Times'', who was an eyewitness to the shooting, wrote in his front-page story the next day:"A crowd of about 500, according to witnesses, was stunned. There was no outcry or excitement for a second or two. Then the onlookers began to push the assassin more as if in bewilderment than in anger. The assassin was seized by Tom Reiner of Lancaster, Mass., a vice consul attached to the American Embassy and a recent arrival in India. He was attending Mr. Gandhi's prayer meeting out of curiosity, as most visitors to New Delhi do at least once. Mr. Reiner grasped the assailant by the shoulders and shoved him toward several police guards. Only then did the crowd begin to grasp what had happened and a forest of fists belabored the assassin as he was dragged toward the pergola where Mr. Gandhi was to have prayed. He left a trail of blood.".{{sfn |Trumbull|1948}} {{*}}'''Quote 4''': ...the court had authority under Code 540 of the 1898 law to examine Kasar/Damle, which was not done. The government also did not call American Marine Herbert "Tom" Reiner who caught Godse, or the nephew of then Congress Minister Takthmal Jain of Madhya Bharat ministry (1948), who claimed to have heard four shots, or the person who sold the pistol to Godse at Gwalior."{{sfn |Bamzai|Damle|2016}} {{*}}'''Quote 5''': "The unsung hero of the day, however, who wishes to remain anonymous, is an official of the American Embassy at Delhi, who is the first to realize what has happened, and leaps forward and grips the assassin by the arm. If this young American had not done what he did, Nathuram Godse would probably have shot his way out for he still had four unspent bullets in his pistol".{{sfn|Gauba|1969|p=150}} {{*}}'''Quote 6''': In the melee, no one had really noticed the man who had fired the fatal shots. One man who did was Herbert 'Tom' Reiner Jr, a diplomat who had just joined the US Foreign Service. ... He was standing in the front row when Godse brushed past him and fired the fatal shots. Reiner immediately seized Godse and held him till the police arrived. ... Most newspaper and wire reports on the assassination merely referred to 'an American diplomat' and Reiner's name only appeared in some American newspapers at the time.";{{sfn |Kapoor|2014}} {{*}}'''Quote 7''': ""Bob tells me that an American Embassy official was the unsung hero of the occasion. He was the first to realize what had happened and to leap forward and grip the assassin by the arms."<ref name="Campbell-Johnson1985">{{citation|last=Campbell-Johnson|first=Alan |title=Mission with Mountbatten|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SbJWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA280 |year=1985 |page=280 |publisher=Atheneum |isbn=9780689706974}}</ref>}}

According to {{harvtxt|Stratton|1950}}, on January 30, 1948, Reiner had reached Birla House after work, arriving fifteen minutes before the scheduled start of the prayer meeting at 5 p.m., and finding himself in a relatively small crowd.{{sfn|Stratton|1950|pp=40–42}} Although there were some armed guards present, Reiner felt that the security measures were inadequate, especially in view of an attempted bomb explosion at the same location ten days before.{{sfn|Stratton|1950|pp=40–42}} By the time Gandhi and his small party reached the garden area a few minutes after five, the crowd had swelled to several hundred, which Reiner described as comprising "schoolboys, girls, sweepers, members of the armed services, businessmen, sadhus, holy men, and even vendors displaying pictures of 'Bapu{{'"}}. At first, Reiner had been at some distance from the path leading to the dais, but he moved forward, explaining later, "An impulse to see more, and at a closer range, of this Indian leader impelled me to move away from the group in which I had been standing to the edge of the terrace steps".{{sfn|Stratton|1950|pp=40–42}}

As Gandhi walked briskly up the steps to the lawn, an unidentified man in the crowd spoke up, somewhat insolently in Reiner's recollection, "Gandhiji, you are late."{{sfn|Stratton|1950|pp=40–42}} Gandhi slowed, turned towards the man, and gave him an annoyed look as he passed directly in front of Reiner.{{sfn|Stratton|1950|pp=40–42}} No sooner had Gandhi reached the top of the steps than another man, a stocky Indian man in his 30s and dressed in khaki clothes, stepped out from the crowd and into Gandhi's path. He soon fired several shots up close, at once felling Gandhi.{{sfn|Stimson|1948}} BBC reporter [[Robert Stimson]], who was present at Birla House, reported in a broadcast that night, "For a few seconds, no one could believe what had happened; everyone seemed dazed and numb. And then a young American who had come for prayers rushed forward and seized the shoulders of the man in the khaki coat. That broke the spell. ... Half a dozen people stooped to lift Gandhi. Others hurled themselves upon the attacker. ... He was overpowered and taken away."{{sfn|Pronko|Bowles|2013|pp=342–343}} Others, as well, described how the crowd seemed paralyzed until Reiner's action.{{sfn|Singer|1953|p=194}}{{efn|"The crowd was paralyzed as the two grandchildren lifted the frail Gandhi and carried him into his room in Birla House. Tom Reiner, the United States vice-consul, a newcomer to India, who had attended the prayer meeting, seized the assassin ..."{{sfn|Singer|1953|p=194}}}}{{sfn|Stratton|1950|pp=40–42, Quote: "[Godse] stood nearly motionless with a small [[Beretta M1934|Beretta]] dangling in his right hand and to my knowledge made no attempt to escape or to take his own fire. ... Moving toward Godse I [Reiner] extended my right arm in an attempt to seize his gun but in doing so grasped his right shoulder in a manner that spun him into the hands of [[Indian Air Force#First years of independence (1947–1950)|Royal Indian Air Force]] men, also spectators, who disarmed him. I then fastened a firm grasp on his neck and shoulders until other military and police took him into custody".}}

Robert Trumbull of ''The New York Times'', who was an eyewitness, described Reiner's action in a front-page story on January{{nbsp}}31, 1948: {{blockquote|The assassin was seized by Tom Reiner of Lancaster, Mass., a vice consul attached to the American Embassy and a recent arrival in India. ... Mr. Reiner grasped the assailant by the shoulders and shoved him toward several police guards. Only then did the crowd begin to grasp what had happened and a forest of fists belabored the assassin ...{{sfn|Trumbull|1948}}}} Reiner too had noticed a man in khaki step into the path leading to the dais, but his further view was occluded by a party of associates following Gandhi. He soon heard sounds, though, which in his words were "not loud, not ringing, and not unlike the reports of damp firecrackers ..." and which for a moment made him wonder if some sort of celebration was underway.{{sfn|Stratton|1950|pp=40–42}}{{efn-ua|'''Quote 1''': "I withdrew somewhat relieved for I had been anticipating a misdirected blow or even a bullet from the angered mob to take vengeance on the culprit. It was some time before the bulk of the people realized what had happened to the side and behind them. Rumors ran rampant. One was to the effect that all shots had gone astray, another that Ava had shielded Gandhi and had herself received mortal wounds, and still another that the Mahatma while wounded was not seriously so. These were the reports that spread through the assemblage as the fatally injured Gandhi was quickly borne to his quarters. There was a reluctance to believe that the worst had really occurred, yet there was a tenseness in the air as groups related to one another their respective accounts of the assassination and made their guesses as to the communal background of the assailant. It was more than a half hour before any statement reached those outside and then it was only the terse statement in English by one of the ashram as he emerged through the porch door—"Gandhiji is finished'. The simple prayer ceremony which was to have been conducted that afternoon with its recitations from the Bhagavada Gita, the Koran, and Christian hymns never took place." Herbert Reiner Jr. in {{harvtxt|Stratton|1950}}. {{*}}'''Quote 2''': "Mr. Gandhi was picked up by attendants and carried rapidly back to the unpretentious bedroom where he had passed most of his working and sleeping hours. As he was taken through the door Hindu onlookers who could see him began to wail and beat their breasts. Less than half an hour later a member of Mr. Gandhi's entourage came out of the room and said to those about the door: "Bapu (father) is finished." But it was not until Mr. Gandhi's death was announced by All India Radio, at 6 P. M. that the words spread widely."{{harvtxt|Trumbull|1948}}}}

The details and the role of Reiner in seizing Godse vary by the source. According to Frank Allston, Reiner stated that: {{blockquote|Godse stood nearly motionless with a small Beretta dangling in his right hand and to my knowledge made no attempt to escape or to take his own fire. ... Moving toward Godse I extended my right arm in an attempt to seize his gun but in doing so grasped his right shoulder in a manner that spun him into the hands of [[Indian Air Force#First years of independence (1947–1950)|Royal Indian Air Force]] men, also spectators, who disarmed him. I then fastened a firm grasp on his neck and shoulders until other military and police took him into custody.<ref name=allston>{{citation|last=Allston|first=Frank J.|title=Ready for Sea: The Bicentennial History of the U.S. Navy Supply Corps|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TabfAAAAMAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=978-1-55750-033-5|pages=341–342}}; Quote: "Reiner attempted to seize the man's gun hand, but hit his shoulder instead, spinning the culprit into the hands of members of the Royal Indian Air Force. When he ascertained the assassin could not escape, Reiner withdrew."</ref>{{sfn|Stratton|1950|pp=40–42}}{{efn-ua|"Reiner recalled, "People were standing as though paralyzed. I moved around them, grasped his shoulder and spun him around, then took a firmer grip on his shoulders"<ref name=LATimes/>}}}} According to Tunzelmann, Godse was seized and pummeled by Reiner.{{sfn|Tunzelmann|2012|p=320, Quote: "Immediately, there was chaos. As Gandhi was cradled by his devotees and carried back to the house, the assassin was seized and pummelled by thirty-two-year-old diplomatic officer Herbert Reiner of Springdale, Connecticut.}} According to [[K. L. Gauba]], Reiner was the "unsung hero" and had he not acted "Godse would probably have shot his way out".{{sfn |Gauba|1969|p=Quote: "The unsung hero of the day, however, who wishes to remain anonymous, is an official of the American Embassy at Delhi, who is the first to realise what has happened, and leaps forward and grips the assassin by the arm. If this young American had not done what he did, Nathuram Godse would probably have shot his way out for he still had four unspent bullets in his pistol".}} Reiner was standing in the front row, states Pramod Kapoor, and he seized and held Godse until the police arrived, but his name only appeared in some American newspapers.{{sfn |Kapoor|2014|p=Quote; "In the melee, no one had really noticed the man who had fired the fatal shots. One man who did was Herbert 'Tom' Reiner Jr, a diplomat who had just joined the US Foreign Service. ... He was standing in the front row when Godse brushed past him and fired the fatal shots. Reiner immediately seized Godse and held him till the police arrived. ... Most newspaper and wire reports on the assassination merely referred to 'an American diplomat' and Reiner's name only appeared in some American newspapers at the time."}} According to Bamzai and Damle, during the assassination trial, the government did not call to the stand [[United States Marine Corps|American marine]] Herbert "Tom" Reiner who caught Godse or the nephew of then Congress minister Takthmal Jain of Madhya Bharat ministry (1948), as well as many others.{{sfn |Bamzai|Damle|2016}}

=== Other reports ===
According to some reports, Godse surrendered voluntarily and asked for the police.<ref>'''[a]''' {{cite book|author=Ashis Nandy|title=Exiled at Home: Comprising, At the Edge of Psychology, The Intimate Enemy, Creating a Nationality | chapter= Final Encounter: The Politics of the Assassination of Gandhi |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=SBVuAAAAMAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-564177-6|page=92}}, Quote: "he [Godse] made no attempt to run away and himself shouted for the police"; '''[b]''' {{harvnb|McLain|2007|p=?}}. Quote: "Godse then calmly called for the police and turned himself in"; '''[c]''' {{harvnb|Doeden|2013|p=5}}. Quote: "Godse did not flee the scene, and he voluntarily surrendered himself to the police"; '''[d]''' {{cite book|author=Pramod Kumar Das|title=Famous Murder Trials: Covering More Than 75 Murder Cases in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oB2op90KFmYC&pg=PA19 |year=2007|publisher=Universal Law|isbn=978-81-7534-605-5|pages=19–20}}; '''[e]''' {{cite book|author=George Fetherling|title=The Book of Assassins |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yv2tU3yD00gC |year=2011 |publisher=Random House |isbn= 978-0-307-36909-3|pages=163–165}}</ref> Yet other reports state he was rushed by the crowd, beaten, arrested, and taken to jail.{{sfn|Nash|1981|p=69}}<ref name="Chatfield1976">{{cite book |author=Chatfield |first=Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=og9uAAAAMAAJ |title=The Americanization of Gandhi: images of the Mahatma |publisher=Garland |year=1976 |isbn=978-0824004460 |pages=554–561}}</ref> According to some eyewitnesses and court proceedings, Nathuram Godse was seized immediately by witnesses and an Indian Air Force officer dispossessed him of the pistol. The crowd beat him to a bloodied state. The police wrested him loose from the angry crowd, took him to jail.<ref name="Chatfield1976"/>{{sfn|Nash|1981|p=69}}{{sfn|Khosla|1965|p=?}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Laucella |first=Linda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MYbaAAAAMAAJ |title=Assassination: The Politics of Murder |publisher=Lowell |year=1998 |isbn=978-1-56565-628-4 |page=177}}</ref> A [[first information report|FIR]] was filed by Nandlal Mehta at the Tughlak Road police station at Delhi.

The 31 January 1948 issue of the ''Manchester Guardian'', a British newspaper, described Gandhi as walking from the "Birla House to the lawn where his evening prayer meetings were held".<ref name=guardian31011948/> Gandhi was a bit late for the prayer, leaning on the shoulders of two grand-nieces. On his way, he was approached by a man [Godse] dressed in a khaki bush jacket and blue trousers. According to one version, stated the ''Guardian'', Gandhi smiled back and spoke to Godse,<ref name=guardian31011948/> then the assailant pulled out a pistol and fired three times, at point-blank range, into Gandhi's chest, stomach and groin. Gandhi died at 5:40pm, about half an hour after he was shot.<ref name=guardian31011948/>

According to the ''Guardian'' report, which did not mention Herbert Reiner Jr, Godse "fired a fourth shot, apparently in an effort to kill himself, but a Royal Indian Air Force sergeant standing alongside jolted his arm and wrenched the pistol away. The sergeant wanted to shoot the man but was stopped by the police. An infuriated crowd fell upon the man and beat him with sticks, but he was apprehended by the police and taken to a police station."<ref name="guardian31011948">{{Cite news |date=1948-01-31 |title=Assassination of Mr Gandhi |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1948/jan/31/india.fromthearchive |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122164118/https://www.theguardian.com/world/1948/jan/31/india.fromthearchive |archive-date=22 November 2017 |access-date= |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Godse was questioned by reporters, who in English replied that he was not sorry to have killed Gandhi and awaited his day in court to explain his reasons.<ref name=guardian31011948/>

[[Vincent Sheean]] was another eyewitness and an American reporter who had covered World War II events.{{sfn|Sheean|1949|pp=215–219}}{{sfn|Paranjape|2015|pp=10–11}} He went to India in 1947 and became a disciple of Gandhi. He was with the BBC reporter Bob Stimson in Birla House premises when Gandhi was assassinated. They stood next to each other by the corner of a wall. According to Sheean, Gandhi walked across the grass in their direction, leaning lightly "on two of the girls", and two or three others following them. Gandhi wrapped in a homespun shawl passed them by, states Sheean's eyewitness account, and climbed up four or five steps to the prayer ground.{{sfn|Sheean|1949|pp=216}} As usual, according to Sheean, "there was a clump of people, some of whom were standing and some of whom had gone on their knees or bent low before him. Bob and I turned to watch-we were perhaps ten feet away from the steps-but the clump of people cut off our view of the Mahatma now: he was so small".{{sfn|Sheean|1949|pp=216}}

Then, states Sheean, he heard "four, dull, dark explosions". Sheean asked Stimson, "what's that?" Stimson replied, "I don't know".{{sfn|Sheean|1949|pp=215–216}} It was a confusing place, people were weeping and many things happening, wrote Sheean. "A doctor was found, the police took charge; the body of the Mahatma was carried away; the crowd melted, perhaps urged to do so by the police; I saw none of this."{{sfn|Sheean|1949|pp=216–219}}{{sfn|Paranjape|2015|pp=10–11}} Stimson filed a BBC report, then he and Sheean walked up and down the flower bed for a while. Sheean reported that he later met a "young American from the Embassy" who had never been to a prayer meeting before. Sheean did not take in anything the young American said about the scene, but a week later learned that "it was this young man who had captured the assassin, held him for the Indian police" and after turning the assassin over, it was this young American who searched the crowd for a doctor. He experienced a tribal pride, states Sheean, that even though he was paralyzed and helpless on the day of Gandhi's assassination, "one of his breed had been useful".{{sfn|Sheean|1949|pp=215–219}}

According to [[Ashis Nandy]], before firing the shots Godse "bowed down to Gandhi to show his respect for the services the Mahatma had rendered the country; he made no attempt to run away and himself shouted for the police".<ref name="Nandy1998p92">{{cite book |author=Nandy |first=Ashis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SBVuAAAAMAAJ |title=Exiled at Home: Comprising, At the Edge of Psychology, The Intimate Enemy, Creating a Nationality |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-564177-6 |page=92 |chapter=Final Encounter: The Politics of the Assassination of Gandhi}}</ref> According to Pramod Das, Godse after firing the shots raised his hand with the gun, surrendered and called for the police.<ref>{{cite book |author=Das |first=Pramod Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oB2op90KFmYC&pg=PA19 |title=Famous Murder Trials: Covering More Than 75 Murder Cases in India |publisher=Universal Law Publishing |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-7534-605-5 |pages=19–20}}</ref> According to George Fetherling, Godse did not try to flee, he "stood silently waiting to be arrested but was not approached at first because he was still armed; at last a member of the Indian air force grabbed him by the wrist, and Godse released his weapon". Police, states Fetherling, then "quickly surrounded Godse to prevent the crowd from lynching him".<ref>{{cite book |author=Fetherling |first=George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yv2tU3yD00gC |title=The Book of Assassins |publisher=Random House |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-307-36909-3 |pages=163–165}}</ref> According to Matt Doeden and others, "Godse did not flee the scene, and he voluntarily surrendered himself to the police".{{sfn|Doeden|2013|p=5}}{{sfn|McLain|2007|pp=70-71}}

== Death ==
According to some accounts, Gandhi died on the spot.<ref>{{cite book |author=Gandhi |first=Mahatma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=USxWAAAAYAAJ |title=The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |year=2000 |isbn=978-81-230-0154-8 |page=130}}</ref><ref name="Gandhi2007">{{Cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Tushar A.|title="Let's Kill Gandhi !": A Chronicle of His Last Days, the Conspiracy, Murder, Investigation, and Trial|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-dsbNz7syQC&pg=PT12|year=2007|publisher=Rupa & Company|isbn=978-81-291-1094-7|page=12|access-date=7 June 2017|archive-date=29 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329133632/https://books.google.com/books?id=x-dsbNz7syQC&pg=PT12|url-status=live}}</ref> In other accounts, such as one prepared by an eyewitness journalist, Gandhi was carried back into the Birla House, into a bedroom, where he died about 30{{nbsp}}minutes later as one of Gandhi's family members read verses from Hindu scriptures.<ref>{{cite book |author=Pronko |first=Nicholas Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0VOBAAAAQBAJ |title=Empirical Foundations Of Psychology |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-136-32701-8 |pages=342–343}}</ref>

==Motives==
During the subsequent trial, and in various witness accounts and books written since, the motivation of Godse has been summarized, speculated about and debated.{{sfn|Markovits|2004|pp=57-59}}<ref>{{cite book |last1 = Gandhi |first1 = Tushar |title = Lets Kill Gandhi |date = 2012 |publisher = Rupa Publications |location = Mumbai |isbn = 978-8129128942}}</ref> Godse did not deny killing Gandhi, and made a long statement explaining his motivations for the assassination of Gandhi.{{sfn|Godse|1948}} Some of these motivations were:{{sfn|Godse|1948}}<ref name="Naim1995p126">{{cite book |author=Fernhout |first=Rein |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=plEEQnaDGYYC&pg=PA126 |title=Human Rights and Religious Values: An Uneasy Relationship? |publisher=Rodopi |year=1995 |isbn=978-9051837773 |editor=ʻAbd Allāh Aḥmad Naʻim, Jerald Gort and Henry Jansen |pages=126–131}}</ref>
* Godse felt that the massacre and suffering caused during, and due to, the [[Partition of India|partition]] could have been avoided if Gandhi and the Indian government had acted to stop the killing of the minorities ([[Hindus]] and [[Sikhs]]) in [[West Pakistan|West]] and [[East Pakistan|East]] Pakistan. He stated Gandhi had not protested against these atrocities being suffered by [[Hinduism in Pakistan|Hindus in Pakistan]] and had instead resorted to fasts.<ref>{{cite news |title = Excerpts From Nathuram Godse's Deposition Before Justice Atma Charan of the Special Court |url = http://janasangh.com/jsart.aspx?stid=85 |access-date = 18 June 2014 |issue = January 2006 |publisher = Janasangh Today |date = January 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150207024343/http://janasangh.com/jsart.aspx?stid=85 |archive-date = 7 February 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref> In his court deposition, Godse said, "''I thought to myself and foresaw I shall be totally ruined, and the only thing I could expect from the people would be nothing but hatred ... if I were to kill Gandhiji. But at the same time I felt that the Indian politics in the absence of Gandhiji would surely be proved practical, able to retaliate, and would be powerful with armed forces. No doubt, my own future would be totally ruined, but the nation would be saved from the inroads of Pakistan.''"<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Overdof |first1 = Jason |title = Analysis: The man who killed Gandhi |url = http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/india/090203/analysis-the-man-who-killed-gandhi |access-date = 18 June 2014 |publisher = Global Post |date = 5 February 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140730193522/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/india/090203/analysis-the-man-who-killed-gandhi |archive-date = 30 July 2014 |url-status = live}}</ref>
* Godse claimed that Gandhi's fast to pressure the [[Dominion of India|Indian government]] to release the final payment to [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] that it had previously frozen because of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|war in Kashmir]], and the Indian government's subsequent policy reversal, was proof that the Indian government reversed its decision to suit the feelings of Gandhi for appeasement of Pakistan. To Godse, India was not being run by the force of public opinion, but by Gandhi's whims. Godse added that he admired Gandhi for his lofty character, ceaseless work and asceticism, and Gandhi's formidable character meant that his influence outside of the due process would continue while he was alive. Gandhi had to be removed from the political stage, so that India can begin looking after its own interests as a nation, according to Godse.{{sfn|Godse|1948}}{{sfn| Lelyveld| 2012|p=339}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Jain |first=Jagdish Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NurqxSttqjoC |title=Gandhi, the Forgotten Mahatma |publisher=Mittal |year=1987 |isbn=978-81-7099-037-6 |pages=76–92}}</ref>
* Godse stated he did not oppose Gandhian ''[[Nonviolence|ahimsa]]'' teachings, but added that Gandhi's talk of [[religious tolerance]] and nonviolence had already caused India to cede Pakistan to Muslims, uprooted millions of people from their home, caused immense violent loss of life and broken families. He believed that if Gandhi was not checked he would bring destruction and more massacres to Hindus. In Godse's opinion, the only answer to violent aggression was violent self-defense. Godse stated that Gandhi had betrayed his Hindu religion and culture by supporting Muslims at the expense of Hindus because his lectures of ''ahimsa'' (non-violence) were directed at and accepted by the Hindu community only. Godse said, "I sat brooding intensely on the atrocities perpetrated on Hinduism and its dark and deadly future if left to face Islam (Pakistan) outside and Gandhi inside, and... I decided all of a sudden to take the extreme step against Gandhi. I did not hate Gandhi, I revered him because we both venerated much in Hindu religion, Hindu history and Hindu culture, we both were against superstitious aspects and the wrongs in Hinduism. Therefore, I bowed before Gandhi when I met him, said Godse, then performed my moral duty and killed Gandhi."{{sfn|Godse|1948}}<ref name="mehta174">{{cite book |author=Mehta |first=Ved |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ar1gpGRf--0C |title=Mahatma Gandhi and His Apostles |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1993 |isbn=0-300-05539-0 |pages=174–176}}</ref>

==Trial and judgments==
[[File:Trial of persons accused of participation and complicity in Gandhi's assassination in the Special Court in Red Fort Delhi.jpg|thumb|The trial of persons accused of participation and complicity in the assassination at the Special Court in Red Fort Delhi on 27 May 1948. Front row, left to right: [[Nathuram Godse]], [[Narayan Apte]], and Vishnu Ramkrishna Karkare. Seated behind, left to right: Digambar Badge, Shankar Kistaiya, [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]], [[Gopal Godse]], and Dattatraya Sadashiv Parachure.]]
The assassination was investigated, and many additional people were arrested, charged and tried in a lower court. The case and its appeal attracted considerable media attention, but Godse's statement in his defense to the court was banned immediately by the Indian government. Those convicted were either executed or served their complete sentences.

===Investigation and arrests===
Along with [[Nathuram Godse]] many other accomplices were arrested. They were all identified as prominent members of the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] – a nationalist organization.<ref>{{cite book |author=Prasad |first=S.N. |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001253681 |title=Operation Polo: the police action against Hyderabad, 1948 |publisher=Government of India |year=1972 |series=Armed Forces of the Indian Union |pages=62–77, 91–102 |access-date=9 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019210314/https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001253681 |archive-date=19 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Along with Godse and accomplices, police arrested the 65-year-old [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]], who they accused of being the mastermind behind the plot.{{sfn|Khosla|1965|p=15–29}}{{better source needed|date=January 2022}}

== Arrested ==
The accused, their place of residence and occupational background were as follows:<ref name="Jain76">{{cite book |author=Jain |first=Jagdish Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NurqxSttqjoC&pg=PA76 |title=Gandhi, the Forgotten Mahatma |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1987 |isbn=978-81-7099-037-6 |pages=76–77}}</ref>
# [[Nathuram Godse|Nathuram Vinayak Godse]] (Pune, Maharashtra; a former member of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]], editor, journalist){{sfn|Khosla|1965|p= 14}}
# [[Narayan Apte]] (Pune, Maharashtra; formerly: British military service, teacher, newspaper manager){{sfn|Khosla|1965|pp= 15, 24}}
# [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]] (Mumbai, Maharashtra; author, lawyer, politician and former president of [[Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha]]){{sfn|Khosla|1965|pp= 15, 40}}
# Shankar Kistayya (Pune, Maharashtra; [[rickshaw]] puller, domestic worker employed by Digambar Badge){{sfn|Khosla|1965|pp=15, 25–27}}
# [[Dattatraya Parchure]] (Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh; medical service, care giver){{sfn|Khosla|1965|pp= 15, 25}}
# Vishnu Karkare (Ahmednagar, Maharashtra; orphan; odd jobs in hotels, musician in a traveling troupe, volunteer in relief efforts to religious riots (Noakhali), later restaurant owner){{sfn|Khosla|1965|pp= 15, 24–25}}
# Madanlal Pahwa (Ahmednagar refugee camp, Maharashtra; former British Indian army soldier, unemployed, Punjabi refugee who had migrated to India from Pakistan during the Partition.){{sfn|Khosla|1965|pp= 15, 25}}
# [[Gopal Godse]] (Pune, Maharashtra; brother of Nathuram Godse; storekeeper, merchant){{sfn|Khosla|1965|p= 15}}

Digambar Badge was alleged to be one of the conspirators and an active participant in the murder plan. After his arrest, he made a statement admitting his own guilt and incriminating his accomplices. He expressed his willingness to appear before a magistrate and repeat his statement; so, he was tendered a conditional pardon and turned King's evidence.{{sfn|Khosla|1965|p= 15/16}}

== Trial and sentencing: Lower Court ==
The trial began on 27{{nbsp}}May 1948 and ran for eight months before Justice Atma Charan passed his final order on 10{{nbsp}}February 1949. The prosecution called 149 witnesses, the defense none.{{sfn|Khosla|1965|p=15–29}} The court found all of the defendants except one guilty as charged. Eight men were convicted for the murder conspiracy, and others convicted for violation of the Explosive Substances Act. Savarkar was acquitted and set free. Nathuram Godse and Narayan Apte were sentenced to death by [[hanging]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/yakub-memon-first-to-be-hanged-in-maharashtra-after-ajmal-kasab/?SocialMedia |title=Yakub Memon first to be hanged in Maharashtra after Ajmal Kasab|date=30 July 2015|access-date=30 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928031701/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/yakub-memon-first-to-be-hanged-in-maharashtra-after-ajmal-kasab/?SocialMedia|archive-date=28 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> and the remaining six (including Godse's brother, Gopal) were sentenced to [[Life in prison|life imprisonment]]. Pahwa, Gopal Godse, and Karkare were all released from prison in October 1964.<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Menon |first1 = Vinod Kumar |title = Revealed: The secret room where Godse was kept after killing Gandh |url = http://www.mid-day.com/articles/revealed-the-secret-room-where-godse-was-kept-after-killing-gandhi/15058009 |access-date = 18 June 2014 |publisher = Mid-Day |date = 30 January 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140703144825/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/revealed-the-secret-room-where-godse-was-kept-after-killing-gandhi/15058009 |archive-date = 3 July 2014 |url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/i-regret-i-wasnt-the-man-to-kill-gandhi/204997|title=Madanlal Pahwa outlook|website=Outlook India|access-date=2019-11-18|archive-date=12 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812014101/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/i-regret-i-wasnt-the-man-to-kill-gandhi/204997|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Appeal: High Court ==
{{see also|Nathuram Godse#Trial}}
Of those found guilty, all except Godse appealed their conviction and sentence. Godse accepted his death sentence, but appealed the lower court ruling that found him guilty of conspiracy. Godse argued, in his limited appeal to the High Court, that there was no conspiracy, he alone was solely responsible for the assassination, witnesses saw only him kill Gandhi, that all co-accused were innocent and should be released.{{sfn|Khosla|1965|pp=15–17}} According to Claude Markovits, Godse's declarations and expressed motivations during the appeal have been analyzed in contrasting ways. For example, "while Robert Payne, in his detailed account of the trial, dwells on the irrational nature of his statement, [[Ashis Nandy]] underlines the deeply rational character of Godse's action, which, in his view, reflected the well-founded fears among upper-caste Hindus of Gandhi's message and its impact on Hindu society."{{sfn|Markovits|2004|p=57}}

The appeal by the convicted men was heard from 2 May 1949, at [[Peterhoff, Shimla]] (Himachal Pradesh) which then housed the Punjab High Court.{{sfn|Khosla|1965|pp=17–19}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Nathuram Godse was tried at Peterhoff Shimla in Gandhi Murder Case |url= http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/01/nathuram-godse-was-tried-at-peterhoff-shimla-in-gandhi-murder-case/|work=IANS|publisher=Biharprabha News|access-date=30 January 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140201122420/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/01/nathuram-godse-was-tried-at-peterhoff-shimla-in-gandhi-murder-case/ |archive-date=1 February 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> The High Court confirmed the findings and sentences of the lower court except in the cases of Dattatraya Parchure and Shankar Kistayya who were acquitted of all charges.

Professor Claude Markovits, a Senior Research Fellow at the [[French National Centre for Scientific Research]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceias.ehess.fr/index.php?3640 |title=Claude Markovits |work=Centre for South Asian Studies |access-date=2020-08-25}}</ref> wrote a 2004 book (''The UnGandhian Gandhi: The Life and Afterlife of the Mahatma'') that the trial and execution was rushed, attributing the haste to [[Vallabhbhai Patel]]'s efforts "to avoid scrutiny for the failure to prevent the assassination."{{sfn|Markovits|2004|pp=57–58}}

== Executions ==
Godse and Apte were sentenced to death on 8{{nbsp}}November 1949.{{sfn|Bandyopadhyay|2009|p=146}} Pleas for commutation were made by Gandhi's two sons, [[Manilal Gandhi]] and [[Ramdas Gandhi]], but these pleas were turned down by India's prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], deputy prime minister and home minister [[Vallabhbhai Patel|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]] and the Governor-General [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]].{{sfn|Gandhi|2006|p=660}} Godse and Apte were hanged in [[Ambala|Ambala Gaol]] on 15{{nbsp}}November 1949.{{sfn|Bandyopadhyay|2009|p=146}} According to the ''Almanac of World Crime'', at the hanging Apte's neck broke and he died instantly,{{sfn|Nash|1981|pp=69, 160}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Jain |first=Jagdish Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NurqxSttqjoC |title=Gandhi, the Forgotten Mahatma |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1987 |isbn=978-81-7099-037-6 |pages=94–97}}</ref> but "Godse died slowly by the rope"; instead of having his neck snap he choked "to death for fifteen minutes".{{sfn|Nash|1981|p=69}}

== Coverage and judge's comments ==
The Government of India made the assassination trial public. According to Claude Markovits: <blockquote>Godse ... tried to use the courtroom as a political forum by reading a long declaration in which he tried to justify his crime. He accused Gandhi of complacency towards Muslims, blamed him for the sufferings of Partition and generally criticized his subjectivism and pretension to a monopoly of the truth. Although his attacks were met with some echo in high-caste Hindu circles traditionally hostile to Gandhi, he could not create a groundswell of opinion in his favour.{{sfn|Markovits|2004|p=57}}</blockquote>

Godse later appealed the death sentence verdict in the Appeals Court in Simla, then in Punjab.<ref name=allo-corrected-url/> He made a plea of poverty and requested that he be allowed to appear and defend himself in person.<ref name=allo-corrected-url/> As the request was allowed, Godse became the only accused to appear in person at the appeal.<ref name=allo-corrected-url/> G.D. Khosla, one of the three judges who heard the appeal, later wrote of the Godse statement:<ref name=allo-corrected-url>{{citation|last=Allo|first=Awol|title=The Courtroom as a Space of Resistance: Reflections on the Legacy of the Rivonia Trial|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4u1CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT367|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-03711-8|access-date=22 November 2022|archive-date=10 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910073833/https://books.google.com/books?id=n4u1CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT367#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

<blockquote>The audience was visibly and audibly moved. There was a deep silence when he ceased speaking. Many women were in tears and men were coughing and searching for their handkerchiefs. The silence was accentuated and made deeper by the sound of a[n] occasional subdued sniff or a muffled cough. It seemed to me that I was taking part in some kind of melodrama or a scene out of a Hollywood feature film. ... the audience most certainly thought Godse's performance was the only worth-while part of the lengthy proceedings ... I have no doubt that had the audience of that day been constituted into a jury and entrusted with the task of deciding Godse's appeal, they would have brought in a verdict of 'not guilty' by an overwhelming majority<ref name=allo-corrected-url/></blockquote>

==Tributes==
[[File:Gandhi funeral.jpg|thumb|210px|Funeral procession of Gandhi, passing the [[India Gate]], Delhi]]

After the assassination, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru addressed the nation by radio:<ref name="MaybinMercer2020">{{citation |last1=Sen |first1=Julu |last2=Sharma |first2=Rahul |last3=Chakraverty |first3=Anima |editor=Janet Maybin |editor2=Neil Mercer |editor3=Ann Hewings |title=Using English |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mA4HEAAAQBAJ |year=2020 |publisher=Routledge; The Open University |location=Abington, OX and New York; Milton Keynes |isbn=978-1-00-011605-2 |pages=79– |chapter=Reading B: 'The light has gone out': Indian traditions in English rhetoric |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mA4HEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 |access-date=12 March 2021 |archive-date=10 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910073948/https://books.google.com/books?id=mA4HEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{blockquote|Friends and comrades, the light has gone out of our lives, and there is darkness everywhere, and I do not quite know what to tell you or how to say it. Our beloved leader, Bapu as we called him, the father of the nation, is no more. Perhaps I am wrong to say that; nevertheless, we will not see him again, as we have seen him for these many years, we will not run to him for advice or seek solace from him, and that is a terrible blow, not only for me, but for millions and millions in this country.<ref name="MaybinMercer2020"/>}}[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], Governor general and founder of Pakistan, on the day of Gandhi's assassination, said:
{{blockquote|I am shocked to learn of the most dastardly attack on the life of Mr. Gandhi, resulting in his death. Whatever our political differences, he was one of the greatest men produced by the Hindu community, and a leader who commanded their universal confidence and respect. I wish to express my deep sorrow, and sincerely sympathize with the great Hindu community and his family in their bereavement at this momentous, historical and critical juncture so soon after the birth of freedom for Hindustan and Pakistan. The loss of dominion of India is irreparable, and it will be very difficult to fill the vacuum created by the passing way of such a great man at this moment.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-02|title='One of the Greatest…' Jinnah's Condolence for Gandhi and a Pakistan Visit That Was Never to Be|url=https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/opinion-one-of-the-greatest-jinnahs-condolence-for-mahatma-gandhi-and-a-pakistan-visit-that-was-never-to-be-2330559.html|access-date=2021-09-25|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=10 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910073834/https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/opinion-one-of-the-greatest-jinnahs-condolence-for-mahatma-gandhi-and-a-pakistan-visit-that-was-never-to-be-2330559.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

Gandhi's death was mourned around the world. Field Marshal [[Jan Smuts]], former prime minister of South Africa, and once Gandhi's adversary, said:<ref name="Steyn2018">{{citation|last=Steyn|first=Richard|title=Churchill's Confidant: Jan Smuts, Enemy to Lifelong Friend|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V7goDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT239|year=2018|publisher=Little, Brown Book Group|isbn=978-1-4721-4075-3|pages=239–|access-date=29 November 2019|archive-date=10 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910073834/https://books.google.com/books?id=V7goDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT239#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{blockquote|Gandhi was one of the great men of my time and my acquaintance with him over a period of more than 30 years has only deepened my high respect for him however much we differed in our views and methods. A prince among men has passed away and we grieve with India in her irreparable loss.<ref name="Guha2018"/>}}

The British prime minister [[Clement Attlee]] said in a radio address to the nation on the night of January 30, 1948:{{blockquote| Everyone will have learnt with profound horror of the brutal murder of Mr Gandhi and I know that I am expressing the views of the British people in offering to his fellow-countrymen our deep sympathy in the loss of their greatest citizen. Mahatma Gandhi, as he was known in India, was one of the outstanding figures in the world today, ... For a quarter of a century this one man has been the major factor in every consideration of the Indian problem.<ref name=attlee-gandhi_cbc_archives>{{citation|author=CBC News Roundup|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Digital Archives|title=India: The Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi|date=30 January 1948|url=https://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/india-the-assassination-of-mahatma-gandhi|access-date=29 November 2019|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225183920/https://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/india-the-assassination-of-mahatma-gandhi|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

[[Leo Amery]], the British secretary of state during the war said:

{{blockquote|It can be said that no one contributed more to the particular way in which the charter of British rule in India has ended than Mahatma Gandhi himself. His death comes at the close of a great chapter in world history. In the mind of India, at least, he will always be identified with the opening of the new chapter which, however troubled at the outset, we should all hope, will develop in peace, concord and prosperity for India.<ref name="Division_Amery">{{citation|author=Publication Division|title=HOMAGE TO MAHATMA|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ueahDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT40|year=1948|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|isbn=978-81-230-2262-8|pages=40–|access-date=29 November 2019|archive-date=10 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910073948/https://books.google.com/books?id=ueahDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT40#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

[[Lord Pethick-Lawrence]], the British secretary of state in 1948 said:

{{blockquote|What was the secret of his power over the hearts and minds of men and women? In my opinion it was the fact that he voluntarily stripped himself of every vestige of the privilege that he could have enjoyed on account of his birth, means, personality and intellectual pre-eminence and took on himself the status and infirmities of the ordinary man. When he was in South Africa as a young man and opposed the treatment of his fellow-countrymen in that land, he courted for himself the humiliation of the humblest Indian that he might in his own person face the punishment meted out for disobedience. When he called for non-cooperation with the British in India he himself disobeyed the law and insisted that he must be among the first to go to prison. ... He never claimed to be any other than an ordinary man. He acknowledged his liability to error and admitted that he had frequently-learnt by his mistakes. He was the universal brother, lover and friend of poor, weak, erring, suffering humanity.<ref name="Division_Pethick_Lawrence">{{citation|author=Publication Division|title=HOMAGE TO MAHATMA|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ueahDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT39|year=1948|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|isbn=978-81-230-2262-8|pages=39–40|access-date=29 November 2019|archive-date=10 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910073949/https://books.google.com/books?id=ueahDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT39#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

[[Albert Einstein]] wrote: {{blockquote| He died as the victim of his own principles, the principle of non-violence. He died because in time of disorder and general irritation in his country, he refused armed protection for himself. It was his unshakable belief that the use of force is an evil in itself, that therefore it must be avoided by those who are striving for supreme justice to his belief. With his belief in his heart and mind, he has led a great nation on to its liberation. He has demonstrated that a powerful human following can be assembled not only through the cunning game of the usual political manoeuvres and trickery but through the cogent example of a morally superior conduct of life. The admiration for Mahatma Gandhi in all countries of the world rests on that recognition.<ref name="Mehta2013_Einstein">{{cite book|author=Ved Mehta|title=Mahatma Gandhi and His Apostles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w2pBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA69|year=2013|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-93-5118-577-2|page=69}}</ref>}}

''[[The New York Times]]'' in its editorial wrote:

{{blockquote|It is Gandhi the saint who will be remembered, not only on the plains and in the hills of India, but all over the world. He strove for perfection as other men strive for power and possessions. He pitied those to whom wrong was done: the East Indian laborers in South Africa, the untouchable 'Children of God' of the lowest caste of India, but he schooled himself not to hate the wrongdoer. The power of his benignity grew stronger as his potential influence ebbed. He tried in the mood of the New Testament to love his enemies. Now he belongs to the ages.<ref name="Snyder1951">{{citation|last=Snyder|first=Louis Leo|title=A Treasury of Intimate Biographies: Dramatic Stories from the Lives of Great Men |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=73xLAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA384|year=1951|publisher=Greenberg|page=384}}</ref>}}

Over two million people joined the five-mile-long funeral procession that took over five hours to reach Raj Ghat from Birla House, where he had been assassinated. Gandhi was [[cremation|cremated]] in a funeral [[pyre]].<ref name="CanberraTimes1948">{{citation|title=The Canberra Times|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/2736489|year=1948|access-date=29 January 2020|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224155925/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/2736489|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Previous attempt in 1934==
A prior, unsuccessful attempt, to assassinate Gandhi occurred on 25{{nbsp}}June 1934 at Pune.<ref name="previous">{{cite news|last1=Narayan|first1=Hari|title=Preserving the truth behind Gandhi's murder|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/preserving-the-truth-behind-gandhis-murder/article7337138.ece|access-date=4 July 2017|work=The Hindu|date=20 June 2015|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108131952/https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/preserving-the-truth-behind-gandhis-murder/article7337138.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The second assassination of Gandhi?|first=Ram|last=Puniyani|page=54|publisher = Anamika publication}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Gandhi|first=David|last=Arnold|page=144|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWzXAwAAQBAJ&q=gandhi&pg=PT144|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317882343|date=17 June 2014}}</ref> Gandhi was in Pune along with his wife, [[Kasturba Gandhi]], to deliver a speech at Corporation Auditorium. They were travelling in a motorcade of two cars. The car in which the couple was travelling was delayed and the first car reached the auditorium. Just when the first car arrived at the auditorium, a [[bomb]] was thrown, which exploded near the car. This caused grievous injury to the Chief Officer of the Pune Municipal Corporation, two policemen and seven others. Nevertheless, no account or records of the investigation nor arrests made can be found. Gandhi's secretary, [[Pyarelal Nayyar]], believed that the attempt failed due to lack of planning and co-ordination.<ref>[[Pyarelal Nayyar]], ''Mahatma Gandhi – The Last Phase,'' Navajivan, (1956). {{ISBN|0-85283-112-9}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
In the newly formed [[Dominion of India]], the carnage that had been set off by the [[Partition of India]] ended with the shock of Gandhi's assassination.<ref name="Khan2011">{{cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=Yasmin |year=2011|title=Performing Peace: Gandhi's assassination as a critical moment in the consolidation of the Nehruvian state |journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]] |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=57–80 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X10000223|s2cid=144894540|doi-access=free }}</ref> The RSS, the Hindu paramilitary volunteer organisation, whose activities had been hidden from public view, and whose member Nathuram Godse had once been, was banned on 4 February 1948. The ban lasted one year.<ref name=kapila-rss-ban/> A few weeks before, Vallabhai Patel had invited the RSS and its more overtly political sister organization, the [[Hindu Mahasabha]], to join the Congress and to build the new nation. He had warned the Hindu nationalists that they were not the only defenders of Hinduism, which was more tolerant than the variety whose ideals they upheld; he had also cautioned his colleagues in the Congress, that members of these Hindu nationalist organizations were not criminals but misguided patriots, who might prove hard to root out.<ref name=kapila-rss-ban/> Nehru argued against this viewpoint, emphasizing that the RSS had a history of easily succumbing to violent solutions, and needed to be punished and dissolved. With Gandhi's assassination, Patel's approach took the back seat.<ref name=kapila-rss-ban>{{cite book | last = Kapila | first = Shruti | title = Violent Fraternity: India Political Thought in the Global Age | pages = 268–269 | location = Princeton and Oxford | publisher = Princeton University Press | year = 2021 | lccn = 2021940610|isbn = 978-0-691-19522-3}}</ref>

[[Yasmin Khan]] argued that Gandhi's death and funeral helped consolidate the authority of the new Indian state under Nehru and Patel. The Congress tightly controlled the epic public displays of grief over a two-week period—the funeral, mortuary rituals and distribution of the martyr's ashes with millions participating in different events.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/boundaries-of-belonging/performing-the-state-in-post1947-india-and-pakistan/51E29D5CE278C3362B5D10B45D35C71F/core-reader|title=Boundaries of Belonging|chapter='Performing the State' in Post-1947 India and Pakistan|date=31 October 2019|publisher=Cambridge University Press|first1=Sarah|last1=Ansari|first2=William|last2=Gould|pages=23–66|doi=10.1017/9781108164511.003|isbn=978-1-107-19605-6|s2cid=211394653|access-date=20 July 2023|archive-date=11 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911043326/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/boundaries-of-belonging/performing-the-state-in-post1947-india-and-pakistan/51E29D5CE278C3362B5D10B45D35C71F/core-reader|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/78902926.pdf|title=Performing Peace: Gandhi's assassination as a critical moment in the consolidation of the Nehruvian state|first=Yasmin|last=Khan|website=[[CORE (research service)|core.ac.uk]]|access-date=20 July 2023|archive-date=11 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911043329/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/78902926.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Gandhi's death indirectly gave Nehru more power.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=239}} According to historian Percival Spear, "The government was really a [[duumvirate]] between him (Nehru), who represented the idealism and left-wing tendencies of the party, and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the realist and party boss from Gujarat who leaned to authoritarianism, orthodoxy, and big business."{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=239}} However, Gandhi's assassination had affected Patel as deeply as it did Nehru, and Patel busied himself on the [[political integration of India|integration of the princely states]].{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=240}} After the violence of the [[Partition of India]], the [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu Right]] and its supporters within the [[Indian National Congress]] had asked if as a counterpoint to Pakistan's founding as a state for Muslims, India should not be publicly identified as a state for Hindus,{{sfn|Markovits|2004|p=58}} but after Gandhi's assassination, the implication of the Hindu Right in it, and the revulsion felt by many for Hindu extremism as a result, secular values were reestablished in India.{{sfn|Markovits|2004|p=58}}

According to Thomas Hansen:{{sfn|Hansen|1999|p=96}}<blockquote>Although Nathuram Godse's inspiration came from Savarkar rather than Golwalkar, the RSS was banned and 20,000 swayamsevaks were arrested during the next few months, while the Hindu Mahasabha remained legal but effectively stigmatized, especially in Maharashtra. The Chitpavan brahmins (Godse's community) were attacked in a collective retaliation against a community whose Hindu nationalist leanings were well known, and whose claims to past glory and historical dominance in the area were a contentious issue in Maharashtra.</blockquote>

==Terrorist act==
{{See also|Nathuram Godse|Hindu terrorism}}
The assassination of Mahatma Gandhi has been portrayed in retrospect as an act of Hindutva fanatical terror.<ref name=Hensman>{{cite journal |last=Hensman |first=R. |date=2012 |title=The Spectre of Fascism [Review of Godse's Children: Hindutva Terror in India; The Saffron Condition: Politics of Repression and Exclusion in Neoliberal India, by S. Gatade] |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=47 |issue=9 |pages=34–36 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23214471 |jstor=23214471}}</ref> In the 2011 book ''Godse's Children: Hindutva Terror in India'',<ref name=Andrean>{{cite journal |title=Nathuram Godse in Perspectives: The Cult of an Assassin in the Indian English Writings |last=Abdul Hameed |first=P. A. |pages=202–214 |journal=Ruminations: The Andrean Journal of Literature 2013 |publisher=St Andrew's College of Arts, Science and Commerce |url=https://standrewscollege.ac.in/ruminations-2013-2/}}</ref> journalist Subhash Gatade called the assassination "the first terrorist act in independent India",<ref name=Hensman/><ref>{{cite book |title=Godse's Children: Hindutva Terror in India, 2nd edition |first=Subhash |last=Gatade |work=Pharos Media & Publishing |date=2013 |isbn=9788172210557 |page=41 |publisher=Pharos Media & |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eSjumAEACAAJ}}</ref> and, as one scholar put it, "the harbinger of '[[Hindutva terrorism]]' in India".<ref name=Andrean/> In a 2012 review of Gatade's work, author Rohini Hensman concurred that if terrorism is defined as violence in pursuit of a political goal, then "the assassination of Gandhi could indeed be seen as a terrorist act".<ref name=Hensman/>

==In media==
Several books, plays and movies have been produced about the event:
* ''I, Nathuram Godse speaking'' is a play composed by Pradeep Dalvi based on the assassination trial. Locally produced as ''[[Me Nathuram Godse Boltoy]]'', after seven sold-out shows it was banned in the State of Maharashtra in 1999 on directions from the then BJP-led coalition government in Delhi.<ref>{{cite book |author=Dugger |first=Celia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S0TmIfyCwDAC&pg=PA546 |title=Political Censorship |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-57958-320-0 |editor=Robert Justin Goldstein |pages=546–548}}</ref>
* ''Gandhi vs. Gandhi'' is a Marathi play that has been translated into several languages. Its primary plot is the relationship between Gandhi and his estranged son but it also deals briefly with the assassination.
* ''[[Nine Hours to Rama]]'' is a 1963 British movie based on [[Stanley Wolpert]]'s novel of the same name, which is a fictional account of the final nine hours leading up to Gandhi's assassination.
* ''May It Please Your Honor'' was published in 1977, containing Nathuram Godse's statement to the court, after the Indian Congress party lost power for the first time since Indian independence, and the new government lifted the censorship imposed since 1948 after gaining power in national [[1977 Indian general election|elections]]. The text was republished in 1993 as ''Why I Assassinated Mahatma Gandhi?''.{{sfn|Markovits|2004|pp=34–35 with footnotes}}
* The 1982 film ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'' is bookended by the assassination; Godse is portrayed by actor [[Harsh Nayyar]].
* ''[[Hey Ram]]'' (2000) is a [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]]-[[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] bilingual film by [[Kamal Haasan]] about a fictitious plot to kill Gandhi by a man devastated by the [[Partition of India|partition riots]] and his change of heart even as the real-life plot succeeds.
* ''Gandhi and the Unspeakable: His Final Experiment with Truth'' (2012) by James Douglass is a non-fiction book that seeks to understand not only the facts of the murder but its importance in the larger struggle between non-violence and violence.
* [[Gandhi Godse – Ek Yudh]] (2023) is a fictional movie that reimagines the assassination with the survival of Gandhi.

==See also==
* [[Kapur Commission]]
* [[Hindutva terrorism]]

==References==
===Footnotes===
{{notelist-ua}}
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

==Works cited==
{{Refbegin|40em}}
* {{citation|last=Allo|first=Awol|title=The Courtroom as a Space of Resistance: Reflections on the Legacy of the Rivonia Trial|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4u1CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT357|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-03711-8|pages=357–}}
* {{citation|last=Allston|first=Frank J.|title=Ready for Sea: The Bicentennial History of the U.S. Navy Supply Corps|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TabfAAAAMAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=978-1-55750-033-5}}
* {{citation|last=Arnold|first=David|title=Gandhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FGrXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA225|year=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-88235-0|pages=225–}}
* {{citation|last1=Bamzai|first1=Kaveree|last2=Damle|first2=Shridhar|title=Why Savarkar makes BJP and Sangh Parivar nervous|publisher=dailyO|url=http://www.dailyo.in/politics/savarkar-bjp-rss-godse-rahul-gandhi-nehru-sardar-patel/story/1/12857.html|year=2016|access-date=11 July 2017|archive-date=13 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613014507/https://www.dailyo.in/politics/savarkar-bjp-rss-godse-rahul-gandhi-nehru-sardar-patel/story/1/12857.html|url-status=live}}
* {{citation|last=Bandyopadhyay|first=Sekhar|title=Decolonization in South Asia: Meanings of Freedom in Post-independence West Bengal, 1947–52|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Qd5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA146|year=2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-01824-6|page=146|access-date=12 July 2017|archive-date=24 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824190618/https://books.google.com/books?id=9Qd5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA146#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}
* {{citation|last=Bapu|first=Prabhu|title=Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India, 1915-1930: Constructing Nation and History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bNzfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA118|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-25500-7|pages=118–}}
* {{citation|last1=Cush|first1=Denise|last2=Robinson|first2=Catherine|last3=York|first3=Michael|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC&pg=PA544|access-date=31 August 2013|year=2008|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-7007-1267-0|page=544|archive-date=29 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329133631/https://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC&pg=PA544#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}
* {{citation|last=Doeden|first=Matt|title=Darkness Everywhere: The Assassination of Mohandas Gandhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KhGXAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5|year=2013|location=Minneapolis|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|isbn=978-1-4677-1659-8}}
* {{citation|last=Gauba|first=Khalid Latif|title=The Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5Q9AAAAMAAJ|year=1969|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|page=150|isbn=9780882531403}}
* {{citation|last=Gandhi|first=Manuben|title=Last Glimpses of Bapu|oclc=255372054|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.147713/page/n349|year=1962|publisher=Ahmedabad: Nuvajivan, Delhi: Agarwala}} (Foreword by: [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]])
* {{citation|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|title=Gandhi: The Man, His People, and the Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FauJL7LKXmkC&pg=PA660|year=2006|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-25570-8|page=660}}
* {{citation|last=Godse|first=N.V.|title = Why I assassinated Mahatma Gandhi?| publisher= Surya Bharti Parkashan (Reprint: 1993)| year=1948| oclc= 33991989}}
* {{citation|last=Goldstein|first=Natalie|title=Religion and the State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1p5qH3FydfgC&pg=PA128|year=2010|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-3124-5|pages=128–}}
* {{citation|last=Hansen|first=Thomas Blom|title=The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SAqn3OIGE54C&pg=PA249|year=1999|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=1-4008-2305-6|pages=249–}}
* {{citation|last=Hardiman|first=David|title=Gandhi in His Time and Ours: The Global Legacy of His Ideas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwStR-MUwPQC|year=2003|publisher=Columbia University Press|pages=174–76|isbn=9780231131148|access-date=25 August 2020|archive-date=29 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329133801/https://books.google.com/books?id=XwStR-MUwPQC|url-status=live}}
* {{citation|last=Haynes|first=Jeffrey|title=Routledge Handbook of Religion and Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QZteCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA73|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-28747-6|pages=73–}}
* {{citation|last=Kapoor|first=Pramod|title=The Dying of the Light|publisher=Outlook|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-dying-of-the-light/289255|year=2014|access-date=13 July 2017|archive-date=27 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927074325/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-dying-of-the-light/289255|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Khosla |first=G.D. |year=1965 |url=http://www.mkgandhi.org/ebks/The-Murder-of-the-Mahatma.pdf |title=The Murder of the Mahatma (proceedings by the Chief Justice of Punjab) |publisher=Jaico Publishers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921232029/http://www.mkgandhi.org/ebks/the-murder-of-the-mahatma.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2015 }}
* {{citation|first=Joseph| last= Lelyveld|year= 2012|title= Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle with India|publisher= Vintage Books|isbn= 978-0-307-38995-4}}
* {{cite journal | last=McLain | first=Karline | title=Who Shot the Mahatma? Representing Gandhian Politics in Indian Comic Books | journal=South Asia Research | publisher=SAGE Publications | volume=27 | issue=1 | pages=57–77 | year=2007 | doi=10.1177/026272800602700104 | s2cid=145658881}}
* {{citation|last=Mallot|first=J. Edward|title=Memory, Nationalism, and Narrative in Contemporary South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P90F8YgSzUwC&pg=PA75|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-00705-6|pages=75–}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{citation|last=Markovits|first=Claude|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SpDvZO8xNNgC&pg=PA57|title=The UnGandhian Gandhi: The Life and Afterlife of the Mahatma|publisher=Anthem Press|year=2004|isbn=978-1-84331-127-0}}
* {{citation|last=Nash|first=Jay Robert|title=Almanac of World Crime|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9aQlCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA69|year=1981|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4617-4768-0|page=69}}
* {{citation|date=May 21, 2000| title=Herbert Reiner Jr., Diplomat, 83; Captured Gandhi's killer in 1948|newspaper=The Boston Globe}}
* {{cite book|last=Paranjape|first=Makarand R.|author-link=Makarand Paranjape|title=The Death and Afterlife of Mahatma Gandhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GLBrBgAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-81-8400-683-4}}
* {{citation|last1=Pronko|first1=N. H.|last2=Bowles|first2=J. W.|title=Empirical Foundations Of Psychology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfaAAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA343|year=2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-32708-7|page=343}}
* {{citation|last=Rajghatai|first=Chidanand|year=2013|title=US Diplomat Apprehended Gandhi's Assassin|publisher=Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/US-diplomat-apprehended-Gandhis-assassin-Godse/articleshow/18266330.cms|access-date=11 July 2017|archive-date=22 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922173830/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/US-diplomat-apprehended-Gandhis-assassin-Godse/articleshow/18266330.cms|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book | last=Sheean | first=Vincent | title=Lead, Kindly Light: Gandhi and the Way to Peace| publisher=Nabu Press | publication-place=[Charleston, SC] |author-link=Vincent Sheean| orig-year=1949| year=2011 | isbn=978-1-178-83542-7 | oclc=946610148}}
* {{citation|last=Singer|first=Kurt D.|title=The Men in the Trojan Horse|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LV0eAAAAMAAJ|year=1953|publisher=Beacon Press}}
* {{citation|last=Spear|first=Percival|author-link=Percival Spear|title=History of India, Volume 2: From the sixteenth century to the twentieth century|publisher=Penguin|year=1990|orig-year=1978|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K2H_v0t5jTkC|isbn=978-0-140-13836-8|access-date=22 November 2022|archive-date=3 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703063636/https://books.google.com/books?id=K2H_v0t5jTkC|url-status=live}}
* {{citation|last=Stimson|first=Robert |newspaper=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation News Roundup|date=January 30, 1948|title=India: The Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi (audio starts at 3:06, ends at 5:36)|url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/india-the-assassination-of-mahatma-gandhi|access-date=January 27, 2017|archive-date=9 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309141500/https://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/india-the-assassination-of-mahatma-gandhi|url-status=live}}
* {{citation|last=Stratton|first=Roy Olin|title=SACO, the Rice Paddy Navy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oTFNAQAAMAAJ|year=1950|publisher=C. S. Palmer Publishing Company}}
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* {{citation|last=Trumbull|first=Robert|newspaper=The New York Times|date=January 31, 1948|title=Gandhi is killed by a Hindu; India shaken; World mourns; 15 die in rioting in Bombay|url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0130.html|access-date=11 July 2017|archive-date=7 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207115225/http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0130.html|url-status=live}}
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{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
Assassination-related literature and the variance in its coverage:
* {{cite journal | last=Debs | first=Mira | title=Using cultural trauma: Gandhi's assassination, partition and secular nationalism in post-independence India | journal=Nations and Nationalism | publisher=Wiley-Blackwell | volume=19 | issue=4 | year=2013 | doi=10.1111/nana.12038 | pages=635–653}}
* Elst, Koenraad (2016). The man who killed Mahatma Gandhi: Understanding the mind of a murderer. [[Lewiston, New York]]: [[Edwin Mellen Press]], [2016] (In French: Elst, K., & Frumer, B. (2007). "Pourquoi j'ai tué Gandhi": Examen et critique de la défense de Nathuram Godse. Paris: Les Belles lettres.)
* {{cite book |author=Gauba |title=The Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi |first=Khalid Latif |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5Q9AAAAMAAJ |year=1969 |publisher=Jaico Publishing |isbn=9780882531403 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |author=Markovits |title=The UnGandhian Gandhi: The Life and Afterlife of the Mahatma |first=Claude |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SpDvZO8xNNgC |year=2004 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-84331-127-0 |ref=none}}

Funeral, post funeral-rites and memorialization after Gandhi's assassination:
* {{cite journal | last=Khan | first=Yasmin | title=Performing Peace: Gandhi's assassination as a critical moment in the consolidation of the Nehruvian state | journal=Modern Asian Studies | publisher=Cambridge University Press | volume=45 | issue=1 | year=2011 | doi=10.1017/s0026749x10000223 | pages=57–80| s2cid=144894540 | doi-access=free }}

==External links==
{{Refbegin}}
* First Information Report on Gandhi's Murder [http://www.kiranbedi.com/gandhifir1.htm in Urdu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212043809/http://www.kiranbedi.com/gandhifir1.htm |date=12 February 2013 }} and [http://www.kiranbedi.com/gandhifireng.htm translated to English] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111165817/http://www.kiranbedi.com/gandhifireng.htm |date=11 January 2013 }}
* Mahatma Gandhi [http://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/assaults-and-assassination Assaults & Assassination] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224141217/https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/assaults-and-assassination |date=24 February 2014 }}
{{Refend}}

{{Gandhi}}{{Hindu Nationalism}}
{{coord|28|36|04.6|N|77|12|49.4|E|region:IN-DL_type:event_scale:1000|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gandhi}}
[[Category:Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[Category:Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi| ]]
[[Category:January 1948 in Asia]]
[[Category:1948 murders in India]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in India]]
[[Category:1940s in Delhi]]
[[Category:1948 in India]]
[[Category:Assassinations in India|Gandhi, Mahatma]]
[[Category:Murder in Delhi]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in India]]
[[Category:State funerals in India|Gandhi, Mahatma]]
[[Category:Nationalist terrorist incidents in the 1940s]]

Locket Chatterjee

2026-03-27T13:44:03Z

Ramesh:

{{Short description|Indian film actress and politician (born 1974)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Locket Chatterjee (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Chatterjee in 2019
| honorific_prefix = 
| name = Locket Chatterjee
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hooghly, West Bengal]]
| term_start1 = 23 May 2019
| term_end1 = 4 June 2024
| predecessor1 = [[Ratna De]]
| successor1 = [[Rachna Banerjee]]
| office2 = General Secretary of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, West Bengal|BJP West Bengal]]
| term_start2 = 1 June 2020
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| office3 = [[President (corporate title)|President]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party – West Bengal|BJP Mahila Morcha, West Bengal]]
| term_start3 = 24 July 2017
| term_end3 = 1 June 2020
| predecessor3 = [[Roopa Ganguly]]
| successor3 = [[Agnimitra Paul]]
| office4 = [[West Bengal Commission for Women|Member of West Bengal Commission for Women]]
| term_start4 = 2014
| term_end4 = 2015
| birth_name =
| birth_place = [[Dakshineswar]], [[West Bengal]], India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|12|4|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Member Detail |url=https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5043?from=members |website=sansad.in |access-date=30 October 2025 }}</ref>
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] {{small|(since 2015)}}
| otherparty = [[Trinamool Congress]] {{small|(till 2015)}}
| committees = [[Standing committee (India)|Member of Standing Committee]] on [[Information Technology]]
| nickname =
| native_name =
| spouse = {{marriage|Prasenjit Bhattacharjee|1995}}
| father =
| mother =
| children =
| alma_mater = [[Jogamaya Devi College]], [[University of Calcutta]] ([[B.Sc]])
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|politician|dancer}}
| residence = [[Narendrapur]]
| awards = Kalakar Award
| signature = MP Locket Chatterjee Signature.jpg
| website =
}}
'''Locket Chatterjee''' (born 4 December 1974) is an Indian actress, politician and former [[Member of Parliament]] from [[Hooghly Lok Sabha constituency]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Abantika |date=4 March 2024 |title=Among BJP’s West Bengal winners, a tribal leader, businessman, software expert |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/among-bjps-bengal-winners-a-tribal-leader-businessman-software-expert-5747490/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703105116/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/among-bjps-bengal-winners-a-tribal-leader-businessman-software-expert-5747490/ |archive-date=3 July 2025 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=3 July 2025}}</ref> She is also a [[Indian classical dance|classical dancer]], having completed her training in Bharat Natyam, Kathakali, Manipuri and Creative dance.<ref name="Locket Chatterjee biography">{{cite web |title=Locket Chatterjee biography |url=http://www.itimes.com/public/locket.chatterjee/bio |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130127200909/http://www.itimes.com/public/locket.chatterjee/bio |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=itimes |access-date=20 May 2012}}</ref> Chatterjee is better known as an actress in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Tollywood]]. She was previously the state president of [[BJP Mahila Morcha]], the women's wing of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/locket-chatterjee-replaces-roopa-ganguly-as-wb-bjp-mahila-morcha-president/articleshow/59742829.cms |title=Locket Chatterjee replaces Roopa Ganguly as WB BJP Mahila Morcha president |last=PTI |website=The Economic Times |access-date=26 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926144718/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/locket-chatterjee-replaces-roopa-ganguly-as-wb-bjp-mahila-morcha-president/articleshow/59742829.cms |archive-date=26 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Since then she served as the [[General Secretary]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, West Bengal]].

==Early life==
Chatterjee's father Anil Chatterjee was a [[purohit]] of [[Dakshineswar Kali Temple]] as was her grandfather. Her mother took her to [[dance school]]. Chatterjee went abroad with the [[Mamata Shankar]] ballet troupe when she was a class VIII student.<ref name="At 16, I got married: Locket">{{cite news |title=At 16, I got married: Locket |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/At-16-I-got-married-Locket/articleshow/7538149.cms |access-date=20 May 2012 |date=21 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005010311/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-21/news-interviews/28618738_1_film-industry-dance-tour-dance-school |archive-date=5 October 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref> She grew up by the Maa Ganga (popular as Hooghly) on the northern outskirts of Calcutta's [[Dakshineswar]] area.<ref name="Birthday Girl TG">{{cite news |title=Birthday Girl |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111009/jsp/graphiti/story_14600416.jsp |accessdate=20 May 2012 |newspaper=Telegraph Kolkata |date=25 November 2008 |location=Calcutta, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004234244/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111009/jsp/graphiti/story_14600416.jsp |archive-date=4 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

She later studied at [[Jogamaya Devi College]], affiliated with the [[University of Calcutta]].<ref name=JDC_History>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jogamayadevicollege.org/history.htm |title=History of the College - Jogamaya Devi College, Kolkata, INDIA |website=jogamayadevicollege.org |access-date=7 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403005423/http://jogamayadevicollege.org/history.htm |archive-date=3 April 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Films===
* ''Sannyasi Deshonayok'' (2020)
* ''[[Kiriti Roy (2016 film)|Kiriti Roy]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Gogoler Kirti]]'' (2014)
* ''Angurlata'' (upcoming)
* ''[[Obhishopto Nighty]]'' (2014)
* ''Kapurush Mohapurush'' (2013)
* ''Oh Henry!'' (2013)
* ''Chora Bali'' (2012)
* ''Jibaner Rang'' (2012)
* ''Kayekta Meyer Galpo'' (2012), directed by [[Subrata Sen]]<ref>{{cite news |title=I will never attempt a ____: Subrata Sen |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-18/news-interviews/31764859_1_indie-films-independent-films-theatrical-release |accessdate=24 May 2012 |date=18 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004232736/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-18/news-interviews/31764859_1_indie-films-independent-films-theatrical-release |archive-date=4 October 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''[[Le Halua Le]]'' (2012)
* ''Goraay Gondogol'' (2012)
* ''[[Khokababu]]'' (2012)
* ''Streetlight'' (2011)<ref name="‘I’m totally inhibition-free’">{{cite news |title='I'm totally inhibition-free' |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110310/jsp/entertainment/story_13690135.jsp |accessdate=24 May 2012 |date=10 March 2011 |location=Calcutta, India |work=The Telegraph |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831114358/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110310/jsp/entertainment/story_13690135.jsp |archive-date=31 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''[[Gosaibaganer Bhoot]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Bye Bye Bangkok]]'' (2011)
* ''Hello Memsaheb'' (2011)
* ''Uro Chithi'' (2011)
* ''[[Fighter (2011 film)|Fighter]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Poran Jaye Jolia Re]]'' (2009), as Raj's aunt
* ''[[Greptar]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Chander Bari]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Minister Fatakeshto]]'' (2005)
* [[Abhimanyu (2006 film)|''Abhimanyu'']] (2006)
* ''[[Kranti (2006 film)|Kranti]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Debi (2005 film)|Debi]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Shubhodrishti]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Tyag]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Badsha the King]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Agni (2004 film)|Agni]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Paribar]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Mayer Anchal]]'' (2003)
* ''Ektu Chhoa'' (2002)

===Television===
* ''[[Maa Manasha]]'' ([[Colors Bangla|ETV Bangla]])<ref name="Birthday Girl TG"/>
* ''[[Bhalobasha Theke Jaye]]'' ([[ETV Bangla]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2020 |title=Real to reel |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/real-to-reel/cid/334972 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301160915/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/real-to-reel/cid/334972 |archive-date=1 March 2020 |access-date=21 April 2022 }}</ref>
* [[Behula (TV series)|Behula]] as Sumitra Behula's mother (later replaced by Subhadra Chakraborty Mukherjee) ([[Star Jalsha]])
* ''Durgeshnandini'', a TV adaptation of [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]]'s novel, directed by [[Tarun Majumdar]]. Locket played the role of Munnibai.<ref name="She’s on a roll">{{cite news |title=She's on a roll |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101020/jsp/entertainment/story_13076751.jsp |accessdate=20 May 2012 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=20 October 2010 |location=Calcutta, India |first=Kushali |last=Nag |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005000340/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101020/jsp/entertainment/story_13076751.jsp |archive-date=5 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* Kalakar Awards<ref name="Kalakar award winners">{{cite web |title=Kalakar award winners |url=http://kalakarawards.co/images/listofawardees.pdf |publisher=Kalakar website |accessdate=16 October 2012 |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425155216/http://kalakarawards.co/images/listofawardees.pdf |archivedate=25 April 2012}}</ref>
* Nominated, Filmfare Award for Best Actor Supporting Role (Female) – Bengali for ''Nayika Sangbad'' (directed by [[Bappaditya Bandopadhyay]] and edited by Dipak Mandal 2014)

==Political career==
Chatterjee forayed into politics as a member of [[All India Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bengali actor Locket Chatterjee joins BJP |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bengali-actor-locket-chatterjee-joins-bjp/articleshow/46132041.cms |work=The Economic Times |agency=PTI |date=5 February 2015 |access-date=14 March 2024 |quote="When I joined TMC I had said I want to work. Now I am quitting it as I feel suffocated there and can't work," Chatterjee said after joining the party in the presence of BJP state president Rahul Sinha}}</ref> She severed ties with the Trinamool Congress and joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |title='Suffocated' Locket Chatterjee quits Trinamool, joins BJP |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/suffocated-locket-chatterjee-quits-trinamool-joins-bjp/ |work=The Indian Express |date=6 February 2015 |access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref> She contested [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016 assembly elections]] from [[Mayureswar Assembly constituency|Mayureshwar]] in West Bengal but lost to Abhijit Roy of [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]].<ref>{{cite web |title=LOCKET CHATTERJEE |url=https://www.myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=590 |website=Myneta |access-date=2 November 2025 }}</ref> In 2017 she replaced [[Roopa Ganguly]] as the president of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP Mahila Morcha]] in [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Locket Chatterjee replaces Roopa Ganguly as the president of BJP’s women’s wing in West Bengal |url=https://scroll.in/latest/844922/locket-chatterjee-replaces-roopa-ganguly-as-the-president-of-bjps-womens-wing-in-west-bengal |publisher=Scroll.in |date=25 July 2017 }}</ref> On 1 June 2020, she was appointed as the General Secretary of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party, West Bengal]] and was succeeded by [[Agnimitra Paul]] as the President of the BJP Mahila Morcha.<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP reshuffles Bengal unit with eye on 2021 poll battle |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bjp-reshuffles-bengal-unit-with-eye-on-2021-poll-battle/articleshow/76145334.cms |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 June 2020 }}</ref>

===Member of Parliament===
She contested the [[2019 Indian general election in West Bengal|2019 Lok Sabha elections]] from [[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hooghly Lok Sabha]] seat against [[Ratna De]] and won getting 6,71,448 (46.06%) votes.<ref>{{cite web |title=LOCKET CHATTERJEE |url=https://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=11195 |website=Myneta |access-date=2 November 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=West Bengal: BJP's Locket Chatterjee leads from Hooghly, Mamata's anti-land acquisition launch pad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bjps-locket-chatterjee-leads-from-hooghly-mamatas-anti-land-acquisition-launch-pad/articleshow/69460537.cms |date=23 May 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 13 September 2019, she was selected as a [[List of Indian parliamentary committees|Member of Standing Committee on Information Technology]] and since 9 October 2019 onwards, she served as [[List of Indian parliamentary committees|Member of Committee on Empowerment of Women]] till her tenure ended. In spite of being a sitting MP, in the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], she contested from [[Chunchura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chuchura Vidhan Sabha]] seat and lost by a whopping 18,879 votes to [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]] candidate [[Asit Mazumdar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=LOCKET CHATTERJEE |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=771 |website=Myneta |access-date=2 November 2025 }}</ref>

Subsequently, she failed to regain her constituency and lost to fellow actress, a newcomer to electoral politics, [[Rachna Banerjee]] of [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]] in the [[2024 Indian general election]] by a margin of 76,853.<ref>{{cite web |title=LOCKET CHATTERJEE |url=https://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=7208 |website=Myneta |access-date=2 November 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=General Election to Parliamentary Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024 Parliamentary Constituency 28 - Hooghly (West Bengal) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS2528.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Rachana Banerjee wins the Hooghly seat in Lok Sabha elections 2024; Defeats Locket Chatterjee |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/rachana-banerjee-wins-the-hooghly-seat-in-lok-sabha-elections-2024-defeats-locket-chatterjee/articleshow/110706925.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |date=4 June 2024 |access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Politics|Film}}
* [[Sonali Chowdhury]]
* [[Bidipta Chakraborty]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Subject bar
|commons =
|d =
|q =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 = Films
|portal3 = India
}}
*{{IMDb name|3089623}}
*[https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5043?from=members Locket Chatterjee – Sansad profile]
*[https://prsindia.org/mptrack/17-lok-sabha/locket-chatterjee Locket Chatterjee – PRS profile]

{{17th LS members from West Bengal}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatterjee, Locket}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali television]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali actresses]]
[[Category:Bengali television actresses]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Women in West Bengal politics]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian female dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Jogamaya Devi College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Kalakar Awards winners]]
[[Category:Performers of Indian classical dance]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

Kameshwar Thakur

2026-03-26T15:58:19Z

Ramesh: Put up new stub

{{Short description|King of Mithila}}
{{Not to be confused with|Kameshwar Singh}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Kameshwar Thakur
| succession = King of Mithila
| coronation = 1325
| predecessor = [[Harisimhadeva]] of [[Karnat Dynasty]]
| successor = Bhogisvara Thakkura
| birth_name = Kameshwar
| birth_place = [[Oini]]
| house = Mithila Kingdom
| house-type = Kingdom
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| dynasty = [[Oiniwar Dynasty]]
}}

'''Kameshwar Thakur''' (Maithili: कामेश्वर ठाकुर) was the first king of the [[Oiniwar dynasty|Oiniwar Dynasty]] in the Mithila Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Radhakrishna Choudhary |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfMuslimRuleInTirhut |title=History Of Muslim Rule In Tirhut |date=1970 |pages=26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Aḥmad |first=Iẓhār |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UWpuAAAAMAAJ |title=Madhubani, Through the Ages: A Regional History of Madhubani |date=2007 |publisher=Image Impressions |pages=40,55 |language=en}}</ref> After the collapse of the [[Karnats of Mithila|Karnat Dynasty]]'s rule in 1324 CE, Kameshwar Thakur successed the throne of the Mithila kingdom in 1325 CE.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sircar |first=D. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1JYwP5tVQUC&q=padmasimha |title=Studies in Indian Coins |year=2005 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishe |isbn=978-81-208-2973-2 |pages=264 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Makhan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&q=Kameshwar+ |title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective |date=1997 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7533-034-4 |pages=56 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Kameshwar Thakur was born at [[Oini]] in the family of ''Nath Thakur (Oini Thakur)'', the founder of Oiniwar Dynasty in Mithila. He was a [[Maithil Brahmin]] and belonged to [[Kashyapa|Kashyap]] [[Gotra]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

== Later life ==
Kameshwar Thakur was an eminent scholar and Guru of the King [[Harisimhadeva]] in the Karnat Dynasty.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jhā |first=Munīśvara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffENAAAAMAAJ |title=Tāpasa kavi Vidyāpati |date=1976 |publisher=Mithilā Sāṃskr̥tika Parishad |pages=75 |language=hi}}</ref> He was the ''Rajpandita'' (chief priest) at the court of the Karnat King Harisimhadeva.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />{{India-royal-stub}}

[[Category:Monarchs of Mithila]]
[[Category:14th-century Indian monarchs]]

Barara

2026-03-21T19:01:53Z

Ramesh: added references

{{Distinguish|text=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, which was known as Barara in the 15th century}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{multiple issues|{{original research|date=June 2015}}
{{unreliable sources|date=June 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2015}}
{{self-published|date=June 2015}}}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Barara
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = 
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India
| coordinates = ko{{coord|30.21349|77.03877|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = Haryana
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = Ambala
| utc_offset = +5:30
| area_code_type = [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]]
| area_code = 01731
| website = 
}}
'''Barara''' is a city [[municipality]] and sub-district [[Divisions of Haryana#Revenue divisions|tehsil]] and [[Community development block in India|development block]] in the Ambala district of the Indian state of [[Haryana]].

== Geography ==
It is located 25 km from Ambala via railway and 40 km via bus.

== Education ==
[[Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana]] is 3 km from Barara.

[[Rcc Institute of Computer Education, Barara]] .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rcc Institute of Computer Education|url=https://www.facebook.com/rccinstituebarara/|access-date=2021-02-06|via=Facebook|language=en}}</ref>

== History==
Barara was established before the colonial period.It was established by the Rana Har Rai Chauhan, a Chauhan rajpute originally from Neemrana, who had relocated to Barara from Jundla. A king of [[Himachal Pradesh]] helped develop Barara.

== Culture ==
Tajendar Singh Chouhan is in the Limca Book of Records for making the world's tallest Ravana effigy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/meet-the-undisputed-effigy-king-of-india-who-has-made-the-tallest-ravana-in-the-world-354987.html|title=Meet The Undisputed Effigy King of India Who Has Made The Tallest Ravana in the World|date=2018-10-18|website=indiatimes.com|language=en|access-date=2019-12-31}}</ref>

Barara is famous for its Dushehra mela. The world's tallest effigy of [[Ravana|Ravan]] is burnt at Barara every year on the day of [[Vijayadashami|Dushehra]]. In 2016, the height of the Ravan reached 210 feet.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.limcabookofrecords.in/record-detail.aspx?rid=2038|title=Limca Book Record of Barara Ravan|last1=Barara|first1=Ravan|publisher=Limca}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mmumullana.org/limca-book-of-world-record-tallest-ravana-in-barara.html |title=Limca Book of World Record tallest Ravana in Barara |website=mmumullana.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025100619/http://mmumullana.org/limca-book-of-world-record-tallest-ravana-in-barara.html |archive-date=2015-10-25}}</ref>

Barara is known for watermelon, called 'Barara di Khanda'. [[Muscovado|'Khanda' or 'Khandsari']] means sugar.

Maa Balasundri temple and Maharishi Markandeshwar temple (which is also in Tandwal, Barara) are situated nearby. Mullana is famous for education and health sectors.

Goga Jaharveer Temple is situated in Village Kambassi and is famous for the big fair on the occasion of Goga Navmi.

==Transport==
Barara is connected by train and bus to Ambala, [[Jagadhri]], [[Saharanpur]], [[Ludhiana]] and Delhi.<ref>[http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/1549 Trains at Barara Station]</ref>

Bus service reaches Ambala, [[Yamunanagar]], Chandigarh, [[Kurukshetra]] and Delhi.

Private transport is connected to all nearby states, such as Delhi, UP, Uttrakhand, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh.

The railway station of Barara is antique.

==Economy==
Banks such as SBI, ICICI, PNB, Axis, Sarva Gramin Bank, Punjab Sindh Bank, SBP, Central Bank of India, HDFC, and Canara are present.

==Demographics==
Along with the native [[Haryanvi people|Haryanvis]], Barara has a large population of [[Brahmans]], [[Rajput]] and [[Punjabis]]. Immigrant populations include Nigerians and Iraqis, mostly for study.

Hindi, [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], and English are common languages.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ambala district topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Ambala district]]

Soubin Shahir

2026-03-17T17:00:26Z

Ramesh: Made initial stub w/ infobox...

{{Short description|Indian film actor, director and producer (born 1983)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Soubin|Shahir}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Soubin Shahir
| image = Soubin Shahir 2019.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Soubin in 2019
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1983|10|12}}
| birth_place = [[Fort Kochi]], [[Kerala]], India<ref name="birth">{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/soubin-shahir-tracing-the-journey-of-a-man-destined-to-be-in-cinema/photostory/66259673.cms|title=Soubin Shahir: Tracing the journey of a man destined to be in cinema|date=17 October 2018|access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref>
| height = 168 cm
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|writer|director|Producer|}}
| years_active = 1992–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Jamia Zaheer|2017}}
| children = 1
}}

'''Soubin Shahir''' (born 12 October 1983) is an Indian actor, director and producer who primarily works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] films. He made his acting debut with ''[[Annayum Rasoolum]]'' (2013). Following his breakthrough with ''[[Premam]]'' (2015), he played the lead in ''[[Sudani from Nigeria]]'' (2018), which won him the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor]]. Soubin's notable roles came with the commercially successful films ''[[Kumbalangi Nights]]'' (2019) and ''[[Manjummel Boys]]'' (2024).

