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Anjali Nair (actress, born 1988)

2026-05-04T14:32:50Z

RajveerSingha1950: put up first biography w/ infobox...

{{short description|Indian actress and politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anjali Nair
| image = Anjali Nair 2026.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Anjali in 2026
| birth_name = Anjali P. V.
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1988}}
| birth_place = [[Kochi|Cochin]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|Television presenter|Politician}}
| party = [[Twenty20 Party|Twenty20 (NDA)]]
| years_active = 1994–1996 2010–present
| notable_works = ''[[Drishyam 2]]'', ''Ben''
| father = Giridharan Nair
| spouse = [[Aneesh Upasana]] (2011-2016..div) {{marriage|Ajith Raju|2022}}
| children = 2<ref>https://iconicpedia.com/anjali-nair/</ref>
| awards = [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Character Actress]]
}}
'''Anjali P. V.''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1725197&u=%E2%80%98candidate-should-not-lose-a-single-vote%E2%80%99-court-orders-to-change-anjali-p-v-to-anjali-nair |title=‘Candidate should not lose a single vote’; Court orders to change Anjali P V to Anjali Nair |work=Kerala Kaumudi |date=1 April 2026 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Candidate Details |url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-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 |website=affidavit.eci.gov.in |access-date=8 April 2026 }}</ref> also known as '''Anjali Nair''', is an Indian actress and politician who predominantly works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] films.<ref name="27-2016-3-10">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/chat-with-anjali-Nair-winner-of-kerala-state-film-award-for-best-character-actress/article8334714.ece|title=A 'surprise' winner|first=Athira|last=M|newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 March 2016|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> She is a recipient of the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Character Actress]] in 2015.<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news|last=M.|first=Athira|title=A 'surprise' winner|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/chat-with-anjali-Nair-winner-of-kerala-state-film-award-for-best-character-actress/article8334714.ece|access-date=28 February 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="DC">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/090316/happy-mom-on-n-off-screen.html |title=Happy mom on 'n off screen |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=9 March 2016 |access-date=2017-02-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221011604/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/090316/happy-mom-on-n-off-screen.html |archive-date=2017-02-21 }}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Atley-asked-to-not-smile-be-a-rebel-Anjali/articleshow/51394747.cms |title=Atley asked to not smile, be a rebel: Anjali |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2017-02-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425074924/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Atley-asked-to-not-smile-be-a-rebel-Anjali/articleshow/51394747.cms |archive-date=2016-04-25 }}</ref><ref name="DCA">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/151109/entertainment-mollywood/article/first-vipin-said-i-had-no-role-ben-anjali-Nair |title=First, Vipin said I had no role in Ben: Anjali Aneesh |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=2017-02-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221011443/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/151109/entertainment-mollywood/article/first-vipin-said-i-had-no-role-ben-anjali-aneesh |archive-date=2017-02-21 }}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
She began her career as a child artist in ''Manathe Vellitheru''.

Anjali married [[Aneesh Upasana]], but they separated. She has a daughter Aavni, who acted as her daughter in ''[[5 Sundarikal]]''.<ref name="TOI" /><ref name="TH" />
She married Ajith Raju in 18 February 2022. They have a baby girl.<ref>{{cite web | title=Actress Anjali Nair and husband Ajith Raju blessed with a baby girl | website=The Times of India | date=25 July 2022 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/actress-anjali-nair-and-husband-ajith-raju-blessed-with-a-baby-girl/articleshow/93103269.cms | access-date=12 August 2023}}</ref>

==Acting career==
Anjali started off as a model, before working as a television anchor and acting in more than one hundred advertisements. She then acted in many music albums, including La Cochin by [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]].<ref name="TH">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/chat-with-anjali-aneesh-winner-of-kerala-state-film-award-for-best-character-actress/article8334714.ece |title=A 'surprise' winner |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=10 March 2016 |access-date=2017-02-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312053504/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/chat-with-anjali-aneesh-winner-of-kerala-state-film-award-for-best-character-actress/article8334714.ece |archive-date=2016-03-12 }}</ref> She has featured in a television serial titled "Bandhangal Bandhanangal" and appeared in many television shows. As of May 2021, she had appeared in 127 films.<ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=17 March 2026 |title=125ഓളം സിനിമ ചെയ്തിട്ടും ഒരു അഞ്ച് സിനിമ പോലും ആളുകൾക്ക് എടുത്ത് പറയാന്‍ പറ്റാത്തത് എന്റെ തോല്‍വിയാണ്: അച്ചാർ എന്ന വിളിപ്പേരിനെ കുറിച്ചും അഞ്ജലി നായര്‍|url=https://www.doolnews.com/actress-anjali-nair-about-her-roles-on-movies-and-drishyam-2-454.html}}</ref>

==Political career==
In 2026, she joined [[Twenty20 Party]], an ally of [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] (led by [[Bharathiya Janata Party]]) and contested the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|Kerala Assembly elections]] from the [[Thrippunithura Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=17 March 2026 |title=Star-studded Twenty20: Veena Nair, Anjali Nair and Lakshmi Priya to contest assembly elections|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/mobile/news.php?id=1716980&u=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ANJALI .P. V |url=https://www.myneta.info/Kerala2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=585 |work=myneta.info |access-date=8 April 2026 }}</ref> She got third position.<ref>{{cite web |title=UDF’s Deepak Joy races to comfortable victory in Tripunithura; Anjali Nair trails in third|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2026/05/04/thripunithura-assembly-election-2026-result-deepak-joy-unnikrishnan.html |work=Onmanorama |access-date=4 May 2026}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Malayalam films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Manathe Vellitheru]]'' || || rowspan="3" | Child artist
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Mangalyasootram]]'' ||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Lalanam]]'' ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Nammal Thammil]]'' || College Student || Completed in 2004
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011 || ''[[Seniors (film)|Seniors]]''|| Reni ||<ref name="Nellu">{{Cite web |date=2022-02-18 |title=Actress Anjali Nair enters wedlock |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/actress-anjali-nair-ties-knot-with-ajith-raju-1.7271963 |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|| ''[[Venicile Vyapari]]'' || Ammu's Friend ||<ref name="Nellu"/>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2012 || ''[[The King & the Commissioner]]'' || National Security Advisor's PA||
|-
|| ''[[Scene Onnu Nammude Veedu]]'' || TV Reporter ||
|-
|| ''[[Matinee (2012 film)|Matinee]]'' || Muslim bride ||<ref name="Nellu"/>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2013 || ''[[5 Sundarikal]]'' || Sethulakshmi's mother ||<ref name="Nellu"/>
|-
|| ''[[Pattam Pole]]'' || Bride Kunjulakshmi ||<ref name="Nellu"/>
|-
|| ''[[ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi (2013 film)|ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi]]'' || Honey ||<ref name="Nellu"/>
|-
| rowspan="10" |2014
||''[[Koothara]]'' || Priya ||
|-
|| ''Monayi Angane Aanayi '' || Servant ||
|-
|| ''[[Munnariyippu]]'' || Journalist ||<ref name="Nellu"/>
|-
|| ''[[Tamaar Padaar]]'' || Vanitha ||
|-
|| ''[[Central Theater (film)|Central Theater]]'' || Mariya John ||
|-
|| ''[[100 Degree Celsius (film)|100 Degree Celsius]]'' || Nanda ||
|-
|| ''[[Asha Black]]'' || Anwar Ali's wife ||
|-
|| ''[[Angels (2014 film)|Angels]]''|| Nandita||
|-
|| ''[[Actually (film)|Actually]]'' || Roopa ||
|-
|| ''[[Seconds (2014 film)|Seconds]]'' || Haseena ||<ref name="Nellu"/>
|-
| rowspan="13" | 2015 || ''[[Mili (2015 film)|Mili]]'' || Anitha ||<ref name="Nellu"/>
|-
|| ''[[Aadu (film)|Aadu]]'' || Usha ||
|-
|| ''[[Lailaa O Lailaa]]'' || Office Staff, Zukni ||
|-
|| ''[[Love 24x7]]'' || Nandhini ||
|-
|| ''[[Acha Dhin]]'' || Nurse ||
|-
|| ''[[Adi Kapyare Kootamani]]'' || Ammachi's daughter-in-law ||
|-
|| ''[[Kanal (2015 film)|Kanal]]'' || Revathyi's relative ||
|-
|| ''Compartment''|| Teacher||
|-
|| ''Nellikka'' ||Sophy ||
|-
|| ''Nikkah'' || Christina ||
|-
|| ''[[Onnam Loka Mahayudham]]'' || Lissy ||
|-
|| ''White Boys'' || Geetha ||
|-
|| ''[[Ben (2015 film)|Ben]]'' || Asha Justin || [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Character Actress]]<ref name="thehindu.com"/>
|-
| rowspan="14" | 2016 || ''[[Kali (2016 film)|Kali]]'' || House owner's daughter ||
|-
|| ''[[Kammatipaadam]]'' || Nalini ||<ref name="Nellu"/>
|-
|| ''[[Annmariya Kalippilannu]]'' || Megha ||<ref name="Nellu"/>
|-
|| ''[[Out of Range (film)|Out of Range]]'' || Aswathy ||
|-
|| ''[[Oppam]]'' || Lakshmi ||<ref name="Nellu"/>
|-
|| ''[[Olappeeppi]]'' || Devi ||
|-
|| ''[[Pulimurugan]]'' || Murugan's mother ||<ref name="Nellu"/>
|-
|| ''[[Kolumittayi]]'' || Daisy ||
|-
|| ''[[Marupadi]]'' || Mother Superior, Julie ||
|-
|| ''[[Daffedar]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
|| ''Pallikoodam'' || Amina ||
|-
|| ''Popcorn'' || Yogita ||
|-
|| ''[[Dooram]]'' || Meera ||
|-
|| ''Sukhamayirikkatte'' || Ayishu ||
|-
| rowspan="22" | 2017|| ''[[Take Off (2017 film)|Take Off]]'' || Hasna ||<ref name="Nellu"/>
|-
||''[[Sakhavu (2017 film)|Sakhavu]]'' || Suja ||
|-
||''[[Rakshadhikari Baiju Oppu]]'' || Bijila ||
|-
||''[[Role Models (2017 film)|Role Models]]'' || Natasha ||
|-
||''[[E (2017 film)|E]]'' || Elsamma ||
|-
||''[[Naval Enna Jewel]]'' || Reena ||
|-
||''[[Pullikkaran Staraa]]'' || Mayur's wife ||
|-
||''[[Pokkiri Simon]]'' || Jayamol Ganesh ||
|-
||''[[Crossroad (2017 film)|Crossroad]]'' || Padmavathi ||Segment: Maya
|-
||''[[Lava Kusha (2017 film)|Lava Kusha]]'' || Vanaja ||
|-
||''[[Chunkzz]]'' || Ancy ||
|-
||''[[Chakkaramaavin Kombathu]]'' || Jayasree ||
|-
|| ''[[Masterpiece (2017 film)|Masterpiece]]'' || Dancer || Guest appearance
|-
|| ''[[Honey Bee 2.5]]'' || Herself ||
|-
||''[[Zacharia Pothen Jeevichirippundu]]''|| Mariya's friend ||
|-
||''Prethamundu Sookshikkuka''|| Janaki||
|-
||''Vilakkumaram'' ||Anjaly ||
|-
|| ''Hadiya''||Adv. Sulthath ||
|-
||''Overtake ''||Teena ||
|-
||''[[Theeram]]'' ||Aki's wife ||
|-
|| ''Sadrish Vaakyam 24:29'' ||Ayisha||
|-
||''Oru Malayala Colour Padam''||- ||
|-
| rowspan="11" | 2018|| ''[[Daivame Kaithozham K. Kumar Akanam]]''||Seema Gopi ||
|-
||''[[Aami]]'' || Khamar||
|-
|| ''[[Mohanlal (film)|Mohanlal]]'' ||Meenukutty's mother ||
|-
||''[[Kammara Sambhavam]]'' || Kammaran's mother||
|-
||''[[B.Tech (film)|B.Tech]]''|| |Azmi||
|-
||''[[Premasoothram]]''||Sugandhi Teacher||
|-
||''[[Krishnam]]'' ||Anuradha's mother ||
|-
|| ''Kidu''|| Sneha Teacher ||
|-
|| ''Thanaha''||Vimala Prabhakaran ||
|-
||''Vikadakumaran'' || ||
|-
||''Suvarna Purushan'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="19" | 2019|| ''[[Vijay Superum Pournamiyum]]''||Home Nurse ||
|-
|| ''[[Mikhael (film)|Mikhael]]''||Issac's wife ||
|-
|| ''[[Lonappante Mamodeesa]]'' || Annakutty||
|-
|| ''[[Oru Adaar Love]]''|| English teacher||
|-
|| ''[[Vaarikkuzhiyile Kolapathakam]]'' || Salamma||
|-
|| ''[[Krishnam]]'' || Anuradha's mother||
|-
|| ''Swarna Malsyangal'' || Anjali's mother||
|-
|| ''Panthu''|| Mrs. Sudheesh||
|-
|| ''[[Kuttymama]]'' || Indira||
|-
|| ''Chila New Gen Naattu Visheshangal'' || Kamala Nair||
|-
|| ''[[Kalki (2019 Malayalam film)|Kalki]]'' || Vyshakhan's wife ||<ref name="Nellu"/>
|-
|| ''Safe'' || SI Vani||
|-
|| ''[[Munthiri Monchan: Oru Thavala Paranja Kadha]]'' || Magistrate||
|-
|| ''[[Edakkad Battalion 06]]'' ||Gowri||
|-
|| ''[[Mohabbathin Kunjabdulla]]'' ||Crying Baby's Mother||
|-
|| ''[[Isakkinte Ithihasam]]'' ||Arunima ||
|-
|| ''Oru Nalla Kottayamkkaran'' || Sisily Thomas||
|-
|| ''[[Vikruthi]]'' || {{N/A}}|| Executive producer
|-
|| ''Vattameshasammelanam'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2020|| ''Marjara Oru Kallu Vecha Nuna'' || Teesa||
|-
|| ''Oru Vadakkan Pennu'' || Sivan's wife||
|-
|| ''[[Forensic (2020 film)|Forensic]]'' || Malavika's mother||
|-
|| ''Love FM'' || Safiyas Ghazal||
|-
|| ''[[Kozhipporu]]'' ||Jibina||
|-
|| ''[[Maniyarayile Ashokan]]'' || Psychiatrist||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2021 || ''[[Drishyam 2]]'' || Saritha ||<ref name="Nellu"/>
|-
|| ''Meezan''|| Jameela||
|-
|| ''[[Mohan Kumar Fans]]'' || Latha||
|-
|| ''[[Ellam Sheriyakum]]''||Mridula ||
|-
|| ''[[Kaaval (2021 film)|Kaaval]]'' || Kunjumol ||<ref name="Nellu"/>
|-
|| ''Vidhi:The Verdict'' || Sakshi||
|-
||''[[Djibouti (film)|Djibouti]]'' || Grassy||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2022 || ''Baby Sam'' || Vidya ||
|-
| ''[[Aaraattu (2021 film)|Aarattu]]'' || Collector ||<ref name="Nellu"/>
|-
| ''[[Aviyal (2022 film)|Aviyal]]''|| Diana||
|-
| ''Third World Boys''|| Shine's lover||
|-
|| ''Kochaal'' || Dr. Mary Muthachan||
|-
|| ''Viddikalude Mash''|| Sruthi teacher||
|-
|| ''Ulkkazhcha''|| Vatsala||
|-
| ''[[Monster (2022 film)|Monster]]'' || Gayathri ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohanlal-Vysakh duo's Monster: A thriller that rains twists {{!}} Movie Review |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2022/10/21/mohanlal-monster-lucky-singh-vysakh-antony-perumbavoor.html |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Vaathil]]'' || Surumi||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vinay Forrt's Vaathil gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/sep/01/vinay-forrtsvaathilgets-a-new-release-date-47203.html |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{TBA}} || {{Pending film| [[Ram (film)|Ram]]}} || TBA ||
|}

=== Other language films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role
!Language!! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2010 || ''[[Nellu (2010 film)|Nellu]]''||Thamara
| rowspan="7" |Tamil|| credited as Bhagyanjali<ref name="Nellu" />
|-
|| ''Kotti''||Thulasi ||
|-
|| ''[[Unnaiye Kadhalipen]]''|| Vaidehi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014 || ''[[Idhuvum Kadandhu Pogum]]''||Deepika ||
|-
|| ''[[Asha Black|Nee Naan Nizhal]]''||Anwar Ali's wife||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|| ''[[Agadu]]'' || Dr. Suja ||
|-
|| ''[[Annaatthe]]''|| Kaalaiyaan's mother||
|-
|2022
|''Namo''
|Susheela
|Sanskrit
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Chithha]]'' || Sundari's mother
|Tamil|| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-06 |title=Chithha teaser: Siddharth promises a heart-wrenching relationship drama |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/chithha-teaser-siddharth-promises-a-heart-wrenching-relationship-drama-8927906/ |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Couple Friendly]]'' || Siva’s sister-in-law || Telugu ||
|-
|}

===Short films===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2009|| ''La Cochin'' ||Anjali||Musical album
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2015|| ''[[Punchirikku Parasparam]]'' ||School Girl's Mother||Short Film
|-
|| ''Jalam Kondulla Muruvikal'' ||Deepa teacher||Short Film
|-
|| ''Celebrate Happiness'' ||Herself||Video Song
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2017||''Amar Jawan Amar Bharath'' ||Soldier's wife ||Patriotic Video
|-
|| ''Oru Muthassi Gatha'' ||Anjali ||Short Film
|-
|| ''She Deserves Better'' ||Lakshmi||Video
|-
|| ''Nanda'' || Nanda's mother||
|-
|| ''Chitra'' ||Chitra ||
|-
|| ''Canvas'' || Meera Manu||
|-
||''Entha Ingane?''||Ammu ||Also director
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018 ||''Nithyaharitha Kamukan'' || School boy's mom||
|-
||''Sahitham''||''Grandmother'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019||''The Secret''||Roshni ||
|-
||''Oppana''|| Suhara Senior||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2021||''Elizabeth''|| Merlin||
|-
||''Aakasmikam''|| Shalini||
|-
||''Thiththiri''|| Wife||
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2022||''Dear Dad''||Revathy ||
|}

==Television==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= December 2022}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
|1990's||''Bandhangal Bandhanangal''||Actress||TV Serial Child artist
|-
|2015||''Sadyavattam''||Host||Cookery
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016||''Thara Pachakam''||Celebrity preseneter||Cookery
|-
||''Smart Show''||Participant||Game show
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021||''[[Udan Panam|Udan Panam 3.O]]''||Participant||Game show
|-
||''Salt and Pepper''||Celebrity Presenter||Cookery
|-
|2023||''Flowers Oru Kodi''||Participant||Game show<ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=17 March 2026 |title=‘എടുത്തുകൊണ്ട് പോയ ബാഗ് നൽകാമെന്ന് പറഞ്ഞ് വീട്ടിലേക്ക് വിളിച്ച് വരുത്തി, പക്ഷേ അത് ചതിയാണെന്ന് വൈകിയാണ് അറിഞ്ഞത്’; തമിഴ് സിനിമയിൽ നിന്നുണ്ടായ ദുരനുഭവം തുറന്ന് പറഞ്ഞ് അഞ്ജലി നായർ|url=https://www.twentyfournews.com/2023/02/12/anjali-nair-about-tamil-film-bad-experience.html}}</ref>
|-
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== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name}}

{{Authority control}}

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Madharaasi (soundtrack)

2026-05-04T00:21:18Z

RajveerSingha1950: stub

{{Short description|2025 soundtrack album by Anirudh Ravichander}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox album
|cover=Madharaasi (soundtrack).jpg
| name = Madharaasi
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| released = 27 August 2025
| recorded = 2024–2025
| studio = Albuquerque Records, [[Chennai]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 18:09
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Junglee Music]]
| producer = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| prev_title = [[Coolie (soundtrack)|Coolie]]
| prev_year = 2025
| year = 2025
| next_title = [[Love Insurance Kompany]]
| next_year = 2025
| misc = {{Singles
|name = Madharaasi
|type = soundtrack
|single1 = Salambala
|single1date = 31 July 2025
|single2 = Vazhiyiraen
|single2date = 23 August 2025
}}
}}
'''''Madharaasi''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]] to the 2025 [[Tamil Nadu|Tamil]]-language [[Psychological fiction|psychological]] [[action thriller film]] [[Madharaasi|of the same name]] directed by [[AR Murugadoss]] and produced by Sri Lakshmi Movies, starring [[Sivakarthikeyan]], [[Rukmini Vasanth]], [[Vidyut Jammwal]], [[Biju Menon]], [[Vikranth]] and [[Shabeer Kallarakkal]]. The album featured nine songs with lyrics written by Super Subu, [[Vignesh Shivan]], Adesh Krishna, Vishnu Edavan, [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]] and Kwame Fyah. Two singles—"Salambala" and "Vazhiyiraen"—preceded the album on 31 July and 23 August 2025, respectively. The soundtrack was released on the occasion of [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] (27 August) under the [[Junglee Music]] label.

== Background ==
The soundtrack is composed by Anirudh Ravichander, in his third collaboration with Murugadoss after ''[[Kaththi]]'' (2014) and [[Darbar (film)|''Darbar'']] (2020); eighth with Sivakarthikeyan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2023 |title=Sivakarthikeyan Teams Up with AR Murugadoss for 'SK23' |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/sivakarthikeyan-teams-up-with-ar-murugadoss-for-sk23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009025248/https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/sivakarthikeyan-teams-up-with-ar-murugadoss-for-sk23 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |access-date=16 February 2025 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en}}</ref>{{Efn|[[Anirudh Ravichander]] and [[Sivakarthikeyan]] previously collaborated for ''[[Ethir Neechal (2013 film)|Ethir Neechal]]'' (2013), ''[[Maan Karate]]'' (2014), ''[[Kaaki Sattai (2015 film)|Kaaki Sattai]]'' (2015), ''[[Remo (film)|Remo]]'' (2016), ''[[Velaikkaran (2017 film)|Velaikkaran]]'' (2017), ''[[Doctor (2021 film)|Doctor]]'' (2021) and ''[[Don (2022 film)|Don]]'' (2022).}} The album featured nine tunes: three themes and six songs, with lyrics written by Super Subu, [[Vignesh Shivan]], Adesh Krishna, Vishnu Edavan, [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]] and Kwame Fyah.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-27 |title=Madharaasi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/madharaasi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1835920586 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250904110054/https://music.apple.com/in/album/madharaasi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1835920586 |archive-date=2025-09-04 |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> The songs were performed by [[Sai Abhyankkar]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-29 |title=Anirudh and Sai Abhyankkar join for the first single for Sivakarthikeyan's 'Madharaasi'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/anirudh-and-sai-abhyankkar-join-for-the-first-single-for-sivakarthikeyans-madharaasi/articleshow/122959963.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250731233249/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/anirudh-and-sai-abhyankkar-join-for-the-first-single-for-sivakarthikeyans-madharaasi/articleshow/122959963.cms |archive-date=2025-07-31 |access-date=2025-09-07 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30 |title=Sai Abhyankkar Joins Sivakarthikeyan and Anirudh for Madharaasi, First Single Salambala |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/sai-abhyankkar-joins-sivakarthikeyan-and-anirudh-for-madharaasi-first-single-salambala-76186.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250805081440/https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/sai-abhyankkar-joins-sivakarthikeyan-and-anirudh-for-madharaasi-first-single-salambala-76186.html |archive-date=2025-08-05 |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref> Anirudh, Ravi G, [[Shilpa Rao]] and Fyah.<ref name=":0" />

== Release ==
The film's music rights were acquired by [[Junglee Music]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1890711835965542901 |user=JungleeMusicSTH |title=Exciting news! 🎶 Junglee Music, powered by Times Music, has bagged the audio rights for #SKxARM – a powerhouse collaboration of Sivakarthikeyan, A.R. Murugadoss, and Anirudh! Get ready for a musical blockbuster!🔥 |author=Junglee Music South |author-link=Junglee Music |date=15 February 2025 |access-date=16 February 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250216151500/https://x.com/JungleeMusicSTH/status/1890711835965542901 |archive-date=16 February 2025}}</ref> The first single, "Salambala", was released on 31 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 July 2025 |title=The 'Salambala' song from Sivakarthikeyan's 'Madharasi' drops with a bang; fans groove to the beat! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-salambala-song-from-sivakarthikeyans-madharasi-drops-with-a-bang-fans-groove-to-the-beat/articleshow/123021226.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250825002158/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-salambala-song-from-sivakarthikeyans-madharasi-drops-with-a-bang-fans-groove-to-the-beat/articleshow/123021226.cms |archive-date=25 August 2025 |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-07-31 |title='Salambala' from Madharaasi out: Sivakarthikeyan dusts himself off after a break-up in this peppy kuthu |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/31/salambala-from-madharaasi-out-sivakarthikeyan-dusts-himself-off-after-a-break-up-in-this-peppy-kuthu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250806011050/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/31/salambala-from-madharaasi-out-sivakarthikeyan-dusts-himself-off-after-a-break-up-in-this-peppy-kuthu |archive-date=2025-08-06 |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The second video single "Vazhiyiraen" was released on 23 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2025 |title='Vazhiyiraen' from Madharaasi is a foot-tapping number about love |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/23/vazhiyiraen-from-madharaasi-is-a-foot-tapping-number-about-love |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250824235911/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/23/vazhiyiraen-from-madharaasi-is-a-foot-tapping-number-about-love |archive-date=24 August 2025 |access-date=23 August 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

The audio launch event was held on 24 August 2025 at Sai Leo Muthu Indoor Stadium at Sri Sai Ram Engineering College in [[Chennai]], with the cast and crew in attendance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2025 |title=Sivakarthikeyan dances to Madharasi song, Anirudh Ravichander hugs him in viral video |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sivakarthikeyan-madhrasi-song-dance-audio-launch-anirudh-ravichander-hugs-him-2776230-2025-08-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250828113856/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sivakarthikeyan-madhrasi-song-dance-audio-launch-anirudh-ravichander-hugs-him-2776230-2025-08-25 |archive-date=28 August 2025 |access-date=27 August 2025 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=2025-08-25 |title=From GOAT scene with Vijay to working with AR Murugadoss: 4 things Sivakarthikeyan said at the Madharaasi audio launch |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/25/from-goat-scene-with-vijay-to-working-with-ar-murugadoss-4-things-sivakarthikeyan-said-at-the-madharaasi-audio-launch-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907123807/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/25/from-goat-scene-with-vijay-to-working-with-ar-murugadoss-4-things-sivakarthikeyan-said-at-the-madharaasi-audio-launch-2 |archive-date=2025-09-07 |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> However, the film's soundtrack was released on streaming platforms three days later, on the occasion of [[Ganesh Chaturthi]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>
{{Cite tweet |number=1960724718052630983 |user=anirudhofficial |title=#Madharaasi full album out now. |author=Anirudh Ravichander |author-link=Anirudh Ravichander |access-date=28 August 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250828112948/https://x.com/anirudhofficial/status/1960724718052630983 |archive-date=28 August 2025}}</ref> The album was further released in Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam and Hindi languages.<ref name="iTunes">''Madharaasi'' dubbed version soundtracks:

* {{Cite web |date=2025-08-30 |title=Madharaasi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) (Telugu) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/madharaasi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-telugu/1836843866 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907123931/https://music.apple.com/in/album/madharaasi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-telugu/1836843866 |archive-date=2025-09-07 |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}
* {{Cite web |date=2025-08-30 |title=Dil Madharaasi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/dil-madharaasi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1836844304 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907124039/https://music.apple.com/in/album/dil-madharaasi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1836844304 |archive-date=2025-09-07 |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}
* {{Cite web |date=2025-09-05 |title=Madharaasi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) (Kannada) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/madharaasi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-kannada/1837966829 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907124313/https://music.apple.com/in/album/madharaasi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-kannada/1837966829 |archive-date=2025-09-07 |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}
* {{Cite web |date=2025-09-05 |title=Madharaasi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) (Malayalam) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/madharaasi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-malayalam/1837966957 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907124307/https://music.apple.com/in/album/madharaasi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-malayalam/1837966957 |archive-date=2025-09-07 |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}
</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 18:09
| title1 = Salambala
| extra1 = [[Sai Abhyankkar]]
| lyrics1 = Super Subu
| length1 = 3:27
| title2 = Vazhiyiraen
| extra2 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| lyrics2 = [[Vignesh Shivan]]
| length2 = 3:55
| title3 = Madharaasi Theme
| length3 = 1:13
| lyrics3 = —
| extra3 = —
| title4 = Unadhu Enadhu
| length4 = 4:20
| lyrics4 = Adesh Krishna
| extra4 = Anirudh Ravichander, Ravi G, [[Shilpa Rao]]
| title5 = Animal Instinct
| note5 = Title Glimpse Theme
| length5 = 0:37
| lyrics5 = —
| extra5 = —
| title6 = Usara Uruvi
| length6 = 3:24
| lyrics6 = Vishnu Edavan
| extra6 = Anirudh Ravichander, Ravi G
| title7 = Madharaasi Flow
| length7 = 0:40
| lyrics7 = Kwame Fyah
| extra7 = Anirudh Ravichander, Kwame Fyah
| title8 = Thangapoovey
| length8 = 3:56
| lyrics8 = [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]
| extra8 = Anirudh Ravichander, Ravi G
| title9 = Mudinja Thodra
| note9 = Trailer Theme
| length9 = 1:58
| lyrics9 = —
| extra9 = —
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 18:09
| title1 = Selavika
| extra1 = [[Dhanunjay Seepana]]
| lyrics1 = Srinivasa Mouli
| length1 = 3:27
| title2 = Varadhalle
| extra2 = [[Adithya RK]]
| lyrics2 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| length2 = 3:55
| title3 = Madharaasi Theme
| length3 = 1:13
| lyrics3 = —
| extra3 = —
| title4 = Happy Street
| length4 = 4:20
| lyrics4 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| extra4 = Ravi G, Priya Mali
| title5 = Animal Instinct
| note5 = Title Glimpse Theme
| length5 = 0:37
| lyrics5 = —
| extra5 = —
| title6 = Maare Kaalam
| length6 = 3:24
| lyrics6 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| extra6 = Deepu
| title7 = Madharaasi Flow
| length7 = 0:40
| lyrics7 = Kwame Fyah
| extra7 = Anirudh Ravichander, Kwame Fyah
| title8 = Ningi Thaaraa
| length8 = 3:56
| lyrics8 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| extra8 = Ravi G
| title9 = Trailer Theme
| length9 = 1:58
| lyrics9 = —
| extra9 = —
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Hindi
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 18:09
| title1 = Tadapaa
| extra1 = [[Dhanunjay Seepana]]
| lyrics1 = Ritesh G Rao
| length1 = 3:27
| title2 = Kaise Karu
| extra2 = [[Adithya RK]]
| lyrics2 = Ritesh G Rao
| length2 = 3:55
| title3 = Madharaasi Theme
| length3 = 1:13
| lyrics3 = —
| extra3 = —
| title4 = Happy Street
| length4 = 4:20
| lyrics4 = Ritesh G Rao
| extra4 = Ravi G, Priya Mali
| title5 = Animal Instinct
| note5 = Title Glimpse Theme
| length5 = 0:37
| lyrics5 = —
| extra5 = —
| title6 = Teri Judaai
| length6 = 3:24
| lyrics6 = Ritesh G Rao
| extra6 = Deepu
| title7 = Madharaasi Flow
| length7 = 0:40
| lyrics7 = Kwame Fyah
| extra7 = Anirudh Ravichander, Kwame Fyah
| title8 = Naina Tere
| length8 = 3:56
| lyrics8 = Ritesh G Rao
| extra8 = Ritesh G Rao
| title9 = Trailer Theme
| length9 = 1:58
| lyrics9 = —
| extra9 = —
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Kannada
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 18:09
| title1 = Sari Illa Sari Illa
| extra1 = [[Dhanunjay Seepana]]
| lyrics1 = Nagarjun Sharma
| length1 = 3:27
| title2 = Thara Thara
| extra2 = [[Adithya RK]]
| lyrics2 = Nagarjun Sharma
| length2 = 3:55
| title3 = Madharaasi Theme
| length3 = 1:13
| lyrics3 = —
| extra3 = —
| title4 = Happy Street
| length4 = 4:20
| lyrics4 = Nagarjun Sharma
| extra4 = Ravi G, Priya Mali
| title5 = Animal Instinct
| note5 = Title Glimpse Theme
| length5 = 0:37
| lyrics5 = —
| extra5 = —
| title6 = Matthe Baa
| length6 = 3:24
| lyrics6 = Nagarjun Sharma
| extra6 = Deepu
| title7 = Madharaasi Flow
| length7 = 0:40
| lyrics7 = Kwame Fyah
| extra7 = Anirudh Ravichander, Kwame Fyah
| title8 = Malle Hoove
| length8 = 3:56
| lyrics8 = Nagarjun Sharma
| extra8 = Ravi G
| title9 = Trailer Theme
| length9 = 1:58
| lyrics9 = —
| extra9 = —
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Malayalam
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 18:09
| title1 = Kudukkilu Kudukkalle
| extra1 = [[Dhanunjay Seepana]]
| lyrics1 = [[Deepak Ram]]
| length1 = 3:27
| title2 = Ullake Odippoyi
| extra2 = [[Adithya RK]]
| lyrics2 = Deepak Ram
| length2 = 3:55
| title3 = Madharaasi Theme
| length3 = 1:13
| lyrics3 = —
| extra3 = —
| title4 = Happy Street
| length4 = 4:20
| lyrics4 = Deepak Ram
| extra4 = Ravi G, Priya Mali
| title5 = Animal Instinct
| note5 = Title Glimpse Theme
| length5 = 0:37
| lyrics5 = —
| extra5 = —
| title6 = Uyironnuruki
| length6 = 3:24
| lyrics6 = Deepak Ram
| extra6 = Deepu
| title7 = Madharaasi Flow
| length7 = 0:40
| lyrics7 = Kwame Fyah
| extra7 = Anirudh Ravichander, Kwame Fyah
| title8 = Thangapoove
| length8 = 3:56
| lyrics8 = Deepak Ram
| extra8 = Jishnu Vijayan
| title9 = Trailer Theme
| length9 = 1:58
| lyrics9 = —
| extra9 = —
}}

== Background Score ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Madharaasi
| type = Film score
| artist = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| released = 28 November 2025
| studio = Albuquerque Records, Chennai Knack Studios, Chennai Play Head Audio, [[Mumbai]] El Studios, San Francisco Neo Sound Mumbai Studio DMI, Las Vegas
| genre = [[Film score]]
| length = 23:14
| language = Tamil
| label = [[Junglee Music]]
| producer = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|tvV6esjV-E4|''Madharaasi''{{dash}}Original Background Score}}}}
}}

The album consists of 19 songs in the background score album which was released on 28 November 2025.
{{Track listing
| title1 = Action Mode
| length1 = 0:51
| title2 = Chirag Theme
| length2 = 0:44
| title3 = Fight For Her
| length3 = 0:54
| title4 = Fighting Demons
| length4 = 2:15
| title5 = Gun Culture
| length5 = 2:19
| title6 = Hospital Fun
| length6 = 0:42
| title7 = Interval Fight
| length7 = 1:38
| title8 = Love Blossoms
| length8 = 0:44
| title9 = Orphan
| length9 = 0:56
| title10 = Pre-Interval Punch
| length10 = 1:10
| title11 = Premnath Theme
| length11 = 0:41
| title12 = Raghu and Malathy
| length12 = 2:39
| title13 = Raghu
| length13 = 0:42
| title14 = Raghu's Instinct
| length14 = 1:03
| title15 = Raghu's Rise
| length15 = 1:02
| title16 = She Completes Me
| length16 = 1:04
| title17 = She's Like My Mom
| length17 = 1:04
| title18 = Virat Theme
| length18 = 0:44
| title19 = Virat Returns
| length19 = 2:27
}}

== Reception ==
Arjun Menon of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote "Anirudh Ravichandaran is the saving grace, who single-handedly elevates the stakes and vibes in this one with his eclectic score."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Arjun |date=2025-09-05 |title=Madharaasi movie review: This Sivakarthikeyan starrer is too formulaic and old fashioned for its own good |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/madharaasi-movie-review-this-sivakarthikeyan-starrer-is-too-formulaic-and-old-fashioned-for-its-own-good-10231881/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250905150516/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/madharaasi-movie-review-this-sivakarthikeyan-starrer-is-too-formulaic-and-old-fashioned-for-its-own-good-10231881/ |archive-date=2025-09-05 |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Niranjan S of ''[[DT Next]]'' wrote "The film is further lifted with Anirudh’s now-trademark background score, which complements the narrative."<ref>{{Cite web |last=A |first=Niranjan |date=2025-09-05 |title=Madharaasi review: Sivakarthikeyan is convincing in AR Murugadoss' template action entertainer |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/madharaasi-review-sivakarthikeyan-is-convincing-in-ar-murugadoss-template-action-entertainer-845678 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907131549/https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/madharaasi-review-sivakarthikeyan-is-convincing-in-ar-murugadoss-template-action-entertainer-845678 |archive-date=2025-09-07 |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en}}</ref> A reviewer based at ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote "Anirudh Ravichander, expected to elevate the film with catchy tunes and a pulsating background score, surprisingly falls short."<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-09-05 |title=Movie Review {{!}} Madhrasi Fails to Pack a Punch Due to Dreary Narration |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-review/movie-review-madhrasi-fails-to-pack-a-punch-due-to-dreary-narration-1901809 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250905190914/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-review/movie-review-madhrasi-fails-to-pack-a-punch-due-to-dreary-narration-1901809 |archive-date=2025-09-05 |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "Anirudh, who usually delivers in energetic fashion, surprisingly, contributes with just a functional score and not-so-catchy songs."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |date=2025-09-05 |title=Madharaasi Movie Review: Sivakarthikeyan, Murugadoss deliver a smartly packaged commercial entertainer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/madharaasi/movie-review/123715220.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250905135349/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/madharaasi/movie-review/123715220.cms |archive-date=2025-09-05 |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Balakrishna Ganeshan of ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote "Anirudh, often a saving grace in weaker projects, fails to elevate this one. The songs feel misplaced and disrupt the flow, while the background score lacks punch."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganeshan |first=Balakrishna |date=2025-09-07 |title=Madharaasi review: Sivakarthikeyan's action-entertainer is fun in parts |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/madharaasi-review-sivakarthikeyans-action-entertainer-is-fun-in-parts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907131900/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/madharaasi-review-sivakarthikeyans-action-entertainer-is-fun-in-parts |archive-date=2025-09-07 |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Personnel ==
Credits adapted from [[Junglee Music]]:<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uI3Ik_hQqSM |title=Madharaasi - Audio Jukebox {{!}} Sivakarthikeyan {{!}} Rukmini {{!}} Vidyut {{!}} A.R.Murugadoss {{!}} Anirudh |date=2025-08-28 |last=Junglee Music Tamil |access-date=2025-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907133700/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uI3Ik_hQqSM |archive-date=2025-09-07 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref>
{{div col}}
* Composer, producer, arranger and programmer: [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
* Additional programming: Kalyan, Ganesan Sekar, Nivin Raphael, Arish, Ravi G, Raja Ravivarma, Dan Kristen, Karthik Vamsi, Jishnu Vijayan
* Additional music production: Ganesan Sekar, Narendar Sankar
* Music advisor: Ananthakrrishnan
* Creative consultant: Sajith Satya
* Music coordinator: B Velavan
; Instruments
* Backing vocals: [[Deepthi Suresh]]
* Acoustic and electric guitar: [[Keba Jeremiah]]
* Bass guitar: Naveen Napier, Keba Jeremiah
* Shehnai: [[S. Ballesh]]
* Trumpets and trombones: Rakesh MS
* Esraj: Arshad Khan
* Mandolin: Vishwas Hari
* Harmonies: Jishnu Vijayan
; Studios
* Albuquerque Records: Srinivasan M, Shivakiran S, Vinay Sridhar, Rajesh Kannan (recording and mixing)
* Vibe N Studios: Lokesh Vijayakumar (recording)
* Mix Magic: Rupendar Venkatesh (mixing and mastering)
* Studio LMI: Luca Pretolesi, Alistair Pintus (mastering)
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Anirudh Ravichander}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2025 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Telugu film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Malayalam film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Kannada film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Hindi film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Anirudh Ravichander soundtracks]]
[[Category:Action film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Thriller film soundtracks]]

Howrah–New Delhi Rajdhani Express (via Gaya)

2026-05-03T20:35:00Z

RajveerSingha1950: adding a details

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{italic title}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Howrah – New Delhi ''Rajdhani Express''
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| color = B22222
| image = Howrah rajdhani.jpg
| caption = Howrah Rajdhani Express arrived at [[Prayagraj Junction railway station|Prayagraj Junction]]
| type = [[Rajdhani Express]]
| locale = [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] & [[Delhi]]
| first = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1969|03|01}}<ref name="budget70">{{cite web |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1970-71.pdf|date=23 February 1970|title= Railway Budget speech 1970-71|website=www.indianrailways.gov.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]]}}</ref>
| last =
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railways]] (ER)
| ridership =
| start = [[Howrah Junction|Howrah]] '''''(HWH)'''''
| stops = 7
| end = [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]] '''''(NDLS)'''''
| distance = {{convert|14452|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 17h 5m
| frequency = 6 days a week.
| class = *AC First Class '''''(H1)''''' 
*AC 2 Tier '''''(A1)''''' 
*AC 3 Tier '''''(B1)'''''
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large Windows
| entertainment = On-board WiFi
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|lk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 12301 / 12302
| line_used = *[[Howrah-Bardhaman chord]]
*[[Bardhaman–Asansol section]]
*[[Asansol–Gaya section]]
*[[Gaya–Mughalsarai section]]
*[[Mughalsarai–Kanpur section]]
*[[Kanpur–Delhi section|Kanpur–Delhi line (till New Delhi)]]
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, {{convert|85|km/h|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| maintenance =
| map = [[File:(New Delhi - Howrah) Rajdhani Express (via Gaya) Route map.png|300px|(New Delhi - Howrah) Rajdhani Express (via Gaya) route map]] {{Howrah Rajdhani Express (via Gaya) Route}}
| map_state = show
}}

The 12301 / 12302 '''Howrah–New Delhi Rajdhani Express (via Gaya)''' (also known as '''''Kolkata Rajdhani Express''''') is a [[Rajdhani Express|Rajdhani class]] Superfast Express train of [[Indian Railways]] belonging to [[Eastern Railway zone]] that connects between the capital city of [[West Bengal]], [[Kolkata]] to the national capital of [[India]], [[Delhi|New Delhi]], via the city of [[Howrah]]. This is the first [[Rajdhani Express]] of [[India]] and is one of the fastest trains of [[Indian Railways]] in [[Kolkata]] to [[Delhi]] route. Not only in [[Kolkata]] to [[Delhi]] route, it is also the fastest train in [[Howrah railway station|Howrah Railway Station]]. It connects the [[Howrah railway station|Howrah Railway Station]] in [[Kolkata]] to the [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi Railway Station]] in [[Delhi]]. Howrah Rajdhani Express is the Fastest Train From Howrah to New delhi and From New Delhi to Howrah covering the entire distance of more than 1450 km in just 17 hours. It receives the highest priority on its route and is also considered as the most premium train of ER. It is also the third fastest [[Rajdhani Express|Rajdhani class]] train in India.It proudly holds the title of the '''King of Eastern Railway'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=12302/New Delhi - Howrah Rajdhani Express (Via Gaya) - New Delhi to Howrah ER/Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-new-delhi-howrah-rajdhani-express-via-gaya-12302/1317/664/1 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

== History ==

[[File:Hwhraj1.jpg|thumb|The New Delhi bound 12301 Howrah Rajdhani Express entering into the suburbs of New Delhi, on its final leg of the journey]]
From 1965 onward [[Ministry of Railways (India)]] was looking for options to reduce the time travel between important destinations by implementing new technology. Hence for that very purpose the [[Howrah–Delhi main line]] was chosen for the trials owing to its technological superiority in terms of feasibility and others. Thus finally in the Railway Budget of 1969–70, an introduction of a new superfast train was announced which would connect [[Delhi]] to [[Kolkata]] in less than 18 hours, because until then the fastest trains between these two cities usually took more than 20 hours.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Speech of Shri S. K. Patil - Introducing the Railway Budget for 1965-66 | date=1965-02-18 | url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1965-66.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415091453/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1965-66.pdf | archive-date=2015-04-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=Speech of Shri C. M. Poonacha - Introducing the Railway Budget for 1967-68 | date=1967-05-22 | url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1967-68_final.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415091514/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1967-68_final.pdf | archive-date=2015-04-15}}</ref>
[[File:12302 Howrah Rajdhani Express at Howrah Junction.jpg|thumb|Howrah bound 12302 Rajdhani Express standing at [[Howrah railway station|Howrah Railway Station]], after completing its journey from New Delhi]]
Thus, on 1 March 1969 the first Rajdhani Express left from [[New Delhi]] to [[Howrah]] at 1730 hrs and arrived at its destination at 1050 hrs on the next day, completing 1450 km in a record time of 17 hours 20 minutes. The honor of hauling the first Rajdhani was done by the WDM-4 class locomotive of Indian Railways. The return Rajdhani Express left Howrah Junction on 3 March 1969 at 1700 hrs and arrived at New Delhi on its next day at 1020 hrs. The maximum permissible speed of the Howrah Rajdhani Express was kept 120 km/h for safety reasons, thus making it the fastest train of India at that point of time.

The first train carried nine coaches, which were one Dining Car, one AC First Class, five AC Chair Car and two Generator/Power Car. The price of at that time was set at Rs. 280 for the AC First Class and Rs. 90 for AC Chair Car respectively. The coaches were specially designed and developed by [[Integral Coach Factory]] Perambur and had one of its kind vacuum brakes and under-slung air conditioning systems. Additionally the AC First Class was of 3 Cabin + 3 Coupe model while the AC Chair Car was of 2 x 2 seating model. At that time the train use to ply only on Monday and Friday respectively from both ends and had stoppages at [[Kanpur Central railway station]], [[Mughalsarai Junction railway station]] and [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Gomoh railway station]] only.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Howrah–New Delhi Rajdhani Express turns 50, passengers get special treatment|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/mar/04/howrah-new-delhi-rajdhani-express-turns-50-passengers-get-special-treatment-1946517.html|access-date=2021-06-17|website=The New Indian Express|date=4 March 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-02|title=Railways' golden girl: 50 years of the Rajdhani|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/railways-golden-girl-50-years-of-the-rajdhani/story-YycT0iir0GObqjuCUqrhKL.html|access-date=2021-06-17|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=Speech of Shri C. M. Poonacha - Introducing the Railway Budget for 1967-68 | date=1967-05-22 | url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1968-69.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415085706/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1968-69.pdf | archive-date=2015-04-15}}</ref>

On 1 November 1971 the speed was upgraded to 130 km/h, thus reducing the time of journey by 25 minutes from both ends. At that time the train was hauled by twin WDM-4S locomotive from Mughalsarai Shed of Indian Railways. In 1983, the [[Research Design and Standards Organisation]] in association with [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works]] manufactured the 3900 HP [[Indian locomotive class WAP-1|WAP-1]] class locomotive exclusively for Howrah Rajdhani Express. And with the introduction of the WAP-1 class locomotive, the train length was increased to 18 coaches, by adding additional AC Two Tier Coaches. Incidentally, the locomotives were painted in the same livery as that of the Howrah Rajdhani Express. On the very same year i.e. on 1 April 1983 owing to the high popularity and huge demand the frequency of the Howrah Rajdhani (via Gaya) was increased to 4 days a week, then to 5 days a week from 1 October 1983 and finally to present 6 days a week from 19 May 2003.

In 1992, the coaches were again redeveloped, and the Under-slung Air Conditioning System was replaced by Roof Mounted Air Condition Package Unit (RMPU), thus becoming the only train to have it at that point of time. In 1993, Air Conditioned 3 Tier coaches were added in the train and of 3 July 1993 another service via [[Patna Junction railway station]] was also introduced from Howrah on Sunday and from New Delhi on Friday respectively.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Speech of Shri C. K. Jaffer Sharief - Introducing the Railway Budget for 1992-93 | date=1992-02-25 | url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1992-93.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415081036/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1992-93.pdf | archive-date=2015-04-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=Speech of Shri C.K. Jaffer Sharief - Introducing the Railway Budget, 1993-94 | date=1993-02-24 | url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1993-94.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415081024/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1993-94.pdf | archive-date=2015-04-15}}</ref>

On 3 February 2006, both the pairs of Howrah Rajdhani Express were upgraded to the [[LHB coach]]es, thus paving the way for the replacement and the end of the glorious era of the ICF coaches of Rajdhani Express. While on 2 April 2013, WiFi service was introduced in the train, thus making it the only train of Indian Railways to have WiFi facility in a moving train. And finally on 23 December 2017, the train was upgraded to the Swarna Standards of Indian Railways, laced with modern amenities and facilities for the passengers.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Speech of Shri Lalu Prasad - Introducing the Railway Budget for 2006-07 | date=2006-02-24 | url=http://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/2006-07.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320024715/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/2006-07.pdf | archive-date=2014-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Wi-Fi, internet facility in Howrah Rajdhani launched|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/wi-fi-internet-facility-in-howrah-rajdhani-launched/articleshow/19345676.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-06-17}}</ref>

== Schedule and route details ==
The 12301/12302 Howrah – New Delhi Rajdhani Express follows the [[Grand Chord|Dhanbad – Gaya Grand Chord]] route as part of its journey between Delhi and Howrah. The 12301 Howrah – New Delhi Rajdhani Express operates daily except on Sundays, while the returning train, 12302 New Delhi – Howrah Rajdhani Express, does not run on Fridays. On these specific days, the Howrah – New Delhi Rajdhani service is provided by the [[Howrah–New Delhi Rajdhani Express (via Patna)|12305/12306 Howrah – New Delhi Rajdhani Express]], which travels via the [[Asansol]] – [[Jasidih]] – [[Patna]] route to connect Delhi and Howrah.<ref>{{Cite web |title=12302/New Delhi - Howrah Rajdhani Express (Via Gaya) - New Delhi to Howrah ER/Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-new-delhi-howrah-rajdhani-express-via-gaya-12302/1317/664/1 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
[[File:HWH WAP7 hauling 02302 NDLS-HWH Rajdhani Special.jpg|thumb|Howrah Rajdhani Express, hauled by the [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7 electric locomotive]]]]
The Rajdhani Express bound for New Delhi (train number 12301) departs from Howrah Railway Station at 16:50 hrs and reaches New Delhi at 10:05 hrs the following day, covering a distance of 1452 km in 17 hours and 15 minutes, achieving an average speed of 84 km/h. On the return journey, the New Delhi-bound Rajdhani Express (train number 12302) departs from New Delhi at 16:50 hrs and arrives in Howrah at 09:55 hrs the next day, completing its journey in 17 hours and 5 minutes, with an average speed of 85 km/h.<ref>{{Cite web |title=12302/New Delhi - Howrah Rajdhani Express (Via Gaya) - New Delhi to Howrah ER/Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-new-delhi-howrah-rajdhani-express-via-gaya-12302/1317/664/1 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

==Route and halts==
The Important halts of the train are :

• [[Howrah railway station|Howrah Junction]]

• [[Asansol Junction railway station|Asansol Junction]]

• [[Dhanbad Junction railway station|Dhanbad Junction]]

• [[Parasnath railway station|Parasnath]]

• [[Gaya Junction railway station|Gaya Junction]]

• [[Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction]]

• [[Subedarganj railway station|Subedarganj]]

• [[Kanpur Central railway station|Kanpur Central]]

• [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]

== Traction ==
Earlier during first run was [[WDM-2]] then [[WAP-4]] in the 60s. As the entire route is fully electrified it is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Howrah|Howrah Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] and [[WAP-5]] electric locomotive from [[Howrah railway station|Howrah Junction]] to [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]] and vice versa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=12302/New Delhi - Howrah Rajdhani Express (Via Gaya) - New Delhi to Howrah ER/Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-new-delhi-howrah-rajdhani-express-via-gaya-12302/1317/664/1 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

== Rake sharing ==
The train is rake sharing with 12305/12306 [[Howrah–New Delhi Rajdhani Express (via Patna)]].