==Early life==

Soubin was born and raised in [[Fort Kochi]],<ref name="birth" /> [[Kerala]], India. He has a brother and sister. His father Babu Shahir was an [[assistant director]] and production controller who had worked in films such as ''[[Manichithrathazhu]]'', ''[[Godfather (1991 film)|Godfather]]'', ''[[In Harihar Nagar]]'' among others.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/soubin-shahir-father-babu-shahir-parava-movie-babu-shahir-talks-about-life-movies-fazil-director-1.2331928 |title=പറവ കണ്ടപ്പോള്‍ കരഞ്ഞുപോയി; ഞാനത് സൗബിനോട് ഇതുവരെ പറഞ്ഞിട്ടില്ല |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=23 October 2017 |access-date=23 July 2019 |language=ml |trans-title=Watching Parava made me cry;I haven't told Soubin about it yet |archive-date=23 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723174503/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/soubin-shahir-father-babu-shahir-parava-movie-babu-shahir-talks-about-life-movies-fazil-director-1.2331928 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
Soubin started his film career as an [[assistant director]] in the industry with [[Fazil (director)|Fazil's]] ''[[Kaiyethum Doorath]]'' (2002) in which he also worked as an actor. He also worked as an assistant director for [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]]'s ''[[Chronic Bachelor]]'' (2003). He assisted directors like [[Rafi and Mecartin|Rafi-Mecartin]], P. Sukumar, [[Santhosh Sivan]], [[Rajeev Ravi]], and [[Amal Neerad]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150617/entertainment-mollywood/article/soubin%E2%80%99s-chillumkoodu-step-hit|title=Soubin's Chillumkoodu step a hit|author=MERIN MARIA JAMES|date=10 January 2016}}</ref> He got a breakthrough role with [[Alphonse Putharen]]'s ''[[Premam]]'' (2015) where he played the role of a [[physical training|PT]] teacher. This led to his popularity as an actor in the industry.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Real-life-chemistry-with-Soubin-worked-well/articleshow/47909564.cms|title=Real-life chemistry with Soubin worked well|date=2 July 2015|agency=TimesofIndia|access-date=21 April 2024|archive-date=5 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005204146/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/real-life-chemistry-with-soubin-worked-well/articleshow/47909564.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/soubin-shahir-is-on-a-roll/116445/story.html|title=Soubin Shahir is on a roll|date=13 January 2016|agency=Nowrunning}}</ref> His popular roles include in films ''[[Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)|Charlie]]'' (2015), ''[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]'' (2016), ''[[Kali (2016 film)|Kali]]'' (2016), ''[[Darvinte Parinamam]]'' (2016), ''[[Kammatipaadam]]'' (2016), ''[[Anuraga Karikkin Vellam]]'' (2016), ''[[Mayanadhi]]'' (2017), ''[[Comrade in America]] – CIA'' (2017), and ''[[Kumbalangi Nights]]''. His first full lead role was in the film ''[[Sudani from Nigeria]]'' (2018) for which he won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/nov/04/soubin-shahir-to-play-the-lead-in-sudani-from-nigeria-1691437.html|title=Soubin Shahir to play the lead in Sudani from Nigeria|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=24 June 2018|archive-date=17 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717064141/https://adgebra.co.in/afpf/TPHtmlTemplate?p1=181&p2=null&p3=1&p6=6729&p7=0&p8=0&refUrl=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/Nov/04/soubin-shahir-to-play-the-lead-in-sudani-from-nigeria-1691437.html&p4=newindianexpress.com|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="StateAward">S.R. Praveen (27 February 2019). [https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kerala-state-film-awards-kanthan-wins-best-film/article26384814.ece "Kerala State film awards: ‘Kanthan...’, 'Sudani from Nigeria' win honours"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208171914/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kerala-state-film-awards-kanthan-wins-best-film/article26384814.ece |date=8 December 2021 }}. ''The Hindu''. Retrieved 27 February 2019.</ref>''

In 2024, he played the part of [[Guna Caves rescue|Siju David aka "Kuttan"]] in ''[[Manjummel Boys]]''. He also [[Film producer|produced]] the movie. It went on to receive critical acclaim and set several box-office records, becoming [[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films|the highest grossing Malayalam film]], and the first film from the industry to earn more than ₹200 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-19 |title=It's official! 'Manjummel Boys' crosses the Rs 200 crore milestone in 26 days |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/manjummel-boys-crosses-the-rs-200-crore-milestone-in-26-days/articleshow/108619606.cms |access-date=2024-07-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717064133/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/manjummel-boys-crosses-the-rs-200-crore-milestone-in-26-days/articleshow/108619606.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-14 |title='Manjummel Boys' becomes the highest worldwide grosser from Malayalam cinema; the film crosses 175 crore! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/manjummel-boys-becomes-the-highest-worldwide-grosser-from-malayalam-cinema-the-film-crosses-175-crore/articleshow/108490364.cms |access-date=2024-07-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717064133/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/manjummel-boys-becomes-the-highest-worldwide-grosser-from-malayalam-cinema-the-film-crosses-175-crore/articleshow/108490364.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He was arrested on July 7, 2025, in connection with a ₹7 crore financial fraud case related to the film. The arrest was procedural following a summons for questioning, and he was released shortly after on anticipatory bail granted by the Kerala High Court. The case was filed by a UAE-based investor, Siraj Valiyathura Hameed, who alleged that despite investing ₹7 crore under a profit-sharing agreement promising 40% of the film’s earnings, he received only a small fraction of the returns after the film’s huge commercial success. The police have charged Soubin and his associates with cheating, criminal breach of trust, and misappropriation of funds, and the investigation is ongoing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Federal |first=The |date=2025-07-08 |title=Actor Soubin Shahir arrested in 'Manjummel Boys' fraud case |url=https://thefederal.com/category/entertainment/kerala-actor-soubin-shahir-arrested-manjummel-boys-fraud-case-released-on-bail-195884 |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=thefederal.com |language=en}}</ref>{{As of?|date=August 2025}}

He is also a partner in Parava Films, a production company that has produced hits like ''[[Manjummel Boys]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-01 |title=Police report finds Manjummel Boys producers guilty of financial fraud |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/police-report-finds-manjummel-boys-producers-guilty-of-financial-fraud |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601061418/https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/police-report-finds-manjummel-boys-producers-guilty-of-financial-fraud |archive-date=2024-06-01 |access-date=2024-07-17 |work=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

In 2025, ''[[Coolie (2025 film)|Coolie]]'' marked his first full-length role appearance in Tamil cinema. His acting and dancing in the song "[[Monica (2025 song)|Monica]]" was well received.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/how-soubin-shahir-became-coolies-breakout-star-stole-the-show-from-rajinikanth-outdanced-pooja-hegde-in-monica-song-101755494391031.html|title = How Soubin Shahir became Coolie's breakout star: Stole the show from Rajinikanth, outdanced Pooja Hegde in Monica song | date=18 August 2025 }}</ref>

== Media image ==
Soubin's performance in ''Kumbalangi Nights'' is regarded as one of the "100 Greatest Performances of the Decade" by ''[[Film Companion]].''<ref>{{Cite web |title=100 Greatest Performances of the Decade |url=https://filmcompanion.in/best-of-the-decade/100-best-performances-indian-cinema.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219043509/https://www.filmcompanion.in/best-of-the-decade/100-best-performances-indian-cinema.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 December 2019 |access-date=14 November 2020 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=M |first=Athira |date= 3 October 2020 |title='Vikrithi' is inspired by a true incident: Emcy Joseph |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/emcy-josephs-vikrithi-is-based-on-a-true-story/article29584055.ece |access-date=21 April 2020 }}</ref>

==Personal life==

On 16 December 2017, he married his fiancée<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/soubin-shahir-is-married/articleshow/62097320.cms|title=Soubin Shahir is married! – Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=17 August 2019|last1=Prakash|first1=Asha|archive-date=17 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717064134/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/soubin-shahir-is-married/articleshow/62097320.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Jamia Zaheer. Jamia is a marketing professional,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/05/10/soubin-shahir-blessed-with-baby-boy.html|title=Actor Soubin Shahir and wife blessed with a baby boy|website=OnManorama|language=en|access-date=17 August 2019|archive-date=17 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817102023/https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/05/10/soubin-shahir-blessed-with-baby-boy.html|url-status=live}}</ref> based in [[Kochi]]. The couple has a son born in May 2019.

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}

=== As actor ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|rowspan=2|1992||''[[Vietnam Colony]]''|| || rowspan="3" |Child artist
|-
|''[[Pappayude Swantham Appoos]]''||
|-
|1993||''[[Kabooliwala]]''||
|-
|2002||''[[Kaiyethum Doorath]]''||Bus Passenger ||rowspan=3|Cameo appearance
|-
|2005||''[[Pandipada]]''||Peacock Man in Function
|-
|2010|| ''[[Body Guard (2010 film)|Body Guard]]'' ||College Student
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Urumi (film)|Urumi]]'' || Tribal Gang Member ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Da Thadiya]]'' || Himself ||Cameo appearance
|-
| rowspan=3| 2013 || ''[[Annayum Rasoolum]]'' || Collin ||
|-
|| ''[[Kadal Kadannoru Mathukkutty]]'' || Mattanchery Martin ||
|-
| ''[[5 Sundarikal]]'' || Poovalan || [[Anthology film]]; Segment: ''Kullante Bharya''
|-
| rowspan=2| 2014 || ''[[Masala Republic]]''|||Althaf||
|-
| ''[[Iyobinte Pusthakam]]'' || Ivan's Henchman ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2015 || ''[[Chandrettan Evideya]]'' || Sumesh ||
|-
| ''[[Premam]]'' || Shivan Sir ||
|-
| ''[[Loham]]'' || Street Rowdy ||
|-
| ''[[Rani Padmini (film)|Rani Padmini]]'' || Madan ||
|-
| ''[[Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)|Charlie]]'' || Sunikuttan ||
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2016 || ''[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]'' || Crispin ||
|-
| ''[[Hello Namasthe]]'' || Abu ||
|-
| ''[[Kali (2016 film)|Kali]]'' || Prakashan||
|-
| ''[[Darvinte Parinamam]]'' || Willy ||
|-
| ''[[Mudhugauv]]'' || Kumari ||
|-
| ''[[Kammatipaadam]]'' || Karate Biju ||
|-
| ''[[Happy Wedding (2016 film)|Happy Wedding]]'' || Matrimony Consultant ||
|-
| ''[[Anuraga Karikkin Vellam]]'' || Fakru/Fakrudheen ||
|-
| ''Popcorn'' || Milton ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2017 || ''[[Comrade in America|''Comrade in America – CIA'']]'' || Joemon ||
|-
| ''[[Achayans]]'' || Qi ||
|-
|''[[Parava (film)|Parava]]''
| Drug addict
|Cameo appearance; directorial debut
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Solo (2017 film)|Solo]]''
|Pattu
|
|-
| Shekhar's friend at his birthday party
| [[Tamil film]]; special appearance in the song "Thoovanam"
|-
|''[[Mayaanadhi]]''||Sameera's Ikka||Cameo appearance
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2018 || ''[[Street Lights (film)|Street Lights]]'' || Subin ||
|-
|''[[Carbon (2018 film)|Carbon]]''||Aanakkaran Rajesh ||
|-
| ''[[Rosapoo]]'' || Sajeer ||
|-
| ''[[Sudani from Nigeria]]'' || Majeed ||
|-
| ''[[Kuttanadan Marpappa]]'' || Freddy ||
|-
| ''[[Mohanlal (film)|Mohanlal]]'' || Mr. Who ||
|-
|''[[Mangalyam Thanthunanena]]''||Himself||Special appearance
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2019|| ''[[Kumbalangi Nights]]'' || Saji ||
|-
|''[[Mera Naam Shaji]]''
|Shaji
|
|-
|''[[Oru Yamandan Premakadha]]''
|Vicky
|
|-
|''[[Virus (2019 film)|Virus]]'' || Unnikrishnan||
|-
|''[[Ambili (film)|Ambili]]''||Ambili
|
|-
|''[[Vikruthi]]''||Sameer
|
|-
|''[[Android Kunjappan Version 5.25]]''|| Subramanian / Chuppan ||
|-
|''[[Valiyaperunnal]]'' || Hanumanth Sheonayi ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|''[[Trance (2020 film)|Trance]]''|| Mathew Thomas (Mathaai) ||
|-
|''[[Halal Love Story]]''
|Azad
|
|-
|rowspan="3" |2021
|''[[Irul (2021)|Irul]]''
|Alex
|
|-
|''[[Meow (2021 film)|Meow]]''
|Dusthackeer
|
|-
|''[[Churuli]]''
|Mayiladumparambil Joy
|
|-
| rowspan=8 | 2022 || ''[[Bro Daddy]]'' || Happy Pinto ||
|-
| ''[[Kallan D`Souza]]'' || D’Souza ||
|-
| ''[[Bheeshma Parvam]]'' || Ajas Ali ||
|-
| ''Third World Boys'' || Soubin ||
|-
| ''[[CBI 5: The Brain]]'' || Paul Meijo / Sandeep / Manzoor ||
|-
| ''[[Jack N' Jill]]'' || Kuttaps ||
|-
| ''[[Ela Veezha Poonchira]]''|| [[Constable#India|PC]] Madhu ||
|-
| ''[[Gold (2022 Indian film)|Gold]]'' || Mittu ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2023 || ''[[Djinn (2023 film)|Djinn]]'' || Dhanapalan ||
|-
| ''[[Romancham]]'' || Jibin Madhavan || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Soubin Shahir, Arjun Ashokan-starrer Romancham gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/jan/20/soubin-shahir-arjun-ashokan-starrer-romancham-gets-a-release-date-39042.html |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=20 January 2023 |language=en |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203085720/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/jan/20/soubin-shahir-arjun-ashokan-starrer-romancham-gets-a-release-date-39042.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vellari Pattanam]]'' || K.P Suresh ||<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2023-03-24 |title='Vellaripattanam' movie review: Manju Warrier, Soubin Shahir in a stale political satire |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vellaripattanam-movie-review-manju-warrier-soubin-shahir-in-a-stale-political-satire/article66656985.ece |access-date=2023-03-24 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331150154/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vellaripattanam-movie-review-manju-warrier-soubin-shahir-in-a-stale-political-satire/article66656985.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ayalvaashi]]'' || Thaju ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Soubin Shahir's Ayalvaashi gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/feb/21/soubin-shahirs-ayalvaashi-gets-a-release-date-40218.html |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=21 February 2023 |language=en |archive-date=15 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315074359/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/feb/21/soubin-shahirs-ayalvaashi-gets-a-release-date-40218.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Live (2023 film)|Live]]'' || Sriram ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=First look of VK Prakash's Live out |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/mar/16/first-look-of-vk-prakashs-live-out-2556365.html |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=The New Indian Express |date=16 March 2023 |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323061610/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/mar/16/first-look-of-vk-prakashs-live-out-2556365.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[King of Kotha]]'' || Suitcase Leslie ||Cameo appearance
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2024 || ''[[Manjummel Boys]]'' || [[Guna Caves rescue|Siju David "Kuttan"]] || Also producer<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manjummel Boys gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/feb/11/manjummel-boys-gets-a-release-date-51955.html |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=11 February 2024 |language=en |archive-date=24 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224160311/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/feb/11/manjummel-boys-gets-a-release-date-51955.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nadikar]]'' || Bala ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-04 |title='Nadikar,' starring Tovino Thomas and Soubin Shahir, gets a release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nadikar-starring-tovino-thomas-and-soubin-shahir-gets-a-release-date/article67810826.ece |access-date=2024-03-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=17 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317152320/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nadikar-starring-tovino-thomas-and-soubin-shahir-gets-a-release-date/article67810826.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2025 || ''[[Pravinkoodu Shappu]]'' || Kannan||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2025-01-12 |title=Audio launch of Basil Joseph and Soubin Shahir's Pravinkoodu Shappu to take place on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jan/12/audio-launch-of-basil-joseph-and-soubin-shahirs-pravinkoodu-shappu-to-take-place-on-this-date |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Machante Maalakha]]'' || Sajeevan ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-05-07 |title=Machante Maalakha gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/May/07/machante-maalakha-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507085719/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/May/07/machante-maalakha-gets-a-release-date |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Coolie (2025 film)|Coolie]]'' || Dayalan "Dayal"/Dilip || Tamil film<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-28 |title=Soubin Shahir onboard Rajinikanth starrer Coolie |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Aug/28/soubin-shahir-onboard-rajinikanth-starrer-coolie |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Lokah Chapter 1: Chandra]]'' || Unnamed ||Cameo appearance<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2025|title='Lokah isn't coming to OTT anytime soon...': Dulquer Salmaan addresses rumours|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/dulquer-salmaan-addresses-lokah-chapter-one-ott-platform-release-date-ucjyiwem |access-date=5 October 2025|website=Mathrubhumi News|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Paathirathri]]'' || [[Civil Police Officer|CPO]] Hareesh ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-10-12 |title=Navya Nair and Soubin Shahir starrer Pathirathri gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Oct/12/navya-nair-and-soubin-shahir-starrer-pathirathri-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== As voice actor ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|2023
| ''[[Valatty]]'' || Haridas/Karidas || <ref>{{Cite web |title='Valatty' review: This experimental film about dogs is marred by plot cliches |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2023/07/21/valatty-review-this-experimental-film-about-dogs-is-marred-by-plot-cliches.html |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=The Week |language=en |archive-date=24 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724113359/https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2023/07/21/valatty-review-this-experimental-film-about-dogs-is-marred-by-plot-cliches.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

=== As director ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of films directed
|-
! Year
! Title
! Production company
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Parava (film)|Parava]]''
| [[Anwar Rasheed Entertainments]]
| Debut as a director
|-
|2025
|Othiram Kadakam
|TBA
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-10-26 |title=Dulquer announces films with Nahas and Soubin |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Oct/26/dulquer-announces-films-with-nahas-and-soubin |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== As producer ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of films produced
|-
! Year !! Title !! Production company !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Manjummel Boys]]'' || Parava Films || Debut production<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/manjummel-boys-movie-review-chidambaram-pulls-off-an-immaculately-crafted-survival-thriller/article67874296.ece |title=Immaculately crafted survival thriller |newspaper=The Hindu |date=22 February 2024 |last1=Praveen |first1=S. R. |access-date=26 February 2024 |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225165942/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/manjummel-boys-movie-review-chidambaram-pulls-off-an-immaculately-crafted-survival-thriller/article67874296.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|}

== Accolades ==
* 2018: [[Asianet Film Awards|Asianet Film Award Special Jury Mention]] – ''[[Udaharanam Sujatha]]'' & ''[[Parava (film)|Parava]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-mollywoods-whos-who-attend-20th-asianet-film-awards-81681|title=20th Asianet Film Awards|website=The News Minute|date=21 May 2018|access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref>
* 2018: [[Vanitha Film Awards|Vanitha Film Award for Best Debut Director]] – ''[[Parava (film)|Parava]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2018/02/25/vanita-film-awards-2018-live-updates.html|title=Vanitha Film Awards 2018 Winners|website=Malayala Manorama|date=27 February 2018|access-date=14 May 2020|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605202740/https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2018/02/25/vanita-film-awards-2018-live-updates.html|url-status=live}}(in [[Malayalam]])</ref>
* 2019: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor]] – ''[[Sudani from Nigeria]]''<ref name=StateAward/>
* 2019: [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Malayalam]] – ''[[Sudani from Nigeria]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/filmfare-awards-south-2019-the-complete-list-of-winners-kgf-yash-dhanush-dulquer-salmaan-ram-charan-6179256/|title=Filmfare Awards South 2019: The complete list of winners|date=22 December 2019|access-date=27 December 2019|archive-date=18 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518073059/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/filmfare-awards-south-2019-the-complete-list-of-winners-kgf-yash-dhanush-dulquer-salmaan-ram-charan-6179256/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2020: [[Asianet Film Awards|Asianet Film Award for Best Actor (Special Jury Mention)]] – ''[[Kumbalangi Nights]]''.<ref>{{cite news|author=Web team|title=മോഹന്‍ലാല്‍ മികച്ച നടന്‍, പാര്‍വതി നടി, മഞ്ജു തമിഴ് നടി, പൃഥ്വിരാജ് സംവിധായകന്‍; ഏഷ്യാനെറ്റ് ഫിലിം അവാര്‍ഡ്‌|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/asianet-film-awards-2020-full-list-q5dwhx|accessdate=10 February 2020|work=[[Asianet News]]|date=8 February 2020|language=ml|archive-date=10 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210160821/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/asianet-film-awards-2020-full-list-q5dwhx|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2020: [[Vanitha Film Awards|Vanitha Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]] – ''[[Kumbalangi Nights]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/02/09/vanitha-film-awards-2020-winners-list-madhuri-jacqueline-kochi.html|title=Vanitha Film Awards 2020 winners list|website=Malayala Manorama|date=11 February 2020|access-date=12 December 2020}}</ref>
* 2024 : [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film]] - [[Manjummel Boys]]
* 2024 : [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Character Actor]] - [[Manjummel Boys]]

==Controversy==
On July 2024, The Enforcement Directorate is investigating [[money laundering]] allegations related to the Malayalam movie [[Manjummel Boys]]. A case has been registered, and notices have been issued to the film's producers and actors Soubin Shahir, Babu Shahir, and Shawn Antony.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Manjummel Boys producers are arrested for money laundering |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/enforcement-directorate-records-statement-of-actor-soubin-shahir-in-financial-irregularities-case-related-to-manjummel-boys-movie/articleshow/111030145.cms |website=[[Times of India]] |access-date=23 June 2024 |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717064137/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/enforcement-directorate-records-statement-of-actor-soubin-shahir-in-financial-irregularities-case-related-to-manjummel-boys-movie/amp_articleshow/111030145.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|6229968}}
*{{Facebook|soubinshahirofficial}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shahir, Soubin}}
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kochi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kochi]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Indian producers]]
[[Category:IIFA Utsavam winners]]

International Fleet Review 2016

2026-03-09T01:32:43Z

Ramesh: Put up a stub

{{Short description|Indian international maritime exercise}}
{{About||a full list of ships present|List of ships present at International Fleet Review 2016|events of the same name in other countries|International Fleet Review (disambiguation){{!}}International Fleet Review}}{{Infobox event
| image =
| caption =
| duration = Five days
| date = {{start and end dates|2016|02|04|2016|02|08|df=yes}}
| venue = [[Eastern Naval Command]]
| location = [[Visakhapatnam]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|17.695811|N|83.280709|E|region:IN_type:event|display=inline,title}}
| also_known_as = IFR 2016
| type = Military exercise
| theme = ''United through Oceans''
| patron = [[Government of India]]
| organisers = [[Indian Navy]]
| participants = {{plainlist|*71 ships from the [[Indian Navy]]<ref name="IFR 2016 Curtain Raiser ET">{{cite web|author1=Ruchi Bambha|title=International Fleet Review 2016 curtain raiser: 6 key things to know|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/international-fleet-review-2016-curtain-raiser-6-key-things-to-know/articleshow/49375814.cms|website=ET|access-date=8 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="IFR Participant The Hinu">{{cite web|title=52 countries to take part in IFR-2016|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/52-countries-to-take-part-in-ifr2016/article8080461.ece|website=The Hindu|access-date=8 January 2016}}</ref>
*24 ships and delegations from 50 foreign navies<ref name="President, PM Modi review naval fleet - India Today" />}}
| blank1_label = Press release
|blank1_data= [https://ifr16.indiannavy.gov.in/writereaddata/images/pdf/GWAW15001898_IFR-Press-Ad.pdf GWAW15001898_IFR press release]
| blank2_label = Publication
|blank2_data=[https://ifr16.indiannavy.gov.in/writereaddata/images/pdf/ahoy.pdf Ahoy IFR 2016]
| website = [https://ifr16.indiannavy.gov.in/introduction-to-ifr-2016.htm IFR 2016 website]
}}
[[File:Passage Exercise (PASSEX) during International Fleet Review 2016 (01).JPG|thumb|Passage Exercise (PASSEX) during Fleet Review]]
'''International Fleet Review 2016''' (IFR 2016) was an international maritime exercise hosted and conducted by the [[Indian Navy]] on behalf of the [[President of India]] in February 2016 to improve relations with other navies in the region. The Indian Navy demonstrated its maritime capabilities to the foreign navies participating in the review.<ref name="IFR BS">{{cite web|title=International Fleet Review in Vizag from Feb 4|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/international-fleet-review-in-vizag-from-feb-4-116010700588_1.html|website=Business Standard|access-date=9 January 2016}}</ref>

The [[President's fleet review]] is a gathering of naval ships for observation by the President of India who reviews the fleet of the Indian Navy. Past fleet reviews in India include a 2006 review conducted by president [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], the first public naval fleet review outside Mumbai.<ref name="Fleet Review KALAM - 2006">{{cite web|title=President arrives for fleet review|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/president-arrives-for-fleet-review/article3177415.ece|website=The Hindu|access-date=18 April 2016}}</ref>

Two other notable international fleet reviews were held before 2016: the [[International Fleet Review 2005]] in the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[International Fleet Review 2013]] in [[Australia]]. IFR 2016 was the second international fleet review conducted in India; the first, in Mumbai in 2001, had 29 participants. A total of 95 warships from 50 navies, including the Indian Navy, participated in IFR 2016.<ref name="50 Navies Participated - The Diplomat">{{cite web|author1=Ankit Panda|title=With Over 50 Navies Participating, India Concludes 2016 International Fleet Review|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/02/with-over-50-navies-participating-india-concludes-2016-international-fleet-review/|website=The Diplomat|access-date=5 April 2016|date=8 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="DNA India After 15 Yrs IFR">{{cite web|author1=Ateeq Sk|title=After 15 years, second International Fleet Review to be held at Visakhapatnam in February|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-after-15-years-second-international-fleet-review-to-be-held-at-visakhapatnam-in-february-2121111|website=DNA India|access-date=5 April 2016|date=2 September 2015}}</ref> The review, conducted from 4 to 8 February 2016 in Visakhapatnam, was organized by the [[Eastern Naval Command]] of the Indian Navy.<ref name="Introduction to IFR 2016 IN Official">{{cite web|title=Introduction to IFR 2016|url=https://ifr16.indiannavy.gov.in/introduction-to-ifr-2016.htm|website=Indian Navy|publisher=Govt. of India|access-date=8 January 2016|archive-date=27 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127024945/https://ifr16.indiannavy.gov.in/introduction-to-ifr-2016.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[International Fleet Review 2026|next edition]] was conducted in 2026 when India hosted the [[Indian Ocean Naval Symposium]] (IONS).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-26 |title=IFR, MILAN-26, Naval conclave to gather world navies in Vizag this year: ENC chief |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/ifr-milan-26-naval-conclave-to-gather-world-navies-in-vizag-this-year-enc-chief/articleshow/127565475.cms |access-date=2026-02-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=={{anchor|Curtain raising ceremony}}Announcement==
[[File:Eastern Naval Command motor cycle expedition team at Jaswantgarh War Memorial.JPG|thumbnail|alt=Six motorcyclists at a war memorial in the mountains|Eastern Naval Command motorcycle expedition team at the Jaswantgarh War Memorial in [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. A motorcycle expedition for the upcoming IFR began in April 2015 at [[Eastern Naval Command]] headquarters.]]
IFR 2016 was announced at a press conference in New Delhi on 14 October 2015. At the conference, [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]] (CNS) [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]] [[RK Dhowan]] announced the Indian Navy's plan to conduct an international fleet review on the eastern seaboard at Visakhapatnam on 4–8 February 2016.<ref name="IFR 2016 CR PIB">{{cite press release|title=International Fleet Review 2016 |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=128718|website=Press Information Bureau|publisher=Government of India Ministry of Defence|access-date=17 May 2016|date=14 October 2015}}</ref>

==Events==

==={{anchor|4 February 2016|Wreath laying ceremony|Maritime exhibition and IFR village}}4 February===
[[File:IFR 16 - Wreath Laying Ceremony and Inauguration of Maritime Exhibition (02).jpg|right|thumb|alt=A man lays a floral wreath, surrounded by four other men|Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister N. Chandrababu Naidu paid homage to India's war dead in a wreath-laying ceremony.]]
A [[wreath]]-laying ceremony was held on the afternoon of 4 February at the [[Victory at Sea Memorial]]. [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]] [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]], CNS Admiral Dhowan and [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Naval Command]] [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Satish Soni]] laid a wreath in tribute to the Indian Navy sailors killed in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], and a [[guard of honour]] paraded. Chief of Staff, Eastern Naval Command [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Bimal Verma]] and other dignitaries and representatives of foreign navies were present at the ceremony.<ref name="Event Schedule IFR - IN Official">{{cite web|title=Event Schedule IFR|url=https://ifr16.indiannavy.gov.in/event-schedule.htm|website=Indian Navy|publisher=Government of India|access-date=5 April 2016|archive-date=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213110748/https://ifr16.indiannavy.gov.in/event-schedule.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Wreath Laying AP CM-Hindu">{{cite web|author1=G.S. Subrahmanyam|title=Naidu pays tributes to martyrs|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/naidu-pays-tributes-to-martyrs/article8195588.ece|website=The Hindu|access-date=5 April 2016|date=5 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="IFR 16 - Wreath Laying - IN Official">{{cite web|title=IFR 16 – Wreath Laying Ceremony and Inauguration of Maritime Exhibition|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/content/ifr-16-wreath-laying-ceremony-and-inauguration-maritime-exhibition|website=Indian Navy|publisher=Govt. of India|access-date=5 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="AP CM, Naval officers pay homage to war heroes - India Today">{{cite web|author1=Press Trust of India|title=AP CM, Naval officers pay homage to war heroes|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/ifr-2016-ap-cm-naval-officers-pay-homage-to-war-heroes-549962-2016-02-04|website=India Today|access-date=5 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="Wreath Laying Organized - Business Standard">{{cite web|title=Wreath Laying Organized|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/ifr-2016-ap-cm-naval-officers-pay-homage-to-war-heroes-116020500026_1.html|website=Business Standard|access-date=5 April 2016}}</ref>

The maritime exhibition's theme was [[Make in India]], showcasing the country's innovation, [[Indigenization|indigenisation]] and potential. With participating industries which float, move and fly, the exhibition was opened to the public on 2 February.<ref name="Maritime Exhibition - Hindu">{{cite web|title=Maritime Exhibition, IFR Village from Feb. 2|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/maritime-exhibition-ifr-village-from-feb-2/article8161356.ece|website=The Hindu|access-date=5 April 2016|date=28 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Maritime Exhibition and IFR Village|url=https://ifr16.indiannavy.gov.in/eventDetail.htm?3|website=Indian Navy|access-date=5 April 2016|archive-date=16 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416202352/https://ifr16.indiannavy.gov.in/eventDetail.htm?3|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="IFR to Open with CM -Indian Express">{{cite web|author1=Express News Service|title=IFR to Open with CM Launching Maritime Expo on February 4|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/IFR-to-Open-with-CM-Launching-Maritime-Expo-on-February-4/2016/01/20/article3235774.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208012949/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/IFR-to-Open-with-CM-Launching-Maritime-Expo-on-February-4/2016/01/20/article3235774.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 8, 2016|website=Indian Express|access-date=5 April 2016|date=20 January 2016}}</ref>

==={{anchor|5 February 2016|CNS press conference|Opening ceremony}}5 February===
[[File:Chief of the Naval Staff Admiral RK Dhowan addressing national media at the International Fleet Review 2016.JPG|thumbnail|right|alt=Uniformed man at a table, flanked by two other men|Naval Chief of Staff Admiral Robin K. Dhowan addressed the media at the IFR 2016 press conference in New Delhi.]]
CNS Admiral Robin K. Dhowan hosted a press conference at the Novotel Convention Centre, in which delegates from the navies participating in the review took part.<ref name="Event Schedule IFR - IN Official" /><ref name="Press Conference by CNS - Indian Express">{{cite web|title=Press Conference by CNS RK Dhowan at International Fleet Review|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Press-Conference-by-CNS-RK-Dhowan-at-International-Fleet-Review/2016/02/05/article3262684.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206083800/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Press-Conference-by-CNS-RK-Dhowan-at-International-Fleet-Review/2016/02/05/article3262684.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 6, 2016|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=7 April 2016}}</ref> An opening ceremony was held at [[INS Satavahana]].<ref name="Event Schedule IFR - IN Official" /><ref name="Opening Ceremony - IN Official">{{cite web|title=Opening Ceremony|url=https://ifr16.indiannavy.gov.in/eventdetail.htm?1/Opening+Ceremony|website=Indian Navy|publisher=Govt. of India|access-date=7 April 2016}}</ref>

==={{anchor|6 February 2016|Fleet review|Indian naval band concert|Presidential banquet}}6 February===
[[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi and President Pranab Mukherjee during International Fleet Review 2016 (03).jpg|right|thumb|alt=President Mukherjee standing and watching the ships pass|Indian President Pranab Mukherjee reviewing the international fleet]]
The Indian Navy fleet and foreign naval ships were reviewed by the supreme commander of the Indian armed forces, [[President of India]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]]. Ships from the [[Indian Coast Guard]] and the [[Merchant navy|mercantile marine]] and the [[Indian Naval Air Arm]] were also reviewed.<ref name="President, PM Modi review naval fleet - India Today">{{cite web|author1=IANS|title=President, PM Modi review naval fleet|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/president-pm-modi-review-naval-fleet-307413-2016-02-06|website=India Today|access-date=7 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="Event Schedule IFR - IN Official" /><ref name="President Pranab Mukherjee reviews naval fleet - ET">{{cite web|author1=PTI|title=President Pranab Mukherjee reviews naval fleet at IFR, PM Narendra Modi and Manohar Parrikar also present|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/president-pranab-mukherjee-reviews-naval-fleet-at-ifr-pm-narendra-modi-and-manohar-parrikar-also-present/articleshow/50875866.cms|website=The Economic Times|access-date=7 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="President reviews international fleet -The Telegraph">{{cite web|title=President reviews international fleet|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160206/jsp/frontpage/story_67833.jsp#.VwYv2vl97IU|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207085435/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160206/jsp/frontpage/story_67833.jsp#.VwYv2vl97IU|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 7, 2016|website=The Telegraph|access-date=7 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="International Fleet Review - 2016 - Indian Navy Official">{{cite web|title=International Fleet Review – 2016|url=http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/international-fleet-review-2016-1|website=Indian Navy|access-date=7 April 2016}}</ref>

[[File:President Pranab Mukherjee during International Fleet Review 2016.jpg|right|thumb|alt=President Mukherjee saluting, surrounded by a naval guard of honour|President Mukherjee with the ceremonial guard of honour]]
The naval band presented a concert at the [[Samudrika Naval Auditorium]].<ref name="Introduction to IFR 2016 IN Official" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Naval Band Concert|url=https://ifr16.indiannavy.gov.in/eventdetail.htm?6/Indian+Naval+Band+Concert|website=International Fleet Review 2016 |publisher=Indian Navy |access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref> The Indian Navy hosted a presidential banquet in the [[Eastern Naval Command]] officers' [[mess]] attended by central- and state-government dignitaries, chiefs of foreign navies, heads of delegations, and Indian and foreign participants in the IFR.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ifr16.indiannavy.gov.in/eventdetail.htm?7|title=Presidential Banquet|website=International Fleet Review 2016|publisher=Indian Navy|access-date=22 April 2016|archive-date=17 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417222141/https://ifr16.indiannavy.gov.in/eventdetail.htm?7|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==={{anchor|7 February 2016|International maritime conference|International city parade and operational demonstration|CNS reception}}7 February===

A two-day international maritime conference began on 7 February with the theme, "Partnering together for a secure maritime future".<ref name="International Fleet Review - 2016 - Indian Navy Official" /><ref name="VAdm Satish Soni The Hindu about IFR">{{cite web|title=IFR turning out to be a bigger event|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/ifr-turning-out-to-be-a-bigger-event/article8173552.ece|website=The Hindu|access-date=7 April 2016}}</ref> The Navy conducted a parade and a 30-minute operation demonstration at RK Beach in Vishakhapatnam. Contingents of the Indian Armed Forces, the [[Andhra Pradesh Police]], the [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]] and foreign navies and their bands marched in the parade. Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] introduced a book about India's maritime heritage during the event. The parade ended with a reception hosted by [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of Naval Staff Dhowan]] honouring the prime minister.<ref name="Operational Demonstration and the International City Parade - navy Official">{{cite web|title=IFR 16: Operational Demonstration and the International City Parade|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/content/ifr-16-operational-demonstration-and-international-city-parade|website=Indian Navy|access-date=7 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=International Fleet Review 2016: PM Narendra Modi to review city parade as chief guest|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/international-fleet-review-2016-pm-narendra-modi-to-review-city-parade-as-chief-guest_1853085.html|website=Zee News|access-date=7 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=PM Modi to review International City Parade at IFR today|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-pm-modi-to-review-international-city-parade-at-ifr-on-sunday-2174847|website=DNA India|access-date=7 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Percept ICE Successfully Manages The International City Parade|url=http://mediainfoline.com/article/percept-ice-successfully-manages-the-international-city-parade/|website=MediaInfoline|access-date=7 April 2016}}</ref>

==={{anchor|8 February 2016|Closing ceremony}}8 February===
An international band concert was presented at the naval institute as part of the IFR 2016 closing ceremony.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ifr16.indiannavy.gov.in/eventdetail.htm?11|title=Closing Ceremony|website=International Fleet Review 2016|publisher=Indian Navy|access-date=22 April 2016|archive-date=17 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417211333/https://ifr16.indiannavy.gov.in/eventdetail.htm?11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/content/closing-ceremony-international-fleet-review-2016|title=Closing Ceremony of International Fleet Review 2016|publisher=Indian Navy |access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="With Over 50 Navies Participating, India Concludes 2016 International Fleet Review - Diplomat">{{cite web|author1=Ankit Panda|title=With Over 50 Navies Participating, India Concludes 2016 International Fleet Review|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/02/with-over-50-navies-participating-india-concludes-2016-international-fleet-review/|website=The Diplomat|access-date=7 April 2016}}</ref>

{{wide image|Closing Ceremony of International Fleet Review 2016 (01).jpg|700px|Group photo of delegates at the IFR 2016 closing ceremony|60%|centre
|alt=Large group photograph}}

{{clear}}

==Participating ships==
{{main|List of ships present at International Fleet Review 2016}}
[[File:Stamp of India - 2016 - Colnect 600003 - International Fleet Review.jpeg|thumb|Commemorative postage stamp released by [[India Post]] on IFR 2016]]
Seventy-one ships from the Indian Navy participated in the review, including aircraft carriers, submarines, frigates, destroyers, corvettes, sailing vessels, and amphibious warfare vessels.<ref name="President, PM Modi review naval fleet - India Today" /><ref name="President reviews international fleet -The Telegraph" /> Most were from the navy's Eastern Naval Command.<ref name="President Pranab Mukherjee reviews naval fleet - ET" /> Twenty-four foreign ships and 50 foreign navies also participated.<ref name="President, PM Modi review naval fleet - India Today" /><ref name="50 Navies Participated - The Diplomat" /><ref name="President reviews international fleet -The Telegraph" /> Delegations from Argentina, Bahrain, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Djibouti, Egypt, Fiji, Germany, Greece, Israel, Kenya, South Korea, Namibia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Tanzania, Tunisia, Turkey and Turkmenistan were in attendance.<ref name="All You Need to Know About International Fleets Participating in IFR 2016">{{cite web|title=All You Need to Know About International Fleets Participating in IFR 2016|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/All-You-Need-to-Know-About-International-Fleets-Participating-in-IFR-2016/2016/02/01/article3256146.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202091547/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/All-You-Need-to-Know-About-International-Fleets-Participating-in-IFR-2016/2016/02/01/article3256146.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 2, 2016|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="100 Ships from 60 Nations">{{cite news|title=100 Ships from 60 Nations: Vizag Braces for {{sic|i|t’s|nolink=y|expected=its}} Biggest Fleet Review in 2016|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/100-Ships-from-60-Nations-Vizag-Braces-for-it%E2%80%99s-Biggest-Fleet-Review-in-2016/2014/07/26/article2349593.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729040343/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/100-Ships-from-60-Nations-Vizag-Braces-for-it%E2%80%99s-Biggest-Fleet-Review-in-2016/2014/07/26/article2349593.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 29, 2014|access-date=3 July 2016|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Green initiative==
[[File:Bio Diesel Powered Fast Attack Craft Of Indian Navy.jpg|thumbnail|alt=Small grey-and-green boat|Biodiesel-powered Indian Navy [[fast attack craft]] on patrol during IFR 2016]]
As part of its green initiative, the Indian Navy showcased two fast interceptor craft (FIC) which use [[biodiesel]] and have replaced the [[incandescent lamp]]s on its ships with LED light bulbs.<ref name="Navy Bio Fuel-ET">{{cite web|author1=Manu Pubby|title=Navy to showcase warship running on biofuel at Vizag|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/international-fleet-review-2016-navy-to-showcase-warship-running-on-biofuel-at-vizag/articleshow/50858844.cms|website=Economic Times|access-date=5 April 2016|date=5 February 2016}}</ref>

=={{anchor|Passage Exercise (PASSEX)}}Passage exercise (PASSEX)==
The International Fleet Review ended with the participating ships undertaking a passage exercise (PASSEX) in the [[Bay of Bengal]] on 9 February. The exercise was conducted in two formations, with the aircraft carriers [[INS Vikramaditya|INS ''Vikramaditya'']] and [[INS Viraat|INS ''Viraat'']] each heading a formation. The first group was headed by the ''Vikramaditya'', commanded by Western Fleet Rear Admiral Ravneet Singh; the second was headed by the ''Viraat'', commanded by Eastern Fleet Rear Admiral S. V. Bhokare. A helicopter from [[HMS Defender|HMS ''Defender'']] landed on the ''Viraat'', commemorating the carrier's historic ties with the [[Royal Navy]].<ref name="Passage Exercise - PIB">{{cite web|author1=Ministry of Defence|author2=DKS/CG|title=IFR 2016 – Passage Exercise – AU Revoir till we Meet Again|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=136280|website=Press Information Bureau|publisher=Government of India|access-date=7 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://navaltoday.com/2016/02/10/image-of-the-day-farewell-passex-at-ifr-2016/|title=Image of the day: Farewell PASSEX at IFR 2016|work=Naval Today|access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode=packed>
File:Indian Navy Chetak During IFR 2016.jpg|alt=Helicopter flying the Indian flag|[[Indian Navy]] [[Aérospatiale Alouette III|Chetak]] during IFR 2016
File:Flypast by Kamov Ka-31 of Indian Navy.jpg|alt=Three helicopters|[[Flypast]] by Indian Navy [[Kamov Ka-31]]s
File:Heads of navies and other delegates, representing more than 50 countries, attend an welcoming ceremonies leading up to India's International Fleet Review 2016.JPG|alt=Large, seated crowd|Delegates from over 50 countries
File:Tall Ships ‘Sail in Company’ during International Fleet Review 2016 (02).jpg|alt=Sailing ships|Tall ships sail in company during IFR 2016
File:Passage Exercise (PASSEX) during International Fleet Review 2016 (05).jpg|alt=Ships in a line|Passage exercise (PASSEX) in the Bay of Bengal, 9 February 2016
File:MiG 29K in action during International Fleet Review 2016.jpg|MIG 29k in Action
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Commons category|International Fleet Review 2016|IFR 2016}}
*[[International Fleet Review 2005]]
*[[International Fleet Review 2013]]
*[[International Fleet Review 2026]]
*[[President's fleet review]]
*[[Fleet review (Commonwealth realms)]]
*[[List of ships present at International Fleet Review, 2005]]
*[[List of ships present at International Fleet Review 2013]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Military exercises and wargames]]
[[Category:February 2016 in India]]

Padatik (1973 film)

2026-03-07T06:33:36Z

Ramesh: added the article from scratch

{{other uses|Padatik (disambiguation){{!}}Padatik}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Padatik, The Guerrilla Fighter
|image =Padatik 1973 film.jpg
|caption =VCD cover
|director = [[Mrinal Sen]]
|producer = Mrinal Sen Productions
|writer = Ashish Barman
|narrator =
|starring = [[Dhritiman Chatterjee]] [[Simi Garewal]] [[Bijon Bhattacharya]]
|music = [[Ananda Shankar]]
|cinematography = [[K. K. Mahajan]]
|editing = [[:en:Gangadhar_Naskar|Gangadhar Naskar]]
|distributor =
|released = {{Film date|1973|09|27|df=yes}}
|runtime =
|country = India
|language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|budget = 
}}

'''''Padatik''''' (''The Guerrilla Fighter'') is a 1973 [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Drama Film|drama film]] directed by noted [[Parallel Cinema]] director [[Mrinal Sen]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padatik (1973) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/padatik-35284 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302073218/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/padatik-35284 |url-status=live |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref> under the banner of Mrinal Sen Productions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PADATIK (1973) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6b277da4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229215935/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6b277da4 |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 December 2018 |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=BFI}}</ref>

This film is considered to be the third film of Sen's ''Calcutta'' trilogy, the others being ''[[Interview (1971 film)|Interview]]'', and ''[[Calcutta 71]]''.

==Plot==
A political activist escapes the prison van and is sheltered in a posh apartment owned by a sensitive young woman. Both are rebels: the activist against political treachery and the other on social level. Both are bitter about badly organized state of things. Being in solitary confinement, the fugitive engages himself in self-criticism and, in the process, questions the leadership. Questions are not allowed, obedience is mandatory. Displeasure leads to bitterness, bitterness to total rift. The struggle has to continue, both for the political activist, now segregated, and the woman in exile.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ishan |date=2021-02-23 |title=Padatik (1973) {{!}} Art House Cinema |url=https://www.arthousecinema.in/2021/02/padatik-1973/ |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=www.arthousecinema.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='Padatik' (1973) - 8 classic Mrinal Sen movies you shouldn't miss |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/8-classic-mrinal-sen-movies-you-shouldnt-miss/padatik-1973/photostory/64256953.cms |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Dhritiman Chatterjee]]
* [[Simi Garewal]]
* [[Bijon Bhattacharya]]
* Jochon Dastidar
* Ashima Sinha
* Dhruba Mitra
* Pravas Sarkar

==Awards==
* ''[[National Film Award for Best Screenplay]]'' - [[Mrinal Sen]] and Ashish Burman

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0070498}}
* [http://mrinalsen.org/padatik.htm On the Mrinal Sen website]
* [http://www.upperstall.com/films/1973/padatik A review]

{{Mrinal Sen}}

[[Category:1973 films]]
[[Category:1973 drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mrinal Sen]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay National Film Award]]
[[Category:1973 Bengali-language films]]

{{1970s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Ministry of Revenue (Maharashtra)

2026-03-07T00:55:27Z

Ramesh:

{{Short description|Maharashtra government ministry responsible for Revenue}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Ministry of Revenue [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| nativename = '''मंत्रालय महसूल विभाग महाराष्ट्र शासन'''
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| type =
| seal = Seal of Maharashtra.svg
| seal_width = 200
| seal_caption = [[Emblem of Maharashtra|Seal of the state of Maharashtra]]
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| picture = Mantralay of Mumbai, Administrative Headquarters 03.jpg
| picture_width =
| picture_caption = Building of Administrative Headquarters of Mumbai
| formed = {{Start date and age|1960}}
| preceding1 = Department of Revenue
| preceding2 = 
| dissolved =
| jurisdiction = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]
| headquarters = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]
| coordinates =
| motto =
| employees =
| budget = State budget of Government of Maharashtra
| minister1_name = '''[[Chandrashekhar Bawankule]]'''
| minister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]]
| deputyminister2_name = '''[[Yogesh Kadam]]'''
| deputyminister2_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Minister of State]]
| chief1_name = '''Mr. Manukumar Shrivastav (IAS)'''
| chief1_position = Principal Secretary
| chief2_name = '''Mr. Krishna Kenga'''
| chief2_position = Joint Secretary
| chief3_name =''' Mr. Kiran Wadte'''
| chief3_position = Deputy Secretary
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency = 
| keydocument1 = 
| website = {{URL|https://Revenue.maharashtra.gov.in/default.aspx}}
| map =
| map_width =
| map_caption =
| footnotes =
| agency_type =
}}

The '''Ministry of Revenue''' is a ministry of the [[Government of Maharashtra]]. It is responsible for preparing annual plans for the development of [[Maharashtra]] state.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Objectives of Revenue Department, Government of Maharashtra|url=https://plan.maharashtra.gov.in/Sitemap/plan/pdf/OBJECTIVE.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Directorate of Economics and Statistics|url=https://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/home.do?lang=|website=Finance Department, Government of Maharashtra, India}}</ref>

The ministry is headed by a [[Cabinet (government)|Cabinet level]] by '''[[Chandrashekhar Bawankule]]''', current minister of revenue.

==Head office==
{{Infobox political post
| insignia = Seal of Maharashtra (1).svg
| insigniasize = 150px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India]]
| department = Ministry of Revenue (Maharashtra)
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| post = {{big|Minister of Revenue}} '''महसूल मंत्री '''
|image=The_Maharashtra_Energy_Minister,_Shri_Chandrashkahr_Bawankule_calling_on_the_Minister_of_State_(IC)_for_Power_and_New_and_Renewable_Energy,_Shri_Raj_Kumar_Singh,_in_New_Delhi_on_October_16,_2017_(cropped).jpg
| incumbent = [[Chandrashekhar Bawankule]]
| incumbentsince = 21 December
2024
| member_of = State Cabinet
| reports_to = '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]''',& 
'''[[Maharashtra Legislature]]'''
| seat = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]
| appointer = '''[[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]]''' on the advice of the '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]'''
| termlength = 5 years
| inaugural = '''[[Vasantrao Naik]]''' 
(1960-1962)
| precursor = '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' 
(2024-2024)
| deputy = '''[[Yogesh Kadam]]'''
| formation = 1 May 1960
| body =
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| flagborder = yes
| website =
| abbreviation = RM
}}

==Cabinet ministers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!#
!Portrait
!Minister
![[List of constituencies of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]
! colspan="3" |Term of office
![[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
! colspan="2" |'''Party'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |1
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantrao_Naik_portrait.jpg|100x100px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Vasantrao Naik]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Pusad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pusad]]
|1 May 1960
|20 November 1962
| rowspan="2" |{{Age in years and days|1 May 1960|24 November 1963}}
|[[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
| rowspan="8" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="8" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|20 November 1962
|24 November 1963
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
|-
|2
|
|[[P. K. Sawant]]
|[[Chiplun (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chiplun]]
|25 November 1963
|5 December 1963
|{{age in years and days|25 November 1963|5 December 1963}}
|'''''himself'''''
|-
|(1)
|[[File:Vasantrao_Naik_portrait.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Vasantrao Naik]]
|[[Pusad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pusad]]
|5 December 1963
|1 March 1967
|{{age in years and days|5 December 1963|1 March 1967}}
|'''''himself'''''
|-
|(2)
|
|[[P. K. Sawant]]
|[[Chiplun (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chiplun]]
|1 March 1967
|13 March 1972
|{{age in years and days|1 March 1967|13 March 1972}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Vasantrao Naik]]
|-
|3
|[[File:Shankarrao_Chavan_2007_stamp_of_India_(cropped).jpg|97x97px]]
|[[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|[[Bhokar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhokar]]
|13 March 1972
|21 February 1975
|{{age in years and days|13 March 1972|21 February 1975}}
|-
|4
|
|[[Rafiq Zakaria]]
|[[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]]
|21 February 1975
|17 May 1977
|{{age in years and days|21 February 1975|17 May 1977}}
|[[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|5
|
|Madhukarrao Chaudhari
|[[Raver Assembly constituency|Raver]]
|17 May 1977
|18 July 1978
|{{age in years and days|17 May 1977|18 July 1978}}
|[[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|6
|[[File:Uttamrao_L_Patil.jpg|115x115px]]
|[[Uttamrao Patil]]
|Parola
|18 July 1978
|17 February 1980
|{{age in years and days|18 July 1978|17 February 1980}}
|[[Sharad Pawar]]
|[[Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|-
|7
|
|[[Shalini Patil]]
|
|9 June 1980
|21 January 1982
|{{age in years and days|9 June 1980|21 January 1982}}
|[[A. R. Antulay]]
| rowspan="10" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="10" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|8
|[[File:Babasaheb_Bhosale.png|97x97px]]
|[[Babasaheb Bhosale]]
|[[Kurla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nehrunagar]]
|21 January 1982
|2 February 1983
|{{age in years and days|21 January 1982|2 February 1983}}
|'''''himself'''''
|-
|9
|
|Shantaram Gholap
|[[Murbad Assembly constituency|Murbad]]
|2 February 1983
|3 June 1985
|{{age in years and days|2 February 1983|3 June 1985}}
|[[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|10
|
|[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
|[[Pusad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pusad]]
|3 June 1985
|12 March 1986
|{{age in years and days|3 June 1985|12 March 1986}}
|[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]
|-
|11
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|center|94x94px]]
|[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|[[Latur City (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Latur City]]
|12 March 1986
|26 June 1988
|{{age in years and days|12 March 1986|26 June 1988}}
|[[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|12
|[[File:Prabha_Rau.jpg|88x88px]]
|[[Prabha Rau]]
|[[Pulgaon Assembly constituency|Pulgaon]]
|26 June 1988
|4 March 1990
|{{age in years and days|26 June 1988|4 March 1990}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|(10)
|
|[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
|[[Pusad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pusad]]
|4 March 1990
|25 June 1991
|{{age in years and days|4 March 1990|25 June 1991}}
|-
|13
|
|[[Shankarrao Genuji Kolhe|Shankarrao Kolhe]]
|
|25 June 1991
|30 December 1991
|{{age in years and days|25 June 1991|30 December 1991}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
|-
|14
|[[File:Chagan_Bhujbal.jpg|125x125px]]
|[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]
|Mazgaon
|30 December 1991
|6 March 1993
|{{age in years and days|30 December 1991|6 March 1993}}
|-
|(11)
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|center|94x94px]]
|[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|[[Latur City (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Latur City]]
|6 March 1993
|14 March 1995
|{{age in years and days|6 March 1993|14 March 1995}}
|[[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|15
|
|[[Sudhir Joshi (politician)|Sudhir Joshi]]
|[[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]]
|14 March 1995
|15 June 1996
|{{age in years and days|14 March 1995|15 June 1996}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Manohar Joshi]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Shiv Sena]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|-
| rowspan="2" |16
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Narayan_Rane_with_PM_Modi_(cropped).jpg|90x90px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Narayan Rane]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Malvan Assembly constituency|Malvan]]
|15 June 1996
|1 February 1999
| rowspan="2" |{{age in years and days|15 June 1996|18 October 1999}}
|-
|1 February 1999
|18 October 1999
|'''''himself'''''
|-
|17
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with the Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Ashok Chavan and the Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Chhagan Chandrakant Bhujbal, in New Delhi on December 12, 2008 (cropped) 1.jpg|103x103px]]
|[[Ashok Chavan]]
|[[Bhokar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhokar]]
|18 October 1999
|18 January 2003
|{{age in years and days|18 October 1999|18 January 2003}}
|[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="6" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|18
|[[File:Sushilkumar_Shinde.JPG|center|94x94px]]
|[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|[[Solapur South (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Solapur South]]
|18 January 2003
|1 November 2004
|{{age in years and days|18 January 2003|1 November 2004}}
|'''''himself'''''
|-
|(11)
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|center|94x94px]]
|[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|[[Latur City (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Latur City]]
|1 November 2004
|16 August 2005
|{{age in years and days|1 November 2004|16 August 2005}}
|'''''himself'''''
|-
|(16)
|[[File:Narayan_Rane_with_PM_Modi_(cropped).jpg|90x90px]]
|[[Narayan Rane]]
|[[Malvan Assembly constituency|Malvan]]
|16 August 2005
|6 December 2008
|{{age in years and days|16 August 2005|6 December 2008}}
|[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|19
|
|[[Patangrao Kadam]]
|[[Palus-Kadegaon Assembly constituency|Palus-Kadegaon]]
|8 December 2008
|7 November 2009
|{{age in years and days|8 December 2008|7 November 2009}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Ashok Chavan]]
|-
|(16)
|[[File:Narayan_Rane_with_PM_Modi_(cropped).jpg|90x90px]]
|[[Narayan Rane]]
|[[Kudal Assembly constituency|Kudal]]
|7 November 2009
|11 November 2010
|{{age in years and days|7 November 2009|11 November 2010}}
|-
|20
|
|[[Balasaheb Thorat]]
|[[Sangamner Assembly constituency|Sangamner]]
|11 November 2010
|28 September 2014
|{{age in years and days|11 November 2010|28 September 2014}}
|[[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|-
|21
|[[File:Eknath_Khadse_(cropped).jpg|89x89px]]
|[[Eknath Khadse]]
|[[Muktainagar Assembly constituency|Muktainagar]]
|31 October 2014
|4 June 2016
|{{age in years and days|31 October 2014|4 June 2016}}
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|22
|[[File:Shri Devendra Gangadharrao Fadnavis.jpg|101x101px]]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|[[Nagpur South West (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nagpur South West]]
|4 June 2016
|8 July 2016
|{{age in years and days|4 June 2016|8 July 2016}}
|'''''himself'''''
|-
|23
|[[File:The_Guardian_Minister,_Maharashtra,_Shri_Chandrakantdada_Patil_addressing_at_the_inauguration_of_the_Public_Information_Campaign,_at_Gadhinglaj,_Dist._Kolhapur,_Maharashtra_on_November_06,_2015.jpg|77x77px]]
|[[Chandrakant Patil]]
|[[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]]
|8 July 2016
|12 November 2019
|{{age in years and days|8 July 2016|12 November 2019}}
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|(20)
|
|[[Balasaheb Thorat]]
|[[Sangamner Assembly constituency|Sangamner]]
|28 November 2019
|30 June 2022
|{{age in years and days|28 November 2019|30 June 2022}}
|[[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|24
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi attends the Swearing-in Ceremony of the Government of Maharashtra at Mumbai, in Maharashtra on December 05, 2024 (3) (cropped).jpg|92x92px]]
|[[Eknath Shinde]]
|[[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi]]
|30 June 2022
|9 August 2022
|{{age in years and days|30 June 2022|9 August 2022}}
|'''''himself'''''
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)]] }}" |
|-
|25
|
|[[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]]
|[[Shirdi Assembly constituency|Shirdi]]
|9 August 2022
|26 November 2024
|{{age in years and days|9 August 2022|26 November 2024}}
|[[Eknath Shinde]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|(22)
|[[File:Shri Devendra Gangadharrao Fadnavis.jpg|101x101px]]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|[[Nagpur South West (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nagpur South West]]
|5 December 2024
|15 December 2024
|{{age in years and days|5 December 2024|15 December 2024}}
|'''''himself'''''
|-
|26
|[[File:The Maharashtra Energy Minister, Shri Chandrashkahr Bawankule calling on the Minister of State (IC) for Power and New and Renewable Energy, Shri Raj Kumar Singh, in New Delhi on October 16, 2017 (cropped).jpg|84x84px]]
|[[Chandrashekhar Bawankule]]
|[[Kamthi Assembly constituency|Kamthi]]
|15 December 2024
|''incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|15 December 2024|}}
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|}

==Ministers of State ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Deputy Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Minister
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of Revenue
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''The Post of Deputy Minister / Minister of States has been kept Vacant from 23 November 2019 To 28 November 2019'''''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Abdul Sattar (Maharashtra politician)|Abdul Sattar Abdul Nabi]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sillod Assembly constituency|Sillod Constituency No. 104]]- [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar District]] Also Previously Known [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|27 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|27}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
| rowspan="2" |[[Balasaheb Thorat]]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Prajakt Tanpure]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Rahuri Assembly constituency|Rahuri Constituency No. 223]]- [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|27 June}} 2022
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|27|2022|06|29}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''The Post of Deputy Minister / Minister of States has been kept Vacant from 30 June 2022'''''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2024|11|26}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|
*[[Eknath Shinde]] (2022 - 2022)
*[[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]] (2022 – 2024)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|03
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
|
|'''[[Yogesh Kadam]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Dapoli Assembly constituency|Dapoli Constituency No. 263]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| {{small|21 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena]] (Shinde Group)
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color| Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| '''[[Third Fadnavis ministry|Fadnavis III]]'''
| [[Chandrashekhar Bawankule]] (2024–Present)
| rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|}

==References ==
{{reflist}}

{{State agencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Government of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Government ministries of Maharashtra]]

Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev

2026-03-04T00:22:30Z

Ramesh:

{{short description|Indian mythological television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Devon Ke Dev Mahadev.JPEG
| alt_name = [[Shiva|Mahadeva]] Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev - Rudra Bhi Aur Bhole Bhi
| creative_director = Aniruddh Pathak Nitin Shukla Animesh Verma Hiten Ganatra Prangshu P Ghosh Kadar Kazi(kk)
| genre = Theology
| director = Nikhil Sinha Ismail Umar Khan Manish Singh Govind Agrawal Satish Bhargav
| producer = '''Co Producer''' Nikhil Sinha (Triangle Film Company) '''Creative Producer''' Anirudh Pathak
| company = Triangle Film Company
| writer = C.L. Saini Brij Mohan Pandey Koel Chaudhuri Mihir Bhuta Dr. Bodhisattva Aas Mohammad Abbasi Bhavna Vyas Manoj Tripathi Utkarsh Naithani Subrat Sinha Swati Pande
| starring = [[Mohit Raina]] [[Mouni Roy]] [[Saurabh Raaj Jain]] [[Sonarika Bhadoria]] [[Puja Banerjee]] [[Suhasi Dhami]]
| composer = Sajan Rajan Mishra
| opentheme = ''Shiv Shiv''
| cinematography = Deepak Garg Amit Malvia
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 820
| executive_producer = Amish A Vasani
| camera = [[Multi-Camera]]
| runtime = 20–45 Minutes
| channel = [[Life OK]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2011|12|18}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2014|12|14}}
}}

'''''Devon Ke Dev… Mahadev''''' ({{translation| ''Lord of the Lords… Mahadev''}}), often abbreviated as '''''DKDM''''', is a series based on [[Shiva|Mahadev]], one of the main deities of [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/story/mythology-makes-a-tentative-comeback-with-mahadev/1/201848.html|title=Mythology makes a tentative comeback on Indian television|last=Shashidhar|first=Ajita|magazine=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]|date=19 January 2014|access-date=13 April 2020|archive-date=7 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107213842/https://www.businesstoday.in/story/mythology-makes-a-tentative-comeback-with-mahadev/1/201848.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It premiered on 18 December 2011, airing Monday to Friday nights on [[Life OK]]. The 820-episode series concluded on 14 December 2014. The entire series has been made available on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] and [[Hulu]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Why you won't see Lord Shiva in a reality show|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/why-you-wont-see-lord-shiva-in-a-reality-show/20141210.htm|last=Hegde|first=Rajul|website=[[Rediff.com]]|date=10 December 2014|access-date=20 August 2021|archive-date=29 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929033021/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/why-you-wont-see-lord-shiva-in-a-reality-show/20141210.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
The show's plot revolves around the story of Lord [[Shiva]], which follows his journey from being an ascetic to a family man.

During the creation of the world according to Lord [[Vishnu]] and Lord [[Brahma]], Adi Parashakti leaves Shiva from his [[Ardhanarishvara]] form. In order to shape the universe, she takes various births to marry Shiva but fails 106 times due to which Shiva becomes an ascetic. Hence Lord Brahma suggests his mind-born son Prajapati Daksh to please Adi Shakti and request her to incarnate as his daughter.

Adi Parashakti is born the 107th time as Daksh's daughter [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]]. Meanwhile, Shiva cuts off Brahma's fifth head making Daksh hate him. Sati falls for Shiva and finally marries him, much to Daksh's dismay. Hence, Daksh humiliates Shiva in front of Sati in his yagna. Unable to tolerate her husband's insult, Sati sacrifices her life once again. An infuriated Shiva orders [[Virabhadra]] to behead Daksh. Later, he revives him at Prasuti's request and goes into deep meditation for centuries.

Adi Parashakti then is born as [[Parvati]] the 108th time as the daughter of Himavan and his wife Menavati. She is aware of her divinity as are her parents, and grows up in Dadichi's hermitage. From an early age, she starts addressing Mahadev/Shiva as her husband which Menavati, as a concerned mother, dislikes strongly.

When she grows up, Parvati tries to make Mahadev realize that she is none other than his wife Sati reincarnated. But he rejects her and in the process, turns Kamadev into ashes. As a result, Kama's distraught wife, Rati curses Parvati.

Parvati then agrees to marry as per her mother, Menavati's wish. However eventually Parvati and Himavan make Menavati realise who Parvati is, after which she gives in. Parvati goes on to meditate for 3,000 years to please Mahadev to marry her. And finally, Mahadev and Parvati are married. Later, Mahadev imparts some tantric knowledge to Parvati that helps her to take various forms like Nav Durga; [[Mahavidyas]] (Kali, Tara, Tripura Sundari, Bhuvaneshvari, Tripura Bhairavi, Chhinnamasta, Dhumavati, Bagalamukhi, Matangi and Kamala) and [[Matrikas]] to destroy Raktabeej, Shumbha Nishumbha, Chanda Munda, Durgmasura, Arunasura, Banasura, etc.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Mohit Raina]] as [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] / [[Mahakala|Lord Mahakala]] / [[Virabhadra|Lord Virabhadra]] / [[Bhairava|Lord Bhairava]] / [[Ardhanarishvara]] / [[Khandoba|Lord Martanda Bhairava (Khandoba)]] / [[Nataraja|Lord Nataraja]] / [[Mangala|Lord Lohita (Elder)]] (2011-2014)
* [[Mouni Roy]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/WATCH-Mouni-Roy-celebrates-birthday-with-boyfriend-Raina-and-Naagin-co-actors/articleshow/54560033.cms|title=WATCH: Mouni Roy celebrates birthday with boyfriend Mohit Raina and Naagin co-actors|work=The Times of India|date=28 September 2016|access-date=20 August 2021|archive-date=11 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811082109/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/WATCH-Mouni-Roy-celebrates-birthday-with-boyfriend-Raina-and-Naagin-co-actors/articleshow/54560033.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> as [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Goddess Sati]] / [[Shakti|Goddess Adi Shakti]] / [[Mahadevi|Adi Parashakti]] (2011-2014)
* [[Sonarika Bhadoria]] / [[Puja Banerjee]] / [[Suhasi Dhami]] as [[Parvati|Goddess Parvati]] / [[Shakti|Goddess Adi Shakti]] / [[Mahadevi|Goddess Adi Parashakti]] / [[Kali|Goddess Kali]] / [[Mahakali|Goddess Mahakali]] / [[Bhadrakali|Goddess Bhadrakali]] / [[Tara (Mahavidya)|Goddess Tara]] / [[Tripura Sundari|Goddess Tripura Sundari]] / [[Bhuvaneshvari|Goddess Bhuvaneshvari]] / [[Bhairavi|Goddess Bhairavi]] / [[Chhinnamasta]] / [[Dhumavati|Goddess Dhumavati]] / [[Bagalamukhi|Goddess Bagalamukhi]] / [[Ardhanarishvara]] / [[Durga|Goddess Durga]] / [[Shailaputri|Goddess Shailaputri]] / [[Brahmacharini|Goddess Brahmacharini]] / [[Chandraghanta|Goddess Chandraghanta]] / [[Kushmanda|Goddess Kushmanda]] / [[Skandamata|Goddess Skandamata]] / [[Katyayani|Goddess Katyayani]] / [[Kalaratri|Goddess Kalaratri]] / [[Mahagauri|Goddess Mahagauri]] / [[Siddhidhatri|Goddess Siddhidhatri]] / [[Mumba Devi Temple|Mumba Devi]] / [[Mhalsa|Goddess Mhalsa]] / [[Gayatri|Goddess Gayatri]] / [[Meenakshi|Goddess Meenakshi]] / (2011) / (2012-2013) / (2013-2014) / (2014)
* [[Darshan Gurjar]] / [[Rushiraj Pawar]] as [[Kartikeya|Lord Kartikeya]] (2012) / (2012-2014)
* Sadhil Kapoor / [[Alpesh Dhakan]] / Ehsaan Bhatia as [[Ganesha|Lord Ganesha]] (2012) / (2013-2014) / (2014)
* [[Sourabh Raaj Jain]] as [[Vishnu|Lord Vishnu]] / [[Rama|Lord Rama]] / [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]] / [[Dattatreya]] (2011-2014)
** [[Piyush Sahdev]] as [[Rama|Lord Rama]] (2013)
* Ragini Rishi as [[Lakshmi|Goddess Lakshmi]] / [[Sita|Goddess Sita]] / [[Radha|Goddess Radha]] / [[Vedavati]] / [[Rukmini|Goddess Rukmini]] / Haripriya (2011-2014)
** [[Rubina Dilaik]] as [[Sita|Goddess Sita]] (2013)
* RidhaKrishna Dutta as [[Brahma|Lord Brahma]] (2011-2014)
* Puja Kameshwar Sharma / [[Salina Prakash]] / Via Roy Choudhary as [[Saraswati|Goddess Saraswati]] (2011-2012) / (2012-2013) / (2013-2014)

===Recurring===
{| class=wikitable
|-
!Cast !! Character(s)
|-
|-
|Kumar Hegde<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/my-character-mahadev-my-personal-favourite-kumar-hegde-180904|title=My character in Mahadev is my personal favourite: Kumar Hegde|website=tellychakkar|last=Kumaran|first=Ektaa|date=4 September 2018|access-date=20 August 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215235/https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/my-character-mahadev-my-personal-favourite-kumar-hegde-180904|url-status=live}}</ref>||[[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]]
|-
|Priyanka Thakare||Suyasha
|-

|Gaurav Shetty||[[Ayyappan]]
|-
|[[Ahsaas Channa]] / [[Ashnoor Kaur]]||[[Ashokasundari]]
|-
|[[Vishal Kotian]]||[[Hanuman]]
|-
|[[Jiten Lalwani]]||[[Indra]]
|-
|[[Tanya Sharma]]||[[Devasena]]
|-
|[[Lavanya Bhardwaj]] / Rishi Khurana||[[Nahusha]]
|-
|[[Kratika Sengar]] / [[Reem Shaikh]]||[[Manasa]]
|-
|[[Mohammad Nazim]]||[[Shumbha]]
|-
|[[Vishal Singh]]
|[[Nishumbha]]
|-
|Shivangi Sharma||[[Indrani]]
|-
|Manish Bishla||[[Surya]]
|-
|[[Vicky Batra]] / Aryaman Seth||[[Chandra]]
|-
|Hans Dev Sharma||[[Vishvakarma]]
|-
|Manoj Kolhatkar||[[Dadhichi]] / [[Pippalada]]
|-
|Yogesh Mahajan||[[Bhrigu]]
|-
|Aarya Vora||[[Siddhi]]
|-
|Amrita Singh||[[Consorts of Ganesha|Riddhi]] / [[Buddhi]]
|-
|Rajeev Bharadwaj||[[Kashyap]]
|-
|Romanch Mehta||[[Atri]]
|-
|Jayant Rawal||Maharishi Halahal
|-
|Jitendra Trehan||[[Markandeya]]
|-
|[[Shailesh Datar]]||[[Narada]]
|-
|Pankaj Kalra||[[Brihaspati]]
|-
|[[Darshan Kumar]]||[[Shukracharya]]
|-
| [[Anjali Abrol]]||[[Meenakshi]]
|-
|Raman Khatri||[[Atharvan]]
|-
|Atul Singh||[[Pulaha]]
|-
| [[Susheel Parashar]] || [[Pitamber]]
|-
|[[Vikramjeet Virk]]||[[Banasur]]
|-
|[[Hemant Choudhary]]||Prajapati Vishwaroop
|-
|Samiksha Bhatt||Jaya
|-
|Ram Awana||Chakri
|-
|Deepika Upadhyay / Sangeeta Khanayat / Yashashree Chiplunker||[[Ganga in Hinduism|Ganga]] / [[Godavari]] / [[Banai (goddess)|Banai]]
|-
|Mohit Sharma||[[Vasuki]]
|-
|Kunal Verma||[[Lakshman]]
|-
|[[Garima Jain]]||[[Urmila]]
|-
|Rohit Sagar||[[Vayu]]
|-
|Vineet Kumar||[[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharat]]
|-
|[[Harshad Arora]]||[[Shatrughna]]
|-
|[[Ulka Gupta]]||[[Devi Kanya Kumari|Goddess Kanya Kumari (Younger)]]
|-
|Arbaaz Ali Khan||[[Balarama]]
|-
|[[Vishesh Bansal]]||Grihapati
|-
|Mohit Dagri||[[Lohitang|Lohitang (Younger)]]
|-
|Raj Premi||Demon [[Tarakasur]]
|-
|[[Rahul Dev]]||Demon Arunasur
|-
|[[Chetan Hansraj]]||Nighas
|-
|[[Deepak Jethi]]||[[Mahishasura]]
|-
|[[Manav Gohil]]||[[Andhaka]]
|-
|[[Tej Sapru]]||Shankhachudha
|-
|[[Ankur Nayyar]]||[[Krauncha Giri]]
|-
|Ibrar Yakub||Tuhund
|-
|Tushar Jha||(Younger) [[Jalandhara]]
|-
|[[Arun Bali]]||Vajranaka (Tarakasur's father)
|-
|[[Akhilendra Mishra]]||[[Mahabali]]
|-

|Sanjay Swaraj||[[Bhasmasur]]
|-
|[[Manish Wadhwa]] / [[Tarun Khanna (actor)|Tarun Khanna]]||[[Ravana|Ravan]]
|-
|[[Sudesh Berry]]||Malla / Mani
|-Abrar Qazi / [[Abhaas Mehta]]||[[Adi]]
|-
|[[Rakshanda Khan]]||Madanike
|-
|Anupam Bhattacharya||Ripunjay / Devodas
|-
|[[Ojaswi Oberoi]] / [[Parakh Madan]]<ref name=i>{{cite news|last=Bhopatkar|first=Tejashree|title=Sanjay Swaraj and Ojaswi Oberoi in ''Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev''|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Ojaswi-Oberoi-and-Sanjay-Swaraj-in-Mahadev/articleshow/17004540.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203151232/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-29/tv/34796946_1_ojaswi-oberoi-mohit-raina-mahadev|url-status=live|archive-date=3 December 2013|access-date=7 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 October 2012}}</ref>||[[Mohini]]
|-
|Ritu Chauhan||[[Rati]]
|-
|[[Pankaj Dheer]]||[[Himavat|Maharaj Himavan]]
|-
|Mugdha Shah / [[Shilpa Tulaskar]]||Queen Menavati
|-
|Khyaati Khandke Keswani||[[Kṛttikā|Kritika]]
|-
|[[Surendra Pal]]||[[Prajapati]] [[Daksha]]
|-
|[[Shalini Kapoor Sagar]]||Queen [[Prasuti]]
|-
|[[Rishina Kandhari]] / Riyanka Chanda||[[Khyati|Rajkumari Khyati]]
|-
|Priyanka Panchal||[[Aditi|Rajkumari Aditi]]
|-
|[[Charu Asopa]] / [[Kanishka Soni]]||[[Revati|Rajkumari Revati]]
|-
|Surbhi Shukla||Princess [[Rohini (goddess)|Goddess Rohini]]
|-
|[[Manini Mishra]]||Rajkumari Vijaya
|-
|Annapurna Vitthal Bhairi||[[Shanta]]
|-
|[[Suhasini Mulay]]||Parvati's grandmother
|-
|[[Deepraj Rana]]||[[Parashurama|Parshuram]]
|-
|[[Amrapali Gupta]]||Matsyakanya
|-
|Prabhat Bhattacharya||King Aayu
|-
|[[Neha Kaul]]||Rajasekhar wife Queen
|-
|[[Jaya Bhattacharya]]||[[Diti|Rajkumari Diti]]
|-
|[[Anand Goradia]]||[[Pushpadanta]]
|-
|[[Dolly Sohi]]||Mahalasa's mother
|-
|[[Shilpa Shinde]]||Mahananda
|-
|[[Rajesh Vivek]]||Yella Koti
|-
|[[Pankaj Berry]]||Raja Durdum
|-
|Mitika Sharma||[[Sunayana (Ramayana)|Queen Sunayana]]
|-
|[[Mohit Chauhan (actor)|Mohit Chauhan]]||[[Janaka|King Janaka]]
|-
|[[Mihir Mishra]]||King [[Dashratha|King Dashratha]]
|-
|Gauri Singh||Queen Kaushalya
|-
|[[Anushka Singh]]||Queen Sumitra
|-
|Manasvi Vyas||Queen Kaikeyi
|-
|[[Tapeshwari Sharma]]||[[Uṣā|Usha]] / [[Behula]]
|-
|[[Arti Singh]]||Vaani
|-
|[[Bhavna Khatri]]||[[Chitralekha (deity)|Chitralekha]]
|-
|[[Daya Shankar Pandey]]||[[Lakulish]]
|-
|[[Tushar Dalvi]]||Chandradhar
|-
|[[Malhar Pandya]]||[[Aniruddha]] / Lakhsmichandra
|-
|Kalpesh Rajgor||Supriy
|-
|[[Parull Chaudhry|Parul Chaudhary]]||Sanaka
|-
|[[Deepali Pansare]]||[[Tulsi in Hinduism|Tulsi]]
|-
|[[Rajendra Chawla]]||Acharya Gyanmurti
|-
|[[Gungun Uprari]]||Maharani
|-
|[[Neha Marda]]||[[Vrinda]]
|-
|Jaya Binju||Andhaka's Wife
|-
|Chestha Mehta||Prithvi
|-
|Javed Pathan||Mayadhari
|-
|[[Samiksha Bhatnagar]]||[[Mandodari]]: Ravana's Wife
|-
|[[Mansi Sharma]]||[[Indrani]]
|-
|[[Sudeep Sarangi]]||Shatbhish
|-
|Anju Ajayakumar||Child Usha
|-
|[[Rajesh Kava]]
|King Rajasekhar
|-
|}

==Production==
===Development===
Ritoo Jenjani had done the [[prosthetic makeup]] for the presentation of [[Kali]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Ritoo-Jenjani-creates-a-Goddess/articleshow/17061498.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203153221/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-02/tv/34877631_1_makeup-artist-prosthetic-mahadev|url-status=live|archive-date=3 December 2013|title=Ritoo Jenjani creates a Goddess|author=Debarati S Sen|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 November 2012|access-date=7 November 2012}}</ref>

90 people were working in the graphic department of the series. An episode of the series cost ₹14 Lakhs for production.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wadhwa|first=Akash|date=6 March 2013|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Indian-TV-gets-bigger-with-better-budgets/articleshow/18813405.cms|title=Indian TV gets bigger with better budgets|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=20 August 2021|archive-date=31 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231231342/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/indian-tv-gets-bigger-with-better-budgets/articleshow/18813405.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2014, a fire broke out on one of the show's sets in Mumbai. However, none were injured with only minor damages to property.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.ndtv.com/television/fire-on-the-sets-of-devon-ka-dev-mahadev-no-injuries-638973|title=Fire on the sets of Devon Ke Dev... Mahadev, no injuries|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=29 April 2014|access-date=20 August 2021|archive-date=7 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107233913/https://movies.ndtv.com/television/fire-on-the-sets-of-devon-ka-dev-mahadev-no-injuries-638973|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Casting===
[[Sonarika Bhadoria]] was replaced by [[Puja Banerjee|Puja Bannerjee]] as Parvati in July 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/news-ians/i-had-given-notice-three-months-ago-sonarika-bhadoria-113071300189_1.html|title=I had given notice three months ago: Sonarika Bhadoria|date=13 July 2013|work=Business Standard|access-date=20 August 2021|archive-date=17 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517235839/https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/news-ians/i-had-given-notice-three-months-ago-sonarika-bhadoria-113071300189_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in June 2014 Bannerjee quit citing health issues and was replaced by [[Suhasi Dhami]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Mahadev-to-get-a-new-Parvati-again/articleshow/26638320.cms|title=Mahadev to get a new Parvati again|last=Maheshwri|first=Neha|work=The Times of India|date=1 December 2013|access-date=20 August 2021}}</ref> [[Mouni Roy]] who quit the series with the end of her role in 2012 returned as Sati in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/play/mouni-roy-returns-as-sati-on-devon-ke-dev-mahadev/|title=Mouni Roy returns as Sati on 'Devon Ke Dev Mahadev' after a two-year hiatus|work=The Indian Express|date=10 February 2014|access-date=20 August 2021|archive-date=13 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813144017/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/play/mouni-roy-returns-as-sati-on-devon-ke-dev-mahadev/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Home media==
The series was released on DVD in 2014 by [[Ultra Media & Entertainment]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k13/feb/feb174_1.php|title=Life Ok's Devon Ke Dev... Mahadev launched on DVD|publisher=Indian Television|date=2 January 2014|access-date=20 August 2021|archive-date=2 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202032237/https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k13/feb/feb174_1.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Soundtracks==
{{Track listing
|title1 = Karpura Gauram Karunavataram
|length1 = 6.10
|title2 = Shiv Shiv (Opening Theme)
|length2 = 2.46
|title3 = Shankar Shiv Bhole
|length3 = 4.55
|title4 = Yagyaswaroopaya Mahadev
|length4 = 5.18
|title5 = Sarvopari Premi Shiv Shankar
|length5 = 2.41
|title6 = Chandrama Priytam Mere
|length6 = 3.50
|title7 = Har Bhola Har Har Mahadev
|length7 = 2.23
|title8 = Santakaaram
|length8 = 2.19
|title9 = Sangeet Beena
|length9 = 9.15
|title10 = Vishweshwaraya Mahadevaya
|length10 = 4.34
|title11 = Shiva Rudrastakam
|length11 = 2.22
|title12 = O Mere Raj Dulare
|length12 = 2.27
|title13 = Mere Jalandhar Mere Munna
|length13 = 2.13
|title14 = Ritu Basant Aa Gayi
|length14 = 2.53
|title15 = Mann Re Tu Kitna Bebass Hai
|length15 = 4.42
|title16 = Babul Ke Ghar Se Chali
|length16 = 1.23
|title17 = Shiv Tandav Stuti
|length17 = 3.27
|title18 = Maharoop Mahakaaya
|length18 = 2.24
|title19 = Parvati Entrance Theme
|length19 = 2.32
}}

==Reception==
===Ratings===
The series started with a viewership rating of 0.7 [[Audience measurement|TVR]]. Following which in the initial six months, it ranged between 2 and 3 TVR.<ref>{{cite news|title=An epic battle|last=Bhattacharyya|first=Anushree|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/an-epic-battle/1160681/|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|date=27 August 2013|access-date=30 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109095117/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/an-epic-battle/1160681/|archivedate=9 January 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> Later, the episode of 9 September 2012, featuring [[Kali]] killing the demon [[Raktabīja|Raktabija]] rated the show its highest viewership with an 8.2 TVR being the highest TVR of Hindi television program during the year.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Mahadev-tops-TRP-charts-with-a-new-record-of-8-2-TVR/articleshow/16488940.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618005405/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-21/tv/34001427_1_new-record-tvr-grps|url-status=live|archive-date=18 June 2013 |title=Mahadev tops TRP charts with a new record of 8.2 TVR |date=21 September 2012|access-date=24 September 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/life-ok-s-mahadev-top-viewed-112092200037_1.html|title=Life OK's Mahadev top-viewed|website=Business Standard|date=20 January 2013|access-date=20 August 2021|archive-date=30 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930205629/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/life-ok-s-mahadev-top-viewed-112092200037_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In week 3 of 2013, it garnered an average rating of 3 TVR.<ref>{{cite news|title=DAS capital|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/das-capital/1067447/3|website=The Times of India|date=1 February 2013|access-date=20 August 2021}}</ref> In week 7, it was one of the top ten watched Hindi GEC program with 3.6 TVR.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mahadev Mahaepisode Include In Tam Rating Week 7|url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/television/mahadev-mahaepisode-include-in-tam-rating-week-7|website=Amar Ujala|date=4 March 2014|access-date=20 August 2021|archive-date=30 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930210541/https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/television/mahadev-mahaepisode-include-in-tam-rating-week-7|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Critics===
[[Amar Ujala]] claimed that some events mentioned in the series were distorted and not mentioned in any [[Puranas]] and [[Shastra]].<ref>{{cite web|title=दर्शकों को भ्रमित कर रहा है देवों का देव महादेव|trans-title=Devon Ke Dev... Mahadev is misleading the audience|language=hi|url=https://www.amarujala.com/spirituality/religion/devon-ke-dev-mahadev-confusing-audience|website=Amar Ujala|date=11 March 2013|access-date=20 August 2021|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411035628/https://www.amarujala.com/spirituality/religion/devon-ke-dev-mahadev-confusing-audience|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Legacy==
[[Mohit Raina]] featured in ''[[Limca Book of Records]]'' for the portrayal of about 52 characters in the series with his main role being [[Shiva]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Mohit Raina in Limca Book of Records|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/mohit-raina-in-limca-book-of-records/videoshow/45410968.cms|website=The Times of India|date=8 December 2014|access-date=20 August 2021|archive-date=4 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004213819/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/mohit-raina-in-limca-book-of-records/videoshow/45410968.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=लिम्का बुक में नाम दर्ज कराने को तैयार टीवी के 'महादेव|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-mohit-raina-honoured-at-limca-book-of-records-4831916-NOR.html|newspaper=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]|access-date=20 August 2021|archive-date=4 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804011736/https://www.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-mohit-raina-honoured-at-limca-book-of-records-4831916-NOR.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.hotstar.com/#!/devon-ke-dev----mahadev-12-s Official Website] on [[hotstar]]
{{Prone to spam|date=June 2013}}

* {{IMDb title|2147999|Devon Ke Dev Mahadev}}

[[Category:2011 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian television series about Hindu deities]]
[[Category:Life OK original programming]]
[[Category:2014 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Shaivism]]

Farishtay

2026-03-04T00:06:00Z

Ramesh: reworked layout and updated info as per guidelines

{{more citations needed|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Farishtay
| image = Farishtay poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]]
| producer = Sattee Shourie [[Mona Kapoor]]
| writer = Shadb Kumar Anil Sharma
| starring = [[Dharmendra]] [[Vinod Khanna]] [[Rajnikanth]] [[Jaya Prada]] [[Sridevi]]
 [[Swapna (actress)|Swapna]] [[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]] [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Bappi Lahiri]] '''Score:''' [[Raamlaxman]]
| cinematography = Anil Dhanda
| editing = A. R. Rajendran
| distributor = S. G. S. Films
| released = {{Film date|1991|02|22|df=y}}
| runtime = 197 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}32.7 million<ref name="auto"/<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=14 June 2020|title=Farishtay 1991 Movie Box Office Collection, Budget and Unknown Facts 1990's Box Office Collection |url=https://ksboxoffice.com/farishtay-1991-movie-box-office-collection-budget-and-unknown-facts/movies-facts/ | access-date=18 December 2021 |website=KS Box Office |language=en-US}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}48 million (India Net) <ref name="auto"/<ref name="auto"/>
}}

'''''Farishtay''''' ({{Translation|Angels}}) is a 1991 Indian [[Hindi Language|Hindi-language]] [[action drama film]] directed by [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]]. The film features an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Dharmendra]], [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Rajinikanth|Rajnikanth]], [[Jaya Prada]], [[Sridevi]], [[Swapna (actress)|Swapna]], [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]], and [[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dharmendra-shares-a-funny-scene-with-rajinikanth-from-insaaf-kaun-karega-says-rajini-is-a-darling-friend-7387066/|title=Dharmendra shares funny scene with 'darling friend' Rajinikanth from Insaaf Kaun Karega, watch|date=3 July 2021}}</ref>

''Farishtay'' released worldwide on 22 February 1991.

==Plot==
Raja Jaichand is dictator of a distant area close to border. He rules with brutality, killing innocent for his personal entertainment. He doesn't accept authority of Indian Government and colludes with foreign forces to keep his power. Gayatri lives with her two adopted brothers, by the names of Veeru and Dheeru, who are small-time crooks, and con men, and are known to the local police. When Gayatri meets and falls in love with Police Inspector Arjun Thanghe, the duo are delighted and arrange her marriage with great pomp and ceremony.
A flashback sequence reveals that the duo were police trainees. Veeru had fallen in love with their commandant's granddaughter, Sheela. On the day of Holi, Veeru planned to ask her hand in marriage. However, a terrorist kills her along with some family members of other police officers as a revenge for his men. Veeru avenges her death, while Dheeru prevents police force for intervening. They are imprisoned for some time for taking law in their hands.
In present, duo are recruited by Jaichand's henchwoman Lilly, to eliminate and take place of commandos sent by government to run Police camp in their village. There they find that Arjun was previously assigned to run the camp. Arjun attempted to set things right, but is killed in the process, and Gayatri loses her sanity. The duo decides to avenge their sister, but are stopped by their commandant. It is then revealed that despite being thrown out of police force, they had been working undercover for him. He compels them to fight smartly. They take help of local girl, Rasbhari and infiltrate secret fortress of Jaichand. After facing much obstacles, including brutish special soldiers who killed Arjun, they are able to take down Jaichand and his army, avenging Gayatri and restoring her sanity.

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
*[[Dharmendra]] as Virendra "Veeru" Kumar
*[[Vinod Khanna]] as Dhirendra "Dheeru" Kumar
*[[Rajinikanth]] as Inspector Ranoji Rao Shivaji Rao Gaekwad Jadichmul Arjun Tange{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=134}}
*[[Jaya Prada]] as Sheela, Veeru's love interest (special appearance)
*[[Sridevi]] as Rasbhari, Dheeru's love interest
*[[Swapna (actress)|Swapna]] as Gayatri, Veeru and Dheeru's sister and Arjun Tange's wife
*[[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]] as Raja Jaichand
*[[Amrit Pal (actor)|Amrit Pal]] as Gulshanchandra, Raja Jaichand's nephew
*Kirti Singh as Lily, Raja Jaichand's mistress and secretary Neeti
*[[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] as a Police Comissioner PC Acharya and Sheela's grandfather
*[[Dinesh Hingoo]] as Laal, Sheela's father
*[[Shammi (actress)|Shammi]] as Mausi Lalita
*[[Krishan Dhawan]] as an Uncle Ramakant
*[[Rajendra Nath]] as Mohan Lal
*Brahmachari as Ramu
*[[Javed Khan Amrohi]] as Anand Akela
*[[Manik Irani]] as Chhediram
*Huma Khan as Bar Dancer Maria
*[[Bob Christo]] as Bob, a terrorist
*[[A. K. Hangal]] as Abdul
*[[Beena Banerjee]] as a Asha Mathur
*[[Syed Badr-ul Hasan Khan Bahadur]] as Pandit Bhardwaj
*[[Guddi Maruti]] as Bela, Pandit's Wife
*[[Raj Kishore]] as a vegetable seller
*Gautam Sarin as a captain under Raja Jaichand
*[[Bhushan Tiwari]] as Bhushan, Raja Jaichand's henchman
*Anand Balraj as Andy
*[[Viju Khote]] and [[Johnny Lever]] as Damodar and Fakruddin, Raja Jaichand Soldiers (guest role in the song "Saat Kunwaron Mein Ek Kunwari")
*[[Tom Alter]], [[Jankidas]], [[Sudhir (Hindi actor)|Sudhir]] and [[Yunus Parvez]] Sitaram, Rexton, and Jimmy, play foreign terrorists.
{{Colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The songs were composed by [[Bappi Lahiri]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Farishtay |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/farishtay/qTx0mpNrlbc_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802042221/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/farishtay/qTx0mpNrlbc_ |archive-date=2 August 2022 |access-date=1 August 2022 |website=[[JioSaavn]]|date=22 February 1991 }}</ref> Lyrics by [[Anand Bakshi]].
{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Thode Se Farishtay, Thode Se Shaitan"
| [[Mohammed Aziz]], [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]]
|-
| "Is Sansar Mein Sabse Pyaara Bhai Behan Ka Pyaar Hai" (Happy)
| Mohammed Aziz, Amit Kumar, [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
|-
| "Is Sansar Mein Sabse Pyaara Bhai Bahen Ka Pyaar Hai" (Sad)
| Mohammed Aziz, Amit Kumar, Anuradha Paudwal
|-
| "Tere Bina Jag Lagta Hai Soona"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], Mohammed Aziz
|-
| "Saat Kunwaron Mein Ek Kunwari"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| "Jhanda Ooncha Rahe Hamara" (Female)
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Jhanda Ooncha Rahe Hamara" (Male)
| [[Shabbir Kumar]]
|-
| "Raja Ka Humne Baja Diya Baaja"
| Shabbir Kumar, [[Alka Yagnik]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-81-8475-796-5 |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |orig-date=2012}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0187004|title=Farishtay}}

{{Anil Sharma}}

[[Category:1991 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1991 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]
[[Category:Films directed by Anil Sharma]]

Un Samayal Arayil

2026-03-03T21:36:16Z

Ramesh: Made a pg needs work...

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by Prakash Raj}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Un Samayal Arayil
| image = Un Samayal Arayil.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster of the Tamil version
| director = [[Prakash Raj]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogue by
| data1 = '''Tamil:''' [[Viji (screenwriter)|Viji]] [[T. J. Gnanavel]] '''Kannada/Telugu:''' Prakash Raj Aravind Kuplikar Ramana Gopisetti
}}
| producer = {{ubl|Prakash Raj |Vallabha (Telugu)}}
| screenplay = Prakash Raj
| story = {{ubl|[[Syam Pushkaran]]|[[Dileesh Nair]]}}
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Salt N' Pepper]]''|[[Aashiq Abu]]}}
| starring = {{ubl|Prakash Raj|[[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]]|[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]}}
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = [[Preetha Jayaraman]]
| editing = [[Kishore Te.]]
| studio = {{ubl|[[Duet Movies|Prakash Raj Productions]]|[[Creative Commercials]] (Telugu)}}
| distributor = {{ubl|[[Duet Movies|Prakash Raj Productions]] (Tamil)|[[Darshan Thoogudeep|Thoogudeepa Distributors]] (Kannada)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thoogudeepa Distributors Bags Oggarane — chitraloka.com | Latest Kannada Movie News, Reviews | Images |url=http://chitraloka.com/news/4983-thoogudeepa-distributors-bags-oggarane.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527221305/http://chitraloka.com/news/4983-thoogudeepa-distributors-bags-oggarane.html |archive-date=27 May 2014 |access-date=2014-06-08 |publisher=chitraloka.com}}</ref>|[[Sri Venkateswara Creations]] (Telugu)}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|06|06}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = {{unbulleted list|Tamil|Kannada|Telugu}}
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Un Samayal Arayil''''' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ({{translation|In your kitchen}}), '''''Oggarane''''' in [[Kannada]] ({{translation|Tempering}}) and '''''Ulavacharu Biryani''''' in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], is a 2014 Indian [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Prakash Raj]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 September 2013 |title=Prakash Raj to wield megaphone again |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Prakash-Raj-in-Kannada-version-of-Salt-and-Pepper/articleshow/22625298.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919071525/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-16/news-interviews/42113380_1_prakash-raj-salt-pepper |archive-date=19 September 2013 |access-date=2012-09-16 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A remake of [[Aashiq Abu]]'s 2011 [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Salt N' Pepper]]'', the film is simultaneously shot in three languages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2012 |title=Prakash Raj to remake Malayalam hit |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/aug-12-03/prakash-raj-duet-movies-18-08-12.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016165124/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/aug-12-03/prakash-raj-duet-movies-18-08-12.html |archive-date=16 October 2013 |access-date=2012-11-22 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> It stars [[Prakash Raj]] alongside [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], Tejus and [[Samyukta Hornad]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2013 |title=Salt and Pepper in Kannada |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/97532.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916143543/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/97532.html |archive-date=16 September 2013 |access-date=2012-09-16 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> The film features the original score and soundtrack by [[Ilaiyaraja]]. The regular shoot commenced from 26 September at [[Mysore]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2013 |title=Vaggarane shooting at Karnataka |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/prakash-raj-set-to-take-kannada-film-industry-by-storm/422738-71-205.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920173230/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/prakash-raj-set-to-take-kannada-film-industry-by-storm/422738-71-205.html |archive-date=20 September 2013 |access-date=2013-09-14 |publisher=IBN Live}}</ref> The film's Tamil title is based on a song from ''[[Dhill]]'' (2001).

The film was released on 6 June 2014 to mixed reviews in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] while the Kannada version received positive reviews.<ref name="indiatimes">{{Cite news |title=Oggarane movie review: Wallpaper, Story, Trailer at |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Oggarane/movie-review/36281393.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629042524/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Oggarane/movie-review/36281393.cms |archive-date=29 June 2014 |access-date=2014-07-20 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="indiaeveryday">{{Cite web |title=Movie review 'Oggarane ಒಗ್ಗರಣೆ': A must watch for Prakash Raj's brilliance — Deccan Chronicle |url=http://karnataka.indiaeveryday.in/news-movie-review-oggarane-a-must-watch-for-prakash-rajs-1488-7044955.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714223301/http://karnataka.indiaeveryday.in/news-movie-review-oggarane-a-must-watch-for-prakash-rajs-1488-7044955.htm |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=2014-07-20 |publisher=karnataka.indiaeveryday.in}}</ref><ref name="A Sharadhaa">{{Cite web |last=A Sharadhaa |date=2014-05-28 |title=Oggarane : Seasoned With Endearing Passion |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Oggarane--Seasoned-With-Endearing-Passion/2014/06/07/article2267799.ece1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714182912/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Oggarane--Seasoned-With-Endearing-Passion/2014/06/07/article2267799.ece1 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=2014-06-08 |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="Posted by: Sandesh">{{Cite web |last=Sandesh |title=Oggarane Movie Review |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/reviews/2014/oggarane-ogarne-movie-review-142768.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608041121/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/reviews/2014/oggarane-ogarne-movie-review-142768.html |archive-date=8 June 2014 |access-date=2014-06-08 |website=OneIndia}}</ref> The Tamil and the Telugu versions were unsuccessful at the box office, while the [[Kannada]] version became a major success.<ref name="youtube">{{Cite web |date=17 June 2014 |title=prakash raj s oggarane is huge success at the box office — YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=blXLZGcb__I |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630195644/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=blXLZGcb__I |archive-date=30 June 2016 |access-date=2014-07-20 |publisher=youtube.com}}</ref><ref name="rediff">{{Cite web |title=Prakash Raj's Oggarane is a huge success at the Box Office |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/prakash-rajs-oggarane-is-a-huge-success-at-the-box-office-south/20140616.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620010102/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/prakash-rajs-oggarane-is-a-huge-success-at-the-box-office-south/20140616.htm |archive-date=20 June 2014 |access-date=2014-07-20 |publisher=Rediff}}</ref><ref name="indiaglitz">{{Cite web |date=14 June 2014 |title='Oggarane' Success! - Kannada Movie News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/Oggarane-Success-kannada-news-108987 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405183946/https://www.indiaglitz.com/Oggarane-Success-kannada-news-108987 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |access-date=2014-07-20 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>

==Plot==
Kalidas works in the state archaeological department and is a food lover, he is 45 years old and remains unmarried. His only companion is his cook, Krishna. Naveen is Kalidas's nephew who comes to stay with him while looking for a job. Kalidas has a normal life until he gets a misdialed phone call from Gowri, a dubbing artiste living with her friend Meghana. Gowri rings to order a [[Dosa (food)|dosa]] from a restaurant but gets Kalidas instead. Their conversations do not go well at first, but a long-distance romance develops due to their common interest—cooking and food. Kalidas is a born gourmet while Gowri is indulging in culinary activities in memory of her deceased mother. Kalidas starts to let Gowri into the secrets of baking with a multi-layered cake called "Joan's Rainbow".

Kalidas and Gowri both get the jitters before their first face-to-face meeting, as each becomes conscious of their own physical appearances, and both decide to send younger and better-looking substitutes instead, Naveen and Meghana. When they meet, neither Naveen nor Meghana realizes that the other person is a substitute, since they introduce themselves as Kalidas and Gowri respectively. Naveen thinks that Kalidas is actually in love with Meghana while Meghana thinks that Gowri is in love with Naveen. They attempt to sabotage their older counterpart's relationship by telling Kalidas and Gowri respectively that the person they met would be unsuitable for them due to huge age differences and personality types. Kalidas and Gowri try to forget each other and end up feeling sad for a long duration of the movie. Finally, Kalidas gives in to his loneliness and calls up Gowri and they both decide to meet face-to-face. Both of them decide to meet each other honestly to get it over with. Naveen and Meghana, who by this time had started to develop feelings for each other, are confused and worried upon hearing this as they are afraid their true identity will be revealed to the other person. Naveen finally admits to Meghana that he is not the real Kalidas and Meghana too explains her side of the story. They both realize the confusion and call Kalidas to apologize and narrate all the incidents unknown to them. Kalidas and Gowri finally meet each other at the planned museum and their relationship begins.

==Cast==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:50%;"
! Tamil version !! Kannada version !! Telugu version !! Role
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| [[Prakash Raj]] || Kalidas{{Efn|His full name is M. Kalidasan, M. Kalidasa, and M. Kalidasu in Telugu, respectively.}}
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|[[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] ||Gowri
|-
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|Tejus ||Naveen
|-
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|[[Samyukta Hornad]] ||Meghana
|-
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|[[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]] ||Asha
|-
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] || Chechi, beautician
|-
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|Shivajirao Jadhav ||Sneha's boss
|-
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|[[Sanchari Vijay]]||Rama
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Elango Kumaravel]] || style="text-align:center;" |[[Mandya Ramesh]] || style="text-align:center;" |[[M. S. Narayana]] ||Kalidas's uncle
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Thambi Ramaiah]] || style="text-align:center;" |[[Achyuth Kumar]] || style="text-align:center;" |[[Brahmaji]] ||Krishna
|-
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|Parasuram|| Jaakayya
|-
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|Sumuka|| Karthik
|-
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|Shivajirao Jadav|| Director
|-
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|Mahendra Ramesh|| Vaidhi
|}

==Production==
Prakash bought the remake rights of the film ''[[Salt N' Pepper]]''. It is a romantic story between two couples who accidentally get to know each other through their common love for food.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 December 2011 |title=Is Prakash Raj's next film a trilingual? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Is-Prakash-Rajs-next-film-a-trilingual/articleshow/11120896.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614230140/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-16/news-interviews/30520833_1_actor-prakash-raj-naanu-nanna-kanasu-malayalam |archive-date=14 June 2013 |access-date=2012-11-22 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Besides directing the film, Prakash Raj has also acted in and produced the film. [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] was initially roped in to play the lead female role, but was dropped out.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 November 2012 |title=Prakash Raj to romance Tabu in Ulavacharu Biryani |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Prakash-Raj-to-romance-Tabu-in-Ulavacharu-Biryani/articleshow/17255869.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326061109/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Prakash-Raj-to-romance-Tabu-in-Ulavacharu-Biryani/articleshow/17255869.cms |archive-date=26 March 2018 |access-date=2012-11-22 |publisher=Times of India}}</ref> [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] signed the film later as a leading lady, playing [[Shwetha Menon]]'s role from the original.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sneha bags Prakash Raj's directorial venture |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Sneha-bags-Prakash-Rajs-directorial-venture/articleshow/17506034.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408180841/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Sneha-bags-Prakash-Rajs-directorial-venture/articleshow/17506034.cms |archive-date=8 April 2014 |access-date=2012-12-06 |publisher=Times of India}}</ref> In May 2013, Prakash acknowledged that he would be directing Sneha in his upcoming venture on an episode of ''[[Neengalum Vellalam Oru Kodi]]'' that featured her and her husband [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]]. Saymukta Hornad, daughter of popular Kannada actor [[Sudha Belawadi]] was cast for a role in the film and said that she was taking Telugu and Tamil lessons as she would be part of all three versions too.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Samyukta bags a Prakash Raj film — The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Samyukta-bags-a-Prakash-Raj-film/articleshow/22938421.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924064242/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Samyukta-bags-a-Prakash-Raj-film/articleshow/22938421.cms |archive-date=24 September 2013 |access-date=24 September 2013 |work=The Times Of India}}</ref> A newcomer, Tejus, was selected by Prakash to play the role of Naveen, the love interest of [[Samyukta Hornad]]'s character.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Rinku |title=An Equal Mix of Food and Love |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/An-Equal-Mix-of-Food-and-Love/2014/04/17/article2172141.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419025202/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/An-Equal-Mix-of-Food-and-Love/2014/04/17/article2172141.ece |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=2014-06-08 |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref> All the songs in the film are choreographed by Bollywood's popular choreographer and Prakash's wife [[Pony Verma|Pony Verma Prakash Rai]], who also debuted as an associate director with this film.<ref name="indiatimes2">{{Cite web |date=3 June 2014 |title=Pony Verma Prakash Rai debuts as an associate director with Oggarane |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/Pony-Verma-Prakash-Rai-debuts-as-an-associate-director-with-Oggarane/articleshow/35950328.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606033654/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/Pony-Verma-Prakash-Rai-debuts-as-an-associate-director-with-Oggarane/articleshow/35950328.cms |archive-date=6 June 2014 |access-date=2014-07-20 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Oggarane Ulavucharu Biriyani Un Samayal Arayil
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = 4 April 2014 (Kannada) 31 March 2014 (Telugu) 14 April 2014 (Tamil)
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 18:01
| label = Junglee Music
| producer = Ilaiyaraaja
| prev_title = [[Oru Oorla]]
| prev_year = 2014
| next_title = [[Drishya]]
| next_year = 2014
}}
;Tamil Soundtrack
{{Track listing
|extra_column = Singer(s)
|all_lyrics = [[Palani Bharathi]]
|title1= Indha Porapudhan
|extra1= [[Kailash Kher]]
|length1= 4:17
|title2= Eeramai Eeramai
|extra2= [[Vibhavari Apte Joshi]], [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
|length2= 5:29
|title3= Therintho Theriyamalo
|extra3= [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Ramya NSK]]
|length3= 4:55
|title4= Kaatru Veliyil
|extra4= [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|length4= 3:26
}}

;Kannada Soundtrack
{{Track listing
|extra_column = Singer(s)
|all_lyrics = [[Jayant Kaikini]]

|title1=Ee Janumave Ahaa
|extra1= [[Kailash Kher]]
|length1=4:15
|title2= Gaaliyaa Maatali
|extra2= [[Vibhavari Apte Joshi]], [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
|length2=5:27
|title3= Manadi Belagaayite
|extra3= [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Ramya NSK]]
|length3= 4:53
|title4= Bareyada Saalanu
|extra4= [[Sharreth]]
|length4= 3:26
}}

;Telugu Soundtrack
{{Track listing
|extra_column = Singer(s)
|all_lyrics = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]

|title1= Ee Janmame Ruchi
|extra1= [[Kailash Kher]]
|length1= 4:13
|title2= Theeyaga Theeyaga
|extra2= [[Vibhavari Apte Joshi]], [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
|length2= 5:24
|title3= Thelisee Theliyandila
|extra3= [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Ramya NSK]]
|length3= 4:55
|title4= Raayaleni Lekhane
|extra4= [[Sharreth]]
|length4= 3:20
}}

==Critical reception==
===''Un Samayal Arayil''===
[[Baradwaj Rangan]] from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "The problem, primarily, is one of tone. It becomes increasingly hard to figure out whether the film is a light comedy of errors or a more serious meditation on what Kalidasa eventually calls an “inferiority complex”... There's no sense of consequence, nothing at stake. As a result, ''Un Samayalarayil'' ends up half-baked".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baradwaj Rangan |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=7 June 2014 |title=Un Samayalarayil: Good recipe, but not well cooked |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/un-samayalarayil-good-recipe-but-not-well-cooked/article6092737.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610003940/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/un-samayalarayil-good-recipe-but-not-well-cooked/article6092737.ece |archive-date=10 June 2014 |access-date=2014-06-08 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it 3 stars out of 5 and wrote, "this film is like a nutritious meal that not only fills your stomach but also leaves your taste buds tingling".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-08 |title=Un Samaiyal Araiyil movie review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Un-Samaiyal-Araiyil/movie-review/36248712.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615004643/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Un-Samaiyal-Araiyil/movie-review/36248712.cms |archive-date=15 June 2014 |access-date=2014-06-08 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "Despite a wafer thin story, while the first half is engaging, post interval it drags as it deviates from the main story to uninteresting extraneous subplots...In spite of its shortcoming, the movie is fairly engaging".<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2014 |title=Movie review 'Un Samayal Arayil': Prakash Raj is surely a family entertainer |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140607/entertainment-kollywood/article/movie-review-un-samayal-arayil-prakash-raj-surely-family |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608043911/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140607/entertainment-kollywood/article/movie-review-un-samayal-arayil-prakash-raj-surely-family |archive-date=8 June 2014 |access-date=2014-06-08 |publisher=Deccanchronicle.com}}</ref> [[Rediff]] gave the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Un Samayal Arayil'' a thoroughly enjoyable light romantic comedy", calling it "refreshingly different and definitely worth watching".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review: Un Samayal Arayil is a gourmet's delight |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-un-samayal-arayil-is-a-gourmets-delight-south/20140606.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607113218/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-un-samayal-arayil-is-a-gourmets-delight-south/20140606.htm |archive-date=7 June 2014 |access-date=2014-06-08 |publisher=Rediff}}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote, "Somehow, food begins to fade out of the plot, rendering the title a trifle imprecise, and the escapades of the younger couple hog much of the screen time post intermission. This is a classic pitfall of Indian movies which get too ambitious filling their plates with more than what they can digest".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie review: Watch Un Samayal Arayil for Prakash Raj's light-hearted pathos |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-watch-un-samayal-arayil-for-prakash-raj-s-light-hearted-pathos/article1-1227091.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607220554/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-watch-un-samayal-arayil-for-prakash-raj-s-light-hearted-pathos/article1-1227091.aspx |archive-date=7 June 2014 |access-date=2014-06-08 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref> [[Sify]] wrote, "It tries to weaves together taste, flavour and love but due to a wafer thin script drags, especially the second half".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Review : Un Samayal Arayil |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/un-samayal-arayil-review-tamil-15057364.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607033649/http://www.sify.com/movies/un-samayal-arayil-review-tamil-15057364.html |archive-date=2014-06-07 |access-date=2014-06-08 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] gave 2 stars out of 5 and wrote, "Prakash Raj attempts to cook a love story with all the wrong ingredients that makes his final product avoidable. ''Un Samayal Arayil''...also boasts a potential story, but misses the charm of the original that swept the audiences off their feet. The film does have its moments, but not enough to make you root for it".<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS  7 June 2014 Last Updated at 11:40 IST |title='Un Samayal Arayil' - cooked with wrong ingredients (IANS Tamil Movie Review) |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/un-samayal-arayil-cooked-with-wrong-ingredients-ians-tamil-movie-review-114060700184_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610004436/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/un-samayal-arayil-cooked-with-wrong-ingredients-ians-tamil-movie-review-114060700184_1.html |archive-date=10 June 2014 |access-date=2014-06-08 |publisher=Business Standard}}</ref>

===''Oggarane''===
''[[The Times Of India]]'' gave it a 4 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Director-cum-hero Prakash Raj is brilliant in his narration; the lively dialogues (Aravind Kuplikar and Prakash Rai) rev up the performances. Don't be surprised if you get the feeling that you are part of the story. Thrills, emotions, suspense, comedy, romance and sentiments — it's a powerpack that will keep you gleefully glued till the end. Prakash Rai is brilliant with his expression, voice modulation and body language. A pretty Sneha infuses life into her girl-next-door image. This dosa-induced love story promises to leave a good taste in your mind".<ref name="indiatimes" /> ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote, "''Oggarane'' is a Must Watch For Prakash's Brilliance".<ref name="indiaeveryday" /> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "If the way to a man's heart is through his stomach, then ''Oggarane'' satiates all the senses...The film strikes a chord and is generously sprinkled with the spice of life, which also evokes an emotional response".<ref name="A Sharadhaa" /> ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "Prakash Rai as the director handles his platter perfectly. He polishes the rough edges of the original and what you have is a connoisseur's delight".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie review: Oggarane |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Movie-review-Oggarane/articleshow/36160071.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707014219/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Movie-review-Oggarane/articleshow/36160071.cms |archive-date=7 July 2022 |access-date=2014-06-08 |publisher=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Prakash Rai has proved his mettle again with ''Oggarane''. The film...doesn’t disappoint".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muralidhara Khajane |date=8 June 2014 |title=Oggarane: A perfect blend of food and romance |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/oggarane-a-perfect-blend-of-food-and-romance/article6094379.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610003936/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/oggarane-a-perfect-blend-of-food-and-romance/article6094379.ece |archive-date=10 June 2014 |access-date=2014-06-08 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

===''Ulavacharu Biryani''===
''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote, "Prakash Raj has chosen a good subject, which has a great blend of romance, relationship and food. The problem with the film, however, is slow narration and it drags a bit...At best, ''Ulavacharu Biryani'' is a good “time pass” film".<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2014 |title=Movie review 'Ulavacharu Biryani': This biryani is undercooked |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140607/entertainment-tollywood/article/movie-review-ulavacharu-biryani-good-timepass-weekend |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607153232/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140607/entertainment-tollywood/article/movie-review-ulavacharu-biryani-good-timepass-weekend |archive-date=7 June 2014 |access-date=2014-06-08 |publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and wrote, "what could have ideally been a heart-warming romance ends up as an unintended comedy of errors...One does get the impression that an important ingredient is missing in this remake that seems to have lost some of its original magic as the filmmaker tried to tailor it to the Telugu palette".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-08 |title=Prakash Raj movie review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Ulavacharu-Biriyani/movie-review/36149685.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608022455/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Ulavacharu-Biriyani/movie-review/36149685.cms |archive-date=8 June 2014 |access-date=2014-06-08 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Sify]] wrote, "Though this film has all the right ingredients, the recipe (read storyline) is not good enough. A better preparation would have made a lot of difference. With performers like Prakash Raj and Sneha, and music by Ilayaraja, this film doesn’t pass muster".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Review : Ulavacharu Biryani review: Has the right ingredients |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ulavacharu-biryani-review-has-the-right-ingredients-but-lacks-punch-review-telugu-15057321.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606203853/http://www.sify.com/movies/ulavacharu-biryani-review-has-the-right-ingredients-but-lacks-punch-review-telugu-15057321.html |archive-date=2014-06-06 |access-date=2014-06-08 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==Box office==
The Tamil version of the film collected {{INRConvert|25|l}} in [[Chennai]] in ten days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-16 |title=Box Office Collection: 'Mundasupatti', 'Naan Thaan Bala', 'Kochadaiiyaan' and Other Tamil Films |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-mundasupatti-naan-thaan-bala-kochadaiiyaan-other-tamil-films-602364 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113210802/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-mundasupatti-naan-thaan-bala-kochadaiiyaan-other-tamil-films-602364 |archive-date=13 November 2017 |access-date=2020-05-19 |website=International Business Times}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3780094}}
{{Prakash Raj}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:2014 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:Cooking films]]
[[Category:2014 romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films about food and drink]]
[[Category:2014 multilingual films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Cognizance, IIT Roorkee

2026-03-03T20:32:15Z

Ramesh: made a entry.

{{Short description|Annual technical festival in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| name = Cognizance, IIT Roorkee
| logo = Cognizance 2026 logo.png
| logo_size =
| logo_caption = Logo of Cognizance 2026
| status = Active
| genre = Non-Profit Student Organization
| dates = 13 - 15 March, 2026
| frequency = Annually
| venue = [[IIT Roorkee]]
| location = [[Roorkee]], [[Uttarakhand]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|29|51|52|N|77|53|47|E|display=inline,title}}
| country = India {{flagicon|India}}
| years_active = 23 years
| established = 2003
| patrons = [[UNESCO]], [[UNDP]], [[UNEP]], [[Digital India]], [[Centre for Environment Education]] (CEE), [[Make in India]], South Asia Youth Environment Network (SAYEN)
| organiser = Student Community of [[IIT Roorkee]]
| URL = https://www.cognizance.org.in/
}}

'''Cognizance''' is the annual technical festival of the [[IIT Roorkee|Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee]], Asia's oldest and one of India's most premier technical institutions. Established in 2003, Cognizance has grown to become Asia's second largest student-run technical festival, attracting students, professionals, and enthusiasts from across the globe.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |author=NDM News Network |date=2023-03-20 |title=Cognizance 2023, IIT Roorkee's Annual Tech-Fest Is Back With Its Offline Three-Day Extravaganza |url=https://digitalterminal.in/edutech/cognizance-2023-iit-roorkees-annual-tech-fest-is-back-with-its-offline-three-day-extravaganza |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=DIGITAL TERMINAL |language=en}}</ref>

Held over three days in March, the festival features a diverse array of over 200 events, including technical competitions, workshops, exhibitions, guest lectures, and cultural performances.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-29 |title=3-day annual technical festival kicks off at IIT Roorkee |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/3-day-annual-technical-festival-kicks-off-at-iit-roorkee/articleshow/90521282.cms |access-date=2024-12-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== History and growth ==
Cognizance started in 2003 as a part of the Hobbies Club of [[IIT Roorkee]]. Initial versions of Cognizance witnessed the participation of over 1000 students from more than 100 colleges.

'''Cognizance 2005''' saw the inauguration with the chief guest Arun Seth, chairman, British Telecom Ltd. (India and SAARC) and had A. K. Sinha, chairman and managing director, [[BSNL]], was the chief guest for the valedictory function. The guest of honor was Ravi Sharma, managing director, Alcatel, India. Events like Encuesta - the online quiz drew participation from other countries as well. Companies like BSNL, [[Tata Motors|TATA Motors]], [[Cisco|CISCO Systems]], and [[Ericsson]] showed interest in the institute's activities by sponsoring the festival.

'''Cognizance 2008''' invited Rajiv Kumar, General Manager for business and office team MSIDC, Padmabhushan "Late [[Yash Pal|Dr. Yash Pal]]", India's well-known scientist, Mr. Sean Blagsvedt, CEO of Babajob.com, Mr. Manish Tripathi, Director of Mumbai Dabbawala, and [[H. C. Verma|Dr. H. C. Verma]], the well-known physicist as guest speakers. It had SuperUber, a Brazilian interactive media company, which created a wall where people interacted with their shadows. The title sponsor was [[Reliance Industries Limited]]. The fest was co-sponsored by [[Microsoft India|Microsoft IDC]]. [[Wipro]] sponsored Mechasoft, a programming challenge.

'''Cognizance 2009''' was based on the theme ‘Think Energy, Go Green’ and was attended by many students from renowned foreign technical institutes, including the [[University of Cincinnati]], [[Ohio State University|Ohio State University (US)]], [[Technical University of Crete|Technical University of Crete, Greece]], [[Porto School of Architecture|Faculty of Architecture, University of Porto, Portugal]], RIBA North-west Liverpool (UK). [[Chandra Kintala|Dr. Chandra M Kintala]], director of [[Yahoo! Labs]] (India) inaugurated the fest and top-class experts delivered guest lectures during the fest. These experts include [[Sylvester James Gates|Dr. Sylvester J Gates]], a physicist from [[University of Maryland, College Park|University of Maryland, USA]], [[John C. Mather|Dr. John C Mather]], Noble Laureate Physics, 2006 (via video conferencing), [[Mahesh Chandra Mehta|Dr. MC Mehta]], environmentalist ([[Ramon Magsaysay Award|Magsaysay Awardee]]), [[John Ockendon|Dr. John R Ockendon]], Director, Oxford Centre for Collaborative Applied Mathematics and BL Chawla, father of Lt. [[Kalpana Chawla]] among many others.

'''Cognizance 2010''' dubbed as the Dream Cognizance, witnessed whopping participation of 3500+ from over 900 technical and management colleges across the nation, not only became the largest technical festival of North India but also earned an unsurpassed position as a model landmark in the successful organization of technical festivals, successfully crossing all barriers. Apart from Indian institutes, many students of renowned foreign technical institutes, including the University of Cincinnati, Ohio State University also submitted entries with great enthusiasm.

'''Cognizance 2011''' recorded a participation of over 2500 students for 160 events, which included centre stage events, departmental events, workshops, exhibitions, and guest lectures, which were based on the theme "For a Better Tomorrow". This edition was also [[ISO 9001:2008]] certified. The website of Cognizance saw 10 Million hits from 107 countries.

'''Cognizance 2012''' had a participation of more than 3000 students for over 180 events. That year Cognizance started Student Partner Programme (SPP), which aimed to make student ambassadors in different colleges. Cognizance made SPPs in over 150 colleges.

'''Cognizance 2013''' was based on the theme "Aim Conclusion" and was attended by over 3000 students of various colleges from India. The confluence hosted more than 180 events which included center stage, departmental events, workshops, exhibitions, and guest lectures. The title sponsor was [[Cairn India|CAIRN]].

'''Cognizance 2014''' was organized on the theme "Engineering Change" and was attended by over 3000 students. The 12th version was an assemblage of more than 150 events. The 12th version also witnessed more than 12 million hits on its website.

'''Cognizance 2015''' was the 13th edition and witnessed an attendance of more than 3500 students from all over the country who came to attend an assemblage of more than 180 events.

'''Cognizance 2016''' It was for the first time that the country's defence minister inaugurated the [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IIT]] festival. Defence Minister [[Manohar Parrikar|Manohar Parrikar's]] arrival on the campus to inaugurate the fest on 18 March was the highlight of the event.

'''Cognizance 2017''' was based on the theme "Eureka 2.0" and recorded an attendance of over 2700 students from all over the continent. There were more than 200 events which included 12 workshops, 8 guest lectures, 2 panel discussions, and 9 exhibitions.

'''Cognizance 2018''' was attended by over 3500 students. The confluence hosted more than 200 events that consisted of 13 workshops and 9 exhibitions which were all based on the theme "dreaming Discoveries".

'''Cognizance 2019''' was the latest version and was the second largest technical festival in Asia.{{cn|date=July 2025}} The fest witnessed an attendance of over 2500 students from various colleges of Asia. With the participation of 22 departments of IIT Roorkee, the organizing team hosted over 200 events that consisted of 15 workshops, 4 guest lectures, and 3 panel discussions.

Apart from all this Cognizance has hosted many edutainment nights in which many of the prominent performers have performed. A few of them are [[KK (singer)|KK]], [[Papon (singer)|Papon]], [[Coke Studio (Pakistani TV program)|Coke Studio]], [[Zakir Khan (comedian)|Zakir Khan]], [[Biswa Kalyan Rath]], [[Sachin–Jigar]], [[AronChupa]], Diego Miranda, [[Guru Randhawa]], [[Eluveitie]], [[Mohit Chauhan]], Harsh Gujaral, [[Amit Trivedi]] and many more.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cognizance 2025 |url=https://www.cognizance.org.in |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=www.cognizance.org.in}}</ref>

== Patronages and recognitions ==
Over the 22 years of its growth, Cognizance has received associations from various recognized campaigns and banners. The most remarkable ones being "[[UNESCO]]" (for the ‘Empowering Uttrakhand’ initiative in the 2020 edition), "[[UNDP]]" (for ‘TBT Productathon’ in 2019 edition), "UREDA" (for the ‘Let’s Eliminate Darkness’ initiative of the edition 2018), "[[Digital India|Digital India Campaign]]" (The Digital India Initiative in 2016 Cognizance was undertaken under the [[Digital India|Digital India initiative]] by the [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology|Ministry of Communications and IT]]). More associations include "[[UNEP]]", "[[International Year of Pulses]]", "[[Centre for Environment Education|Centre for Environment Education (CEE)]]", "SAYEN", "[[Startup India]]", and "[[Make in India]]".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-22 |title=IIT Roorkee to organise annual tech fest 'Cognizance' from March 24 to 26 |url=https://news.careers360.com/iit-roorkee-organise-20th-annual-tech-fest-cognizance-from-march-24-to-26 |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=Careers360 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|https://www.cognizance.org.in}}

[[Category:Annual events in India]]
[[Category:Festivals in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Technical festivals in India]]
[[Category:Festivals established in 2003]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:IIT Roorkee]]

Shart: The Challenge

2026-03-03T11:51:15Z

Ramesh: improved article

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}{{Infobox film
| name = Shart: The Challenge
| image = Shart,_The_Challenge_poster.jpeg
| writer = Puri Jagannadh
| starring = [[Tusshar Kapoor]] [[Gracy Singh]] [[Amrita Arora]] [[Prakash Raj]] [[Anupam Kher]] [[Rajpal Yadav]]
| director = [[Puri Jagannadh]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Badri (2000 film)|Badri]]'' |Puri Jagannadh}}
| producer = [[T. Trivikrama Rao]]
| cinematography = [[Madhu Ambat]]
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| music = [[Anu Malik]]
|studio = Vijayalakshmi Art Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=y|2004|8|13}}
| runtime =
| language = Hindi
| country = India
| budget =
}}
'''''Shart: The Challenge''''' is a 2004 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic drama film]] written and directed by [[Puri Jagannadh]]. This film stars [[Tusshar Kapoor]], [[Gracy Singh]], [[Amrita Arora]], [[Prakash Raj]], and [[Anupam Kher]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sify.com/movies/shart---the-challenge-review-bollywood-pclv1Pjfgbbcc.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111090447/https://www.sify.com/movies/shart---the-challenge-review-bollywood-pclv1Pjfgbbcc.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 November 2021 | title=Shart - the Challenge | website=[[Sify]] }}</ref> It is a remake of his [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film, ''[[Badri (2000 film)|Badri]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/2-decades-of-blockbuster-badri-5-facts-about-the-film-that-unbelievably-interesting/photostory/75248675.cms|title=2 Decades of Blockbuster Badri: 5 facts about the film that unbelievably interesting|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=21 March 2023|archive-date=12 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912030925/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/2-decades-of-blockbuster-badri-5-facts-about-the-film-that-unbelievably-interesting/photostory/75248675.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==

Karan has a habit of involving himself in all types of challenges. While Karan and Sonam go out singing and dancing, there comes a moment when an argument develops between them regarding love. Sonam believes in love at first sight while Karan opposes vehemently, stating that love at first sight is nothing but a mere infatuation. Sonam challenges Karan to befriend and propose to a girl of her choice. If he succeeds, she will accept defeat and present Karan with a gift, which he has to accept. Karan accepts the challenge.

Immediately after, a beautiful girl steps down the temple stairs. Sonam notices her and points at her as the target for their challenge. The girl is Saryu. Adopting different methods, Karan ultimately strikes a chord of friendship with Saryu. One day, Saryu’s brother Nanda sees them together. Nanda and his goons beat people black and blue if they dare to cast an evil eye on Saryu. He goes to Karan’s office with his henchmen. After a scuffle, Nanda warns Karan to stay away from his sister. Seeing their rough behavior, Sonam expresses her wish to withdraw her challenge but Karan is now more determined to face Nanda at any cost.

Saryu learns about the confrontation and decides to reveal everything to her brother. While he is in a jolly mood, she confesses her love for Karan. Nanda gets enraged and disapproves of Karan. A depressed Saryu attempts suicide. Karan learns about the suicide attempt and runs to the hospital to meet her but Nanda confronts him again. Nanda tells Saryu that Karan is in love with another girl, and they are planning to marry shortly. When Saryu questions Karan about it, he reveals the truth about the challenge with Sonam. Saryu feels betrayed. Sonam observes all this and tells Karan that he has won the challenge, for which her gift to him is Saryu’s hand in marriage.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Tusshar Kapoor]] as Karan Kapoor
* [[Gracy Singh]] as Sonam Kapoor
* [[Amrita Arora]] as Saryu
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Nandu
* [[Anupam Kher]] as Dr. Mathur
* [[Shakti Kapoor]] as Kamlesh Kapoor, Karan,s uncle
* [[Asrani]] as Khairatlal
* [[Vrajesh Hirjee]] as Sunil
* [[Rajpal Yadav]] as Bhoothnath
* [[Narsing Yadav]] as Chaurangi
* [[Snehal Dabi]] as Vinay
* Ghazar Khan as Balvinder
}}

==Soundtrack==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "I Am An Indian"
| [[Sonu Nigam]]
|-
| 2
| "Yeh Chiquita Komastaas"
| [[Sushma Shrestha|Poornima]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| 3
| "Hum Pyar Kar Baithe"
| Sonu Nigam, [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| 4
| "Dil To Awara Hai"
| Sonu Nigam, [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
| 5
| "Dil Mera Badmaash"
| Sonu Nigam, Poornima
|-
| 6
| "Dil Mein Mere Toofan Hai"
| Sonu Nigam, Alka Yagnik
|-
| 7
| "Hansati Hai Rulati Hai"
| [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]]
|-
| 8
| "Miskaas"
| Abhijeet
|}

==Reception==
[[Taran Adarsh]] of [[IndiaFM]] gave the film 1 out of 5, writing "Director Poori Jagannath has handled a few dramatic sequences well, but he ought to know that mere remaking of a South hit is no guarantee that the audiences in the North would take to it as well. Anu Malik's music is average. Cinematography is just about okay. Tusshar Kapoor tries hard to infuse life in his character. Gracy Singh does her part convincingly. Amrita Arora has her moments. On the whole, SHART is a weak fare in all respects."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/shart-the-challenge/critic-review/shart-the-challenge-movie-review/ | title=Shart – the Challenge Review 1/5 | Shart – the Challenge Movie Review | Shart – the Challenge 2004 Public Review | Film Review | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | access-date=11 November 2021 | archive-date=11 November 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111090446/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/shart-the-challenge/critic-review/shart-the-challenge-movie-review/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0410591|title=Shart: The Challenge}}

{{Puri Jagannadh}}

[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Puri Jagannadh]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]
[[Category:2004 romantic drama films]]

Kanoda State

2026-02-28T16:37:03Z

Ramesh: Put up new details

{{Short description|Village in Gujarat state, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name =Kanoda State
|common_name =Kanoda
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]
|era =
|year_start =
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1948
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Independence of India|Accession to the Union of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map = File:Rewa_Kantha_Agency_with_all_Princely_States_Gujarat_during_British_India_1811-1937_with_labels.svg
|image_map_caption = Location of Kanoda
|stat_area1 =9.7125
|stat_year1 =1931
|stat_pop1 =1387
|footnotes =
}}

'''Kanoda State''' was a minor [[princely state]] during the [[British Raj]] in what is today [[Gujarat State]] India. It was initially administered by the [[Rewa Kantha Agency]]<ref>Memoranda On Native State In India 1909, p. 264, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108717/page/n295/mode/2up</ref> and then by the [[Baroda and Gujarat States Agency]].<ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1935, p. 102,
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275347/page/n111/mode/2up</ref> It was part of the 26 Princely States making up the [[Pandu Mehwas]], petty states placed under British protection between 1812 and 1825.<ref>Memoranda On Native State In India 1909, p. 270,
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108717/page/n301/mode/2up</ref> The state had a population of 1387 and an area of 3.75 sq miles.<ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1940, p. 22, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35376/page/n31/mode/2up</ref>

==Rulers==

The state was held by several shareholders (several people sharing the government and revenues of the state).

Between 1922 <ref>The Rewakantha directory, p. 116, https://archive.org/details/apz5770.0001.001.umich.edu/page/116/mode/2up</ref> and 1927 <ref>A Collection Of Treaties and Sanads Vol - Xiv (1929), p. 160, https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.1302/page/159/mode/2up</ref> the 3 shareholders of Kanoda were:

* Fatehsing Kubersing (b. 1907)
* Thackerani Bijiba (b. 1856)
* Jivabhai Sisving (b. 1879)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Princely states of the Baroda and Gujarat States Agency}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

{{princely states topics}}

[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948]]

{{Gujarat-PrincelyState-stub}}
{{Vadodara-geo-stub}}

Father of the Nation

2026-02-28T09:27:34Z

Ramesh: typo fix

{{Short description|Honorific title}}
{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2023}}
[[File:Gilbert Stuart Williamstown Portrait of George Washington.jpg|thumb|[[George Washington]], commander of the [[Continental Army]] during the [[American Revolutionary War]], president of the [[Constitutional Convention (United States)|Constitutional Convention]], and the first [[president of the United States]], is commonly considered the Father of the Nation in the [[United States]].]]
The '''Father of the Nation''' is an [[honorific]] title given to a person considered the driving force behind the establishment of a [[country]], [[Sovereign state|state]], or [[nation]]. [[Pater Patriae]] was a Roman honorific meaning the "Father of the Fatherland", bestowed by the Senate on heroes, and later on emperors. In monarchies, the [[monarch]] is often considered the "'''father/mother of the nation'''" or as a [[patriarch]] to guide his family. This concept is expressed in the [[divine right of kings]] espoused in some monarchies, while in others it is codified into constitutional law.

In the [[United States]], [[George Washington]], commander of the [[Continental Army]] during the [[American Revolutionary War]], president of the [[Constitutional Convention (United States)|Constitutional Convention]], and the first [[president of the United States]], is commonly considered the Father of the Nation. In [[Spain]], the monarch is considered the personification and embodiment, the symbol of unity and permanence of the nation. In Thailand, the monarch is given the same recognition, and any person who expresses disrespect toward the reigning monarch faces severe criminal penalties.

Many [[dictator]]s bestow titles upon themselves, which rarely survive the end of their regime. [[Gnassingbé Eyadéma]] of [[Togo]]'s titles included "father of the nation", "older brother", and "Guide of the People".<ref>{{cite book|last=Triulzi|first=Alessandro|title=The Post-colonial Question|url=https://archive.org/details/postcolonialques00cham|url-access=registration|editor=Iain Chambers & Lidia Curti|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=1996 |page=[https://archive.org/details/postcolonialques00cham/page/88 88]|chapter=African cities, historical memory, and street buzz|isbn=0-415-10857-8}}</ref> [[Mobutu Sese Seko]], [[president of Zaire]] from 1971 to 1997, was referred to as "Father of the nation", "the Guide", "the Messiah", "the Leopard", "the Sun-President", and "the Cock who Jumps on Anything That Moves".<ref>{{Cite book |page=50 |title=The Tragic State of the Congo: From Decolonization to Dictatorship |first=Jeanne M. |last=Haskin |publisher=Algora Publishing |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lo6pXz2vxf4C |isbn=0-87586-417-1}}</ref> In [[postcolonial]] [[Africa]], "father of the nation" was a title used by many leaders both to refer to their role in the [[independence movement]] as a source of [[Legitimacy (political)|legitimacy]], and to use [[paternalist]] symbolism as a source of continued popularity.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schatzberg|first=Michael G. |title=Political Legitimacy in Middle Africa: Father, Family, Food |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |year=2001 |pages=passim, see index; and esp. p. 8 & p. 213 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtJnDhRnE5gC |isbn=0-253-33992-8}}</ref> On [[Joseph Stalin]]'s seventieth birthday in 1949, he was bestowed with the title "Father of Nations" for his establishment of "people's democracies" in [[Soviet occupations|countries occupied by the USSR]] after [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Paczkowski |first=Andrzej |others=translated by Jane Cave |title=The Spring Will be Ours: Poland and the Poles from Occupation to Freedom |publisher=[[Penn State Press]] |year=2003 |page=210 |isbn=0-271-02308-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WoKQWem2yl4C&q=%22Father+of+Nations%22+stalin&pg=RA2-PA210 }}</ref>

The title "Father of the Nation" is sometimes politically contested. The 1972 [[Constitution of Bangladesh]] declared [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] to be "father of the nation".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/country_profiles/1160598.stm|title=Country profile: Bangladesh |work=BBC News|access-date=2008-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081111022801/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/country_profiles/1160598.stm |archive-date=2008-11-11}}</ref> A motion in the [[National Council of the Slovak Republic|Parliament of Slovakia]] to proclaim controversial pre-war leader [[Andrej Hlinka]] "father of the nation" barely failed in September 2007.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spectator.sk/articles/view/30240/14/2007_was_turbulent_for_the_ruling_coalition.html|title=2007 was turbulent for the ruling coalition|last=Balogová|first=Beata|date=2007-12-17|work=The Slovak Spectator|access-date=2008-11-09|archive-date=26 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626000451/http://www.spectator.sk/articles/view/30240/14/2007_was_turbulent_for_the_ruling_coalition.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==List==
The following people are still often called the "Father" or "Mother" of their respective nations.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Nation
! Title (native)
! Title (translation)
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]]
| rowspan="2" | {{Flag|Afghanistan}}
| [[Padishah|Ahmad Shāh Baba]]
| Ahmad Shah the Father<ref name="Singh">{{cite book|title=Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan |last1=Ganḍā |first1=Singh |year=1959|publisher=Asia Pub. House |isbn=978-1-4021-7278-6|page=457|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_A8AAAAMAAJ |access-date=2010-08-25}}</ref><ref name="LoC">{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+af0010) |title=Ahmad Shah and the Durrani Empire |access-date=2010-08-25 |publisher=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] on [[Afghanistan]] |year=1997 |archive-date=22 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722064857/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+af0010) |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/10162/Ahmad-Shah-Durrani |title=Aḥmad Shah Durrānī |access-date=2010-08-25 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] Online Version |year=2010}}</ref>
| Founder of the Afghan [[Durrani Empire]]
|-
| [[Mohammad Zahir Shah]]
| ''Baba-e-Millat''
| Father of the Nation
| Last and longest-reigning [[List of heads of state of Afghanistan|king of Afghanistan]] (1933–1973)<ref name="Britannica">''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', [https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9078202/Mohammad-Zahir-Shah "Mohammad Zahir Shah"]</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=MacIntyre |first=Ben |date=24 June 2016 |title=Lawless Libya can unite behind a new king |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/lawless-libya-can-unite-behind-a-new-king-d6tv67lbg |access-date=12 October 2024 |work=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref>
|-
| [[Skanderbeg]]
| rowspan="2" | {{Flag|Albania}}
| {{lang|sq|Heroi Kombëtar}} {{lang|sq|Dragoi i Shqipërisë}}
| National Hero Dragon of Albania
| Resisted the [[Ottoman-Albanian Wars|Ottoman conquest of Albania]] and delayed Ottoman advances into Western Europe
|-
| [[Ismail Qemali|Ismail Kemal]]
| {{lang|sq|Babai Kombit}}
| Father of the Nation
| Led the Albanian national movement against the [[Ottoman Empire]]
|-
| [[Ahmed Ben Bella]]
| {{Flag|Algeria}}
| أبو الأمة ('''abu al'uma'')
| Father of the Nation
| First [[President of Algeria]] and first [[Prime Minister of Algeria]]
|-
| [[Agostinho Neto]]
| {{Flag|Angola}}
| ''Pai da Nação''
| Father of the Nation
| Leader of the [[MPLA]] during the [[Angolan War of Independence]] and the first [[President of Angola]].
|-
| [[V. C. Bird]]
| {{Flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}
| Father of the Nation
| Father of the Nation
| First [[Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda|prime minister of Antigua and Barbuda]] and founder of the [[Antigua and Barbuda Labour Party]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=George |first=Elesha |date=10 December 2020 |title=A&B celebrates the Father of the Nation |url=https://antiguaobserver.com/ab-celebrates-the-father-of-the-nation/ |access-date=12 October 2024 |work=Antigua and Barbuda Observer}}</ref>
|-
| [[José de San Martín]]
| {{Flag|Argentina}} {{Flag|Chile}} {{Flagicon|Peru}} [[Peru]]
| {{lang|es|Padre de la Patria / Fundador de la República y Protector del Perú}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina - José de San Martín |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/pais/personalidades/C2390-jose-de-san-martin.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202114854/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/pais/personalidades/C2390-jose-de-san-martin.php |archive-date=2011-12-02 |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=www.argentina.ar}}</ref>
| Father of the Fatherland / Founder of the Republic and Protector of Peru
| Primary leader of the [[Argentine War of Independence]] and the [[Spanish American wars of independence]] in southern South America
|-
| [[María Remedios del Valle]]
| {{Flag|Argentina}}
| {{lang|es|Madre de la Patria}}
| Mother of the Homeland
| Important officer in the Argentine Army during the War of Independence, referred to as the "Mother of the Homeland" since her lifetime. In 1829, the Chamber of Representatives of the province of Buenos Aires named her "Mother of the Homeland" and granted her the position of sergeant major.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cabildonacional.cultura.gob.ar/noticia/maria-remedios-del-valle-la-madre-de-la-patria/|language=es|accessdate=19 November 2023|title=María Remedios del Valle, la "Madre de la Patria"|date=13 May 2019 |location=Buenos Aires|publisher=[[Cabildo of Buenos Aires|Museo Nacional del Cabildo de Buenos Aires y de la Revolución de Mayo]]. [[Ministry of Culture (Argentina)|Ministerio de Cultura]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/2022/11/08/remedios-del-valle-la-madre-de-la-patria-que-lucho-junto-a-belgrano-y-termino-como-mendiga/|title=Remedios del Valle, la "Madre de la Patria" que luchó junto a Belgrano y terminó como mendiga|language=es|location=Buenos Aires|publisher=[[Infobae]]|accessdate=19 November 2023|first=Adrián|last=Pignatelli|date=8 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
| {{lang|hy|Հայկ}} ([[Hayk]])
| {{Flag|Armenia}}
| {{lang|hy|Նահապետ}} ({{Transliteration|hy|Nahapet}})
| Head of the Family Patriarch
| Legendary founder of the [[Armenians|Armenian nation]]
|-
| [[Henry Parkes|Sir Henry Parkes]], {{post-nominals|country=AUS|GCMG}}
| {{Flag|Australia}}
| Father of [[Federation of Australia|Federation]]
| Father of [[Federation of Australia|Federation]]
| Gave the [[Tenterfield Oration]], which is believed to be pivotal in the process of the [[Federation of Australia]].
|-
| [[Mahammad Amin Rasulzade]]
| rowspan="2" |
{{Flag|Azerbaijan}}
| {{lang|az|Millətin Atası}}
| Father of the Nation
| The founder of the [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic]], considered by many to be the founding father of the nation.<ref>https://eurasianet.org/cancellation-of-azerbaijani-historical-biopic-sparks-controversy</ref>
|-
| [[Heydar Aliyev]]
| {{lang|az|Böyük Lider}}
| Great Leader
| 3rd [[President of Azerbaijan]] from 1993 to his death in 2003, considered the founder of the modern Azerbaijani state.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3170536.stm {{Bare URL inline|date=July 2025}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lynden Pindling|Sir Lynden Pindling]]
| {{Flag|The Bahamas}}
| Father of the Nation
| Father of the Nation
| Leader at independence in 1973.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://freeport.nassauguardian.net/editorial/308121337236779.php |title=The death of Jeffrey Thompson |date=20 March 2008 |work=Freeport News |publisher=The Nassau Guardian (1844) Ltd |access-date=2009-01-17 |quote=it has been well documented that Sir Lynden Pindling was the leader of the political movement that led to the attainment of majority rule on January 10, 1967, and that he is recognized as the ৭ of the Nation — the man who was the country's leader when The Bahamas obtained its independence from the [[United Kingdom]] on July 10, 1973. |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162049/http://freeport.nassauguardian.net/editorial/308121337236779.php |archive-date=21 July 2011 }}
</ref>
|-
| [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]
| {{Flag|Bangladesh}}
| {{lang|bn|বঙ্গবন্ধু}} ({{Transliteration|bn|Bangabandhu}})
| Founding president / Architecture of Independence
| Founding leader of Bangladesh. Leader during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ode to the father: Bangladesh's political personality cult |work=[[France 24]] |date=4 January 2024|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240104-ode-to-the-father-bangladesh-s-political-personality-cult |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805120455/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240104-ode-to-the-father-bangladesh-s-political-personality-cult |archive-date=5 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/01/27/archives/father-of-bangladesh-mujibur-rahman.html|title='Father' of Bangladesh|date=1975-01-27|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-05-18|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first= Mohammed |last=Shahabuddin | url=https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/706268/Immortal-Bangabandhu | title=Immortal Bangabandhu |work=Daily Sun | date=15 August 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Errol Barrow]]
| {{Flag|Barbados}}
| Father of Independence
| Father of Independence
| The third and final [[premier of Barbados]], serving from 1961 to 1966, who lead Barbados to [[Barbados Independence Act 1966|independence from the British Empire]] in 1966. He became the first prime minister and served three terms (1966–76, 1986–87) dying in office of illness during his third.<ref>{{Cite web |last=BGIS |date=2024-01-21 |title=Celebrating The Life Of Errol Walton Barrow |url=https://gisbarbados.gov.bb/blog/celebrating-the-life-of-errol-barrow/ |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=GIS |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| [[Konstanty Kalinowski]]
| {{Flag|Belarus}}
| {{lang|be|Стваральнік беларускага народу}} ({{Transliteration|be|Stvaralnik bielaruskaha narodu}})
| Creator of the Belarusian Nation
| Used among other titles. Military and political leader during the [[January Uprising]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 March 2021 |title=Каліноўскі быў беларусам. Даказаць адваротнае немагчыма |language=be |trans-title=Kalinoŭski was Belarusian: It's impossible to claim otherwise |work=[[Novy Chas]] |url=https://novychas.online/poviaz/kalinouski-byu-belarusam-dakazac-advarotnae-nemah |access-date=11 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 January 2013 |title=Каліноўскі і мы |language=be |trans-title=Kalinoŭski and us |work=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |url=https://www.svaboda.org/a/24880625.html |access-date=11 August 2023}}</ref> Usage opposed by those who view Kalinowski's nationality as Polish, rather than Belarusian.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 April 2009 |title=Кім быў Кастусь Каліноўскі? |language=be |trans-title=Who was Kastus Kalinoŭski? |work=[[Polskie Radio]] |url=http://www2.polskieradio.pl/eo/print.aspx?iid=105649 |access-date=11 August 2023}}</ref>
|-
| [[George Cadle Price]]
| {{Flag|Belize}}
| Father of the Nation
| Father of the Nation
| Former Chief Minister, Premier and two-term Prime Minister before retiring in 1997.<ref>
{{cite news |url=http://www.caricom.org/jsp/projects/personalities/rt_hon_george.jsp?menu=projects |title=Rt. Hon. George Price |date=20 March 2008 |work=CARICOM.com |publisher=CARICOM |access-date=2009-01-30 |quote=Rt. Honourable George Cadle Price, "Father of the Nation" of Belize |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121051424/http://www.caricom.org/jsp/projects/personalities/rt_hon_george.jsp?menu=projects |archive-date=21 January 2010 }}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news |url=http://news.mybelize.net/index.php?action=view&id=1875&module=newsmodule&src=%40random4865ef792ff2d |title=The Father of the Nation Turns 90 |date=16 January 2009 |publisher=7 News Belize |access-date=2009-05-13 |quote=Even Prime Minister [[Dean Barrow]] calls George Price the father of the nation }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
</ref>
|-
| [[Simón Bolívar]]
| {{Flag|Bolivia}} {{Flag|Colombia}} {{Flag|Ecuador}} {{Flag|Panama}} {{Flag|Peru}} {{Flag|Venezuela}}
| {{lang|es|El Libertador}}
| The Liberator
| Primary leader of the [[Spanish American wars of independence]] in northern South America.
|-
| [[Seretse Khama]]
| {{Flag|Botswana}}
| ''Rra Boipuso''
| Father of Independence
| Leader of the independence movement and first President of Botswana. Creator of democracy in Botswana
|-
| [[Dom Pedro I]], [[Maria Leopoldina of Austria]] and [[José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva]]
| {{Flag|Brazil}}
| {{lang|pt-BR|Pai da Pátria e Patriarca da Independência}}
| Father of the Nation and Patriarch of Independence
| Founder and the first Emperor of Brazil (1822) during the [[independence of Brazil]]. Maria Leopoldina was the first Empress of Brazil. Bonifácio was the advisor of Pedro I.
|-
| [[Omar Ali Saifuddien III]]
| {{Flag|Brunei}}
| ''Arkitek Brunei Moden'' ''Pembina Negara Moden'' ''Bapa Kemerdekaan''
| Architect of Modern Brunei. Builder of the Modern Nation and Father of Independence
| 28th [[List of sultans of Brunei|Sultan of Brunei]] and First [[Ministry of Defence (Brunei)|Minister of Defence]] (1914–1986).
|-
| [[Vasil Levski]]
| {{Flag|Bulgaria}}
| Апостола на свободата (''Apostola na svobodata'')
| Apostle of Freedom
| Main revolutionary who fought for the [[Liberation of Bulgaria|independence of Bulgaria]] from [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman rule]]
|-
| [[Thomas Sankara]]
| {{Flag|Burkina Faso}}
| ''Père de la nation'' ''Héros du Burkina Faso''
| Father of The Nation and Hero of Burkina Faso
| First president of [[Burkina Faso]]. Renamed the country from [[Republic of Upper Volta|Upper Volta]] to Burkina Faso and writer of the national anthem, [[Ditanyè]].
|-
| [[Louis Rwagasore]]
| {{Flag|Burundi}}
| ''Père de l'indépendance''
| Father of Independence
|Burundi independence movement leader, second and youngest [[Prime Minister of Burundi]] and Crown Prince of the [[Kingdom of Burundi]].
|-
| [[Norodom Sihanouk]]
| {{Flag|Cambodia}}
| {{lang|km|សម្តេចឪ}} ({{Transliteration|km|Sâmdéch Âu}})
| King Father
| Secured [[Independence Day of Cambodia|independence]] [[French protectorate of Cambodia|from France]].
|-
| [[John A. Macdonald]] and the other [[Fathers of Confederation]]
| {{Flag|Canada}}
| Fathers of Confederation {{lang|fr|Pères de la Confédération}}
| Father of Confederation
| The 36 Canadian politicians who negotiated [[Canadian Confederation]]
|-
| [[Bernardo O'Higgins]]
| {{Flag|Chile}}
| {{lang|es|Padre de la patria}}
| Father of the fatherland
| Principal leader of the [[Chilean War of Independence]]
|-
| [[Sun Yat-sen]]
| {{Flag|Republic of China}}
| {{lang|zh-hant|國父}} ({{Transliteration|zh|Guófù}})
| Father of the Nation
| Sun played an instrumental role in the overthrow of the [[Qing dynasty]] during the [[1911 Revolution|Xinhai Revolution]]. The [[Nationalist government]] decreed the title in 1940.<ref name="Sun1">{{cite book|last1=Yin|first1=Xiong|title=至樂齋詩抄第二部|year=2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LYOXDwAAQBAJ&q=%E5%AD%99%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1+%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E6%8E%88%E4%BA%88%E5%9B%BD%E7%88%B6&pg=PT191|page=181|publisher=新華出版社 |isbn=978-7-5166-1604-8}}</ref> Sun is more widely known in the [[China|People's Republic of China]] as the "Forerunner of the Revolution".<ref name="Sun2">{{cite book|last1=Xie|first1=Xuanjun|title=少数民族入主中国史略|year=2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jhE6DwAAQBAJ&q=%E5%AD%99%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1+%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%85%88%E8%A1%8C%E8%80%85+%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86&pg=PA403|page=403|publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-387-25535-1}}</ref>
|-
|-
| [[José María Castro Madriz]]
| {{Flag|Costa Rica}}
| {{lang|es|Fundador de la República}}
| Founder of the Republic
| First President of the Republic of Costa Rica.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.guiascostarica.com/presi/presi08.htm|title = Francisco María Oreamuno Badilla|date = 27 June 2013|access-date = 28 November 2016|archive-date = 24 April 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130424023545/http://guiascostarica.com/presi/presi08.htm|url-status = live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ante Starčević]]
| {{Flag|Croatia}}
| {{lang|hr|Otac domovine}}
| Father of the Homeland
| His diverse activities and works laid the foundations for the modern [[Croatia|Croatian state]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hsp-ante-starcevic.hr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=79&Itemid=57 |publisher=[[Croatian Party of Rights Dr. Ante Starčević]] |title=Povijest Oca domovine |language=hr |access-date=2010-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100313080552/http://www.hsp-ante-starcevic.hr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=79&Itemid=57 |archive-date=2010-03-13 |url-status=usurped }}His works are considered to have laid the foundations for Croatian nationalism and he is often referred to as "Father of the Homeland" by Croats.</ref>
|-
| [[Carlos Manuel de Céspedes]]
| {{Flag|Cuba}}
| {{lang|es|Padre de la Patria}}
| Father of the Fatherland<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://edicionesanteriores.trabajadores.cu/2004/octubre/10_ingles/textos_y_fotos/cuba-conmemora.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130210195308/http://edicionesanteriores.trabajadores.cu/2004/octubre/10_ingles/textos_y_fotos/cuba-conmemora.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-02-10 |publisher=[[Trabajadores (newspaper)|Trabajadores]] |title=Cuba commemorates the 136 anniversary of the beginning of its wars of independence |first=Iliana |last=Hautrive |date=2004-10-10 |quote=Cuba commemorates this Sunday the beginning of its wars of independence, the 10 of October of 1868, when the insigne patriotic Carlos Manuel de Cespedes, considered the Father of the Motherland, gave the freedom to his slaves to begin the fight by the liberation of the Nation. |access-date=2009-01-16 }}
</ref>
| Leader of the first Cuban independence movement which fought the [[Ten Years' War]].
|-
| Archbishop [[Makarios III]]
| {{Flag|Cyprus}}
| {{lang|el|Εθνάρχης}} ({{Transliteration|el|Ethnárchis}})
| [[Ethnarch]]
| First and longest President of Cyprus, leader of [[Greek Cypriot nationalism|Greek Cypriot nationalist]] movement during [[Cypriot intercommunal violence]]
|-
| [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor]]
| rowspan="3" | {{Flag|Czech Republic}}
| {{lang|cs|Otec vlasti}}
| Father of the Homeland
| [[List of rulers of Bohemia|King of Bohemia]]. Title coined by the [[Rector (academia)|rector]] of the [[Charles University of Prague]] at the emperor's funeral.<ref name="cz">{{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Andrew Lawrence |title=From Good King Wenceslas to the Good Soldier Švejk: A Dictionary of Czech Popular Culture|publisher=[[Central European University Press]] |year=2005 |page=102 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BWg8CdosOpMC |isbn=963-7326-26-X}}</ref>
|-
| [[František Palacký]]
| {{lang|cs|Otec národa}}
| Father of the Nation
| Politician and historian, influential in [[Czech National Revival|Czech National Revival movement]].<ref name="cz"/> Whereas {{lang|cs|vlast}} "homeland" included all inhabitants, {{lang|cs|národ}} "nation" comprised only [[Czechs|Czech people]].<ref>
{{cite book |last=Sayer |first=Derek |author2=Alena Sayer |title=The Coasts of Bohemia: A Czech History |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2000 |page=129 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_yrxrO0lC0YC |isbn=0-691-05052-X}}
</ref>
|-
|[[Tomáš Masaryk]]
| {{lang|cs|Tatíček}} / {{lang|cs|Prezident Osvoboditel}}
| Father of the Fatherland / President Liberator
| First [[President of Czechoslovakia]], helped negotiate establishment of Czechoslovakia with the [[Allies of World War I]].<ref name="cz"/><ref>Preclík, Vratislav. Masaryk a legie (Masaryk and legions), váz. kniha, 219 pages, first issue vydalo nakladatelství Paris Karviná, Žižkova 2379 (734 01 Karvina, Czech Republic) ve spolupráci s Masarykovým demokratickým hnutím (Masaryk Democratic Movement, Prague), 2019, {{ISBN|978-80-87173-47-3}}, pages 36 – 39, 41 – 42, 106 – 107, 111–112, 124–125, 128, 129, 132, 140–148, 184–199.</ref>{{clarification needed|Reference is unclear.|date=September 2024}}
|-
| [[Juan Pablo Duarte]]
| rowspan="2" | {{Flag|Dominican Republic}}
| {{lang|es|Padre de la Patria}}
| Father of the Fatherland
| Foremost of the founding fathers of the [[Dominican Republic]] and the key leader responsible for shaping the modern revolutionary ideology that opposed all foreign rule.
|-
| [[Pedro Santana]]
| {{lang|es|Libertador de la Patria}}
| Liberator of the Fatherland
| Served as the first [[President of the Dominican Republic]] and helped free the country from [[Haiti]]an [[Haitian occupation of Santo Domingo|rule]].
|-
| Presbyter, Dr. [[José Matías Delgado]]
| {{Flag|El Salvador}}
| {{lang|es|Padre de la patria}}
| Father of the fatherland
| One of the founding fathers of El Salvador, and principal leader of the [[1811 Independence Movement|First Shout of Independence]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9992300574|title=Presbítero y Dr. José Matías Delgado, Prócer Centroamericano|trans-title= Presbyter and Dr. José Matías Delgado, Central American Hero|access-date=February 26, 2025|pages=139–141|publisher= National Council for Culture and Art (CONCULTURA)|author= Carlos Meléndez Chaverri|language= es|year=2000}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ilia Chavchavadze]]
| {{Flag|Georgia}}
| {{lang|ka|უგვირგვინო მეფე}} ({{Transliteration|ka|Ugvirgvino Mepe}}) {{lang|ka|ერის მამა}} ({{Transliteration|ka|Eris Mama}}{{not a typo}})
| The Crownless King / Father of the Nation
| Promoted Georgian language, literature, culture, and [[Georgian Orthodox Church|church autocephaly]] under imperial [[Georgia within the Russian Empire|Russian rule]].
|-
| Members of the [[Parlamentarischer Rat]]
| {{Flag|Germany}}
| {{lang|de|Väter und Mütter des Grundgesetzes}}
| Fathers and mothers of the Basic Law
| Drafted the [[Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany|Basic Law]], the constitution of (then West) Germany
|-
| [[Kwame Nkrumah]]
| {{Flag|Ghana}}
| {{lang|ak|Osagyefo}}
| Father of the nation
| First president and prime minister of Ghana during [[Decolonisation of Africa|decolonization]], the first country in Sub-Saharan Africa to achieve full independence.
|-
| [[Alexander the Great]]
| {{Flag|Greece}}
| {{lang|el|Πατέρας των Ελλήνων}} ({{Transliteration|el|Patéras ton Ellínon}})
| Father of the Greeks
| Founder of the [[Macedonian Empire]] responsible for spreading Greek culture during the [[Hellenistic period]].
|-
| Sir [[Eric Gairy]]
| {{Flag|Grenada}}
| Father of Independence
| Father of Independence
| First [[Prime Minister of Grenada]]. Secured independence from the [[United Kingdom]]
|-
| [[Cheddi Jagan]]
| {{Flag|Guyana}}
| Father of the Nation
| Father of the Nation
| President of Guyana from 1992 to 1997.
|-
| [[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]] and [[Toussaint Louverture]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lamrani |first=Salim |date=2021-04-30 |title=Toussaint Louverture, In the Name of Dignity. A Look at the Trajectory of the Precursor of Independence of Haiti |url=https://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/22675#tocto1n2 |journal=Études caribéennes |language=en |issue=48 |doi=10.4000/etudescaribeennes.22675 |s2cid=245041866 |issn=1779-0980|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mocombe |first=Paul C. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326109707 |title=Identity and Ideology in Haiti: The Children of Sans Souci, Dessalines/Toussaint, and Pétion |publisher=Routledge |year=2018 |pages=1 |access-date=15 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815022353/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Paul-Mocombe/publication/326109707_Identity_and_Ideology_in_Haiti_The_Children_of_Sans_Souci_DessalinesToussaint_and_Petion/links/5b4101cf458515f71cb114a1/Identity-and-Ideology-in-Haiti-The-Children-of-Sans-Souci-Dessalines-Toussaint-and-Petion.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{Flag|Haiti}}
| {{lang|fr|Père de la patrie}}
| Father of the Fatherland
| Primary leaders of the [[Haitian Revolution]].
|-
|[[Dionisio de Herrera]]
|{{Flag|Honduras}}
|''Padre de la Patria''
|Father of the Fatherland
|First Head of State of Honduras within the [[Federal Republic of Central America]]
|-
| [[Árpád]]
| {{Flag|Hungary}}
| {{lang|hu|Honalapító}}
| Founder of the Homeland
| Second [[Grand Prince of the Hungarians]], leader of the [[Honfoglalás|Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian basin]].
|-
|[[Mahatma Gandhi]]
|{{Flag|India}}
|{{lang|hi|राष्ट्रपिता}} (Rashtrapita) Bapu (Father)
|Father of the Nation<ref>{{cite news|title=Gandhi Jayanti 2021: Inspirational quotes by 'Father of the Nation' Mahatma Gandhi|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/gandhi-jayanti-2021-inspirational-quotes-by-father-of-the-nation-mahatma-gandhi-10016461.html|access-date=15 October 2021|work=Firstpost|date=2 October 2021|language=en|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003150745/https://www.firstpost.com/india/gandhi-jayanti-2021-inspirational-quotes-by-father-of-the-nation-mahatma-gandhi-10016461.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia-20Jan20">{{Cite news|title=Mahatma Gandhi was never declared 'Father of Nation', reveals RTI reply |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mahatma-gandhi-was-never-declared-father-of-nation-reveals-rti-reply/articleshow/73446044.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |first1=Anuja |last1=Jaiswal |language=en|date=20 January 2020|quotation=Mahatma Gandhi was never accorded the 'Father of the Nation' title by Government of India and no rule or ordinance was ever passed in this regard. ... Article 18 (1) of the Constitution does not permit any titles except education and military ones. ... a bench comprising Chief Justice SA Bobde and justices BR Gavai and Surya Kant, had observed, 'Mahatma Gandhi is the Father of the Nation and people hold him in high esteem, beyond any formal recognition'.}}</ref>
| Leader of the [[Indian independence movement]] from [[British Raj]].
|-
| [[Soepomo]] [[Mohammad Yamin]] [[Sukarno]] [[Mohammad Hatta]] [[Sutan Sjahrir]]
| {{Flag|Indonesia}}
| {{lang|id|Bapak Bangsa}} {{lang|id|Sang Proklamator}} {{lang|id|Dwitunggal}}
| Father(s) of the Nation The Proclamators Duumvirate
| Main leaders of the Indonesian National Revolution, wrote and signed the [[Proclamation of Indonesian Independence]], as well as served as the first President and Vice President of Indonesia, respectively.
|-
| [[Cyrus the Great]]
| {{Flag|Iran}} ([[Name of Iran|Persia]])
| ''[[Shahanshah]]''
| King of Kings
| The founder of the first [[Persian Empire]]
|-
| [[David Ben-Gurion]]
| rowspan="2" | {{Flag|Israel}}
| Israel's [[founding father]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/1/newsid_2492000/2492775.stm|title=1973: Israel's founding father dies|date=1 December 1973|access-date=31 August 2018|publisher=BBC}}</ref>
| Father of the Nation
| Formally proclaimed the establishment of Israel and served as its first [[Prime Minister of Israel|prime minister]]
|-
|[[Theodor Herzl]]
|{{lang|he|חוֹזֵה הַמְדִינָה}} ({{transliteration|he|Chozeh HaMedinah}}, {{lit|Visionary of the State}})
|Spiritual Father of the Jewish State<ref name="declaration">{{cite web |date=May 14, 1948 |title=Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/guide/pages/declaration%20of%20establishment%20of%20state%20of%20israel.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228134825/http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/guide/pages/declaration%20of%20establishment%20of%20state%20of%20israel.aspx |archive-date=Dec 28, 2015 |website=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref>
|Father of modern [[Types of Zionism#Political Zionism|political Zionism]]
|-
| [[Julius Caesar]]
| rowspan="3" | {{Flag|Italy}}
| ''[[Pater Patriae]]''
| Father of the Fatherland
| Gave the [[Roman citizenship]] to all the inhabitants of the [[Italian Peninsula]]
|-
| [[Augustus]]
| ''[[Pater Patriae]]''
| Father of the Fatherland
| Gave administrative unity to the [[Italian Peninsula]], by defining the regions of [[Roman Italy]].
|-
| {{plainlist|
* [[Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour|Camillo Benso]]
* [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]
* [[Giuseppe Mazzini]]
* [[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy]]}}
| {{lang|it|Padre della Patria}}
| Father of the Fatherland
| Authors of [[Italian unification]]<ref>{{cite book|first=Roland|last=Sarti|chapter=Giuseppe Mazzini e la tradizione repubblicana|title=Almanacco della Repubblica: storia d'Italia attraverso le tradizioni, le istituzioni e le simbologie repubblicane|publisher=Pearson|year=2003|isbn=978-88-424-9499-7|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Romano|last=Ugolini|title=Cento anni del Vittoriano 1911-2011|publisher=Gangemi|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Francesco|last=Perfetti|chapter=I padri della Patria|title=Quaderni del Dipartimento di Scienze Politiche Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore|page=2|year=2011}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kerei Khan]] and [[Janibek Khan]]
|{{Flag|Kazakhstan}}
| {{lang|kk|Негізін қалаушылар}} ({{lang|kk-Latn|Negızın qalauşylar}})
|Founders
|Founders and first rulers of the [[Kazakh Khanate]], who led the [[Kazakh War of Independence]] against the [[Uzbek Khanate]] and established the first independent Kazakh state.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-13 |title=On the Foundation of the Kazakh Khanate |url=https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/7650 |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=e-history.kz |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jomo Kenyatta]]
| {{Flag|Kenya}}
| {{lang|sw|Baba wa Taifa}}
| Father of the Nation/Freedom Fighter
| First President of Kenya from 1963 to his death in 1978 who helped create the [[Constitution of Kenya|Kenyan Constitution]].
|-valign=top id="Kosovo"
| [[Ibrahim Rugova]]
| {{Flag|Kosovo}}
| ''Ati Themeltar''<ref name=FF>{{cite web|url=https://president-ksgov.net/presidentja-osmani-sot-eshte-dita-e-presidentit-e-vendosur-si-e-tille-nga-presidenti-yne-historik-dr-ibrahim-rugova-ati-themeltar-i-republikes-sone/|title=Presidentja Osmani: Sot është Dita e Presidentit, e vendosur si e tillë nga Presidenti ynë historik Dr.Ibrahim Rugova, ati themeltar i Republikës sonë|trans-title=President Osmani: Today is President's Day, established as such by our historic President Dr. Ibrahim Rugova, the founding father of our Republic|language=Albanian|publisher=[[President of Kosovo]]|date=24 May 2025}}</ref><hr />{{lang|sq|Ati i Kombit}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Plus |first=Kult |date=2023-01-21 |title=Poezi nga Ibrahim Rugova të botuara në 'Rilindje' kur ai ishte vetëm 18 vjeç |url=https://www.kultplus.com/poezi/poezi-nga-ibrahim-rugova-te-botuara-ne-rilindje-kur-ai-ishte-vetem-18-vjec-5/ |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=KultPlus |language=sq}}</ref>
|Founding Father<hr />Father of the Nation
| First [[President of Kosovo|president]] of the [[First Republic of Kosovo]]. [[President of Kosovo|President]] of [[Serbia (federal)|Serbian]] [[Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metochia]] under [[UNMIK|UN]] administration after the [[Kosovo War]].
|-
|[[Muammar Gaddafi]]
|{{Flag|Libya}}
| أبو الأمة ('''abu al'uma'')
|Father of the Nation
|Leader of Libya from 1969 to 2011. He styled himself as the Father of the Nation, in addition to using other titles.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Shaun |date=16 April 2011 |title=Kazakh leader puts own name in lights with film of his childhood |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/kazakh-leader-puts-own-name-in-lights-with-film-of-his-childhood-2268638.html |access-date=12 October 2024 |work=The Independent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Danahar |first=Paul |date=1 September 2011 |title=Photo journal: Key moments in Libya's six-month revolt |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14728563 |access-date=12 October 2024 |work=BBC News}}</ref> He was also styled as such by Libyan state media.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mekay |first=Emad |date=23 February 2011 |title=One Libyan Battle Is Fought in Social and News Media |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/24/world/middleeast/24iht-m24libya.html |access-date=12 October 2024 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jonas Basanavičius]]
| {{Flag|Lithuania}}
| {{lang|lt|Tautos patriarchas}}
| Patriarch of the Nation
| Various cultural activities during the [[Lithuanian National Revival]].<ref>{{cite book| title=The history of the Baltic States |first=Kevin |last=O'Connor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b3b5nU4bnw4C&pg=PA59 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-313-32355-3 |page=59}}</ref>
|-
| [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]]
| {{Flag|Malaysia}}
| {{plainlist|
* {{lang|ms|Bapa Kemerdekaan}}
* {{lang|ms|Bapa Malaysia}}}}
| {{plainlist|
* Father of Independence
* Father of Malaysia}}
| The first [[Prime Minister of Malaysia]]. A prince from the [[Kedah Sultanate]], the Cambridge-educated Tunku led the negotiated independence of [[Federation of Malaya]] from the [[British Empire]] in 1957. Later formed [[Malaysia]] through the union of Peninsular Malaya, [[Singapore]], [[North Borneo]] and [[Sarawak]] in 1963.
|-
|[[Giorgio Borġ Olivier]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Malta}}
| {{lang|mt|Missier Malta Indipendenti}}
|Father of Independent Malta
|First post-independence [[Prime Minister of Malta]] between 1950–1955 and 1962–1971.
|-
| [[Dom Mintoff]]
| {{plainlist|
* {{lang|mt|Missier Malta Repubblika}}
* {{lang|mt|Missier Malta Hielsa}}}}
| {{plainlist|
* Father of Republican Malta
* Father of Free Malta}}
| A Maltese statesman and leading politician. He twice served as Prime Minister of Malta (from 1955 to 1958, and from 1974 to 1984) as the Leader of the [[Labour Party (Malta)|Labour Party]], a position he held from 1949 to 1984. In 1974, with him as Prime Minister, Malta negotiated a series of constitutional reforms leading to the establishment of the Maltese Republic and the removal of the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British monarch]] as [[Queen of Malta|head of state]]. In 1979, the last [[Royal Navy]] ships left Malta, marking the country's transformation into a fully independent nation. Mintoff is also credited with the establishment of the Maltese [[welfare state]] and the [[Socialism|socialist]]-style [[nationalisation]] and [[collectivisation]] of various key industries.
|-
| Sir [[Seewoosagur Ramgoolam]]
| {{Flag|Mauritius}}
| Father of the Nation
| Father of the Nation<ref name="mauritius">{{cite web|url=http://www.mauritiuspost.mu/museum/fdc/other.php?id=51 |quote=Known as the "Father of the Nation", Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam has throughout his political career from 1940 to 1982 been closely associated with the significant emancipation of the people of Mauritius and has led the struggle for Independence. |title=Centenary of Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam. |year=2004 |work=Mauritius Post Museum |publisher=Mauritius Post |access-date=2009-01-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625162936/http://www.mauritiuspost.mu/museum/fdc/other.php?id=51 |archive-date=25 June 2007 }}
</ref>
| First post-independence Prime Minister, in 1968.
|-
| [[Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla]]
| {{Flag|Mexico}}
| {{lang|es|Padre de la patria mexicana}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elperiodicodemexico.com/nota.php?sec=Nacional-Politica&id=137050 |title=El Grito, una tradición popular mexicana sin dueño |date=2007-09-15 |work=El Periodico de Mexico |language=es |access-date=2009-02-07 |quote=Miguel Hidalgo, considerado el "padre de la patria" mexicana |archive-date=10 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710184350/http://www.elperiodicodemexico.com/nota.php?sec=Nacional-Politica&id=137050 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Father of the Mexican Nation<ref name="Vazquez">
{{cite book |last= Vazquez-Gomez |first= Juana |title= Dictionary of Mexican Rulers, 1325–1997 |url= https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmexi0000vazq |url-access= registration |year=1997 |publisher= Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated |location= Westport, CT, US |isbn=978-0-313-30049-3 }}
</ref>
| First revolutionary leader in the [[Mexican War of Independence]].
|-
| [[Genghis Khan]]
| {{Flag|Mongolia}}
| {{lang|mn|Монголчуудын эцэг}} ({{Transliteration|mn|Mongolčuudyn eceg}})
| Father of the [[Mongols]], Founding Father of Mongolia<ref>
"Genghis Khan". North Georgia College and State University. Archived from the original on 6 March 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
</ref>
| After unifying the many nomadic tribes of northeastern Asian steppe peoples, Genghis Khan founded the [[Mongol Empire]] and became the first Great Khan and Emperor. He eventually led a [[Mongol invasions and conquests|conquest of the majority of Eurasia]], and his unified homeland would become Mongolia.
|-
| [[Mohammed V of Morocco|Mohammed V]]
| {{Flag|Morocco}}
| {{lang|ar|أَب الْأُمَّة}} ({{Transliteration|ar|ʔab al-ʔumma}})
| Father of the Nation<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-10 |title=ذكرى وفاة جلالة المغفور له محمد الخامس.. مناسبة لاستحضار التضحيات الجسام التي بذلها محرر الأمة من أجل الحرية والاستقلال |url=https://www.mapnews.ma/ar/actualites/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9/%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%89-%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%84%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B6%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%B0%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A7-3 |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=[[Maghreb Arabe Presse]] |quote=تحل يوم غد الثلاثاء (عاشر رمضان) الذكرى الـ 66 لوفاة أب الأمة جلالة المغفور له محمد الخامس، قدس الله روحه، [...]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-11 |title=63rd Anniversary of Death of HM Mohammed V, Tribute to Memory of Father of the Nation and Symbol of Anti-colonial Struggle |url=https://www.mapnews.ma/en/activites-royales/63rd-anniversary-death-hm-mohammed-v-tribute-memory-father-nation-and-symbol-anti |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=[[Maghreb Arabe Presse]] |quote=It is in piety and meditation that the Moroccan people commemorate this Tuesday, Ramadan 10, the 63rd anniversary of the death of His Majesty King Mohammed V, Father of the Nation, craftsman of independence and symbol of the struggle of peoples for freedom and emancipation.}}</ref>
| King of Morocco during its independence in 1956, seen by most Moroccans as Father of the Nation.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Stora |first1=Benjamin |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ateli.stora.1999.01 |title=Les 100 portes du Maghreb |last2=Ellyas |first2=Akram |date=1999-01-01 |publisher=Éditions de l'Atelier (programme ReLIRE) |isbn=978-2-7082-3434-5 |series=Points d'appui|doi=10.3917/ateli.stora.1999.01 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Aung San]]
| {{Flag|Myanmar}}
| {{plainlist|
* နိုင်ငံ‌တော်၏ဖခင်၊
* လွတ်လပ်ရေးဖခင်၊
* တပ်မတော်၏ဖခင်}}
| Father of Nation,<ref>{{cite news |title=Myanmar and Aung San: The resurrection of an icon |url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/myanmar-aung-san-resurrection-icon |work=www.lowyinstitute.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Cloutman |first1=Violet |title=Profile in power: Aung San - InsideBurma Tours blog |url=https://www.insideasiatours.com/blog/profile-power-aung-san |work=InsideAsia Blog |date=22 September 2016}}</ref> Father of Independence, Father of [[Tatmadaw]] (Burmese Army)
| He was the founder of Tatmadaw (Burmese Army) and he was the 5th [[Prime Minister of Myanmar|Prime Minister of Burma]] during the [[British rule in Burma|British Era]] from 1946 to 1947. He was instrumental in Myanmar's struggle for independence from British rule, but he was assassinated just six months before his goal was realized.
|-
| [[Sam Nujoma]]
| {{Flag|Namibia}}
| Founding Father of the Namibian Nation
| Founding Father of the Namibian Nation
| Primary leader of [[SWAPO]] during the [[South African Border War]] and first [[President of Namibia]], 1990–2005; title conferred by [[Act of Parliament]] in 2005.<ref>
{{cite web |title=Conferment of Status of Founding Father of the Namibian Nation Act, 2005 |url=https://www.saflii.org/na/other/NAGovGaz/2005/205.txt |website=Southern African Legal Information Institute |publisher=Government Gazette of the Republic of Namibia |access-date=10 February 2025 |date=29 December 2005}}</ref><ref>
{{cite journal |date=29 December 2005 |journal=Government Gazette |publisher=Republic of Namibia |location=Windhoek |issue=3567 |url=http://www.parliament.gov.na/parlidocs/ACT594.pdf |title=Promulgation of Conferment of Status of Founding Father of the Namibian Nation Act, 2005 (Act No. 16 of 2005), of the Parliament |access-date=2008-01-16}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}
</ref>
|-
| [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]]
| {{Flag|Nepal}}
| {{lang|ne|श्री ५ बडामहाराजधिराज पृथ्वी नारायण शाह}} ({{translit|ne|śrī 5 baḍāmhārājdhirāj pr̥thvī nārāyaṇ śāha}})
| Father of the Nation
| [[King of Nepal]] during the [[Unification of Nepal]].
|-
| [[William the Silent]]
| {{Flag|Netherlands}}
| {{lang|nl|Vader des Vaderlands}}
| Father of the Fatherland
| Leader of the successful [[Dutch Revolt]] against the [[Spanish Empire]], which led to the [[Dutch Republic]], the first independent Dutch state.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.essentialvermeer.com/delft/delft_today/oude_and_nieuwe.html |title=The Oude and Nieuwe Kerk in Delft |access-date=13 October 2008 |archive-date=6 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006192350/http://www.essentialvermeer.com/delft/delft_today/oude_and_nieuwe.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Diriangén]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Ortiz Nuñez |first=Ramiro |title=Dirianghen: padre de la patria nicaragüense |publisher=Tipografía Brenes |location=Managua |year=1953 |language=es}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Nicaragua}}
| ''Padre de la Patria Nicaragüense''
| Father of the Nicaraguan Fatherland
| Native Nicaraguan tribal leader
|-
| [[José Núñez (politician)|José Núñez]]
| ''Salvador de la Patria''<ref>Andrés Vega Bolaños (1944). «Gobernantes de Nicaragua» p. 73, 74</ref>
| Savior of the Fatherland
| First president of independent Nicaragua following its secession from the [[Federal Republic of Central America]].
|-
| [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]]
| {{Flag|Nigeria}}
| Father of Nigerian Nationalism
| Father of Nigerian Nationalism
| First president of [[Nigeria]] when it became a republic on 1 October 1963, and was the last governor general of Nigeria.
|-
| [[Krste Misirkov]]
| {{Flag|North Macedonia}}
| {{lang|mk|Татко на нацијата}} ({{lang|mk-Latn|Tatko na nacijata}})
| Father of the Nation
| Prominent linguist, writer and activist.
|-
| [[Einar Gerhardsen]]
| {{Flag|Norway}}
| {{lang|no|Landsfaderen}}
| Father of the Nation
| First post–[[World War II]] [[Prime Minister of Norway|prime minister]] of [[Norway]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.aftenposten.no/fakta/tusenarsskiftet/article561221.ece | title = Gratulerer, kjære landsmann! | publisher = [[Aftenposten]] | author = Bjørn Talen | date = 1987-05-09 | access-date = 2007-12-18 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071013134650/http://www.aftenposten.no/fakta/tusenarsskiftet/article561221.ece  |archive-date = 2007-10-13|language=no}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kim Il Sung]]
| {{Flag|North Korea}}
| {{lang|ko|주체조선의 영원한 수령}} ({{Transliteration|ko|juchejoseonui yeong'wonhan suryeong}})
| [[Eternal leaders of North Korea|Eternal Leader]]
| Founder of the North Korean state, progenitor of [[Juche]], and [[General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea]] from 1949 to 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kim Jong-un and North Korea's Power Structure |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/north-koreas-power-structure |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Qaboos bin Said]]
| {{Flag|Oman}}
| {{Lang|ar|أَبُو الْأُمَّة}} ({{Transliteration|ar|ʔabū al-ʔumma}})
| Father of the Nation
| Sultan from 1970 to 2020, transitioned the country to independence from Britain and promulgated the [[Basic Statute of Oman]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=التاريخ |url=https://www.fm.gov.om/about-oman-ar/state-ar/history-ar/?lang=ar |access-date=2025-09-27 |publisher=Foreign Ministry of Oman |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.fm.gov.om/about-oman/state/history/ |access-date=2025-04-19 |publisher=Foreign Ministry of Oman |language=en-US |quote=During his 50-year reign Sultan Qaboos became an immensely popular figure, widely admired as the Father of the Nation.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-01-21 |title=Oman's new sultan faces mammoth challenges |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-51112191 |access-date=2025-04-19 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
| [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]
| {{Flag|Pakistan}}
| {{plainlist|
* بابائے قوم ''(Baba-e-Qaum)''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=54870|title=Quaid's 60th death anniversary being marked today|date=11 September 2008|work=The News International|access-date=2008-11-09|quote=Today the nation marks the 60th Death anniversary of Mohammad Ali Jinnah, known as Quaid-e-Azam, meaning "Great Leader" and Baba-e-Qaum meaning Father of the Nation.}}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* قائدِ اعظم ''(Quaid-e-Azam)<ref>{{cite web |title=Father of the Nation : Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah |url=http://quaid.gov.pk/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503015545/http://quaid.gov.pk/index.htm |archive-date=2009-05-03 |access-date=2008-11-09 |publisher=Government of Pakistan}}</ref>''}}
| Father of the Nation
Great Leader
| Led the [[Pakistan Movement]] and served as the first [[Governor-General of Pakistan|governor-general of Pakistan]].
|-
| [[Yasser Arafat]]
| {{Flag|Palestine}}
| أبو فلسطين ('''abu filastin'')
| The Father of Palestine<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2005/09/the-father-of-palestine/304226/|title=The Father of Palestine|first=Elizabeth|last=Shelburne|date=10 August 2005|via=The Atlantic}}</ref>
| Led the [[Palestinian liberation]] movement and served as [[President of the Palestinian Authority|president]] of the [[State of Palestine]] from 1994 to 2004.
|-
| Sir [[Michael Somare]]
| {{Flag|Papua New Guinea}}
| {{lang|tpi|Papa Blo Kantri}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kuku |first=Rebecca |last2=Doherty |first2=Ben |date=2021-02-26 |title=Sir Michael Somare, Papua New Guinea's 'Father of the Nation', dies aged 84 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/26/sir-michael-somare-papua-new-guineas-father-of-the-nation-dies-aged-84 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226134404/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/26/sir-michael-somare-papua-new-guineas-father-of-the-nation-dies-aged-84 |archive-date=26 February 2021 |access-date=2021-02-26 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
| Father of the Nation
| Leader at independence in 1975; also known as "the chief" and "the old man".<ref>
{{cite book |last=East |first=Roger |author2=Richard Thomas |title=Profiles of People in Power |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2003 |page=[https://archive.org/details/profilesofpeople0001east/page/408 408] |chapter=Papua New Guinea |isbn=1-85743-126-X |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/profilesofpeople0001east/page/408 }}
</ref>
|-
| [[Emilio Aguinaldo]]
| rowspan="3" | {{Flag|Philippines}}
| {{lang|tl|Kauna-unahang Pangulo ng Pilipinas}}
| First President of the [[First Philippine Republic|Philippines]]
| Military Leader of the [[Philippine Revolution]] and the First [[President of the Philippines]] through the 1899 [[Malolos Congress]], which oversaw the promulgation of the [[Malolos Constitution]]. His birthday, 22 March 1869, is celebrated as Emilio Aguinaldo Day.
|-
| [[Andrés Bonifacio]]
| {{lang|tl|Amá ng Himagsikan}}
| Father of the Revolution
| Political Leader of the [[Philippine Revolution]], which saw armed resistance against the Spanish Empire. His birthday, 30 November 1863, is a national holiday.
|-
| [[José Rizal]]
| {{lang|tl|Pambansáng Bayani}}
| National Hero
| Colloquially known as the "National Hero". Rizal's works and writings–which helped start the [[Philippine Revolution]]–are part of the national curriculum as mandated by Republic Act No. 1425. The anniversary of his 30 December 1896 execution by the Spanish colonial government is a national holiday.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joserizal.com/|title=Jose Rizal|access-date=2014-05-10|archive-date=29 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429190455/http://www.joserizal.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ignacy Daszyński]], [[Roman Dmowski]], [[Wojciech Korfanty]], [[Ignacy Jan Paderewski]], [[Józef Piłsudski]], [[Wincenty Witos]]
| rowspan="2" | {{Flag|Poland}}
| {{lang|pl|Ojcowie Niepodległości}}, {{lang|pl|Ojcowie Polski Odrodzonej}}
| Fathers of Independence, Fathers of Reborn Poland
| After [[World War I]] six fathers of independence jointly took advantage of the favorable conditions and led to the birth of the [[Second Polish Republic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://niepodlegla.gov.pl/o-niepodleglej/roznymi-sciezkami-ku-niepodleglej-szli-ojcowie-polski-odrodzonej/|title=Różnymi ścieżkami ku Niepodległej szli. Ojcowie Polski Odrodzonej|work=Niepodległa - świętujmy razem! |access-date=2023-09-05|archive-date=2023-09-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905183439/https://niepodlegla.gov.pl/o-niepodleglej/roznymi-sciezkami-ku-niepodleglej-szli-ojcowie-polski-odrodzonej/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mieszko I]]
| {{lang|pl|Twórca państwa polskiego}}
| Founder of the Polish state
| Mieszko I united [[Polish tribes|slavic tribes of Poland]], [[Christianization of Poland#Baptism|baptized]] the country and became the first historical [[List of Polish monarchs|ruler of Poland]].
|-
| {{lang|pt-PT|[[Dom (title)|Dom]]}} [[Afonso I of Portugal]]
| {{Flag|Portugal}}
| {{lang|pt-PT|Fundador da Nacionalidade}}
| Founder of Nationhood a.k.a. ''The Conqueror''
| Founder and first King of Portugal (1139), recognized by the [[Holy See]] in 1179.
|-
| [[Peter I of Russia]]
| {{Flag|Russia}}
| {{lang|ru|Отец Отечества}} ({{Transliteration|ru|Otec Otečestva}})
| Father of the Fatherland
| Was granted the title in 1721 by the [[Governing Senate]], along with "[[Emperor of Russia]]" and "[[The Great]]".<ref>
{{cite book |last=Anisimov| first=Evgeniy Viktorovich|others=translator John T. Alexander |title=The Reforms of Peter the Great: Progress Through Coercion in Russia |publisher=M.E. Sharpe|year=1993 |page=143 |isbn=1-56324-047-5}}
</ref>
|-
| Sir [[John Compton]]
| {{Flag|Saint Lucia}}
| Father of the Nation
| Father of the Nation
| Prime Minister at independence in 1979. Also known as "Daddy Compton".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1562638/Sir-John-Compton.html |title=Obituary: Sir John Compton |date=10 September 2007 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=2009-01-17 |archive-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614092013/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1562638/Sir-John-Compton.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Ibn Saud|Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia]]
| {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}
| {{lang|ar|وَالِد الْأُمَّة}} ({{Transliteration|ar|Wālid al-ʔumma}})/{{lang|ar|الْمُؤَسِّس}} ({{Transliteration|ar|Al-Muʔassis}})
| Father of the Nation/The Founder
| Unified the tribes of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and established the modern Saudi state. He descended from the noble [[House of Saud]], the dynasty which had ruled most of Arabia in the 18th century. His son [[Salman of Saudi Arabia|King Salman]] is the current head of state of [[Saudi Arabia]]. Five other older sons – [[Saud of Saudi Arabia|Saud]], [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|Faisal]], [[Khalid of Saudi Arabia|Khalid]], [[Fahd of Saudi Arabia|Fahd]] and [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|Abdullah]] – served as former heads of state.
|-
| [[Donald Dewar]]
| rowspan="1" | {{Flag|Scotland}}
| Father of the Nation
| Father of the Nation
| The inaugural holder of the office of [[First Minister of Scotland|First Minister]] of [[Scotland]] following the reconvening of the [[Scottish Parliament]] in 1999.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.glasgowtimes.co.uk/news/18781330.remembering-donald-dewar-glasgow-politician-became-father-nation/|title=Remembering Donad Dewar: the Glasgow politician who became 'Father of the Nation'|work=Glasgow Times|date=12 October 2020|access-date=11 April 2023|archive-date=12 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212092723/https://www.glasgowtimes.co.uk/news/18781330.remembering-donald-dewar-glasgow-politician-became-father-nation/|url-status=live}}</ref> He is known as the Father of the Nation for his role in overseeing the introduction of [[Scottish devolution]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5lIicTg8QMC |title=Britannica Book of the Year |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Incorporated |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-85229-782-7 |page=509 |language=en |access-date=12 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[Saint Sava]]
| rowspan="3" | {{Flag|Serbia}}
| {{lang|sh-Cyrl|Отац отаџбине}} ({{lang|sh-Latn|Otac otadžbine}})<ref>{{cite book|author=Branko Pešić|title=Spomen hram Sv. Save na Vračaru u Beogradu: 1895–1988|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6T7kAAAAMAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Sveti arhijerejski sinod Srpske pravoslavne crkve|quote=Отац Отаџбине Св. Сава је надахнуо Немањи- ну државу идеалима хришћанског патриотизма и створио слободну цркву у слободној држави. Држа- ва је Отечество – земља мојих ота- ца. Држава не сме да буде импери- ја, јер где ...}}</ref>
| Father of the Fatherland
| Founder of the [[Serbian Orthodox Church]].
|-
| [[Karađorđe]] and [[Miloš the Great]]
| {{lang|sh-Cyrl|Отац нације}} ({{lang|sh-Latn|Otac nacije}})<ref name="Jelenić1923">{{cite book|author=Durde Jelenić|title=Nova Srbija i Jugoslavija, 1788–1921|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77QMAAAAIAAJ|year=1923|page=56|quote=ОТАЦ ОТАЏБИНЕ – КАРАЂОРЂЕ ПЕТРОВИЋ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Milivoj J. Malenić|title=Posle četrdeset godina: u spomen proslave četrdesetogodišnjice Sv. Andrejske velike narodne skupštine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q-IwAQAAMAAJ|year=1901|publisher=U Drž. štamp. Kralj. Srbije|quote=да се на престо српски поврати њен ослободилац и оснивалац: Отац Отаџбине, Милош Обреновић Велики,}}</ref>
| Father of the Nation
| Leaders of the [[First Serbian Uprising|First]] and [[Second Serbian Uprising]] during the [[Serbian Revolution]].
|-
| [[Dobrica Ćosić]]
| {{lang|sh-Cyrl|Отац нације}} ({{lang|sh-Latn|Otac nacije}})<ref name="glas-javnosti2000">{{cite web|url=http://arhiva.glas-javnosti.rs/arhiva/2000/05/11/srpski/P00051027.shtm|title=Ko je ovaj čovek?: Dobrica Ćosić|author=Zorica Vulić|date=11 May 2000|language=sr|publisher=[[Glas javnosti]]|access-date=25 August 2019|archive-date=27 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327232011/http://arhiva.glas-javnosti.rs/arhiva/2000/05/11/srpski/P00051027.shtm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.b92.net/info/emisije/pescanik.php?yyyy=2007&mm=03&nav_id=237772 |title=Injekcija za Srbe |author=Lukić, Svetlana Lukić & Svetlana Vuković |date=16 March 2007 |publisher=[[B92]]: Peščanik |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070327212553/http://www.b92.net/info/emisije/pescanik.php?yyyy=2007&mm=03&nav_id=237772 |archive-date=2007-03-27 }}</ref>
| Father of the Nation
| Yugoslav and Serbian politician, writer, and political theorist.
|-
| [[Lee Kuan Yew]]
| {{Flag|Singapore}}
| 国父 (''Guófù'')
| Father of Singapore
| First [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]] of the [[Singapore|Republic of Singapore]], governing for over 30 years. Leading figure throughout Singapore's time as a [[Singapore in Malaysia|part of Malaysia]] and its later independence.
|-
| [[Ľudovít Štúr]]
| {{Flag|Slovakia}}
| {{lang|sk|Otec národa}}
| Father of the Nation<ref>[https://3seaseurope.com/slovakia-origin/ The Guy Who Put ‘Slovakia’ in Czechoslovakia]</ref>
| Led the [[Slovak nationalism|Slovak national revival]] in the 19th century, codified the modern [[Slovak language|Slovak literary language]], and spearheaded the counter-revolutionary [[Slovak Volunteer Campaigns|Slovak Uprising]] against the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848]].
|-
| [[Primož Trubar]] and [[Janez Bleiweis]]
| {{Flag|Slovenia}}
| {{lang|sl|Oče naroda}}
| Father of the Nation
| A consolidator of [[Slovene language|Slovene]] and the author of the first Slovene printed book (Trubar) and a politician, national awakener and promotor of the [[United Slovenia]] political program (Bleiweis).
|-
| [[Mohammed Abdullah Hassan]]
| {{Flag|Somalia}}
| ''Aabaha aabaha''
| Father of the fatherland
| The emir of Dervish and [[Las Anod#Diiriye Guure|Diiriye Guure]].<ref name="scr">{{cite book |last1=Omar |first1=Mohamed |title=The Scramble in the Horn of Africa |date=2001 |page=402 |quote=This letter is sent by all the Dervishes, the Amir, and all the Dolbahanta to the Ruler of Berbera ... We are a Government, we have a Sultan, an Amir, and Chiefs, and subjects ... (reply) In his last letter the Mullah pretends to speak in the name of the Dervishes, their Amir (himself), and the Dolbahanta tribes. This letter shows his object is to establish himself as the Ruler of the Dolbahanta}}</ref>
|-
| [[Nelson Mandela]]
| {{Flag|South Africa}}
| {{lang|xh|Tata wethu}}
| Our Father
| Primary leader of [[internal resistance to apartheid]] as chairman of the [[African National Congress]], and first President of post-[[apartheid]] South Africa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/mandeladay/2010/observance2010.shtml |title=Nelson Mandela International Day, July 18, For Freedom, Justice and Democracy |publisher=United Nations |access-date=2013-03-22 |archive-date=26 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626123837/http://www.un.org/en/events/mandeladay/2010/observance2010.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Catholic Monarchs]] (Ferdinand and Isabella)
| {{Flag|Spain}}
| {{lang|es|Reyes Católicos de los reinos de Castilla y Aragón}}
| Catholic Monarchs of the Kingdoms of Castille and Aragon
| The unifiers of Spain. They unified the territories of [[Crown of Castile|Castille]], [[Crown of Castile|Aragon]] and [[Al-Andalus]], all the territories of the Iberian Peninsula, except Portugal. During their reign [[Americas|America]] was discovered and started the [[Spanish Empire]].
|-
| [[Don Stephen Senanayake]]
| {{Flag|Sri Lanka}}
| {{lang|si|ජාතියේ පියා}} ({{Transliteration|si|Jātiyē Piyā}})
| Father of the Nation
| First Prime Minister, from 1947 to 1952.<ref>
{{cite book |last=Phadnis |first=Urmila |author-link1=Urmila Phadnis |author2=Rajat Ganguly |title=Ethnicity and Nation-building in South Asia |publisher=SAGE |year=2001 |edition=revised |page=181 |isbn=0-7619-9439-4}}
</ref>
|-
| [[Johan Ferrier]]
| {{Flag|Suriname}}
| {{lang|nl|Vader des Vaderlands}}
| Father of the Nation
| First president after the independence of the country in 1975 (the term {{lang|nl|Vader des Vaderlands}} has its roots in the Netherlands).
|-
| [[Gustav I of Sweden]]
| rowspan="2" | {{Flag|Sweden}}
| {{lang|sv|Landsfader}}
| Father of the Nation
| Led Sweden out of the [[Kalmar Union]].
|-
| [[Per Albin Hansson]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ryytty |first=Carsten |year=2014 |title=Per Albin Hansson dör |url=https://www.so-rummet.se/aret-runt/albin-hansson-dor |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=www.so-rummet.se |language=sv |quote=Under krigsåren 1939-1945 kom Hansson att framstå '''som en landsfader''' och en garanti för fullföljande av den svenska neutralitetspolitiken.}}</ref>
| {{lang|sv|Landsfader}}
| Father of the Nation
| [[Prime Minister of Sweden|Prime Minister]] 1932–1946 and founder of [[Folkhemmet|The People's Home]].
|-
| [[Julius Nyerere]]
| {{Flag|Tanzania}}
| {{lang|sw|Baba wa Taifa}}
| Father of the Nation
| First [[President of Tanzania]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/tanzania-weeps-for-father-of-the-nation-739027.html|title=Tanzania weeps for father of the nation|last=Duval Smith|first=Alex|date=20 October 1999|work=[[The Independent]]|access-date=2008-11-08|archive-date=15 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215140138/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/tanzania-weeps-for-father-of-the-nation-739027.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Henry Alcazar, Victor Bryan, [[Tubal Uriah Butler]], [[Rudranath Capildeo]], [[Simbhoonath Capildeo]], [[Arthur Andrew Cipriani]], [[Albert Gomes]], [[Solomon Hochoy]], [[A. P. T. James]], [[Audrey Jeffers]], Ranjit Kumar, [[Emmanuel Mzumbo Lazare]], Chanka Maharaj, [[Bhadase Maraj|Bhadase Sagan Maraj]], [[Quintin O'Connor]], Michael Pocock, [[Adrian Cola Rienzi|Adrian Cola Rienzi (Krishna Deonarine)]], Alfred Richards, Harold Robinson, Timothy Roodal, Lionel Seukeran, [[Ashford Sinanan]], Mitra Sinanan, [[Sarran Teelucksingh]], Louis de Verteuil, Gerald Wight, [[Eric Williams]], [[Hugh Wooding]]<ref name="issuu.com">{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/pariapublishing/docs/50th_independence_besson|title=50th Anniversary of Independence of Trinidad and Tobago|work=Issuu |date=26 May 2013 |access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327195343/https://issuu.com/pariapublishing/docs/50th_independence_besson|url-status=live}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | {{Flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}
| Moulders of the Nation
| Moulders of the Nation<ref name="issuu.com"/>
| They helped shape the country's future as an independent nation and laid the foundation of democracy.<ref name="issuu.com"/>
|-
| [[Eric Williams]]
| Father of the Nation
| Father of the Nation
| First and three-term [[List of Prime Ministers of Trinidad and Tobago|Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago]] from 1956 to his death in 1981, first Premier of Trinidad and Tobago from 1961 to 1966, second Chief Minister of Trinidad and Tobago from 1956 to 1961, founder of the [[People's National Movement|People's National Movement (PNM)]] and was instrumental in writing the Trinidad and Tobago constitution and gaining the country [[independence]] and [[republicanism]] from [[History of Trinidad and Tobago|British rule]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trinidad and Tobago Parliament|url=http://ttparliament.org/members.php?mid=26&pid=23&id=EWI01|access-date=2020-12-06|website=ttparliament.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-07|title=Dr. Eric Williams: The Father of the Nation|url=https://www.caribbeanlifenews.com/dr-eric-williams-the-father-of-the-nation/|access-date=2020-12-06|website=Caribbean Life News|language=en-US|archive-date=18 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518222808/https://www.caribbeanlifenews.com/dr-eric-williams-the-father-of-the-nation/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Habib Bourguiba]]
| {{Flag|Tunisia}}
| {{lang|ar|الْمُجَاهِد الْأَكْبَر}} ({{Transliteration|ar|al-Mujāhid Al-ʔakbar}})
| The Supreme Warrior
| Father of the independence of [[Tunisia]] and first [[President of Tunisia]]. He led the [[Tunisian national movement]] against the [[French colonial empire]]. After [[Tunisian independence]], he founded a modern state, built schools and hospitals and gave the Tunisian women rights that are still unique in the Arab World today.
|-
| [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]
| {{Flag|Turkey}}
| {{lang|tr|Atatürk}}
| Father of the Turks (always used as a last name and not a title proper)
| Founder of the [[Republic of Turkey]] and first [[President of Turkey]]. He led the [[Turkish national movement]] in the [[Turkish War of Independence]], and enacted [[Atatürk's reforms|the reforms]] that made Turkey a democratic nation-state. Granted in accordance with the 1934 [[Surname Law]] establishing [[surname]]s in Turkey.<ref>{{cite book|last=Parla|first=Taha |author2=Andrew Davison|title=Corporatist Ideology in Kemalist Turkey: Progress Or Order?|publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]]|year=2004|pages=37–8|isbn=0-8156-3054-9}}</ref>
|-
| [[Saparmurat Niyazov]]
| {{Flag|Turkmenistan}}
| {{lang|tk|Türkmenbaşy}}
| Father of the Turkmen
| Inaugural president as well as [[president for life]] of Turkmenistan, he ruled the country with an iron fist from 1991 to 2006.
|-
| [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]]
| rowspan="2" | {{Flag|Ukraine}}
| ''Батько нації'' (''Batʹko natsiyi'')
| Father of the Nation
| Leader of the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising]] against the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] and founder of the [[Cossack Hetmanate]], the first independent Ukrainian state.
|-
| [[Taras Shevchenko]]
| ''Батько нації'' (''Batʹko natsiyi'')
| Father of the Nation<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://svidomi.in.ua/en/page/why-is-taras-shevchenko-a-phenomenon-for-the-ukrainian-people|title=Why is Taras Shevchenko a phenomenon for the Ukrainian people? :: Svidomi|website=svidomi.in.ua}}</ref>
| Preserver of [[Ukrainian language]] and [[Ukrainian literature|literature]] from [[Russification]] during [[Russian Empire|Tsarist rule]].
|-
| Sheikh [[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]]
| {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| {{lang|ar|وَالِد الْأُمَّة}} ({{Transliteration|ar|Wālid al-ʔumma}})
| Father of the Nation
| President of the UAE for its first 33 years (1971–2004).<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.ameinfo.com/166663.html |title=Abu Dhabi's Zayed Mosque tours to take on special Ramadan significance |date=20 August 2008 |access-date=2009-01-17 |quote=His Highness Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan, the late UAE President and Ruler of Abu Dhabi, a man affectionately known as 'The Father of The Nation' for his work as an architect of the UAE Federation. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607065303/http://www.ameinfo.com/166663.html |archive-date=7 June 2011 }}
</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3975849.stm |title=Obituary: Sheikh Zayed |last=Wheeler |first=Julia |date=2 November 2004 |work=[[BBC News]] |publisher=BBC |access-date=2009-01-17 |quote=He was frequently referred to as the father of the nation. |archive-date=16 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716124629/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3975849.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[George Washington]], [[John Adams]], [[Thomas Jefferson]], [[James Madison]], [[John Jay]], [[Alexander Hamilton]], [[Benjamin Franklin]] and other [[Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence#List of signers|Signers]] and [[Constitutional Convention (United States)#Framers of the Constitution|Framers]]
| rowspan="2" | {{Flag|United States}}
| [[Founding Fathers of the United States|Founding Fathers]]
| [[Founding Fathers of the United States|Founding Fathers]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers.html|title=America's Founding Fathers|publisher=National Archives|access-date=2008-02-18|archive-date=16 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416102739/https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Stanfield, Jack. ''America's Founding Fathers: Who Are They? Thumbnail Sketches of 164 Patriots'' (Universal-Publishers, 2001).</ref>
| The Signers signed the [[United States Declaration of Independence]] in 1776. The Framers were delegates to the [[Constitutional Convention (United States)|Constitutional Convention]] and took part in framing or drafting the proposed [[United States Constitution]].
|-
| [[George Washington]]
| Father of His Country
| Father of His Country<ref name="Grizzard105">{{harvtxt|Grizzard|2002|pp=105–107}}</ref><ref name="independent.co.uk">Rupert Cornwell, [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/presidents/george-washington-the-father-of-the-nation-1391109.html "George Washington: The father of the nation" (17 January 2009).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010154312/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/presidents/george-washington-the-father-of-the-nation-1391109.html |date=10 October 2017 }}</ref>
| George Washington is particularly highlighted out of the [[Founding Fathers of the United States]] as being the "father of his country"<ref name="Grizzard105"/><ref name="independent.co.uk"/> for his role as the [[Commander-in-Chief#United States|commander-in-chief]] of the [[Continental Army]] during the [[American Revolutionary War]], his resignation of command at the end of the war, the presidency of the Constitutional Convention and for [[Presidency of George Washington|his tenure]] (and [[George Washington's Farewell Address|voluntary retirement]]) as the first [[President of the United States]].
|-
| [[José Gervasio Artigas]]
| {{Flag|Uruguay}}
| {{lang|es|Padre de la independencia uruguaya}}, {{lang|es|Protector de los Pueblos Libres y Jefe de los orientales}}<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/index.html?mes=6&dia=19 |title=Efemérides Culturales Argentinas: Junio 19 |year=2009 |publisher=Ministry of Education, Argentina |access-date=2009-01-20 |quote=1764: Nace en Montevideo (Uruguay) José Gervasio Artigas, iniciador rioplatense del federalismo y padre de la independencia uruguaya. Falleció cerca de Asunción el 23 de septiembre de 1850. |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619131416/http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/index.html?mes=6&dia=19 |archive-date=2009-06-19 }}
</ref>
| Father of Uruguayan independence, Defender of the Free and Chief of the eastern people<ref>
{{cite book |title=Latin American Government and Politics: The Dynamics of a Revolutionary Society |url=https://archive.org/details/latinamericangov0000edel |url-access=limited |first=Alexander Taylor |last=Edelmann |publisher=Dorsey Press |year=1965 |page=[https://archive.org/details/latinamericangov0000edel/page/309 309] |quote=José Gervasio Artigas, who doggedly led his guerrilla bands against the Spanish armies and raised the flag of a free Uruguay, is affectionately remembered by his fellow countrymen as "the father of Uruguayan independence.}}
</ref>
| Fought against the [[Royalist (Spanish American independence)|Spanish Royalists]] for independence in the [[Río de la Plata]].
|-
| [[Ho Chi Minh]]
| {{Flag|Vietnam}}
| {{lang|vi|Cha già dân tộc}}
| Father of the people
| Leader of the [[Viet Minh]], who fought for independence from France in the [[First Indochina War]] and decisively defeated them at the bloody [[Battle of Dien Bien Phu]], resulting in the establishment of an independent [[Democratic Republic of Viet Nam|Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] in the north of the country in 1954. Vietnam would eventually be united under [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] rule after his death with the [[Fall of Saigon]] at the end of the [[Vietnam War]] in 1975.
|-
|[[Rhodri Morgan]]
|{{Flag|Wales}}
|''Tad y Genedl''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Phillips |first=Ioan |date=20 July 2021 |title=Morgan, Hywel Rhodri (1939-2017), gwleidydd |trans-title=Morgan, Hywel Rhodri (1939-2017), politician |url=https://bywgraffiadur.cymru/article/c12-MORG-RHO-1939 |journal=Y Bywngraffiadur [Dictionary of Welsh Biography] |language=Welsh |access-date=12 October 2024}}</ref>
|Father of the Nation
|[[First Minister of Wales]] from 2000 to 2009. He is credited with stabilising [[Welsh devolution]] after the short and unstable premiership of his predecessor, the first First Minister [[Alun Michael]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bory |first=Stéphanie |date=1 January 2018 |title=From Rhodri Morgan to Carwyn Jones, two different styles of leadership |url=https://journals.openedition.org/osb/2003 |journal=Observatoire de la société britannique |language=en |issue=20 |pages=117–132 |doi=10.4000/osb.2003 |issn=1775-4135 |access-date=12 October 2024|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hurst |first=Greg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RLphWa7ViogC |title=The Times Guide to the House of Commons, 2010 |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-007-35158-9 |page=62 |chapter=The old era: Welsh coalition complications |publisher=Times Newspapers Limited |access-date=12 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Phillips |first=Ioan |date=20 July 2021 |title=Morgan, Hywel Rhodri (1939-2017), politician |url=https://biography.wales/article/s12-MORG-RHO-1939 |journal=Dictionary of Welsh Biography |access-date=12 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed]]
| {{Flag|Western Sahara}}
| أبو الأمة ('''abu al'uma'')
| Father of the Nation
| Leader of the [[Polisario Front]], First President of the [[SADR]]. Fought against Spanish colonial army & against the invasion of the Moroccan and Mauritanian armies in the [[Western Sahara conflict]].
|-
| [[Kenneth Kaunda]]
| {{Flag|Zambia}}
| {{lang|bem|Tata}}
| Father of the nation
| First president of Zambia from 1964 to 1991. He founded the [[Zambian African National Congress]] (ANC), later becoming the head of the [[United National Independence Party]] (UNIP) which led to attaining independence.
|}