==See also==

* [[Express trains in India]]
* [[Howrah–Delhi main line]]
* [[Sealdah Rajdhani Express]]
* [[New Delhi railway station]]
* [[Howrah railway station]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121021173258/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-02-17/india/27800214_1_fastest-train-delhi-agra-stretch-travel-time Times of India article]
{{Rajdhani Express}}
{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Howrah-New Delhi Rajdhani Express}}
[[Category:Trains from Howrah railway station]]
[[Category:Delhi–Kolkata trains]]
[[Category:Rajdhani Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1969]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]

Neeli Chatri Waale

2026-04-29T21:21:31Z

RajveerSingha1950: stub

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Neeli Chatri Waale logo.jpg
| caption =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| runtime = 43 minutes
| starring = {{plainlist| *[[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]]
* [[Rajesh Kumar (actor)|Rajesh Kumar]]
* [[Himanshu Soni]]
* Disha Savla
* [[Mithilesh Chaturvedi]]
}}
| director = Rrahul Mevawala
| writer = {{ubl|Ashwani Dhir|Nitin Keswani|Rajat Vyas}}
| music = Abhijeet Hegdepatil
| first_aired = {{start date|2014|8|20|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2016|8|14|df=y}}
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 156
| producer = [[Ashwni Dhir]]
| company = Garima Productions
| genre = Comedy
}}

'''''Neeli Chatri Waale''''' is an Indian television program produced by [[Ashwni Dhir]] and broadcast on [[Zee TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/bhagwan-das-of-neeli-chhatri-wale%E2%80%99-takes-up-reading-the-bhagwad-gita_1466990.html|title=Bhagwan Das of 'Neeli Chhatri Wale' takes up reading the Bhagwad Gita|website=Zee News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/A-television-show-inspired-by-OMG-Oh-My-God/articleshow/40118969.cms|title=A television show inspired by OMG Oh My God|work=The Times of India |date=13 August 2014|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref> The show is based on a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] story ''Kadavulum Kandhasami Pillaiyum'' by [[Pudhumaipithan]].

==Plot==
The series based on [[Kanpur]] follows a common man named Bhagwan Das who is torn between his personal and professional life. He is bullied by his boss, wife, and father, and his children are ashamed of his profession as an underwear salesman.<ref name="TOI OMG">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/OMG-Oh-My-Gods-TV-version-Neeli-Chhatri-Wale-to-begin-from-next-weekend/articleshow/40306924.cms|title=OMG - Oh My God's TV version 'Neeli Chhatri Wale' to begin from next weekend|work=The Times of India |date=4 December 2014|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref> Bhagwan Das meets Shivaye, a human representation of the Hindu god [[Shiva]]. Shivaye, whom only Bhagwan Das can see, guides Bhagwan Das through various dilemmas.

==Cast==
* [[Himanshu Soni]] as [[Shiva|lord Shiva]] / [[Lord Shiva|Shivaye]] - Bhagwan Das's friend, Parvati's husband(2014-2016)
* [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]] as Bhagwan Das Chaubey - Aatmaram's son, Bobby's husband, Babli and Babloo's father, Gowardhan's brother in law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/yashpal-sharma-quits-neeli-chatri-waale/|title=Yashpal Sharma quits 'Neeli Chatri Waale'|date=20 March 2015}}</ref> (2014-2015)
**[[Rajesh Kumar (actor)|Rajesh Kumar]] as Bhagwan Das Chaubey. Kumar replaced Sharma in 2015.(2015-2016)
* Disha Savla as Bobby Chaubey - Baby's sister, Bhagwan Das's wife, Aatmaram's daughter in law, Babli and Babloo's mother, Gowardhan's sister in law.(2014-2016)
* [[Mithilesh Chaturvedi]] as Aatmaram Chaubey - Bhagwan Das's father, Bobby's father in law, Babli and Babloo's grandfather.(2014-2016)
* Aayan Khan as Babloo Chaubey - Bhagwan Das and Bobby's son, Babli's younger brother, Aatmaram's grandson, Gowardhan's nephew.(2014-2016)
* Prerna Gautam as Babli Chaubey - Bhagwan Das and Bobby's daughter, Babloo's elder sister, Aatmaram's granddaughter.(2014-2016)
* Sanjay Chaudhary as Batuk Laal
* [[Anup Upadhyay]] as SI Gowardhan Dubey - Baby's husband, Bhagwan Das's brother in law, Babli and Babloo's uncle.(2014-2016)
* [[Melissa Pais]] as Baby Dubey - Bobby's elder sister, Gowardhan's wife, Bhagwan Das 's sister in law, Babli and Babloo's aunt.(2014-2016)
* [[Shahbaz Khan (actor)|Shahbaz Khan]] as Mahadev Singh<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/shahbaaz-khan-joins-neeli-chatri-waale/ |title=Shahbaaz Khan joins 'Neeli Chatri Waale' |date=3 September 2015 |access-date=19 May 2024 |archive-date=19 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519061722/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/shahbaaz-khan-joins-neeli-chatri-waale/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Salim Zaidi as Mishra Ji
*[[Nivedita Tiwari]] /[[Mansi Srivastava]] as Goddess Parvati
*Soma Rathod as Mishrain (neighbour)/Premlata - Mishrain's mother (2014-2016)
*[[Tarun Khanna (actor)|Tarun Khanna]] as Rocky (wrestler)
* Ishteyak Arif Khan as Mirza Ji
* Cinderella Dcruz as Babloo's Teacher
* Kundan Kumar as Mithailal
*[[Bikramjeet Kanwarpal]] as Kaalia: Bhagwan Das's boss.
* [[Ami Trivedi]] as Lakshmi
* [[Rajeev Mehta]] as Gajju
* [[Samiksha Bhatnagar]] as Various characters

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; margin-right:0;"
! style="background:Violet; width:10%;"| Language
! style="background:Violet; width:25%;"| Title
! style="background:Violet; width:20%;"| Original release
! style="background:Violet; width:10%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:Violet; width:10%;"| Last aired
! style="background:Violet; width:10%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''[[Bhoomige Bandha Bhagavantha]]'' ಭೂಮಿಗೆ ಬಂದ ಭಗವಂತ
| 20 March 2023
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| 4 August 2024
| rowspan="2"| Remake
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''Sriman Bhagoban Das'' শ্রীমান ভগবান দাস
| 25 August 2025
| [[Zee Bangla Cinema|Zee Bangla Sonar]]
| 3 January 2026
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Official website|http://www.zeetv.com/shows/neeli-chatri-waale}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Neeli Chatri Waale}}
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:2014 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Hindu mythology in popular culture]]
[[Category:Television shows based on Tamil-language novels]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Uttar Pradesh]]

2025 Rajasthan Royals season

2026-04-27T16:39:38Z

RajveerSingha1950: put up basic stub v1

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team}}
{{good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = {{IPL Teams 1|rr}}
| season = [[2025 Indian Premier League|2025]]
| image = {{Multiple image
| direction = vertical
| total_width = 250
| image1 = Sawai-Mansingh-Stadium-Jaipur.jpg
| alt1 = Sawai Mansingh Stadium in 2013
| image2 = Barsapara Cricket Stadium match under floodlights.jpg
| alt2 = ACA Cricket Stadium in 2018
| border = infobox
| footer = Sawai Mansingh Stadium and ACA Cricket Stadium, home grounds of Rajasthan Royals}}
| coach = [[Rahul Dravid]]
| captain = [[Sanju Samson]]
| ground = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]] [[Assam Cricket Association Stadium|ACA Cricket Stadium]], [[Guwahati]]
| comp1 = [[2025 Indian Premier League#League stage|League stage]]
| comp1 result = 9th place
| most runs = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] (559)<ref name="mr"/>
| most wickets = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] [[Jofra Archer]] [[Maheesh Theekshana]] (11 each)<ref name="mw"/>
| most catches = [[Shimron Hetmyer]] (13)<ref name="mc">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|tournament|id=indian-premier-league-2025-16622|title=2025 Indian Premier League|stat=most catches|access-date=3 June 2025|dynamic=n|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250526120926/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/fielding-most-catches-career/indian-premier-league-2025-16622|archive-date=26 May 2025}}</ref>
| most dismissals = Sanju Samson (5)<ref name="md">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|tournament|id=indian-premier-league-2025-16622|title=2025 Indian Premier League|stat=most dismissals|access-date=3 June 2025|dynamic=n|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250815081448/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/keeping-most-dismissals-career/indian-premier-league-2025-16622|archive-date=15 August 2025}}</ref>
| prevseason = [[2024 {{IPL Teams 1|rr}} season|2024]]
| nextseason = [[2026 {{IPL Teams 1|rr}} season|2026]]
}}
{{2025 Indian Premier League Teams}}

The 2025 season was the 16th season for the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) [[cricket]] franchise [[Rajasthan Royals]]. They were one of the ten teams that competed in the [[2025 Indian Premier League|2025 IPL]]. The team was captained by [[Sanju Samson]] and coached by [[Rahul Dravid]].

Rajasthan Royals were the second team to be eliminated from the 2025 IPL and finished the season in ninth place with four wins from 14 matches. [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] scored the most runs (559) while [[Wanindu Hasaranga]], [[Jofra Archer]] and [[Maheesh Theekshana]] took the most wickets (11 each) for Rajasthan in the 2025 season.

== Pre-season ==
{{further|List of 2025 Indian Premier League personnel changes}}
The [[2025 Indian Premier League]] was the 18th edition of the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL), a professional [[Twenty20]] (T20) [[cricket]] league, organised by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Premier League |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-Premier-League |access-date=22 March 2025 |website=[[Britannica.com]] |language=en-uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317155833/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-Premier-League|archive-date=17 March 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rajasthan Royals]] had previously won the title once in the [[2008 Indian Premier League|2008 inaugural IPL]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan Royals win the first IPL |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/50-magic-moments-rajasthan-royals-win-the-first-ipl-433238 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251107162926/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/50-magic-moments-rajasthan-royals-win-the-first-ipl-433238 |archive-date=7 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-03 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> The team finished in third place in the [[2024 Indian Premier League|previous season]].<ref>{{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|ref=indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/points-table-standings|title=2024 Indian Premier League points table standings|access-date=30 October 2024|dynamic=n|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250526045213/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/points-table-standings|archive-date=26 May 2025}}</ref> The tournament featured ten teams competing in 74 matches from 22 March to 3 June 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brar |first=Hemant |title=IPL 2025 FAQs: What's new this season? Any changes in format? |date=2023-03-20 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-who-are-the-new-captains-will-this-be-dhonis-last-season-1477101 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322194040/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-who-are-the-new-captains-will-this-be-dhonis-last-season-1477101|archive-date=2025-03-22 |access-date=2025-03-22 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2025 |title=IPL 2025 to resume on May 17 with RCB vs KKR, final scheduled for June 3 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-to-resume-on-may-17-final-to-be-played-on-june-3-1485733 |access-date=14 May 2025 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |archive-date=14 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514101323/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-to-resume-on-may-17-final-to-be-played-on-june-3-1485733 |url-status=live}}</ref> Rajasthan played most of their home matches at [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adil |first=Hafsa |title=All to know about the Indian Premier League’s 2025 season |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2025/3/20/all-to-know-about-the-ipl-2025-captains-schedule-prize-money-venues |access-date=2026-01-31 |work=[[Al Jazeera English]] |language=en}}</ref> with two matches played at [[Assam Cricket Association Stadium|ACA Cricket Stadium]].<ref>{{cite news|date=24 January 2025|title=Rajasthan Royals begin preparation for IPL 2025, to play two home matches in Guwahati and rest in Jaipur|url=https://www.insidesport.in/cricket/rajasthan-royals-begin-preparation-for-ipl-2025-to-play-two-home-matches-in-guwahati-and-rest-in-jaipur/|access-date=2 March 2025|website=Inside Sport|archive-date=15 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215141234/https://www.insidesport.in/cricket/rajasthan-royals-begin-preparation-for-ipl-2025-to-play-two-home-matches-in-guwahati-and-rest-in-jaipur/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Player retention ===
Franchises were allowed to retain a maximum of six players from their squad, including a maximum of five recent international players.<ref>{{cite web|date=29 September 2024|title=IPL 2025 mega auction salary purse, retention rules, and RTM explained|url=https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/news/ipl-2025-mega-auction-salary-purse-retention-rules-and-rtm-explained-124092900134_1.html|access-date=29 September 2024|work=[[Business Standard]]|archive-date=30 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930015913/https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/news/ipl-2025-mega-auction-salary-purse-retention-rules-and-rtm-explained-124092900134_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Franchises were required to submit their retention lists before 31 October 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Deadline For Submission Of Retention List For IPL 2025 Auction Revealed |url=https://news.abplive.com/sports/cricket/list-of-retained-released-players-for-ipl-2025-mega-auction-announced-check-date-1720752 |access-date=29 September 2024 |work=[[ABP News]] |date=29 September 2024 |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930020104/https://news.abplive.com/sports/cricket/list-of-retained-released-players-for-ipl-2025-mega-auction-announced-check-date-1720752 |url-status=live}}</ref> Rajasthan retained six players, including captain [[Sanju Samson]].<ref name="retain"/><ref name=rr-retain/>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Retained players<ref name="retain">{{cite web |date=30 October 2024 |title=IPL 2025 retentions: List of all the retained players ahead of the mega auction |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-retentions-list-list-of-players-retained-by-franchises-csk-kkr-srh-lsg-1457696 |access-date=30 October 2024 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |archive-date=8 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260108133354/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-retentions-list-list-of-players-retained-by-franchises-csk-kkr-srh-lsg-1457696 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=rr-retain>{{cite news |date=30 October 2024 |title=Samson, Jaiswal, Parag and Sandeep set to be retained by Rajasthan Royals |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-auction-samson-jaiswal-parag-and-sandeep-to-be-retained-by-rajasthan-royals-1457667 |access-date=31 October 2024 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |archive-date=1 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241101204230/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-auction-samson-jaiswal-parag-and-sandeep-to-be-retained-by-rajasthan-royals-1457667 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! scope="col" | No.
! scope="col" | Player
! scope="col" | Salary
|-
| 1 || [[Sanju Samson]] || {{INRConvert|18|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 2 || [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] || {{INRConvert|18|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 3 || [[Dhruv Jurel]] || {{INRConvert|14|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 4 || [[Riyan Parag]] || {{INRConvert|14|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 5 || [[Shimron Hetmyer]] || {{INRConvert|11|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 6 || [[Sandeep Sharma]] || {{INRConvert|4|c|lk=on}}
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Released players<ref name="retain"/><ref name="S2024">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|ref=indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/rajasthan-royals-squad-1413568/series-squads|title=2024 Indian Premier League, Rajasthan Royals squad|access-date=30 October 2024|dynamic=n|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250414132314/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/rajasthan-royals-squad-1413568/series-squads|archive-date=14 April 2025}}</ref>
! [[Batting (cricket)|Batters]] || [[Wicket-keeper]]s || [[All-rounder]]s || [[Fast bowling|Fast bowlers]] || [[Spin bowling|Spin bowlers]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* [[Rovman Powell]]
* [[Shubham Dubey]]
* [[Tom Kohler-Cadmore]]
| valign="top" |
* [[Jos Buttler]]
* [[Kunal Singh Rathore]]
* [[Donovan Ferreira]]
| valign="top" |
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
* [[Tanush Kotian]]
* [[Abid Mushtaq]]
| valign="top" |
* [[Avesh Khan]]
* [[Kuldeep Sen]]
* [[Navdeep Saini]]
* [[Trent Boult]]
* [[Nandre Burger]]
| valign="top" |
* [[Yuzvendra Chahal]]
* [[Keshav Maharaj]]
* [[Adam Zampa]]
|}

=== Auction ===
The season's auction took place on 24 and 25 November 2024 in [[Jeddah]], Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite news|title=IPL 2025 mega auction to be held on November 24, 25 in Jeddah|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-auction-on-november-24-25-in-jeddah-1458546|access-date=5 November 2024|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|archive-date=16 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241116185000/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-auction-on-november-24-25-in-jeddah-1458546|url-status=live}}</ref> The auction purse for each franchise was set at {{INRConvert|120|c|lk=on}}, with the franchises being deducted an amount from the purse for each retained player.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2025 Mega Auction: Report Says Franchise Purse To Increase From Rs 90 Crore to 120 Crore |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/ipl-governing-council-to-meet-on-saturday-evening-set-to-finalise-auction-retention-rule-6670161 |access-date=1 October 2024 |work=[[NDTV]] |archive-date=1 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001020644/https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/ipl-governing-council-to-meet-on-saturday-evening-set-to-finalise-auction-retention-rule-6670161 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=IPL retention FAQs: What is the modified RTM rule? Has the auction purse increased?|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-retention-faqs-what-is-the-modified-rtm-rule-has-the-auction-purse-increased-1453284|date=2024-09-30|access-date=2024-10-01|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|language=en|archive-date=29 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429101841/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-retention-faqs-what-is-the-modified-rtm-rule-has-the-auction-purse-increased-1453284|url-status=live}}</ref> Rajasthan had a purse remaining of {{INR convert|41|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-31 |title=IPL 2025 Auction: Purse Remaining For Each Team After Retentions |url=https://www.wisden.com/series/ipl-2025/cricket-news/ipl-2025-auction-purse-remaining-for-each-team-after-retentions |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=Wisden |language=en |archive-date=3 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241103065133/https://www.wisden.com/series/ipl-2025/cricket-news/ipl-2025-auction-purse-remaining-for-each-team-after-retentions |url-status=live}}</ref> Franchises that did not retain six players, were allowed [[Indian Premier League#Players|Right-to-Match]] (RTM) cards at the auction for each player not retained.<ref>{{cite web |title=Franchises can now retain record number of players ahead of IPL 2025 auction, purse size gets bigger too; check all details here |url=https://thesportstak.com/cricket/indian-premier-league-22-mar-2024/story/franchises-can-now-retain-5-players-with-1-rtm-card-ahead-of-ipl-2025-auction-purse-size-gets-bigger-check-all-details-here-3101224-2024-09-28 |access-date=1 October 2024 |work=SportsTak |date=28 September 2024 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007090833/https://thesportstak.com/cricket/indian-premier-league-22-mar-2024/story/franchises-can-now-retain-5-players-with-1-rtm-card-ahead-of-ipl-2025-auction-purse-size-gets-bigger-check-all-details-here-3101224-2024-09-28 |url-status=live}}</ref> Rajasthan had no cards left.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2025/ipl-2025-mega-auction-every-ipl-teams-retentions-auction-purse-total-slots-rtm-available-7089198|title=IPL 2025 Mega Auction: Every IPL Team's Retentions, Auction Purse, Total Slots, RTM Available|work=[[NDTV]]|date=24 November 2024|access-date=24 November 2024|archive-date=10 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250410063200/https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2025/ipl-2025-mega-auction-every-ipl-teams-retentions-auction-purse-total-slots-rtm-available-7089198|url-status=live}}</ref> Rajasthan bought fourteen players in the auction, including seven capped players and five overseas players.<ref name="List">{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/ipl-2025-teams-squads-list-player-prices|title=IPL 2025 teams and all squads - full players list|website=[[Olympics.com]]|date=25 November 2024|access-date=25 November 2024|archive-date=24 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124172801/https://olympics.com/en/news/ipl-2025-teams-squads-list-player-prices|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Squad ==
* Players with international caps as of start of 2025 IPL are listed in '''bold'''.
* Ages are as of {{start date|2025|3|22|df=y}}.
* Withdrawn players are indicated by a dagger symbol ({{dagger}}) and placed at the bottom of the table.
{{clear}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|+ [[Rajasthan Royals]] squad for the [[2025 Indian Premier League]]<ref name="S2025">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|ref=ipl-2025-1449924/rajasthan-royals-squad-1458634/series-squads|title=2025 Indian Premier League, Rajasthan Royals squad|access-date=3 June 2025|dynamic=n|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250701132828/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/rajasthan-royals-squad-1458634/series-squads|archive-date=1 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="retain"/><ref name="List"/>
! S/N || Name || Nationality || Birth date || Batting style || Bowling style || Salary || Notes
|-
| 5 || '''[[Riyan Parag]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2001|11|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || {{INRConvert|14|c|lk=on}} || Stand-in captain{{efn|name=Parag|[[Riyan Parag]] captained [[Rajasthan Royals]] for the first 3 games,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-riyan-parag-named-rajasthan-royals-captain-for-three-games-sanju-samson-to-play-as-batter-1477402|title=IPL 2025: Parag named Royals captain for first three games, Samson to play as batter|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|date=20 March 2025|access-date=2025-06-17|language=en|archive-date=24 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324015747/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-riyan-parag-named-rajasthan-royals-captain-for-three-games-sanju-samson-to-play-as-batter-1477402|url-status=live}}</ref> and in later games when [[Sanju Samson]] was unavailable.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-21 |title=Rahul Dravid reserves special praise for Riyan Parag's captaincy |url=http://crictoday.com/cricket/daily-cricket-news/rahul-dravid-reserves-special-praise-for-riyan-parags-captaincy/ |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=Crictoday |language=en-US |archive-date=16 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616104042/https://crictoday.com/cricket/daily-cricket-news/rahul-dravid-reserves-special-praise-for-riyan-parags-captaincy/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
|-
| 11 || '''[[Sanju Samson]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1994|11|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || {{INRConvert|18|c|lk=on}} || [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]
|-
| 12 || [[Vaibhav Sooryavanshi]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2011|03|27|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Left-arm orthodox spin|orthodox]] || {{INRConvert|1.1|c|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 14 || [[Kunal Singh Rathore]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2002|10|09|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 21 || '''[[Dhruv Jurel]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2001|01|21|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|14|c|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 22 || '''[[Jofra Archer]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1995|04|01|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || {{INRConvert|12.5|c|lk=on}} || Overseas
|-
| 24 || '''[[Tushar Deshpande]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1995|05|15|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|6.5|c|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 25 || [[Akash Madhwal]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1993|11|25|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|1.2|c|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 26 || [[Kumar Kartikeya]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1997|12|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Left-arm unorthodox spin|unorthodox]] || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 27 || [[Shubham Dubey]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1994|08|27|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || {{INRConvert|80|l|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 34 || [[Yudhvir Singh (cricketer)|Yudhvir Singh]] || {{cr|IND}}|| {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1997|09|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|35|l|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 49 || '''[[Wanindu Hasaranga]]''' || {{cr|SL}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1997|07|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]]|| {{INRConvert|5.25|c|lk=on}} || Overseas
|-
| 61 || '''[[Maheesh Theekshana]]''' || {{cr|SL}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2000|08|01|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || {{INRConvert|4.4|c|lk=on}} || Overseas
|-
| 64 || '''[[Yashasvi Jaiswal]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2001|12|28|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || {{INRConvert|18|c|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 83 || '''[[Fazalhaq Farooqi]]''' || {{cr|AFG}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2000|09|22|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|2|c|lk=on}} || Overseas
|-
| 189 || '''[[Shimron Hetmyer]]''' || {{cr|WIN}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1996|12|26|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || {{INRConvert|11|c|lk=on}} || Overseas
|-
| {{N/A}} || '''[[Nandre Burger]]''' || {{cr|SA}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1995|08|11|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || {{INRConvert|3.5|c|lk=on}} || Overseas; replacement{{Efn|name=Sandeep}}
|-
| {{N/A}} || '''[[Kwena Maphaka]]''' || {{cr|SA}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2006|04|08|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|1.5|c|lk=on}} || Overseas
|-
| {{N/A}} || [[Lhuan-dre Pretorius]] || {{cr|SA}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2006|03|28|df=y}} || Left-handed || {{N/A}} || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}} || Overseas; replacement{{Efn|name=Nitish}}
|-
| {{N/A}} || [[Alok Sharma (cricketer)|Ashok Sharma]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2002|06|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 20 || '''[[Sandeep Sharma]]''' {{dagger}} || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1993|05|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|4|c|lk=on}} || Withdrawn{{Efn|name=Sandeep|[[Nandre Burger]] replaced [[Sandeep Sharma]], after the latter withdrew due to finger injury.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Rajasthan Royals pick Nandre Burger as injury replacement for Sandeep Sharma |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/4206/rajasthan-royals-pick-nandre-burger-as-injury-replacement-for-sandeep-sharma |website=[[IPLT20.com]] |access-date=21 May 2025 |archive-date=8 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508093146/https://www.iplt20.com/news/4206/rajasthan-royals-pick-nandre-burger-as-injury-replacement-for-sandeep-sharma |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
|-
| 36 || '''[[Nitish Rana]]''' {{dagger}} || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1993|12|27|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || {{INRConvert|4.2|c|lk=on}} || Withdrawn{{Efn|name=Nitish|[[Lhuan-dre Pretorius]] replaced [[Nitish Rana]], after the latter withdrew due to calf injury.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Rajasthan Royals pick Lhuan-dre Pretorius for the injured Nitish Rana|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/4202/rajasthan-royals-pick-lhuan-dre-pretorius-for-the-injured-nitish-rana |website=[[IPLT20.com]]}}</ref>}}
|}
{{notelist}}

== Support staff ==
In September 2024, it was announced that [[Rahul Dravid]] would replace [[Kumar Sangakkara]] as Rajasthan's head coach,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dravid unveiled as Rajasthan Royals head coach |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/rahul-dravid-unveiled-as-rajasthan-royals-head-coach-1450060 |date=2024-09-06 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=18 November 2024 |archive-date=10 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010001022/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/rahul-dravid-unveiled-as-rajasthan-royals-head-coach-1450060 |url-status=live}}</ref> while [[Vikram Rathour]] would join as batting coach.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rathour joins Rajasthan Royals as batting coach|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-vikram-rathour-joins-rajasthan-royals-as-batting-coach-1451830|date=2024-09-20|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=18 November 2024|archive-date=9 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009174455/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-vikram-rathour-joins-rajasthan-royals-as-batting-coach-1451830|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Position || Name
|-
| Head coach || [[Rahul Dravid]]
|-
| Batting coach || [[Vikram Rathour]]
|-
| Bowling coach || [[Sairaj Bahutule]]
|}
* Source: ''Wisden''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-18 |title=IPL 2025: Who Are The Captains And Coaching Staff Of Each Team? |url=https://www.wisden.com/series/ipl-2025/cricket-news/ipl-2025-who-are-the-captains-and-coaching-staff-of-each-team |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Wisden |language=en |archive-date=21 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621155521/https://www.wisden.com/series/ipl-2025/cricket-news/ipl-2025-who-are-the-captains-and-coaching-staff-of-each-team |url-status=live}}</ref>

== League stage ==
Rajasthan Royals began their season with two defeats against [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] and [[Kolkata Knight Riders]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/sunrisers-hyderabad-vs-rajasthan-royals-2nd-match-1473439/match-report|title=Kishan's 106* ensures SRH ease to win in 286 plays 242 |date=23 March 2025|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=France-Presse |first=Agence |date=26 March 2025 |title=IPL 2025 Points Table After Kolkata Knight Riders' Win Over Rajasthan Royals |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2025/ipl-2025-points-table-after-kolkata-knight-riders-win-over-rajasthan-royals-8018804 |access-date=25 March 2026 |work=[[NDTV Sports]]}}</ref> They won the next two matches against [[Chennai Super Kings]] and [[Punjab Kings]];<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-20 |title=CSK vs RR Highlights, IPL 2025: Rajasthan Royals beats Chennai Super Kings by six wickets |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/csk-vs-rr-live-score-chennai-super-kings-ipl-2025-rajasthan-royals-match-updates-streaming-highlights/article69597297.ece |access-date=2026-03-25 |work=[[Sportstar]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/punjab-kings-vs-rajasthan-royals-18th-match-1473455/match-report|title=Archer leads PBKS demolition job after Jaiswal & Co set the platform for Royals|date=23 March 2025|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 May 2025|archive-date=11 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411014303/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/punjab-kings-vs-rajasthan-royals-18th-match-1473455/match-report|url-status=live}}</ref> but lost the next five matches against [[Gujarat Titans]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Beniwal |first=Rishabh |date=2025-04-09 |title=IPL 2025 GT vs RR: All-round Gujarat Titans hammer Rajasthan Royals to top table |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ipl-2025-sai-sudharsan-prasidh-krishna-shimron-hetmyer-gt-vs-rr-2706654-2025-04-09 |access-date=2026-03-25 |work=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-13 |title=RR vs RCB Highlights, IPL 2025: Kohli, Salt fifties guide Royal Challengers Bengaluru to comfortable win over Rajasthan Royals |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/rr-vs-rcb-live-score-ipl-2025-rajasthan-royals-royal-challengers-bengaluru-april-13-updates-highlights-streaming-info/article69445657.ece |access-date=2026-03-25 |work=[[Sportstar]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Delhi Capitals]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2025 |title=Delhi Capitals vs Rajasthan Royals Highlights: KL Rahul, Mitchell Starc Star As DC Beat RR In IPL 2025 Super Over Thriller |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2025/delhi-capitals-vs-rajasthan-royals-live-score-ipl-2025-dc-vs-rr-live-cricket-updates-today-kl-rahul-karun-nair-sanju-samson-yashasvi-jaiswal-8178696 |access-date=25 March 2026 |work=[[NDTV Sports]]}}</ref> [[Lucknow Super Giants]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-19 |title=RR vs LSG highlights, IPL 2025 updates: Avesh stars as Lucknow Super Giants beats Rajasthan Royals by two runs |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/rr-vs-lsg-live-score-ipl-2025-updates-scorecard-commentary-rajasthan-royals-lucknow-super-giants-highlights/article69467970.ece |access-date=2026-03-25 |work=[[Sportstar]] |language=en}}</ref> and Bengaluru.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/royal-challengers-bengaluru-vs-rajasthan-royals-42nd-match-1473479/match-report|title=Kohli and Hazlewood break RCB's home duck as RR botch another chase|date=23 March 2025|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 May 2025|archive-date=29 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429041658/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/royal-challengers-bengaluru-vs-rajasthan-royals-42nd-match-1473479/match-report|url-status=live}}</ref> They won their tenth match against Gujarat with their player [[Vaibhav Sooryavanshi]] becoming the youngest and the fastest Indian player to score a century in IPL.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/rajasthan-royals-vs-gujarat-titans-47th-match-1473484/match-report|title=Suryavanshi, 14, shatters records to keep RR alive|date=23 March 2025|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 May 2025|archive-date=29 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429051640/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/rajasthan-royals-vs-gujarat-titans-47th-match-1473484/match-report|url-status=live}}</ref> Following a 100-run defeat against [[Mumbai Indians]], they were eliminated from the 2025 IPL.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan out of contention for IPL 2025 playoffs after thumping loss to MI |url=https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/ipl/rajasthan-out-of-contention-for-ipl-2025-playoffs-after-thumping-loss-to-mi-125050101194_1.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250503142144/https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/ipl/rajasthan-out-of-contention-for-ipl-2025-playoffs-after-thumping-loss-to-mi-125050101194_1.html |archive-date=2025-05-03 |access-date=2026-03-23 |work=[[Business Standard]] |language=en-US}}</ref> They lost the next two matches against Kolkata<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-05 |title=IPL 2025, KKR vs RR Highlights: Riyan Parag’s fireworks Shubham Dubey’s late hits in vain as KKR win Eden Gardens thriller by 1 run |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/kkr-vs-rr-live-score-2025-ipl-53rd-match-live-cricket-score-updates-kolkata-knight-riders-vs-rajasthan-royals-sunil-narine-yashasvi-jaiswal-9981206/ |access-date=2026-03-25 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> and Punjab;<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-18 |title=RR vs PBKS Highlights, IPL 2025: Punjab Kings beats Rajasthan Royals to close in on playoff spot |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/rr-vs-pbks-live-score-ipl-2025-rajasthan-royals-v-punjab-kings-match-updates-streaming-info-highlights/article69589964.ece |access-date=2026-03-25 |work=[[Sportstar]] |language=en}}</ref> but won in their last match of the season against Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2025 |title=CSK vs RR Highlights, IPL 2025: Vaibhav Suryavanshi The Star As RR Push MS Dhoni's CSK Towards 1st-Ever Last-Place Finish |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2025/chennai-super-kings-vs-rajasthan-royals-live-score-csk-vs-rr-live-updates-ipl-2025-cricket-match-today-ms-dhoni-vaibhav-suryavanshi-yashavi-jaiswal-8462335 |access-date=25 March 2026 |work=[[NDTV Sports]]}}</ref>

=== Points table ===
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|pt}}

=== League progression ===
{{#invoke:IndianPremierLeagueProgression | create

| L2, L6, W11, W18, L23, L28, L32, L36, L42, W47, L50, L54, L59, W62 | E

| caption = League progression<ref name="pts"/>
| teams = {{IPL Teams 1|rr}}
| knockoutType = 2
| matchesPerTeam = 14
| matchReportArticle = }}

=== Fixtures ===
{{hatnote|All times are in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]])}}
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match2}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match6}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match11}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match18}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match23}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match28}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match32}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match36}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match42}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match47}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match50}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match53}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match59}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match62}}

== Statistics ==
[[File:Yashasvi Jaiswal in PMO New Delhi.jpg|thumb|alt=Yashasvi Jaiswal in 2024|[[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] scored the most runs (559) for [[Rajasthan Royals]] in the [[2025 Indian Premier League]].]]
At the [[2025 Indian Premier League#End of season awards|IPL end of season awards]], Sooryavanshi was awarded for the highest batting strike rate in the season.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-03 |title=IPL 2025 Final Presentation: Full List Of Tournament Award Winners |url=https://www.wisden.com/series/ipl-2025/cricket-news/ipl-2025-final-presentation-full-list-tournament-award-winners |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=Wisden |language=en |archive-date=16 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260116154536/https://www.wisden.com/series/ipl-2025/cricket-news/ipl-2025-final-presentation-full-list-tournament-award-winners |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Most runs<ref name="mr">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|tournament|id=indian-premier-league-2025-16622|title=2025 Indian Premier League|stat=most runs|access-date=3 June 2025|dynamic=n|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250627053138/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/indian-premier-league-2025-16622|archive-date=27 June 2025}}</ref>
! scope=col | [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! scope=col | Player
|-
! scope=row | 559
| [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]]
|-
! scope=row | 393
| [[Riyan Parag]]
|-
! scope=row | 333
| [[Dhruv Jurel]]
|-
! scope=row | 285
| [[Sanju Samson]]
|-
! scope=row | 252
| [[Vaibhav Sooryavanshi]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Most wickets<ref name="mw">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|tournament|id=indian-premier-league-2025-16622|title=2025 Indian Premier League|stat=most wickets|access-date=3 June 2025|dynamic=n|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250627053137/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/indian-premier-league-2025-16622|archive-date=27 June 2025}}</ref>
! scope=col | [[Wicket]]s
! scope=col | Player
|-
! scope=row | 11
| [[Wanindu Hasaranga]]
|-
! scope=row | 11
| [[Jofra Archer]]
|-
! scope=row | 11
| [[Maheesh Theekshana]]
|-
! scope=row | 9
| [[Sandeep Sharma]]
|-
! scope=row | 9
| [[Tushar Deshpande]]
|}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="sch-chng1">[[#sch1|Original 2025 IPL Schedule]] vs [[#sch3|Revised 2025 IPL Schedule]]</ref>
<ref name="sch-chng2">{{cite web |access-date=13 May 2025 |title=IPL 2025 schedule: What's changed in the new fixture list vs old? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-2025-schedule-whats-changed-in-the-new-fixture-list-vs-old/articleshow/121128408.cms |work=[[Times of India]] |date=13 May 2025 |archive-date=13 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513064518/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-2025-schedule-whats-changed-in-the-new-fixture-list-vs-old/articleshow/121128408.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
</references>
=== General references ===
* {{anchor|sch1}}{{Cite journal |date=2025-02-16 |title=IPL Season Schedule 2025 |url=https://documents.iplt20.com/smart-images/1739621485265_IPL%20Season%20Schedule%202025-1.pdf |journal=Indian Premier League Schedule |publisher=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] |volume=18 |issue=1}}
* {{anchor|sch3}}{{Cite journal |date=2025-05-12 |title=IPL Season Schedule 2025 |url=https://scores.iplt20.com/TATA%20IPL%202025%20Season%20Schedule.pdf |journal=Indian Premier League Schedule |publisher=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] |volume=18 |issue=3}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.rajasthanroyals.com/}}
* [https://www.iplt20.com/teams/rajasthan-royals Rajasthan Royals on IPLT20 website]
* {{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|id=ipl-2025-1449924|title=2025 Indian Premier League}}

{{Rajasthan Royals}}
{{2025 Indian Premier League}}

[[Category:2025 Indian Premier League|Rajasthan Royals]]
[[Category:Rajasthan Royals seasons]]

M80 Moosa

2026-04-26T22:02:07Z

RajveerSingha1950: done

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox television
| alt_name =
| image = M80_Moosa_title_screenshot.jpg
| caption = Opening sequence
| genre = [[Comedy-Drama]]
| creator =
| developer = Essem Shaseer Reisal Illikkal
| writer = N.P Sajeesh Jeo Baby K Renjith Favour Francis
| director = [[Shaji Azeez]]
| starring = [[Vinod Kovoor]] [[Surabhi Lakshmi]] Anju Sasi Athul Sreeva
| opentheme = ''M80 Moosa'' by Benti
| num_seasons = 1
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_episodes = 350
| producer = [[N.P Sajeesh]]
| editor =
| runtime = 23 minutes approx
| channel = [[Media One TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2014|1|04}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2017}}
| location = [[Kerala]]
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
}}

'''M80 Moosa'''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/M80-Moosa-a-new-satirical-series/articleshow/30840477.cms|title=M80 Moosa, a new satirical series|work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=22 February 2014 }}</ref> is an Indian comedy series which launched on [[Media One TV]], starring ''[[Vinod Kovoor]]'' & ''[[Surabhi Lakshmi]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/Actress-Surabhi-Lakshmi-gets-married-/articleshow/44924642.cms|title=M80 Moosa, Actress Surabi got married|work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=24 October 2014 }}</ref> as main protagonists. ''M80 Moosa''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/m80-moosa/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000549883831/channelid-10000000014010000/starttime-201412240830|title=M80 Moosa, at The Times of India|work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> was one of the leading series on [[Media One TV]] channel, until stopping its broadcast in 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/M80-Moosa-a-new-satirical-series/articleshow/30840477.cms|title=M80 Moosa, a new satirical series|work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=22 February 2014 }}</ref>

==Plot & Timing==
The show was based on the current issues in [[Kerala]] that effect the life of a fish monger & his family who live in the city of [[Kozhikode]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/m80-moosa/cast/722340/|title=M80 Moosa - Synopsis|work=www.tvguide.com}}</ref> The show had been broadcast on [[Media One TV]] at 8.30 PM ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) every Saturday & Sunday.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantvzone.com/m80-moosa-media-one-tv-serial-cast-rating-and-actress/|title=M80 Moosa, Brief review|work=www.indiantvzone.com}}</ref>

==Cast==

===Main cast===
* [[Vinod Kovoor]] as ''M80 Moosa''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/Vinod-Kovoor-is-a-writer-too/articleshow/37312616.cms|title=M80 Moosa, Actor Vinod Kovoor is a writer too!|work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=27 June 2014 }}</ref>
* [[Surabhi Lakshmi]] as ''Pathu/Fathima C.M./Pathumma'' <ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/Pathu-is-typical-Calicut-woman-Surabhi/articleshow/51683311.cms|title=Pathu is typical Calicut woman: Surabhi|work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=5 April 2016 }}</ref>
* Anju Sasi as ''Rasiya Moosa''
* Athul Sreeva as ''Rizwan Moosa''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mathrubhuminews.in/ee/ReadMore/12536/athul-sreeva-is-the-star-of-the-day|title=M80 Moosa, Lessons from closely observed lizards pay off for Athul Sreeva|work=mathrubhuminews.in}}</ref>
* C.T. Kabeer as ''Shukoor C.M.''
* Sreejith Kaiveli Pokkan as ''Susheelan''
* [[K. T. C. Abdullah]] as ''Narikkuniyil Mamad Haji''

===Recurring cast===
* Prathapan Nellikkathara
* Rama Devi
* Vineetha
* Sasheendra Varma

=== New Cast ===
* Balan Parakkal as ''Ambujakshan''
* Vijayan Karanthoor as ''Member''
* [[Kozhikode Sarada]] as ''Kadeesumma''

=== Former Cast ===
* Ibrahim Kutty as ''Balan T.M''
* [[Chembil Ashokan]] as ''Joseph/Oussepettan''
* Appunni Sasi as ''Sugunan''

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.mediaonetv.in/programmes/m80-moosa}} on [[Media One TV]]

[[Category:Indian comedy television series]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kozhikode]]

Education in Neyyattinkara

2026-04-26T13:37:54Z

RajveerSingha1950: made new article

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}

[[Neyyattinkara]] has a number of secondary and higher secondary educational institutions, along with a number of Polytechnics and Engineering Colleges in its vicinity. The Govt. HSS in the town is one of the oldest schools in the state, established in the 1890s.

== List of colleges ==

# NIMS Dental College,<ref name="apr21">{{cite web|url=http://nimshospital.com|title=WELCOME TO NIMS HOSPITAL|access-date=2014-04-08|publisher=NIMS Hospital|year=2014|author=NIMS Hospital|work=APR Website}}</ref> Aralumoodu, Neyyattinkara
# Technology Management Corridor (TMC), Near Sub-jail, Chemparathivila, NTA [Institute of Human Resource Development (IHRD), Government of Kerala]
# College of Applied Science, Dhanuvachapuram (5 km from Town) (Institute of Human Resource Development (IHRD), Government of Kerala)
# Ezhuthachan College of Pharmaceutical Sciences,<ref name="apr22">{{cite web|url=http://www.enapc.ac.in/|title=Ezhuthachan College of Pharmaceutical Sciences|access-date=2014-04-08|publisher= Ezhuthachan College|year=2014|author= Ezhuthachan College|work=APR Website}}</ref> Marayamuttom
# VTM NSS college, Dhanuvachapuram<ref name="apr23">{{cite web|url=http://vtmnsscollege.org|title= Home|access-date=2014-04-08|publisher=VTM NSS college, Dhanuvachapuram|year=2014|author=VTM NSS college, Dhanuvachapuram |work=APR Website}}</ref> (5 km from Town)
# K N M Government Arts & Science College, [[Kanjiramkulam]]<ref name="apr24">{{cite web|url=http://keralauniversity.ac.in/affiliatedcolleges/list_details/1.html?start=75|title=Kunjukrishnan Nadar Memorial Govt. Arts & Science College, Kanjiramkulam|access-date=2014-04-08|publisher=Kerala University|year=2014|author=Kerala University|work=APR Website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426130411/http://www.keralauniversity.ac.in/affiliatedcolleges/list_details/1.html?start=75|archive-date=2015-04-26}}</ref> (5 km from Town)
# Government Arts & Science College, Kulathoor
# University Institute of Technology, Neyyattinkara Centre<ref name="apr25">{{cite web |url=http://uitnta.com/ |title=University Institute of Technology Neyyatinkara Centre |access-date=2014-04-08 |publisher=UIT, NTA |year=2014 |author=UIT, NTA |work=APR Website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220174250/http://www.uitnta.com/ |archive-date=2014-02-20 }}</ref> (2 km from Town)
# Government Polytechnic College, Perumpazhuthoor<ref name="apr26">{{cite web |url=https://gptcnta.ac.in/ |title=Government Polytechnic College, Neyyatinkara |access-date=8 April 2014 }}</ref> (3 km from Town)
# Regional Institute of Aviation, Pravachambalam<ref name="apr27">{{cite web|url=http://riaindia.co.in|title=Regional Institute of Aviation, Pravachambalam|access-date=2014-04-08|publisher= Regional Institute of Aviation, Pravachambalam|year=2014|author=Regional Institute of Aviation, Pravachambalam|work=APR Website}}</ref> (6 km from Town)
# CSI College of Education, Parasala
# PRS College of Engineering and Technology, Paliyode<ref name="apr28">{{cite web|url=http://prscet.edu.in|title=PRS College of Engineering and Technology, Paliyode|access-date=2014-04-08|publisher=PRS College of Engineering and Technology, Paliyode|year=2014|author=PRS College of Engineering and Technology, Paliyode|work=APR Website}}</ref>
# Christian College, Kattakada<ref name="apr29">{{cite web|url=http://christiancollegektda.org/|title=Christian College Kattakada|access-date=2014-04-08|publisher=Christian College, Kattakada|year=2014|author=Christian College, Kattakada|work=APR Website}}</ref> (7 km from Neyyattinkara town border, however, this college comes under newly formed [[Kattakada]] Taluk)
# Sree Krishna College of Pharmacy & Research Centre, [[Parassala]]

== List of schools==

{{Infobox school
| name = St.Teresa Of Avila ICSE School
| image = St. Therese's Convent Girl's Higher Secondary School, Neyyattinkara.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Affiliated to CISCE No. KE148
| motto = ''Let Your Light Shine''
| location = Convent Road, Neyyattinkara
| country =
| coordinates =
| established = {{Start date|1928|07 || df=y}}
| type = Private
| district = Trivandrum
| grades = K - 10
| superintendent =
| principal = Sr. SHYLA ABEL
| enrollment = 1500-1700
| faculty = 121
| campus_type = Privately owned and operated
| campus_size = 6 acres
| mascot = Lotus with Lamp
| newspaper =
| colors =
| website =
| feeder_schools =
}}

#St.Teresa's Convent GHSS, Convent Road, Neyyattinkara: Classes from Kindergarten to Plus Two. Students can opt either ICSE ([[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]]) Syllabus in English Medium or State Syllabus in English / Malayalam Medium. Boys are also admitted up to 7th standard in State Syllabus. This school was established in the year 1928. English medium school started in 1931. Higher secondary section added in 2002. I.C.S.E. wing started in 2007. 2013 batch [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) first rank holder in [[India]], Ms. Haritha V Kumar<ref name="apr30">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/kerala-haritha-v-kumar-secures-first-rank-in-civil-services-exam-161655-2013-05-02|title=Kerala's Haritha V. Kumar secures first rank in civil services examinations|access-date=2014-05-14|publisher=India Today|year=2014|author= India Today|work=APR Website}}</ref> is the former student of this school.
# Government Higher Secondary School, Near Govt. Hospital Jn (State Syllabus - English / Malayalam Medium)
# Government Girls' Higher Secondary School, Govt. Hospital Road (State Syllabus - English / Malayalam Medium)
# Sree Vidyadhiraja Vidya Nilayam Higher Secondary School, Convent Road (English Medium)
#Viswabharathy Public School, Kanyakumari Road (CBSE Syllabus, English Medium)
# Junior Basic School (JBS), Neyyattinkara - State Syllabus, Malayalam Medium (Near Municipality & Fire Station buildings)
# St. Philip English Medium High School, T B Junction
# LMS HSS Amaravila, Near Amaravila Church
# Dr. G.R Public School, Ooruttukaala
# St. Mary’s H.S., Kamukincode
# Government High School, Perumpazhuthoor- 3 km from Town
# M.V Higher Secondary School, Arumanoor
# Government Higher Secondary School - Marayamuttom in Perumkadavila Panchayat
# Leo XIII Higher Secondary School, Pulluvila
# New Higher Secondary School, Nellimoodu
# St. Chrysostom's G.H.S.S Nellimoodu
# PKS Higher Secondary School, Kanjiramkulam
# Government High School, Kanjiramkulam
# Javahar Central School, [[Kanjiramkulam]]
# Government High School, Anavoor
# Government Higher Secondary School, Keezharoor
# St. Helen's Girls' Higher Secondary School, Lourdupuram
# Srisankara Centralschool, Poozhikunnu, Venkadampu

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Neyyattinkara]]
[[Category:Education in Thiruvananthapuram district]]
[[Category:Schools in Thiruvananthapuram district]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Thiruvananthapuram district]]

Ajay Tandon

2026-04-24T22:08:21Z

RajveerSingha1950: put up new info basic info...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ajay Tandon
| office = Member of [[15th Madhya Pradesh Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Damoh Assembly constituency]]
| predecessor = [[Rahul Lodhi]]
| term_start = 21 May 2021
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|9|4|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Damoh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| children = 2
| image =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}

'''Ajay Tandon''' (born 4 September 1954) is an Indian politician from [[Madhya Pradesh]] who is serving as Member of [[15th Madhya Pradesh Assembly]] from [[Damoh Assembly constituency]] on behalf of [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gite |first=Manish |date=2021-05-21 |title=कांग्रेस विधायक अजय टंडन ने ली शपथ, विधानसभा में बढ़ गया कांग्रेस का कुनबा |url=https://www.patrika.com/bhopal-news/damoh-by-election-win-congress-mla-ajay-tandon-take-membership-6856228/ |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=[[Rajasthan Patrika]] |language=hi-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Awasthi |first=Prateek |date=2021-05-02 |title=दमोह उपचुनाव: कांग्रेस के अजय टंडन की 17 हजार वोटों से जीत, भाजपा के राहुल लोधी हारे |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/madhya-pradesh/damoh-ajay-tandon-of-congress-won-elections-in-damoh-with-17000-votes-nodelsp-3576260.html |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=[[News18 India]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Susobhan |date=2021-05-03 |title=Congress retains Damoh seat, Ajay Tandon wins by over 17,000 votes |url=https://www.news9live.com/state/madhya-pradesh/mp-bypolls-congress-retains-damoh-seat-ajay-tandon-wins-by-over-17000-votes-24603.html |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=News9Live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dwari |first=Anurag |title=दमोह उपचुनाव में कांग्रेस के अजय कुमार टंडन ने BJP उम्मीदवार को दी श‍िकस्त |url=https://ndtv.in/india-news/damoh-by-election-result-2021-ajay-kumar-tandon-of-congress-defeated-rahul-singh-of-bjp-by-more-than-15000-votes-2426715 |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He was born on 4 September 1954 in [[Damoh]] to Chandra Narayan Tandon. He is married to Anju Tandon and has 2 daughters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=टंडन, श्री अजय कुमार |url=https://mpvidhansabha.nic.in/15thvs/2019_55.pdf |website=[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tandon, Ajay}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:People from Damoh]]
[[Category:Politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Vijay Krishna (politician)

2026-04-22T02:15:50Z

RajveerSingha1950: started initial info needs work

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=July 2023}}
{{BLP no footnotes|date=July 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vijay Krishna
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1951|9|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], Bihar
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of parliament|MP]]
| constituency = [[Barh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barh]]
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
| spouse =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = 26 September
| year = 2006
| source = https://web.archive.org/web/20060621014832/http://164.100.24.208:80/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=4157
}}

'''Vijay Krishna''' (born 2 September 1951) is a member of the [[14th Lok Sabha]] of India. He represents the [[Barh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barh]] constituency of Bihar and is a member of the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] (RJD) political party.

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060207152857/http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/homepage.asp?mpsno=4157 Home Page on the Parliament of India's Website]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishna, Vijay}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]

{{bihar-RJD-politician-stub}}

Murder of Aishwarya

2026-04-22T01:30:52Z

RajveerSingha1950: stub

{{Short description|2024 murder in India}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{infobox event
| title = Murder of Aishwarya
| image =
| image_name =
| caption =
| date = January 2 to 3 of 2024
| time =
| place =
| coordinates =
|type =[[Murder]], [[Honor killing]]
| also known as =
| cause = [[Inter-caste marriages in India|Inter-caste marriage]]
| first reporter =
| filmed by =
| outcome =
| reported injuries =
| reported death(s) = Aishwarya
| burial =
| inquiries =
| inquest =
| coroner =
| suspects = Aishwarya's parents, Perumal and Roja and her relatives
| charges =
| verdict =
| convictions =
| publication bans =
| litigation =
}}

The '''killing of Aishwarya''' occurred between January 2 to 3 of 2024.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tamil Nadu woman killed by family days after marrying Dalit in Thanjavur |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tamil-nadu-woman-killed-by-family-inter-caste-marriage-dalit-man-thanjavur-2487024-2024-01-10 |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=India Today |date=10 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

A [[Kallar (caste)|Kallar]] [[Hindus|Hindu]], Aishwarya, 19 years old, married Naveen, a [[Dalit]] on December 31, 2023, following an 18-month relationship.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2024-01-11 |title=Caste killing: Cop suspended, victim's parents remanded |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/caste-killing-cop-suspended-victims-parents-remanded/articleshow/106713684.cms |access-date=2024-01-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The couple met in school and worked at a knitting unit in [[Tiruppur]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-09 |title=Woman, 19, burned to death for marrying dalit in Tamil Nadu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/woman-19-burned-to-death-for-marrying-dalit-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/106649946.cms |access-date=2024-01-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Following the wedding, the couple moved to [[Veerapandi, Theni]]. A [[missing person]]s report was filed by Aishwarya's parents, Perumal and Roja, which led to Aishwarya being returned to her parents despite her being of the [[Majority Act (India)|age of majority]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

On January 3, 2024, Naveen learned about the death and cremation of Aishwarya, filing a police report on January 7 under the suspicion Aishwarya was murdered by her parents.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Post |first=The Observer |date=2024-01-11 |title=Tamil Nadu: Woman Killed by Family Days After Marrying Dalit Man |url=https://theobserverpost.com/tamil-nadu-woman-killed-by-family-days-after-marrying-dalit-man/ |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=The Observer Post |language=en-US}}</ref>

Perumal and Roja were later arrested for the torturing and hanging of their daughter who was later cremated <ref name="தமிழரசு 2024 q500">{{cite web | last=தமிழரசு | first=பிரபாகர் | title=நவீன், ஐஸ்வர்யா: பட்டியல் சாதி இளைஞரை திருமணம் செய்த பெண்ணை புளியமரத்தில் தூக்கிட்டு கொலை செய்த பெற்றோர் | website=BBC News தமிழ் | date=13 January 2024 | url=https://www.bbc.com/tamil/articles/c3gy2425vg3o | language=ta | access-date=16 January 2024}}</ref> and police officer Murugaiyan suspended for enforcing the return of Aishwarya to her parents.<ref name=":1" /> Several other members of Aishwarya's family were detained in relation to the incident.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-10 |title=Honour-Killing of 19-Year-Old Woman After She Marries Dalit Man in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.news18.com/india/tamil-nadu-honour-killing-19-year-old-woman-marries-dalit-man-family-murder-thanjavur-thevar-8735532.html |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2024-01-13 |title=Three more held in Thanjavur for murder of 19-yr-old-woman in relationship with Dalit man |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/three-more-held-in-thanjavur-for-murder-of-19-yr-old-woman-in-relationship-with-dalit-man |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aishwarya, Murder of}}
[[Category:Crime in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Honour killing in India]]
[[Category:Femicide in India]]
[[Category:Caste-related violence in India]]
[[Category:Honor killing victims]]
[[Category:People murdered in India]]
[[Category:2024 murders in India]]
[[Category:Filicides]]
[[Category:Incidents of violence against women]]
[[Category:2020s in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in India]]
[[Category:January 2024 in India]]
[[Category:January 2024 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:Tiruppur]]

Abraham Koorilos I

2026-04-20T10:28:57Z

RajveerSingha1950:

{{Short description|First primate of Malabar Independent Syrian Church }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type =
| honorific_prefix = [[His Grace]]
| name = Abraham Mar Koorilos I
| honorific_suffix = Founder of the [[Malabar Independent Syrian Church]]
| patriarch_of =
| title = [[Malabar Independent Syrian Church]]
| image = Tombofmarkoorilose.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| alt = Tomb of Abraham Mar Koorilos I
| caption = Tomb of Abraham Mar Koorilos I at St. George's Cathedral Church, Thozhiyur
| native_name = Kattumanghattu Abraham Koorilos Valiya Bava
| native_name_lang =
| church = [[Malabar Independent Syrian Church]]
| archdiocese =
| province =
| metropolis =
| diocese =
| see =
| elected =
| term_start =1772
| term_end = 1802
| quashed = 
| predecessor =
| successor = Geevargheese Koorilose II

| ordination =
| ordained_by =
| consecration =
| consecrated_by = Gregorios of Jerusalem
| cardinal =
| created_cardinal_by =
| rank = Thozhiyur Metropolitan

| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = {{death_date|1802|7|10|df=y}}
| buried = St. George's Cathedral Church, Thozhiyur
}}
'''Kattumanghattu Abraham Mar Koorilos I''' was the first [[Primate (bishop)|primate]] and Metropolitan of the [[Malabar Independent Syrian Church]] in [[Kerala]], [[India]], although it was known initially as Thozhiyoor Church when established in 1772. Abraham Koorilos I is popularly known as '''Kattumangattu Valiya Bava'''.<ref>{{cite book |title=The forgotten bishops : the Malabar Independent Syrian Church and its place in the story of the St. Thomas Christians of South India |publisher=Gorgias Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60724-619-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Misc – Malabar Independent Syrian Church |url=http://misc.co.in/about-the-congregation/#history}}</ref>

Mar Koorilos I remained primate for 30 years from 1772 until his death on 10 July 1802. His brother succeeded him as primate of the church as Kattumangattu Geevarghese Mar Koorilose II until 1808.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hage |first=Wolfgang |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jgz_NyvRFIUC&dq=%22Kattumangattu+Geevarghese+Mar+koorilose+II.%22&pg=PA477 |title=Das orientalische Christentum |date=2007 |publisher=W. Kohlhammer Verlag |isbn=978-3-17-017668-3 |language=de}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Malankara Church]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Vadakkekara, Benedict (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=pAncGlpGW8wC&dq=Malankara&pg=PA91 ''Origin of Christianity in India: a Historiographical Critique'']. Media House Delhi.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Koorilos i Abraham}}

[[Category:1802 deaths]]
[[Category:Malabar Independent Syrian Church]]
[[Category:Metropolitans of the Malabar Independent Syrian Church]]

Nagpur Municipal Corporation

2026-04-19T21:12:56Z

RajveerSingha1950:

{{Short description|Local civic body in Nagpur, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Nagpur Municipal Corporation
| native_name = ''Nāgapūra Mahānagar Pālikā''
| native_name_lang = ma
| transcription_name =
| coa_pic = Nagpur Municipal Corporation logo.png
| coa_res = 200px
| house_type = Municipal Corporation
| coa_alt = Logo of Nagpur Municipal Corporation
| coa_caption = [[Emblem|Emblem of Nagpur Municipal Corporation]]
| body = Nagpur
| established = {{start date and age|March 1951}}
| leader1_type = [[List of mayors of Nagpur|Mayor]]
| leader1 = Neeta Thakre
| party1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader2_type = Deputy Mayor
| leader2 = Leela Hathibed
| party2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election4 = July 2023
| leader3_type = Municipal Commissioner
| leader3 = Abhijeet Chaudhari
| party3 = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| election3 = July 2023
| structure1 = India Maharashtra Nagpur Municipal Corporation Election 2026.svg
| structure1_res = 300px
| seats = 151
| political_groups1 = '''Government (102)'''
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (102)
''' Opposition (49)'''
:*{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|34}}
:*{{Party legend|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|6}}
:*{{Party legend|Indian Union Muslim League|4}}
:*{{Party legend|Shiv Sena (UBT)|2}}
:*{{Party legend|Bahujan Samaj Party|1}}
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}}} [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]] (1)
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party|1}}
| last_election1 = [[2025–26 Maharashtra local election|15 January 2026]]<ref>{{cite web |title=BMC, 28 other municipal corporations to go for polls on January 15; result on January 16 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/maharashtra/maharashtra-bmc-28-other-municipal-corporations-to-go-for-polls-on-january-15-result-on-january-16-latest-updates-2025-12-15-1021804 |publisher=India TV News |date=15 December 2025}}</ref>
| next_election1 = 2031
| website = {{URL|https://www.nmcnagpur.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Nagpur Municipal Corporation (NMC)''' is the municipal body administering [[Nagpur]], in [[Maharashtra|Maharashtra state]] in [[Central India]].

==History==
The Municipal Council of Nagpur was established in 1864 to govern city encompassing 15.5 km2 and a population was 82,000 residents.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nmcnagpur.gov.in/institutional-structure|title=About NMC|access-date=2023-05-23}}</ref>

Post-independence, the council was upgraded to a [[Municipal Corporation]] in March 1951. The first development plan of the city was prepared in 1953. With the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|reorganization of the Indian states]] on linguistic basis in 1956, Nagpur became part of the erstwhile [[Bombay State]]. Subsequently, Nagpur became part of the state of Maharashtra in 1960.

Nagpur Municipal Corporation was incorporated under the Maharashtra Municipal and Corporations and Municipal Councils (Amendment) Act, 1994.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=NMC |url=https://nmcnagpur.gov.in/administrative-structure |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=nmcnagpur.gov.in}}</ref> Historically, it was incorporated under the City of Nagpur Corporation Act, 1948 while it was part of Bombay Province.<ref name=":1" />

==Organization==
===Administrative Wing===
The executive branch of the local body is headed by a Municipal commissioner, an IAS officer. The officers of the corporation are appointed by the state government from deputed Central services, while other employees are part of the State civil service.

Various departments such as public relations, library, health, finance, buildings, slums, roads, street lighting, traffic, establishment, gardens, public works, local audit, legal services, waterworks, education, octroi, and fire services manage their specific activities. The activities of NMC are administered by its zonal offices.

NMC divides the city into 10 zones and which are served by zonal offices <ref>{{cite web|url=http://nmcnagpur.gov.in/en/about-nmc.html | title=About NMC|access-date=2023-05-24}}</ref>
# Laxmi Nagar
# Dharampeth
# Vandaniya Rashtrasant Tukdoji Maharaj (Hanuman Nagar)
# Dhantoli
# Nehru Nagar
# Gandhi Baugh
# Sataranjipura
# Lakadganj
# Ashi Nagar
# Mangalwari

As per NMC's records, it has 10,450 employees at present (against a requirement of 12596) across more than 20 departments.

===Deliberative Wing===
A quinquennial election is held to elect corporators to power. They are responsible for overseeing that their constituencies have the basic civic infrastructure in place and that there is no lacuna on the part of the authorities. The mayor is selected from the party with the largest vote. A largely ceremonial post, he has limited duties.

Each zone is divided into several wards for a total of 38 wards. Each ward is represented by 4 elected corporators <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/in-4-member-ward-system-nmc-to-have-151-corporators-again/articleshow/93332061.cms|title=In 4-member ward system, Nagpur Municipal Corporation to have 151 corporators again|date=2022-08-04|work=The Times of India|access-date=2023-05-23}}</ref>

== Election results ==
[[Local election|Elections]] to the Nagpur Municipal Corporation have been pending since 2022.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-10-04 |title=SEC approves final ward formation for NMC polls |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/124297533.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=2025-10-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In October 2025, the [[State Election Commission]] decided that 37 [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|wards]] would elect four [[Councillor|corporators]] each, while one ward would have three, making up a 151-member general body. Five [[Councillor|corporators]] would also be nominated."<ref name=":0" /> The final ward formation or delimitation of the wards was also released.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Final Ward Formation for General Election - Nagpur Municipal Corporation |url=https://election.nagpurnmc.in/storage/uploads/1759754690_QGIS%20FINAL%20MAP%202025New.pdf}}</ref>

=== 2025 results ===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2"|Party
! Seats
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)'''
| '''102'''
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
| 35
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}" |
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] (AIMIM)
| 6
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}" |
| [[Indian Union Muslim League]] (IUML)
| 4
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena (UBT)}}" |
| [[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shivsena]]
| 2
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
| [[Nationalist Congress Party (Ajit Pawar faction)|Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 1
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}" |
| [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena]]
| 1
|-
| colspan="2"|{{center|'''Total'''}}
| 151
|}

==== Councillors elected in 2025 elections ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Sl. No.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Nagpur Municipal Corporation (NMC) 2025 Election Results |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/maharashtra/nagpur-election-results-complete-list-of-winners-bjp-shiv-sena-congress-fadnavis-thackeray-shinde-maharashtra-municipal-corporation-2026-polls-2026-01-16-1025236}}</ref>
!Ward Number
!Councillor Name
!Political Party
|-
|1
|1 A
|
|
|-
|2
|1 B
|
|
|-
|3
|1 C
|
|
|-
|4
|1 D
|
|
|-
|5
|2 A
|
|
|-
|6
|2 B
|
|
|-
|7
|2 C
|
|
|-
|8
|2 D
|
|
|-
|9
|3 A
|
|
|-
|10
|3 B
|
|
|-
|11
|3 C
|
|
|-
|12
|3 D
|
|
|-
|13
|4 A
|
|
|-
|14
|4 B
|
|
|-
|15
|4 C
|
|
|-
|16
|4 D
|
|
|-
|17
|5 A
|
|
|-
|18
|5 B
|
|
|-
|19
|5 C
|
|
|-
|20
|5 D
|
|
|-
|21
|6 A
| Rekha Patil
| [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
|-
|22
|6 B
|Ansari Mohammad Mujtaba
| [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
|-
|23
|6 C
|Saima Fayyaz Qureshi
| [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
|-
|24
|6 D
|Aslam Khan Mulla
| [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
|-
|25
|7 A
|Kalpana Dronkar
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|26
|7 B
|
|
|}

<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/maharashtra/nagpur-election-results-complete-list-of-winners-bjp-shiv-sena-congress-fadnavis-thackeray-shinde-maharashtra-municipal-corporation-2026-polls-2026-01-16-1025236 |title=Archived copy |access-date=4 April 2014 |archive-date=29 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529095752/http://www.mahasec.com/marathi/results.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== 2017 results ===
The results of the 2012 and 2017 elections are shown.

{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2"|Party
! Seats
! +/-
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)'''
| '''108'''
| {{increase}} '''46'''
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
| 29
| {{decrease}} 12
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP)
| 10
| {{decrease}} 2
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
| [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] (SHS)
| 2
| {{decrease}} 4
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP)
| 1
| {{decrease}} 5
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
| [[Independent politician|Independents]] (Ind)
| 1
| {{decrease}} 9
|-
| colspan="2"|{{center|'''Total'''}}
| 151
|}

=== 2012 results ===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2"|Party
! Seats
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)'''
| '''62'''
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
| 41
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP)
| 12
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP)
| 6
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
| [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] (SHS)
| 6
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}" |
| [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] (MNS)
| 2
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}" |
| [[Indian Union Muslim League]] (IUML)
| 2
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
| Other regd.parties
| 4
|-
| [[Independent politician|Independents]] (Ind)
| 10
|-
| colspan="2"|{{center|'''Total'''}}
| 145
|}

==List of Mayor==
{{main|List of mayors of Nagpur}}

==Responsibilities==
As per the CNC Act, 1948, the key responsibility for providing basic urban services to Nagpur's citizens lies with the Nagpur Municipal Corporation. The NMC is responsible for administering and providing basic infrastructure to the city:
# Building and Maintenance of roads, streets and flyovers.
# Public Municipal schools.
# Water purification and supply.
# Hospitals.
# Street lighting.
# Maintenance of parks and open spaces.
# Sewage treatment and disposal.
# Garbage disposal and street cleanliness.
# Urban development and city planning of new areas.
# Registering of births and deaths.

The NMC co-ordinates with various other government organizations like NIT, MHADA, MSRTC, the Traffic Police, MPCB, etc. for delivering these basic urban services.

== Finances ==
In 2004–05, NMC's revenues registered a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.9 percent and revenue expenditure increased at a CAGR of 9.0%. In spite of this, due to a strong revenue base in form of taxes, there was a revenue surplus of [[Indian rupee|INR]] 78 [[crore]]s and an overall surplus of [[Indian rupee|INR]] 18.98 crores (including capital account). Revenue income is primarily earned by NMC or for NMC by some external sources. Among own sources, the largest source is [[octroi]] (47%) followed by property tax (18%).

In 2004–05, a capital expenditure of INR 79 crores was incurred, mainly covering water supply, public works, and roads. The cost recovery of services varies across sectors. For example, water expenditure exceeds revenue income each year, making it financially unsustainable. However, sewerage charges exceed the operation and maintenance expense but the current sewer coverage of the system is quite low.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nmcnagpur.gov.in/financial-statements|title=Nagpur Municipal Corporation's finances|publisher=Nagpur Municipal Corporation|access-date=2023-05-23}}</ref>

=== Revenue sources ===

* Tax revenue sources
** Local Body Tax
** Property Tax
** Entertainment tax.
** Profession tax.
** Advertisement tax.
* Non-tax revenue sources
** Grants from Central and State Government
** Water usage charges.
** Fees from Documentation services.
** Rent received from municipal property.
** Funds from municipal bonds.

==See also==
* [[Nagpur Improvement Trust]]
* [[Nagpur Metropolitan Region Development Authority]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Municipal Corporations in Maharashtra}}
{{Nagpur}}

[[Category:Government of Nagpur]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bombay State]]
[[Category:Nagpur Municipal Corporation]]

Khanyar Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:21:23Z

RajveerSingha1950: adding page - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Khanyar
|type= SLA
| constituency_no = 20
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Ali Mohammad Sagar]]
|party = [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|district = [[Srinagar district|Srinagar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Srinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srinagar]]
|established = 1962
|electors = number of electors at last election. Add a ref
|reservation =
}}
'''Khanyar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] a north state of [[India]]. [[Khanyar]] is also part of [[Srinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srinagar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/khanyar.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Khanyar Assembly Constituency]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Gazi Abdul Rehman || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || G. Ahmed || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Saif Ud Din Qari || {{Full party name with color|Jamaat-e-Islami}}
|-
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || rowspan=5 | [[Ali Mohammad Sagar]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Khanyar<ref name="J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Khanyar">{{cite news |title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Khanyar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0820.htm |access-date=16 July 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=8 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716163923/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0820.htm |archive-date=16 July 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ali Mohammad Sagar]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |votes=14,906 |percentage=62.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sheikh Imran |party=Independent politician |votes=4,994 |percentage=20.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Waseem Ahmed Shalla |party=Independent politician |votes=1,951 |percentage=8.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tafazul Mushtaq |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=651 |percentage=2.73% |change={{decrease}}37.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bilal Ahmad Mir |party=Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party |votes=312 |percentage=1.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parvez Jamal |party=Independent politician |votes=247 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=411 |percentage=1.72% |change={{increase}}0.96 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,912 |percentage=41.53% |change= {{increase}}32.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,865 |percentage=26.16% |change= {{increase}}0.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,226 |ref = |change= {{increase}}78.84 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}13.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Khanyar<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ali Mohammad Sagar]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=6,505 |percentage=48.76% |change={{decrease}}25.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Khurshid Alam |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=5,338 |percentage=40.01% |change={{increase}}30.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Firdous Ahmad Shiekh |party=Independent politician |votes=552 |percentage=4.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar Bhat |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=550 |percentage=4.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bilal Ahmed Wani |party=Independent politician |votes=154 |percentage=1.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Yaqub Vakil |party=Indian National Congress |votes=141 |percentage=1.06% |change={{decrease}}0.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=102 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,167 |percentage=8.75% |change= {{decrease}}55.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,342 |percentage=26.16% |change= {{increase}}8.74 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,011 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.32 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}25.40 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Khanyar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ali Mohammad Sagar]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=6,314 |percentage=74.16% |change={{decrease}}19.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Showkat Ahmad Hafiz |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=806 |percentage=9.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Firdous Ahmad Sheikh |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Front (Secular) |votes=644 |percentage=7.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohmad Latif Lone |party=Independent politician |votes=212 |percentage=2.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mushtaq Ahmad Jan |party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami National Conference |votes=174 |percentage=2.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Aslam Dar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=139 |percentage=1.63% |change={{decrease}}2.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Maqbool Sheikh |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=73 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,508 |percentage=64.69% |change= {{decrease}}25.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,514 |percentage=17.41% |change= {{increase}}13.20 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,900 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}32.55 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}19.69 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Khanyar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ali Mohammad Sagar]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=2,868 |percentage=93.85% |change={{increase}}6.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mushtaq Ahmad |party=Indian National Congress |votes=127 |percentage=4.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wali Mohammed Wani |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=61 |percentage=2.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,741 |percentage=89.69% |change= {{increase}}10.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,056 |percentage=4.22% |change= {{decrease}}7.64 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,495 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.44 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Khanyar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ali Mohammad Sagar]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=6,194 |percentage=87.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nazir Ahmed |party=Janata Dal |votes=607 |percentage=8.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rashid Kabli |party=Independent politician |votes=276 |percentage=3.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,587 |percentage=78.95% |change= {{increase}}31.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,077 |percentage=12.66% |change= {{decrease}}42.87 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,696 |ref = |change= {{increase}}109.00 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jamaat-e-Islami |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Khanyar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Saif Ud Din Qari |party=Jamaat-e-Islami |votes=9,530 |percentage=60.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gazy Abdul Rahman |party=Independent politician |votes=2,176 |percentage=13.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Ahmed Burza |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,246 |percentage=7.97% |change={{decrease}}37.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Shafi |party=Independent politician |votes=941 |percentage=6.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rashid |party=Independent politician |votes=869 |percentage=5.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Wahid Raina |party=Swatantra Party |votes=377 |percentage=2.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mufti Mirai Ud Din |party=Independent politician |votes=197 |percentage=1.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,354 |percentage=47.05% |change= {{increase}}46.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,631 |percentage=62.02% |change= {{increase}}29.60 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,562 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.52 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jamaat-e-Islami |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}16.00 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Khanyar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006052138/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Ahmed |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,656 |percentage=44.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. A. R. Bhat |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=2,595 |percentage=43.94% |change={{decrease}}52.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. U. D. Zahid |party=Democratic National Conference |votes=655 |percentage=11.09% |change={{increase}}7.08 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=61 |percentage=1.03% |change= {{decrease}}90.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,906 |percentage=26.17% |change= {{decrease}}43.73 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,503 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.72 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Khanyar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006183842/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Gazi Abdul Rehman |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=12,762 |percentage=95.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Baha - Ud - Din |party=Democratic National Conference |votes=533 |percentage=4.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,229 |percentage=91.98% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,295 |percentage=72.61% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,309 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Khanyar]]
* [[Srinagar district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

{{coord|34.092|74.819|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Srinagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Sonkatch Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:02:21Z

RajveerSingha1950: started basic details with sources

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sonkatch
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 170
| map_image = 170-Sonkatch.svg
| district = [[Dewas_district|Dewas]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dewas Lok Sabha constituency|Dewas]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image = Rajesh Sonkar.jpg
| mla = [[Rajesh Sonkar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Sajjan Singh Verma]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
}}
'''Sonkatch''' is one of the 230 Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in [[central India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=9 December 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="election1912">[http://mpinfo.org/MPinfoStatic/English/election_commission/191208.asp MP Info]</ref>

It is in [[Dewas district]], and is a segment of the [[Dewas Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=eci1/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1952 Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Vijaysingh Hira Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

=== Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<ref name=election1957>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3728-madhya-pradesh-1957/ |title=Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election -1957 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|Bhagirathsingh Puransingh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|1964^<ref name="byelections">{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/Bye-ele-results%2052-95.xls |title=Details of Assembly By- Elections since 1952 (Year-Wise) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|V. Singh
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Khoobchand
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|[[Bapulal Malviya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Devilal Raikwal Bulchand
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|[[Bapulal Malviya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Sajjan Singh Verma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Kailash
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Surender Verma
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Sajjan Singh Verma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|Rajendra Phulchand Verma
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[Sajjan Singh Verma]]<ref name=election2018/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Rajesh Sonkar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}
^ bypoll

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sonkatch<ref name="BJP Candidates MP 2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-announces-candidates-for-39-assembly-seats-in-madhya-pradesh-3-months-ahead-of-state-election-101692298341918.html|title=BJP releases first list of candidates for 39 seats in MP|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=18 August 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rajesh Sonkar]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:108869}}
|percentage = 54.21
|change = +10.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sajjan Singh Verma]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:83432}}
|percentage = 41.54
|change = -7.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|candidate = Kailash Kaleshria
|votes = {{formatnum:3401}}
|percentage = 1.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Babulal Chouhan
|votes = {{formatnum:1914}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change = -1.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1262}}
|percentage = 0.63
|change = -0.49
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:25437}}
|percentage = 12.67
|change = +7.11
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:200837}}
|percentage = 85.73
|change = +1.81
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sonkatch<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sajjan Singh Verma]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:86396}}
|percentage = 48.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rajendra Phulchand Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:76578}}
|percentage = 43.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Babulal Chouhan
|votes = {{formatnum:3657}}
|percentage = 2.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dharmraj Pradhan
|votes = {{formatnum:2263}}
|percentage = 1.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1975}}
|percentage = 1.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:9818}}
|percentage = 5.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:176594}}
|percentage = 83.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Dewas district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}

{{coord|22.97|76.34|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dewas district]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Buxar Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:20:34Z

RajveerSingha1950: made new article

{{Short description|Constituency of the Bihar legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Buxar Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
| map_image = 200-Buxar constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Anand Mishra]]
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|alliance = {{party index link|National Democratic Alliance|NDA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Buxar district|Buxar]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons =
|constituency_no = 200 [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|-]]
|established = 1951
| electors = 288,128
|abolished = 
}}

'''Buxar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 243 assembly constituencies of Bihar Vidhan Sabha.<ref name="BLA">http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/List_Of_Members.pdf Legislative assembly constituencies and Members (in Hindi) - Bihar Vidhan Sabha</ref> It comes under [[Buxar (Lok Sabha constituency)]] for parliamentary elections. In [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], Buxar will be one of the 36 seats to have VVPAT enabled electronic voting machines.<ref name="election1993">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/EC-move-to-allay-fears-about-errors-in-EVMs/articleshow/49199345.cms|title=EC move to allay fears about errors in EVMs|newspaper=The Times of India|first=Kumar|last=Rajesh|date=2 October 2015|accessdate=13 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="election2015">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/Current/ImpIns_24092015.pdf|title=General Election to the State Legislative Assembly of Bihar, 2015- Use of EVMs with Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail System(VVPAT)-reg.}}</ref>

==Parts==
This constituency includes Buxar and Chausa blocks of [[Buxar district]].<ref>http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf Parliamentary constituencies and Assembly constituencies (In English) - [[Election Commission of India]]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bihar Assembly (Vidhan Sabha)Constituencies - Updates and Results|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/buxar.html|access-date=|website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Lakshmi Kant Tiwari
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Sheokumar Thakur
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Jagnarain Trivedi
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|P. Chatterjee
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| rowspan="4" |Jagnarain Trivedi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Srikant Pathak
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Manju Prakash]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sukhada Pandey]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|Hriday Narayan Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|[[Sukhada Pandey]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sanjay Kumar Tiwari|Sanjay Tiwari]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Anand Mishra MLA|Anand Mishra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Buxar<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Anand Mishra MLA|Anand Mishra]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:84901}}
|percentage = 45.01
|change = +11.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sanjay Kumar Tiwari]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:56548}}
|percentage = 29.98
|change = -6.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Abhimanyu Kushwaha
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:29118}}
|percentage = 15.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Tathagat Harsh Vardhan
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:7920}}
|percentage = 4.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1356}}
|percentage = 0.72
|change = -1.5
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:28353}}
|percentage = 15.03
|change = +12.64
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:188618}}
|percentage = 65.46
|change = +9.14
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = BJP
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: Buxar<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sanjay Kumar Tiwari]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:59417}}
|percentage = 36.38
|change = -5.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Parshuram Chaubey
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:55525}}
|percentage = 33.99
|change = -1.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Nirmal Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:30489}}
|percentage = 18.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Aakash Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:5794}}
|percentage = 3.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3630}}
|percentage = 2.22
|change = +1.6
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:3892}}
|percentage = 2.39
|change = -3.95
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:163340}}
|percentage = 56.32
|change = -1.48
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = BJP
|swing = INC Hold
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Buxar<ref name="election2015"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar Tiwari Alias Munna Tiwari
|votes = {{formatnum:66527}}
|percentage = 41.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Pradeep Dubey
|votes = {{formatnum:56346}}
|percentage = 35.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Saroj Kumar Rajbhar
|votes = {{formatnum:15298}}
|percentage = 9.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Bhagwati Prasad Srivastva
|votes = {{formatnum:2786}}
|percentage = 1.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ashok Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2491}}
|percentage = 1.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Manoj Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1738}}
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Aravind Kumar Pandey
|votes = {{formatnum:1512}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Ramesar Noniya
|votes = {{formatnum:1473}}
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:998}}
|percentage = 0.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:10181}}
|percentage = 6.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:160594}}
|percentage = 57.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}

{{Bihar elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Buxar district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

M.P. Ravindra

2026-04-10T13:56:10Z

RajveerSingha1950: done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = M.P. Ravindra
|image =
|image_size =
|alt =
|caption =
|birth_name =
|birth_date =
|birth_place = [[Hoovina Hadagali]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
|death_date = 3 November 2018
|death_place =
|death_cause =
|office1 = Member of [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
|constituency1 = [[Harapanahalli (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Harapanahalli]]
|term_start1 = 2013
|term_end1 = 2018
|predecessor1 =
|successor1 =
|citizenship = [[India]]
|party = [[Indian National Congress]]
|education =
|alma_mater =
|occupation = Politician
|years_active =
|website =
|footnotes =
|spouse =
|parents = [[M. P. Prakash]] ({{small|Former [[List of deputy chief ministers of Karnataka|Deputy Chief Minister of Karnataka]]}})
|relatives = [[Latha Mallikarjun]] (Sister)
}}
'''M.P. Ravindra''' (died 3 November 2018) was an Indian politician from the state of [[Karnataka]], who is the Ex - Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Harapanahalli]] assembly constituency.

Ravindra is son of former Karnataka Deputy Chief Minister [[M. P. Prakash]].

== Career==
Ravindra was elected as MLA from Harapanahalli Constituency in [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] and he lost in May [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018 Assembly Elections]].

==Death==
Ravindra died in Bengaluru on 3 November 2018 due to multiple organ failure.<ref name="Former Congress MLA Ravindra no more">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Former Congress MLA Ravindra no more |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/former-congress-mla-ravindra-no-more/article25415409.ece |access-date=30 August 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=3 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250830151522/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/former-congress-mla-ravindra-no-more/article25415409.ece |archive-date=30 August 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Former Karnataka legislator MP Ravindra passes away, Siddaramaiah expresses grief">{{cite news |title=Former Karnataka legislator MP Ravindra passes away, Siddaramaiah expresses grief |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/former-karnataka-legislator-mp-ravindra-passes-away-siddaramaiah-expresses-grief-1502704141.html |access-date=30 August 2025 |publisher=The Statesman |date=3 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250830151529/https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/former-karnataka-legislator-mp-ravindra-passes-away-siddaramaiah-expresses-grief-1502704141.html |archive-date=30 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Former Karnataka legislator MP Ravindra dies at 49">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Former Karnataka legislator MP Ravindra dies at 49 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2018/Nov/03/former-karnataka-legislator-mp-ravindra-dies-at-49-1893849.html |access-date=30 August 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=3 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250830153829/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2018/Nov/03/former-karnataka-legislator-mp-ravindra-dies-at-49-1893849.html |archive-date=30 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka: Former Harapanahalli Legislator MP Ravindra Dies Due to Multiple Organ Failure">{{cite news |title=Karnataka: Former Harapanahalli Legislator MP Ravindra Dies Due to Multiple Organ Failure |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/karnataka-former-harapanahalli-legislator-mp-ravindra-dies-due-to-multiple-organ-failure-3413252/ |access-date=30 August 2025 |work= |publisher=India |date=3 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250830153900/https://www.india.com/news/india/karnataka-former-harapanahalli-legislator-mp-ravindra-dies-due-to-multiple-organ-failure-3413252/ |archive-date=30 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ex-Congress MLA Ravindra dies">{{cite news |title=Ex-Congress MLA Ravindra dies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/ex-congress-mla-ravindra-dies/articleshow/66494953.cms |access-date=30 August 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250830154016/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/ex-congress-mla-ravindra-dies/articleshow/66494953.cms |archive-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Ballari]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]

Tekari subdivision

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RajveerSingha1950: started first info w/ infobox

{{Short description|Administrative subdivision in Gaya district, Bihar, India}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tekari subdivision
| settlement_type = Subdivision
| coordinates = {{coord|24.9335664|84.8416651|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gaya district|Gaya]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Tekari]]
| area_total_km2 = 237.06
| population_total = 260511
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official / Regional
| demographics1_info1 = Hindi (official); Magahi (regional)
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 824236
| registration_plate = BR-02
| timezone1 = IST
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
}}

'''Tekari subdivision''' (also recorded as ''Tikari'' in official census publications) is an administrative subdivision of [[Gaya district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. The administrative headquarters is located at the town of [[Tekari]]. The subdivision is one of four in Gaya district and comprises both rural areas and the Tekari Nagar Panchayat (town).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gaya.nic.in/subdivision-and-blocks/ |title=Subdivision and Blocks |publisher=District Administration, Gaya |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42526 |title=A-01: Number of villages, towns, households, population and area (2011) |publisher=Census of India |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref>

==Geography==
Tekari subdivision is situated in the north-western part of [[Gaya district]], centred near {{coord|24.9335664|84.8416651|display=inline}}. The terrain is largely flat with some gentle undulations typical of the southern Gangetic plain. The district's main river, the Falgu, flows in the wider Gaya area, while most streams in the Tekari subdivision are seasonal. Groundwater in the area occurs in alluvial aquifers, and the Central Ground Water Board has undertaken resource assessment for sustainable management.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cgwb.gov.in/old_website/AQM/NAQUIM_REPORT/Bihar/Gaya%20Final.pdf |title=Gaya District — Ground Water Information |publisher=Central Ground Water Board, Government of India |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref> According to the district disaster management plan, the area has limited flood hazard compared with northern Bihar, though low-lying areas may face waterlogging during heavy rainfall.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ndma.gov.in/sites/default/files/PDF/DDMP/Bihar/Gaya.pdf |title=District Disaster Management Plan — Gaya |publisher=District Administration Gaya |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref>

==Administration==
Tekari subdivision is one of four revenue subdivisions of [[Gaya district]]. Its headquarters is located at [[Tekari]]. The subdivision consists of the following community development blocks:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gaya.nic.in/subdivision-and-blocks/ |title=Subdivision and Blocks |publisher=District Administration, Gaya |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref>
* [[Konch (community development block)|Konch]]
* [[Tekari]]
* [[Gurua]]
* [[Paraiya]]

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 Census of India]], Tekari subdivision had a population of 260,511 (135,196 males and 125,315 females) over an area of 237.06 km². The [[Human sex ratio|sex ratio]] was 927 females per 1,000 males. The literacy rate stood at 68.5% overall (79.5% male literacy and 56.5% female literacy).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/267/download/718/DH_2011_1034_PART_B_DCHB_GAYA.pdf |title=District Census Handbook: Gaya — Primary Census Abstract |publisher=Census of India |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/266/download/714/DH_2011_1034_PART_A_DCHB_GAYA.pdf |title=District Census Handbook: Gaya — Village & Town Directory |publisher=Census of India |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref> Scheduled Castes formed about 24.8% of the population, while Scheduled Tribes accounted for less than 0.1%.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/41552 |title=PCA (SC) and PCA (ST) — District Gaya |publisher=Census of India |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref>

==Economy==
The economy of Tekari subdivision is primarily agricultural. Most workers are engaged in cultivation and agricultural labour, while small-scale trade and services are concentrated in Tekari town and block headquarters.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/266/download/714/DH_2011_1034_PART_A_DCHB_GAYA.pdf |title=District Census Handbook: Gaya — Village & Town Directory |publisher=Census of India |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref>

==Transport==
Transport in the subdivision is supported by district and state highways along with rural roads connecting villages to Tekari town and to [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] city. Bus services and road connectivity details are recorded in the District Census Handbook. The nearest major railway station is located at [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], the district headquarters.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/266/download/714/DH_2011_1034_PART_A_DCHB_GAYA.pdf |title=District Census Handbook: Gaya — Village & Town Directory |publisher=Census of India |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref>

==Education and public services==
The District Census Handbook records the presence of primary and secondary schools, [[anganwadi]] centres, and health sub-centres in villages across the subdivision. Tekari town hosts block-level administrative offices, secondary schools, and a primary health centre serving the rural population.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/266/download/714/DH_2011_1034_PART_A_DCHB_GAYA.pdf |title=District Census Handbook: Gaya — Village & Town Directory |publisher=Census of India |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://statehealthsocietybihar.org/pip2011-12/districthealthactionplan/gaya.pdf |title=District Health Action Plan — Gaya |publisher=State Health Society, Bihar |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bihar]]
* [[Gaya district]]
* [[Tekari]]
* [[Konch (community development block)|Konch]]
* [[Paraiya]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [https://gaya.nic.in/ Official website of Gaya district]

[[Category:Subdivisions of Gaya district]]

Maratha titles

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RajveerSingha1950: new

{{Short description|Titles used by Maratha community of India}}
[[File:Maratha darbar.jpg|thumb|right|A Maratha [[Durbar (court)|Durbar]] showing the Chief ([[Raja]]) and the nobles ([[Sardar]]s, [[Jagirdar]]s, Istamuradars & [[Mankari]]s) of the state.]]

The following list includes a brief about the [[Royal and noble ranks|titles of nobility]] or orders of chivalry used by the [[Maratha (caste)|'''Marathas''']] of [[India]] and by the [[Marathi people|Marathis]]/[[Konkani people|Konkanis]] in general.

==Titles used by the Maratha Royals==

The titles used by royalty, aristocracy and nobility of the [[Maratha Empire]]

*'''[[Chhatrapati]]''': Chhatrapati is an Indian royal title most equivalent to a [[King]] or an [[Emperor]]. It means the 'Lord of the Parasol'<ref name="Daniélou2003">{{cite book|author=Alain Daniélou|title=A Brief History of India|url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin00dani|url-access=registration|date=11 February 2003|publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co|isbn=978-1-59477-794-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin00dani/page/257 257]–}}</ref> and is a title conferred upon the founder of [[Maratha Empire]], [[Shivaji|Chhatrapati Shivaji]]. The title is also used by Shivaji's descendants.
*'''[[Maharaj]]''': The English equivalent of Maharaj is great king. It is a title first conferred upon Chhatrapati Shivaji's father Shahaji Raje Bhosale.
*'''[[Maharani]]''': The English equivalent of Maharani is great queen. It is a title first used by Tarabai, as regent of marathas empire .
*'''[[Raje]]''': The English equivalent of Raje is Your Majesty. It is a title first conferred upon Chhatrapati Shivaji's grandfather Maloji Raje Bhosale
*'''[[Kshatriya Kulavantas]]''': It means 'The Head of the Kshatriya varna' and was a title first given to [[Shivaji|Chhatrapati Shivaji]] at the time of his coronation<ref name="culturalindia.net">{{Cite web|url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-history/shivaji.html|title=The Fascinating Life of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj!|website=www.culturalindia.net}}</ref>
*'''Sinhasanadhishwar''': It means 'the enthroned King' and was a title first given to Chhatrapati Shivaji at the time of his coronation<ref name="culturalindia.net"/>
*'''[[Peshwa]]''': It is a word of Persian origin and means 'Foremost' or 'the first minister'<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8934|title=Sivaji and the rise of the mahrattas|last=Temple|first=Sir Richard Carnac|date=1953-01-01|publisher=Susil Gupta|language=en}}</ref> or 'Premier' (or Prime Minister). It was a title given to the prime ministers of the Maratha Empire
*'''Peshwin''': The wife of a [[Peshwa]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F51h6q-bB6sC&q=peshwin+feminine&pg=PA414|title=Hobson-Jobson: The Definitive Glossary of British India|last1=Yule|first1=Henry|last2=Burnell|first2=A. C.|last3=Teltscher|first3=Kate|date=2013-06-13|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=9780199601134|language=en}}</ref>
*'''[[Prataprao Gujar|Prataprao]]:''' An honor given by Chhattrapati or Peshwa to extraordinary warriors who were brave in the battlefield. Famous people who got the title were Prataprao gujar, Mallasarja Desai etc.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pradhan |first=Gautam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpzDDwAAQBAJ&dq=pratap+rao+honor+title&pg=PT276 |title=Lord of Royal Umbrella - Shivaji Trilogy Book II |date=2019-12-13 |publisher=One Point Six Technology Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-88942-77-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Naikar">{{Cite book |last=Naikar |first=Basavaraj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X61ODQAAQBAJ&dq=pratap+rao+honor+title&pg=PT39 |title=The Queen of Kittur: A Historical Novel |date=2016-10-17 |publisher=Partridge Publishing |isbn=978-1-4828-8619-1 |language=en}}</ref>

*'''Daria Sarang''': It means the ''Chief'' or ''Admiral of the [[Maratha Navy]]''<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sardesai|first1=HS|title=Shivaji, the Great Maratha, Volume 3|year=2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications|pages=649|isbn=9788177552874|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W6d-Hd5UceUC&q=darya+sarang+maratha&pg=PA649}}</ref>
*'''[[Senakhaskhel]]''': It means the Commander of the armies of the state ([[Maratha Army]]). It is a designation created by [[Rajaram I]].
*'''Shamsher Bahadur''': It is a title conferred upon the Maharajas of Baroda (the Gaekwads) and means a distinguished swordsman<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://coinindia.com/galleries-baroda.html |title = The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Baroda}}</ref>
*'''Maharajadhiraj Raj Rajeshwar Alija Bahadur''': It is a title used by the [[House of Holkar|Maharajas of Indore (the Holkars)]]. For example, [[Yashwantrao Holkar|Maharajadhiraj Raj Rajeshwar Alija Bahadur H.H. Yashwant Rao Holkar]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tuwNoJxH25QC|title=Geography and Politics in Central India: A Case Study of Erstwhile Indore State|last=Singh|first=Ravindra Pratap|date=1987-01-01|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788170220251|language=en}}</ref>
*'''Raj Rajeshwar''': It means 'king of kings' and is a title conferred upon the [[House of Holkar|Holkar (Maratha) Maharajas]].<ref name="books.google.co.in">{{cite book|author=Sir Roper Lethbridge|title=The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated of the Indian Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7iOsNUZ2MXgC&pg=PR22|year=2005|publisher=Aakar Books|isbn=978-81-87879-54-1|page=22}}</ref>
*'''Rajadhiraj''': It means 'King of Kings'. For example, it was conferred upon H.H. Rajadhiraj Jijasinghraje [[Gharge-Desai (Deshmukh)]]
*'''Maharajadhiraj''': It means 'Great King of Kings'.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IdigEPWerOwC|title=Social Science|date=2006-01-01|publisher=FK Publications|isbn=9788179730423|language=en}}</ref> For example, it was conferred upon H. H. Maharajadhiraj Rajeshwar Sawai Tukoji Rao Holkar Bahadur K.G.C.S.I.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Bt6WTrErH0C|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia: Biographical, Historical, Religious, Administrative, Ethnological, Commercial and Scientific|last=Kapoor|first=Subodh|date=2002-01-01|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=9788177552577|language=en}}</ref>
*'''Naib Wakil-i-Mutlaq''': It means Deputy Regent of Mughal affairs. It was a title conferred upon [[Mahadaji Shinde|Shrimant Maharaja Mahadaji Shinde (Scindia)]] by the Mughals.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book|author=Farooqui Salma Ahmed|title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA334|year=2011|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-3202-1|page=334}}</ref>
*'''I'timad-al-Daula:''' It means Trusted of the State. It was title conferred to [[Gharge-Desai (Deshmukh)]] family by Mughals, since the family was important asset for throne of Delhi.
*'''[[Amir-al-Umara]]''': It means the Head of the Amirs and was a title conferred upon [[Mahadaji Shinde|Shrimant Maharaja Mahadaji Shinde (Scindia)]] by the Mughals, since he helped the Mughal Emperor, Shah Alam II, ascend the throne of Delhi.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
*'''Shrimant''': It is a title used by Maratha royals and nobles. It was also used in recent times to formally address well achieved members of society or upperclass men in [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. For example, [[Baji Rao I|'Shrimant' Bajirao Peshwa aka Baji Rao I]] or [[Dnyaneshwar Agashe|'Shrimant' Dnyaneshwar Agashe]].
*'''[[Sardar]]''': It is a title used by the most senior Mahratta nobles,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2O3W7mkAwAC|title=The Guru in South Asia: New Interdisciplinary Perspectives|last1=Copeman|first1=Jacob|last2=Ikegame|first2=Aya|date=2012-01-01|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415510196|language=en}}</ref> for example [[Ranoji Scindia|Shrimant 'Sardar' Ranoji Rao Scindia Bahadur, Subedar of Malwa]]
*'''[[Mankari]]''': Mānkari (Maankari) is a hereditary title used by [[Maratha]] [[Nobility|nobles]] who held land grants, and cash allowances.<ref>{{cite book|author=Central India|title=The Central India State Gazetteer Series|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_4bAQAAIAAJ|year=1908|publisher=Thacker, Spink}}</ref> They were entitled to certain ceremonial honours and held an official position at the [[Durbar (court)|Darbar]] ([[royal court|court]]).<ref name="google">{{cite book|author=T. N. Madan|title=Way of Life: King, Householder, Renouncer : Essays in Honour of Louis Dumont|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_qMH9PY9fQC&pg=PA129%7CPAGE%3D129%7CACCESSDATE%3D2015-07-04%7D%7D%3C%2FREF%3E%3CREF%3E%7B%7BCITE+WEB%7CURL%3DHTTPS%3A%2F%2FBOOKS.GOOGLE.COM%2FBOOKS%3FEI%3DOZGCVZGQA8XF0GTW8QSWDQ|year=1988|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|isbn=978-81-208-0527-9|page=129}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Rosalind O'Hanlon|title=Caste, Conflict and Ideology: Mahatma Jotirao Phule and Low Caste Protest in Nineteenth-Century Western India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kMrsTj1NeYC&pg=PA45|year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52308-0|page=45}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=[[Balkrishna Govind Gokhale]]|title=Poona in the eighteenth century: an urban history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=THR5AAAAIAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195621372}}</ref>
*'''[[Sawai (title)|Sawai]]''': 'Sawai' in Marathi means 'a notch above the rest'. For example, it was a title conferred upon [[Madhavrao II|His Highness Shrimant Sawai Madhavrao Peshwa aka Madhu Rao II Narayan]]
*'''Pant Pratinidhi''': It means a [[vicegerent]]; title borne by a distinguished [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] family.<ref name="books.google.co.in"/>
*'''[[Nawab]]''': It is a title used by the Nawabs of Banda (a vassal of [[Maratha Empire|Maratha polity]]), such as the [[Ali Bahadur I|Nawab of Banda, Ali Bahadur]], the grandson of [[Bajirao I|Shreemant Bajirao I]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ViSYYQZZWEcC|title=Fall of the Mughal Empire|last=Sarkar|first=Jadunath|date=1992-01-01|publisher=Sangam|isbn=9780861317493|language=en}}</ref>
*'''[[Desai]]''': It was a title given to [[feudal]] [[lord]]s, and others who were granted a village or group of villages in [[Maharashtra]], and [[North Karnataka]]. The title Desai should not be associated with a particular religion or caste, though a Desai would use the title of Rao or Rai or Raje as a suffix to his name denoting he is a king of those villages, The "Desai" title was given by [[Maratha emperors]], [[Mughal emperors]] and by the [[Deccan sultanates]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Raj Kumar |year=2003 |title=Essays on Modern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5L_2-w13fMMC |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |page=73|isbn=9788171416905 }}</ref> In Maharashtra, the title ''Desai'' is conferred to feudal lords and village council members. Most of them were either [[Gaud Saraswat Brahmin]]s, [[Deshastha Brahmin]]s,<ref>{{cite book|author=Syed Siraj ul Hassan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&pg=PA111|title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions, Volume 1|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1989|page=111|isbn = 9788120604889}}</ref> [[Karhade Brahmin]]s, Lingayat Vani and [[Maratha (caste)]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Chitpavans: Social Ascendancy of a Creative Minority in Maharashtra, 1818-1918|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ez4wAQAAIAAJ|page=28|author=Sandhya Gokhale|publisher=Shubhi Publications|year=2008|isbn = 9788182901322|quote=Hereditary rights of Karhades were those of Desai, district officer, or Deshmukh, and Sardesai, senior district officer.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=V. D. Divekar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XZNuAAAAMAAJ|title=South India in 1857 War of Independence|publisher=Lokmanya Tilak Smarak Trust|year=1993|page=148}}</ref><ref name="Naikar"/>
Desais were the rulers of [[Kudal]] ([[Sindhudurg]]) in [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite web |title=SAWANTS OF WADI Coastal Politics in 18th and 19th Centuries | year=1984 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUZSHKhKJ4gC&dq=kudal+rulers+desai&pg=PA3 |publisher=S. K. Mhamai}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |title=Anthropological Society of Bombay | year=1909 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uACbgzsHn3gC&q=kudal+desai |publisher=Anthropological Society of Bombay}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |title=Numismatic Digest | year=1997 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=01JmAAAAMAAJ&q=kudal+rulers+desai |publisher=Numismatic Digest}}</ref>
Desai, or a loftier compound, was a rare title for rulers of a few [[princely state]]s, notably - Raja Sar Desai in the Maratha [[Savantvadi State]] from 1627 until the adoption of "Raja Bahadur" in 1763.