== See also ==

* [[List of national founders]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book |last=Grizzard |first=Frank E. Jr. |author-link=Frank E. Grizzard, Jr. |title=George Washington: A Biographical Companion |year=2002 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-082-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RioTGCygpT8C}}

==See also==
* [[Family as a model for the state]]
* [[Fathers of Confederation]]
* [[Founding fathers of the European Union]]
* [[Founding Fathers of the United States]]
* [[List of national founders]]
* [[Pater Patriae]]
* [[Victory title]]

{{Lists of people considered founders by specific groups|state=autocollapse}}

[[Category:Political terminology]]
[[Category:Nation]]
[[Category:Fatherhood]]
[[Category:Men's social titles]]

Misrikh

2026-02-22T08:59:33Z

Ramesh:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Misrikh
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Dadhichi Kund Mishrikh.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Dadhichi Kund
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27|27|N|80|31|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sitapur district|Sitapur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 18390
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 261401
| registration_plate = UP 34
| website = https://sitapur.nic.in/hi/
| footnotes =
}}
'''Misrikh''' is a city and a [[municipal board]] in [[Sitapur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

==History==
The region came under [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadh Kingdom]] in ancient India. After the fall of the [[Nanda Empire|Nandas]] and the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryas]], the region came under the power of the [[Shunga Empire|Shunga dynasty]]. Terracotta sculptures of Shunga style were found in nearby Sidhauli Tehsil. Similarly, some small idols of [[Gupta Empire|Gupta period]] were found in Badesar in Mishrik Tehsil. Naimisharanya, also known as Neemsar, holds immense religious importance in Hindu mythology and is mentioned in several ancient scriptures, including the [[Mahabharata]] and the Puranas, situated on the left bank of the [[Gomti River|Gomti]], it is a pilgrimage site where Maharishi [[Vyasa|Ved Vyas]] composed the [[Puranas]]. During the post-Vedic period, it is believed that a vast university existed in the region where 88,000 Shastri rishis gathered knowledge to perform a thousand-year sacrificial ritual (yagna) to purify the world. [[Naimiṣāraṇya (forest)|Naimisharanya]] is renowned for its temples, sacred ponds, and the Chakra Tirtha, a revered water body where devotees take holy dips. The proximity of Misrikh to such a prominent spiritual center enhances its cultural and historical significance, attracting numerous pilgrims and tourists to the area.
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Misrikh
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|orange|96}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|4}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jains]]|pink|0.5}}
{{bar percent|Others†|black|0.5}}
|caption=Distribution of religions 
†Includes [[Sikh]]s (0.2%), [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] (<0.2%).
}}

==Demographics==
{| class="wikitable"
!Religion
! colspan="2" |Total
!Male
!Female
|-
|Hindu
|835,817
|(90.24%)
|447,279
|388,538
|-
|Muslim
|82,275
|(8.88%)
|42,863
|39,412
|-
|Christian
|967
|(0.1%)
|496
|471
|-
|Sikh
|2,665
|(0.29%)
|1,438
|1,227
|-
|Buddhist
|634
|(0.07%)
|326
|308
|-
|Jain
|51
|(0.01%)
|17
|34
|-
|Other Religion
|10
|(0%)
|6
|4
|-
|No Religion Specified
|3,782
|(0.41%)
|1,897
|1,885
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!Total
!Male
!Female
|-
|Children (Age 0-6)
|143,607
|75,008
|68,599
|-
|Literacy
|66.25%
|64.72%
|45.98%
|-
|Scheduled Caste
|354,306
|189,416
|164,890
|-
|Scheduled Tribe
|456
|241
|215
|-
|Illiterate
|407,697
|174,399
|233,298
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!Total
!Male
!Female
|-
|Schedule Caste
|354,306
|189,416
|164,890
|-
|Schedule Tribe
|456
|241
|215
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!Total
!Male
!Female
|-
|Main Workers
|207,013
|183,571
|23,442
|-
|Cultivators
|111,954
|103,525
|8,429
|-
|Agriculture Labourer
|56,548
|50,982
|5,566
|-
|Household Industries
|6,784
|4,397
|2,387
|-
|Other Workers
|31,727
|24,667
|7,060
|-
|Marginal Workers
|88,383
|62,818
|25,565
|-
|Non Working
|630,805
|247,933
|382,872
|}
== Notable People ==
Parliament MP''':''' [[Ashok Kumar Rawat]] ([[Misrikh Lok Sabha constituency|Misrikh]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rawat |first=Ashok Kumar |date=2024 |title=18th Lok Sabha |url=https://www.bjp.org/lok-sabha-members |website=www.bjp.org/lok-sabha-members}}</ref>

[[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|Assembly MLA'''s''']]''':'''

* [[Ram Krishna Bhargava|Ramkrishna Bhargava]] ([[Misrikh Assembly constituency|Misrikh]])
* [[Manish Rawat]] ([[Sidhauli Assembly constituency|Sidhauli]])
* Praveen Singh (Former Block Head Machhrehta, Resident of Anogi Village)
* Kiran Bala Singh (Village Head, Resident of Anogi Village)
* Late Ram Prasad Singh (Vice Block Head of Machhrehta block ''as mentioned in The Gazette of India - Government of Uttar Pradesh, 1962, Resident of Anogi Village'')

== Nearby Prominent Villages (Naimiṣāraṇya Tirth) ==

=== Naimisaradya Village ===
[[Naimiṣāraṇya (forest)|Naimisaradya]] village lies within the Misrikh tehsil of Sitapur district, Uttar Pradesh. It covers an area of approximately 466 hectares and had a population of about 1,420 as per the 2011 Census. The village is situated adjacent to the main Naimisharanya pilgrimage area, and serves as one of the key local habitations supporting pilgrims and temple activities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=UTTAR PRADESH STATE BILL 2022 |url=https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/uttar-pradesh/2022/Bill%20No.%20170%20of%202022%20U.P.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com |website=bills_states/uttar-pradesh/2022}}</ref>

=== Anogi Village ===
[[Anogi|'''Anogi''' (Hindi: अनोगी)]] is a village in [[Machhrehta]] block of Misrikh tehsil in [[Sitapur district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. It forms part of the [[Lucknow division|Lucknow Division.]] Th and is often associated with this pilgrimage site. It functions as an independent ''gram panchayat'' (village council).

=== Thakurnagar Village ===
Thakurnagar is another settlement situated in the vicinity of Naimisharanya and likewise appears in the list of 36 villages under the Naimisharanya Dham development notification. It is believed to lie along or close to the traditional parikrama (circumambulation) route associated with the Dham.<ref>{{Cite web |last=nlcbharat.org |date=2022 |title=The-Uttar-Pradesh-Shree-Naimisharanya-Dham-Teerth-Vikas-Parishad-Act-2022 |url=https://nlcbharat.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/6-The-Uttar-Pradesh-Shree-Naimisharanya-Dham-Teerth-Vikas-Parishad-Act-2022.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com}}</ref>

== Naimiṣāraṇya Tirth ==
[[File:Naimisharanya (Neemsar) 04.jpg|675x675px|Naimiṣāraṇya|center|frameless]]
[[File:Naimisharanya (Neemsar) 05.jpg|677x677px|center|frameless]][[File:Naimisharanya (Neemsar) 01.jpg|668x668px|Naimiṣāraṇya|center|frameless]][[File:Naimisharanya (Neemsar) 06.jpg|672x672px|Naimiṣāraṇya|center|frameless]]

==Assembly Segments==
Presently, [[Misrikh Lok Sabha constituency|Misrikh Lok Sabha]] comprises five [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/043_PC_Statistics_English.aspx|title=Information and Statistics-Parliamentary Constituencies-43-Kanpur|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh website}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2"| Party
|-
|153
|[[Misrikh Assembly constituency|Misrikh]] (SC)
|[[Sitapur district|Sitapur]]
|Ramkrishna Bhargav
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|159
|[[Bilgram-Mallanwan Assembly constituency|Bilgram-Mallanwan]]
|rowspan="3"| [[Hardoi district|Hardoi]]
|[[Ashish Kumar Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|160
|[[Balamau Assembly constituency|Balamau]] (SC)
|Rampal Verma
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|161
|[[Sandila Assembly constituency|Sandila]]
|Alka Singh Arkvanshi
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|209
|[[Bilhaur Assembly constituency|Bilhaur]] (SC)
|[[Kanpur Nagar district|Kanpur Nagar]]
|Rahul Bachha Sonkar
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Gokaran Prasad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Sankta Prasad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Ram Lal Rahi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Sankta Prasad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Ram Lal Rahi]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Paragi Lal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|Ram Shankar Bhargava
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Sushila Saroj]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Ashok Kumar Rawat]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/98-general-election-2009/ |title=General Election 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Anju Bala]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Ashok Kumar Rawat]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}

== Lok Sabha Election Results ==
=== Lok Sabha 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: Misrikh}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Misrikh Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/misrikh-constituency-lok-sabha-election-results-2024 |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=General Election to Parliamentary Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2432.htm |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Ashok Kumar Rawat]]|votes=4,75,016|percentage=45.15|change={{down}}6.90}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=Sangita Rajwanshi|votes=4,41,610|percentage=41.98|change={{up}}41.98|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=B R Ahirwar|votes=1,11,945|percentage=10.64|change={{down}}31.61|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=NOTA|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=8,029|percentage=0.76|change={{down}}0.23|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=33,406|percentage=3.18|change={{down}}6.62|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=10,51,983|percentage=56.01|change={{down}}1.16|}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=BJP|loser=|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Lok Sabha 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Misrikh<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Ashok Kumar Rawat]]|votes=5,34,429|percentage=52.05|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Neelu Satyarthi|votes=4,33,757|percentage=42.25|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Manjari Rahi|votes=26,505|percentage=2.58|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Pragatisheel Samajwadi Party (Lohiya)|candidate=[[Arun Kumari Kori]]|votes=2,442|percentage=0.24|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|votes=10,181|percentage=0.99|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=1,00,642|percentage=9.80|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=10,27,382|percentage=57.17|change=|}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Lok Sabha 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Misrikh<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Anju Bala]]|votes=4,12,575|percentage=41.33|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=[[Ashok Kumar Rawat]]|votes=3,25,212|percentage=32.58|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=[[Jai Prakash]]|votes=1,94,759|percentage=19.51|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Om Prakash|votes=33,075|percentage=3.31|change=|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Hans Mukhi Katheria|votes=8,635|percentage=0.86|change=|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=9,633|percentage=0.96|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=87,363|percentage=8.75|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=9,98,314|percentage=57.85|change=|}}
{{Election box gain with party link||winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|loser=Bahujan Samaj Party|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==

* [[Sitapur district]]
* [[Hardoi district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Machhrehta]]
* [[Anogi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sitapur district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Sitapur district]]

Archaeology

2026-02-19T21:56:23Z

Ramesh: General improvements to article content

{{Short description|Study of human activity based on materials left behind}}
{{other uses}}
{{pp-move}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=December 2024}}
[[File:Dolina-Pano-3 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Excavations at [[Archaeological site of Atapuerca|Atapuerca]], an archaeological site in Spain]]
'''Archaeology''' or '''archeology'''{{efn|name=spelling}} is the study of human activity through the recovery and [[analysis]] of [[material culture]]. The [[archaeological record]] consists of [[Artifact (archaeology)|artifacts]], [[architecture]], [[biofact (archaeology)|biofacts]] or ecofacts, [[archaeological site|sites]], and [[cultural landscape]]s. Archaeology can be considered both a [[social science]] and a branch of the [[humanities]].<ref name=Renfrew_Bahn1991 /><ref>{{cite journal |author=Sinclair, A. |year=2016 |title=The Intellectual Base of Archaeological Research 2004–2013: A visualisation and analysis of its disciplinary links, networks of authors, and conceptual language |journal=Internet Archaeology |issue=42 |doi=10.11141/ia.42.8 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Sinclair |first=A. |year=2022 |title=Archaeological Research 2014 to 2021: an examination of its intellectual base, collaborative networks and conceptual language using science maps |journal=Internet Archaeology |issue=59 |doi=10.11141/ia.59.10 |doi-access=free}}</ref> It is usually considered an independent [[academic discipline]], but may also be classified as part of [[anthropology]] (in North America – the [[four-field approach]]), [[history]] or [[geography]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kristiansen |first=Kristian |title=The Oxford Handbook of Archaeology |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-174344-3 |chapter=The Discipline of Archaeology |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/27983/chapter-abstract/211656821}}</ref> The discipline involves [[Survey (archaeology)|surveying]], [[Archaeological excavation|excavation]], and eventually [[Post excavation|analysis]] of data collected, to learn more about the past. In broad scope, archaeology relies on cross-disciplinary research.

Archaeologists study human [[prehistory]] and [[history]], from the development of the first [[stone tool]]s at [[Lomekwi]] in East Africa 3.3 million years ago up until recent decades.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Roche |first1=Hélène |last2=Kent |first2=Dennis V. |last3=Kirwa |first3=Christopher |last4=Lokorodi |first4=Sammy |last5=Wright |first5=James D. |last6=Mortlock |first6=Richard A. |last7=Leakey |first7=Louise |last8=Brugal |first8=Jean-Philip |last9=Daver |first9=Guillaume |display-authors=6 |date=May 2015 |title=3.3 million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya |journal=Nature |volume=521 |issue=7552 |pages=310–315 |doi=10.1038/nature14464 |pmid=25993961 |bibcode=2015Natur.521..310H |s2cid=1207285 |issn=1476-4687 |url=https://hal.science/hal-01159189 }}</ref> Archaeology is distinct from [[palaeontology]], which is the study of [[fossil]] remains. Archaeology is particularly important for learning about prehistoric societies, for which, by definition, there are no written records. Prehistory includes over 99% of the human past, from the [[Paleolithic]] until the advent of literacy in societies around the world.<ref name=Renfrew_Bahn1991 /> Archaeology has various goals, which range from understanding [[culture history]] to reconstructing past [[lifeway]]s to documenting and explaining changes in human societies through time.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is archaeology? – Archaeology definition |website=Live Science |date=28 March 2014 |url=https://www.livescience.com/44448-what-is-archaeology.html |access-date=25 August 2017 |archive-date=21 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221143606/https://www.livescience.com/44448-what-is-archaeology.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Derived from Greek, the term ''archaeology'' means "the study of ancient history".<ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-510815-6 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195108156.001.0001/acref-9780195108156 |access-date=22 July 2020 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809084502/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195108156.001.0001/acref-9780195108156 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Archaeology developed out of [[antiquarianism]] in Europe during the 19th century, and has since become a discipline practiced around the world. Archaeology has been used by nation-states to create particular visions of the past.<ref name="Encyclopédie d'histoire numérique de l'Europe">{{cite web |title=Archaeology as a Central Issue in the Creation of Identity |website=Encyclopédie d'histoire numérique de l'Europe |url=https://ehne.fr/en/encyclopedia/themes/arts-in-europe/nationalist-speeches-art-during-19th-century/archaeology-a-central-issue-in-creation-identity |access-date=2022-12-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bueno |first=Christina |year=2016 |title=The Pursuit of Ruins: Archaeology, History, and the Making of Modern Mexico |location=Albuquerque |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |pages=25 ff}}</ref> Since its early development, various specific sub-disciplines of archaeology have developed, including [[maritime archaeology]], [[feminist archaeology]], and [[archaeoastronomy]], and numerous different scientific techniques have been developed to aid archaeological investigation. Nonetheless, today, archaeologists face many problems, such as dealing with [[pseudoarchaeology]], the [[Archaeological looting|looting]] of artifacts,<ref>{{cite news |first=Pablo |last=Markin |date=10 April 2017 |title=A special issue of ''Open Archaeology'' on non-professional metal-detecting |website=Open Science |type=blog |publisher=de Gruyter |url=http://openscience.com/a-special-issue-of-open-archaeology-on-non-professional-metal-detecting/ |access-date=2022-06-14  |archive-date=28 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028212253/http://openscience.com/a-special-issue-of-open-archaeology-on-non-professional-metal-detecting/}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Edward B. |last=Banning |date=29 May 2019 |title=The archaeological impacts of metal detecting |journal=Open Archaeology |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=180–186 |issn=2300-6560 |doi=10.1515/opar-2019-0013 |doi-access=free}}</ref> a lack of public interest, and opposition to the excavation of human remains.

== History ==
{{Main|History of archaeology}}

=== First instances of archaeology ===
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=400|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| header=Excavations of Nabonidus ({{Circa|550 BC}})
| image1 = Nabonidus cylinder sippar bm1.jpg
| caption1 = [[Cylinders of Nabonidus|Nabonidus cylinder from Sippar]]
| image2 = Nabonidus cylinder from Sippar (extract about Naram-Sin and Sargon).jpg
| caption2 = Extract describing the excavation
| footer_align=center
| footer=[[Cuneiform]] account of the excavation of a foundation deposit belonging to [[Naram-Sin of Akkad]] (ruled {{circa|2200 BC|lk=no}}), by king [[Nabonidus]] (ruled {{circa|550 BC|lk=no}}).<ref name="RS" /><ref name="RLK" />
}}
In [[Mesopotamia|Ancient Mesopotamia]], a foundation deposit of the [[Akkadian Empire]] ruler [[Naram-Sin of Akkad|Naram-Sin]] (ruled {{circa|2200 BC}}) was discovered and analysed by king [[Nabonidus]], {{circa|550 BC|lk=no}}, who is thus known as the first archaeologist.<ref name="RS">{{cite book |last1=Silverberg |first1=Robert |year=1997 |title=Great Adventures in Archaeology |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0-8032-9247-5 |page=viii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ic2za8bZeYAC&pg=PR8 |access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="RLK">{{cite book |last1=Kelly |first1=Robert L. |last2=Thomas |first2=David Hurst |title=Archaeology: Down to Earth |year=2013 |publisher=Cengage |isbn=978-1-133-60864-6 |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LC0lzyqLi6gC&pg=PA2 |access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Watrall |first=Ethan |title=Lecture 2 |series=History of Archaeology (ANP203) |url=http://anthropology.msu.edu/anp203h-ss14/files/2013/08/ANP203-History-of-Archaeology-Lecture-2-.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408224102/http://anthropology.msu.edu/anp203h-ss14/files/2013/08/ANP203-History-of-Archaeology-Lecture-2-.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2014 |publisher=Anthropology.msu.edu |access-date=7 April 2014}}</ref> Not only did he lead the first excavations which were to find the foundation deposits of the temples of [[Shamash|Šamaš]] the sun god, the warrior goddess [[Annunitum|Anunitu]] (both located in [[Sippar]]), and the sanctuary that Naram-Sin built to the moon god, located in [[Harran]], but he also had them restored to their former glory.<ref name="RS" /> He was also the first to date an archaeological artifact in his attempt to date Naram-Sin's temple during his search for it.<ref name=hirst>{{cite web |last=Hirst |first=K. Kris |title=The History of Archaeology Part 1 |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/the-first-archaeologists-167134 |publisher=ThoughtCo.com |access-date=April 5, 2014 |archive-date=19 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119023505/http://archaeology.about.com/cs/educationalresour/a/history1.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Even though his estimate was inaccurate by about 1,500 years, it was still a very good one considering the lack of accurate dating technology at the time.<ref name="RS" /><ref name=hirst /><ref name="RLK" />

=== Antiquarians ===
{{Main|Antiquarian}}
{{further|History of Chinese archaeology}}
[[File:Ciriaco d'Ancona di Benozzo Gozzoli.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|[[Cyriacus of Ancona]] (fresco by [[Benozzo Gozzoli]])]]
The science of archaeology (from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{lang|grc|ἀρχαιολογία}} {{tlit|grc|archaiologia}}, from {{lang|grc|ἀρχαῖος}}, {{tlit|grc|arkhaios}} 'ancient' and {{lang|grc|-λογία}}, {{tlit|grc|-logia}} 'study')<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=archaeology |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=archaeology |dictionary=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]] |access-date=26 December 2013 |archive-date=27 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227114545/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=archaeology |url-status=live}}</ref> grew out of the older multi-disciplinary study known as [[antiquarian]]ism. Antiquarians studied history with particular attention to ancient artifacts and manuscripts, as well as historical sites. Antiquarianism focused on the empirical evidence that existed for the understanding of the past, encapsulated in the motto of the 18th century antiquary, [[Richard Colt Hoare]]: "We speak from facts, not theory". Tentative steps towards the systematization of archaeology as a [[science]] took place during the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment period]] in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hirst |first=K. Kris |date=9 February 2017 |title=The history of archaeology: How ancient relic hunting became science |website=[[about.com]] |url=http://archaeology.about.com/od/historyofarchaeology/a/history_series.htm |access-date=8 April 2018 |archive-date=11 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611094527/http://archaeology.about.com/od/historyofarchaeology/a/history_series.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[Imperial China]] during the [[Song dynasty]] (960–1279), figures such as [[Ouyang Xiu]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Ebrey |first=Patricia Buckley |year=1999 |title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of China |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=148 |isbn=0-521-66991-X |edition=paperback}}</ref> and [[Zhao Mingcheng]] established the tradition of Chinese [[epigraphy]] by investigating, preserving, and analyzing ancient [[Chinese bronze inscriptions]] from the [[Shang dynasty|Shang]] and [[Zhou dynasty|Zhou]] periods.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rudolph |first=R. C. |year=1963 |title=Preliminary notes on Sung archaeology |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=22 |number=2 |pages=169–177, esp. 171 |doi=10.2307/2050010 |jstor=2050010 |s2cid=164153713}}</ref><ref name=Trigger-2006>{{cite book |last=Trigger |first=Bruce G. |year=2006 |title=A History of Archaeological Thought |edition=2nd |place=New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-84076-7}}</ref>{{rp|style=ama|p=74}}<ref name=Clunas-2004>{{cite book |last=Clunas |first=Craig |year=2004 |title=Superfluous Things: Material culture and social status in early modern China |place=Honolulu |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=0-8248-2820-8}}</ref>{{rp|style=ama|p=95}} In [[Dream Pool Essays|his book]] published in 1088, [[Shen Kuo]] criticized contemporary Chinese scholars for attributing ancient bronze vessels as creations of famous sages rather than artisan commoners, and for attempting to revive them for ritual use without discerning their original functionality and purpose of manufacture.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fraser |first1=Julius Thomas |last2=Haber |first2=Francis C. |year=1986 |title=Time, Science, and Society in China and the West |place=Amherst |publisher=University of Massachusetts Press |isbn=0-87023-495-1 |page=227}}</ref> Such antiquarian pursuits waned after the Song period, were revived in the 17th century during the [[Qing dynasty]], but were always considered a branch of [[Chinese historiography]] rather than a separate discipline of archaeology.<ref name=Trigger-2006 />{{rp|style=ama|pp=74–76}}<ref name=Clunas-2004 />{{rp|style=ama|p=97}}

In [[Renaissance Europe]], philosophical interest in the remains of [[Ancient Greece|Greco]]-[[Ancient Rome|Roman]] civilization and the rediscovery of classical culture began in the late [[Middle Ages]], with [[Renaissance humanism|humanism]].

[[Cyriacus of Ancona]] was a restlessly itinerant Italian [[Renaissance humanism|humanist]] and [[antiquarian]] who came from a prominent family of merchants in [[Republic of Ancona|Ancona]], a [[maritime republics|maritime republic]] on the [[Adriatic]]. He was called by his contemporaries ''pater antiquitatis'' ('father of antiquity') and today "father of classical archaeology": ''"Cyriac of Ancona was the most enterprising and prolific recorder of Greek and Roman antiquities, particularly inscriptions, in the fifteenth century, and the general accuracy of his records entitles him to be called the founding father of modern classical archeology."''<ref>Edward W. Bodnar, ''Later travels'', with Clive Foss, introduction (pp. ix-xxiii)</ref> He travelled throughout Greece and all around the Eastern Mediterranean, to record his findings on ancient buildings, statues and inscriptions, including archaeological remains still unknown to his time: the [[Parthenon]], [[Delphi]], the [[Egyptian pyramids]], the [[hieroglyphics]].<ref>E. W. Bodnar, ''Cyriacus of Ancona and Athens'', Bruxelles-Berchem, 1960.</ref> He noted down his archaeological discoveries in his diary, ''Commentaria'' (in six volumes).

[[Flavio Biondo]], an Italian Renaissance humanist historian, created a systematic guide to the ruins and [[topography of ancient Rome]] in the early 15th century, for which he has been called an early founder of archaeology.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Flavio Biondo |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica |date=31 May 2021 |edition=Online |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Flavio-Biondo |access-date=27 October 2021 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027152435/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Flavio-Biondo |url-status=live}}</ref>

Antiquarians of the 16th century, including [[John Leland (antiquary)|John Leland]] and [[William Camden]], conducted surveys of the English countryside, drawing, describing and interpreting the monuments that they encountered.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=John Leland |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica |edition=Online |date=14 April 2021 |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Leland |access-date=27 October 2021 |archive-date=22 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422103503/https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Leland |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=William Camden |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica |edition=Online |date=28 April 2021 |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Camden |access-date=27 October 2021 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027153034/https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Camden |url-status=live}}</ref>

The ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' first cites "archaeologist" from 1824; this soon took over as the usual term for one major branch of antiquarian activity. "Archaeology", from 1607 onward, initially meant what we would call "ancient history" generally, with the narrower modern sense first seen in 1837. However, it was [[Jacob Spon]] who, in 1685, offered one of the earliest definitions of ''"archaeologia"'' to describe the study of antiquities in which he was engaged, in the preface of a collection of [[Epigraphy|transcriptions of Roman inscriptions]] which he had gleaned over the years of his travels, entitled ''Miscellanea eruditae antiquitatis.''

In archeological terminology, such descriptive aspects of early antiquarianism (and later archaeology in general) are also known as ''archaeography'', that encompasses various descriptions of archaeological sites and objects, initially by travelers, traders, diplomats and other non-professionals, who were often in position to view sites and antiquities in a better state of preservation then encountered later by scholars, thus making such early archaeographical accounts (writings, drawings, etc.) very valuable for modern archaeological studies,{{sfn|Kipfer|2000|p=30|ps=: "archaeography: The systematic description of archaeological objects over time made by nonprofessionals (travelers, traders, diplomats, etc.) who are often in situations where they view sites and antiquities in a much better state of preservation than that in which they are today. These accounts, either in writings or drawings, are valued in archaeological studies (syn. archeography)."}} that are continuing to use and apply various descriptive (archaeographical) practices and tools, integrated into modern archaeological methodology.{{sfn|Deetz|1989|p=429-435}}

Twelfth-century Indian scholar [[Kalhana]]'s writings involved recording of local traditions, examining manuscripts, inscriptions, coins and architectures, which is described as one of the earliest traces of archaeology. One of his notable work is called ''Rajatarangini'' which was completed {{circa|1150|lk=no}} and is described as one of the first history books of India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Upinder |year=2009 |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |publisher=Pearson |page=13 |isbn=978-93-325-6996-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cvauDwAAQBAJ |access-date=11 May 2022 |archive-date=31 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731065145/https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_Ancient_and_Early_Medieval/cvauDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ucko |first=P. J. |title=Theory in Archaeology: A World Perspective |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-134-84346-6 |page=192 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_hKIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT192 |access-date=2022-05-10 |archive-date=10 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510144036/https://books.google.com/books?id=_hKIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT192 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="renfrew">{{cite book |last1=Cunliffe |first1=B. W. |last2=Colin Renfrew |first2=B. W. C. |last3=Cunliffe |first3=P. |last4=Davies |first4=W. |last5=Renfrew |first5=C. |last6=Davies |first6=P. |author7=British Academy |last8=Renfrew |first8=D. |last9=Davies |first9=P. |display-authors=6 |year=2002 |title=Archaeology: The widening debate |publisher=British Academy |series=British Academy centenary monographs |isbn=978-0-19-726255-9 |page=309 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jkhgPgH330YC&pg=PA309 |access-date=10 May 2022 |archive-date=10 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510144026/https://books.google.com/books?id=jkhgPgH330YC&pg=PA309 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== First excavations ===
[[File:stonehenge 1877.JPG|thumb|left|upright=1.15|alt=old photograph of stonehenge with toppled stones|An early photograph of [[Stonehenge]] taken July 1877]]
[[File:Johann Joachim Winckelmann (Raphael Mengs after 1755).jpg|thumb|upright=.7|[[Johann Joachim Winckelmann]] (Raphael Mengs after 1755)]]
One of the first sites to undergo archaeological [[Excavations at Stonehenge|excavation]] was [[Stonehenge]] and other [[megalith]]ic monuments in England. [[John Aubrey]] (1626–1697) was a pioneer archaeologist who recorded numerous [[megalith]]ic and other [[Ancient monument|field monuments]] in southern England. He was also ahead of his time in the analysis of his findings. He attempted to chart the chronological stylistic evolution of handwriting, medieval architecture, costume, and shield-shapes.<ref>{{cite book |first=Michael |last=Hunter |author-link=Michael Hunter (historian) |year=1975 |title=John Aubrey and the Realm of Learning |place=London |publisher=Duckworth |isbn=978-0-7156-0818-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/johnaubreyrealmo0000hunt/page/156 156–157, 162–166, 181] |url=https://archive.org/details/johnaubreyrealmo0000hunt/page/156}}</ref>

Excavations were also carried out by the Spanish military engineer [[Roque Joaquín de Alcubierre]] in the ancient towns of [[Pompeii]] and [[Herculaneum]], both of which had been covered by ash during the [[Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79]]. These excavations began in 1748 in Pompeii, while in Herculaneum they began in 1738. The discovery of entire towns, complete with utensils and even human shapes, as well the unearthing of [[fresco]]s, had a big impact throughout Europe.

However, prior to the development of modern techniques, excavations tended to be haphazard; the importance of concepts such as [[Stratification (archaeology)|stratification]] and [[Archaeological context|context]] were overlooked.<ref>{{cite book |last=King |first=Dorothy |author-link=Dorothy King |year=2006 |title=The Elgin Marbles |publisher=Hutchinson}}</ref>

In the mid-18th century, the German [[Johann Joachim Winckelmann]] lived in Rome and devoted himself to the study of Roman antiquities, gradually acquiring an unrivalled knowledge of ancient art.<ref>Sime, James; Mitchell, John Malcolm (1911). "Winckelmann, Johann Joachim". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 707</ref> Then, he visited the archaeological excavations being conducted at [[Pompeii]] and [[Herculaneum]].<ref>"WINCKELMANN, Johann Joachim (1779)" [http://www.horti-hesperidum.com/show.php?item=192 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908220953/https://www.horti-hesperidum.com/show.php?item=192 |date=8 September 2021 }}</ref> He was one of the founders of scientific archaeology and first applied the categories of style on a large, systematic basis to the [[history of art]].<ref>David Irwin, ''Winckelmann: Writings on Art'' (London: Phaidon) 1972.</ref> He was one of the first to separate Greek art into periods and time classifications.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofartofan0000winc |title=History of the art of antiquity |last=Winckelmann |first=Johann Joachim|author1-link=Johann Joachim Winckelmann |date=2006 |publisher=Getty Research Institute |editor1=Potts, Alex |editor1-link=Alexander Potts |isbn=978-0-89236-668-2 |location=Los Angeles}}</ref> Winckelmann has been called both "The prophet and founding hero of [[modern archaeology]]"<ref name=b584>[[#Boorstin|Boorstin]], 584</ref> and the father of the discipline of [[art history]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Walter |title=Instant Art History |year=1995 |publisher=Random House Publishing Group |isbn=0-449-90698-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/instantarthistor00robi/page/240 240] |chapter=Introduction |quote=The father of official art history was a German named Johann Joachim Winckelmann (1717–68). |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/instantarthistor00robi/page/240}}</ref>

=== Development of archaeological method ===
[[File:Both Lozenges.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Artifacts discovered at the 1808 [[Bush Barrow]] excavation by Sir [[Richard Colt Hoare]] and [[William Cunnington]].]]
The father of archaeological excavation was [[William Cunnington]] (1754–1810). He undertook excavations in [[Wiltshire]] from around 1798,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Everill, P. |year=2010 |title=The Parkers of Heytesbury: Archaeological pioneers |journal=Antiquaries Journal |volume=90 |pages=441–453 |doi=10.1017/S000358151000003X |s2cid=162145183}}</ref> funded by Sir Richard Colt Hoare. Cunnington made meticulous recordings of [[Neolithic]] and [[Bronze Age]] [[tumulus|barrows]], and the terms he used to categorize and describe them are still used by archaeologists today.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Everill, P. |year=2009 |title=Invisible pioneers |journal=British Archaeology |volume=108 |pages=40–43}}</ref> Future [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Thomas Jefferson]] also did his own excavations in 1784 using the [[trench]] method, on several [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] burial mounds in [[Virginia]]. His excavations were prompted by the [[Mound Builders|"Moundbuilders" question]]; however, his careful methods led him to admit he saw no reason why ancestors of the Native Americans of his time could not have raised those mounds.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Renfrew |first1=Colin |title=Archaeology essentials: theories, methods, practice |last2=Bahn |first2=Paul G. |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-500-29159-7 |edition=3. |location=London |pages=17–18}}</ref>

One of the major achievements of 19th-century archaeology was the development of [[stratigraphy]]. The idea of overlapping strata tracing back to successive periods was borrowed from the new [[geology|geological]] and [[palaeontology|palaeontological]] work of scholars like [[William Smith (geologist)|William Smith]], [[James Hutton]] and [[Charles Lyell]]. The systematic application of stratigraphy to archaeology first took place with the excavations of [[Prehistory|prehistorical]] and [[Bronze Age]] sites. In the third and fourth decades of the 19th century, archaeologists like [[Jacques Boucher de Perthes]] and [[Christian Jürgensen Thomsen]] began to put the artifacts they had found in chronological order.
[[File:Lootsi 8, R68.4 karv2.1 200x.jpg|thumb|This photo is made of a single goat hair from a textile found on the 14th century ship in Tallinn, Estonia. Photo was done in archaeology department (University of Tartu) by microscope Olympus BX51, magnification 200x]]
A major figure in the development of archaeology into a rigorous science was army officer and [[ethnology|ethnologist]] [[Augustus Pitt Rivers]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Bowden, Mark |year=1984 |title=General Pitt Rivers: The father of scientific archaeology |publisher=[[Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum]] |isbn=0-947535-00-4}}</ref> who began excavations on his land in England in the 1880s. Highly methodical by the standards of the time, he is widely regarded as the first scientific archaeologist. He [[Pitt Rivers Museum|arranged his artifacts]] by type or "[[Typology (archaeology)]]", and within types chronologically. This style of arrangement, designed to highlight the evolutionary trends in human artifacts, was of enormous significance for the accurate dating of the objects. His most important methodological innovation was his insistence that ''all'' artifacts, not just beautiful or unique ones, be collected and catalogued.<ref>{{cite book |first=Dan |last=Hicks |year=2013 |chapter=Characterizing the World Archaeology Collections of the Pitt Rivers Museum |title=World Archaeology at the Pitt Rivers Museum: A characterization |publisher=Archaeopress |location=Oxford |editor1-first=Dan |editor1-last=Hicks |editor2-first=Alice |editor2-last=Stevenson |isbn=978-1-905739-58-5 |chapter-url=http://archaeopress.com/ArchaeopressShop/Public/download.asp?id=%7B64476CB8-7963-40E1-B225-F54DA37A2F9A%7D |access-date=8 April 2018 |archive-date=19 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119080539/http://archaeopress.com/ArchaeopressShop/Public/download.asp?id=%7B64476CB8-7963-40E1-B225-F54DA37A2F9A%7D |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Glamilders, Åland Ahvenanmaa, Finland (5228289913) (2).jpg|thumb|Archaeological excavation of a Stone Age settlement at Glamilders in Långbergsöda village, [[Saltvik]], [[Åland]], in 1906.]]

[[William Flinders Petrie]] is another man who may legitimately be called the Father of Archaeology. His painstaking recording and study of artifacts, both in Egypt and later in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], laid down many of the ideas behind modern archaeological recording; he remarked that "I believe the true line of research lies in the noting and comparison of the smallest details." Petrie developed the [[seriation (archaeology)|system of dating layers based on pottery and ceramic findings]], which revolutionized the chronological basis of [[Egyptology]]. Petrie was the first to scientifically investigate the [[Great Pyramid of Giza|Great Pyramid]] in Egypt during the 1880s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sir William Flinders Petrie 1853–1942 |publisher=Palestine Exploration Fund |year=2000 |url=http://www.pef.org.uk/profiles/sir-william-flinders-petrie-1853-1942 |access-date=19 November 2007 |archive-date=14 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514060319/http://www.pef.org.uk/profiles/sir-william-flinders-petrie-1853-1942 |url-status=live}}</ref> He was also responsible for mentoring and training a whole generation of Egyptologists, including [[Howard Carter]] who went on to achieve fame with the discovery of the tomb of 14th-century BC pharaoh [[Tutankhamun]].

[[File:Aerial photograph of Maiden Castle from the west, 1937.jpg|thumb|left|alt=earthern fort with many walls|[[Mortimer Wheeler]] pioneered [[Wheeler-Kenyon method|systematic excavation]] in the early 20th century. Pictured, are his excavations at [[Maiden Castle, Dorset]], in October 1937.]]
The first stratigraphic excavation to reach wide popularity with public was that of [[Hissarlik]], on the site of ancient [[Troy]], carried out by [[Heinrich Schliemann]], [[Frank Calvert]] and [[Wilhelm Dörpfeld]] in the 1870s. These scholars individuated nine different cities that had overlapped with one another, from prehistory to the [[Hellenistic period]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Kenneth W. |last=Harl |title=Great Ancient Civilizations of Asia Minor |website=thegreatcourses.com |url=http://www.thegreatcourses.com/tgc/courses/course_detail.aspx?cid=363 |access-date=23 November 2012 |archive-date=17 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317124954/http://www.thegreatcourses.com/tgc/Courses/course_detail.aspx?cid=363 |url-status=live}}</ref> Meanwhile, the work of Sir [[Arthur Evans]] at [[Knossos]] in [[Crete]] revealed the ancient existence of an equally advanced [[Minoan civilization]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Joseph Alexander |last=MacGillivray |year=2000 |title=Minotaur: Sir Arthur Evans and the Archaeology of the Minoan Myth |location=New York, NY |publisher=Hill and Wang (Farrar, Straus and Giroux)}}</ref>

The next major figure in the development of archaeology was Sir [[Mortimer Wheeler]], whose highly disciplined approach to excavation and systematic coverage in the 1920s and 1930s brought the science on swiftly. Wheeler developed the [[Wheeler-Kenyon method|grid system of excavation]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Renfrew |first1=Colin |title=Archaeology essentials: theories, methods, practice |last2=Bahn |first2=Paul G. |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-500-29159-7 |edition=3. |location=London |page=24}}</ref> which was further improved by his student [[Kathleen Kenyon]].

Archaeology became a [[professional]] activity in the first half of the 20th century, and it became possible to study archaeology as a subject in universities and even schools. By the end of the 20th century nearly all professional archaeologists, at least in developed countries, were graduates. Further adaptation and innovation in archaeology continued in this period, when [[maritime archaeology]] and [[urban archaeology]] became more prevalent and [[rescue archaeology]] was developed as a result of increasing commercial development.<ref name="Renfrew_Bahn1991#5">Renfrew and Bahn (2004 [1991]):33–35</ref>

== Purpose ==
[[File:Australopithecus africanus - Cast of taung child.jpg|thumb|Cast of the skull of the [[Taung child]], uncovered in [[South Africa]]. The Child was an infant of the ''[[Australopithecus africanus]]'' species, an early form of [[hominin]]]]
[[File:Archaeology.rome.arp.jpg|thumb|Archaeologists excavating in [[Rome]], Italy]]
The purpose of archaeology is to learn more about past societies and the development of the [[human]] race. Over 99% of the development of humanity has occurred within [[Prehistory|prehistoric]] cultures, who did not make use of [[literacy|writing]], thereby no written records exist for study purposes. Without such written sources, the only way to understand prehistoric societies is through archaeology. Because archaeology is the study of past human activity, it stretches back to about 2.5 million years ago when the first [[Stone Age|stone tools]] are found – [[Oldowan|The Oldowan Industry]]. Many important developments in human history occurred during prehistory, such as the [[human evolution|evolution of humanity]] during the [[Paleolithic]] period, when the [[hominin]]s developed from the [[australopithecines]] in [[Africa]] and eventually into modern ''[[Homo sapiens]]''. Archaeology also sheds light on many of humanity's technological advances, for instance the ability to use fire, the development of [[stone tool]]s, the discovery of [[metallurgy]], the beginnings of [[religion]] and the creation of [[agriculture]]. Without archaeology, little or nothing would be known about the use of material culture by humanity that pre-dates writing.<ref name="ncl" />

However, it is not only prehistoric, pre-literate cultures that can be studied using archaeology but historic, literate cultures as well, through the sub-discipline of [[historical archaeology]]. For many literate cultures, such as [[Ancient Greece]] and [[Mesopotamia]], their surviving records are often incomplete and biased to some extent. In many societies, literacy was restricted to the [[elite]] classes, such as the [[clergy]], or the [[bureaucracy]] of court or temple. The literacy of [[aristocracy|aristocrats]] has sometimes been restricted to deeds and contracts. The interests and world-view of elites are often quite different from the lives and interests of the populace. Writings that were produced by people more representative of the general population were unlikely to find their way into [[library|libraries]] and be preserved there for posterity. Thus, written records tend to reflect the biases, assumptions, cultural values and possibly deceptions of a limited range of individuals, usually a small fraction of the larger population. Hence, written records cannot be trusted as a sole source. The material record may be closer to a fair representation of society, though it is subject to its own biases, such as [[sampling bias]] and differential preservation.<ref name="archaeological" />

Often, archaeology provides the only means to learn of the existence and behaviors of people of the past. Across the millennia many thousands of cultures and societies and billions of people have come and gone of which there is little or no written record or existing records are misrepresentative or incomplete. Writing as it is known today did not exist in human civilization until the 4th millennium BC, in a relatively small number of technologically advanced civilizations. In contrast, ''Homo sapiens'' has existed for at least 200,000 years, and other species of ''Homo'' for millions of years (see [[Human evolution]]). These civilizations are, not coincidentally, the best-known; they are open to the inquiry of historians for centuries, while the study of pre-historic cultures has arisen only recently. Within a literate civilization many events and important human practices may not be officially recorded. Any knowledge of the early years of human civilization – the development of agriculture, cult practices of folk religion, the rise of the first cities – must come from archaeology.

In addition to their scientific importance, archaeological remains sometimes have political or cultural significance to descendants of the people who produced them, monetary value to collectors, or strong aesthetic appeal. Many people identify archaeology with the recovery of such aesthetic, religious, political, or economic treasures rather than with the reconstruction of past societies.

This view is often espoused in works of popular fiction, such as [[Raiders of the Lost Ark]], [[The Mummy (1999 film)|The Mummy]], and [[King Solomon's Mines (1950 film)|King Solomon's Mines]]. When unrealistic subjects are treated more seriously, accusations of pseudoscience are invariably levelled at their proponents ''(see [[Pseudoarchaeology]])''. However, these endeavours, real and fictional, are not representative of modern archaeology.

=== Theory ===
{{Main|Archaeological theory}}
There is no one approach to archaeological theory that has been adhered to by all archaeologists. When archaeology developed in the late 19th century, the first approach to archaeological theory to be practised was that of [[cultural-history archaeology|cultural-historical archaeology]], which held the goal of explaining why cultures changed and adapted rather than just highlighting the fact that they did, therefore emphasizing [[historical particularism]].<ref name="autogenerated1" /> In the early 20th century, many archaeologists who studied past societies with direct continuing links to existing ones (such as those of [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]], [[Siberia]]ns, [[Mesoamerica]]ns etc.) followed the [[direct historical approach]], compared the continuity between the past and contemporary ethnic and cultural groups.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> In the 1960s, an archaeological movement largely led by American archaeologists like [[Lewis Binford]] and [[Kent Flannery]] arose that rebelled against the established cultural-history archaeology.<ref name="Binford1962" /><ref name="Flannery1967" /> They proposed a "New Archaeology", which would be more "scientific" and "anthropological", with [[hypothesis]] testing and the [[scientific method]] very important parts of what became known as [[processual archaeology]].<ref name="autogenerated1" />

In the 1980s, a new [[postmodern]] movement arose led by the British archaeologists [[Michael Shanks (archaeologist)|Michael Shanks]],<ref name="Shanks_Tilley1987" /><ref name="Shanks_Tilley1988" /><ref name="Shanks1991" /><ref name="Shanks1993" /> [[Christopher Tilley]],<ref name="Tilley1993" /> [[Daniel Miller (anthropologist)|Daniel Miller]],<ref name="Miller_Tilley1984" /><ref name="Miller_etal1989" /> and [[Ian Hodder]],<ref name="Hodder1982" /><ref name="Hodder1985" /><ref name="Hodder1987" /><ref name="Hodder1990" /><ref name="Hodder1991" /><ref name="Hodder1992" /> which has become known as [[post-processual archaeology]]. It questioned processualism's appeals to scientific positivism and impartiality, and emphasized the importance of a more self-critical theoretical [[reflexivity (social theory)|reflexivity]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2007}} However, this approach has been criticized by processualists as lacking scientific rigour, and the validity of both processualism and post-processualism is still under debate. Meanwhile, another theory, known as [[historical processualism]], has emerged seeking to incorporate a focus on process and post-processual archaeology's emphasis of reflexivity and history.<ref name="Pauketat2001" />

Archaeological theory now borrows from a wide range of influences, including [[systems theory in archaeology|systems theory]], [[evolution|neo-evolutionary thought]],<ref name="Hinshaw2000" />[[#cite note-Hinshaw2000-35|[35]]] [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenology]], [[postmodernism]], [[Structure and agency|agency theory]], [[Cognitive archaeology|cognitive science]], [[structural functionalism]], [[Marxism]], [[Gender archaeology|gender-based]] and [[feminist archaeology]], [[queer theory]], [[Postcolonialism|postcolonial thoughts]], [[Materiality (social sciences and humanities)|materiality]], and [[posthumanism]].

== Methods ==
[[File:Indusketa arkeologikoa.webm|thumb|Video showing the different works in an archaeological recovery and analysis]]
An archaeological investigation usually involves several distinct phases, each of which employs its own variety of methods. Before any practical work can begin, however, a clear objective as to what the archaeologists are looking to achieve must be agreed upon. This done, a site is [[Archaeological survey|surveyed]] to find out as much as possible about it and the surrounding area. Second, an excavation may take place to uncover any archaeological features buried under the ground. And, third, the information collected during the excavation is studied and evaluated in an attempt to achieve the original research objectives of the archaeologists. It is then considered good practice for the information to be published so that it is available to other archaeologists and historians, although this is sometimes neglected.<ref name="renfrew" />

=== Remote sensing ===
Before actually starting to dig in a location, [[Remote sensing (archaeology)|remote sensing]] can be used to look where sites are located within a large area or provide more information about sites or regions. There are two types of remote sensing instruments—passive and active. Passive instruments detect natural energy that is reflected or emitted from the observed scene. Passive instruments sense only radiation emitted by the object being viewed or reflected by the object from a source other than the instrument. Active instruments emit energy and record what is reflected. [[Satellite imagery]] is an example of passive remote sensing. Here are three active remote sensing instruments:
[[Image:Rand Medieval Settlement in Lincolnshire.jpg|right|thumb|A [[lidar]] view of the site of Rand Medieval Settlement in Lincolnshire, England.]]
* '''Lidar''': [[Lidar]] (light detection and ranging) uses a laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) to transmit a light pulse and a receiver with sensitive detectors to measure the backscattered or reflected light.
Distance to the object is determined by recording the time between the transmitted and backscattered pulses and using the speed of light to calculate the distance travelled. Lidars can determine atmospheric profiles of aerosols, clouds, and other constituents of the atmosphere.
* '''Laser altimeter''': A laser altimeter uses a lidar (see above) to measure the height of the instrument platform above the surface. By independently knowing the height of the platform with respect to the mean Earth's surface, the topography of the underlying surface can be determined.<ref>{{cite web |first=Graham |last=Steve |date=17 September 1999 |title=Remote sensing |series=Feature Articles |publisher=[[NASA]] |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/RemoteSensing/ |access-date=8 April 2018 |archive-date=20 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420181813/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/RemoteSensing/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''Drones''': Archaeologists around the world use [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|drones]] to speed up survey work and protect sites from squatters, builders and miners. In Peru, small drones helped researchers produce three-dimensional models of Peruvian sites instead of the usual flat maps – and in days and weeks instead of months and years.<ref name=peru>{{cite news |agency=Reuters in Lima |title=Peru's archaeologists turn to drones to help protect and explore ancient ruins |department=World News |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=25 August 2013 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/25/peru-archaeologists-drones-ancient-ruins |access-date=27 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825124451/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/25/peru-archaeologists-drones-ancient-ruins |archive-date=25 August 2013}}</ref> Drones costing as little as £650 have proven useful. In 2013, drones have flown over at least six Peruvian archaeological sites, including the colonial Andean town Machu Llacta {{convert|4000|m}} above sea level. The drones continue to have altitude problems in the Andes, leading to plans to make a drone [[blimp]], employing open source software.<ref name=peru /> Jeffrey Quilter, an archaeologist with Harvard University said, "You can go up three metres and photograph a room, 300 metres and photograph a site, or you can go up 3,000 metres and photograph the entire valley."<ref name=peru /> In September 2014 drones weighing about {{convert|5|kg|0|abbr=on}} were used for 3D mapping of the above-ground ruins of the Greek city of [[Aphrodisias]]. The data are being analysed by the Austrian Archaeological Institute in Vienna.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Hudson |first=Hal |date=24 September 2014 |title=Air-chaeological drones search for ancient treasures |magazine=[[New Scientist]] |issue=2988 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22329883.900-airchaeological-drones-search-for-ancient-treasures.html |access-date=2 October 2014 |archive-date=28 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140928035608/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22329883.900-airchaeological-drones-search-for-ancient-treasures.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Field survey ===
{{Main|Archaeological survey}}
[[File:Distribution of surveyed areas (blue) within the southern Mesopotamian floodplains (yellow).webp|thumb|Satellite image of [[Mesopotamia]] (with the Persian Gulf in the lower right corner) indicating the areas that have been subjected to regional surveys (in blue) over the past decades]]
The archaeological project then continues (or alternatively, begins) with a field survey. Regional survey is the attempt to systematically locate previously unknown sites in a region. Site survey is the attempt to systematically locate features of interest, such as houses and [[midden]]s, within a site. Each of these two goals may be accomplished with largely the same methods.

Survey was not widely practised in the early days of archaeology. Cultural historians and prior researchers were usually content with discovering the locations of monumental sites from the local populace, and excavating only the plainly visible [[Feature (archaeology)|features]] there. [[Gordon Willey]] pioneered the technique of regional settlement pattern survey in 1949 in the [[Viru Valley]] of coastal [[Peru]],<ref name="Willey1953" /><ref name="Willey1968" /> and survey of all levels became prominent with the rise of processual archaeology some years later.<ref name="Billmand_Feinman1999" />

Survey work has many benefits if performed as a preliminary exercise to, or even in place of, excavation. It requires relatively little time and expense, because it does not require processing large volumes of soil to search out artifacts. (Nevertheless, surveying a large region or site can be expensive, so archaeologists often employ [[sampling (statistics)|sampling]] methods.)<ref name="Redman1974" /> As with other forms of non-destructive archaeology, survey avoids ethical issues (of particular concern to descendant peoples) associated with destroying a site through excavation. It is the only way to gather some forms of information, such as [[Human settlement|settlement patterns]] and settlement structure. Survey data are commonly assembled into [[map]]s, which may show surface features and/or artifact distribution.

[[File:Archaeological survey of Kaf al-Kalb, eastern Jordan, May 2015.jpg|thumb|Archaeologists surveying a site in the ''[[Harrat al-Sham]]'', eastern Jordan]]

The simplest survey technique is surface survey. It involves combing an area, usually on foot but sometimes with the use of mechanized transport, to search for features or artifacts visible on the surface. Surface survey cannot detect sites or features that are completely buried under earth, or overgrown with vegetation. Surface survey may also include mini-excavation techniques such as [[auger (drill)|augers]], corers, and [[shovel test]] pits. If no materials are found, the area surveyed is deemed [[sterile deposit|sterile]].
[[File:The residual foundations of a double-walled enclosure in the near infrared, visible spectrum and thermal infrared.jpg|thumbnail|right|The residual foundations of a double-walled enclosure in the near infrared, visible spectrum and the thermal infrared.]]

[[File:Archeoscan excavation site.jpg|thumbnail|right|Inverted kite aerial photo of an excavation of a Roman building at Nesley near Tetbury in Gloucestershire.]]