==Titles given by the British to Maratha Royals during the [[British Raj]]==
*'''[[Order of the Star of India|Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India (GCSI)]]''': It is a title created by the British Empire in India and was conferred upon Indian nobles. For example, it was bestowed upon His Highness [[Khanderao Gaekwad]] of [[Baroda]]<ref>
{{London Gazette |issue=22523 |date=25 June 1861 |page=2622}}</ref> and Asaf Jah VI [[Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI|His Highness Mir Mahbub Ali Khan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/180816/picturing-the-beloved.html|title = Picturing the 'Beloved'|date = 18 August 2016}}</ref>

*'''His Highness''': It is a title created by the British Empire in India and was conferred upon Indian nobles. For example, it was bestowed upon [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III|His Highness Sayajirao Gaekwad III of Baroda]]
*'''[[Order of the Indian Empire|Knight Grand Commander (GCIE)]]''': It is a title created by the British and is a part of [[Order of the Indian Empire|The Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire]], an order of chivalry founded by Queen Victoria in 1878. For example, it was bestowed upon [[Shahaji II|His Highness Colonel Sir Shahu Chhatrapati Maharaj G.C.I.E, G.C.S.I, G.C.V.O Maharaja of Kolhapur]]<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w6RHAAAAMAAJ&q=GCIE|title=Rajarshi Shahu Chhatrapati papers|year=1997}}</ref>
*'''[[Royal Victorian Order|Knight/Dame Grand Cross (GCVO)]]''': It is a title created by the British and is a part of The [[Royal Victorian Order]]. For example, it was bestowed upon [[Shahaji II|His Highness Colonel Sir Shahu Chhatrapati Maharaj G.C.I.E, G.C.S.I, G.C.V.O Maharaja of Kolhapur]]<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
*'''[[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal|Kaiser-i-Hind (KIH)]]''': It was first instituted by Queen Victoria on 10 April 1900 and is literally translated to mean 'Emperor of India'.<ref>[http://www.britishmilitarymedals.co.uk/kaiser-i-hind-medal/ British Military Medals. Kaiser-i-Hind medal] {{Archive url|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527111627/http://www.britishmilitarymedals.co.uk/kaiser-i-hind-medal/|date=2010-05-27}}
</ref> For example, it was conferred upon [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III|His Highness Sayajirao Gaekwad III, the Maratha Maharaja of Baroda]]

*'''[[Order of the Bath|Knight Grand Cross (GCB)]]''': It is the most honourable Order of the Bath and is a British order of chivalry founded by George I on 18 May 1725. For example, it was conferred upon [[Jayajirao Scindia|General His Highness Maharajadhiraj Maharaja Shrimant Sir Jayajirao Scindia Bahadur, Maharaja Scindia of Gwalior, GCB, GCSI, CIE, KIH]]{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
*'''[[Farzand-i-Khas-i-Daulat-i-Inglishia]]''': It means the 'Favoured son of the English nation'. For example, it was conferred upon the [[Baroda State|Maratha Maharajas of Baroda]]{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

==Other titles==
*'''[[Rao (title)|Rao]]''': The word "Rao" comes from the Sanskrit word "rājā," meaning "king" or "Prince". In Marathi, it be a form of the word "Raja" (king), a associated with the [[Kshatriya|Kshatriya varna]], or warrior class.
*'''Raut''': is a title, ance within the [[Marathi people|Maratha community]], historically referring to a warrior or horseman in Deccan. It is derived from the Sanskrit word "rajaputra," meaning "son of a king," and is associated with the ruling class. Today, "Raut/rautta" remains a common surname and title among Marathas, and is associated with traditional landholding and military communities.
*[[Appa (title)|'''Appa''']]: It is a title used to indicate administrator of a city which means 'head' or 'Father'.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vqYiBAAAQBAJ&dq=chimaji+balaji+bhat&pg=PA34 |title=Maratha Generals and Personalities: A gist of great personalities of Marathas |date=2014-08-01 |publisher=Pratik gupta |language=en}}</ref>
*'''[[Deshmukh|Dēśamukh]]''': is a historical title conferred to the rulers of a {{IAST|Dēśamukhi}}. It is used as a surname in certain regions of India, especially in the states of [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Telangana]] and also in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and northern parts of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Gujarat]], [[Goa]] whose family received it as a title.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|title=Healer: Dr Prathap Chandra Reddy and the Transformation of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MxFMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT578|page=578|author=Pranay Gupte|date = 15 December 2013|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn = 9789351185666|access-date=15 December 2013}}</ref>
*'''Sinh''': It is a word derived from the [[Sanskrit]] word siḿha, meaning 'lion'.<ref>
*'''Saheb''': It is an honorary title used by men as a suffix to their first name, example AnnaSaheb Magar, a politician in Maharashtra
*'''Bai''': It is an honorary title used by women as a suffix to their first name, example [[Rani Lakshmibai|Rani Laxmibai, the Queen of Jhansi]]
*'''Devi''': It is an honorary title used by women as a suffix to their first name.
</ref> It is used as a suffix to the first name, example Maharaja Pratapsinh Gaekwad<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wYFXvx0JCCAC|title=Strange But True Facts|last=Sawhney|first=Clifford|date=2004-12-01|publisher=Pustak Mahal|isbn=9788122308396|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Indian honorifics]], Filipino, Indonesian, Malay and Thai titles originated from these
* [[Indian feudalism]]
* [[Maratha]]
* [[Kshatriya]]
* [[Maratha Empire]]
* [[List of Maratha dynasties and states]]
* [[Salute state]]
* [[Princely state]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{List of titles and honours of the Countries Crown}}

[[Category:Titles in India]]
[[Category:Noble titles]]
[[Category:Royal titles]]
[[Category:Maratha Empire]]

Irene Mott Bose

2026-03-30T06:16:08Z

RajveerSingha1950: adding new data - done

{{short description|American social worker in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Irene Mott Bose
| image = Irene Mott Bose died 1974.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| other_names =
| birth_name = Irene Mott
| birth_date = 18 September 1899
| birth_place = Wooster, Ohio
| death_date = {{death-date and age|22 December 1974|18 September 1899}}
| death_place = Nagpur, India
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| spouse(s) = [[Vivian Bose]]
| parents = [[John Mott]]
| relatives =
}}

'''Irene Mott Bose''' (18 September 1899 – 22 December 1974), known socially as '''Mrs. Vivian Bose''', was an American-born social worker and writer based in India, and the wife of Indian Supreme Court justice [[Vivian Bose]].

== Early life and education ==
Irene Mott was born in [[Wooster, Ohio]], the daughter of [[John Mott|John R. Mott]] and Leila Ada White Mott. Her father, a Christian pastor and writer, won a [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1946; her mother was a teacher.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1952-09-30|title=Mrs. John Mott, Wife of Religious Leader|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1952/09/30/archives/mrs-john-mott-wife-of-religiousleader.html|access-date=2021-11-26|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Her older brother, [[John Livingstone Mott]], received the [[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal|Kaisar-i‐Hind]] silver medal in 1931, for his work with the [[YMCA]] in India.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1973-07-21|title=John Mott, Headed International Unit|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/07/21/archives/john-mott-headed-international-unit.html|access-date=2021-11-26|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Her younger brother, [[Frederick Dodge Mott]], worked in healthcare planning in Canada, and was Canada's representative to the [[World Health Organization]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Houston|first=C. Stuart|title=Frederick Dodge Mott|url=https://esask.uregina.ca/entry/mott_frederick_dodge_1904-81.jsp|access-date=2021-11-26|website=The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan|archive-date=26 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126040032/https://esask.uregina.ca/entry/mott_frederick_dodge_1904-81.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Irene Mott graduated from [[Vassar College]] in 1922, with further studies in public health and health education at [[Harvard University]] and [[Columbia University]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=1974-12-27|title=Irene Bose, Aided Villages in India|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/12/27/archives/irene-bose-aided-villagers-in-india.html|access-date=2021-11-25|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

== Career ==
Soon after graduating from college, Mott went to India to work with her brother, who was a missionary among cotton mill workers.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Edmonds Mary D.|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.4431|title=Wonder and Laughter - Teachers Guide|date=1947|publisher=Silver Burdett Company, New York|pages=82|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> She helped establish a school and a small hospital,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rao|first=Mary C.|date=6 April 1975|title=A Home Away from Home|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qa0IEAAAQBAJ&dq=Mrs.+Vivian+Bose&pg=PA602|journal=Akashvani|volume=11|pages=602}}</ref> and set up a training program for social workers in [[Nagpur]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kabadi Waman P.|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.523178|title=Indian Who's Who 1937-38|date=1937|pages=110|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=9 March 1938|title=Social Work in India|page=5|work=Poughkeepsie Miscellany News|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/other-articles-clipping-mar-09-1938-2839965/|access-date=25 November 2021|via=NewspaperArchive.com}}</ref> She and her husband made an anthropological study of a nomadic group, the [[Rabari]] people of [[Kutch district|Kutch]], from 1969 to 1973.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Walter A. Fairservis papers, 1989-1994|url=http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/ead/ead.html?id=EAD_upenn_museum_PUMu2012|access-date=2021-11-26|website=Penn Libraries}}</ref>

Bose wrote two children's books about India, ''The Monkey Tree'' (1956)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bose|first=Irene Mott|url=https://archive.org/details/monkeytree00bose|title=The Monkey Tree|date=1956|publisher=Dodd, Mead|language=en}}</ref> and ''Totaram: The Story of a Village Boy in India Today'' (1933).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wells|first=Mary E.|date=November 1933|title=Asiatic Cousins: Review of ''Totaram''|url=https://newspaperarchives.vassar.edu/?a=d&d=vq19331101-01.2.49&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN--------|journal=Vassar Quarterly|volume=18|pages=394}}</ref> An excerpt of Totaram was included in an American school reader, ''Roads to Everywhere'' (1961), as "When Totaram Washed the Elephant."<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Russell|first1=David Harris|url=http://archive.org/details/roadstoeverywher00russ|title=Roads to everywhere|last2=Gates|first2=Doris|last3=McCullough|first3=Constance M.|date=1961|publisher=Boston : Ginn|others=Internet Archive}}</ref> She donated some of her father's papers to the Centre of South Asian Studies at [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mott Papers|url=https://www.s-asian.cam.ac.uk/archive/papers/item/mott-papers/|access-date=2021-11-25|website=Centre of South Asian Studies, University of Cambridge}}</ref> where her papers were also, eventually, archived.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bose Papers|url=https://www.s-asian.cam.ac.uk/archive/papers/item/bose-box-1/|access-date=2021-11-25|website=Centre of South Asian Studies, University of Cambridge}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Mott married judge Vivian Bose in 1930.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 February 1931|title=Class of 1922|page=87|work=Poughkeepsie Vassar Alumnae Quarterly|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/other-articles-clipping-feb-01-1931-2839957/|access-date=25 November 2021|via=NewspaperArchive.com}}</ref> They had a son, Christopher, and a daughter, Leila. When Christopher was a toddler, the Boses traveled as a family by car, with her sister and his sister, from India to Albania.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 July 1935|title=Class of 1922|page=82|work=Poughkeepsie Vassar Alumnae Quarterly|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/other-articles-clipping-jul-01-1935-2839938/|access-date=25 November 2021|via=NewspaperArchive.com}}</ref> She died in 1974, aged 75 years.<ref name=":0" /> In 2006, a collection of her letters and diaries was published as ''An American Memsahib in India: The Letters and Diaries of Irene Mott Bose 1920-1951''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bose|first=Irene Mott|title=An American memsahib in India : the letters and diaries of Irene Mott Bose, 1920-1951|date=2006|publisher=BACSA|others=Patricia Owens, British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia|isbn=978-0-907799-85-6|location=London|oclc=81249146}}</ref> There are 13 folders of photographs and other materials related to Irene and Vivian Bose's studies of the Rabari people in the [[Walter Fairservis]] Papers at [[University of Pennsylvania|Penn Libraries]].<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://digitallibrary.usc.edu/CS.aspx?VP3=DamView&VBID=2A3BXZ1T9QV0&SMLS=1&RW=1171&RH=649 A photograph of Christopher and Leila Bose], the children of Irene Mott Bose and Vivian Bose, taken about 1937 (the children were born in 1933 and 1936), in the International Mission Photography Archive at the [[University of Southern California]]
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bose, Irene Mott}}
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Wooster, Ohio]]
[[Category:People from Nagpur]]
[[Category:Vassar College alumni]]
[[Category:American social workers]]
[[Category:American women children's writers]]
[[Category:American children's writers]]

Ayush Chhetri

2026-03-29T17:53:23Z

RajveerSingha1950:

{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 2003)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Ayush Chhetri
| image =
| fullname = Ayush Dev Chhetri
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2003|4|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]], [[India]]
| height = 1.75 m
| currentclub = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| clubnumber = 14
| position = [[Defensive midfielder]]
| youthyears1 = –2020
| youthclubs1 = [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| years1 = 2020–2022
| clubs1 = [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| caps1 = 10
| goals1 = 3
| years2 = 2022–
| clubs2 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| caps2 = 60
| goals2 = 1
| nationalyears1 = 2023–
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]]
| nationalcaps1 = 10
| nationalgoals1 = 1
| nationalyears2 = 2025–
| nationalteam2 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps2 = 3
| nationalgoals2 = 0
| club-update = 23:43, 22 March 2026 (UTC)
| nationalteam-update = 22:33, 15 November 2025 (UTC)
}}

'''Ayush Dev Chhetri''' (born 16 April 2003) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[defensive midfielder]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[FC Goa|Goa]] and the [[India national football team|India national team]].

==Club career==
Born in [[Aizawl]], Chhetri was a youth product of his local club [[Aizawl FC]]. He was promoted to the first team in 2020 at the age of 17 and made his senior debut in [[I-League]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2022-23-fc-goa-midfielder-ayush-chhetri-interview|title=I've been guaranteed minutes if I impress in training, says Ayush Chhetri|publisher=Khel Now|date=8 September 2022|access-date=26 May 2024|archive-date=26 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526163113/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2022-23-fc-goa-midfielder-ayush-chhetri-interview|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 22 July 2022, he signed for [[Indian Super League]] side [[FC Goa|Goa]], signing a three-year contract.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fcgoa.in/media/news/fc-goa-sign-ayush-chhetri-2025|title=FC Goa rope in youngster Ayush Chhetri|publisher=FC Goa|date=22 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/fc-goa-sign-promising-midfielder-ayush-chhetri-on-three-year-deal-news-211307|title=FC Goa Sign Promising Midfielder Ayush Chhetri On Three-year deal|publisher=Outlook India|date=22 July 2022|access-date=26 May 2024|archive-date=26 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526163112/https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/fc-goa-sign-promising-midfielder-ayush-chhetri-on-three-year-deal-news-211307|url-status=live}}</ref> In his first season with the club, he gained a starter spot in appeared in 20 out of 22 league games.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/i-am-better-player-now-than-last-season-ayush-chhetri/articleshow/107558919.cms|title=I am better player now than last season: Ayush Chhetri|publisher=Times of India|date=9 February 2024|access-date=26 May 2024|archive-date=26 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526163112/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/i-am-better-player-now-than-last-season-ayush-chhetri/articleshow/107558919.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==International career==
===India U23===
In September 2023, Chhetri was named in [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]]'s squad for the [[Football at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's tournament|2022 Asian Games]]. He appeared in the first two group stage games as India got knocked out in the round of 16.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/indian-football-team-asian-games-2023-squad-men|title=Asian Games 2023: Sunil Chhetri, Sandesh Jhingan in Indian men's football team in Hangzhou – full squad|date=15 September 2023|publisher=Olympics|access-date=26 May 2024|archive-date=16 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816061631/https://olympics.com/en/news/indian-football-team-asian-games-2023-squad-men|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 16 June 2025, Chhetri was named as part of [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]]'s squad friendly matches against [[Tajikistan national under-23 football team|Tajikistan U23]] and [[Kyrgyzstan national under-23 football team|Kyrgyzstan U23]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-u23-mens-head-coach-naushad-moosa-names-23-member-squad-for-tajikistan-tour|title=India U23 men's head coach Naushad Moosa names 23-member squad for Tajikistan tour|website=www.the-aiff.com|date=16 June 2025|access-date=16 June 2025}}</ref> On 18 June 2025, he was sent off for a second yellow card early in the second half of a friendly against [[Tajikistan national under-23 football team|Tajikistan U23]] in [[Tursunzoda]]. [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]] later lost 3–2 after conceding twice in stoppage time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/ten-man-india-u23s-lose-lead-and-match-against-tajikistan|title=Ten-man India U23s lose lead and match against Tajikistan|website=www.the-aiff.com|date=18 June 2025|access-date=18 June 2025}}</ref>

===India===
Chhetri made his debut for [[India national football team|India national team]] on 19 March 2025 in a friendly against Maldives.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/maldives-vs-india-live-score-international-friendly-football-match-2025-ind-vs-mas-live-scorecard-updates-shillong-9894434/|title=India vs Maldives football match highlights: Sunil Chhetri scores on comeback as IND win 3-0|date=19 March 2025}}</ref>

== Career statistics ==
=== Club ===
{{updated|22 March 2026}}<ref>{{Soccerway|ayush-dev-chhetri/645180}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|National Cup
!colspan="2"|League Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
||[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|{{Nowrap|[[2021–22 I-League|2021–22]]}}
|[[I-League]]
|10||3|| colspan="2" |–|| colspan="2" |–|| colspan="2" |–||10||3
|-
|rowspan="5"|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|[[2022–23 Indian Super League|2022–23]]
|[[Indian Super League]]
|20||0||1{{efn|name=SuperCup|Appearance(s) in [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]}}||0||3{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |–||24||0
|-
|[[2023–24 Indian Super League|2023–24]]
|Indian Super League
|11||0||3{{efn|name=SuperCup}}||0||3{{efn|name=DurandCup}}||0|| colspan="2" |–||17||0
|-
|[[2024–25 Indian Super League|2024–25]]
|Indian Super League
|23||1||3{{efn|name=SuperCup}}||0|| colspan="2" |–|| colspan="2" |–||26||1
|-
|[[2025–26 Indian Super League|2025–26]]
|Indian Super League
|6||0||4{{efn|name=SuperCup}}||0|| colspan="2" |–||5{{efn|name=AFCCL2|Appearance(s) in [[AFC Champions League Two]]}}||0||15||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!60!!1!!11!!0!!6!!0!!5!!0!!82!!1
|-
! colspan="3" |Total
!70!!4!!11!!0!!6!!0!!5!!0!!92!!4
|}
{{notelist}}

=== International ===
{{updated|4 June 2025}}<ref name="NFTprofile">{{NFT|98686}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[India national football team|India]]
|2025||3||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total!!3!!0
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Soccerway|ayush-dev-chhetri/645180}}

{{FC Goa squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chhetri, Ayush}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:India men's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Aizawl]]
[[Category:Indian Gorkhas]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Aizawl FC players]]
[[Category:FC Goa players]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Genghis Khan

2026-03-28T18:25:21Z

RajveerSingha1950: added page additionally and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Khan of the Mongol Empire from 1206 to 1227}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Redirect-several|Genghis Khan|Genghis|Chinggis|Temujin}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Genghis Khan
| image = YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg
| alt = Portrait of an old, bearded Genghis dressed in white clothing
| caption = Reproduction of a 1278 portrait taken from a [[Yuan-era]] album
| succession = [[Khan of the Mongol Empire]]
| reign = 1206 – August 1227
| successor = {{ubl
| [[Tolui]] ([[regent]])
| [[Ögedei Khan]]
}}
| birth_name = Temüjin
| birth_date = {{Circa|1162}}
| birth_place = [[Khentii Mountains]]
| death_date = 18 or 25 August 1227 (aged around 65)
| death_place = [[Xingqing Prefecture|Xingqing]], then part of [[Western Xia]]
| burial_place = [[Burial place of Genghis Khan|Unknown]]
| spouse = {{hlist
| [[Börte]]
| [[Wives of Genghis Khan|''See full list'']]
}}
| issue = {{ubl
| [[Jochi]]
| [[Chagatai Khan|Chagatai]]
| [[Ögedei]]
| [[Tolui]]
| [[Descent from Genghis Khan|others]]
}}
| full name = Temüjin ({{MongolUnicode|ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠵᠢᠨ|h}})
| regnal name = Chinggis Khaan ({{MongolUnicode|ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠢᠰ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ|h}}; {{linktext|lang=zh|成|吉|思|皇帝}})
| house = [[Borjigin]]
| father = [[Yesugei]]
| mother = [[Hö'elün]]
}}
{{Genghis Khan}}

'''Genghis Khan'''{{efn|Pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˌ|dʒ|ɛ|ŋ|ɡ|ə|s|_|ˈ|k|ɑː|n|,_|ˌ|ɡ|ɛ|-}}, {{respell|JENG|ɡəs|_|KAHN|,_|GHE-}}.{{sfn|Bollard|1998|loc=§ "Genghis Khan [Temüjin]"}}}} (born '''Temüjin''';{{Efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɛ|m|j|ə|dʒ|ə|n}}, {{respell|TEM|yə|jən}}{{sfn|Bollard|1998|loc=§ "Temüjin [Genghis Khan]"}}}} {{circa|1162}}{{snd}}August 1227), also known as '''Chinggis Khan''',{{efn|See {{slink|#Name and title}}.}} was the founder and first [[khan (title)|khan]] of the [[Mongol Empire]]. After spending most of his life uniting the [[Mongol tribes]], he launched [[Mongol invasions and conquests|a series of military campaigns]], conquering large parts of [[Mongol conquest of China|China]] and [[Mongol invasion of Central Asia|Central Asia]].

Genghis Khan was born Temüjin between 1155 and 1167 as the eldest child of [[Yesugei]], a Mongol chieftain of the [[Borjigin clan]], and his wife [[Hö'elün]]. When Temüjin was eight, his father died and his family was abandoned by its tribe. Reduced to near-poverty, Temüjin killed his older half-brother [[Behter]] to secure his familial position. His charismatic personality helped to attract his first followers and to form alliances with two prominent [[Eurasian Steppe|steppe]] leaders named [[Jamukha]] and [[Toghrul]]; they worked together to retrieve Temüjin's newlywed wife [[Börte]], who had been kidnapped by raiders. As his reputation grew, his relationship with Jamukha deteriorated into open warfare. Temüjin was [[Battle of Dalan Balzhat|badly defeated]] in {{circa|1187}}, and may have spent the following years as a subject of the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]]; upon reemerging in 1196, he swiftly began gaining power. Toghrul came to view Temüjin as a threat and [[Battle of Qalaqaljid Sands|launched a surprise attack on him]] in 1203. [[Baljuna Covenant|Temüjin regrouped]] and overpowered Toghrul; after defeating the [[Naiman tribe]] and executing Jamukha, he was left as the sole ruler on the Mongolian steppe.

Temüjin formally adopted the title "Genghis Khan", the meaning of which is uncertain, at an assembly in 1206. Carrying out reforms designed to ensure long-term stability, he transformed the Mongols' tribal structure into an integrated [[meritocracy]] dedicated to the service of the ruling family. After thwarting a [[coup]] attempt from a powerful [[shaman]], Genghis began to consolidate his power. In 1209, he led a large-scale raid into the neighbouring [[Western Xia]], who agreed to Mongol terms the following year. He then launched [[Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty|a campaign against the Jin dynasty]], which lasted for four years and ended in 1215 with [[Battle of Zhongdu|the capture]] of the Jin capital [[Zhongdu]]. His general [[Jebe]] annexed the Central Asian state of [[Qara Khitai]] in 1218. The following year, Genghis invaded the [[Khwarazmian Empire]] following the execution of his envoys; [[Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire|the campaign toppled the Khwarazmian state]] and devastated the regions of [[Transoxiana]] and [[Khorasan]], while Jebe and his colleague [[Subutai]] led an expedition that reached [[Mongol invasions of Georgia|Georgia]] and [[Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'|Kievan Rus']]. In 1227, Genghis died while subduing the rebellious Western Xia; following a two-year [[interregnum]], his third son and heir [[Ögedei]] acceded to the throne in 1229.

Genghis Khan remains a controversial figure. He was generous and intensely loyal to his followers, but ruthless towards his enemies. He welcomed advice from diverse sources in his quest for world domination, for which he believed the shamanic supreme deity [[Tengri]] had destined him. [[The Mongol army]] under Genghis [[Destruction under the Mongol Empire|killed millions of people]], yet his conquests also facilitated unprecedented commercial and cultural exchange over a vast geographical area. He is remembered as a backwards, savage tyrant in [[Russia]] and the [[Arab world]], while recent Western scholarship has begun to reassess its previous view of him as a barbarian warlord. He was posthumously [[deified]] in Mongolia; modern Mongolians recognise him as the [[List of national founders#Mongolia|founding father]] of their nation.

==Name and title==
{{Hatnote|For the uncertain meanings of the name Temüjin and the title Genghis, see the below sections [[#Meaning of Temüjin|Birth and early life]] and [[#Meaning of Genghis|Kurultai of 1206]] respectively.}}

There is no universal [[romanisation]] system used for [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]; as a result, modern spellings of Mongolian names vary greatly and may result in considerably different pronunciations from the original.{{sfn|Ratchnevsky|1991|pp=x–xi}} The [[honorific]] most commonly rendered as "Genghis" ultimately derives from the Mongolian {{MongolUnicode|ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠢᠰ|h}}, which may be romanised as {{Transliteration|mn|Činggis}}. This was adapted into Chinese as {{lang|zh|{{linktext|成吉思}}}} {{Transliteration|zh|Chéngjísī}}, and into Persian as {{lang|fa|چنگیز }} {{Transliteration|fa|Čəngīz}}. As [[Arabic]] lacks a sound similar to {{IPAblink|tʃ}}, represented in the Mongolian and Persian romanisations by {{IPA angbr|č}}, writers transcribed the name as {{Transliteration|ar|J̌ingiz}}, while [[Syriac language|Syriac]] authors used {{Transliteration|syc|Šīngīz}}.{{sfn|Pelliot|1959|p=281}}

In addition to "Genghis", introduced into English during the 18th century based on a misreading of Persian sources, modern English spellings include "Chinggis", "Chingis", "Jinghis", and "Jengiz".{{sfnm|Bawden|2022|1loc=§ "Introduction"|Wilkinson|2012|2p=776|Morgan|1990}} His birth name "Temüjin" ({{MongolUnicode|ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠵᠢᠨ|h}}; {{lang|zh|{{linktext|鐵木真}}}} {{Transliteration|zh|Tiěmùzhēn}}) is sometimes also spelled "Temuchin" in English.{{sfn|Bawden|2022|loc=§ "Introduction"}}

When Genghis's grandson [[Kublai Khan]] established the [[Yuan dynasty]] in 1271, he bestowed the [[temple name]] ''Taizu'' ({{linktext|lang=zh|太祖}}, meaning 'Supreme Progenitor') and the [[posthumous name]] ''Shengwu Huangdi'' ({{linktext|lang=zh|聖|武|皇帝}}, meaning 'Holy-Martial Emperor') upon his grandfather. Kublai's great-grandson [[Külüg Khan]] later expanded this title into ''Fatian Qiyun Shengwu Huangdi'' ({{linktext|lang=zh|法|天|啟|運|聖|武|皇帝}}, meaning 'Interpreter of the Heavenly Law, Initiator of the Good Fortune, Holy-Martial Emperor').{{sfnm|Porter|2016|1p=24|Fiaschetti|2014|2pp=77–82}}

==Sources==
As the sources are written in more than a dozen languages from across Eurasia, modern historians have found it difficult to compile information on the life of Genghis Khan.{{sfn|Morgan|1986|pp=4–5}} All accounts of his adolescence and [[Rise of Genghis Khan|rise to power]] derive from two Mongolian-language sources—the ''[[Secret History of the Mongols]]'', and the ''[[Altan Debter]]'' (''Golden Book''). The latter, now lost, served as inspiration for two Chinese chronicles—the 14th-century ''[[History of Yuan]]'' and the ''[[Shengwu qinzheng lu]]'' (''Campaigns of Genghis Khan'').{{sfn|Ratchnevsky|1991|p=xii}} The ''History of Yuan'', while poorly edited, provides a large amount of detail on individual campaigns and people; the ''Shengwu'' is more disciplined in its chronology, but does not criticise Genghis and occasionally contains errors.{{sfn|Sverdrup|2017|p=xiv}}

The ''Secret History'' survived through being [[transliterated]] into [[Chinese characters]] during the 14th and 15th centuries.{{sfn|Hung|1951|p=481}} Its historicity has been disputed: the 20th-century sinologist [[Arthur Waley]] considered it a literary work with no historiographical value, but more recent historians have given it much more credence.{{sfnm|Waley|2002|1pp=7–8|Morgan|1986|2p=11}} Although it is clear that its chronology is suspect and that some passages were removed or modified for better narration, the ''Secret History'' is valued highly because the anonymous author is often critical of Genghis Khan: in addition to presenting him as indecisive and as having a [[cynophobia|phobia of dogs]], the ''Secret History'' also recounts taboo events such as his [[#Adolescence|fratricide]] and the possibility of his son Jochi's illegitimacy.{{sfn|Ratchnevsky|1991|pp=xiv–xv}}

[[File:Jame' al-Tavarikh (Compendium of Chronicles) manuscript by Rashid al-Din Fazlullah, Iran, early 15th century AD, ink, watercolour, and gold on paper - Aga Khan Museum - Toronto, Canada - DSC06735.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|alt=A book written in Persian script with many emblems on parchment|15th-century copy of the ''[[Jami' al-tawarikh]]'' by [[Rashid al-Din Hamadani]]]]
Multiple chronicles in Persian have also survived, which display a mix of positive and negative attitudes towards Genghis Khan and the Mongols. Both [[Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani]] and [[Ata-Malik Juvayni]] completed their respective histories in 1260.{{sfn|Morgan|1986|pp=16–17}} Juzjani was an eyewitness to the brutality of the Mongol conquests, and the hostility of his chronicle reflects his experiences.{{sfn|Sverdrup|2017|p=xvi}} His contemporary Juvayni, who had travelled twice to Mongolia and attained a high position in the administration of [[Ilkhanate|a Mongol successor state]], was more sympathetic; his account is the most reliable for Genghis Khan's western campaigns.{{sfnm|Morgan|1986|1p=18|Ratchnevsky|1991|2pp=xv–xvi}} The most important Persian source is the ''[[Jami' al-tawarikh]]'' (''Compendium of Chronicles'') compiled by [[Rashid al-Din Hamadani|Rashid al-Din]] on the order of Genghis's descendant [[Ghazan]] in the early 14th century. Ghazan allowed Rashid privileged access to both confidential Mongol sources such as the ''Altan Debter'' and to experts on the Mongol oral tradition, including Kublai Khan's ambassador [[Bolad Chingsang]]. As he was writing an official chronicle, Rashid censored inconvenient or taboo details.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1p=xv|Atwood|2004|2p=117|Morgan|1986|3pp=18–21}}

There are many other contemporary histories which include additional information on Genghis Khan and the Mongols, although their neutrality and reliability are often suspect. Additional Chinese sources include the chronicles of the dynasties conquered by the Mongols, and the Song diplomat [[Zhao Hong (Song diplomat)|Zhao Hong]], who visited the Mongols in 1221.{{efn|Also transliterated as Zhao Gong, his ''{{ill|Meng Da beilu|de|Mengda beilu}}'' (A Complete Record of the Mongol Tartars) is the only surviving source on the Mongols written during Genghis's lifetime.{{sfn|Atwood|2004|p=154}}}} Arabic sources include a contemporary biography of the Khwarazmian prince [[Jalal al-Din Mangburni|Jalal al-Din]] by his companion [[Shihab al-Din Muhammad al-Nasawi|al-Nasawi]]. There are also several later Christian chronicles, including the ''[[Georgian Chronicles]]'', and works by European travellers such as [[Giovanni da Pian del Carpine|Carpini]] and [[Marco Polo]].{{sfnm|Sverdrup|2017|1pp=xiv–xvi|Wright|2017}}

== Early life ==
=== Birth and childhood ===
The year of Temüjin's birth is disputed, as historians favour different dates: 1155, 1162 or 1167. Some traditions place his birth in the [[Pig (zodiac)|Year of the Pig]], which was either 1155 or 1167.{{sfn|Morgan|1986|p=55}} While a dating to 1155 is supported by the writings of both Zhao Hong and Rashid al-Din, other major sources such as the ''History of Yuan'' and the ''Shengwu'' favour the year 1162.{{sfn|Ratchnevsky|1991|pp=17–18}}{{efn|The [[Mongolian People's Republic]] chose to commemorate the 800th anniversary of Temüjin's birth in 1962.{{sfn|Morgan|1986|p=55}}}} The 1167 dating, favoured by the sinologist [[Paul Pelliot]], is derived from a minor source—a text of the Yuan artist [[Yang Weizhen]]—but is more compatible with the events of Genghis Khan's life than a 1155 placement, which implies that he did not have children until after the age of thirty and continued actively campaigning into his seventh decade.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=17–18|Pelliot|1959|2pp=284–287}} 1162 is the date accepted by most historians;{{sfnm|Man|2004|1p=70|Biran|2012|2p=33|Atwood|2004|3p=97|May|2018|4p=22|Jackson|2017|5p=63}} the historian Paul Ratchnevsky noted that Temüjin himself may not have known the truth.{{sfn|Ratchnevsky|1991|p=19}} The location of Temüjin's birth, which the ''Secret History'' records as [[Delüün Boldog]] on the [[Onon River]], is similarly debated: it has been placed at either [[Dadal]] in [[Khentii Province]] or in southern [[Agin-Buryat Okrug]], Russia.{{sfn|Atwood|2004|p=97}}

[[File:OnonRiver.jpg|thumb|upright=1.63|left|alt=A dark river flowing between bushes and open ground, curving to avoid a high ridge|The [[Onon River]], near which Temüjin was born, pictured here in [[Khentii Province]], Mongolia]]
{{anchor|Meaning of Temüjin}}
Temüjin was born into the [[Borjigin]] clan of the [[Mongols|Mongol tribe]]{{efn|At this point in time, the word "Mongols" only referred to the members of one tribe in northeast Mongolia; because this tribe played a central role in the formation of the [[Mongol Empire]], their name was later used for all the tribes.{{sfn|Atwood|2004|pp=389–391}}}} to [[Yesügei]], a chieftain who claimed descent from the legendary warlord [[Bodonchar Munkhag]], and his principal wife [[Hö'elün]], originally of the [[Olkhonud]] clan, whom Yesügei had abducted from her [[Merkit]] bridegroom Chiledu.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=14–15|May|2018|2pp=20–21}} The origin of his birth name is contested: the earliest traditions hold that his father had just returned from a successful campaign against the [[Tatar confederation|Tatars]] with a captive named Temüchin-uge, after whom he named the newborn in celebration of his victory, while later traditions highlight the [[Root (linguistics)|root]] {{lang|mn|temür}} (meaning 'iron') and connect to theories that "Temüjin" means 'blacksmith'.{{sfnm|Pelliot|1959|1pp=289–291|Man|2004|2pp=67–68|Ratchnevsky|1991|3p=17}}

Several legends surround Temüjin's birth. The most prominent is that he was born clutching a [[blood clot]] in his hand, a motif in Asian folklore indicating the child would be a warrior.{{sfnm|Brose|2014|1loc=§ "The Young Temüjin"|Pelliot|1959|2p=288}} Others claimed that Hö'elün was [[Miraculous births|impregnated by a ray of light]] which announced the child's destiny, a legend which echoed that of the mythical Borjigin ancestor [[Alan Gua]].{{sfn|Ratchnevsky|1991|p=17}} Yesügei and Hö'elün had three younger sons after Temüjin: [[Qasar]], [[Hachiun]], and [[Temüge]], as well as one daughter, [[Temülün]]. Temüjin also had two half-brothers, [[Behter]] and [[Belgutei]], from Yesügei's secondary wife [[Sochigel]], whose identity is uncertain. The siblings grew up at Yesugei's main camp on the banks of the Onon, where they learned how to ride a horse and shoot a bow.{{sfn|Ratchnevsky|1991|pp=15–19}}

When Temüjin was eight years old, his father decided to betroth him to a suitable girl. Yesügei took his heir to the pastures of Hö'elün's prestigious [[Onggirat]] tribe, which had intermarried with the Mongols on many previous occasions. There, he arranged a betrothal between Temüjin and [[Börte]], the daughter of an Onggirat chieftain named [[Dei Sechen]]. As the betrothal meant Yesügei would gain a powerful ally and as Börte commanded a high [[bride price]], Dei Sechen held the stronger negotiating position, and demanded that Temüjin remain in his household to work off his future debt.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=20–21|2a1=Fitzhugh|2a2=Rossabi|2a3=Honeychurch|2y=2009|2p=100}} Accepting this condition, Yesügei requested a meal from a band of Tatars he encountered while riding homewards alone, relying on the steppe tradition of hospitality to strangers. However, the Tatars recognised their old enemy and slipped poison into his food. Yesügei gradually sickened but managed to return home; close to death, he requested a trusted retainer called Münglig to retrieve Temüjin from the Onggirat. He died soon after.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=21–22|Broadbridge|2018|2pp=50–51}}

===Adolescence===
[[File:The Hoelun Monument to Genghis Khan's Mother at the Mother Hoelun Memorial Complex in Tsonjin Boldog 02.jpg|thumb|alt=A large stone statue, atop a podium, of a robed woman with an elaborate headdress|Statue of Hö'elün located near the [[Equestrian statue of Genghis Khan|equestrian statue of her son]] at Tsonjin Boldog, [[Mongolia]]]]
Yesügei's death shattered the unity of his people, which included members of the Borjigin, [[Tayichiud]], and other clans. As Temüjin was not yet ten and Behter around two years older, neither was considered experienced enough to rule. The Tayichiud faction excluded Hö'elün from the [[ancestor worship]] ceremonies which followed a ruler's death and soon abandoned her camp. The ''Secret History'' relates that the entire Borjigin clan followed, despite Hö'elün's attempts to shame them into staying by appealing to their honour.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1p=22|May|2018|2p=25|de Rachewiltz 2015|3loc=§ 71–73}} Rashid al-Din and the ''Shengwu'' however imply that Yesügei's brothers stood by the widow. It is possible that Hö'elün may have refused to join in [[levirate marriage]] with one, resulting in later tensions, or that the author of the ''Secret History'' dramatised the situation.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=22–23|Atwood|2004|2pp=97–98}} All the sources agree that most of Yesügei's people renounced his family in favour of the Tayichiuds and that Hö'elün's family were reduced to a much harsher life.{{sfnm|Brose|2014|1loc=§ "The Young Temüjin"|Atwood|2004|2p=98}} Taking up a [[hunter-gatherer]] lifestyle, they collected roots and nuts, hunted for small animals, and caught fish.{{sfn|May|2018|p=25}}

Tensions developed as the children grew older. Both Temüjin and Behter had claims to be their father's heir: although Temüjin was the child of Yesügei's chief wife, Behter was at least two years his senior. There was even the possibility that, as permitted under levirate law, Behter could marry Hö'elün upon attaining his [[Age of majority|majority]] and become Temüjin's stepfather.{{sfn|May|2018|pp=25–26}} As the friction, exacerbated by frequent disputes over the division of hunting spoils, intensified, Temüjin and his younger brother Qasar ambushed and killed Behter. This taboo act was omitted from the official chronicles but not from the ''Secret History'', which recounts that Hö'elün angrily reprimanded her sons. Behter's younger full-brother Belgutei did not seek vengeance, and became one of Temüjin's highest-ranking followers alongside Qasar.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=23–24|de Rachewiltz 2015|2loc=§76–78}} Around this time, Temüjin developed a close friendship with [[Jamukha]], another boy of aristocratic descent; the ''Secret History'' notes that they exchanged [[shagai|knucklebone]]s and arrows as gifts and swore the {{lang|mn|anda}} pact—the traditional oath of Mongol [[blood brother]]s–at eleven.{{sfnm|Man|2004|1p=74|de Rachewiltz 2015|2loc=§116|3a1=Fitzhugh|3a2=Rossabi|3a3=Honeychurch|3y=2009|3p=101}}

As the family lacked allies, Temüjin was taken prisoner on multiple occasions.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=25–26|2a1=Fitzhugh|2a2=Rossabi|2a3=Honeychurch|2y=2009|2pp=100–101}} Captured by the Tayichiuds, he escaped during a feast and hid first in the Onon and then in the tent of [[Sorqan Shira|Sorkan-Shira]], a man who had seen him in the river and not raised the alarm. Sorkan-Shira sheltered Temüjin for three days at great personal risk before helping him to escape.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=26–27|May|2018|2pp=26–27}} Temüjin was assisted on another occasion by [[Bo'orchu]], an adolescent who aided him in retrieving stolen horses. Soon afterwards, Bo'orchu joined Temüjin's camp as his first {{Transliteration|mn|[[Nöker (military)|''nökor'']]}} ('personal companion'; {{Plural form}} {{lang|mn|nökod}}).{{sfn|May|2018|p=28}} These incidents, related by the ''Secret History'', are indicative of the emphasis its author put on Genghis' personal charisma.{{sfn|Ratchnevsky|1991|p=27}}

==Rise to power==
{{main|Rise of Genghis Khan}}

===Early campaigns===
[[File:Burkhan Khaldun mount3.jpg|upright=1.3|thumb|[[Burkhan Khaldun]] mountain, where Temüjin hid during the [[Merkit]] attack, and which he later came to honour as sacred|alt=Photograph of a landscape in winter, with trees bare, and valleys and mountains covered in snow.]]
Temüjin returned to Dei Sechen to marry Börte when he reached the [[age of majority]] at fifteen. Delighted to see the son-in-law he feared had died, Dei Sechen consented to the marriage and accompanied the newlyweds back to Temüjin's camp; his wife Čotan presented Hö'elün with an expensive [[sable]] cloak.{{sfnm|May|2018|1p=28|Ratchnevsky|1991|2p=31}} Seeking a patron, Temüjin chose to regift the cloak to [[Toghrul]], [[khan (title)|khan]] (ruler) of the [[Kerait]] tribe, who had fought alongside Yesügei and sworn the {{lang|mn|anda}} pact with him. Toghrul ruled a vast territory in central Mongolia but distrusted many of his followers. In need of loyal replacements, he was delighted with the valuable gift and welcomed Temüjin into his protection. The two grew close, and Temüjin began to build a following, as {{lang|mn|nökod}} such as [[Jelme]] entered into his service.{{sfnm|Atwood|2004|1pp=295–296, 390|Ratchnevsky|1991|2pp=32–33|May|2018|3pp=28–29}} Temüjin and Börte had their first child, a daughter named Qojin, around this time.{{sfn|Broadbridge|2018|p=58}}

Soon afterwards, seeking revenge for Yesügei's abduction of Hö'elün, around 300 Merkits raided Temüjin's camp. While Temüjin and his brothers were able to hide on [[Burkhan Khaldun|Burkhan Khaldun mountain]], Börte and Sochigel were abducted. In accordance with levirate law, Börte was given in marriage to the younger brother of the now-deceased Chiledu.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=34–35|Brose|2014|2loc=§ "Emergence of Chinggis Khan"}} Temüjin appealed for aid from Toghrul and his childhood {{lang|mn|anda}} Jamukha, who had risen to become chief of the [[Jadaran]] tribe. Both chiefs were willing to field armies of 20,000 warriors, and with Jamukha in command, the campaign was soon won. A now-pregnant Börte was recovered successfully and soon gave birth to a son, [[Jochi]]; although Temüjin raised him as his own, questions over his true paternity followed Jochi throughout his life.{{sfnm|May|2018|1p=30|Bawden|2022|2loc=§ "Early struggles"}} This is narrated in the ''Secret History'' and contrasts with Rashid al-Din's account, which protects the family's reputation by removing any hint of illegitimacy.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=34–35|May|2018|2pp=30–31}} Over the next decade and a half, Temüjin and Börte had three more sons ([[Chagatai Khan|Chagatai]], [[Ögedei]], and [[Tolui]]) and four more daughters ([[Checheyigen]], [[Alakhai Bekhi|Alaqa]], Tümelün, and [[Al-Altan]]).{{sfn|Broadbridge|2018|pp=66–68}}

The followers of Temüjin and Jamukha camped together for a year and a half, during which their leaders reforged their {{lang|mn|anda}} pact and slept together under one blanket, according to the ''Secret History''. The source presents this period as close friends bonding, but Ratchnevsky questioned if Temüjin actually entered into Jamukha's service in return for the assistance with the Merkits.{{sfn|Ratchnevsky|1991|pp=37–38}} Tensions arose and the two leaders parted, ostensibly on account of a cryptic remark made by Jamukha on the subject of camping;{{efn|According to the ''Secret History'', Jamukha said "If we camp close to the hill those who herd our horses will have their tents. If we camp beside the mountain stream those who herd our sheep and lambs will have food for their gullets."{{sfn|Ratchnevsky|1991|p=37}}}} in any case, Temüjin followed the advice of Hö'elün and Börte and began to build an independent following. The major tribal rulers remained with Jamukha, but forty-one leaders gave their support to Temüjin along with many commoners: these included [[Subutai]] and others of the [[Uriankhai]], the [[Barlas|Barulas]], the Olkhonuds, and many more.{{sfnm|May|2018|1p=31|Ratchnevsky|1991|2pp=37–41|Broadbridge|2018|3p=64}} Many were attracted by Temüjin's reputation as a fair and generous lord who could offer better lives, while his [[Mongolian shamanism|shamans]] prophesied that heaven had allocated him a great destiny.{{sfn|Ratchnevsky|1991|pp=39–41}}

[[File:Djengiz Khân et Toghril Ong Khan.jpeg|upright=1.3|left|thumb|alt=Painting of two men wearing crowns on a couch, with three men on either side looking at them |Temüjin and [[Toghrul]], illustrated in a 15th-century [[Jami' al-tawarikh]] manuscript]]
Temüjin was soon acclaimed by his close followers as khan of the Mongols.{{sfnm|Atwood|2004|1p=98|Brose|2014|2loc=§ "Building the Mongol Confederation"}} Toghrul was pleased at his vassal's elevation but Jamukha was resentful. Tensions escalated into open hostility, and in around 1187 the two leaders clashed in battle [[Battle of Dalan Balzhat|at Dalan Baljut]]: the two forces were evenly matched but Temüjin suffered a clear defeat. Later chroniclers including Rashid al-Din instead state that he was victorious but their accounts contradict themselves and each other.{{sfn|Ratchnevsky|1991|pp=44–47}}

Modern historians such as Ratchnevsky and Timothy May consider it very likely that Temüjin spent a large portion of the decade following the clash at Dalan Baljut as a servant of the Jurchen [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]] in [[North China]].{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=49–50|May|2018|2p=32}} Zhao Hong recorded that the future Genghis Khan spent several years as a slave of the Jin. Formerly seen as an expression of nationalistic arrogance, the statement is now thought to be based in fact, especially as no other source convincingly explains Temüjin's activities between Dalan Baljut and {{circa|1195}}.{{sfn|Ratchnevsky|1991|pp=49–50}} Taking refuge across the border was a common practice both for disaffected steppe leaders and disgraced Chinese officials. Temüjin's reemergence having retained significant power indicates that he probably profited in the service of the Jin. As he later overthrew that state, such an episode, detrimental to Mongol prestige, was omitted from all their sources. Zhao Hong was bound by no such taboos.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=49–50|May|2018|2p=32|3a1=Fitzhugh|3a2=Rossabi|3a3=Honeychurch|3y=2009|3p=101}}