[[Aerial survey]] is conducted using [[camera]]s attached to [[airplane]]s, [[balloon (aircraft)|balloons]], [[UAVs]], or even [[Kite]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kite aerial photography |url=http://www.armadale.org.uk/kite03.htm |access-date=2 December 2012 |archive-date=25 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425030503/http://www.armadale.org.uk/kite03.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> A bird's-eye view is useful for quick mapping of large or complex sites. Aerial photographs are used to document the status of the archaeological dig. Aerial imaging can also detect many things not visible from the surface. [[Plant]]s growing above a buried human-made structure, such as a stone wall, will develop more slowly, while those above other types of features (such as [[midden]]s) may develop more rapidly. Photographs of ripening [[cereal|grain]], which changes colour rapidly at maturation, have revealed buried structures with great precision. Aerial photographs taken at different times of day will help show the outlines of structures by changes in shadows. Aerial survey also employs [[ultraviolet]], [[infrared]], [[ground-penetrating radar]] wavelengths, [[Lidar]] and [[thermography]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Reeves |first=D. M. |year=1936 |title=Aerial photography and archaeology |journal=American Antiquity |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=102–107 |doi=10.2307/275881 |jstor=275881 |s2cid=164041261}}</ref>

[[Geophysical survey (archaeology)|Geophysical survey]] can be the most effective way to see beneath the ground. [[Magnetometer]]s detect minute deviations in the [[Earth's magnetic field]] caused by [[iron]] artifacts, [[kiln]]s, some types of [[stone structures]], and even ditches and middens. Devices that measure the [[electrical resistivity]] of the soil are also widely used. Archaeological features whose electrical resistivity contrasts with that of surrounding soils can be detected and mapped. Some archaeological features (such as those composed of stone or brick) have higher resistivity than typical soils, while others (such as organic deposits or unfired clay) tend to have lower resistivity.

Although some archaeologists consider the use of [[metal detector]]s to be tantamount to treasure hunting, others deem them an effective tool in archaeological surveying.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sánchez |first=Rosalía |date=25 February 2015 |title=Para los arqueólogos es un ladrón, para los buscadores de tesoros un ídolo |access-date=19 December 2017 |newspaper=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]] |language=es |url=http://www.elmundo.es/cultura/2015/02/25/54ee2718ca4741d71a8b457b.html |archive-date=22 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051045/http://www.elmundo.es/cultura/2015/02/25/54ee2718ca4741d71a8b457b.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Examples of formal archaeological use of metal detectors include musketball distribution analysis on [[English Civil War]] battlefields, metal distribution analysis prior to excavation of a 19th-century ship wreck, and service cable location during evaluation. Metal detectorists have also contributed to archaeology where they have made detailed records of their results and refrained from raising artifacts from their archaeological context. In the UK, metal detectorists have been solicited for involvement in the [[Portable Antiquities Scheme]].

Regional survey in [[underwater archaeology]] uses geophysical or remote sensing devices such as marine magnetometer, [[side-scan sonar]], or sub-bottom sonar.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hall |first=E. T. |year=1970 |title=Survey techniques in underwater archaeology |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences |volume=269 |issue=1193 |pages=121–124 |doi=10.1098/rsta.1970.0090 |bibcode=1970RSPTA.269..121H |jstor=73925 |s2cid=124297131}}</ref>

=== Excavation ===
{{Main|Archaeological excavation}}
[[File:Iowa archaeology edgewater.JPG|thumb|Excavations at the 3800-year-old [[Edgewater Park Site]], [[Iowa]]]]
[[File:Vill excavation.jpg|thumb|upright|Archaeological excavation that discovered prehistoric caves in [[Vill]] ([[Innsbruck]]), [[Austria]]]]
[[File:Sifting for POW remains, Wake Island.jpg|thumb|An archaeologist sifting for [[Prisoner of war|POW]] remains on [[Wake Island]].]]
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2025}}
Archaeological excavation existed even when the field was still the domain of amateurs, and it remains the source of the majority of data recovered in most field projects. It can reveal several types of information usually not accessible to survey, such as [[stratigraphy]], three-dimensional structure, and verifiably primary context.

Modern excavation techniques require that the precise locations of objects and features, known as their [[provenance]] or provenience, be recorded. This always involves determining their horizontal locations, and sometimes vertical position as well (also see [[Harris matrix#Harris' laws of archaeological stratigraphy|Primary Laws of Archaeology]]). Likewise, their [[archaeological association|association]], or [[relationship (archaeology)|relationship]] with nearby objects and [[feature (archaeology)|features]], needs to be recorded for later analysis. This allows the archaeologist to deduce which [[Artifact (archaeology)|artifacts]] and features were likely used together and which may be from different [[archaeological phase|phases]] of activity. For example, excavation of a site reveals its stratigraphy; if a site was occupied by a succession of distinct cultures, artifacts from more recent cultures will lie above those from more ancient cultures.

Excavation is the most expensive phase of archaeological research, in relative terms. Also, as a destructive process, it carries [[ethics|ethical]] concerns. As a result, very few sites are excavated in their entirety. Again the percentage of a site excavated depends greatly on the country and "method statement" issued. [[Sampling (statistics)|Sampling]] is even more important in excavation than in survey. Sometimes large mechanical equipment, such as [[backhoe]]s ([[J. C. Bamford|JCBs]]), is used in excavation, especially to remove the [[topsoil]] ([[overburden]]), though this method is increasingly used with great caution. Following this rather dramatic step, the exposed area is usually hand-cleaned with [[trowel]]s or [[hoe (tool)|hoes]] to ensure that all features are apparent.
[[File:Ghamari cave (2).jpg|thumb|Archaeological excavations in the Middle Paleolithic cave site of the Ghamari Cave, Zagros 2025]]
The next task is to form a [[Archaeological plan|site plan]] and then use it to help decide the method of excavation. Features dug into the [[Archaeological natural|natural subsoil]] are normally excavated in portions to produce a visible [[archaeological section]] for recording. A feature, for example a pit or a ditch, consists of two parts: the [[Cut (archaeology)|cut]] and the [[Fill (archaeology)|fill]]. The cut describes the edge of the feature, where the feature meets the natural soil. It is the feature's boundary. The fill is what the feature is filled with, and will often appear quite distinct from the natural soil. The cut and fill are given consecutive numbers for recording purposes. Scaled plans and sections of individual features are all drawn on site, black and white and colour photographs of them are taken, and [[Single context recording|recording]] sheets are filled in describing the [[Archaeological context|context]] of each. All this information serves as a permanent record of the now-destroyed archaeology and is used in describing and interpreting the site.

=== Analysis ===
{{Main|Post-excavation analysis}}
[[File:LuzonensisMolars.jpg|thumb|Five of the seven known fossil teeth of ''[[Homo luzonensis]]'' found in [[Callao Cave]], the [[Philippines]].]]
Once artifacts and structures have been excavated, or collected from surface surveys, it is necessary to properly study them. This process is known as [[post-excavation analysis]], and is usually the most time-consuming part of an archaeological investigation. It is not uncommon for final excavation reports for major sites to take years to be published.

At a basic level of analysis, artifacts found are cleaned, catalogued and compared to published collections. This comparison process often involves classifying them [[Typology (archaeology)|typologically]] and identifying other sites with similar artifact assemblages. However, a much more comprehensive range of analytical techniques are available through [[archaeological science]], meaning that artifacts can be dated and their compositions examined. Bones, plants, and pollen collected from a site can all be analysing using the methods of [[zooarchaeology]], [[paleoethnobotany]], [[palynology]] and [[stable isotopes]]<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/10256016.2019.1598986 |pmid=30943760 |volume=55 |issue=3 |title=Is the 'canine surrogacy approach' (CSA) still valid for dogs and humans in market-oriented and subsistence-oriented communities in Brazil? |year=2019 |journal=Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies |pages=227–236 |first1=Luiz Abdalla Filho |last1=Adibe |first2=Bielefeld Nardoto |last2=Gabriela |first3=de Aro Galera |last3=Leonardo |first4=Leite de Souza |last4=Janaina |first5=Santos Reis |last5=Luiza |first6=Almoza Hernandez |last6=Yeleine |first7=Sales |last7=Rebeca |first8=Guimarães Gerardi |last8=Daniel |first9=Antonio Martinelli |last9=Luiz |bibcode=2019IEHS...55..227A |s2cid=93000409}}</ref> while any texts can usually be [[Deciphering|deciphered]].

These techniques frequently provide information that would not otherwise be known, and therefore they contribute greatly to the understanding of a site.

== Subfields ==
{{Main|Subfields of archaeology}}

As with most [[academic discipline]]s, there are a very large number of [[archaeological sub-disciplines]] characterized by a specific method or type of material (e.g., [[lithic analysis]], [[music (archaeology)|music]], [[archaeobotany]]), geographical or chronological focus (e.g. [[Near Eastern archaeology]], [[Islamic archaeology]], [[Medieval archaeology]]), other thematic concern (e.g. maritime archaeology, [[landscape archaeology]], [[battlefield archaeology]]), or a specific [[archaeological culture]] or [[civilization]] (e.g. [[Egyptology]], [[Indology]], [[Sinology]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=What is archaeology? |publisher=Society for American Archaeology |website=www.saa.org |url=http://www.saa.org/Default.aspx?TabId=1346 |access-date=25 August 2017 |archive-date=25 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825192840/http://www.saa.org/Default.aspx?TabId=1346 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Historical archaeology ===
{{Main|Historical archaeology}}

Historical archaeology is the study of cultures with some form of writing and deals with objects and issues from the past.

In [[Middle Ages|medieval Europe]], archaeologists have explored the illicit burial of unbaptized children in medieval texts and cemeteries.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Crow, Madison |author2=Zori, Colleen |author3=Zori, Davide |date=17 December 2020 |title=Doctrinal and physical marginality in Christian death: The burial of unbaptized infants in Medieval Italy |journal=Religions |volume=11 |issue=12 |page=678 |doi=10.3390/rel11120678 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In downtown [[New York City]], archaeologists have exhumed the 18th century remains of the [[African Burial Ground National Monument|African Burial Ground]]. When remnants of the [[WWII]] [[Siegfried Line]] were being destroyed, emergency archaeological digs took place whenever any part of the line was removed, to further scientific knowledge and reveal details of the line's construction.

=== Ethnoarchaeology ===
{{Main|Ethnoarchaeology}}

[[Ethnoarchaeology]] is the ethnographic study of living people, designed to aid in our interpretation of the archaeological record.<ref name="Gould1971a" /><ref name="Gould1971b" /><ref name="Yellen1972" /><ref name="Yellen1977" /><ref name="Gould_Yellen1987" /><ref name="Yellen1991" /> The approach first gained prominence during the processual movement of the 1960s, and continues to be a vibrant component of post-processual and other current archaeological approaches.<ref name="Hinshaw2000" /><ref name="Sillet_et_al2006" /><ref name="Schott_Sillitoe2005" /><ref name="Ogundele2005" /><ref name="kuznar2001" /> Early ethnoarchaeological research focused on [[hunter-gatherer]] or foraging societies; today ethnoarchaeological research encompasses a much wider range of human behaviour.

=== Experimental archaeology ===
{{Main|Experimental archaeology}}

[[Experimental archaeology]] represents the application of the experimental method to develop more highly controlled observations of processes that create and impact the archaeological record.<ref name="Ascher1961" /><ref name="Saraydar_Shimada1971" /><ref name="Saraydar_Shimada1973" /><ref name="Gifford-Gonzalez_et_al1985" /><ref name="Frison1989" /> In the context of the logical positivism of processualism with its goals of improving the scientific rigor of archaeological [[epistemological|epistemologies]], the experimental method gained importance. Experimental techniques remain a crucial component to improving the inferential frameworks for interpreting the archaeological record.

=== Archaeometry ===
{{Main|Archaeological science}}

[[Archaeometry]] aims to systematize archaeological measurement. It emphasizes the application of analytical techniques from physics, chemistry, and engineering. It is a field of research that frequently focuses on the definition of the chemical composition of archaeological remains for source analysis.<ref name="Glasscock_et_al1994" /> Archaeometry also investigates different spatial characteristics of features, employing methods such as space syntax techniques and [[geodesy]] as well as computer-based tools such as [[geographic information system]] technology.<ref name="GIS, critique, representation and beyond" /> [[Rare earth elements]] patterns may also be used.<ref name="An anthropic soil transformation fingerprinted by REY patterns" /> A relatively nascent subfield is that of archaeological materials, designed to enhance understanding of prehistoric and non-industrial culture through scientific analysis of the structure and properties of materials associated with human activity.<ref name="mit" />

=== Digital archaeology ===
{{Main|Digital archeology|}}
{{See also|Computational archaeology|Virtual archaeology}}

Digital Archeology is an interdisciplinary field that applies [[information technology (IT)]], digital tools, and data management techniques to archaeology. It includes [[virtual archeology]] and [[computational archeology]].

Examples of digital archaeology include the use of [[computer graphics]] to create virtual [[3D modeling|3D models]] of sites, like the throne room of an Assyrian palace or ancient Rome.<ref name="virt" /> [[Photogrammetry]] and digital [[topography|topographical]] models are combined with [[astronomy|astronomical]] calculations to check if structures, such as pillars, align with astronomical events like the sun's position at a [[solstice]].<ref name="virt" /> [[Agent-based modelling]] and [[computer simulation|simulation]] are used to understand past social dynamics and outcomes. [[Data mining]] is applied to large collections of archaeological 'grey literature'.

=== Cultural resources management ===
{{Main|Cultural resource management}}
Archaeology can be a subsidiary activity within Cultural resource management (CRM), also called [[Cultural heritage management]] (CHM) in the UK.<ref name="The University of Exeter – SoGAER – Department of Archaeology" /> CRM archaeologists frequently examine archaeological sites threatened by development. CRM accounts for most archaeological research done in the US and much of that in [[western Europe]]. In the US, CRM archaeology has been a growing concern since the passage of the [[National Historic Preservation Act]] (NHPA) of 1966. Most scholars and politicians believe CRM has helped preserve much of the US' history and prehistory that would have otherwise been lost in the expansion of cities, dams, and highways. Along with other statutes, the NHPA mandates that projects on federal land, or involving federal funds or permits, consider the effects of the project on each [[archaeological site]].

The application of CRM in the UK is not limited to government-funded projects. Since 1990, [[PPG 16]]<ref name="Planning Policy Guidance 16: Archaeology and planning – Planning, building and the environment – Communities and Local Government" /> has required planners to consider archaeology as a [[material consideration]] in determining applications for new development. As a result, archaeological organizations undertake mitigation work in advance of, or during, construction work in archaeologically sensitive areas, at the [[polluter pays principle|developer's expense]]. Some of the largest archaeological projects ever undertaken in the UK are due to major infrastructure projects like the [[A14 road (England)|A14]] road improvement scheme, or the building of [[HS2]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=West|first1=E|last2=Christie|first2=C|last3=Moretti|first3=D|last4=Scholma-Mason|first4=O|last5=Smith|first5=A|title=A Route Well Travelled. The archaeology of the A14 Huntingdon to Cambridge Road Improvement Scheme|journal=Internet Archaeology|date=2024|issue=67|doi=10.11141/ia.67.22|doi-access=free|url=https://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue67/22/index.html|archive-date=7 March 2025|access-date=6 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250307173409/https://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue67/22/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=A|last2=West|first2=E|last3=Sherlock|first3=S|last4=Gdaniec|first4=K|last5=Bowsher|first5=D|title=Great Excavations: Methodological considerations arising after a major archaeological infrastructure project for the A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Road Improvement Scheme|journal=Internet Archaeology|date=2024|issue=67|doi=10.11141/ia.67.21|doi-access=free|url=https://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue67/21/index.html|archive-date=17 March 2025|access-date=6 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317185638/https://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue67/21/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In England, ultimate responsibility of care for the historic environment rests with the [[Department for Culture, Media and Sport]]<ref name="Department for Culture Media and Sport – historic environment" /> in association with [[English Heritage]].<ref name="English Heritage – Stonehenge & the History of England: English Heritage" /> In [[Scotland]], [[Wales]] and [[Northern Ireland]], the same responsibilities lie with [[Historic Scotland]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Historic Scotland |publisher=Historic Scotland |type=main page |url=http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/ |access-date=5 May 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426014641/http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/ |archive-date=26 April 2009}}</ref> [[Cadw]]<ref name="Cadw" /> and the [[Northern Ireland Environment Agency]]<ref name="Built Environment" /> respectively. In France, the [[Institut national du patrimoine]] (The National Institute of Cultural Heritage) trains [[curator]]s specialized in archaeology. Their mission is to enhance the objects discovered. The curator is the link between scientific knowledge, administrative regulations, heritage objects and the public.

Among the goals of CRM are the identification, preservation, and maintenance of [[cultural]] sites on public and private lands, and the removal of culturally valuable materials from areas where they would otherwise be destroyed by human activity, such as proposed construction. This study involves an examination to determine whether significant archaeological sites are present in the area affected by the proposed construction. If these do exist, time and money must be allotted for their excavation. If initial survey and/or test excavations indicate the presence of an extraordinarily valuable site, the construction may be prohibited entirely.

Cultural resources management has been criticized. CRM is conducted by private companies that bid for projects by submitting proposals outlining the work to be done and expected budget. The agency responsible for the construction often chooses the proposal that asks for the least funding. CRM archaeologists face time pressure, often being forced to complete their work in much less time that might be allotted for a solely academic project. Compounding the time pressure is the vetting process of site reports that are required to be submitted by CRM firms to the appropriate [[State Historic Preservation Office]] (SHPO). From the SHPO's perspective there is no difference between a report submitted by a CRM firm operating under tight deadline, and a multi-year academic project.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}

The ratio of open academic archaeology positions to the number of archaeology MA/MSc and PhD students is low.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marwick |first1=Ben |last2=Poole |first2=Anne Marie |last3=Zhang |first3=Ailin |last4=Shafizadeh |first4=Setareh |last5=Beck |first5=Jess |title=Hire Ed: Job Market Dynamics for Tenure-Track Faculty Positions in Archaeology |journal=American Antiquity |date=22 December 2025 |pages=1–23 |doi=10.1017/aaq.2025.10117|doi-access=free }}</ref> CRM, once an intellectual backwater for individuals with "strong backs and weak minds",<ref name="Flannery1982" /> has attracted these graduates, and CRM offices are increasingly staffed by advance degreed workers with a track record of producing scholarly articles, but who also have extensive CRM field experience.

== Protection ==
[[File:Blue Shield Fact Finding Mission Libyen.jpg|thumb|[[Karl von Habsburg]], on a [[Blue Shield International]] fact-finding mission in Libya]]
The protection of archaeological finds for the public from catastrophes, wars and armed conflicts is increasingly being implemented internationally. This happens on the one hand through international agreements and on the other hand through organizations that monitor or enforce protection. [[United Nations]], [[UNESCO]] and [[Blue Shield International]] deal with the protection of cultural heritage and thus also archaeological sites. This also applies to the integration of [[United Nations peacekeeping]]. Blue Shield International has undertaken various fact-finding missions in recent years to protect archaeological sites during the wars in Libya, Syria, Egypt and Lebanon. The importance of archaeological finds for identity, tourism and sustainable economic growth is repeatedly emphasized internationally.<ref>UNESCO convenes Libyan and international experts meeting for the safeguard of Libya's cultural heritage. UNESCO World Heritage Center – News, 21. Oktober 2011.</ref><ref>Roger O'Keefe, Camille Péron, Tofig Musayev, Gianluca Ferrari "Protection of Cultural Property. Military Manual." UNESCO, 2016, S. 73ff.</ref><ref>Eric Gibson: ''The Destruction of Cultural Heritage Should be a War Crime.'' In: The Wall Street Journal, 2 March 2015.</ref><ref>Eden Stiffman "Cultural Preservation in Disasters, War Zones. Presents Big Challenges" in The Chronicle Of Philanthropy, 11 May 2015.</ref><ref>"UNESCO Director-General calls for stronger cooperation for heritage protection at the Blue Shield International General Assembly.", UNESCO – 13 September 2017.</ref><ref>Friedrich Schipper: "Bildersturm: Die globalen Normen zum Schutz von Kulturgut greifen nicht" (German – The global norms for the protection of cultural property do not apply), In: Der Standard, 6 March 2015.</ref>

The president of Blue Shield International, [[Karl von Habsburg]], said during a cultural property protection mission in Lebanon in April 2019 with the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon: "Cultural assets are part of the identity of the people who live in a certain place. If you destroy their culture, you also destroy their identity. Many people are uprooted, often have no prospects anymore and subsequently flee from their homeland."<ref name="unifil.unmissions.org">{{Cite web |url=https://unifil.unmissions.org/action-plan-preserve-heritage-sites-during-conflict |title=Action plan to preserve heritage sites during conflict |date=12 April 2019 |website=UNIFIL |access-date=7 May 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726081110/https://unifil.unmissions.org/action-plan-preserve-heritage-sites-during-conflict |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Popular views of archaeology ==
[[File:Beit shean1.jpg|thumb|right|Extensive excavations at [[Beit She'an]], [[Israel]]]]
[[File:Exhibition in a multi-storey car park on archological discoveries having been made during construction.JPG|thumb|Permanent exhibition in a German [[multi-storey car park]], explaining the archaeological discoveries made during the construction of this building]]

Early archaeology was largely an attempt to uncover spectacular artifacts and features, or to explore vast and mysterious abandoned cities and was mostly done by upper class, scholarly men. This general tendency laid the foundation for the modern popular view of archaeology and archaeologists. Many of the public view archaeology as something only available to a narrow demographic. The job of archaeologist is depicted as a "romantic adventurist occupation",<ref name="McGeough 2006 174–185">{{cite journal |last=McGeough |first=Kevin |year=2006 |title=Heroes, mummies, and treasure: Near Eastern archaeology in the movies |journal=Near Eastern Archaeology |volume=69 |issue=3–4 |pages=174–185 |doi=10.1086/NEA25067670 |s2cid=166381712}}</ref> and as a hobby more than a job in the scientific community. Cinema audiences form a notion of "who archaeologists are, why they do what they do, and how relationships to the past are constituted",<ref name="McGeough 2006 174–185" /> and is often under the impression that all archaeology takes place in a distant and foreign land, only to collect monetarily or spiritually priceless artifacts. The modern depiction of archaeology has incorrectly formed the public's perception of what archaeology is.

Much thorough and productive research has indeed been conducted in dramatic locales such as [[Copán]] and the [[Valley of the Kings]], but the bulk of activities and finds of modern archaeology are not so sensational. Archaeological adventure stories tend to ignore the painstaking work involved in carrying out modern surveys, [[Excavation (archaeology)|excavations]], and data processing. Some archaeologists refer to such off-the-mark portrayals as "pseudoarchaeology".<ref name="Romancing the Past-Archaeology" />
Archaeologists are also very much reliant on public support; the question of for whom they are working is often discussed.<ref name="Denning2004" />

== Current issues and controversy ==
=== Public archaeology ===
Motivated by a desire to halt looting, curb pseudoarchaeology, and to help preserve archaeological sites through education and fostering public appreciation for the importance of archaeological heritage, archaeologists are mounting public-outreach campaigns.<ref name="Anthropological Studies Center (ASC)" /> They seek to stop looting by combatting people who illegally take artifacts from protected sites, and by alerting people who live near archaeological sites of the threat of looting. Common methods of public outreach include press releases, the encouragement of school field trips to sites under excavation by professional archaeologists, and making reports and publications accessible outside of academia.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marwick |first1=Ben |last2=Pham |first2=Thanh Son |last3=Ko |first3=May Su |title=Over-research and ethics dumping in international archaeology |journal=SPAFA Journal |date=15 December 2020 |volume=4 |doi=10.26721/spafajournal.v4i0.625 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marwick |first1=Ben |title=Open Access to Publications to Expand Participation in Archaeology |journal=Norwegian Archaeological Review |date=29 October 2020 |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=163–169 |doi=10.1080/00293652.2020.1837233 |s2cid=228961066 |url=http://osf.io/v9kfy/ |access-date=16 March 2021 |archive-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503155227/https://osf.io/v9kfy/ |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Public appreciation of the significance of archaeology and archaeological sites often leads to improved protection from encroaching development or other threats.

One audience for archaeologists' work is the public. Archaeologists increasingly realize that their work can benefit audiences outside the field and academia, and that they have a responsibility to educate and inform the public about archaeology. Local heritage awareness is aimed at increasing civic and individual pride through projects such as community excavation programs and better public presentations of archaeological sites and knowledge.{{Citation needed|date=October 2007}} The U.S. Department of Agriculture, [[US Forest Service|Forest Service]] (USFS) operates a volunteer archaeology and historic preservation program called the Passport in Time (PIT). Volunteers work with professional USFS archaeologists and historians on national forests throughout the U.S. Volunteers are involved in all aspects of professional archaeology under expert supervision.<ref name="rapidcityjournal" />

Television programs, web videos and social media can also bring an understanding of underwater archaeology to a broad audience. The ''Mardi Gras'' Shipwreck Project<ref>{{cite web |title=Mardi Gras Shipwreck |url=http://uwf.edu/jkent/fpan_preCMS/mardigras/ |website=uwf.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516045935/http://uwf.edu/jkent/fpan_preCMS/mardigras/ |archive-date=16 May 2015}}</ref> integrated a one-hour HD documentary,<ref name="Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck">{{cite AV media |title=Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck |medium=video documentary |publisher=Nautilus Productions |url=http://nautilusproductions.com/projects/mystery-mardi-gras-shipwreck-documentary |access-date=8 March 2016 |archive-date=13 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613054648/http://nautilusproductions.com/projects/mystery-mardi-gras-shipwreck-documentary |url-status=live}}</ref> short videos for public viewing and video updates during the expedition as part of the educational outreach. Webcasting is also another tool for educational outreach. For one week in 2000 and 2001, live [[Underwater videography|underwater video]] of the ''[[Queen Anne's Revenge]]'' Shipwreck Project was [[webcast]] to the [[Internet]] as a part of the ''QAR DiveLive''<ref>{{cite web |title=Live from Morehead City, it's Queen Anne's Revenge |series=State Publications |url=http://digital.ncdcr.gov/cdm/ref/collection/p249901coll22/id/695248 |access-date=8 March 2016 |archive-date=15 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115221718/http://digital.ncdcr.gov/cdm/ref/collection/p249901coll22/id/695248 |url-status=live}}</ref> educational program that reached thousands of children around the world. {{cite conference |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4760 |title=Diving on the Queen Anne's Revenge |last1=Southerly |first1=C. |last2=Gillman-Bryan |first2=J. |date=19 February 2009 |publisher=The American Academy of Underwater Sciences |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219004153/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4760 |archive-date=19 February 2009}} Created and co-produced by [[Nautilus Productions]] and Marine Grafics, this project enabled students to talk to scientists and learn about methods and technologies used by the underwater archaeology team.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Apple, QuickTime help with underwater diving trip |date=October 2001 |magazine=Macworld |url=http://www.macworld.com/article/1019428/quicktime.html |access-date=8 March 2016 |archive-date=3 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403065527/http://www.macworld.com/article/1019428/quicktime.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Blackbeard's glowing shipwreck |website=P3 Update |url=http://www.p3update.com/events/67-lighting/blackbeard-s-glowing-shipwreck |access-date=8 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402173605/http://www.p3update.com/events/67-lighting/blackbeard-s-glowing-shipwreck |archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref>

In the UK, popular archaeology programs such as ''[[Time Team]]'' and ''[[Meet the Ancestors]]'' have resulted in a huge upsurge in public interest.{{Citation needed|date=October 2007}} Where possible, archaeologists now make more provisions for public involvement and outreach in larger projects than they once did,<ref name = internet>{{cite journal |doi=10.11141/ia.57.10 |issue=57 |title=Prehistory, Playhouses and the Public: London's Planning Archaeology |year=2021 |journal=Internet Archaeology |last1=Single |first1=Adam |last2=Davies |first2=Louise |doi-access=free}}</ref> and many local archaeological organizations operate within the [[Community archaeology]] framework<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.11141/ia.57.18 |issue=57 |title=Social Impact Archaeology: Pontefract Castle and the Gatehouse Project |year=2021 |journal=Internet Archaeology |last1=Wilkins |first1=Brendon |doi-access=free}}</ref> to expand public involvement in smaller-scale, more local projects. Archaeological excavation, however, is best undertaken by well-trained staff that can work quickly and accurately. Often this requires observing the necessary [[health and safety]] and indemnity insurance issues involved in working on a modern [[construction|building site]] with tight deadlines. Certain charities and [[local government]] bodies sometimes offer places on research projects either as part of academic work or as a defined community project.{{Citation needed|date=October 2007}} There is also a flourishing industry selling places on commercial [[training excavations]] and archaeological holiday tours.{{Citation needed|date=October 2007}}

Archaeologists prize local knowledge and often liaise with local historical and archaeological societies, which is one reason why [[Community archaeology]] projects are starting to become more common. Often archaeologists are assisted by the public in the locating of archaeological sites, which professional archaeologists have neither the funding, nor the time to do.

Archaeological Legacy Institute (ALI), is a registered 501[c] [3] non-profit, media and education corporation registered in Oregon in 1999. ALI founded a website, [http://archaeologychannel.org/ The Archaeology Channel] to support the organization's mission "to nurturing and bringing attention to the human cultural heritage, by using media in the most efficient and effective ways possible."<ref name="The Archaeology Channel and About Us: Archaeological Legacy Institute" />

There is a considerable international body of research focused on archaeology and public value and tangible benefits of archaeology include<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.11141/ia.57.17 |issue=57 |title=Making the Case for the Public Benefits of Development-led Archaeology |year=2021 |journal=Internet Archaeology |last1=Sloane |first1=Barney |doi-access=free}}</ref> helping to counteract racism, documenting accomplishments of ignored communities, providing time-depth as a response to short-termism of the modern age, and contributing to human ecology, independent evidence base, historic context development and tourism.<ref>{{cite journal |issue=5 |title=Answering the skeptic's question |year=2006 |journal=The Society for American Archaeology Archaeological Record |last1=Minnis |first1=P. E. |last2=Kelly |first2=D. S. |last3=Sebastian |first3=L. |last4=Ingram |first4=S. E. |last5=Spielmann |first5=K. A. |volume=6}}</ref> The delivery of public benefits through archaeology can be summarised as follows: through making a contribution to a shared history,<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.11141/ia.57.11 |issue=57 |title=Archaeology and the History of the Lithuanian Resistance in the 19th and 20th Centuries: in search of the public benefit |year=2021 |journal=Internet Archaeology |last1=Dediala |first1=Ričardas |doi-access=free}}</ref> artistic and cultural treasures, local values, place-making and social cohesion, educational benefits, contribution to science and innovation, health and wellbeing, and added economic value to developers.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.11141/ia.57.8 |issue=57 |title=No More Polluter Pays Principle: opportunities and challenges of public benefit provision in UK development-led archaeology |year=2021 |journal=Internet Archaeology |last1=Aitchison |first1=Kenneth |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="internet" />

=== Pseudoarchaeology ===
{{Main|Pseudoarchaeology}}

Pseudoarchaeology is an umbrella term for all activities that falsely claim to be archaeological but in fact violate commonly accepted and scientific archaeological practices. It includes much fictional archaeological work (discussed above), as well as some actual activity. Many non-fiction authors have ignored the scientific methods of processual archaeology, or the specific critiques of it contained in [[Post-processual archaeology|post-processualism]].{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

An example of this type is the writing of [[Erich von Däniken]]. His 1968 book, ''[[Chariots of the Gods?]]'', together with many subsequent lesser-known works, expounds a theory of ancient contacts between human civilization on Earth and more technologically advanced extraterrestrial civilizations. This theory, known as [[palaeocontact theory]], or [[Ancient astronaut theory]], is not exclusively Däniken's, nor did the idea originate with him. Works of this nature are usually marked by the renunciation of well-established theories on the basis of limited evidence, and the interpretation of evidence with a preconceived theory in mind.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

=== Looting ===
[[File:Looting rontoy2007.jpg|thumb|right|A looter's pit on the morning following its excavation, taken at Rontoy, Huaura Valley, [[Peru]] in June 2007. Several small holes left by looters' prospecting probes can be seen, as well as their footprints.]]

[[Archaeological looting|Looting of archaeological sites]] is an ancient problem. For instance, many of the tombs of the Egyptian [[pharaoh]]s were looted during [[Classical antiquity|antiquity]].<ref name="civilizations" /> Archaeology stimulates interest in ancient objects, and people in search of artifacts or treasure cause damage to archaeological sites. The commercial and academic demand for artifacts contributes directly to the [[illicit antiquities]] trade. Smuggling of antiquities abroad to private collectors has caused great cultural and economic damage in many countries whose governments lack the resources and or the will to deter it. Looters damage and destroy archaeological sites, denying future generations information about their ethnic and cultural heritage. Indigenous peoples especially lose access to and control over their 'cultural resources', ultimately denying them the opportunity to know their past.<ref name="autogenerated2" />

In 1937, W. F. Hodge the director of the [[Southwest Museum]] released a statement that the museum would no longer purchase or accept collections from looted contexts.<ref name="Hodge1937" /> The first conviction of the transport of artifacts illegally removed from private property under the [[Archaeological Resources Protection Act]] was in 1992 in the State of Indiana.<ref name="Munson_et_al1995" />

Archaeologists trying to protect artifacts may be placed in danger by looters or locals trying to protect the artifacts from archaeologists who are viewed as looters by the locals.<ref>{{cite news |first=Mark |last=Strauss |date=20 August 2015 |title=Archaeologist's execution highlights risks to history's guardians |website=National Geographic News |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/08/150820-syria-archaeologist-isis-protecting-artifacts/ |access-date=21 August 2015 |archive-date=22 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822051936/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/08/150820-syria-archaeologist-isis-protecting-artifacts/ }}</ref>

Some historical archaeology sites are subjected to looting by [[metal detector]] hobbyists who search for artifacts using increasingly advanced technology. Efforts are underway among all major Archaeological organizations to increase education and legitimate cooperation between amateurs and professionals in the metal detecting community.<ref>{{cite web |title=Open minds, clearer signals – metal detectorist and archaeologist cooperation takes another step |website=sha.org |publisher=The Society for Historical Archaeology |date=10 April 2013 |type=blog |url=https://sha.org/blog/2013/04/open-minds-clearer-signals-metal-detectorist-and-archaeologist-cooperation-takes-another-step/ |access-date=4 September 2019 |archive-date=22 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222003415/https://sha.org/blog/2013/04/open-minds-clearer-signals-metal-detectorist-and-archaeologist-cooperation-takes-another-step/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

While most looting is deliberate, accidental looting can occur when amateurs, who are unaware of the importance of Archaeological rigor, collect artifacts from sites and place them into private collections.

=== Descendant peoples ===
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2025}}
In the United States, examples such as the case of [[Kennewick Man]] have illustrated the tensions between [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] and archaeologists, which can be summarized as a conflict between a need to remain respectful toward sacred burial sites and the academic benefit from studying them. For years, American archaeologists dug on Indian burial grounds and other places considered sacred, removing artifacts and human remains to storage facilities for further study. In some cases human remains were not even thoroughly studied but instead archived rather than reburied. Furthermore, Western archaeologists' views of the past often differ from those of tribal peoples. The West views time as linear; for many natives, it is cyclic. From a Western perspective, the past is long-gone; from a native perspective, disturbing the past can have dire consequences in the present.

As a consequence of this, American Indians attempted to prevent archaeological excavation of sites inhabited by their ancestors, while American archaeologists believed that the advancement of scientific knowledge was a valid reason to continue their studies. This contradictory situation was addressed by the [[Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act]] (NAGPRA, 1990), which sought to reach a compromise by limiting the right of research institutions to possess human remains. Due in part to the spirit of [[postprocessualism]], some archaeologists have begun to actively enlist the assistance of [[indigenous peoples]] likely to be descended from those under study.

Archaeologists have also been obliged to re-examine what constitutes an archaeological site in view of what native peoples believe to constitute sacred space. To many native peoples, natural features such as lakes, mountains or even individual trees have cultural significance. Australian archaeologists especially have explored this issue and attempted to survey these sites to give them some protection from being developed. Such work requires close links and trust between archaeologists and the people they are trying to help and at the same time study.

While this cooperation presents a new set of challenges and hurdles to fieldwork, it has benefits for all parties involved. Tribal elders cooperating with archaeologists can prevent the excavation of areas of sites that they consider sacred, while the archaeologists gain the elders' aid in interpreting their finds. There have also been active efforts to recruit aboriginal peoples directly into the archaeological profession.

==== Repatriation ====
{{See also|Repatriation and reburial of human remains}}
A new trend in the heated controversy between [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] groups and scientists is the [[repatriation]] of native artifacts to the original descendants.{{clarify|what is an original descendant? How does it differ from a descendant?|date=April 2021}} An example of this occurred on 21 June 2005, when community members and elders from a number of the 10 [[Algonquian peoples|Algonquian]] nations in the [[Ottawa]] area convened on the [[Kitigan Zibi]] reservation near [[Maniwaki, Quebec]], to inter ancestral human remains and burial goods—some dating back 6,000 years. It was not determined, however, if the remains were directly related to the [[Algonquin people]] who now inhabit the region. The remains may be of Iroquoian ancestry, since Iroquoian people inhabited the area before the Algonquin. Moreover, the oldest of these remains might have no relation at all to the Algonquin or Iroquois, and belong to an earlier culture who previously inhabited the area.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

The remains and artifacts, including [[jewelry]], [[tool]]s and [[weapons]], were originally excavated from various sites in the [[Ottawa Valley]], including [[Morrison Island|Morrison]] and the [[Allumette Island]]s. They had been part of the [[Canadian Museum of Civilization]]'s research collection for decades, some since the late 19th century. Elders from various Algonquin communities conferred on an appropriate reburial, eventually deciding on traditional [[Juniperus virginiana|red cedar]] and [[birch bark]] boxes lined with red cedar chips, [[muskrat]] and [[Beaver#Commercial use|beaver pelts]].{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

An inconspicuous rock mound marks the reburial site where close to 80 boxes of various sizes are buried. Because of this reburial, no further scientific study is possible. Although negotiations were at times tense between the Kitigan Zibi community and museum, they were able to reach agreement.<ref name="Canadian Geographic Online" />

=== African diaspora archaeology ===
{{Main|African diaspora archaeology}}
African Diaspora Archaeology is an area of study within the subfield of historical archaeology that studies those that have been forcibly transported through the [[Atlantic slave trade|Atlantic Slave Trade]], the [[Trans-Saharan slave trade|Trans-Saharan Slave Trade]], and the [[Indian Ocean slave trade|Indian Ocean Slave Trade]], as well as their descendants. Although of global relevance, most research has been conducted in the Americas and Africa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singleton |first=Theresa |title=The African Diaspora and The Disciplines |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-253-35464-8 |editor-last=Olaniyan |editor-first=Tejumola |location=Bloomington |pages=119–134 |chapter=African Diaspora in Archaeology |editor-last2=Sweet |editor-first2=James}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fennell |first=Christopher |title=Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology |publisher=Springer Cham |year=2020 |isbn=978-3-030-30018-0 |edition=2nd |pages=58–59 |chapter=African Diaspora Archaeology}}</ref>

In the United States, Similar to the experience of Native Americans, the history of African diaspora archaeology is one of controversies over [[Whiteness theory|Whiteness]] in archaeology and anthropology, a lack of inclusion of the African descendant community,<ref>Archaeology under the Blinding Light of Race. Michael L. Blakey in ''Current Anthropology'' 2020 61:S22, S183-S197</ref> and possession of human remains in the collections of universities and museums.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/racist-scientist-built-collection-human-skulls-should-we-still-study-them |website=Science |publisher=AAAS |date=8 Jul 2021 |first1=Lizzie |last1=Wade |title=A racist scientist built a collection of human skulls. Should we still study them? |access-date=15 December 2021 |archive-date=15 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215024303/https://www.science.org/content/article/racist-scientist-built-collection-human-skulls-should-we-still-study-them |url-status=live}}</ref> In the 1990s, anthropologist [[Michael Blakey (anthropologist)|Michael Blakey]] was the director of research during the [[African Burial Ground National Monument|New York African Burial Ground Project]] where he initiated a protocol for collaborating with the African descendant community. In 2011, the [[Society of Black Archaeologists]] was created in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.societyofblackarchaeologists.com/about |website=Society of Black Archaeologists |title=About |access-date=15 December 2021 |archive-date=2 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202224055/https://www.societyofblackarchaeologists.com/about |url-status=live}}</ref> Co-founders [[Ayana Omilade Flewellen]], archaeologist at the [[University of California, Riverside]] and Justin Dunnavant, archaeologist and assistant professor of anthropology at the [[University of California, Los Angeles]] intend to build a restorative justice-based structure in archaeology. They suggest to define descendants not only in genealogical terms, but also to welcome input of African Americans whose ancestors had a shared historical experience in enslavement.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=When Black history is unearthed, who gets to speak for the dead? |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=24 September 2021 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/10/04/when-black-history-is-unearthed-who-gets-to-speak-for-the-dead |first1=Jill |last1=Lepore |access-date=15 December 2021 |archive-date=31 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731065147/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/10/04/when-black-history-is-unearthed-who-gets-to-speak-for-the-dead |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[United States Senate]] unanimously passed a bill<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/1179/all-info |website=Congress.gov |title=All Info – H.R.1179 – 116th Congress (2019–2020): African-American Burial Grounds Network Act |date=22 May 2019 |access-date=15 December 2021 |archive-date=15 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215024307/https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/1179/all-info |url-status=live}}</ref> in December 2020 that centers African American cemeteries at risk in South Carolina. The bill is made to better protect historic African burial grounds and can lead to the creation of an [[African American Burial Grounds Network]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/legislation-protect-african-american-burial-grounds-passes-senate-180976642/ |website=Smithsonian Magazine |date=December 29, 2020 |first1=Nora |last1=McGreevy |title=New Legislation Seeks to Protect the U.S.' Historic Black Cemeteries |access-date=15 December 2021 |archive-date=15 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215024305/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/legislation-protect-african-american-burial-grounds-passes-senate-180976642/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Barbados]], eight days after becoming a [[republic]] on November 30, 2021, announced plans for the construction of the ''Newton Enslaved Burial Ground Memorial'' as well as a museum dedicated to the history of the [[Atlantic slave trade]].<ref name="smithsonianmag.com">{{Cite web |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/barbados-announces-new-heritage-district-documenting-slavery-180979175/ |website=Smithsonian Magazine |date=December 8, 2021 |first1=Livia |last1=Gershon |title=After Breaking Ties with Britain, Barbados Announces Heritage District Tracing Slavery's Toll |access-date=15 December 2021 |archive-date=8 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208170930/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/barbados-announces-new-heritage-district-documenting-slavery-180979175/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The Ghanaian-British architect [[David Adjaye]] is to lead the project that is to commemorate an estimated 570 West Africans buried in unmarked graves at the site of the former Newton sugar plantation.<ref name="smithsonianmag.com" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GCq11ioozDA |date=Dec 6, 2021 |author1=Architects' Journal |title=Adjaye Associates' proposed Newton Enslaved Burial Ground Memorial, Barbados |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=15 December 2021 |archive-date=15 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215024306/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GCq11ioozDA&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live}}</ref> Barbados can be seen as a good example of respectful preservation of an African burial ground. Throughout the [[Americas]] however the burial grounds are in danger of being destroyed or human remains are being excavated without the descendant community being involved.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flatbushafricanburialground.org/ |title=Flatbush African Burial Ground Coalition |publisher=flatbushafricanburialground.org |access-date=13 January 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114035009/https://www.flatbushafricanburialground.org/ |archive-date=14 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/historic-black-cemeteries-at-risk-can-they-be-preserved |title=The fight to save America's historic Black cemeteries |website=[[National Geographic Society]] |date=19 August 2020 |first1=Austyn |last1=Gaffney |access-date=15 December 2021 |archive-date=15 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215024321/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/historic-black-cemeteries-at-risk-can-they-be-preserved }}</ref><ref>marjolijn kok, 2022. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358128992_A_Future_That_Does_Not_Forget_Collaborative_Archaeology_in_the_Colonial_Context_of_Sint_Eustatius_Dutch_Caribbean A Future That Does Not Forget: Collaborative Archaeology in the Colonial Context of Sint Eustatius (Dutch Caribbean).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322201324/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358128992_A_Future_That_Does_Not_Forget_Collaborative_Archaeology_in_the_Colonial_Context_of_Sint_Eustatius_Dutch_Caribbean |date=22 March 2023 }} Rotterdam, Bureau Archeologie en Toekomst, BAT-report 1</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/21/olympics-media-village-sacred-grave-african-slaves-rio-games |title=Olympics media village built on 'sacred' mass grave of African slaves |work=The Guardian |date=21 July 2016 |access-date=15 December 2021 |archive-date=15 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215024310/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/21/olympics-media-village-sacred-grave-african-slaves-rio-games |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://roadsandkingdoms.com/2017/the-mass-grave-in-the-garden/ |title=The Mass Grave in the Garden |date=25 July 2017 |access-date=15 December 2021 |archive-date=15 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215024304/https://roadsandkingdoms.com/2017/the-mass-grave-in-the-garden/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022, residents on [[Sint Eustatius]], [[Dutch Caribbean]] spoke out strongly against what they found were unethical excavations of their ancestors on the [[Godet African Burial Ground]] and the [[Golden Rock African Burial Ground]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thedailyherald.sx/islands/criticism-remains-despite-suspension-of-excavations |title=Criticism remains despite suspension of excavations |date=19 July 2021 |access-date=15 December 2021 |archive-date=15 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215024311/https://www.thedailyherald.sx/islands/criticism-remains-despite-suspension-of-excavations |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Climate change and archaeology ===
As anthropogenic [[climate change]] affects our environment, projections show that there will be changes in rainfall with increased drought and desertification, increases in intensity and frequency of rainfall, increases in temperature (winter and summer), increases in both the temperature and frequency of heatwaves, rising sea levels, and warmer seas, ocean acidification and changes in oceanic currents. These climate drivers will result in changes to flora and fauna, and changes in ground conditions (both on and below the surface) and so will also affect archaeological deposits and structures, while human responses to the climate crisis will also impact archaeological sites. The archaeologist's knowledge and skills are relevant to supporting society in adapting to a changing climate and a low carbon future.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fluck |first1=H. |last2=Guest |first2=K. |year=2022 |title=Climate Change and Archaeology. An Introduction |journal=Internet Archaeology |issue=60 |doi=10.11141/ia.60.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Woodside |first1=R. |last2=Huggett-Jones |first2=S. |year=2022 |title=Heritage Responds – Taking Positive Actions on Climate Change |journal=Internet Archaeology |issue=60 |doi=10.11141/ia.60.10 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Another effect of higher temperatures has been melting of glaciers and ice patches. This has led to the discovery of artifacts and bodies long buried in the ice, fostering the new field of [[glacial archaeology]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.popsci.com/science/melting-ice-archaeology/ |title='Dark' archaeologists scour melting ice for ancient artifacts |date=October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.346.6206.157 |title=Racing the thaw |date=2014 |last1=Curry |first1=Andrew |journal=Science |volume=346 |issue=6206 |pages=157–159 |pmid=25301599}}</ref>

Archaeological sites can be seen as habitats that support ecosystems and fulfil biodiversity goals.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kadakas |first1=U. |year=2022 |title=Archaeological Heritage as a Sustainer of Biodiversity |journal=Internet Archaeology |issue=60 |doi=10.11141/ia.60.9 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==== AI in archaeology ====
As [[artificial intelligence (AI)]] continues to influence scientific research, its application in archaeological studies has become increasingly significant. For instance, AI models have been utilized to identify archaeological remains in [[the Empty Quarter]] of the [[Arabian Peninsula]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cairns |first=Rebecca |date=2024-09-25 |title=Artificial intelligence is detecting new archaeological sites in the desert |url=https://edition.cnn.com/science/artificial-intelligence-archaeological-sites-sar-spc/index.html |access-date=2024-09-25 |work=CNN |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925131016/https://edition.cnn.com/science/artificial-intelligence-archaeological-sites-sar-spc/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Laurel |first1=Capitol Technology University 11301 Springfield Road |last2=Md 20708 888.522.7486 |title=AI in Archeology: How New Technology is Revolutionizing Historical Studies |url=https://www.captechu.edu/blog/how-ai-and-technology-is-revolutionizing-archeology |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=Capitol Technology University}}</ref> Additionally, AI technology has facilitated the discovery of 303 new geoglyphs in Nazca.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sakai |first1=Masato |last2=Sakurai |first2=Akihisa |last3=Lu |first3=Siyuan |last4=Olano |first4=Jorge |last5=Albrecht |first5=Conrad M. |last6=Hamann |first6=Hendrik F. |last7=Freitag |first7=Marcus |title=AI-accelerated Nazca survey nearly doubles the number of known figurative geoglyphs and sheds light on their purpose |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=2024 |volume=121 |issue=40 |article-number=e2407652121 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2407652121 |doi-access=free |pmid=39312651 |pmc=11459208 |bibcode=2024PNAS..12107652S}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* {{annotated link|Aerial archaeology}}
* {{annotated link|Anthropology}}
* {{annotated link|Archaeoastronomy}}
* {{annotated link|Archaeobiology}}
* {{annotated link|Archaeogenetics}}
* {{annotated link|Archaeological science}}
* {{annotated link|Archaeology and racism}}
* {{annotated link|Archaeology of religion and ritual}}
* {{annotated link|Archival research}}
* {{annotated link|Area of archaeological potential}}
* {{annotated link|Bioarchaeology}}
* {{annotated link|Chronological dating}}
* {{annotated link|Classical archaeology}}
* {{annotated link|Computational archaeology}}
* {{annotated link|Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites}}
* {{annotated link|Digital archaeology}}
* {{annotated link|Disturbance (archaeology)}}
* {{annotated link|Dump digging}}
* {{annotated link|Environmental archaeology}}
* {{annotated link|Environmental history}}
* {{annotated link|Geophysical survey (archaeology)}}
* {{annotated link|GIS in archaeology}}
* {{annotated link|Glossary of archaeology}}
* {{annotated link|Harris matrix}}
* {{annotated link|Human ecology}}
* {{annotated link|Intellectual Property Issues in Cultural Heritage project}}
* {{annotated link|Landscape archaeology}}
* {{annotated link|Landscape history}}
* {{annotated link|Magnetic survey (archaeology)}}
* {{annotated link|Maritime archaeology}}
* {{annotated link|Nationalism and archaeology}}
* {{annotated link|Paleoanthropology|Palaeoanthropology}}
* {{annotated link|Remote sensing in archaeology}}
* {{annotated link|Urban archaeology}}
* {{annotated link|Zooarchaeology}}

'''Lists'''
* [[List of archaeological excavations by date]]
* [[List of archaeological periods]]
* [[List of archaeological sites by country]]
* [[List of archaeologists]]
* [[List of archaeology awards]]
* [[List of paleoethnobotanists]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=spelling|{{Etymology|grc|''ἀρχαῖος'' (archaios)|ancient||''λογία'' (logia)|study of}}.<ref>{{Cite OED|archaeology}}</ref> Although [[American and British English spelling differences#ae and oe|American English usually does not use -ae spellings]], ''archaeology'' is the standard spelling across the English-speaking world, including the United States.<ref name="HirstSpelling">{{cite web |last1=Hirst |first1=K. Kris |date=2018-03-24 |title=Archeology: Why Is There an Alternative Way to Spell Archaeology? |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/archaeology-spelling-169591 |website=ThoughtCo |access-date=18 February 2021 |language=en |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227011505/https://www.thoughtco.com/archaeology-spelling-169591 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Archaeology vs. archeology |series=Correct spelling |url=https://grammarist.com/spelling/archaeology-archeology/ |website=Grammarist |date=9 February 2012 |access-date=18 February 2021 |archive-date=15 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115184622/https://grammarist.com/spelling/archaeology-archeology/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Some US government bodies and university presses use ''archeology'' in accordance with the [[GPO Style Manual]].<ref name="Society for American Archaeology" /> Another uncommon variant is ''archæology'', using the archaic [[Orthographic ligature|ligature]] ''[[æ]]''.<ref name="HirstSpelling" />}}
}}

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<ref name="Glasscock_et_al1994">Glascock et al. 1994</ref>

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<ref name="Miller_Tilley1984">Miller and Tilley1984</ref>

<ref name="mit">{{Cite web |url=http://web.mit.edu/cmrae/cmrae_mission.htm/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725154143/http://web.mit.edu/cmrae/cmrae_mission.htm/ |title=MIT Archaeological Materials and CMRAE Mission Statement |archive-date=25 July 2008}}</ref>

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<ref name="ncl">{{cite web |first=Kevin |last=Greene |title=''Archaeology – an introduction'' |publisher=Staff.ncl.ac.uk |url=http://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/kevin.greene/wintro |access-date=12 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123100909/http://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/kevin.greene/wintro/ |archive-date=23 January 2013}}</ref>

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<ref name="Pauketat2001">[[Timothy Pauketat|Pauketat, Timothy R.]] (2001)</ref>

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<ref name="The Archaeology Channel and About Us: Archaeological Legacy Institute">{{cite web |title=Our organization |publisher=Archaeological Legacy Institute (ALI) |website=archaeologychannel.org |url=http://www.archaeologychannel.org/about-guide/our-organization |access-date=20 March 2018 |archive-date=21 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321130344/http://www.archaeologychannel.org/about-guide/our-organization |url-status=live}}</ref>

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== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|25em}}
* {{cite book |editor1=Aldenderfer, M. S. |editor2=Maschner, H. D. G. |year=1996 |title=Anthropology, Space, and Geographic Information Systems |place=New York, NY |publisher=Oxford University Press}}
* {{cite journal |author=Ascher, R. |year=1961 |title=Analogy in archaeological interpretation |journal=Southwestern Journal of Anthropology |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=317–25 |jstor=3628943 |publisher=University of New Mexico |doi=10.1086/soutjanth.17.4.3628943 |s2cid=153939299}}
* {{cite journal |author=Ascher, R. |year=1961 |title=Experimental Archeology |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=793–816 |doi=10.1525/aa.1961.63.4.02a00070 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book |author1=Billman, B. R. |author2=Feinman, G. |year=1999 |title=Settlement Pattern Studies in the Americas — Fifty Years Since Virú |place=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press}}
* {{cite journal |author=Binford, L. |year=1962 |title=Archaeology as Anthropology |journal=American Antiquity |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=217–25 |jstor=278380 |publisher=Society for American Archaeology |doi=10.2307/278380 |s2cid=162242910}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Deetz|first=James|title=Archaeography, Archaeology, or Archeology?|journal=American Journal of Archaeology|year=1989|volume=93|number=3|pages=429-435|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/505592}}
* {{cite journal |author=Denning, K. |year=2004 |title=The Storm of Progress' and Archaeology for an Online Public |journal=Internet Archaeology |volume=15}}
* {{cite book |author=Ebrey, Patricia Buckley |year=1999 |title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of China |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-43519-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr00ebre_0 }}
* {{cite book |author=Fash, William |year=2001 |chapter=Archaeology |editor=David L. Carrasco |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures |volume=1 |pages=25–35 |place=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-510815-6 |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195108156.001.0001/acref-9780195108156 |access-date=22 July 2020 |archive-date=22 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522143035/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195108156.001.0001/acref-9780195108156 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |author=Flannery, K. V. |year=1967 |title=Culture History v. Culture Process: A Debate in American archaeology |journal=Scientific American |volume=217 |issue=2 |pages=119–22 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0867-119}}
* {{cite journal |author=Flannery, K. V. |year=1982 |title=The Golden Marshalltown: A Parable for the Archaeology of the 1980s |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=265–278 |doi=10.1525/aa.1982.84.2.02a00010}}
* {{cite book |author1=Fraser, Julius Thomas |author2=Francis C. Haber |year=1986 |title=Time, Science, and Society in China and the West |place=Amherst |publisher=University of Massachusetts Press}}
* {{cite journal |author=Glascock, M. D. |author2=Neff, H. |author3=Stryker, K. S. |author4=Johnson, T. N. |name-list-style=amp |year=1994 |title=Sourcing archaeological obsidian by an abbreviated NAA procedure |journal=Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry |volume=180 |issue=1 |pages=29–35 |doi=10.1007/BF02039899 |bibcode=1994JRNC..180...29G |s2cid=97455573}}
* {{cite journal |author1=Gifford-Gonzalez, D. P. |author2=Damrosch, D. B. |author3=Damrosch, D. R. |author4=Pryor, J. |author5=Thunen, R. L. |name-list-style=amp |year=1985 |title=The Third Dimension in Site Structure: An Experiment in Trampling and Vertical Dispersal |journal=American Antiquity |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=803–818 |doi=10.2307/280169 |jstor=280169 |s2cid=163218164}}
* {{cite journal |author=Gladfelter, B. G. |year=1977 |title=Geoarchaeology: The Geomorphologist and Archaeology |journal=American Antiquity |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=519–538 |jstor=278926 |s2cid=163453920 |publisher=Society for American Archaeology|doi=10.2307/278926 |bibcode=1977AmAnt..42..519G }}
* {{cite journal |author=Gould, R. |year=1971a |title=The Archaeologist as Ethnographer: A Case from the Western Desert of Australia |journal=World Archaeology |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=143–177 |doi=10.1080/00438243.1969.9979499}}
* {{cite journal |author=Gould, R. |author2=Koster, D. A. |author3=Sontz, A. H. L. |name-list-style=amp |year=1971b |title=The Lithic Assemblage of the Western Desert Aborigines of Australia |journal=American Antiquity |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=149–169 |doi=10.2307/278668 |jstor=278668 |s2cid=163617121}}
* {{cite journal |author1=Gould, R. |author2=Yellen, J. |year=1987 |title=Man the hunted: Determinants of household spacing in desert and tropical foraging societies |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=77 |doi=10.1016/0278-4165(87)90017-1 |bibcode=1987JAnAr...6...77G }}
* {{cite book |first1=William A. |last1=Haviland |first2=Harald E. L. |last2=Prins |first3=Bunny |last3=McBride |first4=Dana |last4=Walrath |year=2010 |title=Cultural Anthropology: The human challenge |edition=13th |publisher=Cengage |isbn=978-0-495-81082-7}}
* {{cite book |author=Hinshaw, J. |year=2000 |title=Ethnobotanical and Archaeobotanical Relationships: A Yuman case study |place=Salinas |publisher=Coyote Press |pages=3–7, 38–45}}
* {{cite book |author=Hodder, I. |year=1982 |title=Symbols in Action |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
* {{cite book |author=Hodder, I. |year=1985 |chapter=Post-processual archaeology |editor=Schiffer, M. B. |title=Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory |place=New York |publisher=Academic Press}}
* {{cite book |editor=Hodder, I. |year=1987 |title=The Archaeology of Contextual Meaning |place=New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
* {{cite book |author=Hodder, I. |year=1990 |chapter=Style as historical quality |editor=Hastorf, M. |title=The Uses of Style in Archaeology |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
* {{cite journal |author=Hodder, I. |year=1991 |title=Interpretive Archaeology and Its Role |journal=American Antiquity |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=7–18 |jstor=280968 |s2cid=163936790 |publisher=Society for American Archaeology|doi=10.2307/280968 }}
* {{cite book |author=Hodder, I. |year=1992 |title=Theory and Practice in Archaeology |place=London, UK |publisher=Routledge}}
* {{Cite book|last=Kipfer|first=Barbara Ann|author-link=Barbara Ann Kipfer|title=Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology|year=2000|location=Boston|publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BDKqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PP7}}
* {{cite book |editor=Kuznar, L. |year=2001 |title=Ethnoarchaeology of Andean South America |place=Ann Arbor, MI |publisher=International Monographs in Prehistory}}
* {{cite book |author1=Miller, D. |author2=Tilley, C. |year=1984 |chapter=Ideology, power, and prehistory: An introduction |editor=Miller, D. |editor2=Tilley, C. |title=Ideology, Power, and Prehistory |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-25526-4 |oclc=241599209}}
* {{cite book |editor=Miller, D. |editor2=Rowlands, M. |editor3=Tilley, C. |year=1989 |title=Dominion and Resistance |place=New York, NY |publisher=Routledge}}
* {{cite journal |author=Ogundele, S. O. |year=2005 |title=Ethnoarchaeology of domestic space and spatial behaviour among the Tiv and Ungwai of central Nigeria |journal=African Archaeological Review |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=25–54 |doi=10.1007/s10437-005-3158-2 |s2cid=145452535}}
* {{cite journal |author=Pauketat, T. R. |author-link=Timothy Pauketat |year=2001 |title=Practice and History in Archaeology: An Emerging Paradigm |journal=Anthropological Theory |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=73–98 |doi=10.1177/14634990122228638 |doi-broken-date=11 July 2025}}
* {{cite book |author1=Renfrew, C. |author2=Bahn, P. G. |year=1991 |title=Archaeology: Theories, Methods, and Practice |place=London |publisher=Thames and Hudson Ltd. |isbn=978-0-500-27867-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/archaeologytheor00renf_0 }}
* {{cite journal |author1=Saraydar, S. C. |author2=Shimada, I. |year=1971 |title=A Quantitative Comparison of Efficiency Between A Stone Axe and A Steel Axe |journal=American Antiquity |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=216–217 |doi=10.2307/278680 |jstor=278680 |s2cid=163927190}}
* {{cite journal |author1=Saraydar, S. C. |author2=Shimada, I. |year=1973 |title=Experimental archaeology: A new outlook |journal=American Antiquity |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=344–350 |doi=10.2307/279722 |jstor=279722 |s2cid=163223665}}
* {{cite book |author=Sellet, F. |author2=Greaves, R. |author3=Yu, P.-L. |name-list-style=amp |year=2006 |title=Archaeology and Ethnoarchaeology of Mobility |place=Gainesville |publisher=University Press of Florida}}
* {{cite book |author1=Shanks, M. |author2=Tilley, C. |year=1987 |title=Reconstructing Archaeology |place=New York |publisher=Cambridge university Press}}
* {{cite book |author1=Shanks, M. |author2=Tilley, C. |year=1988 |title=Social Theory and Archaeology |place=Albuquerque |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |isbn=978-0-7456-0184-7}}
* {{cite journal |author=Shanks, M. |year=1991 |title=Some recent approaches to style and social reconstruction in classical archaeology |journal=Archaeological Review from Cambridge |volume=10 |pages=164–174}}
* {{cite journal |author=Shanks, M. |year=1993 |title=Style and the design of a perfume jar from an Archaic Greek city state |journal=Journal of European Archaeology |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=77–106 |doi=10.1179/096576693800731190}}
* {{cite journal |author1=Shott, M. J. |author2=Sillitoe, P. |year=2005 |title=Use life and curation in New Guinea experimental used flakes |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=653–663 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2004.11.012 |bibcode=2005JArSc..32..653S}}
* {{cite book |author1=Tassie, G. J. |author2=Owens, L. S. |year=2010 |title=Standards of Archaeological Excavations: A Fieldguide to the Methology, Recording Techniques and Conventions |place=London |publisher=GHP |isbn=978-1-906137-17-5}}
* {{cite book |author=Taylor, W. W. |year=1948 |title=A Study of Archaeology |place=Menasha |publisher=American Anthropological Association |isbn=978-0-906367-12-4}}
* {{cite book |editor=Tilley, Christopher |year=1993 |title=Interpretive Archaeology |place=Oxford |publisher=Berg |isbn=978-0-85496-842-8}}
* {{cite book |author=Trigger, B. G. |year=1989 |title=A History of Archaeological Thought |place=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
* {{cite book |author=Watters, M. R. |year=1992 |title=Principles of Geoarchaeology: A North American Perspective |place=Tucson |publisher=The University of Arizona Press}}
* {{cite journal |author=Watters, M. R. |year=2000 |title=Alluvial stratigraphy and geoarchaeology in the American Southwest |journal=Geoarchaeology |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=537–557 |doi=10.1002/1520-6548(200008)15:6<537::AID-GEA5>3.0.CO;2-E |bibcode=2000Gearc..15..537W}}
* {{cite book |author=Willey, G. R. |year=1953 |title=Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in the Virú Valley, Perú |place=Washington, D.C.}}
* {{cite book |author=Willey, G. |year=1968 |title=Settlement Archaeology |place=Palo Alto, CA |publisher=National Press}}
* {{cite book |author=Wylie, A. |year=1985 |chapter=The reaction against analogy |editor=Schiffer, Michael B. |title=Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory |place=Orlando, FL |pages=63–111 |publisher=Academic Press}}
* {{cite journal |author1=Yellen, J. |author2=Harpending, H. |year=1972 |title=Hunter-Gatherer Populations and Archaeological Inference |journal=World Archaeology |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=244–253 |doi=10.1080/00438243.1972.9979535 |pmid=16468220}}
* {{cite book |author=Yellen, J. |year=1977 |title=Archaeological Approaches to the Present |place=New York |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-770350-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/archaeologicalap00yell }}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Main|Bibliography of anthropology |Table of years in archaeology}}
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hodder |first1=Ian |last2=Shanks |first2=Michael |last3=Alexandri |first3=Alexandar |last4=Buchili |first4=Victor |last5=Carman |first5=John |last6=Last |first6=Jonathan |last7=Lucas |first7=Gavin |title=Interpreting Archaeology: Finding Meaning in the Past |date=2008 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |url=https://www.academia.edu/37558339 |access-date=18 June 2019 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816112849/https://www.academia.edu/37558339 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Olsen |first1=Bjørnar |last2=Shanks |first2=Michael |last3=Webmoor |first3=Timothy |last4=Witmore |first4=Christopher |title=Archaeology: The Discipline of Things |date=2012 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-0-520-95400-7 |url=https://www.academia.edu/36747616 |access-date=18 June 2019 |archive-date=17 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817064224/https://www.academia.edu/36747616 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rathje |first1=William |last2=Shanks |first2=Michael |last3=Witmore |first3=Christoper |title=Archaeology in the Making |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0-415-63480-9 |url=https://www.academia.edu/37112895 |access-date=18 June 2019 |archive-date=19 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819010429/https://www.academia.edu/37112895 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Shanks |first1=Michael |title=Experiencing the Past: On the Character of Archaeology |date=1992 |publisher=Routledge |location=London and New York |isbn=0-203-97363-1 |url=https://www.academia.edu/4016761 |access-date=18 June 2019 |archive-date=17 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817063907/https://www.academia.edu/4016761 |url-status=live}}
* [[Archaeology (magazine)|''Archaeology'']] (magazine)
* [[Lewis Binford]] – ''New Perspectives in Archaeology'' (1968) {{ISBN|0-202-33022-2}}
* [[Glyn Daniel]] – ''A Short History of Archaeology'' (1991)
* [[Kevin Greene (archaeologist)|Kevin Greene]] – ''Introduction to Archaeology'' (1983)
* Thomas Hester, Harry Shafer, and [[Kenneth L. Feder]] – ''Field Methods in Archaeology'' 7th edition (1997)
* [[Ian Hodder]] & Scott Hutson – "Reading the Past" 3rd. edition (2003)
* {{cite journal |author=Hutchings Rich, La Salle Marina |year=2014 |title=Teaching Anti-Colonial Archaeology |journal=Archaeologies |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=27–69 |doi=10.1007/s11759-014-9250-y |s2cid=154800430}}
* [[International Journal of South American Archaeology]] – IJSA (magazine)
* [[Internet Archaeology]], e-journal
* C. U. Larsen – ''Sites and Monuments'' (1992)
* Adrian Praetzellis – ''Death by Theory'', AltaMira Press (2000). {{ISBN|978-0-7425-0359-5}}
* [[Colin Renfrew]] & Paul Bahn – ''Archaeology: theories, methods and practice'', 2nd edition (1996)
* Smekalova, T. N.; Voss O.; & Smekalov S. L. (2008). "[[Magnetic survey (archaeology)|Magnetic Surveying in Archaeology]]. More than 10 years of using the Overhauser GSM-19 gradiometer". Wormianum.
* [[David Hurst Thomas]] – ''Archaeology'', 3rd. ed. (1998)
* Robert J. Sharer & Wendy Ashmore – ''Archaeology: Discovering our Past'' 2nd edition (1993)
* [[Bruce Trigger]] – "A History of Archaeological Thought" 2nd. edition (2007)
* [[Alison Wylie]] – ''Thinking From Things: Essays in the Philosophy of Archaeology'', [[University of California Press]], Berkeley CA, 2002
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Library resources box}}
* {{wikisource-inline|Portal:Archaeology|Archaeology}}
{{Commons category|Archaeology}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wikibooks}}
{{Wikivoyage|Archaeological sites}}
* [http://www.fastionline.org/ Fasti Online] – an online database of archaeological sites
* [http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/ The Archaeology Data Service – Open access online archive for UK and global archaeology]
* [http://www.archaeology.ws/worldarchnews.html World Archaeology News – weekly update from BBC Radio archaeologist, Win Scutt]
* [http://www.archaeologychannel.org/ The Archaeology Channel]

{{Archaeology}}
{{Cultural Conservation-Restoration}}
{{Humanities}}
{{Social sciences}}
{{Portal bar|History}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Archaeology| ]]
[[Category:Anthropology]]
[[Category:Fields of history]]

Siraj-ud-Din Ali Khan Arzu

2026-02-13T02:06:37Z

Ramesh: Made a bio w/ infobox...

{{short description|Mughal Indian Urdu language poet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
'''Siraj-ud-Din Ali Khan''' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|سراج الدین علی خاں آرزو}}}}) (1687-1756), also known by his [[pen-name]] '''Arzu''', was a [[Delhi]]-based poet, linguist and [[lexicographer]] of the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref name="BrajYamuna2008">{{cite book | author1=Braj B. Kachru | author2=Yamuna Kachru | author3=S. N. Sridhar | title=Language in South Asia | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=89aPZJ3qCD4C&pg=PA106 | date=27 March 2008 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-78141-1 | page=106}}</ref> He used to write mainly in [[Persian language|Persian]], but he also wrote 127 couplets in [[Urdu]]. He was the maternal-uncle of [[Mir Taqi Mir]]. He taught Mir Taqi Mir, [[Mirza Muhammad Rafi Sauda]], [[Mirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janaan]] and Najm-ud-Din [[Shah Mubarak Abroo]] who also composed [[Persian literature]].

Arzu was born in [[Agra]]. He was the son of Sheikh Hisam-ud-Din, a soldier who held many high offices in the court of the Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]]. He was highly proficient in [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]], the two languages which he learned as a child. He also learned [[Urdu]] and [[Sanskrit]].<ref name="Abida2007">{{cite book | author=Abida Samiuddin | title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Urdu Literature | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-otQriwQ9z4C&pg=PA75 | year=2007 | publisher=Global Vision Publishing Ho | isbn=978-81-8220-191-0 | page=75}}</ref>

Arzu started writing at the age of fourteen, and came to Delhi in 1719. He was introduced to Nawab [[Qamar-ud-din Khan, Asif Jah I|Qamar-ud-din Khan]] by Anand Ram 'Mukhlis'. Qamar-ud-Din, who was the prime minister at that time, gave him a suitable job. Arzu used to hold ''[[mushaira]]''s at his home, and attracted many disciples including [[Mir Taqi Mir]]. In 1751, he wrote an Urdu-Persian dictionary called the Navadirul Alfaz.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1eANAAAAYAAJ&q=Navadirul+Alfaz |title= Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft:Volume 119 |date=1969|author= Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft |page=267 }}</ref> He migrated to [[Lucknow]] in 1754, and subsequently to [[Ayodhya]], which was once the residence of his great-grandfather. He died in Lucknow in 1756, and was buried in the Vakilpura area of Delhi.<ref name="Abida2007"/>

==Influence==
Khan-i Arzu is the first scholar to suggest that the Sanskrit belongs to the Indo-European language family tree, in his Persian-language philological treatise ''Muzmir'' ("Fruitful").<ref name="Truschke2025_p19">{{cite book | author=Truschke, Audrey | date= 2025 | title=India: 5,000 Years of History on the Subcontinent | publisher=Princeton University Press | location=Princeton | page=19 | isbn= 978-0691221229 }}</ref><ref name="Musmir">{{cite journal |last=Ahmad |first=Saifuddin |title=Crafting an Imaginative Style: Sirajuddin Ali Khan-i Arzu and the Development of Linguistics and Philology in the Eighteenth Century |journal=Urdu Studies |volume=4 |year=2022 |url=https://www.academia.edu/97905312/Crafting_an_Imaginative_Style_Sirajuddin_Ali_Khan_i_Arzu_and_the_Development_of_Linguistics_and_Philology_in_the_Eighteenth_Century |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref>

== Literary works ==

Arzu's works include:<ref name="Abida2007"/>

* ''Siraj-ul-Lughat'' (a lexicon of Persian which also discusses the relationship between Persian and [[Sanskrit]])
* ''Chiragh-e-Hidayat'' (a glossary of words and idioms used by the Persian poets)
* ''Nawadir-ul-Alfaz'' (a glossary of Indic words)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dudney |first=Arthur |title=Ārzū, Nawādir al-Alfāẓ |url=http://perso-indica.net/work/nawadir_al-alfaz |access-date=11 April 2022 |website=Perso-Indica}}</ref>
* Several [[ghazal]]s and [[qasida]]s
* ''Diwan-e-Asar Shirazi''
* ''Mohibbat-e-Uzma'' (a treatise on [[prosody (linguistics)|prosody]])
* ''Atiya-e-Kubra'' (another work on prosody)
* ''Miyar-ul-Afkar'' (a treatise on grammar)
* ''Payam-i-Shauq'' (a collection of letters),
* ''Josh-o-Kharosh'' ([[masnavi]])
* ''Mehr-o-Mah''
* ''Ibrat Fasana''
* ''Gulzar-i Khayal'' (a long poem on [[Holi]] and the coming of the spring)
* ''Muzmir'' ("Fruitful" in Arabic, a treatise on philology and linguistics)<ref name="Musmir"/><ref name="Dudney-pg56">Dudney (2022), [https://www.google.com/books/edition/India_in_the_Persian_World_of_Letters/lJtlEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1 pg 56].</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Persian language in South Asia]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading==
* {{Cite book |last=Dudney |first=Arthur |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/India_in_the_Persian_World_of_Letters/lJtlEAAAQBAJ?hl=en |title=India in the Persian World of Letters: Ḳhān-I Ārzū Among the Eighteenth-Century Philologists |date=2022 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-285741-5 |edition= |series=Oxford oriental monographs |location=Oxford, United Kingdom |oclc=on1284981359 |url-access=}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arzu, Siraj-ud-Din Ali Khan}}

[[Category:1687 births]]
[[Category:1756 deaths]]
[[Category:Poets from the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Writers from Agra]]
[[Category:18th-century Persian-language writers]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian lexicographers]]
[[Category:17th-century Urdu-language writers]]
[[Category:18th-century Urdu-language writers]]

[[Category:18th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:18th-century lexicographers]]
[[Category:Urdu-language poets from the Mughal Empire]]

Pranava Prakash

2026-02-10T02:30:29Z

Ramesh: small changes

{{short description|Indian artist working in neopop style (born 1979)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Pranava Prakash
| image = Pranava Prakash Indian Artist.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Pranava Prakash in Gallery
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1979|2|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Patna]], Bihar, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| known_for = [[pop art]], [[installation art]], painting
| training = [[NMCH,Patna]], [[Institute of Management Technology, Ghaziabad]]
| movement = Socio Pop Art
| notable_works = ''[[The Goddess of Fifteen Minutes of Fame]]'', ''[[Your Turn]]'', ''Chal Hat Be Bihari''
| patrons =
| awards = Obra De Art Annual Medal,2009
}}

'''Pranava Prakash''' ({{langx|hi|प्रणव प्रकाश}}; born in [[Patna]] in 1979) is an Indian artist working in neopop style.<ref name="yuvi">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Cricket/CricketNews/Story-of-Yuvraj-s-fight-against-cancer-on-canvas/Article1-857086.aspx|title=Story of Yuvraj's fight against cancer on canvas|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602215411/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Cricket/CricketNews/Story-of-Yuvraj-s-fight-against-cancer-on-canvas/Article1-857086.aspx|archivedate=2 June 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He is known for helping to create the "tuchchart" style with a group of Delhi artists, which he debuted in a 2007 show in Delhi entitled "Tuchchart".{{citation needed|date=November 2012}}Prakash is also known for drawing inspiration for his works from various sociopolitical issues such as [[xenophobia]], frequently depicting various persons in the nude.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hate canvas|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/hate-canvas/420671/|accessdate=29 November 2012|newspaper=Indian Express|date=8 February 2009|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123105840/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/hate-canvas/420671/|archivedate=23 January 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Background==
Prakash was born in [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], [[India]] in 1979 and attended the [[Institute of Management Technology, Ghaziabad]] and [[Nalanda Medical College]] in [[Patna]], where he graduated with an MBA and a MBBS.<ref name=mfh>{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2009/aug/170809-Dr-Pravana-Prakash-artist-MF-Hussain-exhibition-message-Delhi-news.htm|title=MF Hussain's art disrespects women. : Dr Pravana Prakash|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090820164119/http://www.mid-day.com/news/2009/aug/170809-Dr-Pravana-Prakash-artist-MF-Hussain-exhibition-message-Delhi-news.htm|archivedate=20 August 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Controversies==
Prakash has received controversy over some of his works,<ref>{{cite web|title=Yana loves her pantyless painting|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/Yana-loves-her-pantyless-painting/Article1-723335.aspx|publisher=Hindustan Times|accessdate=29 November 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022094830/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/Yana-loves-her-pantyless-painting/Article1-723335.aspx|archivedate=22 October 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> with some of the galleries featuring his paintings being vandalized and Prakash himself being assaulted over the depiction of nude celebrities.<ref>{{cite news|title=Artist thrashed in Noida over nude paintings|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-30/noida/31005373_1_nude-paintings-controversial-painting-art-gallery|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103112323/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-30/noida/31005373_1_nude-paintings-controversial-painting-art-gallery|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|accessdate=29 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 January 2012}}</ref> Other paintings that have received controversy include his ''Your Turn'' painting, which depicted Indian painter [[M.F. Husain]] in the nude.<ref name="HT1">{{cite news|last=Sawhney|first=Aakriti|title=When art gets attacked|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Lifestyle/ArtAndCulture/When-art-gets-attacked/Article1-793686.aspx|accessdate=29 November 2012|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=9 January 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203083624/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Lifestyle/ArtAndCulture/When-art-gets-attacked/Article1-793686.aspx|archivedate=3 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Prakash stated that he had been inspired to paint the picture due to the reactions of several female painters over Husain's "depiction of the fairer sex in uncompromising positions".<ref>{{cite web|last=Kapoor|first=Vaishali|title=What Goes Around Comes Around: the tale of a painter|url=http://www.memsaab.com/2009/08/17/what-goes-around-comes-around-tale-painter|publisher=MemSaab|accessdate=29 November 2012|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723094809/http://www.memsaab.com/2009/08/17/what-goes-around-comes-around-tale-painter|archivedate=23 July 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He had attempted to submit the painting for showings and was repeatedly rejected until its appearance in the [[All India Fine Arts and Crafts Society|AIFACS]] gallery in New Delhi.<ref name="HT1" />

His painting ''Goddess of Fifteen Minutes of fame'' also received criticism for depicted [[Arundhati Roy]], [[Osama bin Laden]], and Chairman [[Mao Zedong]] in the nude.<ref>{{cite news|title=लादेन और माओ के साथ अरुंधती रॉय की न्यूड पेंटिंग|url=http://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/7617134.cms|publisher=Navbharat Times|accessdate=29 November 2012|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830181039/http://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/7617134.cms|archivedate=30 August 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Opinions on the work differed, with some seeing the work as creative expression while the painting prompted the Lalit Kala Academy to cancel a scheduled showing with him.<ref>{{cite web|title=Delhi artist paints Arundhati in the nude|url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2011/mar/030311-news-delhi-Arundhati-Roy-artist-paints-nude-painting-with-Osama.htm|publisher=Mid-Day|accessdate=29 November 2012|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127131156/http://www.mid-day.com/news/2011/mar/030311-news-delhi-Arundhati-Roy-artist-paints-nude-painting-with-Osama.htm|archivedate=27 November 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The decision was protested by the group Socio Pop, who burnt a paint brush and stated they would abstain from painting until Prakash's work was shown.<ref>{{cite web|title=In the end, it was a no show|url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2011/mar/280311-news-delhi-Lalit-Kala-Akademi-cancels-exhibition-Arundhati-Roy-in-the-nude.htm|publisher=Mid-Day|accessdate=29 November 2012|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926132210/http://www.mid-day.com/news/2011/mar/280311-news-delhi-Lalit-Kala-Akademi-cancels-exhibition-Arundhati-Roy-in-the-nude.htm|archivedate=26 September 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==RadhaMohan Award==
Prakash got annual award for 2013 in painting category, instated by the government of [[Bihar]] at [[Patna]] by Chief Minister [[Nitish Kumar]]. The citation mentioned his contribution of ‘''Your Turning''’ and ‘''Goddess of Fifteen Minutes of fame''’ which raised debate.<ref>{{cite news|title=Govt to prepare cultural road map, Nitish Kumar says|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-26/patna/39537771_1_art-and-culture-state-art-chakravarti-devi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218173352/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-26/patna/39537771_1_art-and-culture-state-art-chakravarti-devi|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 December 2013|accessdate=11 September 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 May 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
*Sanjay Singh "Pop art directions in India", Delhi, Artworks Press, Jan 2008 p. 117
*Shashi Shwetima "Tucchart: A new wave" Delhi, Zennit Press, Nov. 2007 p. 15
*Anil Sinha "New Millenium : New Art" Kolkata, Reco art India, March 2008 p. 48

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120615194811/http://www.pranavaprakash.in/ Official website]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prakash, Pranava}}
[[Category:Indian contemporary painters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Artists from Patna]]
[[Category:Magadh University alumni]]
[[Category:Institute of Management Technology, Ghaziabad alumni]]
[[Category:Painters from Bihar]]

Veerapunayunipalle mandal

2026-01-22T16:45:53Z

Ramesh: Made the details initial version...