===Defeating rivals===
The sources do not agree on the events of Temüjin's return to the steppe. In early summer 1196, he participated in a joint campaign with the Jin against the Tatars, who had begun to act contrary to Jin interests. As a reward, the Jin awarded him the honorific {{Transliteration|mn|cha-ut kuri}}, the meaning of which probably approximated "commander of hundreds" in [[Jurchen language|Jurchen]]. At around the same time, he assisted Toghrul with reclaiming the lordship of the Kereit, which had been usurped by one of Toghrul's relatives with the support of the powerful [[Naiman tribe]].{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=52–53|Pelliot|1959|2pp=291–295}} The actions of 1196 fundamentally changed Temüjin's position in the steppe—although nominally still Toghrul's vassal, he was ''de facto'' an equal ally.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=52–53|Sverdrup|2017|2p=56}}

Jamukha behaved cruelly following his victory at Dalan Baljut—he allegedly [[Death by boiling|boiled seventy prisoners alive]] and humiliated the corpses of leaders who had opposed him. A number of disaffected followers, including Yesügei's follower Münglig and his sons, [[defected]] to Temüjin as a consequence; they were also probably attracted by his newfound wealth.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=46–47|May|2018|2p=32}} Temüjin subdued the disobedient [[Jurkin]] tribe that had previously offended him at a feast and refused to participate in the Tatar campaign. After executing their leaders, he had Belgutei symbolically break a leading Jurkin's back in a staged [[wrestling]] match in retribution. This latter incident, which contravened Mongol customs of justice, was only noted by the author of the ''Secret History'', who openly disapproved. These events occurred {{circa|1197}}.{{sfn|Ratchnevsky|1991|pp=54–56}}

[[File:Mongol Empire polities circa 1200.png|thumb|left|upright=1.6|alt=Map of the Mongol tribes In the early thirteenth century|The major tribes of the Mongolian plateau united by Temüjin]]
During the following years, Temüjin and Toghrul campaigned against the Merkits, the Naimans, and the Tatars; sometimes separately and sometimes together. In around 1201, a collection of dissatisfied tribes including the Onggirat, the Tayichiud, and the Tatars swore to break the domination of the Borjigin-Kereit alliance, electing Jamukha as their leader and [[gurkhan]] ({{literally|"khan of the tribes"}}). After some initial successes, Temüjin and Toghrul routed this loose confederation [[Battle of Yedi Qunan|at Yedi Qunan]], and Jamukha was forced to beg for Toghrul's clemency.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=61–62|May|2018|2pp=34–35}} Desiring complete supremacy in eastern Mongolia, Temüjin defeated first the Tayichiud and then, in 1202, the Tatars; after both campaigns, he executed the clan leaders and took the remaining warriors into his service. These included Sorkan-Shira, who had come to his aid previously, and a young warrior named [[Jebe]], who, by killing Temüjin's horse and refusing to hide that fact, had displayed martial ability and personal courage.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=63–67|de Hartog|1999|2pp=21–22|3a1=Fitzhugh|3a2=Rossabi|3a3=Honeychurch|3y=2009|3p=102}}

The absorption of the Tatars left three military powers in the steppe: the Naimans in the west, the Mongols in the east, and the Kereit in between.{{sfn|May|2018|p=36}} Seeking to cement his position, Temüjin proposed that his son Jochi marry one of Toghrul's daughters. Led by Toghrul's son Senggum, the Kereit elite believed the proposal to be an attempt to gain control over their tribe, while the doubts over Jochi's parentage would have offended them further. In addition, Jamukha drew attention to the threat Temüjin posed to the traditional steppe [[aristocracy]] by his habit of promoting commoners to high positions, which subverted social norms. Yielding eventually to these demands, Toghrul attempted to lure his vassal into an ambush, but his plans were overheard by two herdsmen. Temüjin was able to gather some of his forces, but was soundly defeated at the [[Battle of Qalaqaljid Sands]].{{sfnm|Atwood|2004|1p=98|Ratchnevsky|1991|2pp=67–70|May|2018|3pp=36–37}}

{{Quote box
|title=The [[Baljuna Covenant]]
|tstyle=text-align: centre;
|align=right
|width=32%;
|quote=<poem>"[Temüjin] raised his hands and looking up at Heaven swore, saying "If I am able to achieve my 'Great Work', I shall [always] share with you men the sweet and the bitter. If I break this word, may I be like the water of the River, drunk up by others."
Among officers and men there was none who was not moved to tears.</poem>
|qalign=left
|source=The ''[[History of Yuan]]'', vol 120 (1370){{sfn|Cleaves|1955|p=397}}
}}
Retreating southeast to Baljuna, an unidentified lake or river, Temüjin waited for his scattered forces to regroup: Bo'orchu had lost his horse and was forced to flee on foot, while Temüjin's badly wounded son [[Ögedei]] had been transported and tended to by [[Borokhula]], a leading warrior. Temüjin called in every possible ally and swore a famous [[oath|oath of loyalty]], later known as the [[Baljuna Covenant]], to his faithful followers, which subsequently granted them great prestige.{{sfnm|Brose|2014|1loc=§ "Building the Mongol Confederation"|Ratchnevsky|1991|2pp=70–73|Man|2004|3pp=96–98}} The oath-takers of Baljuna were a very [[Heterogenous#Sociology|heterogeneous]] group—men from nine different tribes who included Christians, Muslims, and Buddhists, united only by loyalty to Temüjin and to each other. This group became a model for the later empire, termed a "proto-government of a proto-nation" by historian [[John Man (author)|John Man]].{{sfnm|Man|2014|1p=40|Weatherford|2004|2p=58|Biran|2012|3p=38}} The Baljuna Covenant was omitted from the ''Secret History''—as the group was predominantly non-Mongol, the author presumably wished to downplay the role of other tribes.{{sfn|Man|2014|p=40}}

A {{lang|fr|[[ruse de guerre]]}} involving Qasar allowed the Mongols to ambush the Kereit at the Jej'er Heights; though the ensuing battle still lasted three days, it ended in a [[decisive victory]] for Temüjin. Toghrul and Senggum were both forced to flee, and while the latter escaped to [[Tibet]], Toghrul was killed by a Naiman who did not recognise him. Temüjin sealed his victory by absorbing the Kereit elite into his own tribe: he took the princess [[Ibaqa]] as a wife, and married her sister [[Sorghaghtani]] and niece [[Doquz]] to his youngest son Tolui.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=78–80|Atwood|2004|2p=98|Lane|2004|3pp=26–27}} The ranks of the Naimans had swelled due to the arrival of Jamukha and others defeated by the Mongols, and they prepared for war. Temüjin was informed of these events by [[Alaqush]], the sympathetic ruler of the [[Ongud]] tribe. In May 1204, at the [[Battle of Chakirmaut]] in the [[Altai Mountains]], the Naimans were decisively defeated: their leader [[Tayang Khan]] was killed, and his son [[Kuchlug]] was forced to flee west.{{sfnm|Sverdrup|2017|1pp=81–83|Ratchnevsky|1991|2pp=83–86}} The Merkits were decimated later that year, while Jamukha, who had abandoned the Naimans at Chakirmaut, was betrayed to Temüjin by companions who were executed for their lack of loyalty. According to the ''Secret History'', Jamukha convinced his childhood {{lang|mn|anda}} to execute him honourably; other accounts state that he was killed by [[dismemberment]].{{sfnm|Brose|2014|1loc=§ "Building the Mongol Confederation"|2a1=Fitzhugh|2a2=Rossabi|2a3=Honeychurch|2y=2009|2p=103|Ratchnevsky|1991|3pp=86–88|McLynn|2015|4pp=90–91}}

== Early reign: reforms and Chinese campaigns (1206–1215) ==
==={{tlit|mn|Kurultai}} of 1206 and reforms===
{{anchor|Meaning of Genghis}}
[[File:Temüjin proclaimed as Genghis Khan in 1206 Jami' al-tawarikh manuscript.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Illustration of a crowned man on a throne, surrounded by retainers.|Temüjin being proclaimed as Genghis Khan, as illustrated in a 15th-century [[Jami' al-tawarikh]] manuscript. The {{Transliteration|mn|[[Tug (banner)|tuq]]}}, a banner fashioned from the tails of [[yak]]s or horses, is placed on the right; the white {{Transliteration|mn|tuq}} pictured here represent peace, while a black {{Transliteration|mn|tuq}} would represent war.{{sfn|May|2012|p=36}}]]
Now sole ruler of the steppe, Temüjin held a large assembly called a {{Transliteration|mn|[[kurultai]]}} at the source of the Onon River in 1206.{{sfn|Fitzhugh|Rossabi|Honeychurch|2009|p=103}} Here, he formally adopted the title "Genghis Khan", the etymology and meaning of which have been much debated. Some commentators hold that the title had no meaning, simply representing Temüjin's eschewal of the traditional {{Transliteration|mn|gurkhan}} title, which had been accorded to Jamukha and was thus of lesser worth.{{sfnm|Pelliot|1959|1p=296|Favereau|2021|2p=37}} Another theory suggests that the word "Genghis" bears connotations of strength, firmness, hardness, or righteousness.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1p=89|Pelliot|1959|2p=297}} A third hypothesis proposes that the title is related to the [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] {{Transliteration|trk|tängiz}} ('ocean'), the title "Genghis Khan" would mean "master of the ocean", and as the ocean was believed to surround the earth, the title thus ultimately implied "Universal Ruler".{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=89–90|Pelliot|1959|2pp=298–301}}

Genghis Khan then began a "social revolution", in May's words.{{sfn|May|2018|p=39}} As traditional tribal systems had primarily evolved to benefit small clans and families, they were unsuitable as the foundations for larger states and had been the downfall of previous steppe confederations. Genghis thus began a series of administrative reforms designed to suppress the power of tribal affiliations and to replace them with unconditional loyalty to the khan and the ruling family.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1p=90|2a1=Fitzhugh|2a2=Rossabi|2a3=Honeychurch|2y=2009|2p=104|McLynn|2015|3p=97}} As most of the traditional tribal leaders had been killed during his rise to power, Genghis was able to reconstruct the Mongol social hierarchy in his favour. The highest tier was occupied solely by his and his brothers' families, who became known as the {{Transliteration|mn|altan uruq}} ({{literally}} 'Golden Family') or {{Transliteration|mn|chaghan yasun}} ({{literally}} 'white bone'); underneath them came the {{Transliteration|mn|qara yasun}} ({{literally}} 'black bone'; sometimes {{Transliteration|mn|qarachu}}), composed of the surviving pre-empire aristocracy and the most important of the new families.{{sfnm|Atwood|2004|1pp=505–506|May|2018|2p=39}}

To break any concept of tribal loyalty, Mongol society was reorganised into a military decimal system. Every man between the age of fifteen and seventy was conscripted into a {{Transliteration|mn|[[mingghan|minqan]]}} ({{Plural form}} {{Transliteration|mn|minkad}}), a unit of a thousand soldiers, which was further subdivided into units of hundreds ({{Transliteration|mn|jaghun}}, {{plural form}} {{Transliteration|mn|jaghat}}) and tens ({{Transliteration|mn|arban}}, {{Plural form}} {{Transliteration|mn|arbat}}).{{sfnm|May|2007|1pp=30–31|McLynn|2015|2p=99}} The units also encompassed each man's household, meaning that each military {{Transliteration|mn|minqan}} was supported by a {{Transliteration|mn|minqan}} of households in what May has termed "a [[military–industrial complex]]". Each {{Transliteration|mn|minqan}} operated as both a political and social unit, while the warriors of defeated tribes were dispersed to different {{Transliteration|mn|minqad}} to make it difficult for them to rebel as a single body. This was intended to ensure the disappearance of old tribal identities, replacing them with loyalty to the "Great Mongol State", and to commanders who had gained their rank through merit and loyalty to the khan.{{sfnm|May|2018|1pp=39–40|2a1=Fitzhugh|2a2=Rossabi|2a3=Honeychurch|2y=2009|2p=104}} This particular reform proved extremely effective—even after the [[division of the Mongol Empire]], fragmentation never happened along tribal lines. Instead, the descendants of Genghis continued to reign unchallenged, in some cases until as late as the 1700s, and even powerful non-imperial dynasts such as [[Timur]] and [[Edigu]] were compelled to rule from behind a puppet ruler of his lineage.{{sfn|Jackson|2017|p=65}}

{{multiple image
| align = right
| perrow = 1
| total_width = 320

| image1 = Statue at Government Palace, Ulaanbaator 03.jpg
| alt1 = Statue of an armoured man, in front of a large pillared building.

| image2 = Statue at Government Palace, Ulaanbaator 02.jpg
| alt2 = Statue of an armoured man, in front of a large pillared building.

| footer = Modern statues of [[Muqali]] (''top'') and [[Bo'orchu]] (''bottom'') in [[Sükhbaatar Square]], [[Ulaanbaatar]]
}}
Genghis's senior {{Transliteration|mn|nökod}} were appointed to the highest ranks and received the greatest honours. Bo'orchu and [[Muqali]] were each given ten thousand men to lead as commanders of the right and left wings of the army respectively.{{sfnm|Atwood|2004|1p=393|Weatherford|2004|2p=67}} The other {{Transliteration|mn|nökod}} were each given commands of one of the ninety-five {{Transliteration|mn|minkad}}. In a display of Genghis' meritocratic ideals, many of these men were born to low social status: Ratchnevsky cited Jelme and Subutai, the sons of blacksmiths, in addition to a carpenter, a shepherd, and even the two herdsmen who had warned Temüjin of Toghrul's plans in 1203.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1p=92|May|2018|2p=77|Man|2004|3pp=104–105}} As a special privilege, Genghis allowed certain loyal commanders to retain the tribal identities of their units. Alaqush of the Ongud was allowed to retain five thousand warriors of his tribe because his son had entered into an alliance pact with Genghis, marrying his daughter Alaqa.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=92–93|May|2018|2p=77|Atwood|2004|3pp=460–462}}

A key tool which underpinned these reforms was the expansion of the {{Transliteration|mn|[[keshig]]}} ('bodyguard'). After Temüjin defeated Toghrul in 1203, he had appropriated this Kereit institution in a minor form, but at the 1206 {{Transliteration|mn|kurultai}} its numbers were greatly expanded, from 1,150 to 10,000 men. The {{Transliteration|mn|keshig}} was not only the khan's bodyguard, but his household staff, a military academy, and the centre of governmental administration.{{sfnm|Atwood|2004|1p=297|Weatherford|2004|2pp=71–72|May|2018|pp=40–41}} All the warriors in this elite corps were brothers or sons of military commanders and were essentially hostages. The members of the {{Transliteration|mn|keshig}} nevertheless received special privileges and direct access to the khan, whom they served and who in return evaluated their capabilities and their potential to govern or command.{{sfnm|May|2018|1p=78|Atwood|2004|2p=297|Ratchnevsky|1991|3p=94|Man|2004|4p=106}} Commanders such as Subutai, [[Chormaqan]], and [[Baiju Noyan|Baiju]] all started out in the {{Transliteration|mn|keshig}}, before being given command of their own force.{{sfn|Atwood|2004|p=297}}

===Consolidation of power (1206–1210)===
{{further|Mongol conquest of Western Xia}}
From 1204 to 1209, Genghis Khan was predominantly focused on consolidating and maintaining his new nation.{{sfn|Ratchnevsky|1991|p=101}} He faced a challenge from the [[shaman]] Kokechu, whose father Münglig had been allowed to marry Hö'elün after he defected to Temüjin. Kokechu, who had proclaimed Temüjin as Genghis Khan and taken the [[Tengrist]] title "Teb Tenggeri" ({{literally}} "Wholly Heavenly") on account of his sorcery, was very influential among the Mongol commoners and sought to divide the imperial family.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=97–98|Atwood|2004|2p=531|Weatherford|2004|3p=73}} Genghis's brother Qasar was the first of Kokechu's targets—always distrusted by his brother, Qasar was humiliated and almost imprisoned on false charges before Hö'elün intervened by publicly reprimanding Genghis. Nevertheless, Kokechu's power steadily increased, and he publicly shamed Temüge, Genghis's youngest brother, when he attempted to intervene.{{sfn|Ratchnevsky|1991|pp=98–100}} Börte saw that Kokechu was a threat to Genghis's power and warned her husband, who still superstitiously revered the shaman but now recognised the political threat he posed. Genghis allowed Temüge to arrange Kokechu's death, and then usurped the shaman's position as the Mongols' highest spiritual authority.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=100–101|Atwood|2004|2p=100}}

During these years, the Mongols imposed their control on surrounding areas. Genghis dispatched Jochi northwards in 1207 to subjugate the {{ill|Hoi-yin Irgen|ja|ホイン・イルゲン}}, a collection of tribes on the edge of the [[East Siberian taiga|Siberian taiga]]. Having secured a marriage alliance with the [[Oirats]] and defeated the [[Yenisei Kyrgyz]], he took control of the region's trade in grain and furs, as well as its [[gold mine]]s.{{sfnm|May|2018|1pp=44–45|Atwood|2004|2p=502}} Mongol armies also rode westwards, defeating the Naiman-Merkit alliance on the [[River Irtysh]] in late 1208. Their khan was killed and Kuchlug fled into [[Central Asia]].{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1p=102|May|2018|2p=45}} Led by [[Barchuk]], the [[Uyghurs]] freed themselves from the suzerainty of the [[Qara Khitai]] and pledged themselves to Genghis in 1211 as the first [[Sedentism|sedentary society]] to submit to the Mongols.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=102–103|Atwood|2004|2p=563}}

[[File:Mongol Invasion of China.png|thumb|upright=1.6|left|alt=Diagram displaying nations of East and Central Asia in 13th century, their capitals and major cities, and the routes and times the Mongols attacked them in |The states of East and Central Asia in the early 13th century]]
The Mongols had started raiding the border settlements of the [[Tangut people|Tangut]]-led [[Western Xia]] kingdom in 1205, ostensibly in retaliation for allowing Senggum, Toghrul's son, refuge.{{sfnm|Atwood|2004|1p=590|Man|2004|3pp=129–130}} More prosaic explanations include rejuvenating the depleted Mongol economy with an influx of fresh goods and [[livestock]],{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1p=103|2a1=Fitzhugh|2a2=Rossabi|2a3=Honeychurch|2y=2009|2p=104}} or simply subjugating a semi-hostile state to protect the nascent Mongol nation.{{sfnm|May|2012|1p=38|Waterson|2013|2p=37}} Most Xia troops were stationed along the southern and eastern borders of the kingdom to guard against attacks from the [[Southern Song|Song]] and [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin]] dynasties respectively, while its northern border relied only on the [[Gobi desert]] for protection.{{sfnm|Sverdrup|2017|1p=96|Man|2004|2p=116}} After a raid in 1207 sacked the Xia fortress of [[Wuhai|Wulahai]], Genghis decided to personally lead [[Mongol conquest of Western Xia#First invasion (1209-1210)|a full-scale invasion]] in 1209.{{sfnm|Atwood|2004|1pp=590–591|Ratchnevsky|1991|2p=104}}

Wulahai was captured again in May and the Mongols advanced on the capital Zhongxing (modern-day [[Yinchuan]]) but suffered a reverse against a Xia army. After a two-month stalemate, Genghis broke the deadlock with a [[feigned retreat]]; the Xia forces were deceived out of their defensive positions and overpowered.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1p=104|Sverdrup|2017|2pp=97–98}} Although Zhongxing was now mostly undefended, the Mongols lacked any [[siege equipment]] better than crude [[battering ram]]s and were unable to progress the siege.{{sfnm|May|2018|1p=48|Man|2014|2p=55}} The Xia requested aid from the Jin, but [[Emperor Zhangzong]] rejected the plea. Genghis's attempt to redirect the [[Yellow River]] into the city with a dam initially worked, but the poorly constructed [[earthworks (engineering)|earthworks]] broke—possibly breached by the Xia—in January 1210 and the Mongol camp was flooded, forcing them to retreat. A peace treaty was soon formalised: the Xia emperor [[Xiangzong]] submitted and handed over tribute, including his daughter Chaka, in exchange for the Mongol withdrawal.{{sfnm|Man|2004|1pp=132–133|Atwood|2004|2p=591|May|2018|3p=48|Ratchnevsky|1991|4pp=104–105|Waterson|2013|5p=38}}
{{Clear}}

===Campaign against the Jin (1211–1215)===
{{Main|Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty}}
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Bataille entre mongols & chinois (1211).jpeg
| alt1 = Painting of cavalry pursuing and attacking other horsemen
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| image2 = Chingiz Khan in battle - Collection of epic poems (1397-1398), f.49v - BL Or. 2780.jpg
| alt2 = Painting of a confrontation between two groups of cavalry in a mountain pass.
| caption2 =

| image3 = Siège de Beijing (1213-1214).jpeg
| alt3 = Painting of a horseman, with other cavalry behind, approaching a large building.
| caption3 =

| footer = Depictions of Mongol-Jin conflict from 14th-century Persian manuscripts. From top: the [[Battle of Yehuling]] (1211); a skirmish between Mongol and Jin cavalry; Genghis entering [[Zhongdu]] after capturing it in 1215.
}}
[[Wanyan Yongji]] usurped the Jin throne in 1209. He had previously served on the steppe frontier and Genghis greatly disliked him.{{sfn|Atwood|2004|p=275}} When asked to submit and pay the annual tribute to Yongji in 1210, Genghis instead mocked the emperor, spat, and rode away from the Jin envoy—a challenge that meant war.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1p=108|Man|2004|2p=134}} Despite the possibility of being outnumbered eight-to-one by 600,000 Jin soldiers, Genghis had prepared to invade the Jin since learning in 1206 that the state was wracked by internal instabilities.{{sfn|Ratchnevsky|1991|pp=106–108}} Genghis had two aims: to take vengeance for past wrongs committed by the Jin, foremost among which was the death of [[Ambaghai Khan]] in the mid-12th century, and to win the vast amounts of plunder his troops and vassals expected.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=109–109|Atwood|2004|2pp=275–276|May|2012|3p=39}}

After calling for a {{lang|mn|kurultai}} in March 1211, Genghis launched [[Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty|his invasion of Jin China]] in May, reaching the [[History of the Great Wall of China#Liao, Western Xia, Jin, and Yuan dynasties (907–1368)|outer ring of Jin defences]] the following month. These [[March (territory)|border]] fortifications were guarded by Alaqush's Ongud, who allowed the Mongols to pass without difficulty.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=109–109|Sverdrup|2017|2p=104|Atwood|2004|3p=424}} The three-pronged [[chevauchée]] aimed both to plunder and burn a vast area of Jin territory to deprive them of supplies and popular legitimacy, and to secure the [[mountain pass]]es which allowed access to the [[North China Plain]].{{sfnm|Waterson|2013|1p=39|May|2018|2p=50|Atwood|2004|3pp=275–277}} The Jin lost numerous towns and were hindered by a series of defections, the most prominent of which led directly to Muqali's victory at the [[Battle of Yehuling|Battle of Huan'erzhui]] in autumn 1211.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=109–110|Atwood|2004|2p=501|Man|2004|3pp=135–136|Sverdrup|2017|4pp=105–106}} The campaign was halted in 1212 when Genghis was wounded by an arrow during the unsuccessful siege of Xijing (modern [[Datong]]).{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1p=110|Man|2004|2p=137}} Following this failure, Genghis set up a corps of [[siege engineers]], which recruited 500 Jin experts over the next two years.{{sfnm|Sverdrup|2017|1pp=111–112|Waterson|2013|2p=42}}

The defences of [[Juyong Pass]] had been strongly reinforced by the time the conflict resumed in 1213, but a Mongol detachment led by Jebe managed to infiltrate the pass and surprise the elite Jin defenders, opening the road to the Jin capital [[Zhongdu]] (modern-day [[Beijing]]).{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=110—111|Sverdrup|2017|2pp=114–115|Man|2004|3p=137}} The Jin administration began to disintegrate: after the [[Khitans]], a tribe subject to the Jin, entered open rebellion, Hushahu, the commander of the forces at Xijing, abandoned his post and staged a coup in Zhongdu, killing Yongji and installing his own puppet ruler, [[Emperor Xuanzong of Jin|Xuanzong]].{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=111–112|Man|2004|2pp=137–138|Waterson|2013|3pp=42–43}} This governmental breakdown was fortunate for Genghis's forces; emboldened by their victories, they had seriously overreached and lost the initiative. Unable to do more than camp before Zhongdu's [[fortification]]s while his army suffered from an epidemic and famine—they resorted to [[Human cannibalism|cannibalism]] according to [[Giovanni da Pian del Carpine|Carpini]], who may have been exaggerating—Genghis opened peace negotiations despite his commanders' militance.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=112–113|Atwood|2004|2p=620|Man|2004|3pp=139–140}} He secured tribute, including 3,000 horses, 500 slaves, a Jin princess, and massive amounts of gold and silk, before lifting the siege and setting off homewards in May 1214.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=113–114|May|2018|2pp=52–54|Man|2004|3p=140|Sverdrup|2017|4pp=114–116}}

As the northern Jin lands had been ravaged by plague and war, Xuanzong moved the capital and [[Royal court|imperial court]] {{convert|600|km|mi}} southwards to [[Kaifeng]].{{sfnm|Man|2004|1pp=140–141|Ratchnevsky|1991|2p=114}} Interpreting this as an attempt to regroup in the south and then restart the war, Genghis concluded the terms of the peace treaty had been broken. He immediately prepared to return and capture Zhongdu.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1p=114|Weatherford|2004|2p=97|May|2018|3p=54}} According to Christopher Atwood, it was only at this juncture that Genghis decided to fully conquer northern China.{{sfn|Atwood|2004|p=277}} Muqali captured numerous towns in [[Liaodong]] during winter 1214–1215, and although the inhabitants of Zhongdu surrendered to Genghis on 31 May 1215, the city was sacked.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=114–115|Atwood|2004|2p=277}} When Genghis returned to Mongolia in early 1216, Muqali was left in command in China.{{sfn|May|2018|p=55}} He waged a brutal but effective campaign against the unstable Jin regime until his death in 1223.{{sfn|Atwood|2004|p=393}}

== Later reign: western expansion and return to China (1216–1227) ==

===Defeating rebellions and Qara Khitai (1216–1218)===
{{further|Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai}}
In 1207, Genghis had appointed a man named Qorchi as governor of the subdued Hoi-yin Irgen tribes in Siberia. Appointed not for his talents but for prior services rendered, Qorchi's tendency to abduct women as [[concubines]] for his [[harem]] caused the tribes to rebel and take him prisoner in early 1216. The following year, they ambushed and killed [[Boroqul]], one of Genghis's highest-ranking {{lang|mn|nökod}}.{{sfnm|May|2018|1p=57|Atwood|2004|2p=502|Ratchnevsky|1991|3pp=116–117}} The khan was livid at the loss of his close friend and prepared to lead a retaliatory campaign; eventually dissuaded from this course, he dispatched his eldest son Jochi and a [[Dörbet Oirat|Dörbet]] commander. They managed to surprise and defeat the rebels, securing control over this economically important region.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=117–118|May|2018|2pp=57–58|Atwood|2004|3p=502}}

[[Kuchlug]], the [[Naimans|Naiman]] prince who had been defeated in 1204, had usurped the throne of the Central Asian Qara Khitai dynasty between 1211 and 1213. He was a greedy and arbitrary ruler who probably earned the enmity of the native [[Islam]]ic populace whom he attempted to [[Forced conversion|forcibly convert]] to [[Buddhism]].{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=118–119|Atwood|2004|2pp=445–446|May|2018|3p=60|Favereau|2021|4pp=45–46}} Genghis reckoned that Kuchlug could be a threat to his empire, and Jebe was sent with an army of 20,000 cavalry to the city of [[Kashgar]]; he undermined Kuchlug's rule by emphasising the Mongol policies of religious tolerance and gained the loyalty of the local elite.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=118–119|Atwood|2004|2p=446|Man|2004|3p=150}} Kuchlug was forced to flee southwards to the [[Pamir Mountains]], but was captured by local hunters. Jebe had him beheaded and paraded his corpse through Qara Khitai, proclaiming the end of religious persecution in the region.{{sfnm|Favereau|2021|1p=46|Atwood|2004|2p=446|Man|2004|3p=151|Pow|2017|4p=35}}

===Invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire (1219–1221)===
{{Main|Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire}}
[[File:Genghis Khan empire-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.61|Campaigns of Genghis Khan between 1207 and 1225|alt=Map of Central Asian Mongol campaigns between 1216 and 1223.]]
Genghis had now attained complete control of the eastern portion of the [[Silk Road]], and his territory bordered that of the [[Khwarazmian Empire]], which ruled over much of Central Asia, [[Persia]] and [[Afghanistan]].{{sfnm|Weatherford|2004|1p=105|Atwood|2004|2p=100}} Merchants from both sides were eager to restart trading, which had halted during Kuchlug's rule; the Khwarazmian ruler [[Muhammad II of Khwarazm|Muhammad II]] dispatched an envoy shortly after the Mongol capture of Zhongdu, while Genghis instructed [[ortogh|his merchants]] to obtain the high-quality textiles and steel of Central and Western Asia.{{sfnm|Jackson|2017|1pp=71–73|Ratchnevsky|1991|2pp=119–120}} Many members of the {{lang|mn|altan uruq}} invested in one particular caravan of 450 merchants which set off to Khwarazmia in 1218 with a large quantity of wares. [[Inalchuq]], the governor of the Khwarazmian border town of [[Otrar]], decided to massacre the merchants on grounds of [[espionage]] and seize the goods; Muhammad had grown suspicious of Genghis's intentions and either supported Inalchuq or turned a blind eye.{{sfnm|Atwood|2004|1pp=429, 431|Ratchnevsky|1991|2pp=120–123|May|2012|3p=42|Favereau|2021|4p=54}} A Mongol ambassador was sent with two companions to avert war, but Muhammad killed him and humiliated his companions. The killing of an envoy infuriated Genghis, who resolved to leave Muqali with a small force in North China and invade Khwarazmia with most of his army.{{sfnm|Favereau|2021|1p=55|Ratchnevsky|1991|2p=123|Atwood|2004|3p=431|4a1=Fitzhugh|4a2=Rossabi|4a3=Honeychurch|4y=2009|4p=104}}

Muhammad's empire was large but disunited: he ruled alongside his mother [[Terken Khatun (wife of Ala al-Din Tekish)|Terken Khatun]] in what the historian [[Peter Benjamin Golden|Peter Golden]] terms "an uneasy diarchy", while the Khwarazmian nobility and populace were discontented with his warring and the centralisation of government. For these reasons and others he declined to meet the Mongols in the field, instead garrisoning his unruly troops in his major cities.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=123–125|Golden|2009|2pp=14–15|Jackson|2017|3pp=76–77}} This allowed the lightly armoured, highly mobile Mongol armies uncontested superiority outside city walls.{{sfn|Atwood|2004|p=307}} [[Otrar Catastrophe|Otrar was besieged]] in autumn 1219—the siege dragged on for five months, but in February 1220 the city fell and Inalchuq was executed.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1p=130|Atwood|2004|2p=307}} Genghis had meanwhile divided his forces. Leaving his sons Chagatai and [[Ögedei]] to besiege the city, he had sent Jochi northwards down the [[Syr Darya]] river and another force southwards into central [[Transoxiana]], while he and Tolui took the main Mongol army across the [[Kyzylkum Desert]], surprising the garrison of [[Bukhara]] in a [[pincer movement]].{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1p=130|May|2018|2p=62|Jackson|2017|3pp=77–78|Man|2004|4pp=163–164}}

[[File:Jalal al-Din Khwarazm-Shah crossing the rapid Indus river, escaping Chinggis Khan and his army.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Painting of a horseman emerging out of a river, watched from the other side by an army of cavalry|Depiction of [[Jalal al-Din Mangburni|Jalal al-Din]] crossing the [[Indus River]], from a late 17th-century [[Jami al-tawarikh]] manuscript]]
[[Siege of Bukhara|Bukhara's citadel was captured]] in February 1220 and Genghis moved against Muhammad's residence [[Samarkand]], which [[Siege of Samarkand (1220)|fell the following month]].{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=130–133|Man|2004|2pp=164, 172|Atwood|2004|3p=307}} Bewildered by the speed of the Mongol conquests, Muhammad fled from [[Balkh]], closely followed by Jebe and Subutai; the two generals pursued the Khwarazmshah until he died from [[dysentery]] on a [[Caspian Sea]] island in winter 1220–21, having nominated his eldest son [[Jalal al-Din Mangburni|Jalal al-Din]] as his successor.{{sfnm|Atwood|2004|1p=307|May|2018|2pp=62–63|Ratchnevsky|1991|3p=133|Pow|2017|4p=36}} Jebe and Subutai then set out on a {{convert|7500|km|mi|adj=on}}-expedition around the [[Caspian Sea]]. Later called the ''Great Raid'', this lasted four years and saw the Mongols come into contact with Europe for the first time.{{sfnm|Man|2004|1pp=184–191|Atwood|2004|2p=521|May|2012|3p=43}} Meanwhile, the Khwarazmian capital of [[Gurganj]] was being besieged by Genghis's three eldest sons. [[Siege of Gurganj|The long siege]] ended in spring 1221 amid brutal urban conflict.{{sfnm|Man|2004|1pp=173–174|Sverdrup|2017|2p=161}} Jalal al-Din moved southwards to Afghanistan, gathering forces on the way and defeating a Mongol unit under the command of [[Shigi Qutuqu]], Genghis's adopted son, in the [[Battle of Parwan]].{{sfnm|Atwood|2004|1pp=307, 436|Ratchnevsky|1991|2p=133}} Jalal was weakened by arguments among his commanders, and after losing decisively at the [[Battle of the Indus]] in November 1221, he was compelled to escape across the [[Indus river]] into India.{{sfnm|May|2018|1p=63|Sverdrup|2017|2pp=162–163|Ratchnevsky|1991|3pp=133–134}}

Genghis's youngest son Tolui was concurrently conducting [[Mongol conquest of Khorasan|a brutal campaign]] in the regions of [[Khorasan]]. Every city that resisted was destroyed—[[Nishapur]], [[Merv]] and [[Herat]], three of the largest and wealthiest cities in the world, were all annihilated.{{efn|[[Herat]] initially surrendered to Tolui, but later rebelled and was destroyed in 1222; its population was massacred.{{sfn|Sverdrup|2017|pp=160–167}}}}{{sfnm|Atwood|2004|1p=307|May|2018|2p=63|Man|2004|3pp=174–175|Sverdrup|2017|4pp=160–161, 164}} This campaign established Genghis's lasting image as a ruthless, inhumane conqueror. Contemporary Persian historians placed the death toll from the three sieges alone at over 5.7 million—a number regarded as grossly exaggerated by modern scholars.{{sfnm|Man|2004|1pp=177–181|Weatherford|2004|2pp=118–119|Atwood|2004|3pp=308, 344}} Nevertheless, even a total death toll of 1.25 million for the entire campaign, as estimated by John Man, would have been a demographic catastrophe.{{sfnm|Man|2004|1pp=180–181|Atwood|2004|2p=244}}

=== Return to China and final campaign (1222–1227) ===
{{Main|Mongol conquest of China}}
Genghis abruptly halted his Central Asian campaigns in 1221.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1p=134|Atwood|2004|2p=591}} Initially aiming to return via [[Delhi Sultanate|India]], Genghis realised that the heat and humidity of the South Asian climate impeded his army's skills, while the [[omen]]s were additionally unfavourable.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1p=134|May|2018|2p=64}} Although the Mongols spent much of 1222 repeatedly overcoming rebellions in Khorasan, they withdrew completely from the region to avoid overextending themselves, setting their new frontier on the [[Amu Darya]] river.{{sfnm|Sverdrup|2017|1pp=167–169|May|2012|2p=43}} During his lengthy return journey, Genghis prepared a new administrative division which would govern the conquered territories, appointing {{Transliteration|mn|[[darughachi]]}} (commissioners, {{literally}} "those who press the seal") and {{Transliteration|mn|[[basqaq]]}} (local officials) to manage the region back to normalcy.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=137–140|Biran|2012|2pp=66–67}} He also summoned and spoke with the [[Taoist]] patriarch [[Qiu Chuji|Changchun]] in the [[Hindu Kush]]. The khan listened attentively to Changchun's teachings and granted his followers numerous privileges, including [[tax exemption]]s and authority over all monks throughout the empire—a grant which the Taoists later used to try to gain superiority over Buddhism.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=134–136|Atwood|2004a|2pp=245–246|Jagchid|1979|3pp=11–13}}

The usual reason given for the halting of the campaign is that the [[Western Xia]], having declined to provide auxiliaries for the 1219 invasion, had additionally disobeyed Muqali in his campaign against the remaining Jin in [[Shaanxi]].{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1p=134|Atwood|2004|2p=591}} May has disputed this, arguing that the Xia fought in concert with Muqali until his death in 1223, when, frustrated by Mongol control and sensing an opportunity with Genghis campaigning in Central Asia, they ceased fighting.{{sfnm|May|2018|1pp=64–65|Kwanten|1978|2p=34}} In either case, Genghis initially attempted to resolve the situation diplomatically, but when the Xia elite failed to come to an agreement on the hostages they were to send to the Mongols, he lost patience.{{sfnm|Biran|2012|1p=61|May|2018|2p=65}}

Returning to Mongolia in early 1225, Genghis spent the year in preparation for a campaign against them. This began in the first months of 1226 with the capture of [[Khara-Khoto]] on the Xia's western border.{{sfnm|Man|2004|1pp=209–212|Atwood|2004|2p=591|Biran|2012|3p=61}} The invasion proceeded apace. Genghis ordered that the cities of the [[Gansu Corridor]] be sacked one by one, granting [[clemency]] only to a few.{{sfnm|Atwood|2004|1pp=100, 591|Man|2004|2pp=212–213}} Having crossed the [[Yellow River]] in autumn, the Mongols besieged present-day [[Lingwu]], located just {{convert|30|km|mi}} south of the Xia capital [[Yinchuan|Zhongxing]], in November. On 4 December, Genghis decisively defeated a Xia [[relief army]]; the khan left the siege of the capital to his generals and moved southwards with Subutai to plunder and secure Jin territories.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1p=140|Atwood|2004|2p=591|Man|2004|3pp=214–215}}

== Death and aftermath ==
{{See also|Burial place of Genghis Khan}}
[[File:Genghis Khan with sons (Marco Polo, 1400s).jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|alt=Drawing of an old man lying in a bed at the entrance to white tent, gesturing with arrows to four standing men. They are surrounded by grassland and rolling hills, with clumps of trees in the distance.|Early 15th-century miniature of Genghis Khan advising his sons on his deathbed, taken from [[Marco Polo]]'s section of the [[Livre des merveilles (BNF Fr2810)|Livre des merveilles manuscript]].{{sfn|May|2018|p=66}}]]

Genghis fell from his horse while hunting in the winter of 1226–27 and became increasingly ill during the following months. This slowed the siege of Zhongxing's progress, as his sons and commanders urged him to end the campaign and return to Mongolia to recover, arguing that the Xia would still be there another year.{{sfnm|May|2007|1p=17|Favereau|2021|2p=77}} Incensed by insults from Xia's leading commander, Genghis insisted that the siege be continued. He died on either 18 or 25 August 1227, but his death was kept a closely guarded secret and Zhongxing, unaware, fell the following month. The city was put to the sword and its population was treated with extreme savagery—the Xia civilization was essentially extinguished in what Man described as a "very successful [[ethnocide]]".{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1p=141|Biran|2012|2p=61|Man|2004|3pp=117, 254|Atwood|2004|4pp=100, 591|May|2018|5pp=65–66}} The exact nature of the khan's death has been the subject of intense speculation. Rashid al-Din and the ''History of Yuan'' mention he suffered from an illness—possibly [[malaria]], [[typhus]], or [[bubonic plague]].{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1p=141|2a1=You|2a2=Galassi|2a3=Varotto|2a4=Henneberg|2y=2021|2pp=347–348}} [[Marco Polo]] claimed that he was shot by an arrow during a siege, while [[Giovanni da Pian del Carpine|Carpini]] reported that Genghis was [[Lightning injury|struck by lightning]]. Legends sprang up around the event—the most famous recounts how the beautiful Gurbelchin, formerly the Xia emperor's wife, injured Genghis's genitals with a dagger during sex.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=141–142|Biran|2012|2p=61|Man|2004|3pp=246–247}}

After his death, Genghis was transported back to Mongolia and buried on or near the sacred [[Burkhan Khaldun]] peak in the [[Khentii Mountains]], on a site he had chosen years before.{{sfnm|Atwood|2004|1p=163|Morgan|1986|2p=72}} Specific details of the [[funeral procession]] and burial were not made public knowledge; the mountain, declared {{lang|mn|ikh khorig}} ({{literally}} "Great Taboo"; i.e. prohibited zone), was out of bounds to all but its [[Uriankhai]] guard. When Ögedei acceded to the throne in 1229, the grave was honoured with three days of offerings and the sacrifice of thirty maidens.{{sfnm|Atwood|2004|1p=163|May|2018|2pp=95–96|Ratchnevsky|1991|3p=144|Craig|2017}} Ratchnevsky theorised that the Mongols, who had no knowledge of [[embalming|embalming techniques]], may have buried the khan in the [[Ordos Plateau|Ordos]] to avoid his body decomposing in the summer heat while en route to Mongolia; Atwood rejects this hypothesis.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=142–143|Atwood|2004|2p=163}}

===Succession===
The tribes of the Mongol steppe had no fixed succession system, but often defaulted to some form of [[ultimogeniture]]—succession of the youngest son—because he would have had the least time to gain a following for himself and needed the help of his father's inheritance.{{sfn|Fitzhugh|Rossabi|Honeychurch|2009|p=109}} However, this type of inheritance applied only to property, not to titles.{{sfnm|Togan|2016|1pp=408–409|May|2018|2p=68}}

The ''Secret History'' records that Genghis chose his successor while preparing for the Khwarazmian campaigns in 1219; Rashid al-Din, on the other hand, states that the decision came before Genghis's final campaign against the Xia.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1p=125|May|2018|2p=69}} Regardless of the date, there were five possible candidates: Genghis's four sons and his youngest brother Temüge, who had the weakest claim and who was never seriously considered.{{sfn|May|2018|p=69}} Even though there was a strong possibility Jochi was illegitimate, Genghis was not particularly concerned by this;{{sfnm|Mote|1999|1p=434|May|2018|2p=69|Favereau|2021|3p=65}} nevertheless, he and Jochi became increasingly estranged over time, due to Jochi's preoccupation with his own [[appanage]]. After the siege of Gurganj, where he only reluctantly participated in besieging the wealthy city that would become part of his territory, he failed to give Genghis the normal share of the booty, which exacerbated the tensions.{{sfnm|Barthold|1992|1pp=457–458|Favereau|2021|2pp=61–62}} Genghis was angered by Jochi's refusal to return to him in 1223, and was considering sending Ögedei and Chagatai to bring him to heel when news came that Jochi had died from an illness.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=136–137|Atwood|2004|2pp=278–279}}

Chagatai's attitude towards Jochi's possible succession—he had termed his elder brother "a Merkit bastard" and had brawled with him in front of their father—led Genghis to view him as uncompromising, arrogant, and narrow-minded, despite his great knowledge of [[Yassa|Mongol legal customs]].{{sfnm|Atwood|2004|1p=81|May|2018|2p=69}} His elimination left Ögedei and Tolui as the two primary candidates. Tolui was unquestionably superior in military terms—his campaign in Khorasan had broken the Khwarazmian Empire, while his elder brother was far less able as a commander.{{sfnm|May|2018|1pp=69–70|Barthold|1992|2p=463}} Ögedei was also known to [[alcoholism|drink excessively]] even by Mongol standards—it eventually caused his death in 1241.{{sfnm|May|2018|1p=69|Atwood|2004|2p=418}} However, he possessed talents all his brothers lacked—he was generous and generally well-liked. Aware of his own lack of military skill, he was able to trust his capable subordinates, and unlike his elder brothers, compromise on issues; he was also more likely to preserve Mongol traditions than Tolui, whose wife Sorghaghtani, herself a [[Nestorian Christian]], was a patron of many religions including Islam. Ögedei was thus recognised as the heir to the Mongol throne.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=126–128|May|2018|2pp=69–70|Boyle|1968|3pp=540–541|Barthold|1992|4p=463}}

[[File:YuanEmperorAlbumOgedeiPortrait.jpg|thumb|alt=A portrait of a Mongol man wearing an orange robe and a pointed green cap; his mustache and beard are long and thin.|A [[Yuan dynasty]] portrait of [[Ögedei]], Genghis's third son and eventual successor.]]
Serving as [[regent]] after Genghis's death, Tolui established a precedent for the customary traditions after a khan's death. These included the halting of all military offensives involving Mongol troops, the establishment of a lengthy mourning period overseen by the regent, and the holding of a {{Transliteration|mn|kurultai}} which would nominate successors and select them.{{sfnm|Atwood|2004|1p=542|May|2018|2pp=68–69}} For Tolui, this presented an opportunity. He was still a viable candidate for succession and had the support of the family of Jochi. Any general {{Transliteration|mn|kurultai}}, attended by the commanders Genghis had promoted and honoured, would however observe their former ruler's desires without question and appoint Ögedei as ruler. It has been suggested that Tolui's reluctance to hold the {{Transliteration|mn|kurultai}} was driven by the knowledge of the threat it posed to his ambitions.{{sfnm|Barthold|1992|1p=463|May|2018|2pp=70–71, 94–95}} In the end, Tolui had to be persuaded by the advisor [[Yelü Chucai]] to hold the {{Transliteration|mn|kurultai}}; in 1229, it crowned Ögedei as khan, with Tolui in attendance.{{sfnm|Barthold|1992|1p=463|May|2018|2pp=94–95}}

==Family==
{{further|Wives of Genghis Khan}}
Börte, whom Temüjin married {{circa|1178}}, remained his senior wife.{{sfn|Broadbridge|2018|pp=55–56}} She gave birth to four sons and five daughters, who all became influential figures in the empire.{{sfn|Birge|Broadbridge|2023|p=635}} Genghis granted Börte's sons lands and property through the [[Appanage#Mongol Empire|Mongol appanage system]],{{sfn|Atwood|2004|p=45}} while he secured marriage alliances by marrying her daughters to important families.{{sfn|Birge|Broadbridge|2023|p=635}} Her children were:
# Qojin, a daughter born {{circa|1179}}, who later married Butu of the Ikires, one of Temüjin's earliest and closest supporters and the widower of [[Temülün]].{{sfn|Broadbridge|2018|pp=67, 138–139}}
# [[Jochi]], a son born {{circa|1182}} after Börte's kidnapping, whose paternity was thus suspect even though Temüjin accepted his legitimacy.{{sfnm|Broadbridge|2018|1pp=59–63}} Jochi predeceased Genghis; his appanage, along the [[Irtysh river]] and extending into [[Siberia]], evolved into the [[Golden Horde]].{{sfnm|Favereau|2021|1p=65|Biran|2012|2p=69|Atwood|2004|3pp=201, 278–279}}
# [[Chagatai Khan|Chagatai]], a son born {{circa|1184}};{{sfn|Broadbridge|2018|p=67}} his appanage was the former [[Qara Khitai]] territories surrounding [[Almaligh]] in [[Turkestan]], which became the [[Chagatai Khanate]].{{sfnm|Biran|2012|1p=69|Atwood|2004|2pp=18, 82–83}}
# [[Ögedei]], a son born {{circa|1186}}, who received lands in [[Dzungaria]] and who succeeded his father as ruler of the empire.{{sfnm|Broadbridge|2018|1p=67|Biran|2012|2p=69}}
# [[Checheyigen]], a daughter born {{circa|1188}}, whose marriage to Törelchi secured the loyalty of the [[Oirats]] to the north.{{sfnm|Broadbridge|2018|1pp=67, 146|2a1=Birge|2a2=Broadbridge|2y=2023|2p=636}}
# [[Alakhai Bekhi|Alaqa]], a daughter born {{circa|1190}}, who married several members of the [[Ongud]] tribe between 1207 and 1225.{{sfnm|Broadbridge|2018|1pp=67, 140–142|2a1=Birge|2a2=Broadbridge|2y=2023|2p=636}}
# Tümelün, a daughter born {{circa|1192}}, who married Chigu of the [[Onggirat]] tribe.{{sfn|Broadbridge|2018|pp=67, 144}}
# [[Tolui]], a son born {{circa|1193}}, who received lands near the [[Altai Mountains]] as an appanage; two of his sons, [[Möngke]] and [[Kublai]], later ruled the empire, while another, [[Hulagu]], founded the [[Ilkhanate]].{{sfnm|Atwood|2004|1pp=18, 542}}
# [[Al-Altan]], a daughter born {{circa|1196}}, married the powerful [[Uyghurs|Uighur]] ruler [[Barchuk]].{{sfn|Broadbridge|2018|pp=67, 156}} Shortly after the accession of [[Güyük Khan]] in the 1240s, she was tried and executed on charges that were later suppressed.{{sfn|Broadbridge|2018|pp=187–188}}

After Börte's final childbirth, Temüjin began to acquire a number of junior wives through conquest. These wives had all previously been princesses or queens, and Temüjin married them to demonstrate his political ascendancy. They included the Kereit princess [[Ibaqa]]; the Tatar sisters [[Yesugen]] and [[Yesui]]; [[Khulan Khatun|Qulan]], a Merkit; Gürbesu, the queen of the Naiman [[Tayang Khan]]; and two Chinese princesses, Chaqa and Qiguo, of the Western Xia and Jin dynasties respectively.{{sfn|Broadbridge|2018|pp=73–75}} The children of these junior wives were always subservient to those of Börte, with daughters married off to seal lesser alliances and sons, such as Qulan's child {{ill|Kölgen|ja|コルゲン (モンゴル帝国)}}, never a candidate for succession.{{sfnm|Broadbridge|2018|1pp=74, 88–89|2a1=Birge|2a2=Broadbridge|2y=2023|2p=636}}