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Veerapunayunipalle
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[YSR Kadapa district|YSR Kadapa]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 294
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 32910
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 112
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 516321
| registration_plate = AP
| website =
| population_urban = 0
| population_rural = 32,910
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
}}

'''Veerapunayuni Palli''' is a [[mandal]] in [[YSR Kadapa district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in the [[Pulivendula revenue division]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Revenue Divisions and Mandals|url=http://kadapa.nic.in/govtlands.htm |website=Official website of YSR Kadapa District|publisher=National Informatics Centre- Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=23 May 2015}}</ref> It consists of 19 revenue villages and 20 gram panchayats.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://core.ap.gov.in/cmdashboard/Download/Publications/DHB/Y.S.R%20-%202018.pdf |title=HAND BOOK OF STATISTICS Y.S.R. DISTRICT 2018 |publisher=Chief Planning Officer Y.S.R. DISTRICT |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519134639/https://core.ap.gov.in/cmdashboard/Download/Publications/DHB/Y.S.R%20-%202018.pdf |archive-date=2023-05-19 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As per the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Veerapunayunipalle mandal has a population of 32,910 with 8,479 households. The population is entirely rural. It has a literacy rate of 64.35%, with male literacy at 76.28% and female literacy at 52.52%.<ref name=":0" />

Scheduled Castes (SC) make up 17.58% of the population while Scheduled Tribes (ST) are 0.7% of the population.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references/>

{{Kadapa-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Mandals in Kadapa district]]

Culture of Kerala

2026-01-20T23:13:16Z

Ramesh: Structure improved and content revised

{{Short description|Culture and traditions of Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
[[File:India-KERALA.svg|thumb|Location of Kerala in India]]
[[File:Nileshwar 22.jpg|thumbnail|Temple Procession in [[Kanhangad]]]]

The '''culture of Kerala''' has developed over the past millennia, with influences from other parts of India and abroad.<ref>{{Cite book|first=A. Sreedhara |last=Menon|year=1978|title=Cultural Heritage of Kerala: an introduction|publisher=East-West Publications}}</ref><ref name="Orpa Slapak">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qhKGPprbQaYC&q=two+millennia|title=The Jews of India: A Story of Three Communities|first=Orpa |last=Slapak|publisher=[[The Israel Museum]]|location=Jerusalem|year=2003|page=27|isbn=965-278-179-7}}.</ref> It is defined by its antiquity and the organic continuity sustained by the [[Malayali people]].<ref name="Bhagyalekshmy_2004_7">{{Harv|Bhagyalekshmy|2004|p=7}}.</ref> Modern Kerala society took shape owing to migrations from different parts of India and abroad throughout [[Classical Antiquity]].<ref name="Orpa Slapak"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Nayar|first=Balachandran|year=1974|title=In quest of Kerala}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Bardwell|year=1976|title=Religion and social conflict in South Asia|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]}}</ref>

Kerala traces its non-prehistoric cultural genesis to its membership (around the AD 3rd century) in a vaguely defined historical region known as ''Thamizhagom'' – a land defined by a common [[:Category:Tamil culture|Tamil culture]] and encompassing the Chera, Chola, and Pandya kingdoms. At that time, the music, dance, language (first ''Dravida Bhasha'' – "Dravidian language (possibly Proto-Tamil)"<ref name="Bhagyalekshmy_2004_6">{{Harv|Bhagyalekshmy|2004|p=6}}.</ref> – then Tamil), and ''[[Sangam literature|Sangam]]'' (a vast corpus of Tamil literature composed between 1,500&ndash;2,000 years ago) found in Kerala were all similar to that found in the rest of ''Thamizhagom'' (today's Tamil Nadu). The culture of Kerala evolved through the [[Sanskritization]] of Dravidian ethos, [[Christian revival|revivalism]] of religious movements and [[History of the Indian caste system#Reform movements|reform movements]] against [[caste system|caste discrimination]].<ref>Srinivas, Narasimhachar (1980) India: social structure. {{ISBN|0-878-55415-7}}</ref><ref>Filippo Osella, Caroline Osella (2000) Social mobility in Kerala: modernity and identity in conflict. Pluto Press</ref><ref>University of Kerala. Dept. of History, University of Allahabad. Dept. of Modern Indian History, University of Travancore (1966) Journal of Indian history: Volume 44</ref>

Strong communitarian values, [[wit]], and an appreciation for social progressivism are commonly associated with [[Malayalis|Malayali]] culture.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Menon|first=Geeta |title= Why Kerala Means Strong Women, Intermingling Cultures and Education |website=[[NYU Stern]] |url=https://www.stern.nyu.edu/experience-stern/faculty-research/geeta-menon-kerala-strong-women |access-date=2024-04-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Törnquist |first=Olle |date=2001 |title=Movement, Politics and Development: The Case of Kerala |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3518227 |journal=Social Scientist |volume=29 |issue=11/12 |pages=57–87 |doi=10.2307/3518227 |jstor=3518227 |issn=0970-0293|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mattumannil |first=Shahul Hameed |date=2024-12-31 |title=The left approach to social diversity: How the Communist Party interacted with Kerala's social landscape? |journal=Cogent Social Sciences |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |article-number=2292840 |doi=10.1080/23311886.2023.2292840 |issn=2331-1886|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Vipin |date=April 2008 |title=Politics of laughter: An introduction to the 1990s' Malayalam popular comic film |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14746680701878513 |journal=South Asian Popular Culture |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=13–28 |doi=10.1080/14746680701878513 |issn=1474-6689|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Raja |first=K. Kunjunni |date=1974 |title=Renaissance in Malayalam Writing |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23329869 |journal=Indian Literature |volume=17 |issue=1/2 |pages=166–171 |jstor=23329869 |issn=0019-5804}}</ref>

== Performing arts ==
[[File:Thirayattam -( Bagavathi vellattu ).JPG|thumb|Thirayattam -( Bagavathi vellattu )]]
{{main|Arts of Kerala}}
Native traditions of classical performing arts include ''[[koodiyattom]]'', a form of [[Sanskrit]] drama or theatre and a [[UNESCO]]-designated Human Heritage Art. Kathakali (from ''katerumbu'' ("story") and ''kali'' ("performance")) is a 500-year-old form of dance-drama that interprets ancient epics; a popularized offshoot of ''kathakali'' is ''[[Kerala Natanam]]'' (developed in the 20th century by dancer [[Guru Gopinath]]). Meanwhile, ''[[koothu]]'' is a more light-hearted performance mode, akin to modern comedy; an ancient art originally confined to temple sanctuaries, it was later popularized by [[Mani Madhava Chakyar]]. Other Keralite performing arts include ''[[mohiniyaattam]]'' ("dance of the enchantress"), which is a type of graceful choreographed dance performed by women and accompanied by musical vocalizations. ''[[Ottamthullal|Thullal]]'', ''[[Thirayattam]]'', ''[[padayani]]'', and ''[[theyyam]]'' are other important Keralite performing arts. [[Thirayattam]] is one of the most outstanding Ethnic art of [[Kerala]]. This vibrant ritualistic annual performing art form enacted in courtyards of "Kaavukal"(sacred groves) and village shrine.<ref>"Thirayattam",(Folklore Text -malayalam, Moorkkanad Peethambaran) State Institute of language, Kerala {{ISBN|978-81-200-4294-0}}</ref>

Kerala also has several tribal and folk art forms. For example, [[Kummattikali]], the colorful mask-dance of South Malabar, is performed during the festival of Onam. The [[Kannyar Kali]] dances (also known as Desathukali) are fast-moving, militant dances attuned to rhythmic devotional folk songs and asuravadyas. Other performance genres have ties to Christianity or [[Islam]]. These include ''[[oppana]]'', which is widely popular among Keralite Muslims and is native to Malabar. ''[[Oppana]]'' incorporates group dance accompanied by the beat of rhythmic hand-clapping and ''Vishal'' vocalizations.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} [[Margam Kali]] is a round group dance of Kerala practiced by [[Saint Thomas Christians]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2009-06-08 |title=Margam Kali – History, Text, Lyrics, Theme, Early Reference and Modern Developments |url=http://www.nasrani.net/2009/05/04/margam-kali-history-theme-early-reference-and-modern-developments/ |access-date=2017-02-22 |website=Nasrani.net}}</ref>

However, many of these native art forms largely play to tourists or at youth festivals and are not as popular among ordinary Keralites. Thus, more contemporary forms – including those heavily based on the use of often risqué and [[political correctness|politically incorrect]] [[mimicry]] and parody – have gained considerable mass appeal in recent years.{{citation needed|date=March 2011}} Indeed, contemporary artists often use such modes to mock socioeconomic elites. In recent decades, [[Malayalam Cinema]], yet another mode of widely popular artistic expression, have provided a distinct and indigenous Keralite alternative to both [[Bollywood]] and [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

=== Music ===
{{main|Music of Kerala}}
The ''[[raga]]s'' and ''[[Tala (music)|tala]]s'' of lyrical and devotional [[Carnatic music]] – another native product of South India – dominates Keralite classical musical genres. [[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma]], a 19th-century king of Travancore and patron and composer of music, was instrumental in popularising carnatic music in early Kerala.<ref name="Bhagyalekshmy_2004d_29">{{Harv|Bhagyalekshmy|2004d|p=29}}.</ref><ref name="Bhagyalekshmy_2004d_32">{{Harv|Bhagyalekshmy|2004d|p=32}}.</ref> Additionally, Kerala has its own native music system, ''sopanam'', which is a lugubrious and step-by-step rendition of raga-based songs. It is ''[[Sopanam]]'', for example, that provides the background music used in ''[[Kathakali]]''. The wider [[Music of Kerala|traditional music of Kerala]] also includes ''[[melam]]'' (including the ''paandi'' and ''panchari'' variants), as style of [[Percussion instrument|percussive]] music performed at [[mandir|temple]]-centered festivals using an instrument known as the ''[[chenda]]''. Up to 150 musicians may comprise the ensembles staging a given performance; each performance, in turn, may last up to four hours. ''[[Panchavadyam]]'' is a differing type of percussion ensemble consisting of five types of percussion instruments; these can be used by up to one hundred artists in certain major festivals. In addition to these, percussive music is also associated with various uniquely Keralite folk arts forms. Lastly, the [[popular music]] of Kerala, as in the rest of India, is dominated by the ''[[filmi]]'' music of [[Indian cinema]].
The most remembered name in Kerala music culture is of Great Indian musician [[K. J. Yesudas]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

== Literature ==
{{main|Malayalam literature}}
[[File:Malayala lipi.svg|thumbnail|The word ''Malayāḷalipi'' (Meaning: Malayalam script) written in the [[Malayalam script]]]]
[[File:THUNCHAN MEMORIAL.jpg|thumbnail|left|300px|The [[Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University]] is situated at [[Thunchan Parambu]], [[Tirur]], [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]]]
[[File:Malayalam Wikipedia Mobile.png|thumb|[[Malayalam]] in mobile phone]]
The [[Sangam literature]] can be considered as the ancient predecessor of [[Malayalam]].<ref name="clt.1"/> [[Malayalam literature]] is ancient in origin, and includes such figures as the 14th century [[Niranam poets]] (Madhava Panikkar, Sankara Panikkar and Rama Panikkar), whose works mark the dawn of both modern Malayalam language and indigenous Keralite poetry. Some linguists claim that an inscription found from [[Edakkal Caves]], [[Wayanad]], which belongs to 3rd century CE (approximately 1,800 years old), is the oldest available inscription in Malayalam, as they contain two modern Malayalam words, ''Ee'' (This) and ''Pazhama'' (Old), those are not found even in the [[Old Tamil|Oldest form of Tamil]]. [[Sangam literature|Sangam works]] can be considered as the ancient predecessor of Malayalam.<ref name="clt.1" /> The origin of [[Malayalam calendar]] dates back to year 825 CE.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b5f_93.pdf |title=Kollam Era |publisher=Indian Journal History of Science |access-date=30 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527163650/http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b5f_93.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Time measurement and calendar construction|author=Broughton Richmond|year=1956|pages=218|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUlmAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Kerala|author=R. Leela Devi|publisher=Vidyarthi Mithram Press & Book Depot|year=1986|pages=408|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pXpuAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> It is generally agreed that the [[Quilon Syrian copper plates]] of 849/850 CE is the available oldest inscription written in [[Old Malayalam]]. For the first 600 years of [[Kollam Era|Malayalam calendar]], the literature mainly consisted of the oral [[Ballad]]s such as ''[[Vadakkan Pattukal]]'' (Northern Songs) in [[North Malabar]] and ''Thekkan Pattukal'' (Southern songs) in [[Southern Division (Travancore)|Southern Travancore]].<ref name="clt.1">{{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus – 2019|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode|page=453|id={{ASIN|8182676444|country=in}}|edition=Malayalam}}</ref> The earliest known literary works in Malayalam are ''[[Malayalam|Ramacharitam]]'' and ''[[Thirunizhalmala]]'', two [[epic poem]]s written in [[Old Malayalam]]. [[Malayalam literature]] has been presented with 6 [[Jnanpith Award|Jnanapith awards]], the second-most for any Dravidian language and the third-highest for any Indian language.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jnanpith given to Akkitham|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/jnanpith-given-to-akkitham/article32685581.ece|last=Naha|first=Abdul Latheef|date=24 September 2020|access-date=12 June 2021|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Celebrated Malayalam poet Akkitham wins 2019 Jnanpith Award|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/celebrated-malayalam-poet-akkitham-wins-2019-jnanpith-award-119112900926_1.html|last=ANI|date=29 November 2019|access-date=12 June 2021|work=Business Standard}}</ref>

Designated a "[[Classical Language in India]]" in 2013,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/classical-status-for-malayalam/article4744630.ece |title='Classical' status for Malayalam |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 May 2013 |access-date=25 May 2013 |location=Thiruvananthapuram, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927134256/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/classical-status-for-malayalam/article4744630.ece |archive-date=27 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> it developed into the current form mainly by the influence of the poets [[Cherusseri Namboothiri]] (Born near [[Kannur]]),<ref name="Cherussery (Krishnagadha) Malayalam author books">{{Cite web |url=http://keralaliterature.com/old/author.php?authid=1473 |title=Cherussery (Krishnagadha) Malayalam author books |website=keralaliterature.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407052549/http://keralaliterature.com/old/author.php%3Fauthid%3D1473 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="mlm"/> [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan]] (Born near [[Tirur]]),<ref name="mlm"/> and [[Poonthanam Nambudiri]] (Born near [[Perinthalmanna]]),<ref name="mlm"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/the-charms-of-poonthanam-illam/article25308319.ece/ |title=The Charms of Poonthanam Illam |last=Arun Narayanan |date=25 October 2018 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> in the 15th and the 16th centuries of Common Era.<ref name="mlm">{{cite book |title=A Short History of Malayalam Literature |author=Dr. K. Ayyappa Panicker |url=https://archive.org/details/ASHORTHISTORYOFMALAYALAMLITERATURE |year=2006 |location=Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=Department of Information and Public Relations, Kerala}}</ref><ref>Freeman, Rich (2003). "Genre and Society: The Literary Culture of Premodern Kerala". In Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia</ref> [[Kunchan Nambiar]], a [[Palakkad]]-based poet also significantly influenced the growth of modern Malayalam literature in its early form, through a new literary branch called ''Thullal''.<ref name="mlm"/> The prose literature, criticism, and [[Malayalam journalism]], began following the latter half of 18th century CE. The first travelogue in any Indian language is the Malayalam ''[[Varthamanappusthakam]]'', written by [[Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar]] in 1785.<ref>{{cite book |last=Menon |first=A. Sreedhara |title=The legacy of Kerala |year=2008 |publisher=D C Books |location=Kottayam, Kerala |isbn=978-81-264-2157-2 |edition=1st DCB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://nasrani.net/2010/08/23/the-varthamanappusthakam-cathanar-paremmakkal/ |title=August 23, 2010 Archives |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427073541/http://nasrani.net/2010/08/23/the-varthamanappusthakam-cathanar-paremmakkal/ |archive-date=27 April 2013}}</ref>

The [[Bharathappuzha]] river, also known as [[Ponnani|River Ponnani]], and its tributaries, have played a major role in the development of modern Malayalam Literature.<ref name="mlm"/>{{Vague|reason=This does not make sense without further expansion.|date=December 2024}} The words used in many of the [[Arabi Malayalam]] works those date back to 16th–17th centuries of [[Common Era]] are also very closer to the modern Malayalam language.<ref name="mlm" /><ref name="Deccan Chronicle">{{Cite web|date=15 October 2017|title=New university centre for Arabi Malayalam|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/151017/new-university-centre-for-arabi-malayalam.html|access-date=20 October 2020|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref> [[Unnayi Variyar]] of 17th–18th centuries, based at [[Thrissur]], played a major role in the development of ''Attakkatha'' Literature.<ref name="mlm" /> The words used in many of the [[Arabi Malayalam]] works those date back to 16th–17th centuries of [[Common Era]] are also very closer to the modern Malayalam language.<ref name="mlm" /><ref name="Deccan Chronicle"/> The [[Triumvirate poets of modern malayalam|Triumvirate of poets]] (''Kavithrayam'': [[Kumaran Asan]], [[Vallathol Narayana Menon]] and [[Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer]]) are recognized for moving keralian poetry away from archaic [[sophistry]] and [[metaphysics]] and towards a more [[lyrics|lyrical]] mode. The modern Malayalam grammar is based on the book ''[[Kerala Panineeyam]]'' written by [[A. R. Raja Raja Varma]] in late 19th century CE.<ref name="clt">{{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus – 2019|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode|pages=454|id={{ASIN|8182676444|country=in}}|edition=Malayalam}}</ref>

In the second half of the 20th century, [[Jnanpith]] winning poets and writers like [[G. Sankara Kurup]], [[S. K. Pottekkatt]], [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]], [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]], [[O. N. V. Kurup]], and [[Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri]], had made valuable contributions to the modern Malayalam literature.<ref name="google25">{{cite book |author=Subodh Kapoor |title=The Indian Encyclopaedia: Biographical, Historical, Religious, Administrative, Ethnological, Commercial and Scientific. Mahi-Mewat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mc6C5dVHbGAC&pg=PA4542 |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=2002 |publisher=Cosmo |isbn=978-8177552720 |page=4542}}</ref><ref name="Accessions List, South Asia">{{cite book |title=Accessions List, South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lPcoAQAAIAAJ |access-date=18 November 2012 |year= 1994 |publisher=E.G. Smith for the U.S. Library of Congress Office, New Delhi |page=21}}</ref><ref name="Indian Writing Today">{{cite book |title=Indian Writing Today |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1wUtAQAAIAAJ |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=1967 |publisher=Nirmala Sadanand Publishers |page=21}}</ref><ref name="DattaAkademi1987">{{cite book |author1=Amaresh Datta |author2=Sahitya Akademi |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: K to Navalram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QaIRAQAAMAAJ |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=1987 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |page=2394|isbn=978-0836424232 }}</ref><ref name="Malayalam Literary Survey">{{cite book |title=Malayalam Literary Survey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k5JkAAAAMAAJ |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=1993 |publisher=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |page=19}}</ref> Later, writers like [[O. V. Vijayan]], [[Kamaladas]], [[M. Mukundan]], [[Arundhati Roy]], and [[Vaikom Muhammed Basheer]], have gained international recognition.<ref name="MukundanPillai2004">{{cite book |author1=Eṃ Mukundan |author2=C. Gopinathan Pillai |title=Eng Adityan Radha And Others |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1N5QcHakKdoC&pg=PP3 |access-date=18 November 2012 |year= 2004 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-8126018833 |page=3}}</ref><ref name="Maheshwari2002">{{cite book |author=Ed. Vinod Kumar Maheshwari |title=Perspectives on Indian English Literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JcY2-ldWIKsC&pg=PA126 |access-date=18 November 2012 |year= 2002 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-8126900930 |page=126}}</ref><ref name="Chaudhuri2008">{{cite book |author=Amit Chaudhuri |title=Clearing a Space: Reflections on India, Literature, and Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQeN2PoAx2IC&pg=PA44 |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=2008 |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-1906165017 |pages=44–45}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Indian's First Novel Wins Booker Prize in Britain |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=15 October 1997 |access-date=11 November 2007 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A01E6DD173FF936A25753C1A961958260 |first=Sarah |last=Lyall}}</ref> Poets like [[Changampuzha]], [[Uroob]], [[Edasseri Govindan Nair]], [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]], [[Kamala Surayya]], [[Pallathu Raman]], and [[Edappally Raghavan Pillai]] also contributed to bring [[Malayalam]] poetry to the common man. Later, such contemporary writers as [[Booker Prize]] winner [[Arundhati Roy]] (whose 1996 semi-autobiographical bestseller ''[[The God of Small Things]]'' is set in the [[Kottayam]] town of Ayemenem) have garnered international recognition. From 1970 to early 1990s, a lot of Malayalam Novelists and story writers contributed to the Literature of Kerala. The contributions from [[Thakazhi Sivashankara Pillai]],
Vaikom Muhammed Basheer [[P. Kesavadev]], [[Uroob]], [[OV Vijayan]], [[Thinakkal Padmanabhan|T Padmanabhan]], [[Sethu (writer)|Sethu]], [[Perumbadavam Sreedharan]], [[Kovilan]], [[M. Mukundan]], [[Kakkanadan]], [[Anand (writer)|Anand]] and [[Paul Zacharia]],  have been remarkable. Significant contributions from poets and songwriters such as [[Vayalar Rama Varma]], [[P. Bhaskaran]] and [[ONV Kurup]] have influenced contemporary literature. Critics such as [[Kuttikrishna Marar]] and [[M.P. Paul]] till the sixties and later, [[Prof. M. Krishnan Nair|M Krishnan Nair]], [[S. Gupthan Nair]], [[M. K. Sanu]], [[Sukumar Azhikode]], [[K.P. Appan]], [[Narendra Prasad]] and [[M. Leelavathy]]  have added value by providing critical analysis of the books written during the recent past. The writers like [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]] have contributed much to Malayalam drama.<ref name="clt.1"/> Contemporary [[Malayalam literature]] deals with social, political, and economic life context. The tendency of the modern poetry is often towards [[political radicalism]].<ref name="cnt">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/556016/South-Asian-arts/65212/Tamil#toc65213|title=South Asian arts|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=15 September 2017}}</ref>

[[Arabi Malayalam]] (also called Mappila Malayalam<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kottaparamban|first=Musadhique|date=1 October 2019|title=Sea, community and language: a study on the origin and development of Arabi- Malayalam language of mappila muslims of Malabar|url=https://mjsshonline.com/index.php/journal/article/view/97|journal=Muallim Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities|language=en|pages=406–416|doi=10.33306/mjssh/31|issn=2590-3691|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kuzhiyan|first=Muneer Aram|title=Poetics of Piety Devoting and Self Fashioning in the Mappila Literary Culture of South India|work=University |date=24 July 2015 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/213506|publisher=The English and Foreign Languages University, Hyderabad|hdl=10603/213506}}</ref> and Moplah Malayalam) was the traditional [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kottaparamban|first=Musadhique|title=Sea, Community and Language: A Study on the Origin and Development of Arabi- Malayalam Language of Mappila Muslims of Malabar|date=2 October 2019|url=https://mjsshonline.com/index.php/journal/article/view/97|journal=Muallim Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities|language=en|pages=406–416|doi=10.33306/mjssh/31|issn=2590-3691|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> of the [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila Muslim community]] in [[Malabar Coast]]. The poets like [[Moyinkutty Vaidyar]] and [[Pulikkottil Hyder]] have made notable contributions to the [[Mappila songs]], which is a genre of the [[Arabi Malayalam]] literature.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/31/stories/2007033110250500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108104937/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/31/stories/2007033110250500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 November 2012|title=Mappila songs cultural fountains of a bygone age, says MT|date=31 March 2007|access-date=15 August 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>Pg 167, Mappila Muslims: a study on society and anti colonial struggles By Husain Raṇdathaṇi, Other Books, Kozhikode 2007</ref> The [[Arabi Malayalam script]], otherwise known as the [[Ponnani]] script,<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Kunnath |first=Ammad |type=PhD |date=15 September 2015|title=The rise and growth of Ponnani from 1498 AD To 1792 AD|url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/49524|publisher=Department of History|hdl=10603/49524}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Panakkal|first=Abbas|url=http://myto.upm.edu.my/find/Record/iium.u537621|title=Islam in Malabar (1460–1600) : a socio-cultural study /|date=2016|publisher=Kulliyyah Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia|access-date=27 May 2021|archive-date=27 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527064123/http://myto.upm.edu.my/find/Record/iium.u537621|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kallen|first=hussain Randathani|title=Trade and Culture: Indian Ocean Interaction on the COast of Malabar in Medieval Period|url=https://www.academia.edu/22105661|language=en}}</ref> is a writing system – a variant form of the [[Arabic script]] with special [[orthography|orthographic]] features – which was developed during the early medieval period and used to write [[Arabi Malayalam]] until the early 20th century CE.<ref name="Miller">Miller, Roland. E., "Mappila" in "The Encyclopedia of Islam". Volume VI. E. J. Brill, Leiden. 1987. pp. 458–56.</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20120912185758/http://www.malayalamresourcecentre.org/Mrc/literature/contribution.html Malayalam Resource Centre]</ref> Though the script originated and developed in [[Kerala]], today it is predominantly used in [[Malaysia]] and Singapore by the migrant [[Muslim]] community.<ref name=":0">Menon. T. Madhava. "A Handbook of Kerala, Volume 2", International School of Dravidian Linguistics, 2002. pp. 491–493.</ref><ref name="Arabic script for malayalam">[http://www.nvtc.gov/lotw/months/april/Malayalam.html#writ National Virtual Translation Center – Arabic script for malayalam]</ref>

==Folklore==
[[File:Thirayattam(Pookkutty Thira).JPG|thumb|Thirayattam (Pookkutty Thira)]]
Kerala folklore is influenced by agricultural patterns and work in the region. Sowing, planting of {{lang|mis|nharu}} (seedling), clearing out the weeds, harvests etc. are the different stages of agriculture which have their typical rituals. Numerous songs and performing arts accompany these stages, such as [[Njattupattu]], which are songs sung during the seedling time. Kanyar Kali, [[Padayani]], [[Mudiyettu]], [[Thirayattam]], [[Malavayiyattam]], [[Theyyam]], Kothamooriyattam, Nira, Puthari, etc. are some of the ritual folklore of Kerala. Much of Kerala folk culture, including festival dates, was codified under the rule of [[Kolathiris]], the Kings of [[Kolathunadu]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

The folk arts of Kerala can be broadly classified under two heads:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.keralahistory.ac.in/surviving.htm |title=Essays on the Cultural Formation of Kerala |editor=P.J. Cherian |website=Keralahistory.ac.in |access-date=2017-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310175337/http://www.keralahistory.ac.in/surviving.htm |archive-date=2014-03-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ritualistic and non-ritualistic. Ritualistic folk arts can be further divided into two: devotional and magical.
Devotional folk arts, such as [[theyyam]], [[thirayattam]], poothamthira, kanyarkali, and [[Kummattikali|kummatti]], are performed to propitiate a particular God or Goddess. Forms like panappattu and thottampattu are composed in the form of songs. In kolkali, [[margamkali]], [[Daffmuttu|daffumuttukkali]], etc., the ritualistic element is not very strong. Magical folk arts seek to win general prosperity for a community or exorcise evil spirits or to beget children. [[Gandharvas]] and [[Nāga|nagas]] are worshipped to win these favours. The magical folk arts include pambinthullal, pooppadathullal, kolamthullal, malayankettu, etc.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

* '''[[Theyyam]]''' is a traditional ritualistic dance form from the northern part of Kerala, India, that is believed to have originated over 1,500 years ago. It is a vibrant and colorful art form that involves elaborate makeup, costumes, and dance performances that are often accompanied by music and chanting. The dance form is performed by male members of certain communities and is believed to invoke the powers of gods and goddesses to bless the community with prosperity and protection. Theyyam<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-29 |title=Theyyam: The Indian trance where men become gods |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20230628-theyyam-the-indian-trance-where-men-become-gods |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> is performed during the winter months between October and May.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}
* '''Padayani''' is a traditional folk art form from the southern part of Kerala, India, that involves elaborate processions and performances. It is usually performed during the festival of Onam, which falls in the month of August or September. The art form involves the use of masks, costumes, and props, and the performers dance to the beats of traditional percussion instruments like chenda and thakil. The masks used in Padayani are typically made of wood, bamboo, or clay and are adorned with bright colors and intricate designs. The performance is often based on mythological stories or social issues and is intended to entertain and educate the audience.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}
* '''[[Thirayattam]]''' is a ritualistic performance that is frequently performed in the courtyards of temples dedicated to goddesses like Kali, Durga, and Bhadrakali. The performance involves elaborate costumes and makeup, and the performers dance to the beats of traditional percussion instruments like chenda and thakil. Thirayattam is performed by members of certain communities and is believed to invoke the powers of goddesses to bless the community with prosperity and protection. The art form is usually performed during the festival of Onam, which falls in the month of August or September.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

==Politics==
The majority of Keralites belong to either one of the political alliances, namely the [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]] (UDF) or [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Left Democratic Front]] (LDF). Regional parties include [[Indian Union Muslim League]] (IUML), various factions of [[Kerala Congress]], various factions of [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]], and a host of smaller parties. Religious leaders have high influence in Kerala political movements. Many Keralites nostalgically recall their younger days which they spent debating politics in "chaya kadas" (Local Tea Vending Places).{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

== Martial arts and sports ==
{{main|Kalaripayattu}}
Kerala has its own indigenous form of [[martial art]], [[Kalaripayattu|Kalarippayattu]], derived from the words ''[[kalari]]'' ("place", "threshing floor", or "battlefield") and ''payattu'' ("exercise" or "practice"). Influenced by both Kerala's Brahminical past and Ayurvedic medicine, ''kalaripayattu'' is attributed by oral tradition to Parasurama. After some two centuries of suppression by British colonial authorities, it is now experiencing strong comeback among Keralites while also steadily gaining worldwide attention. Other popular ritual arts include ''[[theyyam]]'' and ''[[poorakkali]]'', which originate from northern Malabar, the northernmost part of Kerala.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} Kolkkali is a folk art performed in [[Malabar District|Malabar]] region of [[Kerala]], India. The dance performers move in a circle, striking small sticks and keeping rhythm with special steps.<ref name="12nf">{{cite book |last1=Jha |first1=Makhan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b_a4G_Tw2ycC&dq=kolkali&pg=PA58 |title=The Muslim Tribes of Lakshadweep Islands: An Anthropological Appraisal of Island Ecology and Cultural Perceptions |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |year=1997 |isbn=978-81-7533-032-0 |language=en |access-date=28 November 2020}}</ref>

In modern times, traditional ritual and martial arts been largely supplanted by more popular sports such as [[cricket]], [[kabaddi]], [[soccer]], badminton, and others. The [[Kochi Tuskers Kerala]], who play in the Indian Premier League (IPL), are from Kerala. Kerala is currently the home of the football clubs [[kerala blasters]] and [[Gokulam Kerala FC]]. [[Viva Kerala]] and [[FC Kochin]] were the other two major football clubs from the state in the past.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

== Calendar ==
{{main|Malayalam calendar}}
The [[Malayalam calendar]], Kerala's indigenous ancient solar calendar, is used primarily for timing agricultural and religious activities.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

==Animals in Kerala culture==

=== Elephants ===
{{main|Elephants in Kerala culture}}
[[File:Thrippunithura-Elephant-end-of-pooram-2 crop.jpg|thumb|right|Caparisoned elephants during ''[[Sree Poornathrayesa temple]]'' festival. [[Elephants in Kerala culture|The Elephants of Kerala are an integral part of the daily life in Kerala]].]]

Elephants have been an integral part of the culture of the state. Almost all of the local festivals in Kerala include at least one richly caparisoned elephant. Kerala is home to the largest domesticated population of elephants in India—about 700 [[Indian elephants]], owned by temples as well as individuals.<ref name="Varghese2006">{{cite book |author=Theresa Varghese |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lDhuAAAAMAAJ |title=Stark World Kerala |publisher=Stark World Pub. |year=2006 |isbn=978-8190250511 |page=224 |access-date=17 November 2012}}</ref> These elephants are mainly employed for the processions and displays associated with festivals celebrated all around the state. More than 10,000 festivals are celebrated in the state annually and some animal lovers have sometimes raised concerns regarding the overwork of domesticated elephants during them.<ref name="1000hrs">{{cite news |date=4 March 2010 |title=India's overworked elephants |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8533776.stm |access-date=30 May 2015 |work=BBC}}</ref> In Malayalam literature, elephants are referred to as the "sons of the ''[[Sahyadri|sahya]]''".<ref name="Satchidanandan2001">{{cite book |author=K. Satchidanandan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AXiNXRM_KzMC&pg=PR14 |title=Indian Poetry: Modernism and After |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=2001 |isbn=978-8126010929 |pages=14– |access-date=17 November 2012}}</ref> The elephant is the state animal of Kerala and is featured on the emblem of the [[Government of Kerala]].<ref name="Profile">{{cite web |title=About Kerala |url=https://india.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=37 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111218081930/https://india.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=37 |archive-date=18 December 2011 |access-date=17 November 2012 |publisher=Government of Kerala}}</ref>

=== Snakes ===
[[Sarpa Kavu]] (meaning ''Sacred Grove of the Serpent'') is a typically small traditional grove of trees seen in the [[Kerala]] state of [[South India]]. These pristine groves usually have representations of several ''Naga Devatas'' (''serpent gods''), which were worshipped by the joint families or [[Tharavad|taravad]]s. This was part of ''Nagaradhana'' (snake worship) which was prevalent among [[Kerala|Keralites]] during past centuries. It had been practised by nearly every Hindu community in Kerala ranging from [[Nambudiri]] Brahmins to tribal communities.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

== Festivals ==

=== Onam ===
{{main|Onam}}
[[File:Onam Thriuvathira Dance.jpg|thumb|Thruvathira is a dance in a circular formation done by ladies as a way to relax after hours of cooking the sadhya. It is a tradition done during Onam.]]
(Malayalam: ഓണം) Onam is a harvest festival celebrated by the people of Kerala. It is the state festival of Kerala, with state holidays on 4 days starting from Onam Eve (Uthradom) to the 4th Onam Day. Onam Festival falls during the [[Malayalam]] month of Chingam (Aug – Sep) and marks the commemoration of [[Vamana]], an avatar of [[Vishnu]], and the subsequent homecoming of King [[Mahabali]], who Malayalees consider to be a just and fair king who was exiled to the underworld. Some cultural elements in Onam are Vallam Kali, Pulikkali, Pookkalam, Onatthappan, Thumbi Thullal, [[Onavillu]], Kazhchakkula, Onapottan, and Atthachamayame.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

During the festival, the 'Onam Sadhya' (Onam Feast) is held, with dishes served on banana leaves, and celebrants don 'Onam Kodi' (new dress for the special occasion).{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

=== Temple festivals ===
{{main|Temple Festivals of Kerala}}
Kerala has a large number of temples. The temples celebrate annual festivals unique to the region and sometimes unique to each temple. Each temple describes each interesting history behind its creation. In the Malabar, distinct art form called [[Theyyam]] attract tourists, and mini carnivals are also held along with temple festivals. [[Thrissur pooram]] is one of the most popular temple festivals.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

==See also==
*[[Architecture of Kerala]]
*[[History of Kerala]]
*[[Economy of Kerala]]
*[[Geography of Kerala]]

== Notes ==

{{reflist}}

== References ==
* {{Citation
|surname1 = Bhagyalekshmy
|given1 = S
|year = 2004
|title = Contribution of Travancore to Karnatic Music
|journal = Information & Public Relations Department – Thiruvananthapuram (Government of Kerala)
|url = http://www.kerala.gov.in/music/music1.pdf
|access-date = 12 January 2006
|archive-date = 20 February 2006
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060220050800/http://www.kerala.gov.in/music/music1.pdf
|url-status = dead
}}.
* {{Citation
| surname1 = Bhagyalekshmy
| given1 = S
| year = 2004d
| title = Contribution of Travancore to Karnatic Music
| journal = Information & Public Relations Department – Thiruvananthapuram (Government of Kerala)
| pages = 29–37
| url = http://www.kerala.gov.in/music/music4.pdf
| access-date = 20 January 2006
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060220050746/http://www.kerala.gov.in/music/music4.pdf
| archive-date = 20 February 2006
}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=A Short History of Malayalam Literature |author=Dr. K. Ayyappa Panicker |url=https://archive.org/details/ASHORTHISTORYOFMALAYALAMLITERATURE |year=2006 |location=Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=Department of Information and Public Relations, Kerala}}
* {{cite book|author=Menon, A. Sreedhara |title=A Survey of Kerala History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C|year=2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=9788126415786}}
* {{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus – 2019|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode|edition=Malayalam}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070427200406/http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~mp/malayalam/copy/prdkerala.org/artandculture.htm Princeton.edu], more on the performing arts.

{{Kerala}}
{{Topics related to Kerala}}
{{Wikiquote|Kerala}}
{{commons category}}

[[Category:Culture of Kerala| ]]

2024 Odisha Masters

2026-01-14T18:31:42Z

Ramesh: new data

{{short description|Badminton tournament in Cuttack, India}}
{{Infobox badminton event
|name = {{nowrap|2024 Odisha Masters}}
|image =
|caption =
|dates = 10 December – 15 December
|number_edition = 3rd
|level = G2L6
|prize_money = 100000
|other =
|venue = Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium
|location = [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]], India
|MS = [[Rithvik Sanjeevi]]
|country_MS = IND
|WS = [[Cai Yanyan]]
|country_WS = CHN
|MD1 = [[Huang Di (badminton)|Huang Di]]
|country_MD1 = CHN
|MD2 = [[Liu Yang (badminton)|Liu Yang]]
|country_MD2 = CHN
|WD1 = [[Nanako Hara]]
|country_WD1 = JPN
|WD2 = [[Riko Kiyose]]
|country_WD2 = JPN
|XD1 = [[Gao Jiaxuan]]
|country_XD1 = CHN
|XD2 = [[Tang Ruizhi]]
|country_XD2 = CHN
|previous = [[2023 Odisha Masters|2023]]
|next = [[2025 Odisha Masters|2025]]
}}
The '''2024 Odisha Masters''' (officially known as '''Yonex-Sunrise Odisha Masters 2024''' for sponsorship reasons) was a badminton tournament which took place at the Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium, [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]], India from 10 to 15 December 2024. It had a total prize pool of US$100,000.
{{TOC right}}

== Tournament ==
The 2024 Odisha Masters was the thirty-ninth tournament of the [[2024 BWF World Tour]] and the third edition of [[Odisha Masters]]. The tournament was organized by the [[Badminton Association of India]] with sanction from the [[Badminton World Federation|BWF]].<ref name="pros">{{cite web |title=Prospectus Odisha Masters 2024|url=https://extranet.bwf.sport/docs/events/4881/docs/Odisha%20Masters%20S100_Prospectus_UPDATED%2010Oct.pdf|publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]] |access-date=10 November 2024}}</ref>

=== Venue ===
The tournament was held at the Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium in [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]], India.<ref name="pros"/>

=== Point distribution ===
Below is the point distribution table for each phase of the tournament based on the [[BWF World Ranking|BWF points system]] for the [[BWF World Tour|BWF Tour Super 100]] event.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Ranking System |url=https://system.bwfbadminton.com/documents/folder_1_81/folder_1_82/New-Regulations-2018/5.3.3.1%20World%20Ranking%20System.pdf |publisher=Badminton World Federation |accessdate=27 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510005434/https://system.bwfbadminton.com/documents/folder_1_81/folder_1_82/New-Regulations-2018/5.3.3.1%20World%20Ranking%20System.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! width="75" | Winner
! width="75" | Runner-up
! width="75" | 3/4
! width="75" | 5/8
! width="75" | 9/16
! width="75" | 17/32
! width="75" | 33/64
! width="75" | 65/128
! width="75" | 129/256
|-
| 5,500 || 4,680 || 3,850 || 3,030 || 2,110 || 1,290 || 510 || 240 || 100
|}

=== Prize pool ===
The total prize money was US$100,000 with the distribution of the prize money in accordance with BWF regulations.<ref name="pros"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center"
|-
| width="104px" | '''Event'''
| width="68px" | '''Winner'''
| width="68px" | '''Finalist'''
| width="68px" | '''Semi-finals'''
| width="80px" | '''Quarter-finals'''
| width="68px" | '''Last 16'''
|-
| bgcolor="#DFE2E9" | '''Singles'''
| $7,500 || $3,800 || $1,450 || $600 || $350
|-
| bgcolor="#DFE2E9" | '''Doubles'''
| $7,900 || $3,800 || $1,400 || $725 || $375
|}

== Men's singles ==
=== Seeds ===
{{colbegin}}
#{{flagicon|SGP}} [[Jason Teh]] ''(third round)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Priyanshu Rajawat]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kiran George]] ''(second round)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ayush Shetty]] ''(quarter-finals)''
#{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Zhengxing]] ''(second round)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sathish Karunakaran]] ''(semi-finals)''
#{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mads Christophersen]] ''(third round)''
#{{flagicon|THA}} [[Panitchaphon Teeraratsakul]] ''(semi-finals)''
{{colend}}

=== Finals ===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD-shade=#A8D3FF
| RD1=Semi-finals
| RD2=Final
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1 =  
| RD1-team1 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rithvik Sanjeevi]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 = 8
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|THA}} [[Panitchaphon Teeraratsakul]]
| RD1-score2-1 = 17
| RD1-score2-2 = 14
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 =  
| RD1-team3 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tharun Mannepalli]]'''
| RD1-score3-1 = 12
| RD1-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-3 = '''21'''
| RD1-seed4 = 6
| RD1-team4 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sathish Karunakaran]]
| RD1-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-2 = 19
| RD1-score4-3 = 12

| RD2-seed1 =  
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rithvik Sanjeevi]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 =
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tharun Mannepalli]]
| RD2-score2-1 = 18
| RD2-score2-2 = 16
| RD2-score2-3 =
}}

=== Top half ===
==== Section 1 ====
{{16TeamBracket-Tennis3-Byes
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Third round
| RD4=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed3 = Q2
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Zijun|Wang ZJ]]
| RD1-score3-1 = 16
| RD1-score3-2 = 20
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 = Q4
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Abhinav Thakur|A Thakur]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-2 = '''22'''
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = {{flagicon|MAS}} [[M Atef Haikal Taufik|M Atef H T]]
| RD1-score7-1 = 19
| RD1-score7-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-3 = 17
| RD1-seed8 =
| RD1-team8 = '''{{flagicon|SRI}} [[Rasindu Hendahewa|R Hendahewa]]'''
| RD1-score8-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-2 = 18
| RD1-score8-3 = '''21'''

| RD1-seed11 =
| RD1-team11 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arya Bhivpathaki|A Bhivpathaki]]
| RD1-score11-1 = 20
| RD1-score11-2 = 18
| RD1-score11-3 =
| RD1-seed12 = Q3
| RD1-team12 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pranay Shettigar|P Shettigar]]'''
| RD1-score12-1 = '''22'''
| RD1-score12-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score12-3 =

| RD1-seed15 =
| RD1-team15 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rithvik Sanjeevi|R Sanjeevi]]'''
| RD1-score15-1= '''21'''
| RD1-score15-2= 19
| RD1-score15-3= '''21'''
| RD1-seed16 = PFQ
| RD1-team16 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lakshay SHARMA|L Sharma]]
| RD1-score16-1= 14
| RD1-score16-2= '''21'''
| RD1-score16-3= 9

| RD2-seed1 = 1
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|SGP}} [[Jason Teh|J Teh]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 = Q4
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Abhinav Thakur|A Thakur]]
| RD2-score2-1 = 15
| RD2-score2-2 = 9
| RD2-score2-3 =

| RD2-seed3 =
| RD2-team3 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Hu Zhe'an|Hu ZA]]'''
| RD2-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score3-3 =
| RD2-seed4 =
| RD2-team4 = {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Rasindu Hendahewa|R Hendahewa]]
| RD2-score4-1 = 10
| RD2-score4-2 = 8
| RD2-score4-3 =

| RD2-seed5 = 5
| RD2-team5 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Zhengxing|Wang ZX]]
| RD2-score5-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score5-2 = 16
| RD2-score5-3 = 9
| RD2-seed6 = Q3
| RD2-team6 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pranay Shettigar|P Shettigar]]'''
| RD2-score6-1 = 19
| RD2-score6-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score6-3 = '''21'''

| RD2-seed7 =
| RD2-team7 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mithun Manjunath|M Manjunath]]
| RD2-score7-1 = 19
| RD2-score7-2 = 16
| RD2-score7-3 =
| RD2-seed8 =
| RD2-team8 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rithvik Sanjeevi|R Sanjeevi]]'''
| RD2-score8-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score8-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score8-3 =

| RD3-seed1 = 1
| RD3-team1 = {{flagicon|SGP}} [[Jason Teh|J Teh]]
| RD3-score1-1 = 10
| RD3-score1-2 = 15
| RD3-score1-3 =
| RD3-seed2 =
| RD3-team2 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Hu Zhe'an|Hu ZA]]'''
| RD3-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-3 =

| RD3-seed3 = Q3
| RD3-team3 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pranay Shettigar|P Shettigar]]
| RD3-score3-1 = 18
| RD3-score3-2 = 15
| RD3-score3-3 =
| RD3-seed4 =
| RD3-team4 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rithvik Sanjeevi|R Sanjeevi]]'''
| RD3-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score4-3 =

| RD4-seed1 =
| RD4-team1 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Hu Zhe'an|Hu ZA]]
| RD4-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD4-score1-2 = 19
| RD4-score1-3 = 13
| RD4-seed2 =
| RD4-team2 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rithvik Sanjeevi|R Sanjeevi]]'''
| RD4-score2-1 = 4
| RD4-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD4-score2-3 = '''21'''
}}

==== Section 2 ====
{{16TeamBracket-Tennis3-Byes
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Third round
| RD4=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed3 = Q6
| RD1-team3 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Yuxuan|Liu YX]]'''
| RD1-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 =
| RD1-team4 = {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Saket Thavanani|S Thavanani]]
| RD1-score4-1 = 9
| RD1-score4-2 = 14
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Manraj Singh (badminton)|Ma Singh]]'''
| RD1-score7-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-2 = 12
| RD1-score7-3 = '''26'''
| RD1-seed8 =
| RD1-team8 = {{flagicon|VIE}} [[Nguyễn Hải Đăng|Nguyễn H Đ]]
| RD1-score8-1 = 19
| RD1-score8-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-3 = 24

| RD1-seed11 =
| RD1-team11 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Saneeth Dayanand|S Dayanand]]
| RD1-score11-1 = 15
| RD1-score11-2 = 14
| RD1-score11-3 =
| RD1-seed12 =
| RD1-team12 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhargav Somasundara|B Somasundara]]'''
| RD1-score12-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score12-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score12-3 =

| RD1-seed15 = PFQ
| RD1-team15 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tarun Reddy Katam|T Katam]]'''
| RD1-score15-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score15-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score15-3 =
| RD1-seed16 =
| RD1-team16 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chirag Sen|C Sen]]
| RD1-score16-1 = 9
| RD1-score16-2 = 10
| RD1-score16-3 =

| RD2-seed1 = 3
| RD2-team1 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kiran George|K George]]
| RD2-score1-1 = 19
| RD2-score1-2 = 6
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 = Q6
| RD2-team2 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Yuxuan|Liu YX]]'''
| RD2-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-3 =

| RD2-seed3 =
| RD2-team3 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pranay Katta|P Katta]]
| RD2-score3-1 = 13
| RD2-score3-2 = 9
| RD2-score3-3 =
| RD2-seed4 =
| RD2-team4 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Manraj Singh (badminton)|Ma Singh]]'''
| RD2-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-3 =

| RD2-seed5 = 8
| RD2-team5 = '''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Panitchaphon Teeraratsakul|P Teeraratsakul]]'''
| RD2-score5-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score5-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score5-3 =
| RD2-seed6 =
| RD2-team6 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhargav Somasundara|B Somasundara]]
| RD2-score6-1 = 15
| RD2-score6-2 = 7
| RD2-score6-3 =

| RD2-seed7 =
| RD2-team7 = {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Dumindu Abeywickrama|D Abeywickrama]]
| RD2-score7-1 = 20
| RD2-score7-2 = 12
| RD2-score7-3 =
| RD2-seed8 = PFQ
| RD2-team8 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tarun Reddy Katam|T Katam]]'''
| RD2-score8-1 = '''22'''
| RD2-score8-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score8-3 =

| RD3-seed1 = Q6
| RD3-team1 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Yuxuan|Liu YX]]'''
| RD3-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-3 =
| RD3-seed2 =
| RD3-team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Manraj Singh (badminton)|Ma Singh]]
| RD3-score2-1 = 11
| RD3-score2-2 = 16
| RD3-score2-3 =

| RD3-seed3 = 8
| RD3-team3 = '''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Panitchaphon Teeraratsakul|P Teeraratsakul]]'''
| RD3-score3-1 = 7
| RD3-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score3-3 = '''21'''
| RD3-seed4 = PFQ
| RD3-team4 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tarun Reddy Katam|T Katam]]
| RD3-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score4-2 = 12
| RD3-score4-3 = 14

| RD4-seed1 = Q6
| RD4-team1 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Yuxuan|Liu YX]]
| RD4-score1-1 = 6
| RD4-score1-2 = 14
| RD4-score1-3 =
| RD4-seed2 = 8
| RD4-team2 = '''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Panitchaphon Teeraratsakul|P Teeraratsakul]]'''
| RD4-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD4-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD4-score2-3 =
}}

=== Bottom half ===
==== Section 3 ====
{{16TeamBracket-Tennis3-Byes
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Third round
| RD4=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 = Q7
| RD1-team1 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Abhishek Kanapala|A Kanapala]]
| RD1-score1-1 = 4r
| RD1-score1-2 =
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 = Q5
| RD1-team2 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Govind Krishna|G Krishna]]'''
| RD1-score2-1 = 8
| RD1-score2-2 =
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed5 =
| RD1-team5 = {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Aria Dinata|A Dinata]]
| RD1-score5-1 = 16
| RD1-score5-2 = 19
| RD1-score5-3 =
| RD1-seed6 = PFQ
| RD1-team6 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tushar Suveer|T Suveer]]'''
| RD1-score6-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed9 =
| RD1-team9 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tharun Mannepalli|T Mannepalli]]'''
| RD1-score9-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score9-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score9-3 =
| RD1-seed10 =
| RD1-team10 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Orijit Chaliha|O Chaliha]]
| RD1-score10-1 = 5
| RD1-score10-2 = 18
| RD1-score10-3 =

| RD1-seed13 =
| RD1-team13 = {{flagicon|KSA}} [[Mahd Shaikh|M Shaikh]]
| RD1-score13-1 = 15
| RD1-score13-2 = 14
| RD1-score13-3 =
| RD1-seed14 =
| RD1-team14 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shashwat Dalal|S Dalal]]'''
| RD1-score14-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score14-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score14-3 =

| RD2-seed1 = Q5
| RD2-team1 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Govind Krishna|G Krishna]]
| RD2-score1-1 = 15
| RD2-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-3 = 11
| RD2-seed2 =
| RD2-team2 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Abhishek Saini|A Saini]]'''
| RD2-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-2 = 17
| RD2-score2-3 = '''21'''

| RD2-seed3 = PFQ
| RD2-team3 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tushar Suveer|T Suveer]]
| RD2-score3-1 = 14
| RD2-score3-2 = 16
| RD2-score3-3 =
| RD2-seed4 = SWM
| RD2-team4 = '''{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Joakim Oldorff|J Oldorff]]'''
| RD2-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-3 =

| RD2-seed5 =
| RD2-team5 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tharun Mannepalli|T Mannepalli]]'''
| RD2-score5-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score5-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score5-3 =
| RD2-seed6 = Q8
| RD2-team6 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Manav Choudhary|M Choudhary]]
| RD2-score6-1 = 7
| RD2-score6-2 = 9
| RD2-score6-3 =

| RD2-seed7 =
| RD2-team7 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shashwat Dalal|S Dalal]]
| RD2-score7-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score7-2 = 14
| RD2-score7-3 = 16
| RD2-seed8 = 7
| RD2-team8 = '''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mads Christophersen|M Christophersen]]'''
| RD2-score8-1 = 16
| RD2-score8-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score8-3 = '''21'''

| RD3-seed1 =
| RD3-team1 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Abhishek Saini|A Saini]]'''
| RD3-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-3 =
| RD3-seed2 = SWM
| RD3-team2 = {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Joakim Oldorff|J Oldorff]]
| RD3-score2-1 = 15
| RD3-score2-2 = 11
| RD3-score2-3 =

| RD3-seed3 =
| RD3-team3 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tharun Mannepalli|T Mannepalli]]'''
| RD3-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score3-3 =
| RD3-seed4 = 7
| RD3-team4 = {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mads Christophersen|M Christophersen]]
| RD3-score4-1 = 19
| RD3-score4-2 = 14
| RD3-score4-3 =

| RD4-seed1 =
| RD4-team1 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Abhishek Saini|A Saini]]
| RD4-score1-1 = 11
| RD4-score1-2 = 6
| RD4-score1-3 =
| RD4-seed2 =
| RD4-team2 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tharun Mannepalli|T Mannepalli]]'''
| RD4-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD4-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD4-score2-3 =
}}

==== Section 4 ====
{{16TeamBracket-Tennis3-Byes
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Third round
| RD4=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 =
| RD1-team1 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aditya Gupta|A Gupta]]
| RD1-score1-1 = 21
| RD1-score1-2 = 19
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Raghu Mariswamy|R Mariswamy]]'''
| RD1-score2-1 = '''23'''
| RD1-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed5 =
| RD1-team5 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Darshan Pujari|D Pujari]]'''
| RD1-score5-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-2 = 19
| RD1-score5-3 = '''21'''
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Meiraba Maisnam|M Maisnam]]
| RD1-score6-1 = 16
| RD1-score6-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-3 = 17

| RD1-seed9 =
| RD1-team9 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Alap Mishra|A Mishra]]
| RD1-score9-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score9-2 = 15
| RD1-score9-3 = 22
| RD1-seed10 = Q1
| RD1-team10 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhu Xuanchen|Zhu XC]]'''
| RD1-score10-1 = 16
| RD1-score10-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score10-3 = '''24'''

| RD1-seed13 = PFQ
| RD1-team13 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Varun Kapur|V Kapur]]
| RD1-score13-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score13-2 = 19
| RD1-score13-3 = 13
| RD1-seed14 =
| RD1-team14 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bharat Raghav|B Raghav]]'''
| RD1-score14-1 = 16
| RD1-score14-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score14-3 = '''21'''

| RD2-seed1 =
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Raghu Mariswamy|R Mariswamy]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = 16
| RD2-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-3 = '''21'''
| RD2-seed2 =
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Abhishek Yeligar|A Yeligar]]
| RD2-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-2 = 10
| RD2-score2-3 = 14

| RD2-seed3 =
| RD2-team3 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Darshan Pujari|D Pujari]]
| RD2-score3-1 = 13
| RD2-score3-2 = 6
| RD2-score3-3 =
| RD2-seed4 = 6
| RD2-team4 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sathish Karunakaran|S Karunakaran]]'''
| RD2-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-3 =

| RD2-seed5 = Q1
| RD2-team5 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhu Xuanchen|Zhu XC]]'''
| RD2-score5-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score5-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score5-3 =
| RD2-seed6 =
| RD2-team6 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sankar Subramanian|S Subramanian]]
| RD2-score6-1 = 15
| RD2-score6-2 = 16
| RD2-score6-3 =

| RD2-seed7 =
| RD2-team7 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bharat Raghav|B Raghav]]
| RD2-score7-1 = 9
| RD2-score7-2 = 12
| RD2-score7-3 =
| RD2-seed8 = 4
| RD2-team8 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ayush Shetty|A Shetty]]'''
| RD2-score8-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score8-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score8-3 =

| RD3-seed1 =
| RD3-team1 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Raghu Mariswamy|R Mariswamy]]
| RD3-score1-1 = 8
| RD3-score1-2 = 18
| RD3-score1-3 =
| RD3-seed2 = 6
| RD3-team2 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sathish Karunakaran|S Karunakaran]]'''
| RD3-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-3 =

| RD3-seed3 = Q1
| RD3-team3 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhu Xuanchen|Zhu XC]]
| RD3-score3-1 = 16
| RD3-score3-2 = 16
| RD3-score3-3 =
| RD3-seed4 = 4
| RD3-team4 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ayush Shetty|A Shetty]]'''
| RD3-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score4-3 =

| RD4-seed1 = 6
| RD4-team1 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sathish Karunakaran|S Karunakaran]]'''
| RD4-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD4-score1-2 = 12
| RD4-score1-3 = '''21'''
| RD4-seed2 = 4
| RD4-team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ayush Shetty|A Shetty]]
| RD4-score2-1 = 18
| RD4-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD4-score2-3 = 9
}}

== Women's singles ==
=== Seeds ===
{{colbegin}}
#{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kaoru Sugiyama]] ''(second round)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anupama Upadhyaya]] ''(first round)''
#{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Lo Sin Yan]] ''(quarter-finals)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rakshitha Ramraj]] ''(quarter-finals)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tasnim Mir]] ''(second round)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Isharani Baruah]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wu Luoyu]] ''(first round)''
#{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Dai Wang]] ''(second round)''
{{colend}}

=== Finals ===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD-shade=#A8D3FF
| RD1=Semi-finals
| RD2=Final
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1 = Q3
| RD1-team1 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Cai Yanyan]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Sorano Yoshikawa]]
| RD1-score2-1 = 17
| RD1-score2-2 = 19
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 =  
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shriyanshi Valishetty]]
| RD1-score3-1 = 19
| RD1-score3-2 = 19
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 =
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tanvi Sharma]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD2-seed1 = Q3
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Cai Yanyan]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 =
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tanvi Sharma]]
| RD2-score2-1 = 14
| RD2-score2-2 = 16
| RD2-score2-3 =
}}

=== Top half ===
==== Section 1 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 = 1
| RD1-team1 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kaoru Sugiyama|K Sugiyama]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sai Uttejitha Rao Chukka|S U R Chukka]]
| RD1-score2-1 = 6
| RD1-score2-2 = 10
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|THA}} [[Pitchamon Opatniputh|P Opatniputh]]
| RD1-score3-1 = 17
| RD1-score3-2 = '''24'''
| RD1-score3-3 = 16
| RD1-seed4 =
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Han Qianxi|Han QX]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-2 = 22
| RD1-score4-3 = '''21'''

| RD1-seed5 = 5
| RD1-team5 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tasnim Mir|T Mir]]'''
| RD1-score5-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-3 =
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Gianna Stiglich|G Stiglich]]
| RD1-score6-1 = 11
| RD1-score6-2 = 5
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed7 = Q3
| RD1-team7 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Cai Yanyan|Cai YY]]'''
| RD1-score7-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-3 =
| RD1-seed8 =
| RD1-team8 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Purva Barve|P Barve]]
| RD1-score8-1 = 15
| RD1-score8-2 = 7
| RD1-score8-3 =

| RD2-seed1 = 1
| RD2-team1 = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kaoru Sugiyama|K Sugiyama]]
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = 20
| RD2-score1-3 = 9
| RD2-seed2 =
| RD2-team2 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Han Qianxi|Han QX]]'''
| RD2-score2-1 = 13
| RD2-score2-2 = '''22'''
| RD2-score2-3 = '''21'''

| RD2-seed3 = 5
| RD2-team3 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tasnim Mir|T Mir]]
| RD2-score3-1 = 11
| RD2-score3-2 = 16
| RD2-score3-3 =
| RD2-seed4 = Q3
| RD2-team4 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Cai Yanyan|Cai YY]]'''
| RD2-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-3 =

| RD3-seed1 =
| RD3-team1 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Han Qianxi|Han QX]]
| RD3-score1-1 = 17
| RD3-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-3 = 11
| RD3-seed2 = Q3
| RD3-team2 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Cai Yanyan|Cai YY]]'''
| RD3-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-2 = 16
| RD3-score2-3 = '''21'''
}}

==== Section 2 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 = 4
| RD1-team1 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rakshitha Ramraj|R Ramraj]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Keyura Mopati|K Mopati]]
| RD1-score2-1 = 10
| RD1-score2-2 = 11
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shreya Lele|S Lele]]'''
| RD1-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 =
| RD1-team4 = {{flagicon|UGA}} [[Fadilah Mohamed Rafi|F Mohamed Rafi]]
| RD1-score4-1 = 8
| RD1-score4-2 = 7
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD1-seed5 = 7
| RD1-team5 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wu Luoyu|Wu LY]]
| RD1-score5-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-2 = 14
| RD1-score5-3 = 20
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Sorano Yoshikawa|S Yoshikawa]]'''
| RD1-score6-1 = 17
| RD1-score6-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-3 = '''22'''

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tara Shah|T Shah ]]'''
| RD1-score7-1 = '''23'''
| RD1-score7-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-3 =
| RD1-seed8 =
| RD1-team8 = {{flagicon|THA}} [[Yataweemin Ketklieng|Y Ketklieng]]
| RD1-score8-1 = 21
| RD1-score8-2 = 13
| RD1-score8-3 =

| RD2-seed1 = 4
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rakshitha Ramraj|R Ramraj]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 =
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shreya Lele|S Lele]]
| RD2-score2-1 = 16
| RD2-score2-2 = 16
| RD2-score2-3 =

| RD2-seed3 =
| RD2-team3 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Sorano Yoshikawa|S Yoshikawa]]'''
| RD2-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score3-3 =
| RD2-seed4 =
| RD2-team4 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tara Shah|T Shah ]]
| RD2-score4-1 = 8
| RD2-score4-2 = 17
| RD2-score4-3 =

| RD3-seed1 = 4
| RD3-team1 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rakshitha Ramraj|R Ramraj]]
| RD3-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-2 = 15
| RD3-score1-3 = 22
| RD3-seed2 =
| RD3-team2 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Sorano Yoshikawa|S Yoshikawa]]'''
| RD3-score2-1 = 15
| RD3-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-3 = '''24'''
}}

=== Bottom half ===
==== Section 3 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 =
| RD1-team1 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shriyanshi Valishetty|S Valishetty]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = '''22'''
| RD1-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 = Q1
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Flora Engineer|F Engineer]]
| RD1-score2-1 = 20
| RD1-score2-2 = 16
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 = Q2
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Jia Zhifan|Jia ZF]]
| RD1-score3-1 = 8
| RD1-score3-2 = 16
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 = 8
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Dai Wang|Dai W]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD1-seed5 =
| RD1-team5 = {{flagicon|VIE}} [[Vũ Thị Anh Thư|Vũ T A T]]
| RD1-score5-1 = 16
| RD1-score5-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-3 = 11
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ira Sharma|I Sharma]]'''
| RD1-score6-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-2 = 9
| RD1-score6-3 = '''21'''

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aashi Rawat|A Rawat]]
| RD1-score7-1 = 11
| RD1-score7-2 = 8
| RD1-score7-3 =
| RD1-seed8 = 3
| RD1-team8 = '''{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Lo Sin Yan|Lo S Y]]'''
| RD1-score8-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-3 =

| RD2-seed1 =
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shriyanshi Valishetty|S Valishetty]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = 8
| RD2-score1-3 = '''21'''
| RD2-seed2 = 8
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Dai Wang|Dai W]]
| RD2-score2-1 = 15
| RD2-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-3 = 19

| RD2-seed3 =
| RD2-team3 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ira Sharma|I Sharma]]
| RD2-score3-1 = 16
| RD2-score3-2 = 17
| RD2-score3-3 =
| RD2-seed4 = 3
| RD2-team4 = '''{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Lo Sin Yan|Lo S Y]]'''
| RD2-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-3 =

| RD3-seed1 =
| RD3-team1 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shriyanshi Valishetty|S Valishetty]]'''
| RD3-score1-1 = 13
| RD3-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-3 = '''21'''
| RD3-seed2 = 3
| RD3-team2 = {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Lo Sin Yan|Lo S Y]]
| RD3-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-2 = 10
| RD3-score2-3 = 14
}}

==== Section 4 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 =
| RD1-team1 = '''{{flagicon|USA}} [[Ishika Jaiswal|I Jaiswal]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kavipriya Selvam|K Selvam]]
| RD1-score2-1 = 9
| RD1-score2-2 = 13
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 = Q4
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tanishq Mamilla Palli|T Mamilla Palli]]
| RD1-score3-1 = 11
| RD1-score3-2 = 19
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 = SWM
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anmol Kharb|A Kharb]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD1-seed5 =
| RD1-team5 = '''{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Saloni Samirbhai Mehta|S S Mehta]]'''
| RD1-score5-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-3 =
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Sreeyuktha Sreejith Parol|S S Parol]]
| RD1-score6-1 = 11
| RD1-score6-2 = 9
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tanvi Sharma|T Sharma]]'''
| RD1-score7-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-2 = 17
| RD1-score7-3 = '''21'''
| RD1-seed8 = 2
| RD1-team8 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anupama Upadhyaya|A Upadhyaya]]
| RD1-score8-1 = 18
| RD1-score8-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-3 = 19

| RD2-seed1 =
| RD2-team1 = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Ishika Jaiswal|I Jaiswal]]
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = 13
| RD2-score1-3 = 13
| RD2-seed2 = SWM
| RD2-team2 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anmol Kharb|A Kharb]]'''
| RD2-score2-1 = 15
| RD2-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-3 = '''21'''

| RD2-seed3 =
| RD2-team3 = {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Saloni Samirbhai Mehta|S S Mehta]]
| RD2-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score3-2 = 15
| RD2-score3-3 = 17
| RD2-seed4 =
| RD2-team4 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tanvi Sharma|T Sharma]]'''
| RD2-score4-1 = 15
| RD2-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-3 = '''21'''

| RD3-seed1 = SWM
| RD3-team1 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anmol Kharb|A Kharb]]
| RD3-score1-1 = 23
| RD3-score1-2 = 16
| RD3-score1-3 =
| RD3-seed2 =
| RD3-team2 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tanvi Sharma|T Sharma]]'''
| RD3-score2-1 = '''25'''
| RD3-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-3 =
}}

== Men's doubles ==
=== Seeds ===
{{colbegin}}
#{{flagicon|DEN}} [[William Kryger Boe]] / [[Christian Faust Kjær]] ''(quarter-finals)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} Hariharan Amsakarunan / [[Ruban Kumar]] ''(first round)''
#{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Rory Easton]] / [[Alex Green (badminton)|Alex Green]] ''(second round)''
#{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Cui Hechen]] / [[Peng Jianqin]] ''(quarter-finals)''
#{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Sun Wenjun]] / [[Zhu Yijun (badminton)|Zhu Yijun]] ''(semi-finals)''
#{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Julien Maio]] / [[William Villeger]] ''(first round)''
#'''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Huang Di (badminton)|Huang Di]] / [[Liu Yang (badminton)|Liu Yang]] (champions)'''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishaan Bhatnagar]] / [[Sankar Prasad]] ''(second round)''
{{colend}}

=== Finals ===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD-shade=#A8D3FF
| RD1=Semi-finals
| RD2=Final
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1 = 7
| RD1-team1 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Huang Di (badminton)|Huang Di]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Yang (badminton)|Liu Yang]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-2 = 21
| RD1-score1-3 = '''22'''
| RD1-seed2 = 5
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Sun Wenjun]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhu Yijun (badminton)|Zhu Yijun]]
| RD1-score2-1 = 8
| RD1-score2-2 = '''23'''
| RD1-score2-3 = 20

| RD1-seed3 =  
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pruthvi Roy]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[K. Sai Pratheek]]
| RD1-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-2 = 19
| RD1-score3-3 = 20
| RD1-seed4 =
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kakeru Kumagai]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hiroki Nishi]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = 16
| RD1-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-3 = '''22'''

| RD2-seed1 = 7
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Huang Di (badminton)|Huang Di]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Yang (badminton)|Liu Yang]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = 19
| RD2-score1-3 = '''27'''
| RD2-seed2 =
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kakeru Kumagai]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hiroki Nishi]]
| RD2-score2-1 = 13
| RD2-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-3 = 25
}}

=== Top half ===
==== Section 1 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 = 1
| RD1-team1 = '''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[William Kryger Boe|W K Boe]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Christian Faust Kjær|C F Kjær]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnu Sreekumar|V Sreekumar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Subramanian Sunjith|S Subramanian]]
| RD1-score2-1 = 5
| RD1-score2-2 = 12
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Chia Wei Jie|Chia W J]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lwi Sheng Hao|Lwi S H]]
| RD1-score3-1 = 19
| RD1-score3-2 = 23
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 =
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Masayuki Onodera|M Onodera]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Daigo Tanioka|D Tanioka]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-2 = '''25'''
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD1-seed5 = 7
| RD1-team5 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Huang Di (badminton)|Huang D]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Yang (badminton)|Liu Y]]'''
| RD1-score5-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-3 =
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = {{flagicon|SGP}} [[Wesley Koh|W Koh]] {{flagicon|SGP}} [[Junsuke Kubo|J Kubo]]
| RD1-score6-1 = 11
| RD1-score6-2 = 16
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed7 = Q2
| RD1-team7 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhargav Arigela|B R Arigela]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Viswatej Gobburu|V T Gobburu]]'''
| RD1-score7-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-3 =
| RD1-seed8 =
| RD1-team8 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nithin H. V.|Nithin H V]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Venkata Harsha Vardhan Rayudu Veeramreddy|V H V R Veeramreddy]]
| RD1-score8-1 = 14
| RD1-score8-2 = 15
| RD1-score8-3 =

| RD2-seed1 = 1
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[William Kryger Boe|W K Boe]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Christian Faust Kjær|C F Kjær]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 =
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Masayuki Onodera|M Onodera]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Daigo Tanioka|D Tanioka]]
| RD2-score2-1 = 17
| RD2-score2-2 = 17
| RD2-score2-3 =

| RD2-seed3 = 7
| RD2-team3 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Huang Di (badminton)|Huang D]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Yang (badminton)|Liu Y]]'''
| RD2-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score3-2 = '''23'''
| RD2-score3-3 =
| RD2-seed4 = Q2
| RD2-team4 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhargav Arigela|B R Arigela]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Viswatej Gobburu|V T Gobburu]]
| RD2-score4-1 = 10
| RD2-score4-2 = 21
| RD2-score4-3 =

| RD3-seed1 = 1
| RD3-team1 = {{flagicon|DEN}} [[William Kryger Boe|W K Boe]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Christian Faust Kjær|C F Kjær]]
| RD3-score1-1 = 17
| RD3-score1-2 = 14
| RD3-score1-3 =
| RD3-seed2 = 7
| RD3-team2 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Huang Di (badminton)|Huang D]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Yang (badminton)|Liu Y]]'''
| RD3-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-3 =
}}

==== Section 2 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 = 4
| RD1-team1 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Cui Hechen|Cui HC]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Peng Jianqin|Peng JQ]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ayush Makhija|A Makhija]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sujey Tamboli|S Tamboli]]
| RD1-score2-1 = 12
| RD1-score2-2 = 10
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|BHR}} [[Mohamed Muanis|M Muanis]] {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Mohammed Munawar|M Munawar]]
| RD1-score3-1 = 17
| RD1-score3-2 = 11
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 = Q1
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arya Thakore|A Thakore]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Dhruv Thakore|D Thakore]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD1-seed5 = 5
| RD1-team5 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Sun Wenjun|Sun WJ]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhu Yijun (badminton)|Zhu YJ]]'''
| RD1-score5-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-3 =
| RD1-seed6 = Q3
| RD1-team6 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Suraj Goala|S Goala]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Dhruv Rawat|D Rawat]]
| RD1-score6-1 = 18
| RD1-score6-2 = 14
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shashank Chhetri|S Chhetri]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arvind V. Suresh|A V Suresh]]'''
| RD1-score7-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-3 =
| RD1-seed8 =
| RD1-team8 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Abhyuday Choudhary|A Choudhary]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Balkeshari Yadav|B Yadav]]
| RD1-score8-1 = 13
| RD1-score8-2 = 15
| RD1-score8-3 =

| RD2-seed1 = 4
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Cui Hechen|Cui HC]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Peng Jianqin|Peng JQ]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 = Q1
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arya Thakore|A Thakore]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Dhruv Thakore|D Thakore]]
| RD2-score2-1 = 12
| RD2-score2-2 = 15
| RD2-score2-3 =

| RD2-seed3 = 5
| RD2-team3 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Sun Wenjun|Sun WJ]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhu Yijun (badminton)|Zhu YJ]]'''
| RD2-score3-1 = '''22'''
| RD2-score3-2 = '''22'''
| RD2-score3-3 =
| RD2-seed4 =
| RD2-team4 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shashank Chhetri|S Chhetri]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arvind V. Suresh|A V Suresh]]
| RD2-score4-1 = 20
| RD2-score4-2 = 20
| RD2-score4-3 =

| RD3-seed1 = 4
| RD3-team1 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Cui Hechen|Cui HC]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Peng Jianqin|Peng JQ]]
| RD3-score1-1 = '''22'''
| RD3-score1-2 = 7
| RD3-score1-3 = 19
| RD3-seed2 = 5
| RD3-team2 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Sun Wenjun|Sun WJ]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhu Yijun (badminton)|Zhu YJ]]'''
| RD3-score2-1 = 20
| RD3-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-3 = '''21'''
}}

=== Bottom half ===
==== Section 3 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 =
| RD1-team1 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Viplav Kuvale|Vip Kuvale]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Viraj Kuvale|Vir Kuvale]]
| RD1-score1-1 = 15
| RD1-score1-2 = 12
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pruthvi Roy|P Roy]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[K. Sai Pratheek|K S Pratheek]]'''
| RD1-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = '''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Boon Xin Yuan|Boon X Y]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Jimmy Wong (badminton)|J Wong]]'''
| RD1-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-2 = 10
| RD1-score3-3 = '''23'''
| RD1-seed4 = 6
| RD1-team4 = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Julien Maio|J Maio]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[William Villeger|W Villeger]]
| RD1-score4-1 = 19
| RD1-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-3 = 21

| RD1-seed5 =
| RD1-team5 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ajinkya Patharkar|A Patharkar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ganesh Vittalji|G Vittalji]]
| RD1-score5-1 = 18
| RD1-score5-2 = 15
| RD1-score5-3 =
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Dingku Singh Konthoujam|D S Konthoujam]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Amaan Mohammad|A Mohammad]]'''
| RD1-score6-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed7 = Q4
| RD1-team7 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nibir Ranjan|N Ranjan]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashith Surya|A Surya]]
| RD1-score7-1 = 21
| RD1-score7-2 = 17
| RD1-score7-3 =
| RD1-seed8 = 3
| RD1-team8 = '''{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Rory Easton|R Easton]] {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Alex Green (badminton)|A Green]]'''
| RD1-score8-1 = '''23'''
| RD1-score8-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-3 =

| RD2-seed1 =
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pruthvi Roy|P Roy]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[K. Sai Pratheek|K S Pratheek]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = '''23'''
| RD2-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 =
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Boon Xin Yuan|Boon X Y]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Jimmy Wong (badminton)|J Wong]]
| RD2-score2-1 = 21
| RD2-score2-2 = 16
| RD2-score2-3 =

| RD2-seed3 =
| RD2-team3 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Dingku Singh Konthoujam|D S Konthoujam]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Amaan Mohammad|A Mohammad]]'''
| RD2-score3-1 = 10
| RD2-score3-2 = '''22'''
| RD2-score3-3 = '''21'''
| RD2-seed4 = 3
| RD2-team4 = {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Rory Easton|R Easton]] {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Alex Green (badminton)|A Green]]
| RD2-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-2 = 20
| RD2-score4-3 = 15

| RD3-seed1 =
| RD3-team1 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pruthvi Roy|P Roy]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[K. Sai Pratheek|K S Pratheek]]'''
| RD3-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-3 =
| RD3-seed2 =
| RD3-team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Dingku Singh Konthoujam|D S Konthoujam]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Amaan Mohammad|A Mohammad]]
| RD3-score2-1 = 11
| RD3-score2-2 = 16
| RD3-score2-3 =
}}

==== Section 4 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 =
| RD1-team1 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chayanit Joshi|C Joshi]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mayank Rana|M Rana]]
| RD1-score1-1 = 13
| RD1-score1-2 = 17
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = '''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lau Yi Sheng|Lau Y S]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lee Yi Bo|Lee Y B]]'''
| RD1-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 = PFQ
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Santhosh Gajendran|S Gajendran]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shivam Sharma (badminton)|S Sharma]]
| RD1-score3-1 = 9
| RD1-score3-2 = 10
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 = 8
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishaan Bhatnagar|I Bhatnagar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sankar Prasad|S Prasad]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD1-seed5 =
| RD1-team5 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Abinash Mohanty|A Mohanty]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ayush Pattanayak|A Pattanayak]]
| RD1-score5-1 = 17
| RD1-score5-2 = 12
| RD1-score5-3 =
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kakeru Kumagai|K Kumagai]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hiroki Nishi|H Nishi]]'''
| RD1-score6-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chen Xujun|Chen XJ]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Guo Ruohan|Guo RH]]'''
| RD1-score7-1 = 18
| RD1-score7-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-3 = '''21'''
| RD1-seed8 = 2
| RD1-team8 = {{flagicon|IND}} H Amsakarunan {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ruban Kumar|R Kumar]]
| RD1-score8-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-2 = 18
| RD1-score8-3 = 13

| RD2-seed1 =
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lau Yi Sheng|Lau Y S]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lee Yi Bo|Lee Y B]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = '''22'''
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 = 8
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishaan Bhatnagar|I Bhatnagar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sankar Prasad|S Prasad]]
| RD2-score2-1 = 19
| RD2-score2-2 = 20
| RD2-score2-3 =

| RD2-seed3 =
| RD2-team3 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kakeru Kumagai|K Kumagai]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hiroki Nishi|H Nishi]]'''
| RD2-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score3-3 =
| RD2-seed4 =
| RD2-team4 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chen Xujun|Chen XJ]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Guo Ruohan|Guo RH]]
| RD2-score4-1 = 14
| RD2-score4-2 = 12
| RD2-score4-3 =

| RD3-seed1 =
| RD3-team1 = {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lau Yi Sheng|Lau Y S]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lee Yi Bo|Lee Y B]]
| RD3-score1-1 = 15
| RD3-score1-2 = 18
| RD3-score1-3 =
| RD3-seed2 =
| RD3-team2 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kakeru Kumagai|K Kumagai]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hiroki Nishi|H Nishi]]'''
| RD3-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-3 =
}}

== Women's doubles ==
=== Seeds ===
{{colbegin}}
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rutaparna Panda]] / [[Swetaparna Panda]] ''(second round)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Priya Konjengbam]] / [[Shruti Mishra]] ''(quarter-finals)''
#{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Miki Kanehiro]] / [[Rui Kiyama]] ''(first round)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashwini Bhat (badminton)|Ashwini Bhat]] / [[Shikha Gautam]] ''(semi-finals)''
#{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Huang Kexin]] / [[Tang Ruizhi]] ''(second round)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gayatri Rawat]] / [[Mansa Rawat]] ''(semi-finals)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kavipriya Selvam]] / [[Simran Singhi]] ''(quarter-finals)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Apoorva Gahlawat]] / [[Sakshi Gahlawat]] ''(first round)''
{{colend}}

=== Finals ===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD-shade=#A8D3FF
| RD1=Semi-finals
| RD2=Final
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1 = 6
| RD1-team1 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gayatri Rawat]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mansa Rawat]]
| RD1-score1-1 = 17
| RD1-score1-2 = 14
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nanako Hara]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Riko Kiyose]]'''
| RD1-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 = 4
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashwini Bhat (badminton)|Ashwini Bhat]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shikha Gautam]]
| RD1-score3-1 = 7
| RD1-score3-2 = '''24'''
| RD1-score3-3 = 17
| RD1-seed4 =
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Keng Shuliang]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Tingge]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-2 = 22
| RD1-score4-3 = '''21'''

| RD2-seed1 =  
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nanako Hara]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Riko Kiyose]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 =
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Keng Shuliang]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Tingge]]
| RD2-score2-1 = 11
| RD2-score2-2 = 19
| RD2-score2-3 =
}}

=== Top half ===
==== Section 1 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 = 1
| RD1-team1 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rutaparna Panda|R Panda]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Swetaparna Panda|S Panda]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aradhana Balachandra|A Balachandra]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Muskaan Khan|M Khan]]
| RD1-score2-1 = 14
| RD1-score2-2 = 14
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 = Q4
| RD1-team3 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kanika Kanwal|K Kanwal]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bharti Pal|B Pal]]'''
| RD1-score3-1 = 11
| RD1-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-3 = '''21'''
| RD1-seed4 =
| RD1-team4 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pragati Parida|P Parida]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishakha Toppo|V Toppo]]
| RD1-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-2 = 6
| RD1-score4-3 = 16

| RD1-seed5 = 6
| RD1-team5 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gayatri Rawat|G Rawat]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mansa Rawat|M Rawat]]'''
| RD1-score5-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-3 =
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Nidhi Desai|N Desai]] {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Sreeyuktha Sreejith Parol|S S Parol]]
| RD1-score6-1 = 6
| RD1-score6-2 = 8
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prerana Alvekar|P Alvekar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mrunmayee Deshpande (badminton)|M Deshpande]]'''
| RD1-score7-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-2 = '''24'''
| RD1-score7-3 =
| RD1-seed8 =
| RD1-team8 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anagha Aravinda Pai|A A Pai]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nardhana Ravishankar|N Ravishankar]]
| RD1-score8-1 = 19
| RD1-score8-2 = 22
| RD1-score8-3 =

| RD2-seed1 = 1
| RD2-team1 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rutaparna Panda|R Panda]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Swetaparna Panda|S Panda]]
| RD2-score1-1 = 14
| RD2-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-3 = 15
| RD2-seed2 =
| RD2-team2 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kanika Kanwal|K Kanwal]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bharti Pal|B Pal]]'''
| RD2-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-2 = 11
| RD2-score2-3 = '''21'''

| RD2-seed3 = 6
| RD2-team3 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gayatri Rawat|G Rawat]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mansa Rawat|M Rawat]]'''
| RD2-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score3-3 =
| RD2-seed4 =
| RD2-team4 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prerana Alvekar|P Alvekar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mrunmayee Deshpande (badminton)|M Deshpande]]
| RD2-score4-1 = 17
| RD2-score4-2 = 13
| RD2-score4-3 =

| RD3-seed1 =
| RD3-team1 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kanika Kanwal|K Kanwal]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bharti Pal|B Pal]]
| RD3-score1-1 = 16
| RD3-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-3 = 11
| RD3-seed2 = 6
| RD3-team2 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gayatri Rawat|G Rawat]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mansa Rawat|M Rawat]]'''
| RD3-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-2 = 15
| RD3-score2-3 = '''21'''
}}

==== Section 2 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 = 3
| RD1-team1 = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Miki Kanehiro|M Kanehiro]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Rui Kiyama|R Kiyama]]
| RD1-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-2 = 15
| RD1-score1-3 = 12
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Huazhou|Li HZ]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Zimeng|Wang ZM]]'''
| RD1-score2-1 = 15
| RD1-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-3 = '''21'''

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Trisha Hegde|T Hegde]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ritika Thaker|R Thaker]]'''
| RD1-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 =
| RD1-team4 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Khardikar Karishma|K Karishma]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Saloni Kumari|S Kumari]]
| RD1-score4-1 = 12
| RD1-score4-2 = 10
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD1-seed5 = 5
| RD1-team5 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Huang Kexin|Huang KX]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Tang Ruizhi|Tang RZ]]'''
| RD1-score5-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-3 =
| RD1-seed6 = Q1
| RD1-team6 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shreya Balaji|S Balaji]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Deepta Sathish|D Sathish ]]
| RD1-score6-1 = 10
| RD1-score6-2 = 8
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nanako Hara|N Hara]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Riko Kiyose|R Kiyose]]'''
| RD1-score7-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-3 =
| RD1-seed8 =
| RD1-team8 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pranavi Natarajan|P Natarajan]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Riduvarshini Ramasamy|R Ramasamy]]
| RD1-score8-1 = 10
| RD1-score8-2 = 8
| RD1-score8-3 =

| RD2-seed1 =
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Huazhou|Li HZ]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Zimeng|Wang ZM]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 =
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Trisha Hegde|T Hegde]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ritika Thaker|R Thaker]]
| RD2-score2-1 = 4
| RD2-score2-2 = 7
| RD2-score2-3 =

| RD2-seed3 = 5
| RD2-team3 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Huang Kexin|Huang KX]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Tang Ruizhi|Tang RZ]]
| RD2-score3-1 = 16
| RD2-score3-2 = 13
| RD2-score3-3 =
| RD2-seed4 =
| RD2-team4 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nanako Hara|N Hara]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Riko Kiyose|R Kiyose]]'''
| RD2-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-3 =

| RD3-seed1 =
| RD3-team1 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Huazhou|Li HZ]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Zimeng|Wang ZM]]
| RD3-score1-1 = 18
| RD3-score1-2 = 14
| RD3-score1-3 =
| RD3-seed2 =
| RD3-team2 = '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nanako Hara|N Hara]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Riko Kiyose|R Kiyose]]'''
| RD3-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-3 =
}}

=== Bottom half ===
==== Section 3 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 = Q2
| RD1-team1 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kanak Kalakoti|K Kalakoti]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kanishka Kandpal|K Kandpal]]
| RD1-score1-1 = 11
| RD1-score1-2 = 18
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 = Q3
| RD1-team2 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shikhaa Avula|S Avula]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Maheshwari Gollapalli|M Gollapalli]]'''
| RD1-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rashmi Ganesh|R Ganesh]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sania Sikkandar|S Sikkandar]]
| RD1-score3-1 = 19
| RD1-score3-2 = 12
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 = 7
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kavipriya Selvam|K Selvam]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Simran Singhi|S Singhi]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD1-seed5 =
| RD1-team5 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Amrutha Pramuthesh|A Pramuthesh]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sonali Singh|S Singh]]'''
| RD1-score5-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-3 =
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Khushi Gupta|K Gupta]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Likhita Srivastava|L Srivastava]]
| RD1-score6-1 = 16
| RD1-score6-2 = 17
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nanda Ghosh|N Ghosh]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashritha Kandula|A Kandula]]
| RD1-score7-1 = 9
| RD1-score7-2 = 7
| RD1-score7-3 =
| RD1-seed8 = 4
| RD1-team8 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashwini Bhat (badminton)|A Bhat]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shikha Gautam|S Gautam]]'''
| RD1-score8-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-3 =

| RD2-seed1 = Q3
| RD2-team1 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shikhaa Avula|S Avula]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Maheshwari Gollapalli|M Gollapalli]]
| RD2-score1-1 = 10
| RD2-score1-2 = 12
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 = 7
| RD2-team2 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kavipriya Selvam|K Selvam]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Simran Singhi|S Singhi]]'''
| RD2-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-3 =

| RD2-seed3 =
| RD2-team3 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Amrutha Pramuthesh|A Pramuthesh]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sonali Singh|S Singh]]
| RD2-score3-1 = 13
| RD2-score3-2 = 13
| RD2-score3-3 =
| RD2-seed4 = 4
| RD2-team4 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashwini Bhat (badminton)|A Bhat]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shikha Gautam|S Gautam]]'''
| RD2-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-3 =

| RD3-seed1 = 7
| RD3-team1 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kavipriya Selvam|K Selvam]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Simran Singhi|S Singhi]]
| RD3-score1-1 = 19
| RD3-score1-2 = 19
| RD3-score1-3 =
| RD3-seed2 = 4
| RD3-team2 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashwini Bhat (badminton)|A Bhat]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shikha Gautam|S Gautam]]'''
| RD3-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-3 =
}}

==== Section 4 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 =
| RD1-team1 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aparna Balan|A Balan]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gowri Krishna T R|T R G Krishna]]
| RD1-score1-1 = 10
| RD1-score1-2 = 10
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Keng Shuliang|Keng SL]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Tingge|Wang TG]]'''
| RD1-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Bao Lijing|Bao LJ]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Qian (badminton)|Li Q]]'''
| RD1-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 = 8
| RD1-team4 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Apoorva Gahlawat|A Gahlawat]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sakshi Gahlawat|S Gahlawat]]
| RD1-score4-1 = 6
| RD1-score4-2 = 11
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD1-seed5 = PFQ
| RD1-team5 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Yashica (badminton)|Yashica]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shenan Christian|S Christian]]
| RD1-score5-1 = 15
| RD1-score5-2 = 12
| RD1-score5-3 =
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Alisha Khan|A Khan]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sri Sai Sravya Lakkamraju|S S S Lakkamraju]]'''
| RD1-score6-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Dhanyaa Nandakumar|D Nandakumar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arul Bala Radhakrishnan|A B Radhakrishnan]]
| RD1-score7-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-2 = 18
| RD1-score7-3 = 22
| RD1-seed8 = 2
| RD1-team8 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Priya Konjengbam|P Konjengbam]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shruti Mishra|S Mishra]]'''
| RD1-score8-1 = 17
| RD1-score8-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-3 = '''24'''

| RD2-seed1 =
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Keng Shuliang|Keng SL]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Tingge|Wang TG]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 =
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Bao Lijing|Bao LJ]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Qian (badminton)|Li Q]]
| RD2-score2-1 = 16
| RD2-score2-2 = 12
| RD2-score2-3 =

| RD2-seed3 =
| RD2-team3 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Alisha Khan|A Khan]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sri Sai Sravya Lakkamraju|S S S Lakkamraju]]
| RD2-score3-1 = 11
| RD2-score3-2 = 12
| RD2-score3-3 =
| RD2-seed4 = 2
| RD2-team4 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Priya Konjengbam|P Konjengbam]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shruti Mishra|S Mishra]]'''
| RD2-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-3 =

| RD3-seed1 =
| RD3-team1 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Keng Shuliang|Keng SL]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Tingge|Wang TG]]'''
| RD3-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-3 =
| RD3-seed2 = 2
| RD3-team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Priya Konjengbam|P Konjengbam]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shruti Mishra|S Mishra]]
| RD3-score2-1 = 17
| RD3-score2-2 = 14
| RD3-score2-3 =
}}

== Mixed doubles ==
=== Seeds ===
{{colbegin}}
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sathish Karunakaran]] / [[Aadya Variyath]] ''(quarter-finals)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rohan Kapoor (badminton)|Rohan Kapoor]] / [[Ruthvika Gadde]] ''(semi-finals)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Dhruv Kapila]] / [[Tanisha Crasto]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashith Surya]] / [[Amrutha Pramuthesh]] ''(first round)''
#{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhu Yijun (badminton)|Zhu Yijun]] / [[Huang Kexin]] ''(quarter-finals)''
#{{flagicon|SGP}} [[Terry Hee]] / [[Jin Yujia]] ''(final)''
#{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Julien Maio]] / [[Léa Palermo]] ''(semi-finals)''
#{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Rory Easton]] / [[Lizzie Tolman]] ''(second round)''
{{colend}}

=== Finals ===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD-shade=#A8D3FF
| RD1=Semi-finals
| RD2=Final
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1 =  
| RD1-team1 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Gao Jiaxuan]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Tang Ruizhi]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 = 7
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Julien Maio]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Léa Palermo]]
| RD1-score2-1 = 19
| RD1-score2-2 = 18
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 = 6
| RD1-team3 = '''{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Terry Hee]] {{flagicon|SIN}} [[Jin Yujia]]'''
| RD1-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-2 = 18
| RD1-score3-3 = '''21'''
| RD1-seed4 = 2
| RD1-team4 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rohan Kapoor (badminton)|Rohan Kapoor]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ruthvika Gadde]]
| RD1-score4-1 = 14
| RD1-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-3 = 19

| RD2-seed1 =  
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Gao Jiaxuan]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Tang Ruizhi]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = 15
| RD2-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-3 = '''21'''
| RD2-seed2 = 6
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|SIN}} [[Terry Hee]] {{flagicon|SIN}} [[Jin Yujia]]
| RD2-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-2 = 15
| RD2-score2-3 = 15
}}

=== Top half ===
==== Section 1 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 = 1
| RD1-team1 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sathish Karunakaran|S Karunakaran]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aadya Variyath|A Variyath]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-2 = 16
| RD1-score1-3 = '''21'''
| RD1-seed2 = Q2
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Amaan MOHAMMAD|Am Mohammad]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Simran Singhi|S Singhi]]
| RD1-score2-1 = 15
| RD1-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-3 = 15

| RD1-seed3 = Q3
| RD1-team3 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rohith Mohankumar|R Mohankumar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Riduvarshini Ramasamy|R Ramasamy]]'''
| RD1-score3-1 = '''25'''
| RD1-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 =
| RD1-team4 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ayush Dash|A Dash]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Purba Pratyasha Panda|P P Panda]]
| RD1-score4-1 = 23
| RD1-score4-2 = 11
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD1-seed5 = 8
| RD1-team5 = '''{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Rory Easton|R Easton]] {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Lizzie Tolman|L Tolman]]'''
| RD1-score5-1 = 15
| RD1-score5-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-3 = '''21'''
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shivam Sharma (badminton)|S Sharma]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Poorvisha S. Ram|P S Ram]]
| RD1-score6-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-2 = 18
| RD1-score6-3 = 15

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Gao Jiaxuan|Gao JX]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Tang Ruizhi|Tang RZ]]'''
| RD1-score7-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-3 =
| RD1-seed8 = Q1
| RD1-team8 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ajinkya Patharkar|A Patharkar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kanika Kanwal|K Kanwal]]
| RD1-score8-1 = 15
| RD1-score8-2 = 15
| RD1-score8-3 =

| RD2-seed1 = 1
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sathish Karunakaran|S Karunakaran]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aadya Variyath|A Variyath]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 = Q3
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rohith Mohankumar|R Mohankumar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Riduvarshini Ramasamy|R Ramasamy]]
| RD2-score2-1 = 12
| RD2-score2-2 = 7
| RD2-score2-3 =

| RD2-seed3 = 8
| RD2-team3 = {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Rory Easton|R Easton]] {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Lizzie Tolman|L Tolman]]
| RD2-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score3-2 = 15
| RD2-score3-3 = 19
| RD2-seed4 =
| RD2-team4 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Gao Jiaxuan|Gao JX]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Tang Ruizhi|Tang RZ]]'''
| RD2-score4-1 = 15
| RD2-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-3 = '''21'''

| RD3-seed1 = 1
| RD3-team1 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sathish Karunakaran|S Karunakaran]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aadya Variyath|A Variyath]]
| RD3-score1-1 = 19
| RD3-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-3 = 16
| RD3-seed2 =
| RD3-team2 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Gao Jiaxuan|Gao JX]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Tang Ruizhi|Tang RZ]]'''
| RD3-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-2 = 16
| RD3-score2-3 = '''21'''
}}

==== Section 2 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 = 7
| RD1-team1 = '''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Julien Maio|J Maio]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Léa Palermo|L Palermo]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nithin H.V.|Nithin H V]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anagha Aravinda Pai|A A Pai]]
| RD1-score2-1 = 13
| RD1-score2-2 = 17
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ayush Agarwal|A Agarwal]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shruti Mishra|S Mishra]]'''
| RD1-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 =
| RD1-team4 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohit Jaglan|M Jaglan]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lakshita Jaglan|L Jaglan]]
| RD1-score4-1 = 13
| RD1-score4-2 = 7
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD1-seed5 = SWM
| RD1-team5 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Hanyu (badminton)|Zhang HY]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Bao Lijing|Bao LJ]] '''
| RD1-score5-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-3 =
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Zhakuo Seyie|Z Seyie]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Alisha Khan|A Khan]]
| RD1-score6-1 = 6
| RD1-score6-2 = 5
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ganesh Vittalji|G Vittalji]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bharti Pal|B Pal]]'''
| RD1-score7-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-3 =
| RD1-seed8 =
| RD1-team8 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Dingku Singh Konthoujam|D S Konthoujam]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Maheshwari Devi Kshetrimayum|M Kshetrimayum]]
| RD1-score8-1 = 15
| RD1-score8-2 = 17
| RD1-score8-3 =

| RD2-seed1 = 7
| RD2-team1 = '''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Julien Maio|J Maio]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Léa Palermo|L Palermo]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 = 16
| RD2-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score1-3 = '''21'''
| RD2-seed2 =
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ayush Agarwal|A Agarwal]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shruti Mishra|S Mishra]]
| RD2-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-2 = 15
| RD2-score2-3 = 16

| RD2-seed3 = SWM
| RD2-team3 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Hanyu (badminton)|Zhang HY]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Bao Lijing|Bao LJ]]'''
| RD2-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score3-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score3-3 =
| RD2-seed4 =
| RD2-team4 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ganesh Vittalji|G Vittalji]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bharti Pal|B Pal]]
| RD2-score4-1 = 16
| RD2-score4-2 = 18
| RD2-score4-3 =

| RD3-seed1 = 7
| RD3-team1 = '''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Julien Maio|J Maio]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Léa Palermo|L Palermo]]'''
| RD3-score1-1 = 18
| RD3-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-3 = '''22'''
| RD3-seed2 = SWM
| RD3-team2 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Hanyu (badminton)|Zhang HY]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Bao Lijing|Bao LJ]]
| RD3-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-2 = 18
| RD3-score2-3 = 20
}}

=== Bottom half ===
==== Section 3 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 =
| RD1-team1 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tarun Kona|T Kona]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sri Krishna Priya Kudaravalli|S K P Kudaravalli]]
| RD1-score1-1 = 6
| RD1-score1-2 = 20
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Harshvardhan Kothari|H Kothari]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aradhana Balachandra|A Balachandra]]'''
| RD1-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score2-2 = '''22'''
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arvind V Suresh|A Suresh]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Dhanyaa Nandakumar|D Nandakumar]]
| RD1-score3-1 = 15
| RD1-score3-2 = 10
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 = 6
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Terry Hee|T Hee]] {{flagicon|SIN}} [[Jin Yujia|Jin YJ]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD1-seed5 = Q4
| RD1-team5 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhavya Chhabra|B Chhabra]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Manali Bora|M Bora]]
| RD1-score5-1 = 18
| RD1-score5-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score5-3 = 19
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sathwik Reddy Kanapuram|S R Kanapuram]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vaishnavi Khadkekar|V Khadkekar]]'''
| RD1-score6-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-2 = 18
| RD1-score6-3 = '''21'''

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nitin Kumar (badminton)|N Kumar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ridhi Kaur Toor|R K Toor]]'''
| RD1-score7-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score7-3 =
| RD1-seed8 = 4
| RD1-team8 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashith Surya|A Surya]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Amrutha Pramuthesh|A Pramuthesh]]
| RD1-score8-1 = 11
| RD1-score8-2 = 11
| RD1-score8-3 =

| RD2-seed1 =
| RD2-team1 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Harshvardhan Kothari|H Kothari]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aradhana Balachandra|A Balachandra]]
| RD2-score1-1 = 13
| RD2-score1-2 = 14
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 = 6
| RD2-team2 = '''{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Terry Hee|T Hee]] {{flagicon|SIN}} [[Jin Yujia|Jin YJ]]'''
| RD2-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-3 =

| RD2-seed3 =
| RD2-team3 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sathwik Reddy Kanapuram|S R Kanapuram]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vaishnavi Khadkekar|V Khadkekar]]'''
| RD2-score3-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score3-2 = '''22'''
| RD2-score3-3 =
| RD2-seed4 =
| RD2-team4 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nitin Kumar (badminton)|N Kumar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ridhi Kaur Toor|R K Toor]]
| RD2-score4-1 = 19
| RD2-score4-2 = 20
| RD2-score4-3 =

| RD3-seed1 = 6
| RD3-team1 = '''{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Terry Hee|T Hee]] {{flagicon|SIN}} [[Jin Yujia|Jin YJ]]'''
| RD3-score1-1 = '''26'''
| RD3-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score1-3 =
| RD3-seed2 =
| RD3-team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sathwik Reddy Kanapuram|S R Kanapuram]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vaishnavi Khadkekar|V Khadkekar]]
| RD3-score2-1 = 24
| RD3-score2-2 = 7
| RD3-score2-3 =
}}

==== Section 4 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1 =
| RD1-team1 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnu Sreekumar|V Sreekumar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aparna Balan|A Balan]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score1-3 =
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bharathsanjai S]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sania Sikkandar|S Sikkandar]]
| RD1-score2-1 = 14
| RD1-score2-2 = 18
| RD1-score2-3 =

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Dhruv Rawat|D Rawat]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Radhika Sharma|R Sharma]]
| RD1-score3-1 = 16
| RD1-score3-2 = 14
| RD1-score3-3 =
| RD1-seed4 = 5
| RD1-team4 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhu Yijun (badminton)|Zhu YJ]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Huang Kexin|Huang KX]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score4-3 =

| RD1-seed5 =
| RD1-team5 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Venkat Gaurav Prasad|V G Prasad]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Juhi Dewangan|J Dewangan]]
| RD1-score5-1 = 18
| RD1-score5-2 = 15
| RD1-score5-3 =
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bokka Navaneeth|B Navaneeth]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ritika Thaker|R Thaker]]'''
| RD1-score6-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score6-3 =

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Subramanian Sunjith|Subramanian S]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gowri Krishna T R|G Krishna]]
| RD1-score7-1 = 14
| RD1-score7-2 = 16
| RD1-score7-3 =
| RD1-seed8 = 2
| RD1-team8 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rohan Kapoor (badminton)|R Kapoor]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ruthvika Gadde|R Gadde]]'''
| RD1-score8-1 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-2 = '''21'''
| RD1-score8-3 =

| RD2-seed1 =
| RD2-team1 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnu Sreekumar|V Sreekumar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aparna Balan|A Balan]]
| RD2-score1-1 = 6
| RD2-score1-2 = 16
| RD2-score1-3 =
| RD2-seed2 = 5
| RD2-team2 = '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhu Yi-jun (badminton)|Zhu YJ]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Huang Kexin|Huang KX]]'''
| RD2-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score2-3 =

| RD2-seed3 =
| RD2-team3 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bokka Navaneeth|B Navaneeth]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ritika Thaker|R Thaker]]
| RD2-score3-1 = 14
| RD2-score3-2 = 11
| RD2-score3-3 =
| RD2-seed4 = 2
| RD2-team4 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rohan Kapoor (badminton)|R Kapoor]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ruthvika Gadde|R Gadde]]'''
| RD2-score4-1 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-2 = '''21'''
| RD2-score4-3 =

| RD3-seed1 = 5
| RD3-team1 = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhu Yi-jun (badminton)|Zhu YJ]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Huang Kexin|Huang KX]]
| RD3-score1-1 = 18
| RD3-score1-2 = 17
| RD3-score1-3 =
| RD3-seed2 = 2
| RD3-team2 = '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rohan Kapoor (badminton)|R Kapoor]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ruthvika Gadde|R Gadde]]'''
| RD3-score2-1 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-2 = '''21'''
| RD3-score2-3 =
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/tournament/635F4D4F-29E2-4713-B1F2-0A70FB207A4F Tournament link]

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
|before=[[2024 Guwahati Masters]]
|title=[[2024 BWF World Tour|BWF World Tour]] [[2024 BWF season]]
|years=
|after=[[2025 Malaysia Open (badminton)|2025 Malaysia Open]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{2024 BWF World Tour}}
{{Odisha Masters}}

[[Category:Odisha Masters]]
[[Category:2024 BWF World Tour|Odisha Masters]]
[[Category:2024 in Indian sport|Odisha Masters]]
[[Category:December 2024 sports events in India|Odisha Masters]]

Sobha Naidu

2026-01-12T13:55:09Z

Ramesh: Made the post from scratch...

{{Short description|Indian Kuchipudi dancer (1956–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Sobha Naidu
| image = Shobha Naidu at International Ramayana Festival in Ravindra Bharathi (24.01.2018).jpg
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{Birth-date|1956}}
| birth_place = [[Anakapalle]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2020|10|14|1956|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| occupation = [[Classical Indian dance|Classical dancer]]
| known_for = [[Kuchipudi]]
| website = [http://sobhanaidu.org sobhanaidu.org]
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2001), [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (1991)
}}

'''Sobha Naidu''' (1956 – 14 October 2020) was an Indian [[Kuchipudi]] dancer, teacher, and choreographer. A disciple of the celebrated Kuchipudi maestro [[Vempati Chinna Satyam]], she became one of the foremost practitioners of the art form.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Mary |first=S. B. Vijaya |date=2020-10-15 |title=Tribute: Empowered woman was the focus of Kuchipudi danseuse Sobha Naidu's ballets |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/tribute-empowered-woman-was-the-focus-of-sobha-naidus-ballets/article32861137.ece |access-date=2024-10-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Known for her role as [[Satyabhama]] in traditional dance dramas, she was the principal of the Srinivasa Kuchipudi Art Academy in [[Hyderabad]]. Over the course of her career, Sobha Naidu trained thousands of students and choreographed numerous dance-dramas. In recognition of her significant contributions to classical dance, Sobha Naidu was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Government of India]] in 2001 and the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 1991.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2020-10-15 |title=RIP Sobha Naidu: Kuchipudi's 'Kaliyuga Satyabhama' takes her final bow |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/rip-sobha-naidu-kuchipudis-kaliyuga-satyabhama-takes-her-final-bow/articleshow/78668756.cms |access-date=2024-10-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Sobha Naidu was born in 1956 in [[Anakapalle]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Chandaraju |first=Aruna |date=2020-10-15 |title=Sobha Naidu, Kuchipudi's brightest star |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2020/Oct/15/sobha-naidu-kuchipudis-brightest-star-2210477.html |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Her father, K. V. Naidu, initially opposed her pursuit of dance, wanting her to become a doctor. However, her mother, Sarojini Devi, supported her passion for the art form. Sobha began her dance training under P. L. Reddy in Rajahmundry before advancing under the renowned Kuchipudi guru [[Vempati Chinna Satyam]] in [[Chennai|Madras]] (now Chennai).<ref name=":1" /> She later earned a degree from [[Queen Mary's College, Chennai|Queen Mary's College]] in Chennai.<ref name="mahilalu">{{cite web|url=http://www.mahilalu.com/shobha-naidu-success-story/|title=Shobha Naidu Success Story|date=29 Jan 2016|access-date=25 Aug 2017|publisher=Mahilalu}}</ref>

== Career ==
[[File:Indian dance (Elena Tarasova) fragments.ogv|thumb|214x214px|Dance performance by Elena Tarasova, choreographed by Sobha Naidu, in Saint Petersburg, 2009]]Sobha Naidu quickly gained recognition as an exceptional student under Vempati Chinna Satyam, and her debut performance ([[Arangetram (dance)|arangetram]]) marked the beginning of a successful career.<ref name="AP1">{{cite web |date=16 May 2016 |title=Personalities: Sobha Naidu |url=http://www.andhraportal.org/personalities-sobha-naidu/ |access-date=25 Aug 2017 |publisher=Andhra Portal}}</ref> Despite initial hesitation from her father, the success of her arangetram led her to continue performing after returning to Hyderabad from Chennai. Sobha became known for her portrayal of key characters in Kuchipudi dance, including [[Satyabhama]], Padmavathi, and the protagonist in [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s ''Chandalika''.<ref name=":0" /> Her performances set a high standard in Kuchipudi, earning her widespread acclaim.<ref name=":1" /> Although she received several film offers early in her career, including a blank cheque from producer [[B. Nagi Reddi|B. Nagi Reddy]], Sobha chose to remain dedicated to classical dance. She also declined offers to learn [[Bharatanatyam]] from prominent gurus like [[Vazhuvoor Ramaiah Pillai]], feeling that even a lifetime was not enough to master Kuchipudi.<ref name=":1" />

Sobha's talent was evident from an early age, and she played lead roles in several of her guru's dance-dramas. Her performances were highly regarded both in India and internationally. She represented India at cultural events in countries such as the [[United States]], [[United Kingdom]], [[USSR]], [[Syria]], [[Turkey]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Iraq]], and [[Cambodia]]. Additionally, she also led cultural delegations to the [[West Indies]], [[Mexico]], [[Venezuela]], [[Tunisia]], and [[Cuba]] on behalf of the Indian government.<ref name="Sobha Naidu">{{cite web |title=I explained it when I danced it |url=http://sobhanaidu.org/profile.html |access-date=25 Aug 2017 |publisher=Sobhanaidu.org}}</ref>

She founded the Srinivasa Kuchipudi Art Academy in Hyderabad in 1980 and served as its principal for 40 years, grooming over 1,500 dancers from India and abroad, many of whom have continued her legacy in Kuchipudi. During her tenure, she choreographed over 80 solo performances and 15 ballets.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 Apr 2012 |title=Dancer with a difference |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/245521/dancer-difference.html |access-date=25 Aug 2017 |publisher=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-14 |title=Eminent Kuchipudi exponent Shobha Naidu passes away at 64 in Hyderabad |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2020/Oct/14/eminent-kuchipudi-exponent-shobha-naidu-passes-away-at-64-in-hyderabad-2210072.html |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Sobha Naidu was related to the eminent Carnatic violinist [[Dwaram Venkataswamy Naidu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2019 |title=Personalities: Dwaram Venkataswami Naidu |url=http://andhraportal.org/personalities-dwaram-venkataswami-naidu/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Andhra Cultural Portal |language=en-US}}</ref> She died on 14 October 2020 in Hyderabad at the age of 64.<ref name=":1" /> Sobha is survived by her husband, Arjun Rao, a retired [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer, and her daughter, Sai Sivaranjani.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2020-10-14 |title=Legendary Kuchipudi exponent Sobha Naidu breathes her last at 64 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/legendary-kuchipudi-exponent-sobha-naidu-breathes-her-last-at-64/articleshow/78655371.cms |access-date=2024-10-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Naidu's contributions to the field of Kuchipudi have left an indelible mark on Indian classical dance. She is remembered for her ability to combine technical precision with expressive storytelling, making her performances highly acclaimed both in India and abroad. Her commitment to training the next generation of dancers ensures that her legacy continues.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Awards and recognition ==
Throughout her illustrious career, Sobha Naidu received numerous awards for her contributions to dance:
* [[Padma Shri]] (2001)<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref>
* Nrutya Choodamani (1982)<ref name=":2" />
* [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (1991)<ref name=":2" />
* Nritya Kala Siromani (1996)<ref name=":3" />
* [[NTR National Award]] (1998)<ref name=":3" />
* [[Hamsa Award]] from the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080211184103/http://www.kuchipudi.com/home.cfm Information about Kuchipudi]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070807091642/http://www.kuchipudischool.com/kuchipudi%20page.htm Comprehensive Background On Kuchipudi]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080213050115/http://www.nayika.org/ Kuchipudi Dancer in Sydney]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naidu, Sobha}}
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Kuchipudi dancers]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kala Ratna]]
[[Category:Indian women choreographers]]
[[Category:Indian choreographers]]
[[Category:People from Visakhapatnam district]]
[[Category:Dancers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Women artists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

Neeraj Shridhar

2026-01-08T00:50:19Z

Ramesh: General improvements to article content

{{Short description|Indian film composer and singer-songwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Neeraj Shridhar
| image = Neeraj Shridhar (Feb 5, 2019).jpg
| imagesize = 150px
| caption = Neeraj Shridhar in 2019
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| known_for = [[Bombay Vikings]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Film composer|playback singer}}
}}

'''Neeraj Shridhar''' is an Indian film [[playback singer]], composer and singer-songwriter who was the lead vocalist of [[Indian pop]] and rock group [[Bombay Vikings]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Recreating Character dheela in Tollywood |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-26/news-interviews/30203486_1_character-dheela-dheela-hai-tollywood |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013141056/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-26/news-interviews/30203486_1_character-dheela-dheela-hai-tollywood |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 October 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date= 26 September 2011}}</ref> Bombay Vikings became popular with [[remix]] hits like "Kya Soorat Hai", "Woh Chali" and "Chod Do Anchal".<ref>{{cite news |title=Bombay Vikings set to chill out Muscat |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data/middleeast/2006/March/middleeast_March434.xml&section=middleeast&col= |publisher=[[Khaleej Times]] |date=17 March 2006 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002162443/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data%2Fmiddleeast%2F2006%2FMarch%2Fmiddleeast_March434.xml&section=middleeast&col= |archivedate=2 October 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vikings Unplugged |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/05/11/stories/2004051100360300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040701204052/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/05/11/stories/2004051100360300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 July 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date= 11 May 2004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Bombay Vikings will hopefully be back this year: Neeraj Shridhar - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/bombay-vikings-will-hopefully-be-back-this-year-neeraj-shridhar/articleshow/81773501.cms|access-date=2021-04-12|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Career==

===Bombay Vikings===
Bombay Vikings is a pop and rock group that combines Indian and classical music. It was formed in 1994.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/copyright-laws-in-music-are-both-good-and-bad-neeraj-shridhar-101642766677125.html | title=Copyright laws in music are both good and bad: Neeraj Shridhar | date=21 January 2022 }}</ref>

===Playback singer===
Neeraj started working as a Bollywood playback singer in 2006 with the song "Tumko Dekha" for the film ''[[God Tussi Great Ho]]'' although this film got released later. He also sang "Halke Halke" in ''[[Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd.]]'' and "Bhagam Bhaag" from ''[[Bhagam Bhaag]]'' in the same year. After this, Neeraj sang songs like "Ticket To Hollywood" (''[[Jhoom Barabar Jhoom]]''), "Heyy Babyy" (''[[Heyy Babyy]]''), "Ishq Subhanallah" (''[[Mere Baap Pehle Aap]]''), "Ishq Ka Kalma" (''[[Dhan Dhana Dhan Goal]]''), and the biggest of them all "Bhool Bhulaiyaa" (''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa]]''), commonly known as "Hare Raam Hare Raam." This Akshay Kumar star song was the biggest hit of the year and was nominated for the [[Filmfare Awards]] with the songs "Ticket To Hollywood" and "Heyy Baby." Neeraj also co-wrote the song "Bhool Bhulaiya" with Sameer.

===Success in Bollywood===
In 2008, Neeraj had all of his songs superhits. He sang the following songs for their respective films: 'Race Saanson Ki', 'Race Is On My Mind' and 'Sexy Lady' (''Race''), 'Chandni Chowk To China' (''Chandni Chowk To China''), 'Love Mera Hit', and 'Rockin' And Reelin' (''Billu''), 'Vacancy' and 'Tha Karke' (''Golmaal Returns''), 'Aai Paapi' (''Kismat Konnection''), 'O Re Lakad' (''Krazzy 4''), 'Nobody Like You' (''Mission Istanbul''), 'Bas Ek King' and 'Talli Hua' (''Singh Is Kinng''), 'Sooni Sooni Raahein' and 'Main Ro Na Padoon' (''Hum Phir Mile Na Mile''), 'Pom Pom Pom' (''Horn OK PLeasss''), 'Samandar' (''Mr. White Mr. Black''), 'Khalbali' and 'Bhuri Bhuri' (''Khalbali''). This year he sang for a number of Bollywood actors, such as Saif Ali Khan, Shah Rukh Khan, Ajay Devgn, and Shahid Kapur. Neeraj sang a Telugu song called 'Om Namaste Bolo' from the film ''Ready'', starring Genelia D'Souza. Neeraj wrote and sang the songs 'Ae Aa o' (''Billu''), 'Vacancy' (''Golmaal Returns''), and 'Aayaare' (''Kolkata Knight Riders- 2 Hot 2 Cool'').

Neeraj sang songs like ' Pal Yeh Aane Wala Pal' (Dhoondte Reh Jaaoge), 'Aaja Mahi' (8 x 10 Tasveer), Prem Ki Naiyya' (Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani), 'You Are My Love' (All The Best), 'Bebo' and 'Beautiful Woman' (Do Knot Disturb), 'Tension Lene Ka Nahi' (Jugaad), 'Jashn Hai Josh Hai' (Kal Kissne Dekha), 'Lakh Lakh Nakhre' (Kambakkht Ishq), 'Twist', 'Chor Bazari', and 'Aahun Aahun' (Love Aaj Kal), 'Tum Mile' (Tum Mile), 'Shiri Farhad' (Dulha Mil Gaya), 'Pe Pe Pein' (Chance Pe Dance).

In the year 2010, Neeraj slowed down on working on Bollywood songs, due to his involvement in his own album. Neeraj sang 'Mera Jeena Hai Kya' (''Aashayein''), which is altogether a different kind of song from what he had done in the past. Another recent song of his is the song 'Kya' from the Emran Hashmi-starrer film ''Crook: It's Good To Be Bad''. This is his most recent hit. Neeraj also sang the songs 'Ale' and 'Desi Kali' of the film ''Golmaal 3'', and 'Ajab Leher' of the film ''[[Break Ke Baad]]'', starring Imran Khan and Deepika Padukone.

In 2011, Neeraj sang song like 'Rab Sab Se Sona' (''F.A.L.T.U''), 'Character Dheela' (Ready), 'Full Volume', 'Pyaar Mein' from (Thank You), 'Rascals', 'Parda Nasheen' from (Rascals), 'Jhak Maar Ke' from (Desi Boyz).

He received wide recognition after performing at Hans Raj College Festival "Confluence 2011" on 4 February 2011.

In 2012 Neeraj sang songs like 'Papa Toh Band Bajaye' (''Housefull-2''), 'I'll do the talking (steal the night)' in ''[[Agent Vinod (2012 film)|Agent Vinod]]'' and 'Tumhi Ho Bandhu' (''Cocktail'').

On 20 December 2012 he performed in Hyderabad during Qualcomm's annual event Qutumbotsav.
On 21 December 2012, he performed in Pune during Cybage's Annual Bash at Magarpatta city.
On 8 February 2014, he performed in Noida during Amity University's annual fest AYF.

==Personal life==
Neeraj is married to Nikila Shridhar and has one son, Nevan and one daughter, Rohini.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}

==Awards and nominations==
* Nominated: Screen Award for Best Playback Singer – Male (2010): Tum Mile
* Nominated: Stardust Award for New Musical Sensation – Male (2008): Ticket To Hollywood
* Nominated: Stardust Award for New Musical Sensation – Male (2008): Bhool Bhulaiyaa
* Nominated: IIFA Award for Best Male Playback Singer (2008): Bhool Bhulaiyaa

==Works==
===Lyricist===
* ''[[Golmaal Returns]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Billu]]'' (2009)
* ''[[De Dana Dan]]'' (2009)
* ''[[8 x 10 Tasveer]]'' (2009)

===As composer===
* ''[[8 x 10 Tasveer]]'' (2009)
* [[Irada (2017 film)|''Irada'']] (2017)

=== Bombay Vikings discography and studio albums ===

* ''U n I'' (2011)
* ''Zara Nazron Se Kehdo'' (2006)
* ''Chhodh Do Aanchal'' (2004)
* ''Hum To Anything Karega - Fusion Remixes'' (2004)
* ''The Best of Bombay Vikings'' (2003)
* ''Hawa Mein Udati Jaaye'' (2002)
* ''Woh Chali'' (2001)
* ''Kya Soorat Hai'' (1999)

===Playback singer===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="background:#ffc;"|
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Song
!Music
!Lyrics
!Co-singer(s)
!Note
|-
|2003
|''[[Rules: Pyaar Ka Superhit Formula]]''
|"Pyaar Ke Naam Pe"
|[[Vanraj Bhatia]]
|Subhrat Sinha
|
|
|-
|2005
|''[[U, Bomsi n Me]]''
|"Kahan Ho Tum (Album Version)"
|Deepak Pandit
|Himself
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2006
| rowspan="3" |''[[Bhagam Bhag]]''
|"Bhagam Bhag"
| rowspan="3" |[[Pritam]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]]
|
|
|-
|"Bhagam Bhag" (Press Play Mix)
|
|
|-
|"Bhagam Bhag" (Ragga Mix)
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |2007
| rowspan="2" |''[[Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd.]]''
|"Halke Halke Rang Chhalkein"
| rowspan="2" |[[Vishal–Shekhar]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Javed Akhtar]]
|
|
|-
|"Halke Halke - Remix"
|
|
|-
|[[Just Married (2007 film)|''Just Married'']]
|"Baat Pakki" (Version I)
|[[Pritam]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Gulzar]]
|[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
|
|-
|''[[Jhoom Barabar Jhoom]]''
|"Ticket to Hollywood"
| rowspan="3" |[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
|[[Alisha Chinai]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Heyy Babyy]]''
|"Heyy Babyy"
| rowspan="4" |[[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]]
|Pervez Quadri, [[Raman Mahadevan]]
|
|-
|"Heyy Babyy" (The Big 'O' Remix)
|Pervez Quadri, [[Raman Mahadevan]], [[Loy Mendonsa]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa]]''
|"Bhool Bhulaiyaa"
| rowspan="8" |[[Pritam]]
|
|
|-
|"Bhool Bhulaiyaa – Remix"
|
|
|-
|''[[Goal (2007 Hindi film)|Dhan Dhana Dhan Goal]]''
|"Ishq Ka Kalma"
|[[Javed Akhtar]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="28" |2008
| rowspan="5" |[[Race (2008 film)|''Race'']]
|"Khwab Dekhe (Sexy Lady)"
| rowspan="5" |[[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]]
|[[Pritam]], [[Monali Thakur]]
|
|-
|"Race Saanson Ki"
| rowspan="4" |[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|
|-
|"Race Is on My Mind"
|
|-
|"Race Saanson Ki" - Remix
|
|-
|"Race Is on My Mind" - Remix
|
|-
|''[[Krazzy 4]]''
|"O Re Lakad"
|[[Rajesh Roshan]]
|[[Javed Akhtar]]
|[[Kailash Kher]], [[Sowmya Raoh]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Mr. Black Mr. White]]''
|"Samandar"
| rowspan="2" |Tauseef Akhtar
| rowspan="4" |[[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]]
|[[Suzanne D'Mello]], Sweta Mohanty
|
|-
|"Samandar - Remix"
|[[Suzanne D'Mello]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Mere Baap Pehle Aap]]''
|"Ishq Subhan Allah"
| rowspan="2" |[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Alisha Chinai]], Rap by Bob
|
|-
|"Ishq Subhan Allah (Remix)"
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Kismat Konnection]]''
|"Aai Paapi"
| rowspan="2" |[[Pritam]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
|
|
|-
|"Aai Paapi (Remix)"
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Mission Istaanbul]]''
|"Nobody Like You"
| rowspan="2" |[[Chirrantan Bhatt]]
| rowspan="2" |Hamza Farouqi
| rowspan="2" |[[Anoushka Shankar|Anoushka]], [[Ishq Bector]]
|
|-
|"Nobody Like You (Remix)"
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |''[[Singh Is Kinng]]''
|"Bas Ek Kinng"
| rowspan="4" |[[Pritam]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Mayur Puri]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mika Singh]], [[Hard Kaur]], Aashish Pandit
|
|-
|"Bas Ek Kinng" (Tiger Style Mix)
|
|-
|"Talli Hua"
|Labh Janjua
|
|-
|"Talli Hua" (Jay Dabhi Mix)
|Labh Janjua, Style Bhai
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |''Khallballi!''
|"Khallballi Hai Khallballi"
| rowspan="5" |[[Sajid–Wajid]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Jalees Sherwani]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Wajid Khan (composer)|Wajid]]
|
|-
|"Khallballi" (Remix)
|
|-
|"Bhuri Bhuri Teri Aankhein"
| rowspan="2" |[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|
|-
|"Bhuri Bhuri" (Remix)
|
|-
|''[[God Tussi Great Ho]]''
|"Tumko Dekha"
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |''[[Golmaal Returns]]''
|"Tha Kar Ke"
| rowspan="4" |[[Pritam]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Anweshaa]], [[Akriti Kakar]], Earl D'Souza, Indie
|
|-
|"Tha Kar Ke" (Remix)
|
|-
|"Vacancy"
| rowspan="2" |[[Benny Dayal]], Suhail Kaul, [[Suzanne D'Mello]]
|
|-
|"Vacancy" (Kilogram Mix)
|
|-
|''[[Meerabai Not Out]]''
|"Meerabai Not Out"
|[[Sandesh Shandilya]]
|Irfan Siddiqui
|[[Vijay Prakash]]
|
|-
| rowspan="28" |2009
|''[[Horn 'Ok' Pleassss]]''
|"Pom Pom Pom"
|[[Amar Mohile]]
|[[Sajid-Farhad]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Chandni Chowk to China]]''
|"Chandni Chowk to China"
|[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
|[[Rajat Arora]]
|[[Anushka Manchanda]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|
|-
|''[[Raaz: The Mystery Continues]]''
|"Soniyo"
|[[Raju Singh]]
|[[Kumaar]]
|[[Sonu Nigam]], [[Zubeen Garg]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Billu Barber|''Billu'']]
|"Love Mera Hit Hit"
| rowspan="6" |[[Pritam]]
| rowspan="3" |Ashish Pandit, [[Mayur Puri]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Tulsi Kumar]]
|
|-
|"Love Mera Hit Hit" (House Mix)
|
|-
|"Love Mera Hit Hit (Remix)"
|
|-
|"You Get Me Rocking & Reeling"
| rowspan="3" |[[Sayeed Quadri]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Dominique Cerejo]]
|
|-
|"You Get Me Rocking & Reeling (Video Edit)"
|
|-
|"You Get Me Rocking & Reeling (Remix)"
|
|-
|''Jugaad''
|"Tu Hai Rab Mera"
|[[Sachin Gupta (musician)|Sachin Gupta]]
|[[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Dhoondte Reh Jaaoge]]''
|"Pal Yeh Aane Wala Pal"
|[[Sajid–Wajid]]
|[[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[8 x 10 Tasveer]]''
|"Aaja Mahi"
| rowspan="2" |Himself
| rowspan="3" |[[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tulsi Kumar]]
|
|-
|"Aaja Mahi (Remix)"
|
|-
|''[[Kal Kissne Dekha]]''
|"Jashn Hai"
|[[Sajid–Wajid]]
|[[Alisha Chinai]], [[Wajid Khan (composer)|Wajid]]
|
|-
|''[[Kambakkht Ishq]]''
|"Lakh Lakh"
|[[Anu Malik]]
|[[Anvita Dutt|Anvita Dutt Guptan]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |''[[Love Aaj Kal (2009 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]''
|"Twist"
| rowspan="6" |[[Pritam]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Irshad Kamil]]
|[[Suzanne D'Mello]], [[Saif Ali Khan]] (additional vocals)
|
|-
|"Twist (Remix)"
|
|
|-
|"Chor Bazaari"
| rowspan="2" |[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|
|-
|"Chor Bazaari (Remix)"
|
|-
|"Aahun Aahun"
| rowspan="2" |[[Master Saleem]], [[Suzanne D'Mello]]
|
|-
|"Aahun Aahun (Remix)"
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Do Knot Disturb]]''
|"O Meri Bebo, O Aaja Bebo"
| rowspan="2" |[[Nadeem–Shravan]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]]
|[[Anushka Manchanda]]
|
|-
|"She Is A Beautiful Woman"
|[[Sowmya Raoh]]
|
|-
|''[[All the Best: Fun Begins]]''
|"You Are My Love"
|[[Pritam]]
|[[Kumaar]]
|[[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Alisha Chinai]], Rajesh, Antara Mali
|
|-
|''Bal Ganesh 2''
|"De Taali - Remix"
|Shamir Tandon, Sanjay Dhakan
|[[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]], Vibha Singh, Rajendra Mehra
|[[Neha Kakkar]], [[Sonu Kakkar]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani]]''
|"Prem Ki Naiyya"
| rowspan="3" |[[Pritam]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Irshad Kamil]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Suzanne D'Mello]]
|
|-
|"Prem Ki Naiyya (Remix)"
|
|-
|''[[Tum Mile]]''
|"Tum Mile"
| rowspan="4" |[[Kumaar]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="16" |2010
|''[[Dulha Mil Gaya]]''
|"Shirin Farhad"
|[[Jatin–Lalit|Lalit Pandit]]
|[[Tulsi Kumar]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Chance Pe Dance]]''
|"Pe... Pe... Pepein...."
| rowspan="2" |[[Pritam]]
|[[Master Saleem]], [[Hard Kaur]]
|
|-
|"Pe... Pe... Pepein...." (Duet)
|Master Saleem, Hard Kaur, [[Tulsi Kumar]]
|
|-
|''Bhavnao Ko Samjho''
|"Bhavnao Ko Samjho"
|Tinu
|[[Sunil Pal]]
|
|
|-
|''Pyaar Kaa Fundaa''
|"Pyaar Kaa Fundaa"
|Hriju Roy
|Varshaa Jain
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Na Ghar Ke Na Ghaat Ke]]''
|"Agar Hum Tum Ko"
| rowspan="2" |[[Jatin–Lalit|Lalit Pandit]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mudassar Aziz]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Jatin–Lalit|Lalit Pandit]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|
|-
|"Agar Hum Tum Ko" (Remix)
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Housefull (2010 film)|''Housefull'']]
|"Papa Jaag Jayega"
| rowspan="2" |[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ritu Pathak]], [[Alyssa Mendonsa]]
|
|-
|"Papa Jaag Jayega" (Insane Insomaniac Mix)
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Aashayein]]''
|"Mera Jeena Hai Kya"
| rowspan="6" |[[Pritam]]
| rowspan="2" |Mir Ali Hussain
|
|
|-
|"Mera Jeena Hai Kya" (Remix)
|
|
|-
|[[Crook (film)|''Crook'']]
|"Kya"
| rowspan="4" |[[Kumaar]]
|[[Dominique Cerejo]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Golmaal 3]]''
|"Ale"
|[[Antara Mitra]]
|
|-
|"Desi Kali"
| rowspan="2" |[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|
|-
|"Desi Kali" (Remix)
|
|-
|''[[Break Ke Baad]]''
|"Ajab Leher"
|[[Vishal–Shekhar]]
|[[Prasoon Joshi]]
|[[Vishal Dadlani]]
|
|-
| rowspan="23" |2011
| rowspan="2" |''[[Mumbai Mast Kallander]]''
|"Sloshed" (Duet)
| rowspan="2" |Teenu Arora
|Prashant Ingole
|[[Saru Maini]]
|
|-
|"Ram Naam Bhaj Le"
|Pancchi Jalonvi
|
|
|-
|''[[United Six]]''
|"You Are The Reason"
|[[Pritam]]
|Ashish Pandit
|[[Ritu Pathak]]
|
|-
|[[Angel (2011 film)|''Angel'']]
|"Tell Me Why"
|Amjad Nadeem
|[[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[F.A.L.T.U]]''
|"Rab Sab Se Sona"
| rowspan="2" |[[Sachin–Jigar]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]]
|Apeksha Dandekar
|
|-
|"Beh Chala"
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Thank You (2011 film)|''Thank You'']]
|"Full Volume"
| rowspan="3" |[[Pritam]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kumaar]]
|[[Richa Sharma (singer)|Richa Sharma]], [[Suzanne D'Mello]]
|
|-
|"Full Volume" (Remix)
|Richa Sharma
|
|-
|"Pyaar Mein"
|[[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
|[[Javed Ali]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Chalo Dilli]]''
|"Hi 5"
| rowspan="2" |[[Sachin Gupta (musician)|Sachin Gupta]]
| rowspan="2" |Krishika Lulla, [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
|
|
|-
|"Hi 5" (Club Mix)
|
|
|-
|''[[Love U...Mr. Kalakaar!]]''
|"Sarphira Sa Hai Dil"
|[[Sandesh Shandilya]]
|[[Manoj Muntashir]]
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Ready (2011 film)|''Ready'']]
|"Character Dheela"
| rowspan="2" |[[Pritam]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Amrita Kak]]
|
|-
|"Character Dheela" (DJ A-MYTH Remix)
|
|-
|''[[Love Express]]''
|"Dance Like Punjabi"
|[[Jaidev Kumar]]
|Rakesh Kumar
|Sumitra Iyer
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Rascals (2011 film)|''Rascals'']]
|"Rascals"
| rowspan="3" |[[Vishal–Shekhar]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Irshad Kamil]]
|
|
|-
|"Parda Nasheen"
|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|
|-
|"Rascals" (Dance Mix)
|[[Vishal Dadlani]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Desi Boyz]]''
|"Jhak Maar Ke"
| rowspan="2" |[[Pritam]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Harshdeep Kaur]]
|
|-
|"Jhak Maar Ke" (Remix)
|
|-
|''[[Jo Hum Chahein]]''
|"One More One More"
|[[Sachin Gupta (musician)|Sachin Gupta]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Kumaar]]
|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''Yaar Anmulle''
|"Desi Dude"
| rowspan="2" |Gurmeet Singh
|
| rowspan="2" |Punjabi
|-
|"Desi Dude" (Remix)
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2012
|''[[Housefull 2]]''
|"Papa Toh Band Bajaye"
|[[Sajid–Wajid]]
|[[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Agent Vinod (2012 film)|''Agent Vinod'']]
|"I'll Do The Talking Tonight"
| rowspan="4" |[[Pritam]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
|[[Shefali Alvares]], [[Aditi Singh Sharma]], Barbie Amod
|
|-
|"I'll Do The Talking Tonight" (Remix)
|Aditi Singh Sharma, Barbie Amod
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Cocktail (2012 film)|''Cocktail'']]
|"Tumhi Ho Bandhu"
| rowspan="2" |[[Irshad Kamil]]
|[[Kavita Seth]]
|
|-
|"Daaru Desi"
|[[Benny Dayal]], [[Shalmali Kholgade]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
| rowspan="2" |''[[Krrish 3]]''
|"Raghupati Raghav"
| rowspan="2" |[[Rajesh Roshan]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Monali Thakur]], Bob
|
|-
|"Raghupati Raghav" (DJ Shiva Remix)
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
|''[[Humshakals]]''
|"Caller Tune"
|[[Himesh Reshammiya]]
|[[Neeti Mohan]]
|
|-
|''[[Bobby Jasoos]]''
|"B.O.B.B.Y"
|[[Shantanu Moitra]]
|[[Swanand Kirkire]]
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
|''[[Prem Ratan Dhan Payo]]''
|"Tod Tadaiyya"
|[[Himesh Reshammiya]]
|[[Irshad Kamil]]
|[[Neeti Mohan]]
|
|-
|''[[Romance Complicated]]''
|"All in One Gujrati"
|Jatin Pratik
|Isha Gautam & Dasharath Mewal
|Priya Patidar
|Gujrati
|-
|''[[Bangistan]]''
|"Saturday Night"
|[[Ram Sampath]]
|Puneet Krishna
|[[Aditi Singh Sharma]], [[Benny Dayal]], Janusz Krucinski
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Junooniyat]]''
|"Nachenge Saari Raat"
|[[Meet Bros]]
|[[Kumaar]], Taz, Hunterz
|[[Tulsi Kumar]]
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Golmaal Again]]''
|"Maine Tujhko Dekha"
|[[Amaal Mallik]]
|[[Kumaar]]
|[[Sukriti Kakar]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''[[Jole Jongole]]''
|"Premer Infection (Dil Ki Kite)"
|[[Jeet Gannguli]]
|[[Rana Mazumder]]
|[[Aditi Singh Sharma]]
|Bengali
|-
|''[[Kaashi in Search of Ganga]]''
|"Ranjha"
|DJ Emenes
|[[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
|[[Payal Dev]]
|
|-
|2022
| ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2]]''
|"Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2 - Title Track"
|[[Pritam]], [[Tanishk Bagchi]]
|[[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]] (Additional lyrics by [[JAM8|Mandy Gill]]) 
|MellowD, Bob (rap)
|
|-
|2023
| ''[[Shehzada (2023 film)|Shehzada]]''
| "Character Dheela 2.0"
| Pritam, [[Abhijit Vaghani]]
| [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]], Ashish Pandit
|Style Bai (rap)
|
|-
|2024
| ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3]]''
| "Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 - Title Track"
|rowspan=2|Pritam, Tanishk Bagchi
| Sameer Anjaan (Additional lyrics by Dhruv Yogi; English verse by Pitbull)
|[[Diljit Dosanjh]], [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]]
|
|-
|rowspan=3|2025
|''[[Bhool Chuk Maaf]]''
| "Chor Bazari Phir Se"
| [[Irshad Kamil]]
|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Zahrah S Khan]], Pravesh
|
|-
|''[[Housefull 5]]''
|"Qayamat"
|[[Sachin-Jigar| White Noise Collectives]]
|SOM
|Shruti Dhasmana
|
|-
|''[[Andaaz 2]]''
| Ishq Junooni Hai"
| Nadeem Saifi
| Sameer Anjaan
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2017}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|2539894}}
* [http://www.neerajshridhar.com Bombay Vikings Official Site]
* [https://www.facebook.com/imneerajshridhar Neeraj Shridhar Fan Page]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shridhar, Neeraj}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male pop singers]]
[[Category:Indian male composers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:1978 births]]

Charles Currie (civil servant)

2026-01-07T14:35:54Z

Ramesh: made new stub

{{Infobox person
| name = Charles Currie
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1878
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Charles Currie ''' (died 1878), succeeded [[George Hamilton Freeling]] as [[District magistrate|Collector]] of the [[Bulandshahr district|district of Bulandshahr]], [[North-Western Provinces]], [[British India|India]]. There, along with [[Henry Binny Webster|H. B. Webster]] and [[George Dundas Turnbull|G. D. Turnbull]], he was known for his contributions to some of the late nineteenth century buildings at the town of [[Bulandshahr]].<ref name=Atkinson1876>{{Cite book |last=Atkinson |first=Edwin Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G9jaXsOc-tEC&pg=PA127|title=Statistical, Descriptive and Historical Account of the North-Western Provinces of India: 3.:Meerut division part 2 |date=1876 |publisher=North-Western Provinces Government |pages=8, 127-128 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Danvers>{{Cite book |last=Danvers |first=Frederick Charles |url=https://archive.org/details/memorialsoldhai00collgoog/page/442/mode/2up |title=Memorials of Old Haileybury College |last2=Monier-Williams |first2=Monier |last3=Bayley |first3=Steuart Colvin |last4=Wigram |first4=Percy |last5=Sapte |first5=Brand |date=1894 |publisher=A. Constable |language=en|page=445}}</ref><ref name=Nevill1922>{{cite book |last1=Nevill |first1=H. R. |title=Bulandshahr A Gazetteer |date=1922 |publisher=Government Branch Press |location=Lucknow |page=118 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.1361/page/n129/mode/2up?q=currie|volume=5}}</ref><ref name=Singh1874>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Kuar Lachman|title=Historical and Statistical Memoir of Zila Bulandshahar |date=1874 |publisher=North-Western Provinces Government Press|isbn=978-3-382-50031-3|location=Allahabad |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.11477/page/45/mode/2up?q=currie|language=en|pages=45-52}}</ref>

Currie attended [[East India Company College|Haileybury]] from 1848 to 1850, and that same year arrived in India.<ref name=Danvers/> In 1865 he was appointed Commissioner.<ref name=Danvers/> There, 10 years later, he was Judicial Commissioner.<ref name=Danvers/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:1878 deaths]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]

{{India-bio-stub}}
{{Gov-bio-stub}}

Rapar

2026-01-07T09:35:32Z

Ramesh:

{{Short description|City in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rapar
| other_name = Vagad
| nickname =
| settlement_type = city
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.573|N|70.6445|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kutch district|Kutch]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = MLA
| leader_name = Virendrasinh Jadeja
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 79
| population_total = 253,137
| population_as_of = 2024
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 370 165
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02830
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#GJ.E2.80.94Gujarat|GJ]]-39
| website = {{URL|gujaratindia.com}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Rapar''' is a city and a [[municipality]] in [[Kutch district]] (Kachchh) in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Gujarat]].

==Geography==
Rapar (earlier known as '''Rahpar''') is located at {{Coord|23.57|N|70.63|E|}}. It has an average elevation of 79 metres (259 feet). Rapar is the main town in the Vagad Region of the Kutch District and the easternmost town of the [[Kachchh|Kutch District]].

It is a trading hub and shopping center for local people as there is no other major town within a 100 km radius. The nearest towns are Samakhiyali, Bhachau, [[Gandhidham]], [[Anjar, India|Anjar]], [[Kandla]] and [[Adipur]] in Kutch district, and [[Morbi]] in Rajkot district and [[Radhanpur]] in Patan district. The district headquarters, [[Bhuj]], is almost 140 km to the west. The nearest railway station is Chhitrod which is 18  km away. The nearest airport is [[Gandhidham]] which is 94.5 km away.
[[File:Dholavira1.JPG|320x240px|thumbnail|left|Dholavira]]

The nearby villages are [[Gagodar]], Chhotapar, Pragpar, Bhutakiya, Bhimasar, Selari, Badargadh, Vajepar, Kidiyanagar, Padampar, Kalyanpar, Rav, Palanpar, Nandasar, Bela, Jatawada, Davri, Balasar [[Palanswa]] and others.

Rapar is nearest town en route to [[Dholavira]], the [[Harappan civilization]] site.

Rapar was partially destroyed during the [[2001 Gujarat earthquake]] but it has been developed again with good planning.

It has many temples like Swaminarayan Temple dedicated to [[Swaminarayana]], Ratneswar Temple dedicated to [[Shiva]], Ram Mandir dedicated to [[Rama]], Dariyasthan dedicated to [[Jhulelal (Hinduism)|Dariyalal]] and two nice ponds and a public garden.

The famous Ravechi temple is situated in the Nana Raava Village in Rapar District of Gujarat in Kutch. For [https://utsav.gov.in/view-event/ravechi-fair-ravechi-mataji-no-melo-1 Ravechi Fair Gujarat] more than 50,000 people assemble, mainly Charan, Ahir and Rabari community people to grant the offerings to Ravechi Mata. During this Ravechi Fair Gujarat celebration, newly married couples of Ahir community come dressed in their traditional wedding outfits to take blessings from Ravechi Mata.

==Politics==
Current MLA of Rapar is Shree [[Virendrasinh Jadeja]] member of Bhartiya Janta Party who won by mere 450 votes against INC's Bhachubhai Arethiya during [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022 Gujarat assembly elections]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gujarati |first=TV9 |title=Virendrasinh Bahadursinh Jadeja રાપર ગુજરાત વિધાનસભા બેઠક રીઝલ્ટ 2022 લીવે ન્યૂઝ એન્ડ ઉપડેટસ |url=https://tv9gujarati.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/candidates/virendrasinh-bahadursinh-jadeja-rapar-219501 |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=TV9 Gujarati |language=gu}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kutch district]]

{{Kachchh-geo-stub}}

Pali district

2025-12-26T16:54:37Z

Ramesh: added some biography w/ infobox

{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Pali, Rajasthan|the district in [[Taiwan]]|Bali District}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pali district
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Rajasthan|District]] of [[Rajasthan]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Dera Khairwa-Rajasthan (16).jpg
|photo1b = KundeshwarMahadev.JPG
|photo2a = Velar lake 1.JPG
|photo2b = JAWAI BERA.6.jpg
|photo3a = Chaumukha Jain temple at Ranakpur in Aravalli range near Udaipur Rajasthan India.jpg
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: Dera Khairwa Fort, Kundeshwar Mahadev Temple, Velar Lake, [[Ranakpur Jain temple]], Lake near Jawai Bera
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Headquarters]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pali, Rajasthan|Pali]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 12387
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2,037,573
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=districtcensus/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 306401
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02932
| registration_plate = RJ-22
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 63.23%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Pali (Lok Sabha Constituency)]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = Avg. annual temperature
| blank1_info_sec2 = {{convert|22.5|°C|°F}}
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|45|°C|°F}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|00|°C|°F}}
| website = {{URL|http://pali.rajasthan.gov.in/}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| footnotes =
| image_map = Pali in Rajasthan (India).svg
| map_caption = Pali district in Rajasthan, India
| subdivision_name3 = Pali
| subdivision_type3 = [[Administrative division|Division]]
}}
'''Pali district''' is a district in [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. The city of [[Pali, Rajasthan|Pali]] is its administrative headquarters.
Pali is also known as the Industrial/Textile City and has been a hub for merchant activities for centuries. It has a rich heritage and culture, including beautiful Jain temples and other elaborate monuments.

==History==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=3,93,837|13=1911|14=4,56,627|15=1921|16=4,03,318|17=1931|18=4,73,063|19=1941|20=5,55,586|21=1951|22=6,60,856|23=1961|24=8,05,682|25=1971|26=9,70,002|27=1981|28=12,74,504|29=1991|30=14,86,432|31=2001|32=18,20,251|33=2011|34=20,37,573|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=right}}{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2022}}
In 120 AD, during the [[Kushana]] Age, King [[Kanishka]] conquered the [[Rohat]] and [[Jaitaran]] areas, parts of today's Pali district. Until the end of the seventh century, the [[Pushyabhuti dynasty|Pushyabhuti]] king [[Harsha]]vardhana ruled the area, along with other parts of what would be Rajasthan.

From the 10th to the 15th century, the boundaries of Pali extended to [[Mewar]], [[Gorwar]], and [[Marwar]]. [[Nadol]] was the capital of the Chauhan clan. All [[Rajput]] rulers resisted foreign invaders, but individually fought each other for land and leadership. After the defeat of [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] by [[Muhammad Ghori]], the Rajput power in the area was removed. The Godwad area became subject to the then-ruler of [[Mewar]], [[Maharana Kumbha]]; however, Pali, which was ruled by Rajputs with the patronage of neighbouring Rajput rulers, remained peaceful and progressive.

There were a number of battles in the surrounding areas of Pali in the 16th and 17th centuries. [[Shershah Suri]] defeated Rajput rulers in the [[Battle of Sammel]] near Jaitaran, and the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor, [[Akbar]], constantly battled with [[Maharana Pratap]] in the Gorwar area. After the Mughals had conquered almost all of [[Rajputana]], Veer [[Durgadas Rathore]] of Marwar made organised efforts to take back Marwar from [[Aurangzeb]], the last Mughal emperor. By then, Pali had become subservient to the [[Rathore dynasty|Rathores]] of Marwar, and was reclaimed by Maharaja [[Vijay Singh of Marwar|Vijay Singh]] before becoming a commercial centre.

During the British era in 1857, various [[Thakur (Indian title)|Thakur]]s of Pali under the stewardship of the Thakur of [[Auwa]] fought against [[British rule]]. The British army surrounded Auwa Fort and the conflict lasted several days.

Geologists trace the settlement at Pali back to prehistory and maintain that Pali emerged from the vast western sea, which was spread over a large part of present-day Rajasthan. In the [[Vedic period]], Maharshi Javali stayed in the area to meditate and interpret the [[Vedas]]. In the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' age,{{clarify|date=January 2022}} the [[Pandavas]] made this area (near [[Bali, India|Bali]]) their resting place during exile. As a part of ancient Arbuda Province, the area was known as Balla-Desh.

==Geography==
The [[Aravalli Range]] forms the eastern boundary of the district, and the southern boundary ends at [[Bamnera]] village in [[Sumerpur Tehsil]]. There are foothills to the west, through which run some [[Luni River]] tributaries. The western portion of the district includes the [[alluvial plain]] of the Luni. The district is bounded by eight others: [[Nagaur District]] to the north, [[Ajmer District]] to the northeast, [[Rajsamand District]] to the east, [[Udaipur District]] to the southeast, [[Sirohi District]] to the southwest, [[Jalore District]] and [[Barmer District]] to the west, and [[Jodhpur District]] to the northwest. The major part of the district has ranges from 200 to 300 m above mean sea level in elevation, but in the east—toward the Aravalli Range—the elevation increases and the average is closer to 600 m, with some regions exceeding 1000 m.<ref>{{Citation|date=November 1959|title=Pali, India, Sheet NG 43-09|series=Series U-502|publisher=United States Army Map Service|format=topographic map, scale 1:250,000|url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/india/txu-oclc-6614190-ng43-9.jpg}}</ref>

===National geological monument===
{{anchor|Pali Barr Conglomerate}}The '''Pali Barr Conglomerate''' has been declared a [[List of National Geological Monuments in India|National Geological Monument of India]] by the [[Geological Survey of India]] for their protection, maintenance, promotion and enhancement of [[geotourism]].<ref name=gsi1>{{Cite web |url=http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529542&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |title=National Geological Monument, from Geological Survey of India website |access-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712055947/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529542&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |archive-date=12 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="gsi2">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=137573|title=Geo-Heritage Sites|date=2016-03-09|website=pib.nic.in|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|access-date=2018-09-15}}</ref><ref name=gsi3>[http://naturalheritage.intach.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Geoheritage-Monograph.pdf national geo-heritage of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111120428/http://naturalheritage.intach.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Geoheritage-Monograph.pdf |date=11 January 2017 }}, [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage|INTACH]]</ref>

==Politics==
===Lok Sabha===
The [[Pali (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pali Lok Sabha constituency]] has jurisdiction over two districts: Pali and [[Jodhpur]]. The current member of parliament is [[P P Choudhary]], who represents the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Pali-dyeing-Jobless-workers-farmers-hoping-against-hope/articleshow/33466769.cms|title=Pali 'dyeing': Jobless workers, farmers hoping against hope - Times of India|work=indiatimes.com}}</ref>

===Legislative assembly (Vidhan Sabha)===
The district is represented in the State Legislature by six [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLAs]] (Sojat, Jaitaran, [[Sumerpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sumerpur]], [[Bali (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bali]], [[Pali (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Pali]] and Marwar Junction) and one Member of Parliament.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf | title=Delimitation of parliamentary and assembly constituencies order, 2008 | publisher=Election Commission of India | date=26 November 2008 | access-date=21 June 2018 }}</ref>

==Administrative Structure==

{| border="1" class="wikitable"
|+ '''Sub-Divisions of Pali District'''
! Sub-Division !! Tehsil !! Panchayat Samiti
|-
| [[Bali, Rajasthan|Bali]] || [[Bali, Rajasthan|Bali]] || [[Bali, Rajasthan|Bali]]
|-
| [[Desuri]] || [[Desuri]] || [[Desuri]]
|-
| [[Raipur, Rajasthan|Raipur]] || [[Raipur, Rajasthan|Raipur]]|| [[Raipur, Rajasthan|Raipur]]
|-
| [[Rohat]] || [[Rohat]] || [[Rohat]]
|-
| [[Rani, Rajasthan|Rani]] || [[Rani, Rajasthan|Rani]] || [[Rani, Rajasthan|Rani]]
|-
| [[Pali, Rajasthan|Pali]] || [[Pali, Rajasthan|Pali]] || [[Pali, Rajasthan|Pali]]
|-
| [[Jaitaran]] || [[Jaitaran]] || [[Jaitaran]]
|-
| [[Marwar Junction]] || [[Marwar Junction]]|| [[Marwar Junction]]
|-
| [[Sojat]] || [[Sojat]] || [[Sojat]]
|-
| [[Sumerpur]] || [[Sumerpur]]||[[Sumerpur]]
|}

===Sub-divisions===
Pali District has ten sub-divisions: [[Sojat]], [[Marwar Junction]], [[Jaitaran]], [[Raipur, Rajasthan|Raipur]], [[Sumerpur Tehsil|Sumerpur]], Bali, Pali, [[Rohat]], [[Rani, Rajasthan|Rani]] and [[Desuri]].

===Panchyat Samiti===
The Pali district has ten [[panchayat samiti]]: five are reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] and [[Other Backward Class]], and the other five are general.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rajpanchayat.gov.in/common/sidelinks/panchayat.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-11-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104173701/http://www.rajpanchayat.gov.in/common/sidelinks/panchayat.htm |archive-date=2012-11-04 }}</ref>

===Tehsils===
There are 10 Tehsils in the district: Sojat, Marwar Junction, Jaitaran, Raipur, Sumerpur, Bali, Pali, Rohat and [[Desuri]]. Rani has been declared to become the tenth Tehsil.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.finance.rajasthan.gov.in/speech/1213/budgetspeech201213.pdf |title=Rajasthan Budget 2012-13 |access-date=27 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924013000/http://www.finance.rajasthan.gov.in/speech/1213/budgetspeech201213.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Marwar Junction Tehsil has highest number of villages (142), Sumerpur Tehsil has lowest number of villages (42).

==Villages==
There are 1,030 villages under 320 gram panchayats in the Pali district.<ref>[http://offerings.nic.in/directory/adminreps/viewpansumSQL.asp?selstate=111&pno=6&ptype=V&parenttype=D Village Panchayats of Pali, Rajasthan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311135450/http://offerings.nic.in/directory/adminreps/viewpansumsql.asp?parenttype=d&pno=6&ptype=v&selstate=111 |date=2016-03-11 }}</ref> Some villages in Pali district are following:
*[[Punariya]]
* Jawadiya [https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE] * Akeli * Aaichiya * Arkawas * Bala * Baniyawas * Bhalelao * Kerala * Chatelaw * Vayad * [[Jaitpura]]
* Gadwara * Moria * Bitu * Chotila * Gura Endla * Gura Pratapsingh * Guradai * Gura Khuni * Gura Sonigara
* Hathlai * Indra Nagar * Kherwa * Khimel * Khinwara * Khudala * Koliwara * Korta * Koselao * Kot
* Khand Solankiyan * Giradra * Mandiya * Mooliyawas * Jojawar * Dhola * Dhabar * Denda * Sirana, etc.

===Civic bodies===
There are eight municipalities ([[Nagar Palika]]) in the district: Sojat, Jaitaran, [[Sumerpur]], [[Sadri]], [[Bali, India|Bali]], [[Falna]], [[Takhatgarh]] and [[Rani, Rajasthan]]; Pali is a Municipal Council (Nagar Parishad).

==Places of interest==
* [[Ranakpur Jain temple|Ranakpur Temple]]
* [[Jawai Dam|Jawai Bandh]]
* [[Parshuram Mahadev Temple]], walking route starts in Pali district.
* [[Om Banna| Om Banna Shrine]]
* [[Muchhal Mahavir Temple|Muchala Mahavir Ji]]

==Hydrology==
The area under irrigation is 2824.02 km2, which is about 22.79% of the total geographical area of the district. Wells are the main sources of irrigation in the district, which constitute the source for 75% of the total irrigated area, followed by ponds tanks (20%) and tube wells (5%). In all, the district has ninety-two dams, of which three are broken: one each at Gajni, Potalia and Chipatia.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} The total catchment area of all the dams is {{convert|238150.14|acre|km2}}. In 1990, the capacity of the 89 dams was 20,197.3 million cubic feet.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Irrigation by Different Sources, District: Pali|publisher=Central Groundwater Board|url=http://www.indiawaterportal.org/sites/indiawaterportal.org/files/pali_irrigation.pdf|access-date=22 May 2013|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034550/http://www.indiawaterportal.org/sites/indiawaterportal.org/files/pali_irrigation.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

There are 48 dams in the district, named with completion date where known:<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Register of Large Dams-2009|publisher=Central Water Commission|url=http://hindi.indiawaterportal.org/sites/hindi.indiawaterportal.org/files/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf|access-date=10 June 2010|archive-date=27 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827101619/http://hindi.indiawaterportal.org/sites/hindi.indiawaterportal.org/files/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dams |url=http://www.bhaskar.com/article/RAJ-OTH-596390-1044394.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227040937/http://www.bhaskar.com/article/RAJ-OTH-596390-1044394.html |archive-date=27 February 2012 }}</ref>
{{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|* [[Jawai Dam]] (1957)
* [[SardarSamand]] Dam (1905)
* [[Hemawas]] Dam (1911)
* [[Phulad]] Dam (1972)
* Sindroo (1977)
* [[Sadri]] Dam
* Babra (1981)
* Kana (1961)
* Ker (1977)
* Juna Malari (1978)
* Dandiya (1978)
* Shivnath Sagar (1971)
* Giri-Nanda Dam
* Bankli Dam
* Kharda Dam
* Rajpura Dam
* [[Takhatgarh]] Dam
* Mithari Dam
* Kalibor Dam
* Vayad
* Sali ki Dhani
* Khiwandi
* Baniyawas
* Endla
* Giroliya
* Borinada Dam
* Siriyari
* Kantaliya
* Jogdawas I
* Jogdawas II
* Saran
* [[Sindarli]]
* Chirpatiya
* Kot Baliyan
* Dantiwara
* Latara
* Futiya
* Peepla
* [[Sewari]]
* Rajsagar Chopra
* Malpuriya
* Kanawas
* Muthana
* Bandi Nehara
* Bomdara
* Kesuli
* Lodiya
* Hariom Sagar
* Sali ki Nal
}}
Some of the reservoirs created by the dams are used for irrigation, potable water, and flood control. [[Jawai Dam]] is the largest dam in western Rajasthan.<ref>{{cite web| title=Jawai Dam | website=The Times of India |date=17 February 2022| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/jawai-dam | access-date=27 February 2022}}</ref>

==Transport==
{{Main|Roads in Pali district}}

The only two modes of travel available in the district are roadways and railways.

Almost all of the villages are connected by roads. There are two depots of government-owned state transport: Pali and Falna.

The only railway junction in the district is Marwar Junction, which is connected to Jodhpur, [[Ajmer]], [[Ahmedabad]], and [[Udaipur]]. Pali railway station is on the Jodhpur route while the second highest earning railway station in the Ajmer division, Falna is on the Ahmedabad route.

The railway came to the district in the early age of [[Indian Railways]] in 1881 when the Ahmedabad-Ajmer line opened at Rajputana State Railway. Pali was connected to Marwar Junction on 24 June 1882 and to Luni on 17 June 1884. Jodhpur was connected to the district via Luni in 1885 by the [[Rajputana-Malwa Railway]] network, and the first train traveled on this route on 9 March 1885. The line later became part of the [[Jodhpur]]-[[Bikaner]] Railway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html|title=[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ: IR History: Early Days - 2|work=irfca.org}}</ref>

The [[Phulera]]-Marwar Junction line was converted from Meter Gauge to Broad Gauge in 1995, while the Ahmedabad-Ajmer line was converted in 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history6.html|title=[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ: IR History: Part 6|work=irfca.org}}</ref> During 1997–98, the 72 km Jalore-Falna route was also surveyed by Indian Railways.<ref>[http://164.100.47.133/lsq14/quest.asp?qref=4895 Survey of New Lines]</ref>

==Demographics==
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Pali district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Rajasthan|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|92.79}}
{{bar percent|[[Rajasthani Muslims|Islam]]|green|5.87}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Rajasthan|Jainism]]|pink|1.12}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.22}}
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Pali district has a population of 2,037,573, giving it a ranking of 255th out of 640.<ref name=districtcensus>{{Cite web |title=District Census Handbook 2011 - Pali|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1082/download/3342/DH_2011_0820_PART_A_DCHB_PALI.pdf|website=[[Census of India]]|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 225th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]). Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 11.99%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Pali had a [[sex ratio]] of 987 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 63.23%. 22.58% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 19.54% and 7.10% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>

After the reorganization of districts, the new Pali district has a population of 1,605,543. The district has a sex ratio of 986 females per 1000 males. 437,385 (27.24%) lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 317,836 (19.80%) and 142,911 (8.90%) of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages in Pali district (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]] |value1 = 59.45 |color1 = firebrick
|label2 = [[Marwari language|Marwari]] |value2 = 35.17 |color2 = maroon
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 3.24 |color3 = orange
|label4 = 'Other' Hindi |value4 = 1.73 |color4 = peru
|label5 = Others |value5 = 0.41 |color5 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 59.45% of the population spoke [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]], 35.17% [[Marwari language|Marwari]] and 3.24% [[Hindi]] as their first language. 1.43% of the population spoke 'Others' under Hindi.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10220/download/13332/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0800.XLSX|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Rajasthan|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Notable people==
* [[Dr R S Champawat, Indian scientist]]
* [[Meera Bai]]
* [[Maharana Pratap]]
* [[Adho Duraso]]
* [[Kushal Singh Champawat]]
* [[Pankaj Jain]]

==See also==
*[[Kharchia wheat]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://pali.rajasthan.gov.in/jankalyan-category-and-entry-type/46/4/4 Geographical features]
* [https://pali.rajasthan.gov.in/ Official website]
*{{Cite web|title=Pali District: Gram Panchayat, Samiti and Ward Map|publisher=Excise Department, Government of Rajasthan|url=http://www.rajexcise.net/web/IMAGES/pali.jpg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311002316/http://www.rajexcise.net/web/IMAGES/pali.jpg|archive-date=11 March 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=21 May 2013}}
*{{Cite web|title=Rivers: Luni Basin|publisher=Water Resources Department, Government of Rajasthan|url=http://waterresources.rajasthan.gov.in/3rivers5.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018165251/http://waterresources.rajasthan.gov.in/3rivers5.htm|archive-date=18 October 2012|url-status=live}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Pali district
|North = [[Nagaur district]]
|Northeast = [[Ajmer district]]
|East = [[Rajsamand district]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Udaipur district]]
|Southwest = [[Sirohi district]]
|West = [[Barmer district]] [[Jalor district]]
|Northwest = [[Jodhpur district]]
}}

{{Pali district}}
{{Districts of Rajasthan}}
{{Rajasthan}}

{{coord|25|46|N|73|19|E|region:IN-RJ_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=title}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pali District}}
[[Category:Pali district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Districts in Jodhpur division]]
[[Category:Thar Desert]]

Tarpaya

2025-12-16T01:33:24Z

Ramesh: Made basic data from scratch...

{{Short description|Religious clothing in ancient India}}
'''{{Lang|sa|Tarpaya}}''' (taipya{{Which lang|date=July 2023}} or tarpya{{Which lang|date=July 2023}}) was a fine material used in clothing for religious rituals in ancient India.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jamila Brij Bhushan|url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.27766|title=Costumes and textiles of India|date=1958|pages=16, 17|language=English}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Agrawal|first=Yashodhara|url=http://archive.org/details/silkbrocades00agra|title=Silk brocades|date=2003|publisher=New Delhi : Roli Books|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-81-7436-258-2|pages=13}}</ref>

Tarpaya was a fine-quality cloth that was also used in sacrificial rituals and on other occasions. The names of various cloths such as "kshauma", "panduvanik", "varasi", "durshya" and "tarpya" exist in [[Vedas|Vedic literature]] and may refer to either [[silk]] or [[linen]]. It is mentioned in the [[Atharvaveda]] which says "city people wear clothes made of tarpya."<ref name=":0" />

[[Shatapatha Brahmana]]s described various articles of sacrificial costume, in which tarpaya is mentioned as a lower body garment. According to the Sathapatha Brahmanas, the sacrificial garment consisted of an upper body garment made of pure undyed [[wool]], a lower garment of [[silk]] called "tarpaya", and a turban (ushnisha).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vIaTyNvMLVEC&q=tarpaya+silk|title=The Indian Textile Journal|date=1978|publisher=Business Press|pages=102|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=A. BISWAS|url=http://archive.org/details/INDIANCOSTUMES|title=INDIAN COSTUMES|pages=6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ANCIENT PERIOD|url=http://indianculture.gov.in/node/2730142|access-date=2022-01-10|website=INDIAN CULTURE|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Clothing in South Asia}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Religion topics}}
{{History of religions|state=collapsed}}
{{Portalbar|Hinduism|India}}

[[Category:Hindu religious clothing]]
[[Category:Indian clothing]]

{{Textile-stub}}

Bangladesh National Hindu Grand Alliance

2025-12-15T21:08:22Z

Ramesh: new new details

{{Infobox organization
| name = Bangladesh National Hindu Grand Alliance
| formation = {{start date and age|2006|9|17}}
| native_name = বাংলাদেশ জাতীয় হিন্দু মহাজোট 
Bangladesh Jatiya Hindu Mohajote
| native_name_lang = bn
| logo = Bangladesh National Hindu Grand Alliance logo.jpg
| logo_size =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| caption =
| abbreviation = BJHM or BNHGA
| nickname =
| type = Social and religious organisation
| status = Active
| purpose = Consolidate the Hindu society, protect and serve Hinduism within Bangladesh
| headquarters = Dhaka, Bangladesh
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = Prabhas Chandra Ray <ref name=":0">{{cite news|date=2024-02-02|language=bn|script-title=bn:সংখ্যালঘু কমিশন গঠন করার দাবি হিন্দু মহাজোটের|url=https://www.banglanews24.com/national/news/bd/1274329.details|access-date=2024-05-04|work=banglanews24.com}}</ref>
| leader_title2 = Secretary General
| leader_name2 = Gobinda Chandra Pramanik<ref>{{Cite web |last=প্রতিবেদক |first=নিজস্ব |date=2024-08-13 |title=২৭৮টি জায়গায় হিন্দুদের ওপর হামলা, হুমকি: হিন্দু মহাজোট |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/x8dp2s21w5 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Prothomalo |language=bn}}</ref>
}}

'''Bangladesh National Hindu Grand Alliance''' (abbreviation: BNHGA, in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]: বাংলাদেশ জাতীয় হিন্দু মহাজোট, romanised: Bāṅlādēś Jātiyō Hindu Môhājôte, abbreviation: BJHM), is a non-political, social Hindu religious organisation based in Bangladesh. It was formed as an alliance of 23 Hindu religious organisations of Bangladesh on 17 September 2006.<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশ জাতীয় হিন্দু মহাজোটের জন্মাষ্টমী পালন |url=https://www.jugantor.com/capital/585574/বাংলাদেশ-জাতীয়-হিন্দু-মহাজোটের-জন্মাষ্টমী-পালন |access-date=2022-12-20 |work=Jugantor |language=bn}}</ref> BJHM's main objectives are to consolidate [[the Hindu]] community, protect and serve Hinduism and to realise the religious, social, cultural and political rights of the Hindu community in Bangladesh.<ref name=":032">{{Cite news |script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশ জাতীয় হিন্দু মহাজোট |url=https://www.priyo.com/business/bangladesh-jatiya-hindu-mohajot |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128014602/https://www.priyo.com/business/bangladesh-jatiya-hindu-mohajot |archive-date=2021-01-28 |access-date=2021-01-20 |work=Priyo.com |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:মুক্তিযুদ্ধের চেতনাবিরোধী কোন দল বা শক্তির সাথেকোন সম্পর্ক না থাকার দাবি করছে বাংলাদেশ জাতীয় হিন্দু মহাজোট |url=https://www.dailyjanakantha.com/details/article/206957/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95/ |access-date=2021-01-20 |work=Janakantha |language=bn}}</ref>

After the establishment of the National Hindu Grand Alliance, it has been invited and participated as a representative of the Hindu community of Bangladesh in various international conferences including the World Hindu Conference, World Hindu Congress which were held in different countries including the US and India.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} The current president of the alliance Dr. Prabhas Chandra Roy and Executive Secretary General and Spokesperson Gobinda Chandra Pramanik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ডেস্ক |first=কালবেলা |title=সংখ্যালঘু নির্যাতনের শ্বেতপত্র প্রকাশের অনুরোধ হিন্দু মহাজোটের {{!}} কালবেলা |url=https://www.kalbela.com/national/111079 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=কালবেলা {{!}} বাংলা নিউজ পেপার |language=bn-BD}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=৪৮ জেলায় ২৭৮টি জায়গায় হামলা ও হুমকি এসেছে: হিন্দু মহাজোট |url=https://www.banglatribune.com/others/857953/%E0%A7%AA%E0%A7%AE-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AD%E0%A7%AE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Bangla Tribune |language=bn}}</ref>

== History ==
The organisation is a grand alliance of 23 other Hindu religious organisations of Bangladesh, involving all several districts of the country. The alliance was established on 17 September 2006. The organisation also has a youth wing, the Jubo Mohajote (Youth Grand Alliance) and a student wing, the Chhatra Mahajote (Student Grand Alliance).

=== 7 point demand ===
On August 30, 2013, the organisation released a three-point demands list.<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:সরকারের কাছে হিন্দু মহাজোটের তিন দফা দাবি |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/সরকারের-কাছে-হিন্দু-মহাজোটের-তিন-দফা-দাবি |access-date=2022-09-14 |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref> Later, including these three points, an updated "seven point of demand" were announced on September 17, 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:মন্ত্রণালয় প্রতিষ্ঠাসহ ৭ দফা দাবি জাতীয় হিন্দু মহাজোটের |url=https://www.dailyjanakantha.com/national/news/601338 |access-date=2022-09-14 |work=Daily Janakantha |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:সংখ্যালঘু উন্নয়ন মন্ত্রণালয়ের দাবি হিন্দু মহাজোটের |url=https://www.jaijaidinbd.com/todays-paper/metropolitan/198615 |access-date=2022-09-14 |work=Jaijaidin}}</ref> These demands included the establishment of a Ministry of Minority Development, reserved parliamentary seats for Hindus,<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:সংসদে ৬০ আসনসহ আলাদা মন্ত্রণালয় চায় হিন্দু মহাজোট |url=https://www.somoynews.tv/pages/details/255608 |access-date=2021-01-20 |work=Somoy News |language=bn}}</ref> reforming the Hindu Succession Act, and declaring more Hindu holidays as public holidays for Hindu worship.

In 2021, the organization demanded the construction of a model temple in every [[upazila]], similar to how model mosques are built in every upazila in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:প্রতিটি উপজেলায় মডেল মন্দির নির্মাণের দাবি হিন্দু মহাজোটের |url=https://www.jagonews24.com/national/news/676820 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=jagonews24.com}}</ref>

In August 2024, after the fall of the [[Awami League]] government in Bangladesh, the Secretary General Gobindo Chandra Pramanik criticised Indian media for "spreading fake news" regarding the vandalism of Hindu homes and temples in Bangladesh during the unrest that followed, asserting that such claims are bogus, and that Hindus in Bangladesh are safe, and any attacks that may have happened were politically motivated to Awami League politicians, regardless of religion, and not specifically towards Hindus.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-10 |title='Hindus Are Safe', says Bangladesh Hindu Leader GC Pranmanik |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!international/hindus-are-safe-says-bangladesh-hindu-leader-gc-pranmanik-enn24081004910 |access-date=2024-08-12 |work=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref>

== Affiliate organisations ==
* Bangladesh National Hindu Student Grand Alliance
* Bangladesh National Hindu Youth Grand Alliance
* Bangladesh Hindu Women Grand Alliance
* Bangladesh Hindu Volunteer Grand Alliance

== Controversy ==
Currently, according to Hindu Inheritance Law, if someone has a son, then the daughter does not inherit his property. But if there is no son, then the daughters who have sons get the share of the deceased person's property. The BJHM calls the Foundation for Humanity, an organisation which aims to change this law, "anti-Hindu religion and anti-sociality."<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:খসড়া হিন্দু আইনে সম্পত্তিতে সমান অধিকার পাবে নারী-পুরুষ |url=https://www.banglatribune.com/669758/‘খসড়া-হিন্দু-আইনে-সম্পত্তিতে-সমান-অধিকার-পাবে |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=Bangla Tribune |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628191418/https://www.banglatribune.com/669758/%E2%80%98%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%9C%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87 |archive-date=2021-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 August 2021 |script-title=bn:সম্পত্তিতে নারীর অধিকারের বিপক্ষে জাতীয় হিন্দু মহাজোট |url=https://www.somoynews.tv/news/2021-08-22/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F |access-date=4 May 2024 |work=Somoy News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 May 2023 |script-title=bn:পারিবারিক আইন সংস্কার না করার দাবি হিন্দু মহাজোটের |url=https://www.jugantor.com/todays-paper/last-page/679131/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0 |access-date=4 May 2024 |work=Jugantor}}</ref>

Apart from these, there are allegations against the BJHM of running a propaganda campaign against [[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] editor [[Mahfuz Anam]] and the "Hindu Law Enforcement Initiative" organisation.<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:হিন্দু মহাজোট ভুল তথ্য দেওয়ায় হিন্দু আইন প্রণয়নে নাগরিক উদ্যোগের প্রতিবাদ |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/bangla/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%93%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6-253236? |access-date=26 August 2021 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশ জাতীয় হিন্দু মহাজোটের সংবাদ সম্মেলনে ভুল তথ্যের প্রতিবাদ |url=https://www.banglatribune.com/697529/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825212635/https://www.banglatribune.com/697529/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2 |archive-date=25 August 2021 |access-date=26 August 2021 |work=Bangla Tribune}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu organisations based in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 2006]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Bangladesh]]

Swapan Kumar Datta

2025-11-25T07:37:21Z

Ramesh: Made new bio basic info...

{{Short description|Indian scientist (born 1953)}}
{{Cleanup bare URLs|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Swapan Kumar Datta
|image = Prof. Swapan Datta.jpg
|image_size =
|caption = Datta at the University of Calcutta, Kolkata
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1953|1|28}}
|birth_place = [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
|field = [[Agricultural science]]
|work_institutions =
* [[Visva Bharati University]]
* [[Biswa Bangla Biswabidyalay]]
|alma_mater = [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency University]] [[University of Calcutta]] [[Cornell University]]
|doctoral_advisor =
|doctoral_students =
|known_for = Genetic engineering of Indica Rice
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|signature =
|spouse = Karabi Datta (Reader, University of Calcutta)
|children =
}}
'''Swapan Kumar Datta''' is a ([[Professor]]) of rice [[biotechnology]] who focuses on [[genetic engineering]] of Indica [[rice]]. Datta has demonstrated the development of genetically engineered Indica rice from [[protoplast]] derived from haploid embryogenic cell suspension culture.<ref>Nature Biotechnology8,736-740 (1990)doi:10.1038/nbt0890-736</ref> Golden Indica Rice with enriched Provitamin A and Ferritin rice with high iron content were developed by his group with a vision to meet the challenges of malnutrition in developing countries.<ref>Plant Biotechnology Journal, Volume 4, Issue 4, pages 467–475, July 2006</ref><ref>Plant Science, Volume 164, Issue 3, March 2003, Pages 371–378</ref> Datta has been named as one among the top 25 Indian scientists from all fields of science by [[India Today]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/photo/profile-of-top-25-scientists-in-india-366262-2011-09-11|title=Profile of Top 25 scientists in India |date=11 September 2011 }}</ref>

Currently,{{when|date=September 2022}} Datta is serving as the Founder Vice-Chancellor of the [[Biswa Bangla Biswabidyalay]], Bolpur, West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/push-for-biswa-bangla-university-in-santiniketan/cid/1805499|title=Push for Biswa Bangla University in Santiniketan}}</ref> Before taking the present responsibility, he was the Vice-Chancellor of the [[Visva-Bharati University]] (a Central University founded by the great [[Rabindranath Tagore]]), Santiniketan, West Bengal, India. Datta had served as Deputy Director General (DDG-Crop Science) in [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] (ICAR), New Delhi. He was also 'Sir Rash Behari Ghosh Chair Professor' at the Department of Botany, [[University of Calcutta]], Kolkata, India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caluniv.ac.in/ |title=Home |website=caluniv.ac.in}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Datta received his Bachelor of Science (BSc) degree in [[Botany]] (Honours) in 1972 from Presidency College (presently [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency University]]), Calcutta. He completed Master of Science (MSc) in Botany from [[University of Calcutta]] in the year 1974. From the same university, he obtained PhD degree in 1980. He also completed a course on [[Intellectual Property Rights]] (IPR) from [[Cornell University]], USA in 2003.