==Character and achievements==
No eyewitness description or contemporaneous depiction of Genghis Khan survives.{{sfn|Lkhagvasuren|Shin|Lee|Tumen|2016|p=433}} The Persian chronicler Juzjani and the Song diplomat Zhao Hong provide the two earliest descriptions.{{efn|Zhao Hong visited Mongolia in 1221, while Genghis was campaigning in Khorasan.{{sfn|Buell|2010}} Juzjani, writing thirty years after Genghis's death, relied on eyewitnesses from the same campaign.{{sfn|Ratchnevsky|1991|p=145}}}} Both recorded that he was tall and strong with a powerful stature. Zhao wrote that Genghis had a broad brow and long beard while Juzjani commented on his cat's eyes and lack of grey hair. The ''Secret History'' records that Börte's father remarked on his "flashing eyes and lively face" when meeting him.{{sfn|Ratchnevsky|1991|p=145}}

Atwood has suggested that many of Genghis Khan's values, especially the emphasis he placed on an orderly society, derive from his turbulent youth.{{sfn|Atwood|2004|p=101}} He valued loyalty above all and mutual fidelity became a cornerstone of his new nation.{{sfnm|Atwood|2004|1p=101|2a1=Fitzhugh|2a2=Rossabi|2a3=Honeychurch|2y=2009|2p=100}} Genghis did not find it difficult to gain the allegiance of others: he was superbly charismatic even as a youth, as shown by the number of people who left existing social roles behind to join him.{{sfnm|Mote|1999|1p=433|2a1=Fitzhugh|2a2=Rossabi|2a3=Honeychurch|2y=2009|2p=100|May|2018|3p=31}} Although his trust was hard to earn, if he felt loyalty was assured, he granted his total confidence in return.{{sfn|Ratchnevsky|1991|p=149}} Recognised for his generosity towards his followers, Genghis unhesitatingly rewarded previous assistance. The {{lang|mn|nökod}} most honoured at the 1206 kurultai were those who had accompanied him since the beginning, and those who had sworn the Baljuna Covenant with him at his lowest point.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=147–148|Morgan|1986|2p=63}} He took responsibility for the families of {{lang|mn|nökod}} killed in battle or who otherwise fell on hard times by raising a tax to provide them with clothing and sustenance.{{sfn|Ratchnevsky|1991|pp=147–148}}

{{Quote box
|title =
|quote = Heaven grew weary of the excessive pride and luxury in China ... I am from the barbaric North ... I wear the same clothing and eat the same food as the cowherds and horse-herders. We make the same sacrifices and we share our riches. I look upon the nation as a new-born child and I care for my soldiers as if they were my brothers.
|qalign=right
|width=32%;
|source = Genghis Khan's letter to [[Qiu Chuji|Changchun]]{{sfn|Mote|1999|p=433}}
}}
The principal source of steppe wealth was post-battle plunder, of which a leader would normally claim a large share; Genghis eschewed this custom, choosing instead to divide booty equally between himself and all his men.{{sfnm|Mote|1999|1p=433|2a1=Fitzhugh|2a2=Rossabi|2a3=Honeychurch|2y=2009|2p=102}} Disliking any form of luxury, he extolled the simple life of the nomad in a letter to Changchun, and objected to being addressed with obsequious flattery. He encouraged his companions to address him informally, give him advice, and criticise his mistakes.{{sfn|Ratchnevsky|1991|pp=149–150}} Genghis's openness to criticism and willingness to learn saw him seeking the knowledge of family members, companions, neighbouring states, and enemies.{{sfnm|Biran|2012|1pp=71–72|Atwood|2004|2p=101|May|2018|3p=31}} He sought and gained knowledge of sophisticated weaponry from China and the Muslim world, appropriated the [[Old Uyghur alphabet|Uyghur alphabet]] with the help of the captured scribe [[Tata-tonga]], and employed numerous specialists across legal, commercial, and administrative fields.{{sfnm|Biran|2012|1pp=71–72|2a1=Fitzhugh|2a2=Rossabi|2a3=Honeychurch|2y=2009|2pp=107–108}} He also understood the need for a smooth succession and modern historians agree he showed good judgement in choosing his heir.{{sfnm|Biran|2012|1p=72|May|2018|2pp=98–99}}

Although he is today renowned for his military conquests, very little is known about Genghis's personal generalship. His skills were more suited to identifying potential commanders.{{sfnm|Atwood|2004|1p=101|2a1=Fitzhugh|2a2=Rossabi|2a3=Honeychurch|2y=2009|2p=102}} His institution of a meritocratic [[command hierarchy|command structure]] gave the Mongol army military superiority, even though it was not technologically or tactically innovative.{{sfnm|Biran|2012|1p=70|2a1=Fitzhugh|2a2=Rossabi|2a3=Honeychurch|2y=2009|2p=103}} The army that Genghis created was characterised by its draconian [[military discipline|discipline]], its ability to gather and use [[military intelligence]] efficiently, a mastery of [[psychological warfare]], and a willingness to be utterly ruthless.{{sfnm|Biran|2012|1pp=70–71|2a1=Fitzhugh|2a2=Rossabi|2a3=Honeychurch|2y=2009|2pp=103–104|Ratchnevsky|1991|3pp=169–174|Morgan|1986|4pp=84–93}} Genghis thoroughly enjoyed exacting vengeance on his enemies—the concept lay at the heart of {{lang|mn|achi qari'ulqu}} ({{literally|"good for good, evil for evil"}}), the steppe code of justice. In exceptional circumstances, such as when Muhammad of Khwarazm executed his envoys, the need for vengeance overrode all other considerations.{{sfnm|Atwood|2004|1p=101|Ratchnevsky|1991|2pp=151–152|Mote|1999|3pp=433–434}}

Genghis came to believe the supreme deity [[Tengri]] had ordained a great destiny for him. Initially, the bounds of this ambition were limited only to Mongolia, but as success followed success and the reach of the Mongol nation expanded, he and his followers came to believe he was embodied with {{Transliteration|mn|[[Kut (mythology)|''suu'']]}} ({{literally|'divine grace'}}).{{sfn|Biran|2012|p=73}} Believing that he had an intimate connection with Heaven, anyone who did not recognise his right to world power was treated as an enemy. This viewpoint allowed Genghis to rationalise any hypocritical or duplicitous moments on his own part, such as killing his {{lang|mn|anda}} Jamukha or killing {{lang|mn|nökod}} who wavered in their loyalties.{{sfnm|Biran|2012|1pp=45, 73|Ratchnevsky|1991|2pp=158–159}}

==Legacy and historical assessment==
{{further|Genghis Khan in popular culture|Pax Mongolica|Destruction under the Mongol Empire}}
[[File:Emperoryuandinastycollage.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|alt=Collage of eight portraits|Genghis Khan and seven of his successors from ''Bust Portraits of Yuan Dynasty Emperors'', by Anonymous, Yuan dynasty (1271–1368){{efn|Subjects include (top to bottom, left to right): Genghis, Ögedei, Kublai, Temür, Külüg, Buyantu and Rinchinbal.<ref>{{harvnb|Liu|Cheng|2015|p=26}}: "Bust Portraits of Yuan Dynasty Emperors"</ref>}}]]
Genghis Khan left a vast and controversial legacy. His unification of the Mongol tribes and his foundation of the [[List of largest empires|largest contiguous state in world history]] "permanently alter[ed] the worldview of European, Islamic, [and] East Asian civilizations", according to Atwood.{{sfnm|Atwood|2004|1p=369|2a1=Fitzhugh|2a2=Rossabi|2a3=Honeychurch|2y=2009|2p=108}} His conquests enabled the creation of [[Eurasia]]n trading systems unprecedented in their scale, which brought wealth and security to the tribes.{{sfnm|Atwood|2004|1p=369|2a1=Fitzhugh|2a2=Rossabi|2a3=Honeychurch|2y=2009|2p=108|Ratchnevsky|1991|3pp=198–200}} Although he very likely did not codify the written body of laws known as the [[Yassa|Great ''Yasa'']],{{sfnm|Morgan|1986|1pp=96–99|Biran|2012|2pp=42–44}} he did reorganise the legal system and establish a powerful judicial authority under [[Shigi Qutuqu]].{{sfn|Biran|2012|p=44}}

On the other hand, his conquests were ruthless and brutal. The prosperous civilizations of China, Central Asia, and Persia were devastated by the Mongol assaults, and underwent multi-generational trauma and suffering as a result.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=209–210|2a1=Fitzhugh|2a2=Rossabi|2a3=Honeychurch|2y=2009|2pp=108–109}} Perhaps Genghis's greatest failing was his inability to create a working succession system—his division of his empire into [[appanage]]s, meant to ensure stability, actually did the reverse, as local and state-wide interests diverged and the empire [[Division of the Mongol Empire|began splitting]] into the [[Golden Horde]], the [[Chagatai Khanate]], the [[Ilkhanate]], and the [[Yuan dynasty]] in the late 1200s.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1p=207|Biran|2012|2p=69|3a1=Fitzhugh|3a2=Rossabi|3a3=Honeychurch|3y=2009|3p=109}} In the mid-1990s, the ''[[Washington Post]]'' acclaimed Genghis Khan as the "man of the millennium" who "embodied the half-civilized, half-savage duality of the human race".{{sfnm|Biran|2012|1p=158|2a1=Fitzhugh|2a2=Rossabi|2a3=Honeychurch|2y=2009|2p=104|Washington Post 1995}} This complex image has remained prevalent in modern scholarship, with historians emphasising both Genghis Khan's positive and negative contributions.{{sfnm|Ratchnevsky|1991|1pp=212–213|2a1=Fitzhugh|2a2=Rossabi|2a3=Honeychurch|2y=2009|2pp=105–109|Atwood|2004|3p=97|Mote|1999|4p=434}}

=== Mongolia ===
For many centuries, Genghis was remembered in Mongolia as a religious figure, not a political one. After [[Altan Khan]] converted to [[Tibetan Buddhism]] in the late 1500s, Genghis was [[deified]] and given a central role in the Mongolian religious tradition.{{sfnm|May|2008|1pp=138–139|Biran|2012|2p=139}} As a deity, Genghis drew upon Buddhist, shamanistic, and [[folklore|folk traditions]]: for example, he was defined as a new incarnation of a [[Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)|''chakravartin'']] (idealised ruler) like [[Ashoka]], or of [[Vajrapani]], the martial [[bodhisattva]]; he was connected genealogically to the [[Buddha]] and to ancient Buddhist kings; he was invoked during weddings and festivals; and he took a large role in [[ancestor veneration]] rituals.{{sfnm|May|2008|1p=139|Biran|2012|2p=139}} He also became the focus point of a [[King asleep in mountain|sleeping hero legend]], which says he will return to help the Mongol people in a time of great need.{{sfn|May|2008|pp=140–141}} His cult was centred at the {{lang|mn|naiman chagan ordon}} ({{literally|"Eight White Yurts"}}), today [[Mausoleum of Genghis Khan|a mausoleum]] in [[Inner Mongolia]], China.{{sfn|Atwood|2004|p=161}}

In the 19th and early 20th century, Genghis began to be viewed as the [[national hero]] of the Mongolian people. Foreign powers recognised this: during its [[Japanese invasion of Manchuria|occupation of Inner Mongolia]], [[Imperial Japan]] funded the construction of a temple to Genghis, while both the [[Kuomintang]] and the [[Chinese Communist Party]] used the memory of Genghis to woo potential allies in the [[Chinese Civil War]].{{sfnm|May|2008|1pp=141–142|Atwood|2004|2p=101}} This attitude was maintained during [[World War II]], when the [[Soviet Union|Soviet-aligned]] [[Mongolian People's Republic]] promoted Genghis to build patriotic zeal against invaders; however, as he was a non-Russian hero who could serve as an [[anticommunist]] figurehead, this attitude swiftly changed after the war's end. According to May, Genghis "was condemned as a [[feudal]] and reactionary lord [who] exploited the people."{{sfnm|May|2008|1pp=142–143|Biran|2012|2pp=142–143|Atwood|2004|3p=101}} His cult was repressed, the alphabet he chose was replaced with the [[Cyrillic script]], and celebrations planned for the 800th anniversary of his birth in 1962 were cancelled and denigrated after loud Soviet complaints. Because Chinese historians were largely more favourable towards him than their Soviet circumstances, Genghis played a minor role in the [[Sino-Soviet split]].{{sfnm|May|2008|1pp=143–144|Biran|2012|2p=143|Atwood|2004|3pp=101–102}}

{{multiple image
| align = right
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 400

| image1 = Monument to Genghis Khan.jpg
| alt1 = A statue of a seated man, placed on an inscribed plinth.
| caption1 =

| image2 = Dschingis Khan in Zonjin Boldog 02.JPG
| alt2 = A gigantic statue of a man on a horse stands on top of a building.
| caption2 =

| image3 = 20000 Togrog.jpg
| alt3 = A banknote with worth 20000 featuring a picture of a man
| caption3 =

| image4 = ChinggisOdon GGR51980.jpg
| alt4 = A gold and silver-coloured medal depicting the silhouette of a man.
| caption4 =

| footer = Depictions of Genghis Khan in modern Mongolia. Clockwise from top left: a statue outside the [[Government Palace (Mongolia)|Government Palace]]; the [[Equestrian statue of Genghis Khan|equestrian statue at Tsonjin Boldog]]; an [[Order of Genghis Khan]] medal, the highest [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Mongolia|decoration of Mongolia]]; and a [[Mongolian tögrög|₮20,000 banknote]].
}}
The arrival of the policies of ''[[glasnost]]'' and ''[[perestroika]]'' in the 1980s paved the way for official rehabilitation. Less than two years after [[Mongolian Revolution of 1990|the 1990 revolution]], Lenin Avenue in the capital Ulaanbaatar was renamed Chinggis Khan Avenue.{{sfnm|Atwood|2004|1p=102|Biran|2012|2pp=143–144|May|2008|3pp=144–145}} Since then, Mongolia has named [[Chinggis Khaan International Airport]] and erected a large statue in [[Sükhbaatar Square]] (which was itself renamed after Genghis between 2013 and 2016). His visage appears on items ranging from [[Postage stamps and postal history of Mongolia|postage stamps]] and [[Mongolian tögrög|high-value banknotes]] to brands of alcohol and toilet paper. In 2006, the Mongolian parliament officially discussed the trivialization of his name through excessive advertising.{{sfnm|May|2008|1pp=137–138|Biran|2012|2pp=143–144|Sanders|2017|3pp=lxxviii, lxxxiv}}

Modern Mongolians tend to downplay Genghis's military conquests in favour of his political and civil legacy—they view the destructive campaigns as "a product of their time", in the words of the historian Michal Biran, and secondary to his other contributions to Mongolian and world history.{{sfnm|Biran|2012|1p=144|May|2008|2p=145}} His policies—such his use of the {{lang|mn|kurultai}}, his establishment of the rule of law through an independent judiciary, and human rights—are seen as the foundations that allowed the creation of the modern, democratic Mongolian state. Viewed as someone who brought peace and knowledge rather than war and destruction, Genghis Khan is idealised for making Mongolia the centre of international culture for a period.{{sfnm|Biran|2012|1pp=144–145|May|2008|2pp=145–146}} He is generally recognised as the founding father of Mongolia.{{sfnm|May|2008|1p=145|Mote|1999|2p=434}}

===Elsewhere===

The historical and modern [[Muslim world]] has associated Genghis Khan with a myriad of ideologies and beliefs.{{sfn|Biran|2012|p=136}} Its first instinct, as Islamic thought had never previously envisioned being ruled by a non-Muslim power, was to view Genghis as the herald of [[Judgement Day in Islam|the approaching Judgement Day]]. Over time, as the world failed to end and as his descendants began converting to Islam, Muslims began to see Genghis as an instrument of God's will who was destined to strengthen the Muslim world by cleansing its innate corruption.{{sfnm|Biran|2012|1pp=112–114|Jackson|2023|2pp=86, 101–102}}

In post-Mongol Asia, Genghis was also a source of political legitimacy, because [[Descent from Genghis Khan|his descendants]] had been recognised as the only ones entitled to reign. As a result, aspiring potentates not descended from him had to justify their rule, either by nominating puppet rulers of Genghis's dynasty, or by stressing their own connections to him.{{sfnm|Biran|2012|1pp=121–122|Jackson|2017|2pp=382–384|Jackson|2023|3p=337}} Most notably, the great conqueror [[Timur]], who established [[Timurid Empire|his own empire]] in Central Asia, did both: he was obliged to pay homage to Genghis's descendants [[Soyurgatmish]] and [[Sultan Mahmud (Chagatai)|Sultan Mahmud]], and his propaganda campaigns vastly exaggerated the prominence of his ancestor [[Qarachar Noyan]], one of Genghis's lesser commanders, depicting him as Genghis's blood relative and second-in-command. He also married at least two of Genghis's descendants.{{sfnm|Biran|2012|1pp=122–125|Jackson|2017|2pp=384–387|Jackson|2023|3pp=338, 357–360}} [[Babur]], the founder of the [[Mughal Empire]] in India,{{efn|The word "Mughal" derives from "Mongol", which was used in India for any northern invaders.{{sfn|Biran|2012|p=83}}}} in turn derived his authority through his descent from both Timur and Genghis.{{sfnm|Biran|2012|1p=83|Jackson|2023|2pp=437–438}} Until the eighteenth century in Central Asia, Genghis was considered the progenitor of the social order, and was second only to the prophet [[Muhammad]] in legal authority.{{sfn|Biran|2012|pp=106, 127}}

[[File:Fall Of Baghdad (Diez Albums).jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|Depiction of the 1258 [[Siege of Baghdad]], conducted by Genghis's grandson [[Hulegu Khan]] and seen in the modern Arab world as the culmination of Genghis's destructive conquests.]]
With the rise of [[Arab nationalism]] in the nineteenth century, the [[Arab world]] began to view Genghis increasingly negatively. Today, he is perceived as the ultimate "accursed enemy", a "barbarian savage who began the demolition of civilization which culminated in [the [[Siege of Baghdad]] in 1258]" by his grandson [[Hulegu]].{{sfn|Biran|2012|pp=128–132}} Similarly, Genghis is viewed extremely negatively in Russia, where historians have consistently portrayed the rule of the Golden Horde—the "Tatar Yoke"—as backwards, destructive, inimical to all progress, and the reason for all of Russia's flaws.{{sfnm|Biran|2012|1pp=153–155|Ratchnevsky|1991|2p=212}} His treatment in modern Central Asia and Turkey is more ambivalent: his position as a non-Muslim means other national traditions and heroes, such as Timur and the [[Seljuks]], are viewed more highly.{{sfn|Biran|2012|pp=132–135}}

Under the Yuan dynasty in China, Genghis was revered as the nation's creator, and he remained in this position even after the foundation of the [[Ming dynasty]] in 1368. Although the late Ming somewhat disavowed his memory, the positive viewpoint was restored under the [[Manchu]] [[Qing dynasty]] (1644–1911), who positioned themselves as his heirs. The rise of 20th-century [[Chinese nationalism]] initially caused the denigration of Genghis as a traumatic occupier, but he was later resurrected as a useful political symbol on a variety of issues. Modern [[Chinese historiography]] has generally viewed Genghis positively and he has been portrayed as a Chinese hero.{{sfnm|Biran|2012|1pp=145–153|Ratchnevsky|1991|2pp=211–212}} In contemporary Japan, he is most known for [[Minamoto no Yoshitsune#Rumors and legend|the legend that he was originally Minamoto no Yoshitsune]], a samurai and tragic hero who was forced to commit ''[[seppuku]]'' in 1189.{{sfn|Fogel|2008}}

The Western world, never directly affected by Genghis, has viewed him in shifting and contrasting ways. During the 14th century, as shown by the works of Marco Polo and [[Geoffrey Chaucer]], he was seen as a just and wise ruler, but during the eighteenth century he came to embody the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] stereotype of a tyrannical Oriental despot, and by the twentieth century he represented a prototypical barbarian warlord. In recent decades, Western scholarship has become increasingly nuanced, viewing Genghis as a more complex individual.{{sfnm|Biran|2012|1pp=156–158|May|2008|2p=146|Rosenfeld|2018|3pp=255, 269}}

== References ==
{{Sister project links|v=no|voy=no|species=no|n=no|d=Q720|b=no}}

=== Notes ===
{{notelist}}
{{clear}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|23em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
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* {{cite journal |last=Kwanten |first=Luc |author-link=Luc Kwanten |date=1978 |title=The Career of Muqali: A Reassessment |journal=[[Bulletin of Sung and Yüan Studies]] |volume=14 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23497511 |pages=31–38 }}
* {{cite book |last=Lane |first=George |author-link=George A. Lane |title=Genghis Khan and Mongol Rule |year=2004 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |location=[[Westport, Connecticut|Westport]] |isbn=978-0-3133-2528-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/genghiskhanmongo00geor}}
* {{cite book |last1=Liu |first1=Fang-ju |last2=Cheng |first2=Shu-fang |script-title=zh:國立故宮博物院藏蒙古文物彙編 |trans-title=Cultural Relics of the Mongols in the National Palace Museum Collection |isbn=978-9-5756-2734-8 |year=2015 |language=zh |publisher=[[National Palace Museum]] |location=Taipei}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Lkhagvasuren |first1=Gavaachimed |last2=Shin |first2=Heejin |last3=Lee |first3=Si Eun |last4=Tumen |first4=Dashtseveg |last5=Kim |first5=Jae-Hyun |last6=Kim |first6=Kyung-Yong |last7=Kim |first7=Kijeong |last8=Park |first8=Ae Ja |last9=Lee |first9=Ho Woon|last10=Kim |first10=Mi Jin |last11=Choi |first11=Jaesung |last12=Choi |first12=Jee-Hye |last13=Min |first13=Na Young |last14=Lee |first14=Kwang-Ho |display-authors=1 |date=2016 |title=Molecular Genealogy of a Mongol Queen's Family and Her Possible Kinship with Genghis Khan |journal=[[PLoS ONE]] |volume=11 |issue=9 |page=433 |issn=1932-6203 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0161622|pmc=5023095|pmid=27627454|bibcode=2016PLoSO..1161622L|doi-access=free |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308121873}}
* {{cite book |last=Man |first=John |author-link=John Man (author) |date=2004 |title=Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection |location=London |publisher=[[Bantam Press]] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/genghiskhanlifed0000manj |isbn=978-0-3129-8965-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Man |first=John |author-link=John Man (author) |date=2014 |title=The Mongol Empire: Genghis Khan, His Heirs, and the Founding of Modern China |location=London |publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] |isbn=978-0-5521-6880-9}}
* {{cite book |last=May |first=Timothy |date=2007 |title=The Mongol Art of War: Chinggis Khan and the Mongol Military System |location=[[Yardley, Pennsylvania|Yardley]] |publisher=Westholme |url=https://archive.org/details/mongolartofwarch0000mayt |isbn=978-1-5941-6046-2}}
* {{cite book |last=May |first=Timothy |date=2008 |title=Culture and Customs of Mongolia |series=Culture and Customs of Asia |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |isbn=978-0-3133-3983-7 |location=[[Westport, Connecticut|Westport]] }}
* {{cite book |last=May |first=Timothy |title=The Mongol Conquests in World History |year=2012 |publisher=[[Reaktion Books]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-8618-9971-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/Book_1080}}
* {{cite book |last=May |first=Timothy |date=2018 |title=The Mongol Empire |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68 |location=Edinburgh |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |isbn=978-0-7486-4237-3}}
* {{cite book |last=McLynn |first=Frank |author-link=Frank McLynn |title=Genghis Khan: His Conquests, His Empire, His Legacy |year=2015 |publisher=[[Hachette Books]] |isbn=978-0-3068-2395-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jcQzCgAAQBAJ |location=New York}}
* {{cite book |last=Morgan |first=David |author-link=David O. Morgan |date=1986 |title=The Mongols |series=The Peoples of Europe |publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-6311-7563-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/mongolspeoplesof00davi}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Morgan |first=David |author-link=David O. Morgan |date=1990 |title=Čengīz Khan |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |volume=V |pages=133–135 |access-date=10 December 2022 |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cengiz-khan}}
* {{cite book |last=Mote |first=Frederick W. |author-link=Frederick W. Mote |date=1999 |title=Imperial China, 900–1800 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |location= [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Imperial_China_900_1800/SQWW7QgUH4gC |isbn=978-0-6740-1212-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Pelliot |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Pelliot |date=1959 |title=Notes on Marco Polo |volume=I |publisher=[[Imprimerie nationale]] |location=Paris |access-date=17 October 2022 |url=https://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/Pelliot/Pelliot_Notes%20on%20Marco%20Polo_I%201959.pdf |url-status=live |archive-date=31 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831164116/https://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/Pelliot/Pelliot_Notes%20on%20Marco%20Polo_I%201959.pdf |oclc=1741887}}
* {{cite book |last1=Porter |first1=Jonathan |title=Imperial China, 1350–1900 |year=2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MAFiCwAAQBAJ |isbn=978-1-4422-2293-9 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=[[Lanham, Maryland|Lanham]]}}
* {{cite journal |last=Pow |first=Stephen |date=2017 |title=The Last Campaign and Death of Jebe Noyan |journal=[[Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society]] |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=31–51 |doi=10.1017/S135618631600033X}}
* {{cite book |translator-last=de Rachewiltz |translator-first=Igor |translator-link=Igor de Rachewiltz |date=2015 |title=The Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century |url=https://cedar.wwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=cedarbooks |access-date=22 November 2022 |type=Shorter Version; edited by John C. Street |ref={{SfnRef|de Rachewiltz 2015}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Ratchnevsky |first=Paul |year=1991 |translator=Thomas Haining |translator-link=Thomas Haining |title=Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy |publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]] |location=Oxford |url=https://archive.org/details/genghiskhan00paul/ |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-6311-6785-3}}
* {{cite journal |last=Rosenfeld |first=Gavriel D. |author-link=Gavriel D. Rosenfeld |date=2018 |title=Who Was "Hitler" Before Hitler? Historical Analogies and the Struggle to Understand Nazism, 1930–1945 |journal=[[Central European History]] |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=249–281 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26567826}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Sanders |first=Alan J. K. |date=2017 |title=Historical Dictionary of Mongolia |edition=Fourth |volume=1 |isbn=978-1-5381-0227-5 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Historical_Dictionary_of_Mongolia/UGwvDwAAQBAJ? |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=[[Lanham, Maryland|Lanham]]}}
* {{cite book |last=Sverdrup |first=Carl |date=2017 |title=The Mongol Conquests: The Military Campaigns of Genghis Khan and Sübe'etei |isbn=978-1-9133-3605-9 |publisher=Helion & Company |location=[[Solihull]] |url=https://archive.org/details/Book_1096 |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |last=Togan |first=Isenbike |date=2016 |chapter=Otchigin's Place in the Transformation from Family to Dynasty |title=Central Asia in the Middle Ages: Studies in Honour of Peter B. Golden |series=Turcologica |editor-last1=Zimonyi |editor-first1=Istvan |editor-last2=Karatay |editor-first2=Osman |publisher=[[Harrassowitz Verlag]] |location=[[Wiesbaden]] |url=https://www.academia.edu/36081475/2016_Otchigins_Place_in_the_Transformation_from_Family_to_Dyna_pdf |pages=407–424 |isbn=978-3-4471-0664-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Waley |first=Arthur |author-link=Arthur Waley |date=2002 |title=The Secret History of the Mongols: and other pieces |publisher=House of Stratus |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/secrethistoryofm0000unse/ |url-access=registration |isbn=978-1-8423-2370-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Waterson |first=James |title=Defending Heaven: China's Mongol Wars, 1209–1370 |date=2013 |publisher=[[Frontline Books]] |isbn=978-1-7834-6943-7 |location=[[Barnsley]]}}
* {{cite book |last=Weatherford |first=Jack |author-link=Jack Weatherford |title=Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World |date=2004 |publisher=[[Crown Publishing Group]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-3072-3781-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/genghiskhanmaki00jack |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |last=Wilkinson |first=Endymion |author-link=Endymion Wilkinson |date=2012 |orig-date=1973 |edition=Third |title=[[Chinese History: A New Manual]] |isbn=978-0-6740-6715-8 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Wright |first=David Curtis |date=2017 |orig-year=2016 |encyclopedia=[[Oxford Bibliographies]]: Military History |title=Genghis Khan |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |doi=10.1093/OBO/9780199791279-0154 |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780199791279/obo-9780199791279-0154.xml |url-access=subscription}}
* {{Cite journal |last=You |first=Wenpeng |last2=Galassi |first2=Francesco M. |last3=Varotto |first3=Elena |last4=Henneberg |first4=Maciej |date=2021 |title=Genghis Khan's death (AD 1227): An unsolvable riddle or simply a pandemic disease? |journal=[[International Journal of Infectious Diseases]] |volume=104 |pages=347–348 |doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.089 |pmid=33444749 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=10447/620953 }}
{{refend}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[House of Borjigin]]||{{circa|1162}}||1227}}
{{S-reg}}
|-
{{S-new
| reason = Mongol Empire established
}}
{{S-ttl
| title = [[Khan (title)|Khan]] of the [[Mongol Empire]]
| years = 1206–1227
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{{S-aft
| after = [[Tolui]] As regent
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{{S-end}}
{{Khagans of Mongol Empire}}
{{Mongol Empire}}
{{bots|deny=Citation bot}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Genghis Khan}}
[[Category:Genghis Khan| ]]
[[Category:1227 deaths]]
[[Category:12th-century Mongol khans]]
[[Category:12th-century slaves]]
[[Category:13th-century Chinese monarchs]]
[[Category:13th-century Mongol khans]]
[[Category:Deaths by horse-riding accident]]
[[Category:Deified male monarchs]]
[[Category:Founding monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:Fratricides]]
[[Category:Genocide perpetrators]]
[[Category:Great Khans of the Mongol Empire]]
[[Category:Medieval military leaders]]
[[Category:Mongol Empire people]]
[[Category:Tengrist monarchs]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]

Charles Egerton (Indian Army officer)

2026-03-27T23:35:57Z

RajveerSingha1950: reworked lead based on references and updated info after review

{{Short description|British Indian Army Field Marshal (1848–1921)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2020}}
{{For|other persons named Charles Egerton|Charles Egerton (disambiguation){{!}}Charles Egerton}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Field Marshal (British Army)|Field Marshal]]
| name = Sir Charles Egerton
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCB|DSO}}
| image = Sir Charles Egerton.jpg
| caption = Egerton in 1906
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1848|11|10}}
| birth_place = [[Birr, County Offaly|Parsonstown]], Ireland, United Kingdom
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1921|02|20|1848|11|10}}
| death_place = [[Christchurch, Dorset|Christchurch]], Hampshire, United Kingdom
| placeofburial =
| allegiance = United Kingdom
| branch = [[British Indian Army]]
| serviceyears = 1867–1907
| rank = [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]]
| unit =
| commands = [[Madras Army|Madras Command]] (1903–07) British troops in [[British Somaliland]] (1903–04) [[Punjab Frontier Force]] (1899–03) Bannu column (1894)
| battles = [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]] [[Hazara Expedition of 1888|Hazara Expedition]] [[Tochi Expedition]] [[Mahsud Waziri blockade]]
| awards = [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] [[Distinguished Service Order]] [[Mentioned in Despatches]]
| relations = [[Grey Egerton Baronets]] Major-General [[Caledon Egerton]] (father) Admiral [[George Egerton (Royal Navy officer)|Sir George Egerton]] (brother) [[Brian Egerton|Sir Brian Egerton]] (brother)
| laterwork =
}}
[[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] '''Sir Charles Comyn Egerton''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|GCB|DSO}} (10 November 1848 – 20 February 1921) was a senior [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]] officer from the [[Egerton family]].

Early in his career he took part in the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]], the [[Hazara Expedition of 1888|Hazara Expedition]] and operations in the [[Khyber Pass]]. He went on to command the Bannu column during operations in [[Waziristan]] in 1894 and to serve as senior staff officer for the [[Tochi Expedition]] in 1897. Egerton took command of the troops in [[British Somaliland]] fighting the Dervish leader Sayid Abdullah Hassan in June 1903; he had a significant success at Jidbali in January 1904 killing 1,000 of Hassan's men. His last appointment was as [[General Officer Commanding]] [[Secunderabad]] District in 1904 before retiring in 1907.

==Military career==
Born the third son of Major-General [[Caledon Egerton]] and Margaret Egerton (née Cumming) and educated at [[Rossall School]] and the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]], Egerton was [[Commissioned officer|commissioned]] into the [[31st (Huntingdonshire) Regiment of Foot|31st Regiment of Foot]] on 9 June 1867.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=23260|page=3229|date=7 June 1867}}</ref> He immediately transferred to the [[76th Regiment of Foot]] in India.<ref name=heath115>Heathcote, p. 115</ref> Promoted to lieutenant on 19 October 1869,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=23939|page=219|date=17 January 1873}}</ref> he joined the Indian Staff Corps on 11 December 1872<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=23927|page=6254|date=10 December 1872}}</ref> before being promoted to [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]] on 8 June 1879<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=24761|page=5456|date=12 September 1879}}</ref> on appointment to a squadron in the [[11th Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry (Frontier Force)|3rd Punjab Cavalry]].<ref name=heath115/>

Egerton served with his regiment in the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]] in 1879 and was [[mentioned in despatches]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=24909|page=6538|date=3 December 1880}}</ref> He became Assistant Adjutant-General of the Punjab Frontier Force on 30 November 1886 and,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=25811|page=2399|date=27 April 1888}}</ref> having been promoted to major on 8 June 1887,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=25727|page=4243|date=5 August 1887}}</ref> he took part in the [[Hazara Expedition of 1888|Hazara Expedition]] in 1888 and in operations in the [[Khyber Pass]] in 1891 for which he was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] on 30 May 1891.<ref name=odnb>{{cite ODNB|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/32986|title=Sir Charles Egerton|year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/32986 |access-date=22 June 2013}}</ref> Promoted to [[lieutenant colonel]] on 1 September 1891,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=26226|page=6229|date=24 November 1891}}</ref> he became second-in-command of his regiment in 1892 and commanded the Bannu column during operations in [[Waziristan]] in 1894<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=26639|page=3737|date=2 July 1895}}</ref> before becoming Assistant Quartermaster-General at Bengal Command on 21 June 1895.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=26636|page=3528|date=21 June 1895}}</ref> He was appointed [[Companion of the Order of the Bath]] and then promoted to [[colonel]] on 1 September 1895.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=26667|page=5407|date=1 October 1895}}</ref>

Egerton commanded a contingent of troops sent to [[Suakin]] in 1896 to hold the town when its permanent garrison was withdrawn for service under [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]], following which he became an [[aide-de-camp]] to [[Queen Victoria|the Queen]] on 17 November 1896.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=26795|page=6272|date=17 November 1896}}</ref> He was senior staff officer and commander of the 1st Brigade for the [[Tochi Expedition]] in 1897 before becoming Commander-in-Chief of the [[Punjab Frontier Force|Frontier Force]] with local promotion to [[major-general]] on 1 April 1899.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27095|page=4141|date=4 July 1899}}</ref> He was promoted to the local rank of [[lieutenant general]] on 3 April 1900,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27205|page=3969|date=26 June 1900}}</ref> as he was appointed acting commander of the [[Northern Command (India)|Punjab Command]],<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Naval & Military intelligence|date=2 April 1900 | page=7 |issue=36105}}</ref> and reverted to his command of the Frontier Force in October 1901 when his command in Punjab ended.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Naval & Military intelligence|date=14 October 1901 |page=10 |issue=36585}}</ref> A promotion to the substantive rank of major-general followed on 1 April 1902 and,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27546|page=2618|date=24 April 1903}}</ref> after leading an expedition to Waziristan later that year, he was advanced to [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]] in the [[1903 Durbar Honours]] on 1 January 1903.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27511|supp=y|page=4|date=30 December 1902}}</ref><ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Durbar Honours |date=1 January 1903 |page=8 |issue=36966}}</ref>

Promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant general on 28 October 1903,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27666|supp=y|page=2302|date=12 April 1904}}</ref> he became Commander-in-Chief [[Madras Army|Madras Command]] in 1903, serving as such until 1907.<ref>Whitaker's Almanack 1905, p. 484</ref> Egerton took leave from Madras post to take command of the troops in [[British Somaliland]] fighting the Dervishes led by [[Mohammed Abdullah Hassan]] on 27 June 1903.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27601|page=5967|date=29 September 1903}}</ref> He had a significant success at Jidbali in January 1904, killing 1,000 of Hassan's men.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1904/01/12/archives/1000-dervishes-slain-british-rout-the-mad-mullahs-forces-in.html|title=1,000 Dervishes slain; British Rout the "Mad" Mullah's Forces in Somaliland|work=The New York Times|date=12 January 1904|access-date=22 June 2013}}</ref> However, in March 1904 questions were still being asked in the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]] as to whether Hassan (then known as the "Mad Mullah") understood that operations would only end when he was captured or killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1904/mar/28/the-mad-mullah|title=The Mad Mullah|date=28 March 1904|work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]|access-date=22 June 2013}}</ref>

[[File:Taleh Castle.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Dervish fort in [[Taleh|Taleex]].]]
Egerton became colonel of the [[11th Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry (Frontier Force)|23rd Punjab Cavalry (Frontier Force)]] in 1904.<ref name=heath116>Heathcote, p. 116</ref> He was advanced to [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] on 24 June 1904,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27688|supp=y|page=4007|date=21 June 1904}}</ref> and promoted to full general on 28 October 1906.<ref name=odnb/> After retiring on 5 February 1907,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28005|page=1929|date=19 March 1907}}</ref> he became a member of the [[Council of India]] from which post he stood down in 1917.<ref name=heath116/> In recognition of his long service he was promoted to [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|field marshal]] on 16 March 1917.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29986|page=2634|date=16 March 1917}}</ref>

In retirement Egerton wrote about his wartime experiences and was the author of a book entitled "Hill Warfare on the North-West Frontier of India".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B000X7G7IE |title=Hill Warfare on the North-West frontier of India|publisher=Amazon books|access-date=22 June 2013}}</ref> He died on 20 February 1921 and was buried at St Mark's Churchyard at [[Highcliffe]] in Dorset.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stmarkshighcliffe.org.uk/the-churchyards|title=Sir Charles Comyn Egerton|publisher=St Marks Highcliffe|access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref>

==Family==
Egerton's six brothers included Admiral [[George Egerton (Royal Navy officer)|Sir George Egerton]] of the [[Royal Navy]] and [[Brian Egerton|Sir Brian Egerton]].<ref name=BP2003>''[[Burke's Peerage]]'', volume 2 (2003), p. 1679</ref>

In 1877 Egerton married Anna Wellwood and they went on to have three sons.<ref name=BP2003/><ref name=heath115/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book| last1=Heathcote| first1=Tony| title=The British Field Marshals 1736–1997| publisher=Pen & Sword Books Ltd| year=1999| location=London| isbn=0-85052-696-5}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Egerton|first=Sir Charles|title=Hill Warfare on the North-West frontier of India|asin=B000X7G7IE }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[George Wolseley|Sir George Wolseley]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Madras Army|C-in-C, Madras Command]]|years=1903–1907}}
{{s-non|reason=Post disbanded}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Egerton, Charles}}
[[Category:1848 births]]
[[Category:1921 deaths]]
[[Category:Burials in Dorset]]
[[Category:People from Birr, County Offaly]]
[[Category:People educated at Rossall School]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]
[[Category:76th Regiment of Foot officers]]
[[Category:British field marshals of World War I]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Second Anglo-Afghan War]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of India]]
[[Category:British Indian Army generals]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Mahdist War]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Hazara Expedition of 1888]]
[[Category:Military personnel from County Offaly]]
[[Category:31st Regiment of Foot officers]]
[[Category:19th-century British Army personnel]]

Lakshmana Rekha (film)

2026-03-26T18:59:53Z

RajveerSingha1950:

{{For|the parlance formed from the Indian epic poem Ramayana|Lakshmana rekha}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Lakshmana Rekha
| image = Lakshmana Rekha (film).jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[I. V. Sasi]]
| producer = M. P. Ramachandran
| writer = P. V. Kuriakkose
| starring = [[Mohanlal]] [[Mammootty]] [[Seema (actress)|Seema]]
| music = [[A. T. Ummer]] [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] (score)
| cinematography = [[Jayanan Vincent]]
| editing = [[K. Narayanan]]
| studio = Murali Movies
| distributor = Munod-Vijaya Release
| released = {{Film date|1984|06|01|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Lakshmana Rekha''''' ({{translation|The line of [[Lakshmana]]}}) is a 1984 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[drama film]] directed by [[I. V. Sasi]], written by P. V. Kuriakkose, and produced by M. P. Ramachandran. The film stars [[Mohanlal]], [[Mammootty]], and [[Seema (actress)|Seema]] in lead roles. The film is a melodrama exploiting the Kerala convention of marriage between cousins. The film features songs composed by [[A. T. Ummer]] and background score by [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1606|title=Lakshmanarekha|accessdate=20 October 2014|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2474|title=Lakshmanarekha|accessdate=20 October 2014|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/lakshmana-rekha-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018122251/http://spicyonion.com/title/lakshmana-rekha-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=18 October 2014|title=Lakshmana Rekha|accessdate=20 October 2014|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Retired colonel Rajasekharan has two sons—Sukumaran and Sudhakaran and a daughter, Sunitha. Sukumaran, a police officer, is married to their cousin Radha. In the initial days, [[Sexual abstinence|they abstain]] from having [[sexual intercourse]] as Radha is going through her [[menstruation]] period. In the fifth day of their marriage, when they had decided to participate in their first sexual intercourse, Sukumaran meets with an accident and is paralyzed for life. Radha now looks after a bedridden Sukumaran.

While Radha and Sukumaran's life ended in misery, Sudhakaran's life is going well. He is appointed as the new general manager of a corporate company. Sudhakaran sympathizes with Radha. Meanwhile, Radha has frequent headaches. Their family doctor conducts several tests on her, but reveals nothing. For a [[second opinion]], Sudhakaran and Radha go to a hospital to consult a [[neurologist]], again the tests show nothing. The doctor theorizes that such headaches can also cause due to [[sexual frustration]] and it could likely be the case here considering her situation.

That night, Sudhakaran and Radha are sharing a double room in a hotel as two separate rooms were unavailable. While Radha was sleeping, Sudhakaran forces himself on her sexually, at first she resists but then she is submissive. They both perform intercourse. The next morning, Sudhakaran reveals her that he sexually approached her because of what the doctor said as Sukumaran is helpless. It shows result: Radha is relieved from her frequent headaches in the coming days.

Eventually, Radha gets pregnant, the family is shocked. Sudhakaran reveals it is his child but still hides what the doctor said. Rajasekharan condemns his son. Sudhakaran is willing to marry her. Finally, the family decides to get her married to Sudhakaran without informing Sukumaran. But Radha tells him everything. Unable to handle this new development, he [[Aphasia|losses his ability to speak]]. That night Sukumaran is killed by overdose of [[sleeping pills]]. Sudhakaran and Sunitha suspect Radha, while Radha suspects Sudhakaran. Breaking the suspense, Rajasekharan reveals that he killed his tormented son to end his misery. He calls the police and gets himself arrested.

== Cast ==
*[[Mohanlal]] as Sudhakaran
*[[Mammootty]] as Sukumaran
*[[Seema (actress)|Seema]] as Radha
*[[K. P. Ummer]] as Colonel Rajasekharan
*[[Kalaranjini]] as Sunitha
* [[P. K. Abraham]] as Dr. Mathews
* [[Adoor Bhasi]] as Radha's father
* [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] as Radha's mother
* [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Balachandra Menon
* [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]] as Vilasini

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[A. T. Ummer]] and the lyrics were written by [[Bichu Thirumala]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| 1 || "Aaranyakaandathiloode" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[Bichu Thirumala]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Enno Engengo" || [[S. Janaki]] || Bichu Thirumala ||
|-
| 3 || "Manassinte Manchalil" || K. J. Yesudas || Bichu Thirumala ||
|-
| 4 || "Manassinte Manchalil" (Pathos) || K. J. Yesudas || Bichu Thirumala ||
|-
| 5 || "Oru Suprabhaathathin" || K. J. Yesudas, [[Sujatha Mohan]] || Bichu Thirumala ||
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0269462|Lakshmana Rekha}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LGpWAqXEiR4 Movie on YouTube]

{{I. V. Sasi}}

[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:1984 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by I. V. Sasi]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. T. Ummer]]

Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunals) Act, 1983

2026-03-26T09:19:14Z

RajveerSingha1950:

{{more citations needed|date=January 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox legislation
| imagesize = 100
| enacted_by = [[Parliament of India]]
| status = repealed
}}
The '''Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunals) Act, 1981''' ('''IMDT''') was an [[Act of Parliament|Act]] of the [[Parliament of India]] enacted in 1983 by the [[Indira Gandhi]] government. It was struck down by the [[Supreme Court of India]] in 2005 in ''Sarbananda Sonowal v. Union of India''.

The IMDT Act described the procedures to detect illegal immigrants (from Bangladesh) and expel them from [[Assam]]. The Act was pushed through mainly on the grounds that it provided special protections against undue harassment to the "minorities" affected by the [[Assam Agitation]]. This law was applicable to the state of Assam only whereas in other states, detection of foreigners is done under [[The Foreigners Act, 1946]].

The act made it difficult to deport illegal immigrants from Assam.

==Salient features==
The Foreigners Act, 1946 defines a foreigner as a person who is not a citizen of India. Section 9 of the Act states that, where the nationality of a person is not evident as per preceding section 8, the onus of proving whether a person is a foreigner or not, shall lie upon such person.

However, under the Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunal ) (IMDT) Act, the burden of proving the citizenship or otherwise rested on the accuser and the police, not the accused. This was a major departure from the provisions of the Foreigners Act, 1946.

The accuser must reside within a 3 km radius of the accused, fill out a complaint form (a maximum of ten per accuser is allowed) and pay a fee of ten rupees.

If a suspected illegal migrant is thus successfully accused, he is required by the Act to simply produce a ration card to prove his Indian citizenship.

And if a case made it past these requirements, a system of tribunals made up of retired judges would finally decide on deportation based on the facts.

The act also provided that 'if the application is found frivolous or vexatious' the Central Government may not accept it.

It excluded the migrants who entered India before 25 March 1971 from the illegal-migration accusation. And for post-1971 migrants too, the procedure for deporting was tough.

== Political Commentary ==
In 1991, an unnamed [[Asom Gana Parishad]] legislator described the act as follows<ref name="rashtriyasahara">{{Cite book|title=Rashtriya Sahara Vol. 2|chapter=Hiteswar Saikia: preparing for a countdown|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Rashtriya_Sahara/ihtuAAAAMAAJ?hl|author=Prabha|year=1991|page=54|publisher=Sahara India}}</ref>:

<blockquote>But the Citizenship Act 1955, as amended on December 7, entails that the immigrants must first have their names registered. Besides, the mandatory gap of ten years is calculated from the date of registration. The process of detection of infiltraters is itself lopsided. The Illegal Migrants Detection Tribunal (IMDT) shifts the onus of responsibility not on the accused person but on the person / citizen who brings about the charge. Besides, the accuser has to pay fixed sum and must reside within a fixed area from the residence of the accused person. Such clause only makes a farce of the detection process. A review of the conditions spelt out by the organisation of non-political Muslims for its acceptance of the intensive revision of role bears perusal: Names of all Indian citizens whose claims were accepted in the 1993 revision of voters rolls but subsequently rejected during special revision in 1994, are to be automatically included in the proposed intensive revision. During the revision, all documents admissible under the Indian Evidence Act are accepted to prove linkage and citizenship, and the 1966 voters list be supplied to all political parties and organisation concerned. The CPM has strongly criticised this stand. Under the present circumstances, the Congress (I) Government appears to be enjoying the issue of the foreigners influx from Bangladesh and Nepal, especially the former when it accepted the 1971 revised roll, cannot be wished away. The most despicable of the Assam Accord provisions is the one that pertains to the disenfranchising immigrants coming to Assam between 1947-1975 for a period of just ten years, after which they automatically become citizens of India. Nowhere in the world does one come across such illogical propositions. The main AGP stalwarts now were the signatories on the accord from the agitators side. It were they who made this obnoxious provision a part and parcel of the upper hand.<ref name="rashtriyasahara"/></blockquote>

==Supreme Court's views==
The Act was challenged by [[Sarbananda Sonowal]] in courts. In 2005 a three-judge Bench of the [[Supreme Court of India]] held that the Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunals) Act, 1983 and rules "has created the biggest hurdle and is the main impediment or barrier in the identification and deportation of illegal migrants" and struck down the Act.<ref>[http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1436100/ Sarbananda Sonowal vs Union Of India on 5 December, 2006] (Judgement of the Supreme Court of India), indiankanoon.org, retrieved 27 December 2019.</ref>

The court also observed "(the [[conviction rate]] under the IMDT act) comes to less than half per cent of the cases initiated...(the IMDT Act) is coming to the advantage of such illegal migrants as any proceedings initiated against them almost entirely ends in their favour, enables them to have a document having official sanctity to the effect that they are not illegal migrants."