== Career ==
At the early stage, Datta was associated as a lecturer in botany with Ramkrishna Mission, Vivekananda Centenary College, West Bengal, India from 1976 to 1979. Then he joined Visva-Bharati University, [[Santiniketan]], West Bengal as a lecturer and became Reader in Botany in 1985 and served there up to 1989. During the time, he moved to Germany with the prestigious DAAD fellowship and worked with Prof. G. Wenzel. He then took up an assignment as a senior scientist at [[Friedrich Miescher Institute]], Basel, Switzerland. In 1987, he became the group leader and senior scientist at [[ETH Zurich]], Switzerland. Datta worked over there on rice genetic engineering for six years and was associated with Prof. [[Ingo Potrykus]]. Meanwhile, he spent six months as visiting Associate Professor at [[University of California, Davis]], USA. For a short span of time in 1993, he joined as a staff research scientist at International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi. Datta moved to join [[International Rice Research Institute]] (IRRI), Manila, Philippines as Senior Plant Biotechnologist in 1993. During IRRI tenure, he became the HarvestPlus Rice crop Leader.<ref>Rice Today (2004). IRRI. Volume 3(1).page- 5</ref> He returned to India in 2005 to join as Sir [[Rash Behari Ghosh]] Chair Professor at the University of Calcutta. He established Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory and became the coordinator of Translational Rice Research Programme funded by DBT, Govt. of India. In 2009, he was appointed as DDG (Crop Science), ICAR, the apex body of India for coordinating, guiding, and managing research and education in agriculture, and served there up to 30.01.2015. From 31 January 2015, he started working as the Pro-Vice Chancellor (SAHA UPACHARYA) in the Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/ProViceChancellor.html|title = Pro-Vice-Chancellor}}</ref> Later, Datta had become the Vice-Chancellor of the [[Visva-Bharati University]]. For a while, he held a DBT-Distinguished Biotechnology Research Professor position at the University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India. In 2020, Datta has become the Founder Vice-Chancellor of the [[Biswa Bangla Biswabidyalay]], West Bengal, India.

== Awards and honours ==
*DAAD Fellow, Germany- 1985
*FMI Fellow, Switzerland- 1987
*[[Panchanan Maheshwari]] Medal (Experimental Embryology and Plant Biotechnology), Indian Botanical Society- 2006.<ref>http://www.indianbotsoc.in/page.php?id=13 {{Dead link|date=March 2022}}</ref>
*Paul Johannes Bruhl Memorial Medal, [[Asiatic Society]]- 2010
*TATA Innovation Fellow- 2007
*[[CGIAR]] Science Award for the work on the enhanced iron and zinc accumulation in transgenic indica rice.
*[[Indian Science Congress Association]] (ISCA) platinum Jubilee lecture award
*Dr. B P Pal Memorial Lecture Award 2023, [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]], New Delhi <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RCTHgGIXavE | title=30th Dr. B P Pal Memorial Lecture 2023 | website=[[YouTube]] | date=19 June 2023 }}</ref>
*Member of Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC), Govt. of India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.envfor.nic.in/assets/geac-13032013.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=27 April 2016 |archive-date=5 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005184700/http://www.envfor.nic.in/assets/geac-13032013.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Member of the task force, GMO Biosafety Committee, Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India
*Member of the Review Committee on Genetic Manipulation (RCGM), DBT, Govt. of India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dbtbiosafety.nic.in/committee/rcgm_2009.htm |title=Committees |access-date=27 April 2016 |archive-date=18 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018125137/http://dbtbiosafety.nic.in/committee/rcgm_2009.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Chairman, Agricultural Commission, West Bengal, India
*Elected Fellow of [[Indian National Science Academy]] (INSA), New Delhi.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160813035024/http://www.insaindia.org.in/det.php?id=P14-1641 Article title]}}</ref>
*Elected Fellow of [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] (NASI), Allahabad.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=D |title=The National Academy of Sciences, India - Fellows |access-date=27 April 2016 |archive-date=17 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717020647/http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=D |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Elected Fellow of [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]], India (NAAS), New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://naasindia.org/fdetail.html#D007 | title=National Academy of Agricultural Sciences }}</ref>
*Elected Fellow of [[The World Academy of Sciences]] (TWAS).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://twas.org/article/forty-six-new-twas-fellows|title = Forty-six new TWAS Fellows| date=26 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.isaaa.org/kc/cropbiotechupdate/article/default.asp?ID=12926|title = Indian Scholars Elected as TWAS Fellows}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://iasvn.org/en/homepage/Indian-Scholars-Elected-as-TWAS-Fellows-2950.html|title=Indian Scholars Elected as TWAS Fellows | Vien Khoa Hoc Ky Thuat Nong Nghiep Mien Nam}}</ref>
*Elected Fellow of West Bengal Academy of Science and Technology (WAST).<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Fellows Elected in 2013 |url=https://www.iicb.res.in/wast/elecfelw_2013.pdf |access-date=18 Oct 2025 |website=iicb.res.in}}</ref>
*Honorary Fellow of Association of Rice Research Workers (ARRW), Cuttack, India

== Significant contributions ==
* He was the pioneer worker to develop genetically engineered fertile homozygous Indica rice plant from protoplast.<ref>Nature Biotechnology8, 736–740 (1990)doi:10.1038/nbt0890-736</ref>
* Engineered "Golden" Indica rice with genes for β-carotene synthesis.<ref>Plant Biotechnology Journal, Volume 4, Issue 4, pages 467–475, July 2006</ref>
* Engineered rice with ferritin gene for high iron content.<ref>Plant Science, Volume 164, Issue 3, March 2003, Pages 371–378</ref>
* Pioneering report on field evaluation of hybrid Bt-rice in China.<ref>Nature Biotechnology 18, 1101–1104 (1 October 2000)</ref>
* Worked on characterization of sd1 gene responsible for [[green revolution]].<ref>Nature 416, 701–702 (18 April 2002)doi:10.1038/416701a</ref>
* Developed marker free transgenic Indica rice cultivar.<ref>Plant Biotechnology Journal (2003) 1:155-165</ref><ref>Plant Biotechnology Journal (2006) 4:467-475</ref>
* He developed bacterial blight resistant transgenic rice plant which has been field evaluated in India, Philippines and China.<ref>Theoretical and Applied Genetics (1998) 97:31-36</ref>
* Developed Bt-rice resistant against Yellow Stem Borer.<ref>Theoretical and Applied Genetics (1998) Volume 97, Issue 1-2, pp 20–30</ref><ref>Plant Biotechnology (2001) 8(2):125-133</ref>
* Demonstrated in vitro laticifer differentiation in Calotropis gigantea.<ref>Annals of Botany (1986) 57:403-406</ref>
* Developed transgenic cultivars resistant to bacterial blight, yellow stem borer and sheath blight by gene pyramiding.<ref>Theoritical and Applied Genetics (2002) 106:1-8</ref>
* Pioneered the development of genetically engineered rice plants with enhanced sheath blight resistance.<ref>Nature Biotechnology 13, 686–691 (1995) doi:10.1038/nbt0795-686</ref>

== Recent works ==
His recent research interests include the following:
*RNAi mediated silencing and development of low phytate and low lipoxigenase rice.<ref>PLoS ONE (2013) 8(7): e68161. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068161</ref><ref>Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture (2014), DOI 10.1007/s11240-014-0476-6</ref>
*Development of drought and salinity tolerant rice variety.<ref>Plant Biotechnology Journal (2012) 10, pp. 579–586</ref>
*Development of transgenic rice plants with enhanced resistance to sheath blight.<ref>Molecular Plant Pathology (2013) 14(9), 910–922</ref>
*Cytology, genetic transformation system and development of transgenic Jute plant.<ref>Plant Cell Tissue Organ Culture (2014), DOI 10.1007/s11240-014-0484-6</ref><ref>Genet Resour Crop Evol. (2014) doi: 10.1007/s10722-014-0099-0</ref>
*Development of insect-resistant Chickpea plant.<ref>Theoretical and Applied Genetics (2014), 127(12), pp 2555-2565</ref>

== International activities ==
He was associated as a member of scientific committees across the world at several times including the International Society for Plant Molecular Biology and the International Association for Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology, and worked as principal investigator of several internationally funded research projects, such as the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] (USA), [[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID), [[Danish International Development Agency]] (DANIDA), (Denmark), BMZ/GTZ (Germany). He supervised more than 30 PhD students and many other post-doctoral fellows from China, the Philippines, Switzerland, Myanmar, Bangladesh and India. He is actively engaged in Global Agriculture-Policy including Intellectual Property Rights.

== Research paper and books ==
Swapan Kumar Datta has published more than 150 research articles, book chapters and review articles in international peer reviewed journals. He published several papers in reputed journals like Science, Nature, Nature Biotechnology, Plant Biotechnology Journal, Plant Journal, Molecular Plant Pathology, Theoritical and Applied Genetics, PLoS ONE, Annals of Botany, Plant Molecular Biology, Phytochemistry. He edited two books, viz. "Rice Improvement in the Genomics Era" ([[CRC Press]], [[Taylor & Francis Group]], USA))<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781560229520|title = Rice Improvement in the Genomics Era}}</ref> and "Pathogenesis-Related Proteins in Plants" ([[CRC Press]], Taylor & Francis Group, USA)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9780849306976|title = Pathogenesis-Related Proteins in Plants}}</ref>

==External links==
*[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/science-and-technology/story/20110919-indian-scientists-at-forefront-of-research-swapan-kumar-datta-747573-2011-09-10 Gung-ho on Grain: Swapan Kumar Datta]- India Today
*[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/delay-in-gm-research-affects-investments-swapan-datta/article5424667.ece Delay in GM research affects investments: Swapan Datta]- The Hindu
*[http://www.biospectrumindia.com/biospecindia/interviews/220000/-shouldn-t-disheartened-gm-time “Shouldn’t be disheartened as GM will take time”: Swapan Datta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602053809/http://www.biospectrumindia.com/biospecindia/interviews/220000/-shouldn-t-disheartened-gm-time |date=2 June 2016 }}- Biospectrum
*[http://tennews.in/genetically-modified-food-reality-misconceptions/ Genetically Modified Food: Reality and Misconceptions: Dr. Swapan Datta]-tennews.in
*[http://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/anti-gm-protesters-dont-seem-to-understand-science/777140 Anti-GM Protesters Don't Seem to Understand Science: Dr. Swapan Datta]-Outlook
*[http://www.pakissan.com/2002/english/advisory/asian.rice.shtml 'So far, all GM crops released to the environment have gone through all testing and there was no report ever that any GM crop caused any damage to the environment': Dr. Datta]- LOS BANOS
*[http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/public-private-partnership-important-in-indian-gm-crop-regime-115052101592_1.html 'Public-private partnership important in Indian GM crop regime': Swapan Datta]-Business Standard, News-IANS
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/photo/profile-of-top-25-scientists-in-india-366262-2011-09-11 |title=Profile of Top 25 scientists in India |date=2011-09-11 |website=India Today |language=en-US |access-date=2018-01-17}}
* [https://www.dhakatribune.com/world/2021/07/23/philippines-becomes-first-country-to-approve-golden-rice-for-planting?fbclid=IwAR3UUtKKWmGZxYfoFYGc8-lhLkndOWkiJ7XLQqZCcIhDeN0WB-9DOcm2K_E 'Philippines becomes first country to approve Golden Rice for planting']

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Datta, Swapan Kumar}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Indian agriculturalists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
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Field Artillery Rationalisation Plan

2025-11-25T06:00:03Z

Ramesh: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Military plan in the Indian Army}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}

The '''Field Artillery Rationalisation Plan''' is a [[Military acquisition|procurement]] and development plan of the [[Indian Army]]. The programme was drafted in 1999 in the aftermath of the [[Kargil war]], emboldened by the success of the [[Haubits FH77|155 mm Bofors]] guns in its inventory. The programme was slated to replace the weapons of 169 artillery regiments with modern weapon systems, predominantly of 155mm calibre.<ref name="ThePrint28Nov2020">{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/defence/how-armys-artillery-modernisation-plan-stuck-in-a-rut-after-bofors-is-picking-up-pace/553053/ |title=How Army's artillery modernisation plan, stuck in a rut after Bofors, is picking up pace |author=Amrita Nayak Dutta |date=28 November 2021 |website=The Print |access-date=6 June 2021 |archive-date=6 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606111244/https://theprint.in/defence/how-armys-artillery-modernisation-plan-stuck-in-a-rut-after-bofors-is-picking-up-pace/553053/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The procurement involves direct import, manufacture under license, as well as inhouse development of artillery weapon systems.<ref name="ThePrint06Jun2021">{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/brahmastra/indias-artillery-modernisation-programme-must-not-go-the-vaccine-way/671460/ |title=India's artillery modernisation programme must not go the vaccine way |author=Snehesh Alex Philip |date=4 June 2021 |website=The Print |access-date=6 June 2021 |archive-date=6 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606102213/https://theprint.in/opinion/brahmastra/indias-artillery-modernisation-programme-must-not-go-the-vaccine-way/671460/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Under the Field Artillery Rationalisation Plan, the army plans to procure approximately 3000–3600 weapons, at a cost of over with an outlay of over Rs 20,000 crore (approximately US$3 billion). This includes the initial purchase of 1580 towed, 814 mounted, 180 self-propelled wheeled, 100 self-propelled tracked, and 145 ultra-light 155 mm/52 calibre artillery guns.<ref name="Katoch">{{cite web |url=https://www.spslandforces.com/story/?id=766&h=Indian-Artillery-Modernisation |title=Indian Artillery Modernisation |author=Lt General P.C. Katoch (Retd) |date=28 September 2021 |website=SPSLandForces.com |access-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024121200/https://www.spslandforces.com/story/?id=766&h=Indian-Artillery-Modernisation |archive-date=24 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> The FARP was further amplified by the Artillery Profile 2027 (acquisition plan), which was drafted in year 2008.<ref name="Katoch"/> In 2023, the [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] reported that only 8% of the [[Howitzer|howitzers]] planned for purchase by the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] had been received, and there is no visibility on the outcome of the remaining 77% of the proposed procurement.

==Towed guns==
[[File:Multiple Dhanush Artillery firing.jpg|thumb|Multiple Dhanush Guns firing]]

=== Dhanush ===
{{main|Dhanush (howitzer)}}

The [[Indian Army]] has ordered 114 [[Dhanush (howitzer)|Dhanush howitzers]] of which 18 units has been delivered.<ref name="artillery">{{cite news |last=Unnithan |first=Sandeep |date=12 August 2021 |title=Why L&T is offering the Indian army a homegrown artillery gun |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-l-t-is-offering-the-indian-army-a-homegrown-artillery-gun-1839576-2021-08-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221025227/https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-l-t-is-offering-the-indian-army-a-homegrown-artillery-gun-1839576-2021-08-11 |archive-date=21 December 2022 |work=India Today}}</ref> The first regiment ([[93 Field Regiment (India)|93 Field Regiment]]) is operational near the [[Line of Actual Control]] (LAC).<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2023 |title=Indian Army Deploys Upgraded Dhanush Howitzers in Ladakh |url=https://ssbcrackexams.com/indian-army-deploys-upgraded-dhanush-howitzers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209112747/https://ssbcrackexams.com/indian-army-deploys-upgraded-dhanush-howitzers/ |archive-date=9 December 2023 |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=ssbcrackexams.com |language=en-US}}</ref> All Dhanush units are expected to be delivered by 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2023-09-17 |title=Army likely to complete inducting 114 Dhanush guns by 2026 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/army-likely-to-complete-inducting-114-dhanush-guns-by-2026/article67317964.ece |access-date=2024-02-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831113906/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/army-likely-to-complete-inducting-114-dhanush-guns-by-2026/article67317964.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

A recent manufacturing disruption occurred due to the untimely procurement of a spare part needed for a sub-assembly. The production of the Dhanush has restarted following a pause due to a shortage of spare parts. In FY2023–2024, [[Advanced Weapons and Equipment India|Advance Weapons and Equipment India]] Limited (AWEIL) intends to supply the Indian Army with 26 brand-new howitzers. With this, the Indian Army will have 50 Dhanush weapons overall. The Army received the first set of 6 guns in April 2019. Accidents such as barrel bursts and muzzle brake strikes marred the early years of manufacturing. At that point, the then [[Directorate of Ordnance (Coordination & Services)|Ordnance Factory Board]] (OFB) was in charge of the [[Gun Carriage Factory Jabalpur|Gun Carriage Factory]] in [[Jabalpur]]. New terms and conditions were signed with the new entity AWEIL following the corporatization. According to the revised terms, the delivery is proceeding as planned.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Arya |first=Shishir |date=2023-12-06 |title=Dhanush production starts after spare part prob solved |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/dhanush-production-resumes-after-spare-part-problem-solved/articleshow/105768682.cms |access-date=2024-02-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=16 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216165505/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/dhanush-production-resumes-after-spare-part-problem-solved/articleshow/105768682.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== ATAGS ===
{{main|Advanced towed artillery gun system}}The Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System (ATAGS) developed by [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] in collaboration with production partners, [[Bharat Forge]] and [[Tata Advanced Systems]] (TSSL) is also a part of Indian Army's artillery modernisation plan.

* In May 2022, the ATAGS successfully completed a week-long validation trials in [[Pokhran#Pokhran Test Range|Pokhran Field Firing Range]] (PFFR), paving way for induction into Army.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-03 |title=Trials conducted successfully for towed artillery guns ATAGS |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/defence/story/trials-conducted-successfully-for-towed-artillery-guns-atags-1944684-2022-05-02 |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* Also, reports suggested that an initial order, split between TASL and Bharat Forge, for 150 guns would be placed at a cost of {{INRConvert|3365|c|lk=on|year=2022}} after releasing an [[RFP]].<ref name=":33">{{Cite news |date=2022-05-02 |title=Indigenous towed artillery guns complete firing trials, paving way for induction into Army |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indigenous-towed-artillery-guns-complete-firing-trials-paving-way-for-induction-into-army/articleshow/91270076.cms |access-date=2024-08-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* In March 2023, the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Indian Ministry of Defence]] received a proposal worth over $1 Billion from the Indian Army for the purchase of 307 ATAGS.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-03-02 |title=Indian Army to buy 307 ATAGS howitzers for deployment along China, Pak border |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/020323/indian-army-to-buy-307-atags-howitzers-for-deployment-along-china-pak.html |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=2024-11-05 |title=Bharat Forge, Tata likely to get DRDO-made towed guns deal |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/bharat-forge-tata-likely-to-get-drdo-made-towed-guns-deal/articleshow/114956159.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-11-05 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
* On 20 March 2025, it was reported that the [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] (CCS) has cleared the procurement of 307 ATAGS and 327 gun towing vehicles to arm 15 artillery regiments at an estimated cost of around {{INRConvert|7000|c|lk=|year=2025}}. The contract is expected to be signed next week. It was also reported that Bharat Forge will manufacture 60% of the ATAGS order being the lowest bidder while TASL will manufacture the rest of the guns.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last=Pandit |first=Rajat |date=2025-03-20 |title=CCS clears mega deal for big indigenous artillery guns |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ccs-clears-mega-deal-for-big-indigenous-artillery-guns/articleshow/119234281.cms |access-date=2025-03-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Towed Gun System (TGS) tender ===
The Army also has plans to procure 1,200 [[155 mm caliber|155 mm]] [[Caliber (artillery)|52-calibre]] Towed Gun Systems (TGS) in phased manner which will become the mainstay of the Indian Army in the future.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Army Intends To Purchase 1200 Advanced Towed Gun Systems (TGS). |url=https://www.theigmp.org/2024/10/indian-army-intends-to-purchase-1200-advanced-towed-gun-systems-tgs.html |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=theigmp.org |archive-date=20 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220034143/https://theigmp.org/indian-army-intends-to-purchase-1200-advanced-towed-gun-systems-tgs/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The initial order clearance (Acceptance of Necessity) for 400 units was granted on 30 November 2023 by the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Defence Acquisition Council approves capital acquisition proposals worth Rs 2.23 lakh crore to enhance the operational capabilities of the Armed Forces |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1981135 |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=pib.gov.in |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831113916/https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1981135 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> On 16 August 2024, the Indian Army had issued a tender for the procurement of first batch of 400 units under Indian IDDM category. The tender has a worth of {{INRConvert|6500|c|lk=on|year=2024}} and includes the purchase of towing vehicles. Indian firms like [[Bharat Forge#Kalyani Strategic Systems|Kalyani Strategic Systems Ltd]], [[Larsen & Toubro]], [[Adani Enterprises#Adani Defence & Aerospace|Adani Defence & Aerospace]] and AWEIL.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2024-08-16 |title=Army issues Rs 6,500 crore tender for buying 400 howitzers under Make-in-India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/army-issues-rs-6500-crore-tender-for-buying-400-howitzers-under-make-in-india/articleshow/112573675.cms |access-date=2024-08-17 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831114037/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/army-issues-rs-6500-crore-tender-for-buying-400-howitzers-under-make-in-india/articleshow/112573675.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-17 |title=Army issues Rs 6,500 crore tender to buy 400 Indian-made howitzer guns |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-army-rs-6500-crore-tender-400-made-in-india-howitzer-artillery-guns-2583578-2024-08-17 |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=21 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821071435/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-army-rs-6500-crore-tender-400-made-in-india-howitzer-artillery-guns-2583578-2024-08-17 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-21 |title=More firepower! Indian Army to acquire next-generation advanced 155mm/52 caliber artillery guns for around Rs 7,000 crore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indian-army-to-acquire-next-generation-advanced-155mm/52-caliber-artillery-guns-for-around-rs-7000-crore/articleshow/112677649.cms |access-date=2024-08-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=28 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828190931/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indian-army-to-acquire-next-generation-advanced-155mm/52-caliber-artillery-guns-for-around-rs-7000-crore/articleshow/112677649.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

The trials of contenders of TGS tenders are set to commence in 2025.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-27 |title=Amid military standoff with China, Indian Army gets new high-altitude firing range in Arunachal's Tawang sector |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/amid-military-standoff-with-china-indian-army-gets-new-high-altitude-firing-range-in-arunachals-tawang-sector20240927182923 |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=[[Asian News International|ANI]]}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-27 |title=Local 155mm ammunition, broader production vendor base: Army counters supply issues amid Russia-Ukraine war |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/155mm-ammunition-locally-buying-new-gun-systems-army-supply-chain-issues-russia-ukraine-war-9591276/ |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The gun system are mandated to have the following specifications:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Arthur |first=Gordon |date=2024-02-13 |title=India takes next step toward new 155mm towed howitzers |url=https://www.defensenews.com/land/2024/02/13/india-takes-next-step-toward-new-155mm-towed-howitzers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831113915/https://www.defensenews.com/land/2024/02/13/india-takes-next-step-toward-new-155mm-towed-howitzers/ |archive-date=31 August 2024 |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Defense News |language=en}}</ref>

* All up weight of less than 15 tons.
* Capable to fire all existing 155 mm rounds in the army's inventory
* Has a range of more than 40 km
* Has a minimum service life of more than 20 years.
* And a minimum barrel life of 1,500 equivalent full charges
'''Potential Competitors'''<ref name=":0" />
# [[Bharat-52|KSSL Bharat 52]]
# [https://www.kssl.in/our-business-artillery KSSL MArG ER]
# [[Dhanush (howitzer)|OFB Dhanush]] - Manufactured by [[Advanced Weapons and Equipment India|AWEIL]]
# [[Advanced towed artillery gun system|DRDO ATAGS]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-22 |title=Indian Army starts process to buy more powerful and lighter artillery guns for Rs 7,000 crore |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-army-starts-process-to-buy-more-powerful-and-lighter-artillery-guns-for-rs-7000-crore/articleshow/112707014.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-08-24 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=24 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824082034/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-army-starts-process-to-buy-more-powerful-and-lighter-artillery-guns-for-rs-7000-crore/articleshow/112707014.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>
# [[Larsen & Toubro|L&T]]-[[Nexter]] Trajan 155 (evaluated by IA; 40% indigenous content in prototypes)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Larsen & Toubro and Nexter showcase Artillery Systems at India’s Defexpo {{!}} Knds |url=https://www.knds.fr/en/our-news/latest-news/larsen-toubro-and-nexter-showcase-artillery-systems-indias-defexpo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919201912/https://www.knds.fr/en/our-news/latest-news/larsen-toubro-and-nexter-showcase-artillery-systems-indias-defexpo |archive-date=19 September 2024 |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=www.knds.fr |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Mounted guns==

=== 105 mm L/37 mounted guns ===
In November 2023, reports confirmed the Indian Army's plans to procure 200 units of [[105 mm calibre|105 mm]] [[Caliber (artillery)|L/37]] mounted howitzers.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-11-27 |title=India boosts its artillery power with 600 105mm / 155mm guns |url=https://bulgarianmilitary.com/2023/11/27/india-boosts-its-artillery-power-with-600-105mm-and-155mm-guns/ |access-date=2024-02-16 |language=en-US |archive-date=26 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226104414/https://bulgarianmilitary.com/2023/11/27/india-boosts-its-artillery-power-with-600-105mm-and-155mm-guns/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2023-11-27 |title=Indian Army to boost firepower with 200 new mounted howitzers, 400 towed gun systems |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-army-to-boost-firepower-with-200-new-mounted-howitzers-400-towed-gun-systems/articleshow/105539057.cms |access-date=2024-02-16 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309220541/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-army-to-boost-firepower-with-200-new-mounted-howitzers-400-towed-gun-systems/articleshow/105539057.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2024, the Garuda 105 V2 of [[Bharat Forge#Kalyani Strategic Systems|KSSL]] was airdropped by a [[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III|C-17 Globemaster]] of the [[Indian Air Force]], hinting that the platform is under trials.<ref name="X-270324">{{cite twitter |number=1770099860189982855 |user=NewsIADN |title=Garuda 4x4 105mm Mounted Gun System of Bharat Forge airdropped by IAF 🇮🇳 C17... |date=2024-03-19 |access-date=2024-06-13}}</ref>

On 11 April 2025, the Defence Acquisition Council granted the Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) for the procurement of a 105mm/37 Calibre Mounted Gun System (Paradroppable) along with ammunition vehicles.<ref name="X-2703242">{{cite twitter |number=1770099860189982855 |user=NewsIADN |title=Garuda 4x4 105mm Mounted Gun System of Bharat Forge airdropped by IAF 🇮🇳 C17... |date=2024-03-19 |access-date=2024-06-13}}</ref>
[[File:VFJ-GCF 105 mm Truck-mounted Self-Propelled Gun System.jpg|thumb|Prototype based on [[Indian Field Gun]] mounted on [[Vehicle Factory Jabalpur|VFJ-GFC]] 6×6 Truck|159x159px]]'''Potential Competitors'''
# [[Indian Field Gun#Variants|IFG Mk2 SPH]] (6×6 truck)
# [[Bharat Forge#Kalyani Strategic Systems|KSSL]] Garuda 105 (4×4 truck)
# [https://www.kssl.in/our-business-artillery KSSL Garuda 105 V2] (4×4 [[Armoured fighting vehicle|AFV]])

=== 155 mm L/52 Mounted Gun Systems (MGS) ===
The Indian Ministry of Defence (MoD) has given Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) to procure 814 units of [[155 mm caliber|155 mm]] [[Caliber (artillery)|L/52]] calibre Mounted Guns. The guns should have a maximum range of more than 38 km, have a maximum weight of 30 tonnes and should be able to fire all existing 155 mm rounds in the Indian Army's inventory.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India clears acquisition of mounted gun system |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/india-clears-acquisition-of-mounted-gun-system |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Janes.com |language=en |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119122409/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/india-clears-acquisition-of-mounted-gun-system |url-status=live }}</ref>

The trials of contenders of MGS tenders are set to commence in 2025.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />

'''Potential Competitors'''[[File:OFB-BEML 155 mm Truck-mounted Self-Propelled Gun System.jpg|thumb|186x186px|[[Dhanush (howitzer)|Dhanush]] based MGS prototype on 8×8 [[BEML]] truck]]

# [[DRDO Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System|DRDO ATAGS]] ([[Advanced towed artillery gun system#ATAGS MGS|MGS variant]])
# [[Dhanush (howitzer)|OFB Dhanush]] ([[Dhanush (howitzer)#Variants|MGS variant]])
# [[Tata Advanced Systems|TASL]] [https://www.tataadvancedsystems.com/mounted-gun-system155 155 mm Mounted Gun System] ([[Advanced towed artillery gun system|ATAGS]] gun on [[Tata LPTA]] 3945/3138 [[Eight-wheel drive|8×8]] chassis; vehicle range of 600km and maximum speed of 85 kmph)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-18 |title=Tata Develops 600km Range, 85km/hr Speed Truck-Mounted Artillery Gun System to Rival Kalyani's MGS |url=https://defence.in/threads/tata-develops-600km-range-85km-hr-speed-truck-mounted-artillery-gun-system-to-rival-kalyanis-mgs.10011/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Defence.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
# [[CAESAR self-propelled howitzer|CAESAR]] (mounted on [[Ashok Leyland Stallion#Super Stallion|Ashok Leyland Super Stallion 6×6]] chassis; local production by [[Larsen & Toubro|L&T]])
# [[ATMOS 2000]]
# [[Archer Artillery System]]

==Self-propelled wheeled guns==
As part of the Field Artillery Rationalisation Plan, the Indian Army is inducting new [[List of wheeled self-propelled howitzers|wheeled self-propelled guns]], which are planned for acquisition between 2025 and 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=27 September 2022 |title=Indian Army eyes major firepower upgrade to counter China |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-army-eyes-major-firepower-upgrade-to-counter-china-101664280649581.html |access-date=28 August 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=23 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023230728/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-army-eyes-major-firepower-upgrade-to-counter-china-101664280649581.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=27 September 2021 |title=Need a robust and reliable gun, says Army as artillery modernisation plan faces hiccups |url=https://theprint.in/defence/need-a-robust-and-reliable-gun-says-army-as-artillery-modernisation-plan-faces-hiccups/741226/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=28 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128005928/https://theprint.in/defence/need-a-robust-and-reliable-gun-says-army-as-artillery-modernisation-plan-faces-hiccups/741226/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[List of wheeled self-propelled howitzers|wheeled self-propelled guns]] is included in the Indian Army's procurement of 2800 to 3000 155mm.52 calibre mounted guns and howitzers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-25 |title=New artillery thrust |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/new-artillery-thrust/article9921802.ece |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Frontline |language=en |archive-date=21 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721142222/https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/new-artillery-thrust/article9921802.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Self-propelled tracked guns==
{{Main|K9 Thunder#India}}

[[File:Indian K9 SPH at Ladakh during Indo-China Clashes .jpg|thumb|Indian K9 SPH in Ladakh]]
In September 2015, the Indian [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defense]] (MoD) selected Hanwha Techwin and Larsen & Toubro as preferred bidder to supply 100 '''K9 Vajra-T''' to the [[Indian Army]] after K9 outperformed [[2S19 Msta-S]] and passed two-year trial.<ref>{{cite web |title=India's Newest Gun: Fast and Deadly |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/10/indias-newest-gun-fast-and-deadly/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011181059/https://thediplomat.com/2015/10/indias-newest-gun-fast-and-deadly/ |archive-date=2015-10-11 |access-date=2015-10-09 |website=The Diplomat}}</ref> On 6 July 2016, India agreed in purchasing 100 K9 Vajra-T for $750 million.<ref>{{cite news |date=2016-07-06 |title=한국산 K-9 자주포 100문 인도 수출.. 가격협상 마쳐 |url=https://www.konas.net/article/article.asp?idx=46180 |publisher=Konas Net |access-date=16 February 2024 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405150131/https://www.konas.net/article/article.asp?idx=46180 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 29 March 2017, The [[Government of India]] approved budget of $646 million for purchasing 100 K9 Vajra-T.<ref>{{cite news |date=2017-04-02 |title=국산 K-9 자주포 인도 수출...양국 국방협력 강화 |url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20170402047700014?input=1195m |publisher=Yonhap |access-date=16 February 2024 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405150120/https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20170402047700014?input=1195m |url-status=live }}</ref> A formal contract of $310 million was signed between Hanwha Techwin and Larsen & Toubro in [[New Delhi]] on 21 April. Hanwha Techwin will supply first 10 K9 Vajra-T, and 90 will be license produced in India by Larsen & Toubro.<ref>{{cite news |date=2017-04-21 |title=K-9 자주포 100문 인도 수출 확정...3500억 규모 |url=https://newsis.com/view/?id=NISX20170421_0014846773&cID=10301&pID=10300 |publisher=Newsis |access-date=16 February 2024 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130100538/https://newsis.com/view/?id=NISX20170421_0014846773&cID=10301&pID=10300 |url-status=live }}</ref>

K9 Vajra-T consist 14 major Indian manufactured systems, 50% of component by value, which include Nub ammunition capable [[Fire-control system|FCS]] and its storage, communication system, and environment control and [[CBRN defense|NBC]] protection system. Additional systems were installed such as GPS (Gunner's Primary Sight) for direct firing capability, and South African [[Auxiliary power unit|APU]], which was proven for desert operation—Korean APU was under development phase during Indian trial. The vehicle's overall design was modified to suitable for operation in desert and high temperature condition, including the change of firing rate to 3 rounds in 30 seconds.<ref name="Defense Today K9">{{cite web |date=7 May 2020 |title=K9 자주포 & 해외수출 Q&A |url=http://www.defensetoday.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=885 |publisher=Defense Today |access-date=16 February 2024 |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225053533/http://www.defensetoday.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=885 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Defense Today K9 India">{{cite web |date=28 August 2020 |title=K9 자주포 인도수출 Q&A |url=http://www.defensetoday.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=1694 |access-date=16 February 2024 |archive-date=29 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829091000/http://www.defensetoday.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=1694 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Global |first=IndraStra |title=Indian Army Inducts Two New Artillery Systems |url=https://www.indrastra.com/2018/11/Indian-Army-s-New-Artillery-Systems-004-11-2018-0021.html |url-status=live |journal=IndraStra |issn=2381-3652 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118164856/https://www.indrastra.com/2018/11/Indian-Army-s-New-Artillery-Systems-004-11-2018-0021.html |archive-date=2018-11-18 |access-date=2018-11-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2017-04-23 |title=K9 '바지라' 인도 수출 |url=https://kookbang.dema.mil.kr/newsWeb/20170424/72/BBSMSTR_000000010026/view.do |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128225640/https://kookbang.dema.mil.kr/newsWeb/20170424/72/BBSMSTR_000000010026/view.do |archive-date=28 January 2023 |access-date=30 August 2021 |publisher=Republic of Korea Defense Media Agency}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2020-01-16 |title=Indian army gets more firepower! Rajnath Singh flags off 51st K9 Vajra-T Gun |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/indian-army-gets-more-firepower-rajnath-singh-flags-off-51st-k9-vajra-t-gun/1825430/ |access-date=2020-01-20 |website=The Financial Express |language=en-US |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128225645/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/indian-army-gets-more-firepower-rajnath-singh-flags-off-51st-k9-vajra-t-gun/1825430/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Indian Army completed high altitude trials at [[Ladakh]] under cold climatic conditions.<ref>{{cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2021-08-09 |title=Trials in Ladakh a success, Army looks at ordering 40 more K9 Vajra-T howitzers for mountains |url=https://theprint.in/defence/trials-in-ladakh-a-success-army-looks-at-ordering-40-more-k9-vajra-howitzers-for-mountains/711436/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=9 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709150735/https://theprint.in/defence/trials-in-ladakh-a-success-army-looks-at-ordering-40-more-k9-vajra-howitzers-for-mountains/711436/ |url-status=live }}</ref> After satisfactory performance at high altitude terrain, the MoD is getting ready to place repeat order of 200 K9 Vajra-T worth [[Indian rupee|₹]]9,600 [[crore]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Unnithan |first=Sandeep |date=23 January 2022 |title=What's behind a massive order for Made-in-India howitzers |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/what-s-behind-a-massive-order-for-made-in-india-howitzers-1903375-2022-01-23 |access-date=2022-01-23 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831113915/https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/what-s-behind-a-massive-order-for-made-in-india-howitzers-1903375-2022-01-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> The new batch will equip enhanced engine suited for high altitude operation, and is expected to complete delivery by 2028.<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-01-24 |title=인도, 한화디펜스의 K9 바지라 자주포 200문 추가 주문 |url=https://www.g-enews.com/article/Global-Biz/2022/01/2022012411093525382bb03d9507_1 |access-date=2022-02-20 |website=글로벌이코노믹 |language=ko |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406032026/https://www.g-enews.com/article/Global-Biz/2022/01/2022012411093525382bb03d9507_1 |url-status=live }}</ref> The proposal for first 100 units was cleared on 27 September 2022.<ref name="India Batch 2">{{Cite news |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=27 September 2022 |title=China threat in mind, Army to order another 100 K9 Vajra howitzers from L&T, more to follow |url=https://theprint.in/defence/china-threat-in-mind-army-to-order-another-100-k9-vajra-howitzers-from-lt-more-to-follow/1144787/ |access-date=27 September 2022 |work=ThePrint |archive-date=27 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927101337/https://theprint.in/defence/china-threat-in-mind-army-to-order-another-100-k9-vajra-howitzers-from-lt-more-to-follow/1144787/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In February 2023, Hanwha received an order for 100 vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Army orders 100 additional K9 howitzers |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/indian-army-orders-100-additional-k9-howitzers |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=Janes.com |language=en |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403203952/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/indian-army-orders-100-additional-k9-howitzers |url-status=live }}</ref> Additional order for 100 units are planned. In May 2024, a report suggested, another 100 units of the gun would be cleared after the formation of a new government after the [[2024 Indian general election]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dubey |first=Ajit |date=2024-05-29 |title=Major Make in India defence deals including K-9 Vajra, fighter jet engines on Centre's agenda |url=https://aninews.in/news/national/general-news/major-make-in-india-defence-deals-including-k-9-vajra-fighter-jet-engines-on-centres-agenda20240529164930/ |website=ANI News |access-date=31 August 2024 |archive-date=9 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609081626/https://aninews.in/news/national/general-news/major-make-in-india-defence-deals-including-k-9-vajra-fighter-jet-engines-on-centres-agenda20240529164930/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Triffaux |title=Indian Army to Receive Additional 100 South Korean K9 Vajra Self-Propelled Howitzers |url=https://armyrecognition.com/news/army-news/army-news-2024/indian-army-to-receive-additional-100-south-korean-k9-vajra-self-propelled-howitzers |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=armyrecognition.com |language=en-gb |archive-date=29 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829102517/https://armyrecognition.com/news/army-news/army-news-2024/indian-army-to-receive-additional-100-south-korean-k9-vajra-self-propelled-howitzers |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] cleared the purchase of 100 units on 12 December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CCS clears Rs 20,000 crore Make in India projects for Su-30 fighter jets, 100 K-9 howitzers - The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/defence/ccs-clears-rs-20000-crore-make-in-india-projects-for-su-30-fighter-jets-100-k-9-howitzers/articleshow/116259513.cms |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=m.economictimes.com}}</ref>

== Ultra-light Howitzers ==
{{main|M777 howitzer}}
After three years of searching and negotiations, India ordered [[M777 howitzer|M777]] [[155 mm caliber|155 mm]] [[Caliber (artillery)|L/39]] ultra-light howitzer from USA in September 2013.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dunnigan|first=James|title=India Joins The M-777 Club|url=http://www.strategypage.com/dls/articles/India-Joins-The-M-777-Club-9-8-2013.asp|access-date=2 October 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005012940/http://www.strategypage.com/dls/articles/India-Joins-The-M-777-Club-9-8-2013.asp|archive-date=5 October 2013}}</ref>

The [[Indian Army]] first announced plans to acquire 145 guns for {{INRConvert|30|b|0}},<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/US-okays-howitzers-worth-647-million-for-India/articleshow/5506969.cms |work=The Times of India |first1=Chidanand |last1=Rajghatta |title=US okays howitzers worth $647 million for India |date=28 January 2010 |access-date=30 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130193304/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/US-okays-howitzers-worth-647-million-for-India/articleshow/5506969.cms |archive-date=30 January 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> but purchase plans were overtaken when the procurement process was restarted in July 2010. India's [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] cleared the proposal for buying 145 guns for US$660 million on 11 May 2012 through the US Government's Foreign Military Sales (FMS) process.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globaldefence.net/defence-news/21762-india-orders-145-m777-ultra-light-howitzers-from-bae-systems.html|title=India Orders 145 M777 Ultra Light Howitzers From BAE Systems|author=HP|access-date=4 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105020731/http://www.globaldefence.net/defence-news/21762-india-orders-145-m777-ultra-light-howitzers-from-bae-systems.html|archive-date=5 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> This was put up before the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] for clearance and will subsequently be taken up by the [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] for final approval.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/india-clears-660-million-deal-for-artillery-guns/articleshow/13095688.cms|work=The Economic Times|title=India clears $660 million deal for artillery guns |date=11 May 2012}}</ref><ref>
{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_india-to-buy-m777-howitzers-from-us_1687512 |work=DNA |title=Defence Ministry clears M777 howitzers procurement projects |date=11 May 2012 |access-date=12 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513214402/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_india-to-buy-m777-howitzers-from-us_1687512 |archive-date=13 May 2012 |url-status=live }}
</ref> On 2 August 2013, India requested the sale of 145 M777 howitzers for US$885 million.<ref>[http://www.deagel.com/news/FMS-India-Requests-Sale-of-145-M777-155mm-Light-Weight-Towed-Howitzers_n000011794.aspx FMS: India Requests Sale of 145 M777 155mm Light-Weight Towed Howitzers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814001154/http://www.deagel.com/news/FMS-India-Requests-Sale-of-145-M777-155mm-Light-Weight-Towed-Howitzers_n000011794.aspx |date=14 August 2013 }} - Deagel.com, 7 August 2013</ref> On 24 February 2014 the purchase was again postponed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140224/DEFREG03/302240025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140224210228/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140224/DEFREG03/302240025 |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 24, 2014 |title=India Postpones Purchase of 145 Ultra Light Howitzers |last1=Raghuvanshi |first1=Vivek |date=24 February 2014 |website=defensenews.com |publisher=Gannett Government Media |access-date=24 February 2014}}</ref> On 11 May 2014 the purchase was cleared by India's Ministry of Defence.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/india-buys-new-artillery-guns-27-years-after-bofors-209582 |title=India buys new artillery guns, 27 years after Bofors |date=11 May 2014 |access-date=26 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017144906/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/india-buys-new-artillery-guns-27-years-after-bofors-209582 |archive-date=17 October 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 11 July 2014, the Government of India announced that it would not order the guns because of cost issues.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.janes.com/article/40766/indian-mod-says-m777-buy-in-doubt-over-high-cost-offset-requirements |title=Indian MoD says M777 buy in doubt over high cost, offset requirements |date=13 July 2014 |access-date=12 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015225942/http://www.janes.com/article/40766/indian-mod-says-m777-buy-in-doubt-over-high-cost-offset-requirements |archive-date=15 October 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 22 November 2014, the selection process was restarted under the "[[Make In India]]" program.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Three-decades-on-defence-minister-clears-Rs-15750-crore-howitzer-projects/articleshow/45245771.cms |title=Three decades on, defence minister clears Rs 15,750 crore howitzer projects |last1=Pandit |first1=Rajat |date=23 November 2014 |work=The Times of India|publisher=TNN |access-date=22 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126090010/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Three-decades-on-defence-minister-clears-Rs-15750-crore-howitzer-projects/articleshow/45245771.cms |archive-date=26 November 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 13 May 2015, the Ministry of Defence approved ₹29 billion (₹2,900 crore) to buy 145 M777 ultralight howitzers from the US.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.aspx?id=ly/B44LoBP4= |title=New Aircraft Carrier, Brahmos Missiles, C-295 Planes & M-777 Howitzers all cleared for Purchase |last1=Govindan |first1=Adarsh |date=14 May 2015 |website=defencenews.in |publisher=TNN |access-date=13 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519033229/http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.aspx?id=ly%2FB44LoBP4%3D |archive-date=19 May 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 15 December 2015, the Indian Ministry of Defence said it was keen on placing a follow-up order of 500 more M777 guns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/ministry-keen-to-purchase-500-more-howitzer-guns-from-bae-systems/article7987937.ece|title=Ministry keen to purchase 500 more Howitzer guns from BAE Systems|first=Nayanima|last=Basu|date=14 December 2015|website=The Hindu Businessline|access-date=30 May 2017|archive-date=31 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831113916/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/ministry-keen-to-purchase-500-more-howitzer-guns-from-bae-systems/article7987937.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 26 June 2016, it was announced that 145 guns will be purchased by India for US$750 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/delhi/story/india-clears-purchase-of-145-ultra-light-howitzer-guns-from-us-16265-2016-06-25|title=India clears purchase of 145 ultra-light Howitzer guns from US|work=India Today|access-date=30 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511044221/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-clears-purchase-of-145-ultra-light-howitzer-guns-from-us/1/700866.html|archive-date=11 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The Indian government completed the deal on 30 November 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssbinterviewtips.in/m777-howitzer-deal-inked-by-the-indian-government/637 |title=M777 howitzer deal inked by the Indian government |date=30 November 2016 |access-date=30 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201021609/http://www.ssbinterviewtips.in/m777-howitzer-deal-inked-by-the-indian-government/637 |archive-date=1 December 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>  Under the agreement, BAE Systems was to supply 25 ready-built howitzers, while 120 guns were to be manufactured in India by Mahindra Defence Systems Limited.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Army's M777 regiment to get 3 made-in-India guns |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/m777-regiment-to-get-3-made-in-india-guns/story-xhNr4drnZCckqN3qErlfyK.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=13 November 2019 |language=en |date=13 November 2019 |archive-date=13 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113013715/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/m777-regiment-to-get-3-made-in-india-guns/story-xhNr4drnZCckqN3qErlfyK.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A total of 7 artillery regiments are planned, each of 18 guns. The first regiment was planned to be raised by end-2020 with 15 guns supplied by BAE systems and three guns supplied by Mahindra Defense Systems Limited.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/m777-regiment-to-get-3-made-in-india-guns/story-xhNr4drnZCckqN3qErlfyK.html|title=Indian Army's M777 regiment to get 3 made-in-India guns - The Economic Times|website=Economic Times|access-date=2019-11-13|date=13 November 2019|archive-date=7 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607052532/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/m777-regiment-to-get-3-made-in-india-guns/story-xhNr4drnZCckqN3qErlfyK.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Indian Army received its first shipment comprising two howitzers on 18 May 2017 in New Delhi from United States in ready to use condition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/army-gets-its-first-artillery-guns-three-decades-after-bofors-will-be-tested-at-pokhran-4661306/|title=Army gets its first artillery guns three decades after Bofors, will be tested at Pokhran today|date=18 May 2017|work=indianexpress|access-date=30 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602130427/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/army-gets-its-first-artillery-guns-three-decades-after-bofors-will-be-tested-at-pokhran-4661306/|archive-date=2 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/army-gets-two-us-made-m777-ultra-light-howitzers/article18482205.ece|title=Two M777 Ultra-Light Howitzers arrive from U.S.|first=Dinakar|last=Peri|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=30 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518103659/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/army-gets-two-us-made-m777-ultra-light-howitzers/article18482205.ece|archive-date=18 May 2017|url-status=live|date=18 May 2017}}</ref> It was reported that on 2 September 2017, the barrel of one of the howitzers was damaged while firing during calibration trials.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/army-s-new-us-made-m777-howitzer-in-trouble-barrel-explodes-at-pokhran-range/story-FBr9a2voeSWrumBhZisFcO.html |title=Army's new US-made M777 howitzer in trouble, barrel explodes at Pokhran range |access-date=12 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912164656/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/army-s-new-us-made-m777-howitzer-in-trouble-barrel-explodes-at-pokhran-range/story-FBr9a2voeSWrumBhZisFcO.html |archive-date=12 September 2017 |url-status=live |date=12 September 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/sep/12/barrel-of-us-manufactured-howitzer-gun-explodes-during-indian-armys-calibration-trial-1656186.html |title=Barrel of US-manufactured Howitzer gun explodes during Indian army's calibration trial |access-date=12 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912174258/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/sep/12/barrel-of-us-manufactured-howitzer-gun-explodes-during-indian-armys-calibration-trial-1656186.html |archive-date=12 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> The procurement of 145 guns was completed by 2023.<ref name="Variant">{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/defence/new-barrel-extended-range-india-us-explore-joint-development-of-m777-howitzer-variant/1378821/ |title=New barrel, extended range - India & US explore joint development of M777 howitzer variant |author=Snehesh Alex Philip |date=20 February 2023 |website= |publisher= |access-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327054032/https://theprint.in/defence/new-barrel-extended-range-india-us-explore-joint-development-of-m777-howitzer-variant/1378821/ |archive-date=27 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Indian army used the M777 howitzer in the Himvijay exercise (2021) in Arunachal Pradesh which involved the newly raised integrated battle groups.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-plans-to-deploy-m777s-near-lac-in-arunachal-pradesh/articleshow/71472459.cms|title=India China: India to deploy latest American weapon systems for Ex-HimVijay along China border - The Economic Times|website=Economic Times|author=S.K. Gurung|date=7 October 2019|access-date=7 June 2021|archive-date=31 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831113928/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-plans-to-deploy-m777s-near-lac-in-arunachal-pradesh/articleshow/71472459.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2020, in the wake of escalating tension with China in light of hostile Chinese posturing, particularly on the border between the Union Territory of Ladakh and Tibet, further purchases of Excalibur shells were announced by the Indian Ministry of Defence.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://asiatimes.com/2020/07/border-clashes-prompt-india-to-fast-track-weapons-buys/|title = Border clashes prompt India to fast-track weapons buys|date = 7 July 2020|access-date = 7 June 2021|archive-date = 7 June 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210607052532/https://asiatimes.com/2020/07/border-clashes-prompt-india-to-fast-track-weapons-buys/|url-status = live}}</ref> Discussions began in 2023 between India and the United States to develop an extended range of the M777 howitzer called as the M777 (ER), with India planning to upgrade all its M777 guns to this standard.<ref name="Variant"/>


== See also ==

* {{Annotated link|List of equipment of the Indian Army}}
* {{Annotated link|Regiment of Artillery (India)}}

==References==
<references/>

{{Military of India}}

[[Category:Military of India]]
[[Category:Artillery of India]]

Bakht Singh of Marwar

2025-10-16T06:25:12Z

Ramesh:

{{Short description|Maharaja of Marwar from 1751 to 1752}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Bakht Singh Rathore
| title = [[Maharaja]] of [[Jodhpur State|Marwar]]
| image = File:Maharaja Bakhat Singh portrait cropped.jpg
| caption = Jodhpur style painting depicting Bhakt Singh practicing archery, circa 1750
| succession = [[Ruler]] of [[Marwar]]
| reign = July 1751 – 21 September 1752
| reign-type = Tenure
| coronation = 8 July 1751
| cor-type =
| predecessor = [[Ram Singh of Marwar|Ram Singh]]
| successor = [[Vijay Singh of Marwar|Vijay Singh]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1706|8|16|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Meherangarh, Jodhpur
| death_date = {{death date and age|1752|9|21|1706|8|16|df=y}}
| death_place = Sindholi
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| consort =
| spouse =
| spouse-type =
| issue =
| full name =
| house = [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]]
| father = [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Ajit Singh Rathore]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}

'''Bakht Singh''' (16 August 1706 – 21 September 1752), also known as '''Bakhat Singh''', was an 18th-century Indian [[Raja]] of the [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathore Clan]]. Born in 1706, he ruled over various domains in the [[Jodhpur State|Jodhpur]] and [[Marwar]] states and was a major political force during his life.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Maharaja-Bakht-Singh/6000000009753481732|title=Maharaja Bakht Singh|website=geni_family_tree|date=16 August 1706 |language=en-US|access-date=2017-05-02}}</ref>

== Early life and political ascension ==
[[File:Maharaja Ajit Singh and his son Bakht Singh.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Maharaja Ajit Singh presenting a garland to his son Bakht Singh. c.1751-1752.]]
Bakht Singh was born on 16 August 1706 as the second son of [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Ajit Singh]], ruler of Marwar. At the time of Bakht's birth, his family was in open revolt against the [[Mughal Empire]] due to an ongoing territorial dispute over [[Gujarat]].<ref>N.S. Bhati, Studies in Marwar History, page 6</ref> His father was pardoned by [[Muhammad Azam Shah]] in 1708, granting the Rathore clan control over the Kingdom of Marwar and the city of [[Jodhpur]].<ref>Munis pp. 316</ref><ref>Richards pp. 180–181</ref>

Bakht Singh had a tall and strong built and was popular amongst the ladies of the Empire. Amongst his admirers was the Empress of the Mughal Empire, who according to the chronicles wanted her husband ([[Ahmad Shah Bahadur]]) to follow Bakht's diet.<ref name=Dhananjaya>{{cite book |title=The House of Marwar|author=Dhananajaya Singh|publisher=Lotus Collection, Roli Books|year=1994|page=104|quote=Bakhta defeated Ram Singh in 1751 and ascended the long coveted gadi. Tall and powerfully built, with an impressive moustache, he was in all appearance at least the quintessential Rathore warrior and counted among his lady admirers the fifteenth Mughal Emperor Ahmad Shah's Empress who, the chronicles loyally record, even urged her husband to follow the same diet as the Rathore.}}</ref> In 1724, Bakht Singh and his elder brother [[Abhai Singh of Marwar|Abhai Singh]] plotted to [[Patricide|kill]] their father and usurp his position as Raja. They succeeded, and Abhai Singh became the Maharaja of the Kingdom of Marwar and Jodhpur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Maharaja-Shri-Ajit-Singh-Rathore-jodhpur/6000000012646522372|title=Maharaja Shri Ajit Singh Rathore jodhpur|website=geni_family_tree|year=1679 |language=en-US|access-date=2017-05-02}}</ref> This abrupt change of leadership sparked a brief civil war among the Rathore in Marwar, during which the brothers employed [[Maratha]] soldiers to fight their enemies.<ref name=":0" /> At this time Marwar was a vassal of the [[Mughal Empire]], which was in constant conflict with the [[Maratha Empire]]. The allowing of [[Maratha]] soldiers onto Mughal territory to solve a domestic dispute effectively estranged the [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathore]]s from the Mughal government.<ref name=":0">Gupta, Bakshi pp. 152–155</ref>

=== Siege of Ahmedabad ===
In 1730 a taxation depute against Sarbuland Khan (Nawab of Gujarat) resulted in Abhai Singh laying [[siege]] to the city of [[Ahmedabad]].<ref name=":1">[[History of Ahmedabad#CITEREFGoogle Books2015|''Google Books'' 2015]], pp. 256–257.</ref> Bakht Singh personally led the storming of the city, the Marwar army lost 120 soldiers and 700 were injured while Sarbuland Khan lost his son in the cannonade and most of his men were slaughtered along with high ranking Mughal Mansabdars (nobles), some ranking as high as 3,000. Sarbuland Khan surrendered after three days of fighting, after which the Mughal emperor was forced to make Abhai Singh the lord of Ahmedabad and the governor of Gujarat.<ref>Visheshwar Sarup Bhargava,"Marwar and the Mughal emperors (A. D. 1526–1748)", page 153</ref> Bakht Singh was commended for his bravery during the battle.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Lordship ==
[[File:3 Maharaja Bakhat Singh rejoices during Holi. Attributed here to 'Artist 3', Nagaur c. 1748–50; 44.1 x 65.1 cm.Mehrangarh Museum Trust.jpg|thumb|Bakhat Singh rejoices during Holi, Nagaur c. 1748–50; 44.1 x 65.1 cm. Mehrangarh Museum Trust]]
By 1739, Bakht Singh had been appointed lord of [[Nagaur]]. Seeking to expand his influence, he attempted to force concessions from the [[Bikaner State]], calling on his brother for support. The Raja of Bikaner sent a letter to [[Jai Singh II]], the powerful Maharaja of the [[Jaipur State|Kingdom of Jaipur]], requesting assistance. Jai Singh sent a letter to Abhai Singh asking for leniency to be shown to Bikaner, a request Abhai sharply refuted.<ref name=":0" /> Seeking to end the conflict, Jai Singh dispatched his minister Vidyadhar to Bakht Singh. Bakht agreed to withdraw his men from the conflict if he were paid by Jaipur and given the town of [[Merta City|Merta]]. This was done, and with Bakht Singh now removed as a threat, Jai Singh was able to force Abhai to make peace. Unable to face Jaipur alone, Abhai Singh was forced to sign a treaty with Jai Singh. The Kingdom of Marwar was forced to pay 1 lakh (100000) [[rupee]]s to the Mughals, 20 lakh (2000000) to Jaipur, give up hostages, and was prohibited from sending emissaries to the Mughal court without the express approval of Jai Singh.<ref name=":0" /> The latter condition effectively made Marwar a vassal of Jaipur, as Abhai could no longer request aid from the Mughal government. The treaty enraged many members of the Rathore clan, most of whom felt that Bakht Singh was responsible for the disaster.<ref name=":0" />

=== Battle of Gangwana ===
{{Main|Battle of Gangwana}}
In 1741, Abhai Singh began to gather his forces in Jodhpur in preparation for a [[Revanchism|war of revenge]] against Jaipur. Jai Singh detected these movements and gathered his army (of 40000-100000 men) to invade Marwar.<ref name=":2">Sarkar pp. 200</ref> As the Jaipur army advanced, Bakht Singh arrived at Merta, the forward camp for the Rathore and Marwar army. He entered the Raja's [[Durbar (court)|durbar]], where he was chastised by his fellow Rathors for his betrayal.<ref name=":0" /> Bhakt accepted his wrongdoing, and promised to lead his personal cavalry contingent (of 1000 men) against the oncoming Jaipur.<ref name=":0" />

In the ensuing [[Battle of Gangwana]] Bakht Singh and his cavalry of 1000 soldiers succeeded in inflicting heavy casualties on the Jaipur army.<ref name=":2" /> Over 12,000 Rajputs and Mughals were killed, losses so high that Jai Singh ended the campaign and was forced to accept a mediated peace with Abhai Singh. Bakht Singh, wounded by both a bullet and an arrow during the fighting, was once again praised for his valor.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Jai Singh never recovered from shock suffered from losses of this battle and died 2 years later.

== Later life ==
[[File:Above-Maharaja-Bakhat-Singh-at-the-Jharokha-Window-of-the-Bakhat-Singh-Mahal- 59024 2.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Maharaja Bakht Singh at the Jharokha window of the [[Bakhat Singh Mahal]], [[Nagaur]]]]
On 29 June 1741, Bakht Singh was offered [[Gujarat]] by the Mughal Emperor. The [[Mughals]] hoped that Bakht Singh could become its governor and counter the rising power of the [[Marathas]]. Before accepting, Singh sent his spies to Gujarat and upon learning of the hopeless situation, declined the offer.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Jadunath|last=Sarkar|title=Fall of the Mughal Empire |volume=2|publisher=Orient BlackSwan|year=2007|pages=214|url=http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/69726|archive-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.69726|archive-date=23 January 2017}}</ref>

On 17 June 1749, Abhai Singh died, with his eldest son [[Ram Singh of Marwar|Ram Singh]] succeeding him. Bakht Singh (his uncle) disagreed with this [[primogeniture]] and rose up in revolt. Bakht Singh emerged triumphant in the [[battle of Luniawas]], becoming the Maharaja of Marwar and Jodhpur in July 1751. Bakht Singh's first step as a ruler was to raise an army in [[Ajmer]] and to start fortifying his holdings to protect [[Marwar]] from external threats like the [[Mughals]], [[Marathas]] and [[Afghans]]. In May 1752 Jayapa Sindhia and Ram Singh attacked Ajmer, sacked it and massacred the populace. Upon learning of the invasion, Bakht Singh marched with his army and camped 8 miles away from Ajmer. He waited till July and then attacked Jayapa. Bakht Singh blocked the surrounding paths and placed his guns on a hill, he then bombarded the Marathas, upon receiving heavy casualties, the Marathas fled along with the army of Ram Singh. Bakht Singh died a sudden death on 21 September 1752.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Jadunath|last=Sarkar|title=Fall of the Mughal Empire Vol 2|publisher=Orient BlackSwan; First edition|year=2007|isbn=|pages=102|url=}}</ref> According to Persian historians, he died by [[cholera]] while Vir Vinod claims that he was poisoned by [[Madho Singh I]].<ref>Rajasthan Through the Ages
By R.K. Gupta, S.R. Bakshi pg.156</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007/page/n223/mode/1up Fall Of The Mughal Empire- Vol. I (4Th Edn.), Volume 1 By Jadunath Sarkar pg.199–200]</ref> His son [[Vijay Singh of Marwar|Vijay Singh]] inherited his titles. The Rathore civil war between [[Vijay Singh of Marwar|Vijay Singh]] and [[Ram Singh of Marwar|Ram Singh]] that would follow after Bakht Singh's death ultimately led to the downfall of the Rathore clan.<ref>''Jodhpur and the Later Mughals, AD 1707–1752'', by R. S. Sangwan. Published by Pragati Publications, 2006.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Maharaja-Bijay-Singh/6000000009753625320|title=Maharaja Bijay Singh|website=geni_family_tree|language=en-US|access-date=2017-05-02}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Rulers of Marwar]]

== Bibliography ==
* R.K Gupta, S.R Bakshi (2008). ''Rajasthan Through the Ages, Vol 4, Jaipur Rulers and Administration.'' Sarup & Sons. {{ISBN|9788176258418}}.
* ''Jodhpur and the Later Mughals, AD 1707–1752'', by R. S. Sangwan. Published by Pragati Publications, 2006.
* [[Sir Jadunath Sarkar]] (1994). ''A History of Jaipur 1503–1938''. Orient Longman. {{ISBN|81-250-0333-9}}.
* Faruqui, Munis D. (2012). ''The Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504–1719''. Cambridge University Press. p. 316. {{ISBN|978-1-107-02217-1}}.
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Gazetteer_of_the_Bombay_Presidency_Ahmed.html?id=EL4IAAAAQAAJ G''azetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Ahmedabad'']. ''Google Books 2015 (Public Domain text)''. 7 January 2015. pp. 248–262. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
* [[John F. Richards|Richards, John F.]] (1995). [https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA180 ''The Mughal Empire''] (Reprinted ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 180–181. {{ISBN|978-0-52156-603-2}}.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bakhat Singh of Marwar}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bakht Singh}}
[[Category:1706 births]]
[[Category:1752 deaths]]
[[Category:Monarchs of Marwar]]
[[Category:Subahdars of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian warriors]]
[[Category:18th-century Mughal Empire people]]

All India Chess Federation for the Blind

2025-09-23T04:35:02Z

Ramesh:

{{Short description|Blindness organization based in India}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox Sport governing body
|assocname= All India Chess Federation for the Blind
|abbrev =AICFB
|logo=AICFB_logo.jpg
|sport=[[Chess]]
|category =
|image =
|caption =
|jurisdiction =[[India]]
|founded = 1997
|aff =[[International Braille Chess Association]]
|affdate =1998
|region =[[All India Chess Federation]]
|regionyear =1998
|headquarters =AICFB, 45/20, BDD Block Dr. Bhosale Marg Worli, Mumbai
|location =
|president =Charudatta Jadhav
|chairman =
|chiefexec =
|secretary = Manish Thool
|coach =
|womenscoach =
|key staff =
|operating income =
|sponsor =
|year closed =
|replaced =
|prevfounded =
|url = https://www.aicfb.in
|countryflag=India
|countryflag2=
|membership=}}

The '''All India Chess Federation for the Blind''' ('''AICFB''') is the governing body for the game of Chess among [[Visual impairment|visually impaired]] in [[India]]. It was formed in 1997<ref name="AICFB Reference1" /> with a view to promoting the game of chess among the visually impaired all over the country.<ref name="ab">{{cite web|url=http://aicfb.in/index.asp|title=All India Chess Federation for the Blind|publisher=Official Website of AICFB|accessdate=13 February 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121042306/http://aicfb.in/index.asp|archivedate=21 January 2010|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="cd">{{cite web|url=http://www.eyeway.org/informs/sports/chess|title=Chess|last=Rathi|first=Satguru|date=21 January 2009|publisher=Eyeway|accessdate=13 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222052830/http://www.eyeway.org/informs/sports/chess|archive-date=22 December 2010|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="ef">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report_why-the-blind-love-chess_1237635|title=Why the blind love chess|last=Dev|first=S. Sukumar|date=9 March 2009|publisher=DNA|accessdate=13 February 2010}}</ref> It is registered under Society Registration Act, 1860; Public Trust Act, 1951 and [[Income-tax Act, 1961|Income Tax Act, 1961]] – Section 12A.<ref name="ab" />

==Aims and objectives==
Although the main objective of the organisation is to promote the game among the visually impaired all over [[India]], the organisation has a set of aims and objectives such as<ref name="ab" />
*Forming state associations in all the states in the country
*Providing playing opportunities to all players all over the country.
*Publishing and provide [[Braille]] books on chess to help players develop their game.
*Building an audio-cassette library, which provides information and analysis of [[chess]] games.
*Making available computers, relevant software etc.
*Organizing seminars and coaching camps.
*Interacting with the government and introduce chess as a subject in blind schools.
*Organizing local, regional and National level tournaments.<ref name="AICFB Reference2" />
*Sending teams to participate in International chess tournaments.<ref name="AICFB Reference2" />
*Affiliating to the International [[Braille]] Chess Association and represent [[India]] on International forum for blind chess.
*Organizing international tournaments, seminars etc.
*Identifying the talent at early stage and groom them to represent the country at world championships.<ref name="AICFB Reference2" />
*Design system to transform chess for the blind in the country and serve the vision of making India one of the top three countries in the world for chess for the blind.<ref name="AICFB Reference2" />

==Affiliations==
The AICFB is affiliated to the [[International Braille Chess Association]] (IBCA) in 1998 and [[All India Chess Federation]]. Through this affiliation the AICFB has been able to integrate [[India]] with the rest of the blind chess-playing world.<ref name="ab" /><ref name="cd" />

==Affiliated states==
The AICFB has a number of affiliated state bodies and more than 2500 active chess players under it all over [[India]].<ref name="AICFB Reference1" /><ref name="ab" />
*[[Haryana]]
*[[Karnataka]]
*[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
*[[Delhi]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttarakhand|Uttaranchal]]
*[[Rajasthan]]
*[[Maharashtra]]
*[[Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[Jharkhand]]
*[[Bihar]]
*[[Kerala]]
*[[Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Odisha]]
*[[Madhya Pradesh]]

==Events==
Till now the AICFB has organised 19 Zonal levels chess tournaments, 9 National tournaments & sent [[India]]n teams 12 times to participate in the [[World Chess Championship]]. It has also organised the first ever [[Asian Chess Championship]] in December 2003, which was the first International chess tournament in [[India]] and the 11th Individual World Chess Championship for the Blind 2006 which was held outside [[Europe]], in [[India]] for the very first time.<ref name="ab" /> Sixteen Indian teams have participated in various world events in the last ten years and the last one even returned with a gold medal from the [[Blind Chess Olympiad|Chess Olympiad for the Blind]] held at [[Crete]] in October 2009.<ref name="ef" /> The [https://sites.google.com/a/aicfb.in/14ibcachessolympiad/home 14th IBCA Chess Olympiad] was also hosted in [[India]] by AICFB in August 2012. In the year 2019, the Federation head disclosed that annually the Federation conducts 35-40 tournaments with 5 National,4 Zonal, and rest National A and B tournaments, and FIDE-rating contests.<ref name="AICFB Reference1">{{cite news |title=Blind chess is in need of more government support, says AICFB president Charudatta Jadhav |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/blind-chess-in-search-of-the-bright-spark/story-LmcaCGidoQZHUCUmkj8pUI.html |access-date=5 April 2021 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=17 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref> In year 2019, for the first time since its inception the Organisation had hosted the first National School Chess Championship for the Blind at the Mumbai Maratha Fruitwala Dharamshala, Alandi, in which at least 200-plus players participated in the categories of u-10, u-12, u-14, u-16 and open categories for other age groups and is designed to be played Swiss League Format.<ref name="AICFB Reference2">{{cite news |title=Maestros look to checkmate disability at National School Chess Championship for the Blind |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/maestros-look-to-checkmate-disability-at-national-school-chess-championship-for-the-blind/story-x5yLJclR1U84WDIeWghzVL.html |access-date=5 April 2021 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=17 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref> In 2019, the AICFB had also launched Chess Mitra, an app for the blind.<ref name="AICFB Reference2" />

Till year 2016, All India Chess Federation for the Blind has more than 22,000 registered members, with more than 1,300 who play in national-level events.<ref name="AICFB Reference3">{{cite news |last1=Janardhan |first1=Arun |title=Aryan Joshi, 14: Imagining the board |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/yHRlgXllHuapxkYsPLKfoK/Aryan-Joshi-14-Imagining-the-board.html |access-date=5 April 2021 |publisher=Mint |date=12 August 2016 |language=en}}</ref> Among them, 161 are rated in world, and to promote the players in competitions, Zonal events help players qualify for the National B and then National A, which is currently the highest level of tournament nationally.<ref name="AICFB Reference3" />

In the year 2018, Indian batting great [[Sachin Tendulkar]] had promised to support the National Chess Championship for the visually challenged during a blind chess tournament in which 14 blind players from across the country had participated being the prestigious event as the final winner was crowned India's National Blind Chess Champion for that year.<ref name="AICFB Reference4">{{cite news |title=Other Sports News: Latest News from Volleyball, Badminton and Olympics Games |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others |access-date=5 April 2021 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=8 February 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

==Professional training program==
According to Charudutta, the founder of the AICFB, the organisation has identified 38 schools in 16 states to initiate a programme for professional training.<ref name="ef" />

'''National Executive Council'''

* Charudatta V Jhadav (President)
* Ram Niwas Varma (Vice President North Zone)
* Kishan Gangolli (Vice President South Zone)
* Amar Kumar Sharma (Vice President East Zone)
* Madan V Bagayatkar (Vice President West Zone)
* Manish Dnyaneshwar Thool (General Secretary)
* Vignesh R (Joint Secretary South Zone)
* Viral Hitendrbhai Trivedi (Joint Secretary West Zone)
* Swapnil Navalchand Shah (Treasurer)

==See also==
*[[All India Chess Federation]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*[https://www.aicfb.in Official Website of AICFB]

[[Category:Chess in India]]
[[Category:1997 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Sports governing bodies in India|Chess]]
[[Category:Chess governing bodies in India| ]]
[[Category:Blindness organisations in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Mumbai]]

Bartaman

2025-09-14T17:06:33Z

Ramesh: improved article

{{Short description|Indian newspaper}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Bartaman বর্তমান
| logo = Bartaman logo 2023.png
| image = BartamanFront.JPG
| caption = Front page of 20 January 2009
| type = Daily [[newspaper]]
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|December 1984}}
| ceased_publication =
| price =
| owners = Bartaman Pvt. Ltd
| publisher =
| editor = Himangshu Sinha
| chief_editor =
| associate_editor =
| staff_writers =
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| circulation = 635,296 Daily<ref name=ABCIND>{{cite web| url= http://www.auditbureau.org/files/JD%202019%20Highest%20Circulated%20(language%20wise).pdf | title=Highest Circulated Daily Newspapers (language wise)| publisher=[[Audit Bureau of Circulations (India)|Audit Bureau of Circulations]] |access-date=5 January 2020}}</ref>
| circulation_date = December 2019
| headquarters = 6, J.B.S. Haldane Avenue, [[Kolkata]]-700105, India, 0336622 0330
| publishing_country = India
| ISSN =
| website = {{URL|https://bartamanpatrika.com/}}
}}

'''''Bartaman Patrika''''' ({{langx|bn|বর্তমান}}) is an Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[daily newspaper]] published from [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India, by Bartaman Pvt. Ltd. Apart from the Kolkata edition, the newspaper has three other simultaneous editions, published daily from three major towns of West Bengal: [[Siliguri]], [[Bardhaman]], and [[Midnapore]]. ''Bartaman'' is the second-most widely circulated Bengali newspaper in West Bengal after ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]''.<ref name=ABCIND />

==History==
The newspaper was founded on 7 December 1984 by [[Barun Sengupta]], a former ''Anandabazar Patrika'' journalist. Sengupta died on 19 June 2008 at Kolkata.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bartamanpatrika.com/archive/2009/january/140109/content/main6.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-01-16 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422044523/http://www.bartamanpatrika.com/archive/2009/january/140109/content/main6.htm |archive-date=22 April 2009 }}</ref>
During the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] regime, ''Bartaman Patrika'' was known for his staunch anti-communist and anti-establishment views. However, they have been loyal supporter to the present [[West Bengal|Bengal]] [[Government of West Bengal|Government]] after [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011 Elections]]. Since April 2002, ''Bartaman Patrika'' has published an online version and in the year of 2006 Bartaman launched its Mobile App version. Also in 2022 Bartaman published Hindi daily named Bartaman Patrika.

==Competition==
''Bartaman''{{'}}s main competitor is ''Anandabazar Patrika'', published since 1922. ''Bartaman'' holds second position after ''Anandabazar Patrika'' in West Bengal, by readership and circulation; its daily circulation is roughly about 60% of that of ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India – World Newspapers and Magazines – Worldpress.org|url=https://www.worldpress.org/newspapers/ASIA/India.cfm|access-date=2020-08-21|website=worldpress.org}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://bartamanpatrika.com/}} {{in lang|bn}}
* History of [http://indianenews.com/bartaman-patrika-bengali-newspaper/ Bartaman Patrika] Bengali Newspaper

{{Newspapers in India}}

[[Category:Newspapers published in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1984]]
[[Category:1984 establishments in West Bengal]]

India at the 2016 Asian Para Athletics Championships

2025-08-19T12:29:12Z

Ramesh: Put up a page

{{Short description|none}}

India competed at the [[2016 Asian Para Athletics Championships]] from March 6 to March 12 in [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]].

== Results ==

=== Men ===

==== Track Events ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Athletes
!Event
!Heat
!Result
!Final
!Result
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Sandeep Singh Maan]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-09-18 |title=This Rajasthan town is changing the face of para sports in India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/this-rajasthan-town-is-changing-the-face-of-para-sports-in-india/articleshow/54382847.cms |access-date=2025-06-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|[[IPC Athletic Asia-Oceania Championship 2016 – Men's 200 metres|200m T47]]
|23.04
|1st '''Q'''
|22.85
|{{Silver medal}}
|-
|[[IPC Athletic Asia Oceania Championship 2016- Men's 400 meter|400m T47]]
|51.14
|1st '''Q'''
|50.67
|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Anand Gunasekaran]]
|[[IPC Athletic Asia-Oceania Championship 2016 – Men's 200 metres|200m T44]]
| colspan="2" |NA
|24.95
|{{Silver medal}}
|-
|[[IPC Athletic Asia Oceania Championship 2016- Men's 400 meter|400m T44]]
| colspan="2" |NA
|54.67 '''AS'''
|{{Gold medal}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Manoj Baskar]]
|[[IPC Athletic Asia-Oceania Championship 2016 – Men's 100 metres|100m T44]]
| colspan="2" |NA
|12.47
|{{Silver medal}}
|-
|[[IPC Athletic Asia-Oceania Championship 2016 – Men's 200 metres|200m T44]]
| colspan="2" |NA
|24.91
|{{Gold medal}}
|-
|[[IPC Athletic Asia Oceania Championship 2016- Men's 400 meter|400m T44]]
| colspan="2" |NA
|59.48
|{{Bronze medal}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Ankur Dhama]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-27 |title=2 Asian Para gold medals for banker who lost eyes on Holi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/2-asian-para-gold-medals-for-banker-who-lost-eyes-on-holi/articleshow/104741913.cms |access-date=2025-06-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|[[IPC Athletic Asia Oceania Championship 2016- Men's 400 meter|400m T12]]
| colspan="2" |NA
|58.46
|{{Bronze medal}}
|-
|[[IPC Athletic Asia-Oceania Championship 2016 – Men's 1,500 metres|1500m T11]]
| colspan="2" |NA
|4:18:42
|{{Silver medal}}
|-
|[[IPC Athletic Asia Oceania Championship 2016- Men's 5000 meter|5000m T11]]
| colspan="2" |NA
|16:33:88
|{{Bronze medal}}
|-
|[[Gyanendra Singh]]
|[[IPC Athletic Asia-Oceania Championship 2016 – Men's 100 metres|100m T42]]
| colspan="2" |NA
|DNS
|NA
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Avnil Kumar]]
|[[IPC Athletic Asia-Oceania Championship 2016 – Men's 200 metres|200m T13]]
| colspan="2" |NA
|23.88
|{{Silver medal}}
|-
|[[IPC Athletic Asia Oceania Championship 2016- Men's 400 meter|400m T13]]
| colspan="2" |NA
|53.98
|{{Gold medal}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Ramkaran Singh]]
|[[IPC Athletic Asia-Oceania Championship 2016 – Men's 1,500 metres|1500m T13]]
| colspan="2" |NA
|16:15:47 '''AS'''
|{{Gold medal}}
|-
|[[IPC Athletic Asia Oceania Championship 2016- Men's 5000 meter|5000m T13]]
| colspan="2" |NA
|DSQ
|NA
|}

==== Field Events ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Athletes
!Event
!Final
!Result
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Sunil Phogat]]
|[[IPC Athletic Asia-Oceania Championship 2016 – Men's shot put|Shot Put F55/56]]
|7.50
|4th
|-
|[[IPC Athletic Asia-Oceania Championship 2016 – Men's discus throw|Discus Throw F54-56]]
|28.82
|4th
|-
|[[IPC Athletic Asia Oceania Championship 2016- Men's Javelin Throw|Javelin Throw F55/56]]
|25.70
|{{Bronze medal}}
|-
|[[Sandeep Singh Maan]]
|[[IPC Athletic Asia-Oceania Championship 2016 – Men's long jump|Long Jump T47]]
|5.80
|5th
|-
|[[R. T. Prasanna Kumar]]
|[[IPC Athletic Asia Oceania Championship 2016- Men's Javelin Throw|Javelin Throw F42/44]]
|46.59
|{{Gold medal}}
|-
|[[Ranbir Narender]]
|[[IPC Athletic Asia Oceania Championship 2016- Men's Javelin Throw|Javelin Throw F42/44]]
|49.15
|{{Bronze medal}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Devendra Jhajharia]]
|[[IPC Athletic Asia Oceania Championship 2016- Men's Javelin Throw|Javelin Throw F46]]
|55.35
|{{Gold medal}}
|-
|[[IPC Athletic Asia-Oceania Championship 2016 – Men's discus throw|Discus Throw F46]]
|33.67
|{{Bronze medal}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Amit Kumar Saroha]]
|[[IPC Athletic Asia Oceania Championship 2016- Men's Club Throw F31/32/51|Club Throw F31/32/51]]
|23.27
|{{Gold medal}}
|-
|[[IPC Athletic Asia-Oceania Championship 2016 – Men's discus throw|Discus Throw F51-53]]
|9.87
|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Pydiramu Kottinti]]
|[[IPC Athletic Asia Oceania Championship 2016- Men's Club Throw F31/32/51|Club Throw F31/32/51]]
|18.51
|{{Bronze medal}}
|-
|[[IPC Athletic Asia-Oceania Championship 2016 – Men's discus throw|Discus Throw F51-53]]
|DNS
|NA
|-
|[[Gyanendra Singh]]
|[[IPC Athletic Asia-Oceania Championship 2016 – Men's long jump|Long Jump T42/44]]
|4.53
|5th
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Arvind (athlete)|Arvind]]
|[[IPC Athletic Asia-Oceania Championship 2016 – Men's discus throw|Discus Throw F37/38]]
|30.51
|{{Gold medal}}
|-
|[[IPC Athletic Asia Oceania Championship 2016- Men's Javelin Throw|Javelin Throw F37/38]]
|45.34
|{{Bronze medal}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Jaideep]]
|[[IPC Athletic Asia-Oceania Championship 2016 – Men's discus throw|Discus Throw F42]]
|37.75
|{{Gold medal}}
|-
|[[IPC Athletic Asia-Oceania Championship 2016 – Men's shot put|Shot Put F42/44]]
|10.05
|4th
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Santhamuthuvel Kesavan]]
|[[IPC Athletic Asia-Oceania Championship 2016 – Men's discus throw|Discus Throw F44]]
|38.13
|{{Gold medal}}
|-
|[[IPC Athletic Asia-Oceania Championship 2016 – Men's shot put|Shot Put F42/44]]
|11.84
|{{Silver medal}}
|-
|[[Varun Singh Bhati]]
|[[IPC Athletic Asia Oceania Championship 2016- Men's High Jump|High Jump T42-47]]
|1.82 '''AS'''
|{{Gold medal}}
|-
|[[Girisha Nagarajegowda]]
|[[IPC Athletic Asia Oceania Championship 2016- Men's High Jump|High Jump T42-47]]
|1.65
|4th
|}

=== Women ===

==== Field Events ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Athletes
!Event
!Final
!Result
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Karam Jyoti]]
|[[IPC Athletic Asia-Oceania Championship 2016 – Women's javelin throw|Javelin Throw F55/56]]
|11.62
|{{Bronze medal}}
|-
|[[IPC Athletic Asia Oceania Championship 2016-Women's Shot put|Shot Put F52-55]]
|DNS
|NA
|-
|[[IPC Athletic Asia Oceania Championship 2016-Women's discus throw|Discus Throw F54-57]]
|18.91
|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Deepa Malik]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=archive.ph |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/Rio-Paralympics-Meet-Deepa-Malik-athlete-extraordinaire/articleshow/54013329.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005185836/https://archive.ph/20170831184919/http:/timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/Rio-Paralympics-Meet-Deepa-Malik-athlete-extraordinaire/articleshow/54013329.cms |archive-date=2022-10-05 |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=archive.ph |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
|[[IPC Athletic Asia Oceania Championship 2016-Women's Shot put|Shot Put F52-55]]
|4.04
|{{Silver medal}}
|-
|[[IPC Athletic Asia-Oceania Championship 2016 – Women's javelin throw|Javelin Throw F53/54]]
|8.98
|{{Gold medal}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:IPC Athletics Asia-Oceania Championship 2016]]
[[Category:2016 in Indian sport]]

Mohammadabad Assembly constituency

2025-08-08T05:23:11Z

Ramesh: created the article basic info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mohammadabad
| map_image = 378-Mohammadabad.svg
| mla = [[Suhaib Ansari]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| electors = 4,24,837
| constituency_no = 378
}}
'''[[Mohammadabad, Ghazipur|Mohammadabad]]''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]],<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> and a segment of [[Ballia Lok Sabha constituency]], covering the city of Mohammadabad (also spelled Muhammadabad) in the [[Ghazipur district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India. It should not be confused with the assembly segment Muhammadabad-Gohna which falls under Ghosi Lok Sabha seat in Mau district.

Mohammadabad is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Ballia Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 378 amongst 403 constituencies.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Mohammadabad Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/mohammadabad.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Sarju Pande
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|Raghubir
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="3" | Vijay Shankar Singh
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
| [[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| rowspan="2" |Ram Janam Rai
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
|-
| [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
| [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Vijay Shankar Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Afzal Ansari]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
| [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| [[Krishnanand Rai]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|2006^
|[[Alka Rai]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Sibgatullah Ansari]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Quami Ekta Dal}}" |
|[[Quami Ekta Dal]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Alka Rai]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Suhaib Ansari]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|}
==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mohammadabad<ref name="results2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Suhaib Ansari]]
|votes = {{formatnum:111443}}
|percentage = 45.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Alka Rai]]
|votes = {{formatnum:92684}}
|percentage = 37.64
|change = {{decrease}}15.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Madhvendra Rai
|votes = {{formatnum:32440}}
|percentage = 13.18
|change = {{decrease}}25.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party
|candidate = Sanjay Singh Kushwaha
|votes = {{formatnum:2522}}
|percentage = 1.02
|change = {{increase}}0.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dr. Arvind Roy
|votes = {{formatnum:2458}}
|percentage = 1.0
|change = {{decrease}}3.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1567}}
|percentage = 0.64
|change = {{decrease}}0.36
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:18759}}
|percentage = 7.62
|change = {{decrease}}6.6
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:246214}}
|percentage = 57.95
|change = {{decrease}}0.36
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
* Alka Rai (BJP) : 122,156 votes<ref name="results2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>* Sibgatulla Ansari (BSP) : 89,429 (Lost by 32,727 votes)

{{Election box begin|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Mohammadaba<ref name="results2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Alka Rai
|votes = {{formatnum:122156}}
|percentage = 53.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sibgatulla Ansari
|votes = {{formatnum:89429}}
|percentage = 38.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Janak Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:9910}}
|percentage = 4.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Surendra
|votes = {{formatnum:2503}}
|percentage = 1.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2283}}
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:32727}}
|percentage = 14.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:230144}}
|percentage = 58.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
* Ram Janam Rai (JNP) : 22,371 votes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/mohammadabad-uttar-pradesh-assembly-constituency|title = Mohammadabad Assembly constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly constituency}}</ref>
* Krishna Nand Rai (INC) : 20,378 (He was not the same person as 2002 winner from this seat.)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|27.31|79.43|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Ghazipur district]]

Gordon Johnson (colonial administrator)

2024-08-16T03:00:22Z

Ramesh: made a bio.

{{Short description|British administrator in India *1885–1955)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}

'''Sir John Nesbitt Gordon Johnson''', CSI, CIE (25 February 1885 – 9 June 1955), known as '''Sir Gordon Johnson''', was a British administrator in India. A member of the [[Indian Civil Service]], he was [[Chief Commissioner of Delhi]] from 1932 to 1937.<ref>{{Who's Who|title=Johnson, Sir (John Nesbitt) Gordon|id=239195|type=was}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 June 1955 |title=Sir Gordon Johnson |pages=10 |work=[[The Times]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Johnson, Gordon}}
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:People educated at Rossall School]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Queen's College, Oxford]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of State (India)]]

[[Category:1885 births]]
[[Category:1955 deaths]]