On 9 August 2012, the Supreme Court hearing a [[Public interest litigation in India|public interest litigation]] petition seeking a direction for deportation of illegal migrants, was told that the [[Government of India]], as a matter of policy, "does not support any kind of illegal migration either into its territory or illegal immigration of its citizens. "It was also stated that the Government is committed to deporting illegal Bangladeshi migrants, but only lawfully. It asserted that the demand for deleting the names of alleged 41 lakh doubtful voters from the list of 2006 on the basis of religious and linguistic profiling would prima facie be illegal, arbitrary and violative of the secular and democratic credentials of India. The court posted the matter for final hearing on 6 November 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title= Committed to deporting illegal migrants, but only lawfully: Centre |newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 August 2012 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3747019.ece}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Illegal immigration to India]]
* [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019]]
* [[The Foreigners Act, 1946]]
* [[Indian nationality law]]
* [[National Register of Citizens]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110514050935/http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/14/stories/2005071405551200.htm IMDT Act is the biggest barrier to deportation, says Supreme Court], The Hindu, 14 July 2005.
*[http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/jul/12act1.htm What is the Illegal Migrants Act?], Rediff News, July 2005.
* {{citation |title=IMDT Act and Immigration in North-Eastern India |first=Walter |last=Fernandes |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=40 |number=30 |date=23 July 2005 |JSTOR=4416922}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Roy |first1=Anupama |last2=Singh |first2=Ujjwal Kumar |title=The Ambivalence of Citizenship: The IMDT Act (1983) and the Politics of ForclUsion in Assam |journal=Critical Asian Studies |volume=41 |issue=1 |year=2009 |pages=37–60 |issn=1467-2715 |doi=10.1080/14672710802631137}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Illegal Migrants (Determination By Tribunal) (Imdt) Act}}
[[Category:1980s in Assam]]
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1983]]
[[Category:Immigration legislation]]
[[Category:Illegal immigration to India]]
[[Category:Immigration to India]]
[[Category:Indian nationality law]]
[[Category:Assamese nationalism]]
[[Category:Indira Gandhi administration]]

Bengaluru FC (women)

2026-03-25T15:11:12Z

RajveerSingha1950: put up some info added tags...

{{Short description|Association women's football club in India}}
{{About|the women's football team|the men's team|Bengaluru FC}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Primary sources|date=February 2026}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=February 2026}}
{{Self-published|date=February 2026}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Bengaluru FC Women
| image = BengaluruFC NewCrest 2025.png
| image_size = 180px
| upright = 0.9
| fullname = Bengaluru Football Club Women ({{lang|kn|ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಕಾಲ್ಚೆಂಡು ಕ್ಲಬ್ ಹೆಂಗಸರು}})
| nickname = The Blues ({{lang|kn|ಬ್ಲೂಸ್}})
| short name = BFC women
| founded = {{start date and age|df=y|2021|9|17}}<ref name="BFCWlaunch">{{Cite news |date=17 September 2021 |title=Bengaluru FC announce entry into women's football: Club To Start With Under 11, Under 13 and Under 15 Teams, With Trials Set For September 25 |url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2021/club-news/bengaluru-fc-women-team-announcement/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918133850/https://www.bengalurufc.com/2021/club-news/bengaluru-fc-women-team-announcement/ |archive-date=18 September 2021 |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=Bengaluru FC Official Website |publisher= Bengaluru FC Media}}</ref>
| ground = [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
| capacity = 8,400<ref name="Goal.com Capacity">{{cite web|last=Munjunath |first=Akash |title=Bengaluru FC's Home Support: Their 12th man! |url=https://sg.sports.yahoo.com/news/bengaluru-fc-home-support-12th-man-023000201.html |work=Goal.com |access-date=1 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504192637/https://sg.sports.yahoo.com/news/bengaluru-fc-home-support-12th-man-023000201.html |archive-date=4 May 2014 }}</ref>
| owntitle = Owner
| owner = [[JSW Sports]]
| chrtitle = CEO
| chairman = [[Sajjan Jindal]]
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = Sandeep Singh
| league = [[Karnataka Women's League]]
| season = 2025–26
| position = 6th
| current = 2025–26 Bengaluru FC Women season
| pattern_la1 = _Bengalurufc_home_2025_26
| pattern_b1 = _bengalurufc_home_2024_25
| pattern_ra1 = _Bengalurufc_home_2025_26
| pattern_so1 = _whiteline
| pattern_sh1 = _whitesides
| leftarm1 = 273496
| body1 = 273496
| rightarm1 = 273496
| shorts1 = 273496
| socks1 = 273496
| pattern_la2 = _blueborder
| pattern_b2 = _bengalurufc_away_2024_25
| pattern_ra2 = _blueborder
| pattern_sh2 = _whitesides
| pattern_so2 = _whiteline
| leftarm2 = E1E1E1
| body2 = C71111
| rightarm2 = E1E1E1
| shorts2 = C71111
| socks2 = C71111
| website =
}}

'''Bengaluru Football Club Women''' ({{IPA|kn|ˈbeŋɡəɭuːɾu||Bengaluru-Kannada-Pronunciation.ogg}}; {{langx|kn|ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು.ಎಫ್.ಸಿ}}) commonly referred to as BFC Women, is a [[Women's sports|women's]] professional [[association football|football]] club based in [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]. The club competes in [[Karnataka Women's League]], the third-tier women's football league in India.

The club is owned and operated by [[JSW Sports]] and its CEO is [[Sajjan Jindal]].<ref>{{Cite news|first=Akash|last=Sharma|title=Bengaluru FC: In a league of its own|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/SopJkLICGrnNyZUJNjdz5L/Bengaluru-FC-In-a-league-of-its-own.html|access-date=2 February 2018|website=LiveMint|date=25 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203123628/http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/SopJkLICGrnNyZUJNjdz5L/Bengaluru-FC-In-a-league-of-its-own.html|archive-date=3 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=JSWLaunch>{{Cite web|title=JSW Sports launches Bengaluru FC |url=http://i-league.org/?p=7088 |website=I-League |access-date=1 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203033708/http://i-league.org/?p=7088 |archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> After seven years of successful establishment and operations of the men's team, [[Bengaluru FC]], the club commenced its women's team operations in 2021.<ref name="BFCWlaunch"/>

== History ==
=== Background ===
In early 2013, [[JSW Group]], which had previously considered forming a football club in [[Bengaluru]], India, was interested in bidding for a spot in the I-League and on 15 May, The [[All India Football Federation]] (AIFF) received a bid from the group.<ref name="TOIMarch8">{{Cite web|author=Biju Babu Cyriac|title=I-League: Jindal Group back in talks|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/I-League-Jindal-Group-back-in-talks/articleshow/18865154.cms|access-date=1 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219103319/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-08/i-league/37560530_1_football-clubs-lokayukta-report-jindal-group|archive-date=19 December 2013|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 March 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AIFF receives three bid documents for new I-League Clubs |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-receives-three-bid-documents-for-new-i-league-clubs#:~:text=News,and%20cooperation,%E2%80%9D%20Dhar%20added. |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref> Two months later, on 28 May 2013, it was officially announced JSW Group had won the rights to form a direct-entry men's team for the 2013–14 I-League season in Bengaluru, [[Bengaluru FC]].<ref name="ETMay28">{{Cite news|author=Rakhi Mazumdar |title=JSW bags franchisee rights for Bangalore team in I-league, group forays into football |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/jsw-bags-franchisee-rights-for-bangalore-team-in-i-league-group-forays-into-football/articleshow/20314406.cms|work=The Economic Times|access-date=1 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719053506/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-05-28/news/39580342_1_jsw-steel-jsw-group-football-academy|archive-date=19 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> On 20 July, JSW Group officially established the club as "Bengaluru Football Club" at the [[Bangalore Football Stadium]], which had been announced as the men's home stadium for the upcoming season.<ref name="JSWLaunch"/>

=== Inception ===
Since its establishment of men's team, club has shown some support for, for example by wearing pink jerseys, worn by the men's team on [[International Women's Day]] in support of women.<ref>{{cite tweet | number = 839372368069840896 | user = bengalurufc | title = In our hearts, on our minds and on our sleeves. Today and every day, @bengalurufc celebrates the women in our lives. | date = 8 March 2017}}</ref> In May 2019, the club had also organised women's 5-a-side tournament as part of the AFC Grassroots Festival involving eight teams across the city.<ref>{{cite tweet | number = 1131797173710884864 | user = bengalurufc | title = We're hosting a Women's 5-a-side tournament as part of Day Three of the AFC Grassroots Festival, on Saturday! | date = 24 May 2019}}</ref> Later on 21 November 2019, the club facilitated a week-long trial for [[India women's national football team|Indian women's national team's]] striker [[Bala Devi Ngangom]], with [[Rangers W.F.C.]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-11-21 |title=Bala Devi begins Rangers FC trial |url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2019/club-news/bala-devi-begins-rangers-fc-trial/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808233757/https://www.bengalurufc.com/2019/club-news/bala-devi-begins-rangers-fc-trial/ |archive-date=2020-08-08 |access-date=2026-02-27 |work=BengaluruFC.com |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Karnataka Women's League]] was also established in 2019, thus supporting the discussions for the formation of a women's side of the club.<ref name="KWL">{{cite web |last1=Madigan |first1=Grace |title=How Karnataka's first women's football league is picking new talent |url=http://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/bengaluru-karnataka-first-women-football-league-super-division-iwl-aiff-36620 |website=Citizen Matters, Bengaluru |publisher=bengaluru.citizenmatters.in |access-date=26 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913211558/http://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/bengaluru-karnataka-first-women-football-league-super-division-iwl-aiff-36620 |archive-date=13 September 2019 |date=12 September 2019}}</ref>

Seven years later, on 17 September 2021, the club officially announced the formation of its women's team. Beginning with under-11, under-13 and under-15 girls' squads, the club decided to gradually build the foundation for a senior team that would take shape in due course, as per the then club's CEO, Mandar Tamhane.<ref name="BFCWlaunch"/>

=== 2021–2023: Karnataka Women's A Division ===
On 15 February 2022, Bengaluru FC Women with their under-15 squad, kicked-off their debut campaign at the [[Karnataka State Football Association|KSFA]] Women's A Division league, the second tier of women's football in Karnataka. The debut match ended in a 2–0 defeat for the Blues against Modern Girls.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-02-15 |title=BFC U15 Girls go down to Modern Girls FC |url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2022/bfc-women/bfc-u15-girls-go-modern-girls-fc/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215155435/https://www.bengalurufc.com/2022/bfc-women/bfc-u15-girls-go-modern-girls-fc/ |archive-date=2022-02-15 |access-date=2026-02-27 |work=Bengaluru FC Official Website |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet | number = 1493548662374662145 | user = bengalurufc | title = It ends in defeat for the BFC U15 Girls against Modern Girls FC in their KSFA Women’s A Division League debut. | date = 15 February 2022}}</ref> Two days later on 17 February in the club's second league game, the Blues registered a historic first victory with a thumping 10–0 win over against GRK Girls FC. Shloka Krishna became the first goalscorer for the team.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Media |first=Bengaluru FC |date=2022-02-17 |title=BFC U15 Girls run riot at the BFS |url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2022/bfc-women/bfc-u15-girls-run-riot-bfs/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206100431/https://www.bengalurufc.com/2022/bfc-women/bfc-u15-girls-run-riot-bfs/ |archive-date=2023-12-06 |access-date=2026-02-27 |work=Bengaluru FC Official Website |language=en-US}}</ref>

They eventually ended their season with 11 points on the table and finished in fourth place.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Media |first=Bengaluru FC |date=2022-03-09 |title=BFC U15 Girls draw against Roots FS |url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2022/bfc-women/bfc-u15-girls-draw-roots-fs/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204192731/https://www.bengalurufc.com/2022/bfc-women/bfc-u15-girls-draw-roots-fs/ |archive-date=2023-12-04 |access-date=2026-02-27 |work=Bengaluru FC Official Website |language=en-US}}</ref> Tanvi Nair was adjuded as U15 Girls' Academy player of the year on 30 May 2022, for her performance in the season.<ref>{{cite tweet | number = 1531244484943843328 | user = bengalurufc | title = In a historic first, Tanvi Nair is the Player of the Year for our first ever girls' team, picking up the accolade for her performances with the BFC U15 Girls in the KSFA Women's A Division League. | date = 30 May 2022}}</ref> In the following season, the Blues registered five consecutive wins in the league and on 11 June 2023, a 7–0 victory over Young Stars FC led to the club's maiden title. It also sealed the promotion to Karnataka Women's League, the top-tier league of Karnataka and the third tier in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-11 |title=BFC, Kemp crowned A & B division champions |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bfc-kemp-crowned-a-b-division-champions/articleshow/100908357.cms#:~:text=TNN%20/%20Jun%2011,%202023,,Young%20Star%20triumph |access-date=2026-02-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=February 2026}}

=== 2023–present: Karnataka Women's League ===
Upon promotion to Karnataka Women's League (KWL) in the 2023–24 season, the Blues registered their first win in the league against Rebels Women's FC on 18 September 2023. With Chinmayi Tili becoming the first goalscorer for the club in a 2–0 win at the state's top division.<ref>{{cite tweet | number = 1703676404527964298 | user = bengalurufc | title = BFC Women registered their first win in the KWL! | date = 18 September 2023}}</ref> With 21 local players in a squad with an average age of 15 years, the Blues eventually finished eighth.<ref>{{cite tweet | number = 1722547574346060134 | user = bengalurufc | title = Our girls finished 8th with the youngest squad in the competition, and maximum local representation. | date = 9 November 2023}}</ref> Later in March 2024, Rheanna Jacob became the first player from the club to score for the [[India women's national under-20 football team|Indian U-20 national team]] in any age category, against [[Nepal women's national under-20 football team|Nepal]] at the [[2024 SAFF U-20 Championship]].<ref>{{cite tweet | number = 1765784774722171384 | user = bengalurufc | title = 𝐇𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐈𝐂! 𝐑𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐧𝐧𝐚 𝐉𝐚𝐜𝐨𝐛 becomes the st ever #BFCWomen's team player to score for the National Team in any age category. | date = 7 March 2024}}</ref>

The Blues began their second season in KWL with four wins in three games, but a late goal in their fifth encounter against Pass FC resullted in four defeats. They eventually finished sixth on the table with sixteen points.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Karnataka Women’s League 2024-25 final standings are here and this competitive season showcased the rising talent in women's football. |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C_cXIWgSIWC/?hl=en&utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> The 2025–26 season also saw the BFC Women finish sixth with thirteen points.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Women's League |url=https://theawayend.co/karnataka-womens-football-league/ |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=The Away End |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Stadium ==
[[File:BFS on a matchday May 2023.jpg|thumb|right|Bangalore Football Stadium]]
Like its Reserve and Academy counterpart, the women's team plays its games at the [[Bangalore Football Stadium]] (BFS),<ref>{{cite news |title=Defending Champions Bengaluru FC all set for BDFA Super Division League |url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2019/bfc-b/defending-champions-bengaluru-fc-set-bdfa-super-division-league/ |access-date=12 December 2019 |work=BengaluruFC.com |date=12 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212133235/https://www.bengalurufc.com/2019/bfc-b/defending-champions-bengaluru-fc-set-bdfa-super-division-league/ |archive-date=12 December 2019}}</ref> a football specific stadium with 8,400 seating capacity, located in Ashok Nagar in Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangalore Football Stadium – StadiumDB.com |url=https://stadiumdb.com/stadiums/ind/bangalore_football_stadium |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=stadiumdb.com}}</ref>

== Crest and colours ==
[[File:Relief of Gandaberunda bird (two headed) in the Rameshwara temple at Keladi.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.56|[[Gandaberunda]] mural in [[Keladi]]]]
The Bengaluru FC women's team carries the same home colours as men's team; the crest features the [[Bangalore Palace]] in white to symbolize the victory of the [[Wadiyar dynasty|Wodeyars]], who won the palace back.<ref name=CrestJuly29>{{Cite web|title=The club crest decoded: Everything BFC stands for|url=https://www.facebook.com/notes/bengaluru-fc/the-club-crest-decoded-everything-bfc-stands-for/387411094693683|work=Bengaluru FC (Facebook)|access-date=1 August 2013|archive-date=15 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515082035/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fnotes%2Fbengaluru-fc%2Fthe-club-crest-decoded-everything-bfc-stands-for%2F387411094693683|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=August 2020}} In the middle of the crest, a blue [[Gandaberunda]], a mythical two-headed bird.<ref name=CrestJuly29/> The Gandaberunda is taken from the [[emblem of Karnataka]].<ref name=CrestJuly29/>

On 24 January 2015, Bengaluru revealed [[Eddie the Eagle]] as its official mascot.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/bengalurufc/status/558981034721566720|title=The big signing we told you about has just walked the field – Eddie the eagle! BFC now has a new mascot, people! #BFCvDEM|via=Twitter|date=24 January 2015|access-date=27 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305000130/https://twitter.com/bengalurufc/status/558981034721566720|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=August 2020}}

The club colour is blue; it is often known by the nickname "The Blues".<ref>{{Cite web | author=Neel Shelat | title=Odisha FC 1–2 Bengaluru FC: Report, Ratings & Reaction as the Blues Battle Their Way Past Odisha | website=Sportslens.com | date=2020-12-17 | url=https://sportslens.com/odisha-fc-1-2-bengaluru-fc-report-ratings-reaction-as-the-blues-battle-their-way-past-odisha/322813/ | access-date=2021-01-07 | archive-date=9 January 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109215213/https://sportslens.com/odisha-fc-1-2-bengaluru-fc-report-ratings-reaction-as-the-blues-battle-their-way-past-odisha/322813/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=February 2026}}

== Players ==

=== First-team squad ===
{{updated|28 July 2025}}<ref name="2025-26 squad">{{cite tweet | user = bengalurufc | number = 1949728096644644934 | title = Led by Head Coach Sandeep Singh, here are the #BFCWomen who will take part in the 2025-26 Karnataka Women's League campaign. | date = 28 July 2025}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=February 2026}}
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Khushi Kumari}}
{{Fs player|no=2|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Janani Thoppur}}
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Kajal}}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Aabha Kudale}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Vasty Haokip}}
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Prakalya KG}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Rheanna Jacob}}
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Reeth Kashyap}}
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Ruthu Sreenandan}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Tanvi Nair|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Chinmayi Tili}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Aswani MR}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Ritika Thakur}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Annika Srivastava}}
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Saisha Chawla}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Palak}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Tia Zamora Fernandes}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Anoushka Johnson}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Hina Nirmalkar}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Namita Belsariya}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Cathrine Thanga}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Aaroshi Govekar}}
{{Fs player|no=44|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Shubhangi Subba}}
{{fs end}}

== Club officials ==
{{updated|28 February 2026}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Role
! Name
! Refs.
|-
| Head coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sandeep Singh
| <ref name="2025-26 squad"/>
|-
| Manager
| {{flagicon|IND}} Prarthana Sengupta
| <ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.linkedin.com/in/prarthana-sengupta-163413192/ | website = LinkedIn | title = Prarthana Sengupta's LinkedIn profile.}}</ref>
|-
| Psychologist
| {{flagicon|IND}} Liyaan Akkalkotkar
| {{citation needed|date=March 2026}}
|}

== Season by season record ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Bengaluru FC Women season by season record
! rowspan="2" | Season
! rowspan="2" | Division
! rowspan="2" | Tier
! colspan="9" | Performance
|-
! width=20px|{{abbr|P|Games played}}
! width=20px|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! width=20px|{{abbr|D|Drawn}}
! width=20px|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! width=20px|{{abbr|F|Goals for}}
! width=20px|{{abbr|A|Goals against}}
! width=20px|{{abbr|GD|Goal difference}}
! width=20px|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! width=40px|{{abbr|Pos|Regular-season position}}
|-
| 2021–22
| rowspan="2" | Karnataka Women's A Division
| rowspan="2" | 4th
|| 8 || 4 || 1 || 3 || 18 || 12 || +6 || 13
! 4th
|-
| 2022–23
|| 10 || 9 || 1 || 0 || 44 || 5 || +39 || 28
! style="background:gold;" | '''1st'''
|-
| 2023–24
| rowspan="2" | Karnataka Women's League
| rowspan="2" | 3rd
|| 9 || 4 || 1 || 4 || 15 || 16 || -1 || 13
! 6th
|-
| 2024–25
|| 10 || 5 || 1 || 4 || 17 || 15 || +2 || 16
! 6th
|}

== Honours ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center;"
|+ Bengaluru FC Women honours
! style="width: 1%;" | Type
! style="width: 5%;" | Competition
! style="width: 1%;" | Titles
! style="width: 21%;" | Seasons participated
|-
| scope="rowgroup" rowspan="2" |'''State'''
! scope="row" | [[Karnataka Women's League]]
| 0
| align="left" | 2023–24, 2024–25, 2025–26
|-
! scope="row" | [[Karnataka Women's League|Karnataka Women's A Division League]]
| 1
| align="left" | 2021–22, '''2023–24'''
|}
: '' '''Bold''' indicates champions of the season''

== See also ==
*[[Bengaluru FC Futsal]]
*[[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Portal bar|Association football|India}}
{{Commons category|Bengaluru FC}}

{{Bengaluru FC}}
{{Football in Karnataka}}
{{Karnataka Sports}}
{{JSW Group}}

[[Category:Bengaluru FC| ]]
[[Category:Women's football clubs in India]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2021]]
[[Category:2021 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:JSW Group]]
[[Category:Sport in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Women in Bengaluru]]

Homo heidelbergensis

2026-03-17T00:53:20Z

RajveerSingha1950:

{{Short description|Extinct species of archaic human}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Speciesbox
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|0.7|0.3}}[[Middle Pleistocene]]
| image = Mandibel from Mauer.JPG
| image_caption = The [[holotype specimen]], [[Mauer 1]]
| genus = Homo
| species = heidelbergensis
| extinct = yes
| authority = [[Otto Schoetensack|Schoetensack]], 1908
}}

'''''Homo heidelbergensis''''' is a species of [[archaic human]] from the [[Middle Pleistocene]] of Europe and Africa, as well as potentially Asia depending on the taxonomic convention used. The species-level classification of ''[[Homo]]'' during the Middle Pleistocene is controversial, called the "muddle in the middle", owing to the wide anatomical range of variation that populations exhibited during this time. ''H. heidelbergensis'' has been regarded as either the [[last common ancestor]] of modern humans, [[Neanderthal]]s, and [[Denisovan]]s; or as a completely separate lineage.

''H. heidelbergensis'' was [[species description|described]] by German anthropologist [[Otto Schoetensack]] in 1908 based on a jawbone, [[Mauer 1]], from a [[sand mining|sand pit]] near the village of [[Mauer (Baden)|Mauer]] — {{cvt|10|km}} southeast of [[Heidelberg]]. It was the oldest identified human fossil in Europe, and Schoetensack described it as an [[antediluvian]] race (before the [[Great Flood]]) which would eventually evolve into living Europeans. By the mid-20th century, all archaic human taxa were [[splitters and lumpers|lumped]] as subspecies of either ''[[Homo erectus|H. erectus]]'' or ''H. sapiens'', with the former evolving into the latter without any coexistence. The species was usually lumped as ''H. e. heidelbergensis''. While its utility was complicated by its definition on a jawbone (which is rarely ever found, and otherwise bears few diagnostic features) British physical anthropologist [[Chris Stringer]] revived the species in 1983, redefining it as a Euro-African ancestor of modern humans and Neanderthals using namely [[Kabwe 1]], [[Petralona skull|Petralona 1]], [[Bodo cranium|Bodo]], and [[Tautavel Man|Arago]]. These skulls are united mainly by their supraorbital torus (brow ridge) anatomy.

''H. heidelbergensis'' may have evolved from ''[[Homo ergaster|H. ergaster]]'' (African ''H. erectus'') possibly following an intense [[population bottleneck]] 800,000 to 900,000 years ago. Populations dispersed into Europe by 700,000 years ago, spreading Late [[Acheulean]] [[stone tool]]s, and settlements became more permanent by 500,000 years ago. ''H. heidelbergensis'' may have been an active hunter of big game, including [[straight-tusked elephant]] and ''[[Stephanorhinus]]'' rhinoceroses, but at least some populations also subsisted significantly on foodplants and small game. [[Control of fire by early humans|Fire]] does not seem to have been used frequently, but huts and temporary shelters may have been constructed at least around Europe. There are some instances of nondescript etchings on pebbles, as well as modified and heated [[ochre]], which could have been done with symbolic intentions.

==Research history==
===Classification===
====Raciology====
On 21 October 1907, miners recovered a large human [[mandible]] (lower jaw) about {{cvt|24.1|m}} down the Grafenrain [[sand mining|sand pit]] near the village of [[Mauer (Baden)|Mauer]] — {{cvt|10|km}} southeast of [[Heidelberg]]. German geologists {{ill|Ernst Wilhelm Benecke|de}} and {{ill|Adolf Sauer|de}} had earlier characterised the site as [[diluvium|diluvial]] deposits ([[flood geology|remnants]] of the [[Great Flood]]) dating to the [[Tertiary period|Tertiary]]. Mauer 1 was the oldest European human fossil at the time.<ref name=Wust1950>{{cite journal|first1=Kurt|last1=Wüst|title=Über den Unterkiefer von Mauer (Heidelberg) im Vergleich zu anderen fossilen und rezenten Unterkiefern von Anthropoiden und Hominiden, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der phyletischen Stellung des Heidelberger Fossils|language=German|trans-title=On the lower jaw of Mauer (Heidelberg) in comparison to other fossil and recent lower jaws of anthropoids and hominids, with special consideration of the phyletic position of the Heidelberg fossil|jstor=25753106|journal=Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie|year=1950 |issn=0044-314X|pages=3–9|volume=42|issue=1}}</ref> German anthropologist [[Otto Schoetensack]] made the first report of the skull in 1908, classifying it as a new human species, ''Homo heidelbergensis''. After [[Neanderthal]]s (''H. neanderthalensis''), it was the second-named fossil species in the [[genus]] ''[[Homo]]''.<ref name=Schoetensack1908/>

[[File:Homo heidelbergensis (Mauer 1 cast) at Göteborgs Naturhistoriska Museum 8733.jpg|thumb|Cast of [[Mauer 1]] at the [[Museum of Gothenburg]]]]
Schoetensack noted the jaw's exceptionally primitive anatomy with its massive size and lack of chin, yet more modern traits such as small teeth. Therefore, he concluded Mauer 1 must represent an ancient European ancestor, which he claimed was further supported by several [[ontogeny|ontogenetic]] developments in Europeans. He also claimed that the many similarities with non-human [[ape]]s indicate that Mauer 1 lies near the [[last common ancestor]] of apes and humans. Based on the mammal fauna of the site, he concluded that the jawbone was of [[antediluvian]] age (before the Great Flood), but he had failed to find [[Adam]] (who he said was the progenitor of all humans, including ''H. heidelbergensis'', but certainly not [[Aboriginal Australians]]).<ref name=Schoetensack1908>{{cite journal|first1=Otto|last1=Schoetensack|title=Der Unterkiefer des ''Homo Heidelbergensis'' aus den Sanden von Mauer bei Heidelberg. Ein Beitrag zur Paläontologie des Menschen|language=German|trans-title=The lower jaw of ''Homo Heidelbergensis'' from the sands of Mauer near Heidelberg. A contribution to human paleontology|journal=Zeitschrift für induktive Abstammungs- und Vererbungslehre|year=1908|issn=1432-1874|pages=408–410|volume=1|issue=1|doi=10.1007/BF01990624|doi-access=free}}</ref>
{{blockquote|text=
{{lang|de|Allerdings sind die Maße groβ [in Mauer 1], wenn man moderne europäische Objekte zum Vergleich heranzieht. Sowie man aber diesen auf jetzige niedere Rassen ausdehnt, verschwindet die Differenz.}}
The dimensions are large [in Mauer 1] when modern European objects are used for comparison. However, as soon as one extends this to present-day lower races, the difference disappears.
|multiline=yes
|author=[[Otto Schoetensack]], 1908<ref name=Schoetensack1908/>
}}

[[File:Qafzeh.JPG|thumb|left|The [[Skhul and Qafzeh hominins]] (Qafzeh 9 pictured) were thought to directly descend from [[Mauer 1]].<ref name=Wust1950/>]]
In 1909, Croatian archaeologist [[Dragutin Gorjanović-Kramberger]] recommended renaming Mauer 1 "''H. amentalis''" ("chinless") as, at that time, every other jaw classified in the genus ''Homo'' had at least a weak chin. In 1909, Italian palaeontologist {{ill|Guido Bonarelli|de}} proposed erecting a new genus as "''Palaeanthropus heidelbergensis''" to recognise its age and primitiveness. German anthropologist {{ill|Hans Weinert|de}} suggested "''Europanthropus heidelbergensis''", and German anthropologist [[Ludwig Wilser]] "''Rhenanthropus heidelbergensis''" for a similar reason.<ref name=Wust1950/> In 1927, Czech-American anthropologist [[Aleš Hrdlička]] considered it a European variant of the [[Java Man]] "''Pithecanthropus erectus''" (now ''Homo erectus erectus''). In 1928, German anatomist [[Franz Weidenreich]] made a similar opinion.<ref name=Mounier/> In 1937, American archaeologist {{ill|Theodore D. McCown|de}} and British anatomist Sir [[Arthur Keith]] suggested extending "''Palaeoanthropus''" to any other fossil with many Neanderthal features, with "''P. heidelbergensis''" as the oldest member. They also included "''P. neanderthalensis''" (specifically [[La Chappelle-aux-Saints 1]] and [[Neanderthal 1]]), "''[[Ehringsdorf remains|P. ehringsdorfiensis]]''", "''[[Krapina Neanderthal site|P. krapinensis]]''", and "''[[Skhul and Qafzeh hominins|P. palestinensis]]''".<ref>{{cite book|first=T. D.|last=McCown|first2=A.|last2=Keith|url=https://archive.org/details/stoneageofmountc02join/page/18|title=The stone age of Mount Carmel: report of the Joint Expedition of the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem and the American School of Prehistoric Research, 1929-1934|year=1937|publisher=Clarendon Press|page=18}}</ref>

====Modern evolutionary synthesis====
By the middle of the century with the formulation of [[modern evolutionary synthesis]], the common convention was to relegate all ancient human specimens into the genus ''Homo'', and designate only a single species of ''Homo'' at any point in time: ''H. erectus'' which evolved into ''H. sapiens'' ([[anagenesis]]). The many defined species of archaic humans, including ''heidelbergensis'', were generally [[splitters and lumpers|lumped]] as subspecies of either ''H. erectus'' or ''H. sapiens''. This left ''H. erectus'' and ''H. sapiens'' considerably [[polymorphism (biology)|polytypic]] and anatomically variable. In 1963, Russian-American geneticist [[Theodosius Dobzhansky]] noted that [[Middle Pleistocene]] Western and Eastern Eurasia — the former represented by ''H. e. heidelbergensis'' and the Tunisian ''[[Tighennif|H. e. mauritanicus]]''; and the latter by the Chinese ''[[Peking Man|H. e. pekinensis]]'' and ''H. e. erectus'' — had significant anatomical and technological differences ([[Movius Line]]). He forwarded the possibility that these two groups represent distinct but contemporary species ([[cladogenesis]]), with ''H. erectus'' in the East, and the ancestors of ''H. sapiens'' in the West.<ref name=Dobzhansky1963>{{cite book|first=T.|last=Dobzhansky|year=1963|title=Classification and Human Evolution|chapter=Genetic Entities In Hominid Evolution|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315018010}}</ref>

[[File:Atlanthropus mauritanicus.jpg|thumb|[[Theodosius Dobzhansky]] grouped the [[Tighennif]] jaw ("''H. e. mauritanicus''", pictured) with [[Mauer 1]] ("''H. e. heidelbergensis''").<ref name=Dobzhansky1963/>]]
In 1972, American palaeoanthropologist Bernard Campbell divided Middle Pleistocene ''H. erectus'' into two [[chronospecies|chrono-subspecies]] (that is, designating a given subspecies as more closely related to certain subspecies over others); one group including ''H. e. heidelbergensis'', ''H. e. mauritanicus'', and ''H. e. pekinensis''; and the other the Tanzanian ''[[Chellean Man|H. e. leakeyi]]'' ([[Olduvai Gorge#Bed IV|Olduvai Gorge Bed IV]]) and ''H. e. erectus''. At this point, ''H. e. heidelbergensis'' included at least Mauer 1 and the Hungarian [[Samu (fossil)|Vértesszőlős 2]].<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Bernard G.|last1=Campbell|title=Conceptual Progress in Physical Anthropology: Fossil Man|journal=Annual Review of Anthropology|year=1972|issn=0084-6570|page=47|volume=1|doi=10.1146/annurev.an.01.100172.000331}}</ref>

====Cladistics====
In 1974, British physical anthropologist [[Chris Stringer]] noted that the Greek [[Petralona skull|Petralona 1]] was anatomically more comparable to the Zambian [[Kabwe 1]], Mauer 1, and Vértesszőlős 2 than to East Asian Middle Pleistocene ''H. erectus''. He proposed classifying them as ''H. s. heidelbergensis'' — a widespread Euro-African [[clade]], and the last common ancestor of modern humans (''H. sapiens sapiens'') and [[Neanderthal]]s (''H. sapiens neanderthalensis'').<ref>{{cite journal|first1=C. B.|last1=Stringer|title=A multivariate study of the Petralona skull|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|year=1974|issn=0047-2484|pages=397–404|volume=3|issue=5|doi=10.1016/0047-2484(74)90202-4}}</ref> At the time, he was hesitant to revive entire species for fear of recluttering human taxonomy, but in 1983, he proposed classifying them as a unique species as either ''H. heidelbergensis'' or ''[[Homo rhodesiensis|H. rhodesiensis]]'' (named in 1921 with Kabwe 1), depending on the inclusion of Mauer 1, as the common ancestor of ''H. sapiens'' and ''H. neanderthalensis''. The utility of ''H. heidelbergensis'' is complicated by its definition on a jaw, which is an uncommon find in Middle Pleistocene deposits, and additionally has few diagnostic traits.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=C. B.|last1=Stringer|author-link=Chris Stringer|title=Some further notes on the morphology and dating of the Petralona hominid|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|year=1983|issn=0047-2484|pages=731–742|volume=12|issue=8|doi=10.1016/S0047-2484(83)80128-6}}</ref> Nonetheless, Kabwe 1, Petralona 1, the Ethiopian [[Bodo cranium]], and the French [[Tautavel Man|Arago]] have normally been discussed altogether as representatives of ''H. heidelbergensis'', united most evidently by their brow ridge anatomy.<ref name=Schwartz2010>{{cite journal |last1=Schwartz |first1=J. H. |author1-link=Jeffrey H. Schwartz |last2=Tattersall |first2=I. |author2-link=Ian Tattersall |year=2010 |title=Fossil evidence for the origin of ''Homo sapiens'' |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=143 |issue=S51 |pages=99–103 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.21443 |pmid=21086529 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
{{Multiple image
|align=centre
|total_width=800px
|image1=Broken Hill Skull (Replica01).jpg
|image2=Petralona-1.jpg
|image3=Bodo cranium.jpg
|image4=Homme de Tautavel.jpg
|footer=(Left to right) [[Kabwe 1]], [[Petralona skull|Petralona 1]], [[Bodo cranium|Bodo]], and [[Tautavel Man|Arago]] are commonly grouped altogether as ''H. heidelbergensis''.<ref name=Schwartz2010/>
}}

Though ''H. heidelbergensis'' became a popular designation, in 2000, American anthropologists [[Sally McBrearty]] and [[Alison S. Brooks]] argued that ''H. heidelbergensis'' should be reserved for only the direct ancestors of Neanderthals in Europe. They recommended reviving ''H. rhodesiensis'' to house African Middle Pleistocene fossils they believed were directly ancestral to modern humans.<ref name=McBrearty2000>{{cite journal|first=S.|last=McBrearty|author1-link=Sally McBrearty|first2=A. S.|last2=Brooks|author2-link=Alison S. Brooks|year=2000|title=The revolution that wasn't: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|volume=39|pages=480–481|doi=10.1006/jhev.2000.0435}}</ref> Spanish palaeoanthropologist [[Juan Luis Arsuaga]] and colleagues made a similar opinion while studying the Spanish [[Sima de los Huesos hominins]] — which comprise the vast majority of the Middle Pleistocene human fossil record. They opted to classify every Middle Pleistocene European fossil as a Neanderthal ancestor under the name ''H. heidelbergensis'', and placed the 1 million year old Spanish ''[[Homo antecessor|H. antecessor]]'' as the last common ancestor of modern humans and Neanderthals.<ref name=ArsuagaLorenzo2000>{{cite journal|first1=J. L.|last1=Arsuaga|first2=C.|last2=Lorenzo|first3=I.|last3=Martínez|first4=A.|last4=Gracia|title=The Atapuerca human fossils|journal=Human Evolution|year=2000|issn=1824-310X|pages=77–82|volume=15|issue=1|doi=10.1007/BF02436236|first5=J. M.|last5=Carretero|first6=N.|last6=García|last7=López-Polín}}</ref> Stringer disagreed with the inclusion of the Sima de los Huesos hominins in ''H. heidelbergensis'', preferring to classify them as Neanderthals.<ref name=ArsuagaMartinez2014/>

In 2010, American palaeoanthropologists [[Jeffrey H. Schwartz]] and [[Ian Tattersall]] noted that, while the Euro-African ''H. heidelbergensis'' has a wide range of anatomical variation, these specimens may be too derived (have too many [[apomorphy and synapomorphy|apomorphies]], or unique traits) to represent modern human ancestors — though they could still be closely allied with Neanderthals.<ref name=Schwartz2010/> In 2011, French anthropologist Aurélien Mounier and colleagues instead extended ''H. heidelbergensis'' to encompass Middle Pleistocene specimens all across the Old World, including the Chinese [[Dali Man]] and [[Jinniushan]] — characterising ''H. heidelbergensis'' as an extremely polytypic species and the last common ancestor of modern humans and Neanderthals. They used the 400,000 year old Italian [[Ceprano Man]] skull{{efn|[[Ceprano Man]] had been classified as a new species in 2003 as "''Homo cepranensis''" when it was dated to about 700,000 years ago. It was classified as potentially a close relative or ancestor of African ''H. rhodesiensis'', which did not contribute to later European ''H. heidelbergensis'' populations.<ref>{{cite journal|title=''Homo cepranensis'' sp. nov. and the evolution of African-European Middle Pleistocene hominids|journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol|year=2003 |pages=153–159|volume=2|issue=2|doi=10.1016/s1631-0683(03)00015-0}}</ref>}} as the "counterpart" of the Mauer 1 mandible to better diagnose the species.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Aurélien|last1=Mounier|first2=Silvana|last2=Condemi|first3=Giorgio|last3=Manzi|title=The Stem Species of Our Species: A Place for the Archaic Human Cranium from Ceprano, Italy|journal=PLOS One|year=2011|issn=1932-6203|article-number=e18821|volume=6|issue=4|pmid=21533096|pmc=3080388|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0018821|doi-access=free}}</ref>

In 2011, Arsuaga and colleagues failed to identify distinctly Neanderthal traits in Mauer 1 — unlike in the Sima de los Huesos hominins and some other Middle Pleistocene Europeans. They recognised two distinct groups occupying Middle Pleistocene Europe: one that was evolving into Neanderthals (pre-Neanderthals), and one that was not (maybe best designated as ''H. heidelbergensis'').<ref name=ArsuagaMartinez2014>{{cite journal|first1=J. L.|last1=Arsuaga|first2=I.|last2=Martínez|first3=L. J.|last3=Arnold|first4=A.|last4=Aranburu|title=Neandertal roots: Cranial and chronological evidence from Sima de los Huesos|journal=Science|year=2014|pages=1358–1363|volume=344|issue=6190|doi=10.1126/science.1253958|first5=A.|last5=Gracia-Téllez|first6=W. D.|last6=Sharp|first7=R. M.|last7=Quam|first8=C.|last8=Falguères|first9=A.|last9=Pantoja-Pérez|first10=J.|last10=Bischoff|first11=E.|last11=Poza-Rey|first12=J. M.|last12=Parés|first13=J. M.|last13=Carretero|first14=M.|last14=Demuro|first15=C.|last15=Lorenzo|first16=N.|last16=Sala|first17=M.|last17=Martinón-Torres|first18=N.|last18=García|first19=A.|last19=Alcázar de Velasco|first20=G.|last20=Cuenca-Bescós|first21=A.|last21=Gómez-Olivencia|first22=D.|last22=Moreno|first23=A.|last23=Pablos|first24=C.-C.|last24=Shen|first25=L.|last25=Rodríguez|first26=A. I.|last26=Ortega|first27=R.|last27=García|first28=A.|last28=Bonmatí|first29=J. M.|last29=Bermúdez de Castro|first30=E.|last30=Carbonell|pmid=24948730 |bibcode=2014Sci...344.1358A |url=https://hal-cnrs.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03739291/file/Arsuaga%20HAL.pdf }}</ref> In Africa, Stringer noted that some of the specimens he assigned to ''H. heidelbergensis'' have similarities with modern humans in the face (such as the Tanzanian [[Ndutu cranium]]) while others do not (Kabwe 1 or Bodo).<ref name=Stringer2016/>

====Multiregionalism====
[[File:Homo sapiens lineage.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|One model of ''H. heidelbergensis'' as the [[last common ancestor]] of modern humans, [[Neanderthal]]s, and [[Denisovan]]s, with a late [[interbreeding between archaic and modern humans|interbreeding]] event]]
In 2016, Stringer characterised ''H. heidelbergensis'' as either the group encompassing the last common ancestor of modern humans and Neanderthals, or a unique branch (more closely related to Neanderthals) which eventually became extinct. Either way, ''H. heidelbergensis'' would have lived at the same time as more derived morphs. These interconnected derived populations (not ''H. heidelbergensis'') — dispersed across respectively Africa and Europe — seem to have been slowly accruing apomorphies at different rates, which would eventually culminate in respectively anatomically modern humans and classic Neanderthals ([[multiregional origin of modern humans|multiregionalism]]).<ref name=Stringer2016>{{cite journal|first1=Chris|last1=Stringer|title=The origin and evolution of ''Homo sapiens''|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|year= 2016|article-number=20150237|volume=371|issue=1698|pmid=27298468|pmc=4920294|doi=10.1098/rstb.2015.0237}}</ref> Congruently, in 2020, the Kabwe 1 skull was dated to roughly 300,000 years ago, living at the same time as the earliest recognised modern human fossils at the Moroccan [[Jebel Irhoud]] site. Late-surviving ''H. heidelbergensis'' populations may have [[interbreeding between archaic and modern humans|interbred]] with modern humans.<ref name=Grun2020>{{cite journal|last=Grün|first=R.|last2=Pike|first2=A.|last3=McDermott|first3=F.|last4=Eggins|first4=S.|last5=Mortimer|first5=G.|last6=Aubert|first6=M.|last7=Kinsley|first7=L.|last8=Joannes-Boyau|first8=R.|last9=Rumsey|first9=M.|last10=Denys|first10=D.|last11=Brink|first11=J.|last12=Clark|first12=T.|last13=Stringer|first13=C.|author13-link=Chris Stringer|year=2020|title=Dating the skull from Broken Hill, Zambia, and its position in human evolution|journal=Nature|volume=580|pages=372–375|doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2165-4|hdl=10072/396223|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

While some East Asian Middle Pleistocene fossils have some anatomical similarities to material typically classified as ''H. heidelbergensis'', genetic sequencing of human fossils in the 2010s identified an enigmatic group of archaic humans called the [[Denisovan]]s — closely related to Neanderthals — dispersed across East Asia. This opened the possibility that these East Asian specimens belong to a different, unique species (one that was also interbreeding with modern humans, as well as Neanderthals),<ref name=Stringer2012>{{cite journal|first=C. B. |last=Stringer |author-link=Chris Stringer |year=2012 |title=The status of ''Homo heidelbergensis'' (Schoetensack 1908) |journal=[[Evolutionary Anthropology (journal)|Evolutionary Anthropology]] |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=101–104 |doi=10.1002/evan.21311 |pmid=22718477 |s2cid=205826399 |doi-access=}}</ref><ref name="Ni2021"/> such as ''[[Homo longi|H. longi]]''.<ref name="Ni2021"/>

The species-level classification of Middle Pleistocene humans is still a contentious matter, popularly termed "the muddle in the middle". ''H. rhodesiensis'' is usually considered to be a [[synonym (taxonomy)|junior synonym]] of ''H. heidelbergensis''. In 2022, Serbian-Canadian palaeoanthropologist [[Mirjana Roksandic]] instead suggested expanding the definition of ''H. neanderthalensis'' to include Middle Pleistocene European specimens with Neanderthal traits, and housing African and non-Neanderthal European specimens in ''H. bodoensis'' instead of ''H. rhodesiensis'' to avoid honouring [[Cecil Rhodes]]. She considered ''H. heidelbergensis'' too poorly defined to continue using. Her recommendations have been criticised for oversimplifying the archaeological record, and for violating the [[principle of priority]].<ref>{{cite journal |first1=E. |last1=Sarmiento |first2=M. |last2=Pickford |author2-link=Martin Pickford|year=2022 |title=Muddying the muddle in the middle even more |journal=Evolutionary Anthropology |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=237–239 |doi=10.1002/evan.21952|pmid=35758530 |s2cid=250071605 }}</ref>

In a 2024 interview with ''[[Cell Biology]]'' Magazine, Stringer expressed doubts with his earlier conceptions of ''H. heidelbergensis''.<ref name=Stringer2024a>{{cite journal| last=Stringer |first=Chris | journal= Current Biology|title=Q & A Chris Stringer|volume=34 |date=17 June 2024 |page=557 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2024.05.020 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

{{blockquote
|text=With ''Homo heidelbergensis'', I had the view for a long time that it was the common ancestor of us and Neanderthals about 500,000 years ago. Now I think that's unlikely and that the common ancestor lived further back and did not look like ''heidelbergensis''. That's partly a product of my being around for so long, as well as seeing so much new data and so many changes in thinking.
|author=[[Chris Stringer]], 2024<ref name=Stringer2024a/>}}

===Evolution===
''H. heidelbergensis'' is thought to have descended from African ''H. erectus'' — sometimes classified as ''[[Homo ergaster|H. ergaster]]''. The exact derivation from an ancestor species is obfuscated by a long gap in the human fossil record near the end of the [[Early Pleistocene]]. In 2016, Italian anthropologist Antonio Profico and colleagues suggested that 875,000 year old skull material from the Gombore II site of the [[Melka Kunture]] Formation, Ethiopia, represents a [[transitional fossil|transitional morph]] between ''H. ergaster'' and ''H. heidelbergensis'', and thus postulated that ''H. heidelbergensis'' originated in Africa.<ref name=Profico2016>{{cite journal|first1=A. |last1=Profico |first2=F. |last2=di Vincenzo |display-authors=et al. |year=2016 |title=Filling the gap. Human cranial remains from Gombore II (Melka Kunture, Ethiopia; ca. 850 ka) and the origin of ''Homo heidelbergensis'' |journal=[[Journal of Anthropological Sciences]] |volume=94 |issue=94 |pages=1–24 |pmid=26583275 |url= http://www.isita-org.com/jass/Contents/2016vol94/Profico/26583275.pdf |doi=10.4436/JASS.94019}} ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284184973_Filling_the_gap_Human_cranial_remains_from_Gombore_II_Melka_Kunture_Ethiopia_ca_850_ka_and_the_origin_of_Homo_heidelbergensis Convenience link])</ref> A 2023 genetic study of 3,000 people found that the global population was reduced to less than 1,300 individuals between 800,000 and 900,000 years ago. This extreme [[population bottleneck]] could have caused the divergence of ''H. heidelbergensis''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=Wangjie |last2=Hao |first2=Ziqian |last3=Du |first3=Pengyuan |last4=Di Vincenzo |first4=Fabio |last5=Manzi |first5=Giorgio |last6=Cui |first6=Jialong |last7=Fu |first7=Yun-Xin |last8=Pan |first8=Yi-Hsuan |last9=Li |first9=Haipeng |year= 2023 |title=Genomic inference of a severe human bottleneck during the Early to Middle Pleistocene transition |journal=Science |volume=381 |issue=6661 |pages=979–984 |doi=10.1126/science.abq7487 |pmid=37651513 |bibcode=2023Sci...381..979H |s2cid=261396309 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref>

Human dispersal beyond [[45th parallel north|45°N]] seems to have been quite limited during the [[Lower Palaeolithic]], with evidence of short-lived dispersals northward beginning after a million years ago. More permanent populations seem to have become established above this parallel about 700,000 years ago. This coincides with the spread of [[hand axe]] technology across Europe, possibly associated with the dispersal of ''H. heidelbergensis'' and behavioural shifts to cope with the cold climate. Such occupation becomes much more frequent after 500,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=R. |last1=Hosfield |first2=J. |last2=Cole |year=2018 |title=Early hominins in north-west Europe: A punctuated long chronology? |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=190 |pages=148–160 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.04.026 |bibcode=2018QSRv..190..148H |doi-access=free}}</ref>

According to genetic analysis, the last common ancestor of modern humans and Neanderthal split into a modern human line, and a Neanderthal/Denisovan line, and the latter later split into Neanderthal and Denisovans. According to [[nuclear DNA]] analysis, the 430,000 year old Sima de los Huesos hominins are more closely related to Neanderthals than Denisovans — meaning that the Neanderthal/Denisovan, and thus the modern human/Neanderthal split, had already occurred. This suggests that the modern human/Neanderthal last common ancestor had existed long before many specimens typically assigned to ''H. heidelbergensis'' did.<ref name=meyer2016>{{cite journal|first1=M. |last1=Meyer |first2=J. |last2=Arsuaga |first3=C. |last3=de Filippo |first4=S. |last4=Nagel |title=Nuclear DNA sequences from the Middle Pleistocene Sima de los Huesos hominins |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=531 |issue=7595 |pages=504–507 |year=2016 |doi=10.1038/nature17405 |pmid=26976447 |bibcode=2016Natur.531..504M |s2cid=4467094}}</ref> ''H. heidelbergensis'' also seems to have lived alongside modern humans, demonstrated by the 300,000 year old Kabwe 1, which could further cast doubt on its position as a modern human ancestor.<ref name=Grun2020/>

A 2021 phylogeny of some [[Middle Pleistocene]] fossils using [[tip dating]]:<ref name="Ni2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Ni |first1=Xijun |last2=Ji |first2=Qiang |last3=Wu |first3=Wensheng |last4=Shao |first4=Qingfeng |last5=Ji |first5=Yannan |last6=Zhang |first6=Chi |last7=Liang |first7=Lei |last8=Ge |first8=Junyi |last9=Guo |first9=Zhen |last10=Li |first10=Jinhua |last11=Li |first11=Qiang |year=2021 |title=Massive cranium from Harbin in northeastern China establishes a new Middle Pleistocene human lineage |journal=The Innovation |language=English |volume=2 |issue=3 |doi=10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100130 |issn=2666-6758 |pmc=8454562 |pmid=34557770 |last13=Stringer |first13=Chris |last12=Grün |first12=Rainer |article-number=100130 |bibcode=2021Innov...200130N}}</ref>

{{Clade|style=font-size:85%;line-height:75%|label1=''[[Homo]]''|{{Clade
|1=''[[Homo habilis|H. habilis]]''
|2={{clade
|state1=double
|1=''[[Homo erectus|H. erectus]]'' (paraphyletic)
|label2='''''Homo heidelbergensis'''''
|2={{clade
|1=[[Tighennif|Ternifine]]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Saldanha man|Elandsfontein]]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Petralona skull|Petralona]]
|2=[[Kabwe 1]]
}}
|2={{clade
|1=[[Ceprano Man|Ceprano]]
|2=[[Bodo cranium|Bodo]]
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Mauer 1]]
|2=[[Tautavel Man|Arago]]
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Narmada Human|Narmada]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Maba Man|Maba]]
|2=Xuchang
}} }}
|2={{clade
|1=[[Ndutu cranium|Ndutu]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Steinheim skull|Steinheim]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Neanderthal|H. neanderthalensis]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Homo antecessor]]''
|2=''[[Homo longi]]'' }}
|2=''[[Human|H. sapiens]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}A subsequent version of this analysis found a different topology, with ''Homo heidelbergensis'' as a monophyletic group:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Feng |first=Xiaobo |last2=Yin |first2=Qiyu |last3=Gao |first3=Feng |last4=Lu |first4=Dan |last5=Fang |first5=Qin |last6=Feng |first6=Yilu |last7=Huang |first7=Xuchu |last8=Tan |first8=Chen |last9=Zhou |first9=Hanwen |last10=Li |first10=Qiang |last11=Zhang |first11=Chi |last12=Stringer |first12=Chris |last13=Ni |first13=Xijun |date=2025-09-25 |title=The phylogenetic position of the Yunxian cranium elucidates the origin of Homo longi and the Denisovans |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado9202 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=389 |issue=6767 |pages=1320–1324 |doi=10.1126/science.ado9202 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref>{{Clade|style=font-size:85%;line-height:75%|label1=|{{Clade
|1=Asian ''[[Homo erectus]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Narmada Human|Narmada]]
|2={{clade
|1=Xuchang
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Neanderthal|Homo neanderthalensis]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Homo longi]]''
|2=''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]'' }} }} }} }}
|label2='''''Homo heidelbergensis'''''
|2={{clade
|1=[[Bodo cranium|Bodo]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Tighennif|Ternifine]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Tautavel Man|Arago]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Mauer 1]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Kabwe 1]]
|2=[[Petralona skull|Petralona]] }}
|3={{clade
|1=[[Ceprano Man|Ceprano]]
|2=[[Saldanha man|Elandsfontein]]
}} }} }} }} }} }} }}}}

==Anatomy==
[[File:Tautavel UK 2.JPG|thumb|The two [[Tautavel Man|Arago]] jawbones]]
When Schoetensack described ''H. heidelbergensis'' in 1908 with the jaw Mauer 1, he distinguished it from any other known human jaw known at the time by its thickened mandibular body, anteroposteriorly (front to back) widened ramus (where the jaw goes up to connect with the skull), and the lack of a chin.<ref name=Schoetensack1908/><ref name=Mounier>{{cite journal |first1=A. |last1=Mounier |first2=F. |last2=Marchal |first3=S. |last3=Condemi |year=2009 |title=Is ''Homo heidelbergensis'' a distinct species? New insight on the Mauer mandible |journal=[[Journal of Human Evolution]] |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=219–246 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.12.006 |pmid=19249816|bibcode=2009JHumE..56..219M }}</ref> Kabwe 1, Petralona 1, Bodo, and Arago are normally presented altogether as representatives of ''H. heidelbergensis''. The former three lack any jawbone material, but the Arago jawbones share with Mauer 1: a wide [[mandibular symphysis]] which arcs up between two [[tubercle (bone)|tubercles]] and expands back into a thickened mandibular body (which creates a horizontal [[sulcus (morphology)|sulcus]] above); a large and posterior [[mental foramen]] (hole for [[blood vessel]]s); a low mandibular head (where the [[temporomandibular joint|jaw hinge]] is) below the level of the [[coronoid process of the mandible|coronoid process]] (which connects with the skull); and a rounded [[angle of the mandible|gonial region]]. All four skulls are united by their tall supraorbital tori (brow ridges), which have a generally flat front surface, twist at the superolateral margins (at the top by the edge of the face), and reach maximum height over the middle of the [[orbit (anatomy)|orbit]] (eye socket). They differ to some degree in the rest of the face.<ref name=Schwartz2010/>

From the few [[postcranium|postcranial]] (body) fossils known from the Middle Pleistocene, people may have generally averaged {{cvt|165–170|cm|ftin|0}} in height. The height of a female partial skeleton from Jinniushan is estimated to have been {{cvt|165|cm|ftin|0}} in life. The Kabwe [[tibia]] is typically estimated to have belonged to someone {{cvt|181.2|cm|ftin|0}} tall, among the tallest Middle Pleistocene height estimates, but it is possible that this individual was either unusually large or had a much longer tibia to [[femur]] ratio than expected. [[Early modern human]]s were notably taller, with the Skhul and Qafzeh remains averaging {{cvt|185.1|cm|ftin|0}} for males and {{cvt|169.8|cm|ftin|0}} for females, possibly to increase the energy-efficiency of long-distance travel with longer legs.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.11.004 |title=Stature estimation from complete long bones in the Middle Pleistocene humans from the Sima de los Huesos, Sierra de Atapuerca (Spain) |year=2012 |last1=Carretero |first1=José-Miguel |last2=Rodríguez |first2=Laura |last3=García-González |first3=Rebeca |last4=Arsuaga |first4=Juan-Luis |last5=Gómez-Olivencia |first5=Asier |last6=Lorenzo |first6=Carlos |last7=Bonmatí |first7=Alejandro |last8=Gracia |first8=Ana |last9=Martínez |first9=Ignacio |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=242–255 |pmid=22196156 |bibcode=2012JHumE..62..242C |url=https://eprints.ucm.es/26998/1/1-s2.0-S0047248411002193-_01.pdf}}</ref>

==Culture==
===Diet===
[[File:Elephasantiquus.jpg|thumb|The [[straight-tusked elephant]] may have been commonly preyed upon by ''H. heidelbergensis''.<ref name=":8"/>]]
Middle Pleistocene communities in general seem to have eaten big game at a higher frequency than predecessors, with meat becoming an essential dietary component.<ref name=":1" /> In Europe, ''H. heidelbergensis'' was often butchering some of the largest [[megafauna]]l species in the region — such as the [[straight-tusked elephant]], the [[aurochs]],<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last1=Konidaris |first1=George E. |last2=Tourloukis |first2=Vangelis |year=2021 |title=Proboscidea-''Homo'' interactions in open-air localities during the Early and Middle Pleistocene of western Eurasia: a palaeontological and archaeolocigal perspective |url=https://publikationen.uni-tuebingen.de/xmlui/handle/10900/114224 |journal=Human-Elephant Interactions: From Past to Present |doi=10.15496/publikation-55599}}</ref> and rhinoceroses of the genus ''[[Stephanorhinus]]''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Bello |first1=Silvia M. |last2=Parfitt |first2=Simon A. |last3=Stringer |first3=Chris |year= 2009 |title=Quantitative micromorphological analyses of cut marks produced by ancient and modern handaxes |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0305440309001368 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=36 |issue=9 |pages=1869–1880 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2009.04.014|bibcode=2009JArSc..36.1869B }}</ref> Though carcasses may have simply been scavenged, some Afro-European sites show specific targeting of a single species, which more likely indicates active hunting; for example: [[Olorgesailie]], Kenya, which has yielded over 50 to 60 butchered baboons (''[[Theropithecus oswaldi]]''); and the Spanish [[Torralba and Ambrona (archaeological site)|Torralba and Ambrona]] sites which feature [[elephants' graveyard]]s. Subsistence on large prey items could indicate group hunting strategies. For instance, at Torralba and Ambrona, the animals may have been encircled and run into swamplands by a coordinated and organised group of hunters before being killed.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal|first=G. |last=Isaac |year=1971 |title=The diet of early man: Aspects of archaeological evidence from lower and middle Pleistocene sites in Africa |journal=[[World Archaeology]] |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=279–299 |doi=10.1080/00438243.1971.9979481 |pmid=16468210}}</ref>

Some populations seem to have been extensively exploiting plant resources. At the 780,000 year old [[Daughters of Jacob Bridge|Gesher Benot Ya'aqov]] site, Israel, the inhabitants gathered and ate 55 different types of fruits, vegetables, seeds, nuts, and tubers. The inhabitants may have been [[control of fire by early humans|using fire]] to roast certain plant materials that otherwise would have been inedible. They also consumed amphibians, reptiles, birds, aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates, in addition to the usual large creatures such as elephant and [[fallow deer]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Melamed Y, Kislev ME, Geffen E, Lev-Yadun S, Goren-Inbar N | title = The plant component of an Acheulian diet at Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 113 | issue = 51 | pages = 14674–14679 | year= 2016 | pmid = 27930293 | pmc = 5187744 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1607872113 | bibcode = 2016PNAS..11314674M | doi-access = free }}</ref>

===Technology===
====Stone tools====
[[File:Boxgrove handaxe.jpg|thumb|left|[[Handaxe]] from the [[Boxgrove site]], England]]
The Lower Palaeolithic (Early Stone Age) comprises the [[Oldowan]] (a simple [[chopper (archaeology)|chopper]] and [[lithic flake|flake]] [[industry (archaeology)|industry]]) which was replaced by the [[Acheulean]], which is characterised by the production of mostly symmetrical [[hand axe]]s. The Late Acheulean culture spread out across Europe and Africa by the beginning of the Middle Pleistocene, usually associated with the dispersal of ''H. heidelbergensis''. This is distinguished from earlier Acheulean artefacts produced by ''H. erectus'' by the thinner and more symmetrical [[handaxe]]s which bear more [[lithic flake|flaking]] scars. Some sites have much smaller handaxes which might fall under the African [[Middle Stone Age]]. The Late Acheulean reached Western Europe by the mid-Middle Pleistocene, but some sites — namely Arago — can feature predominantly choppers and flakes instead of handaxes.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=G. Philip|last1=Rightmire|title=Brain size and encephalization in early to Mid-Pleistocene ''Homo''|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|year=2003|issn=1096-8644|pages=119–120|volume=124|issue=2|doi=10.1002/ajpa.10346}}</ref>

At the 500,000 year old English [[Boxgrove site]], knappers may have been making prepared platforms for tool making. They were also using bone and [[antler]] as hammers. Late Acheulean sites elsewhere preprepared [[lithic core]]s ("Large Flake Blanks", LFB) in a variety of ways before shaping them into tools, making prepared platforms unnecessary. LFB Acheulean spreads out of Africa into West and South Asia before a million years ago and is present in Southern Europe after 600,000 years ago, but northern Europe (and the [[Levant]] after 700,000 years ago) made use of soft hammers as they mainly made use of small, thick [[flint]] nodules. The first prepared platforms in Africa come from the 450,000 year old [[Fauresmith (industry)|Fauresmith industry]], possibly transitional between the [[Early Stone Age]] (Acheulean) and the Middle Stone Age.<ref name=Stout2014>{{cite journal|first1=D. |last1=Stout |first2=J. |last2=Apel |first3=J. |last3=Commander |first4=M. |last4=Roberts |year=2014 |title=Late Acheulean technology and cognition at Boxgrove, UK |journal=[[Journal of Archaeological Science]] |volume=41 |pages=576–590 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2013.10.001|bibcode=2014JArSc..41..576S }}</ref>

Some of the points may have been hafted onto spears. In Africa, the earliest evidence of this comes from the 500,000 year old [[Kathu Archaeological Complex|Kathu Pan 1]] site in South Africa. A horse [[scapula]] from the 500,000 year old Boxgrove site shows a puncture wound consistent with a spear wound. Evidence of hafting (in both Europe and Africa) becomes much more common after 300,000 years ago.<ref name=WilkinsEtAl2012>{{cite journal |first1=Jayne |last1=Wilkins |first2=Benjamin J. |last2=Schoville |first3=Kyle S. |last3=Brown |first4=Michael |last4=Chazan |year=2012 |title=Evidence for Early Hafted Hunting Technology |journal=Science |volume=338 |issue=6109 |pages=942–6 |doi=10.1126/science.1227608|pmid=23161998|bibcode = 2012Sci...338..942W |s2cid=206544031 |url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4370/03090b2cd28fa7c1b106556669c5c027bb50.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223065409/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4370/03090b2cd28fa7c1b106556669c5c027bb50.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2019}}</ref>

The [[Kapthurin Formation]], Kenya, has yielded the oldest evidence of small blade and bladelet technology, dating to 509,000 to 545,000 years ago. This technology is rare even in the Middle Palaeolithic, and is typically associated with [[Upper Palaeolithic]] modern humans. It is unclear if this is part of a long blade-making tradition, or if blade technology was lost and reinvented several times by multiple different human species.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=C. R. |last1=Johnson |first2=S. |last2=McBrearty |year=2010 |title=500,000-year-old blades from the Kapthurin Formation, Kenya |journal=[[Journal of Human Evolution]] |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=193–200 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.10.001 |pmid=20042224|bibcode=2010JHumE..58..193J }}</ref>

====Fire and construction====
{{Main|Control of fire by early humans}}
Despite apparent pushes into colder climates, evidence of fire is scarce in the archaeological record until 300,000 to 400,000 years ago. Though it is possible fire remnants simply degraded, long and overall undisturbed occupation sequences such as at Arago or Gran Dolina conspicuously lack convincing evidence of fire usage. This pattern could possibly indicate the invention of ignition technology or improved fire maintenance techniques at this time, and that fire was not an integral part of people's lives before then in Europe. In Africa, on the other hand, humans may have been able to frequently scavenge fire as early as 1.6 million years ago from natural wildfires, which occur much more often in Africa, thus possibly (more or less) regularly using fire. The oldest established continuous fire site beyond Africa is at Gesher Benot Ya'aqov.<ref name="Roebroeks2011">{{cite journal|first1=W.|last1=Roebroekes|first2=P.|last2=Villa|year=2011|title=On the earliest evidence for habitual use of fire in Europe|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=108|issue=13|pages=5209–5214|doi=10.1073/pnas.1018116108|pmid=21402905|pmc=3069174|bibcode=2011PNAS..108.5209R|doi-access=free}}</ref>

In Europe, evidence of constructed dwelling structures—classified as firm surface huts with solid foundations built in areas mostly sheltered from the weather—has been recorded since the [[Cromerian Interglacial]], the earliest example a 700,000-year-old stone foundation from [[Přezletice]], Czech Republic. This dwelling probably featured a vaulted roof made of thick branches or thin poles, supported by a foundation of big rocks and earth. Other such dwellings have been postulated to have existed during or following the [[Holstein Interglacial]] (which began 424,000 years ago) in [[Bilzingsleben (Paleolithic site)|Bilzingsleben]], Germany; [[Terra Amata (archaeological site)|Terra Amata]], France; and [[Fermanville]] and [[Saint-Germain-des-Vaux]] in [[Normandy]]. These were probably occupied during the winter, and, averaging only {{cvt|3.5x3|m}} in area, they were probably only used for sleeping in, while other activities (including firekeeping) seem to have been done outside. Less-permanent tent technology may have been present in Europe in the Lower Palaeolithic.<ref>{{cite journal|first=K.|last=Sklenář|year=1987|title=The Lower Paleolithic Dwelling Structure at Přezletice and its Significance|journal=Anthropologie|volume=25|issue=2|pages=101–103|jstor=26294864}}</ref>

===Art===
{{Further|Art of the Middle Palaeolithic}}

====Engravings====
[[File:Gravierter Knochen Bilzingsleben.tif|thumb|left|upright=1.3|400,000 to 350,000 years old incised [[straight-tusked elephant]] [[tibia]] from [[Bilzingsleben (Paleolithic site)|Bilzingsleben]], Germany]]
Upper Palaeolithic modern humans are well known for having etched engravings seemingly with symbolic value. As of 2018, only 27 Middle and Lower Palaeolithic objects have been postulated to have symbolic etching, out of which some have been refuted as having been caused by natural or otherwise non-symbolic phenomena (such as the fossilisation or excavation processes).<ref name=Majkic2018/>

The Lower Palaeolithic ones are: a 350,000 to 400,000 year old bone from Bilzingsleben; three 380,000 year old pebbles from Terra Amata; a 250,000 year old pebble from [[Markkleeberg]], Germany; 18 roughly 200,000 year old pebbles from [[Grotte du Lazaret|Lazaret]] (near Terra Amata); a roughly 200,000 year old lithic from [[Jardin Exotique de Monaco|Grotte de l'Observatoire]], Monaco; and a 130,000 to 200,000 year old pebble from [[Quinson|Baume Bonne]], France.<ref name=Majkic2018>{{cite journal|first1=A. |last1=Majkić |first2=F. |last2=d'Errico |first3=V. |last3=Stepanchuk |year=2018 |title=Assessing the significance of Palaeolithic engraved cortexes. A case study from the Mousterian site of Kiik-Koba, Crimea |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |volume=13 |issue=5 |article-number=e0195049 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0195049 |pmid=29718916 |pmc=5931501 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1395049M |doi-access=free}}</ref>

====Colouring====
Early modern humans and late Neanderthals (the latter especially after 60,000 years ago) made wide use of red [[ochre]] for presumably symbolic purposes as it produces a blood-like colour, though ochre can also have a functional medicinal application. Beyond these two species, ochre usage is recorded at [[Olduvai Gorge]], Tanzania, where two red ochre lumps have been found; Ambrona where an ochre slab was trimmed down into a specific shape; and Terra Amata where 75 ochre pieces were heated to achieve a wide colour range from yellow to red-brown to red. These may exemplify early and isolated instances of colour preference and colour categorisation, and such practices may not have been normalised yet.<ref name=Wreschner1980>{{cite journal|url=http://sites.utexas.edu/butzer/files/2017/03/Wreschner_Butzer-1980-RedOchre.pdf |first1=E. E. |last1=Wreschner |first2=R. |last2=Bolton |display-authors=et al. |year=1980 |title=Red Ochre and Human Evolution: A Case for Discussion |journal=[[Current Anthropology]] |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=631–632 |doi=10.1086/202541 |jstor=2741829 |s2cid=88099778}}</ref>

====Beads====
[[File:Porosphaera globularis necklace.webp|thumb|Hypothetical ''Porosphaera globularis'' necklace, probably inaccurate<ref name=Berruti2022/>]]
Several Acheulean sites in France, England, and Germany feature many perforated, spherical ''Porosphaera globularis'' sponge fossils, which have long been speculated to represent symbolic necklace beads. This was first supposed by French archaeologist [[Jacques Boucher de Crèvecœur de Perthes]] at the St. Acheul (where the Acheulean was defined) in 1847, but his claim was completely ignored. In 1894, English archaeologist [[Worthington George Smith]] discovered 200 similar perforated fossils in [[Bedfordshire]], England, and also speculated their function as beads (though he made no reference to Boucher de Perthes' find, possibly because he was unaware of it).<ref name=Bednarik2005/>

In 2005, Australian archaeologist [[Robert G. Bednarik]] reexamined the material, and concluded that—because all the Bedfordshire ''P. globularis'' fossils are sub-spherical and range {{cvt|10–18|mm}} in diameter, despite this species having a highly variable shape—they were deliberately chosen. He believed that they had been bored through completely or almost completely by some parasitic creature (i. e., through natural processes), and were then percussed on what would have been the more closed-off end to fully open the hole. He also found wear facets which he speculated were begotten from clacking against other beads when they were strung together and worn as a necklace.<ref name=Bednarik2005>{{cite journal|first=R. G. |last=Bednarik |year=2005 |title=More on Acheulian beads |journal=Rock Art Research |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=210–212 |url=http://www.ifrao.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/News_22-1.pdf}} ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322302170_More_on_Acheulian_beads Convenience link)]</ref>

In 2009, French anthropologist Solange Rigaud and colleagues noticed that the modified areas are lighter in colour than the unmodified, suggesting they were inflicted much more recently such as during excavation. They were also unconvinced that the fossils could be confidently associated with the Acheulean artefacts from the sites, and suggested that—as an alternative to archaic human activity—apparent size-selection could have been caused by either natural geological processes or 19th-century collectors favouring this specific form.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=S. |last1=Rigaud |first2=F. |last2=d'Errico |first3=M. |last3=Vanhaeren |first4=C. |last4=Neumann |year=2009 |title=Critical reassessment of putative Acheulean ''Porosphaera globularis'' beads |journal=[[Journal of Archaeological Science]] |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=25–34 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2008.07.001|bibcode=2009JArSc..36...25R }}</ref> In 2023, Italian archaeologist Gabriele Luigi Francesco Berruti and colleagues demonstrated that the abrasion identified by Bednarik could have occurred naturally from dirt, and reaffirmed that they probably did not come from the same layer as the Acheulean artefacts. They found no evidence of any human modification, and rejected the interpretation of them as decorative beads.<ref name=Berruti2022>{{cite journal|first1=Gabriele Luigi Francesco|last1=Berruti|first2=Dario|last2=Sigari|first3=Cristiana|last3=Zanasi|first4=Stefano|last4=Bertola|title=A myth debunked. The ''Porosphaera globularis'' beads and their relation to the onset of symbolic thinking in prehistory|journal=Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences|doi-access=free|year=2022|issn=1866-9565|page=162|volume=14|issue=8|doi=10.1007/s12520-022-01629-9|first5=Allison|last5=Ceresa|first6=Marta|last6=Arzarello|hdl=11392/2492893|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Altamura Man]]
* [[Dmanisi hominins]]
* [[Early European modern humans]]
* [[Sima de los Huesos hominins]]
* [[Tunel Wielki]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Homo heidelbergensis}}
{{Wikispecies|Homo heidelbergensis}}

{{Americana Poster|Heidelberg Man}}
* ''[http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homo-heidelbergensis Homo heidelbergensis]'' – The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program
* [http://www.homoheidelbergensis.de/ Homepage of Mauer 1 Club] {{In lang|de}}
* [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/989 UNESCO World Heritage Centre - Archaeological Site of Atapuerca]
* [http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-evolution-timeline-interactive Human Timeline (Interactive)] – [[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian]], [[National Museum of Natural History]] (August 2016).

{{Homo heidelbergensis|state=collapsed}}
{{Human Evolution}}
{{Prehistoric technology}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q105784|from2=Q131464}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Homo heidelbergensis| ]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1908]]
[[Category:Fossils of Germany]]

Rajvardhan Azad

2026-03-15T04:02:14Z

RajveerSingha1950: creating post - done

{{Short description|Indian academic (born 1950)}}
{{orphan|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajvardhan Azad
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1950}}
| birth_place =
| alma_mater = P.W. Medical College, Patna University, AIIMS, New Dehi
| occupation = Academician, professor, researcher and surgeon
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| father = [[Bhagwat Jha Azad]]
}}

'''Rajvardhan Azad''' (born 1950) is an Indian [[Ophthalmology|ophthalmologist]], [[Eye surgery|vitreoretinal surgeon]] and [[academician]].

A fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India|National Academy of Sciences]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=NAMS - Fellows|url=https://nams-india.in/downloads/fellowsmembers/Latest%20Fellow%20List%20upto%202024%20%20V-30-05-2025.pdf|access-date=6 July 2025}}</ref> he is currently a professor emeritus at the Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Ophthalmology, [[Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences]] (IGIMS). He previously served as the chairman of Bihar State University Service Commission from February 2018 to October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajvardhan Azad of AIIMS appointed as chairman of Bihar university commission |date= March 2019 |url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/rajvardhan-azad-of-aiims-appointed-as-chairman-of-bihar-university-commission/story-uOU65EiV7dCyhnOHILbURP.html |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=His Excellency in a courtesy meeting with dr. rajvardhan azad |url=https://governor.bih.nic.in/document/his-excellency-in-a-courtesy-meeting-with-dr-rajvardhan-azad/ |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref>

== Life and work ==

Azad was born in 1950 to [[Bhagwat Jha Azad]], former Chief Minister of Bihar from 1988 to 1989, and Indira Jha Azad.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Rajvardhan Azad nominated to Bihar legislative council in place of Khushwaha |date= 14 October 2023 |url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/rajvardhan-azad-nominated-to-bihar-legislative-council-in-place-of-kushwaha-101697265751481.html|access-date=6 July 2025}}</ref>

He completed his MBBS in 1973 from P.W. Medical College, [[Patna University]], and MD (Ophthalmology) in 1977 from [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]].

He is a nominated member of Legislative Council, Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. (Dr.) Rajvardhan Azad Janta Dal (United) |url= https://v2.india.gov.in/directory/whos-who/mlc/prof-dr-rajvardhan-azad-3085292805267 |access-date=6 July 2025}}</ref>

He is a chairman of the Clinical and Research advisory board, [[Akhand Jyoti Eye Hospital]]; visiting professor of Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre, [[Sun Yat-sen University|Sun Yat-Sen University]]; and advisor to State key Laboratory Guangzhou China.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Rajvardhan Azad, MBBS, MD |url= https://journal.gzzoc.com/Es/AboutUs/ArticleShow.aspx?AID=593|access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= Rajvardhan Azad |url= https://sysu.academia.edu/ProfRajvardhanAzad
|access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref> He previously served as the chief and professor of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Rajvardhan Azad of AIIMS appointed as chairman of Bihar university commission |date= March 2019 |url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/rajvardhan-azad-of-aiims-appointed-as-chairman-of-bihar-university-commission/story-uOU65EiV7dCyhnOHILbURP.html |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref>

He is a former advisor (Ophthalmology) to the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (Govt. of India), and former advisor to the Armed Forces Medical Services Ministry of Defense ([[Government of India]]). He served as president of the National Board of Examination GOI, NBE, MOHFW; and as chairman os the PG Committee [[Medical Council Of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title= Professor Rajvardhan Azad is the first indian elected to be APAO president |date= 16 January 2013|url= https://www.apnnews.com/prof-rajvardhan-azad-is-the-first-indian-elected-to-be-apao-president/|access-date=6 July 2025}}</ref> He served as the president elect of South Asian Academy of Ophthalmology (SAO)<ref>{{Cite web |title= Presiden SAO |url= https://sao.org.in/|access-date=6 July 2025}}</ref> and Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology (APAO).<ref>{{Cite web |title= Rajvardhan Azad is the first indian elected to be APAO president|date= 16 January 2013 |url= https://www.apnnews.com/prof-rajvardhan-azad-is-the-first-indian-elected-to-be-apao-president/ |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= Rajvardhan Azad |url= https://m.thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=139439243&highlights=OPHTHALMOLOGY%20SERVICES |access-date=6 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= Rajvardhan Azad - President |url= https://apaophth.org/past-president/|access-date=6 July 2025}}</ref> chairman of the [[All India Ophthalmological Society]] (AIOS),<ref>{{Cite web |title= Rajvardhan Azad - Chairman AIOS - President |url=https://aios.org/article-284-2025-vp-election.php |access-date=6 July 2025}}</ref> He is the past president of Asia Pacific Ophthalmic Trauma Society (APOTS), All India Ophthalmological Society (AIOS), Vitreoretinal Society of India (VRSI) and Delhi Ophthalmological Society (DOS). He was nominated to the World Health Organization (WHO) development group for the package of vitreoretinal interventions which aims to facilitate the integration of eye care within universal health coverage.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Bihar ophthalmologist Rajvardhan Azad nominated to WHO development group |work= The Times of India |date= 25 February 2021 |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/azad-nominated-to-who-devpt-group/articleshow/81195868.cms |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref>

Azad is an editor and reviewer for various national and international journals such as ''Indian Council of Medical Research'' (ICMR), ''Advances in Ophthalmology Practice and Research'',<ref>{{Cite web |title= Editorial Board - Advances in Ophthalmology Practice and Research|url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/advances-in-ophthalmology-practice-and-research/about/editorial-board |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref> ''British Medical Journal Ophthalmology'', ''Indian Journal of Pediatrics'', ''BioMedCentral Ophthalmology'', ''Indian Journal of Ophthalmology'', and ''Journal of American Association''. He has published 400 articles in peer reviewed journals.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Google Scholar Profile|url= https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=5zMGDioAAAAJ&hl=en |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref>

He is a recipient of the BC Roy National Award for eminent medical teacher from the Medical Council of India,<ref>{{Cite web |title= President, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam presenting Dr. B.C. Roy National Award 2003 to Prof. (Dr.) Rajvardhan Azad|url= https://m.thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=5184280&highlights=BC%20ROY%20NATIONAL%20AWARD |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref> Hose Rizal Award, APAO highest award for significant contribution to Ophthalmology in Asia Pacific Region, and ICO Golden Apple Award.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Dr. Rajvardhan Azad to receive ICO Golden Apple Award |date=
27 March 2025 |url=
https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/patna/story-bihar-council-member-dr-rajvardhan-azad-selected-for-icu-golden-apple-award-2025-201743083576587.html |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref> He has also received the lifetime achievement award from All India ophthalmological Society, Vitreo Retinal Society of India and Delhi Ophthalmological Society.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Rajvardhan Azad|url= https://todnet.org/ROPBak_2-4Ekim/home/docs/CV_RajvardhanAzad.pdf |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref>

==Books==

Some of the books he has authored are:

* ''Retinal Detachment Surgery: A Practical Manual'', Jaypee Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., [[Daryaganj]], New Delhi
* ''Retinopathy of Prematurity: CME series'', All India Ophthalmological Society
* ''A manual of Indirect Ophthalmoscopy'', coauthored with H.K. Tewari, published by Jaypee Publishers
* ''Current concepts in Ophthalmic Lasers'', coauthored with H.K.Tewari, Jaypee Publishers, Darya Ganj, Delhi
* ''Vitrectomy for beginners'', coauthored with H.K. Tewari, Jaypee Publishers, Darya Ganj, Delhi – March 1994

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=5zMGDioAAAAJ&hl=en - Google Scholar profile]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:1950 births]]

Moscow

2026-03-12T18:01:03Z

RajveerSingha1950: fix section for consistency per standard format

{{Short description|Capital and most populous city of Russia}}
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| established_date = 1147<ref name="dolgorukiy">{{cite web |url=http://faculty.oxy.edu/richmond/csp8/history_of_moscow.htm |title=The History of Moscow |publisher=Occidental College |last=Comins-Richmond |first=Walter |access-date=3 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060517163858/http://faculty.oxy.edu/richmond/csp8/history_of_moscow.htm |archive-date=17 May 2006 }}</ref>
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| total_type = Total
| area_total_sq_mi = 989.0
| area_total_km2 = 2561.5<ref name="InfostatArea">{{cite web |title=Общая площадь Москвы в длинну и ширину |url=https://rosinfostat.ru/ploshhad-moskvy/ |publisher=RosInfoStat |access-date=2 June 2021 |archive-date=3 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203140325/https://rosinfostat.ru/ploshhad-moskvy/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| area_urban_km2 = 6154
| area_metro_km2 = 48360
| area_blank1_sq_mi =
| elevation_m = 114 - 255
| population_rank = {{Unbulleted list
| [[List of cities and towns in Russia by population|1st]] in Russia
| [[List of European cities by population within city limits|2nd]] in Europe
}}
| population_density_km2 = 5080
| population_density_urban_km2 = 2762
| population_density_metro_km2 = 450
| population_as_of = [[Russian Census (2021)|2021 Census]]
| population_total = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 13010112
| population_footnotes = <ref name=2021Census>{{cite web |title=Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]] |access-date=1 September 2022 |archive-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901194902/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="Urban" />
| population_urban = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 19,100,000
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref>[[Moscow metropolitan area]]</ref>
| population_metro = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 21,534,777<ref>Including [[Moscow Oblast]] (8,524,665)</ref>
| population_demonym = Muscovite
| demographics_type2 = GDP
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/VRP_s1998.xlsx |title=Валовой региональный продукт - Врп с 1998-2023 года (Table-2 total and Table-4 per capita) |website=rosstat.gov.ru |date=27 May 2025 |access-date=12 December 2025 |url-status=live |archive-date=4 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404011630/https://www.rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/VRP_s1998.xlsx }}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = Total
| demographics2_info1 = [[Russian ruble|₽]]{{FXConvert|RUS|32339|b|year=2023|lk=on}}
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| demographics2_info2 = ₽{{FXConvert|RUS|2463550.4|year=2023|lk=on}}
| timezone1 = [[Moscow Time|MSK]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085 |script-title=ru:"Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации |language=ru |access-date=19 January 2019 |archive-date=22 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622151333/http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| blank_name = [[OKTMO]] ID
| blank_info = 45000000
| iso_code = RU-MOW
| registration_plate = 77, 177, 777; 97, 197, 797; 99, 199, 799, 977<ref>{{Cite web |title=Автомобильные коды регионов России-2022: таблица с последними изменениями |url=https://ria.ru/20221116/avtokody-1831987874.html |access-date=28 November 2022 |website=РИА Новости |date=16 November 2022 |language=ru |archive-date=28 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128050947/https://ria.ru/20221116/avtokody-1831987874.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| utc_offset = +3
| website = {{URL|https://www.mos.ru/en|mos.ru}}
}}

'''Moscow'''{{efn|English: {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɒ|s|k|oʊ}} {{respell|MOS|koh}}, [[American English|US]] chiefly {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɒ|s|k|aʊ}} {{respell|MOS|kow}};<ref>{{cite book |last=Wells |first=John C. |year=2008 |title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |edition=3rd |publisher=Longman |isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Roach |first=Peter |year=2011 |title=Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary |edition=18th |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-15253-2 }}</ref> {{lang-rus|links=no|Москва|r=Moskva|p=mɐˈskva|a=Москва.ogg}}.}} is the [[Capital city|capital]] and [[List of cities and towns in Russia by population|largest city]] of [[Russia]], standing on the [[Moskva (river)|Moskva River]] in [[Central Russia]]. It has a population estimated at over 13 million residents within the city limits,<ref name=2021Census/> over 19.1 million residents in the urban area,<ref name="Urban">{{cite web |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations |title=Major Agglomerations of the World - Population Statistics and Maps |access-date=2 May 2023 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707123157/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and over 21.5 million residents in [[Moscow metropolitan area|its metropolitan area]].<ref name="Megapolis">{{cite web |url=https://strelkamag.com/en/article/moscow-agglomeration |title=A 3-Hour Commute: A Close Look At Moscow The Megapolis |work=Strelka Mag |first=Alexander |last=Akishin |date=17 August 2017 |access-date=23 May 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417121056/https://strelkamag.com/en/article/moscow-agglomeration |url-status=dead }}</ref> The city covers an area of {{Convert|2511|km2|mi2|abbr=|sp=us}}, while the urban area covers {{Convert|5891|km2|mi2|abbr=|sp=us}},<ref name="Urban"/> and the metropolitan area covers over {{Convert|26000|km2|mi2|abbr=|sp=us}}.<ref name="Megapolis"/> Moscow is among the world's [[List of largest cities|largest cities]], being the [[List of European cities by population within city limits|most populous city]] entirely in Europe,{{efn|[[Istanbul]], which is partially in Europe, is a larger city, with two-thirds of its population of 15 million living in Europe.}} the largest [[List of urban areas in Europe|urban]] and [[List of metropolitan areas in Europe|metropolitan area]] in Europe,<ref name="Urban"/><ref name="Megapolis"/> and the largest city by land area on the European continent.<ref name="Planète Énergies">{{Cite web |url=https://www.planete-energies.com/en/medias/close/moscow-city-undergoing-transformation |title=Moscow, a City Undergoing Transformation |work=Planète Énergies |date=11 September 2017 |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027055122/https://www.planete-energies.com/en/medias/close/moscow-city-undergoing-transformation |url-status=live }}</ref>

First documented in 1147, Moscow became the capital of the [[Grand Principality of Moscow]], which led the unification of the Russian lands in the 15th century and became the center of a unified state.<ref>{{cite book |title=World Encyclopedia |publisher=Philip's |isbn=978-0-19-954609-1 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001/acref-9780199546091-e-7792 |language=en |chapter=Moscow, Grand Duchy of |date=2004 |archive-date=1 June 2025 |access-date=1 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601225153/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001/acref-9780199546091-e-7792 |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the proclamation of the [[Tsardom of Russia]] in 1547, Moscow remained the political and economic center for most of its history. During the reign of [[Peter the Great]], the Russian capital was moved to the newly founded city of [[Saint Petersburg]] in 1712, leading to a decline in Moscow's importance throughout the [[Russian Empire|imperial period]].<ref name="Weeks">{{cite book |last1=Weeks |first1=Theodore R. |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World |date=1 January 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-517632-2 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195176322.001.0001/acref-9780195176322-e-1053 |language=en |chapter=Moscow |quote=Moscow's status was considerably reduced during the imperial period of Russian history, after Peter the Great... moved the capital in 1712 to the newly constructed city of Saint Petersburg... As the capital of the Soviet Union, Moscow expanded greatly...}}</ref> Following the [[Russian Revolution]] and the establishment of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], the capital was moved back to Moscow in 1918.<ref name="Weeks"/> The city later became the political center of the [[Soviet Union]] and experienced significant population growth throughout the Soviet period.<ref name="Weeks"/> In the aftermath of the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], Moscow remained the capital city of the newly reconstituted Russian Federation and has experienced continued growth.<ref name="Weeks"/>

The northernmost and coldest [[megacity]] in the world, Moscow is governed as a [[Federal cities of Russia|federal city]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mos.ru/en/city/about/ |title=A glimpse into history |website=mos.ru |access-date=21 September 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007105652/https://www.mos.ru/en/city/about/ }}</ref> where it serves as the political, economic, cultural, and scientific center of Russia and [[Eastern Europe]]. Moscow has one of the world's [[List of cities by GDP|largest urban economies]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brade |first1=Isolde |last2=Rudolph |first2=Robert |title=Moscow, the Global City? The Position of the Russian Capital within the European System of Metropolitan Areas |journal=Area |jstor=20004359 |volume=36 |number=1 |pages=69–80 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |date=2004 |doi=10.1111/j.0004-0894.2004.00306.x |bibcode=2004Area...36...69B |issn=0004-0894 }}</ref> Moscow has the [[List of cities by number of billionaires|second-highest number of billionaires]] of any city (tied with [[Hong Kong]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grosser |first=Annikka |title=The Cities With The Most Billionaires 2024 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/annikagrosser/2024/04/26/the-cities-with-the-most-billionaires-2024/ |access-date=1 December 2024 |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604161409/https://www.forbes.com/sites/gigizamora/2023/04/08/the-cities-with-the-most-billionaires-2023/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Moscow International Business Center]] is one of the largest [[financial centre|financial center]]s in the world and features the majority of [[List of tallest buildings in Europe|Europe's tallest skyscrapers]]. Moscow was the host city of the [[1980 Summer Olympics]] and one of the host cities of the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=FIFA World Cup kicks off in Russia |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/fifa-world-cup-2018/fifa-worldcup-2018-news/2018/jun/14/fifa-world-cup-kicks-off-in-russia-1828219.html |access-date=20 March 2021 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=2 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802231006/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/fifa-world-cup-2018/fifa-worldcup-2018-news/2018/jun/14/fifa-world-cup-kicks-off-in-russia-1828219.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The city contains several UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]]s and is known for its display of [[Russian architecture]], particularly in areas such as [[Red Square]] and buildings such as [[Saint Basil's Cathedral]] and the [[Moscow Kremlin]], the latter of which is the seat of power of the [[Government of Russia]]. Moscow is home to [[List of companies of Russia|Russian companies]] in different industries and is served by a comprehensive transit network, which includes [[Moscow Airport (disambiguation)#Commercial passenger and cargo traffic airports|four international airports]], ten railway terminals, a [[Trams in Moscow|tram system]], a [[Moscow Monorail|monorail system]], and the [[Moscow Metro]], which is the busiest metro system in Europe and one of the largest [[rapid transit]] systems in the world. The city has over 40 percent of its territory covered by greenery, making it one of the greenest cities in the world.<ref name="Planète Énergies"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bridgetomoscow.com/curious-fact-moscow-parks |title=Moscow parks |work=Bridge To Moscow |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-date=25 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625002804/https://bridgetomoscow.com/curious-fact-moscow-parks |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Etymology==
The city's name is thought to be derived from the [[Moskva River]].<ref name="Vasmer">{{Vasmer|Москва}}</ref><ref name="Smol">{{cite book |last1=Smolitskaya |first1=G.P. |title=Toponimicheskyi slovar' Tsentral'noy Rossii |script-title=ru:Топонимический словарь Центральной России |date=2002 |pages=211–2017 |language=ru }}</ref> Theories of the origin of the name of the river have been proposed.

The most linguistically well-grounded and widely accepted is from the Proto-Balto-Slavic root *''mŭzg''-/''muzg''- from the [[Proto-Indo-European]] {{lang|ine-x-proto|meu-}} "wet",<ref name="Smol" /><ref name="Trubach">{{cite book |editor-last=Trubachyov |editor-first=O.N. |editor-link=Oleg Trubachyov |title=Etimologicheskyi slovar' slavyanskikh yazykov |script-title=ru:Этимологический словарь славянских языков |date=1994 |at=V. 20: pp. 19–20, 197, 202–203; V. 21: pp. 12, 19–20, 76–79 |language=ru }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pokorny |first1=Julius |author-link=Julius Pokorny |title=Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch |chapter=meu |chapter-url=http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/ielex/U/P1312.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310064838/http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/ielex/U/P1312.html |archive-date=10 March 2016 }}</ref> so the name ''Moskva'' might signify a river at a wetland or marsh.<ref name="Vasmer" /> Its [[cognate]]s include {{langx|ru|музга}}, {{lang|ru-Latn|muzga}} "pool, puddle", {{langx|lt|mazgoti}} and {{langx|lv|mazgāt}} "to wash", {{langx|sa|májjati}} "to drown", {{langx|la|mergō}} "to dip, immerse",<ref name="Vasmer" /><ref name="Trubach" /> [[Prekmurje Slovene|Prekmurian]] ''müzga'' "marsh, swamp."<ref>{{cite book|author1-link=Marc L. Greenberg|last1=Greenberg|first1=Marc L.|editor1-last=Fortuin|editor1-first=Egbert|editor2-last=Houtzagers|editor2-first=Peter|editor3-last=Kalsbeek|editor3-first=Janneke|title=Prekmurje Slovene Grammar: Avgust Pavel's Vend nyelvtan (1942). Critical edition and translation from Hungarian by Marc L. Greenberg|date=2020 |publisher=Brill Rodopi|location=Leiden, Boston |isbn=978-9004419117|page=176}}</ref> In many Slavic countries Moskov is a surname, most common in Russia, [[Bulgaria]], [[Ukraine]] and [[North Macedonia]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://forebears.io/surnames/moskov |title=Moskov Surname Meaning, Origins & Distribution |website=forebears.io |access-date=10 December 2018 |archive-date=11 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211010136/https://forebears.io/surnames/moskov |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, there are similarly named places in [[Poland]] like [[Mozgawa]].<ref name="Vasmer" /><ref name="Smol" /><ref name="Trubach" /> According to a [[Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] hypothesis, the [[Volga Finns|Merya]] and [[Muromians|Muroma]] people, who were among the pre-Slavic tribes which inhabited the area, called the river ''Mustajoki'' "Black river", and the name of the river derives from this term.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tarkiainen |first=Kari |title=Ruotsin itämaa |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |year=2010 |isbn=978-951-583-212-2 |location=Helsinki |page=19 }}</ref> Other theories, having little or no scientific basis, are rejected by linguists.<ref name="Vasmer" /><ref name="Smol" />

The Old Russian form of the name is reconstructed as *{{lang|orv|Москы}}, *{{lang|orv-Latn|Mosky}},<ref name=Vasmer/><ref name=Smol/> hence it was one of a few Slavic [[wikt:Category:Proto-Slavic v-stem nouns|''ū''-stem nouns]]. As with other nouns of that declension, it had been undergoing a morphological transformation at the early stage of the development of the language, as a result, the first written references in the 12th century were {{lang|orv|Московь}}, {{lang|orv-Latn|Moskovĭ}} ([[accusative case]]), {{lang|orv|Москви}}, {{lang|orv-Latn|Moskvi}} ([[locative case]]), {{lang|orv|Москвe/Москвѣ}}, {{lang|orv-Latn|Moskve/Moskvě}} ([[genitive case]]).<ref name=Vasmer/><ref name=Smol/> From the latter forms came the modern Russian form {{lang|ru|Москва}}, {{lang|ru-Latn|Moskva}}, which is a result of [[morphological leveling|morphological generalization]] with the numerous Slavic [[wikt:Category:Proto-Slavic hard a-stem nouns|''ā''-stem nouns]]. The form ''Moskovĭ'' has left traces in other languages, including {{langx|en|Moscow}}; {{langx|de|Moskau}};<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2024 |title=Translations for "Moscow" in the English » German Dictionary |url=https://en.pons.com/translate/english-german/Moscow |access-date=14 May 2024 |website=PONS Online Dictionary |archive-date=14 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214204724/https://en.pons.com/translate/english-german/Moscow |url-status=live }}</ref> {{langx|fr|Moscou}};<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2024 |title=French translation of 'Moscow' |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english-french/moscow |access-date=14 May 2024 |website=Collins Dictionary |archive-date=2 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141002012940/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english-french/moscow |url-status=live }}</ref> {{langx
|pt|Moscou, Moscovo}};<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2024 |title=Translation of Moscow – English–Portuguese dictionary |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english-portuguese/moscow |access-date=14 May 2024 |website=Cambridge Dictionary }}</ref> and {{langx|es|Moscú}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2024 |title=Translation of Moscow – English–Spanish dictionary |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english-spanish/moscow |access-date=14 May 2024 |website=Cambridge Dictionary }}</ref>

Moscow has acquired [[epithet]]s, such as the "[[Moscow, third Rome|third Rome]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yegorov |first=Oleg |date=30 March 2017 |title=Why do Russians call Moscow the Third Rome? |url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/history/2017/03/30/why-do-russians-call-moscow-the-third-rome_730921 |access-date=18 May 2024 |website=Russia Beyond |archive-date=6 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220353/https://www.rbth.com/arts/history/2017/03/30/why-do-russians-call-moscow-the-third-rome_730921 |url-status=live }}</ref> Moscow is one of twelve [[Hero City (Soviet Union)|Hero Cities]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2024 |title=Hero City |url=http://en.kremlin.ru/catalog/glossary/12 |access-date=18 May 2024 |website=President of Russia |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518155739/http://en.kremlin.ru/catalog/glossary/12 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[demonym]] for a Moscow resident is rendered as ''Muscovite'' in English.<ref>{{cite book |title=New Oxford American Dictionary |date=1 January 2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539288-3 |edition=3 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195392883.001.0001 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Moscow}}
{{For timeline}}

===Prehistory===
The site of modern-day Moscow has been inhabited since prehistoric times. Among the earliest finds are relics of the [[Lyalovo culture]], which experts assign to the [[Neolithic]] period.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/22507073/ |title=The origins of Moscow: What archaeological finds, chronicles and urban legends tell us |work=[[Mos.ru]] |date=5 April 2017 |access-date=12 November 2020 |archive-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030183623/https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/22507073/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> They confirm that the first inhabitants of the area were hunters and gatherers. Around 950 AD, two Slavic tribes, [[Vyatichi]] and [[Krivichi]], settled here. The Vyatichi may have formed the majority of Moscow's indigenous population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moskau.ru/moskau/lexikon/geschichte_moskaus_vom_dorf_zur_metropole_3.html |title=History of Moscow - from village to metropolis |work=moskau.ru |access-date=12 November 2020 |archive-date=24 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524051043/http://www.moskau.ru/moskau/lexikon/geschichte_moskaus_vom_dorf_zur_metropole_3.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Early history (1147–1263)===
{{Further|Vladimir-Suzdal}}

Moscow is first mentioned in chronicles under the year 1147, as part of the principality of [[Rostov-Suzdal]], which emerged from the disintegration of [[Kievan Rus']].{{sfn|Fennell|2023|p=45}} It was referred to as a meeting place of [[Yuri Dolgorukiy]] and [[Sviatoslav Olgovich]]. At the time, it was a minor town on the western border of the principality.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/russian/features-39352451 |title=Начало Москвы: пир после убийства |website=BBC News Russian |date=11 April 2017 |access-date=6 July 2021 |archive-date=10 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710045539/https://www.bbc.com/russian/features-39352451 |url-status=live }}</ref> The importance of Moscow greatly increased during the second half of the 12th century, and it was converted into a fortified ''gorod'' (stronghold) in the 1150s, with the first walls of the [[Kremlin]] being built.{{sfn|Fennell|2023|page=46}} During the [[Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'|Mongol invasions]] of 1237–1238, Moscow was sacked following the destruction of [[Ryazan]].{{sfn|Fennell|2023|page=46}}

The first prince of Moscow was [[Daniel of Moscow|Daniel]], the youngest son of [[Alexander Nevsky]], and in 1263, he was given Moscow as an ''[[votchina|otchina]]'' (hereditary land), where he established a local branch of [[Rurikids|Rurikid]] princes.{{sfn|Fennell|2023|page=47}} Two chronicles refer to [[Mikhail Khorobrit]] as "Mikhail of Moscow" in the mid-13th century, but Daniel is generally considered to be the first prince of Moscow.{{sfn|Fennell|2023|page=47}} On Mikhail's death in 1248, if it is assumed that an [[appanage]] principality was created, Moscow reverted as an escheat to the grand prince of [[Vladimir, Russia|Vladimir]].{{sfn|Fennell|2023|page=47}} Until 1271, the principality was ruled by the governors of Daniel's uncle [[Yaroslav of Tver|Yaroslav]], who was given [[Tver]] as an appanage.{{sfn|Kuchkin|2013|p=308}} Daniel himself is first mentioned in chronicles under the year 1282 as taking part in a feudal war between his two older brothers.{{sfn|Fennell|2023|p=47}}

===Grand Principality (1263–1547)===
{{Main|Grand Principality of Moscow}}
[[File:Facial Chronicle - b.10, p.049 - Tokhtamysh at Moscow.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|The [[Siege of Moscow (1382)|1382 siege of Moscow]], miniature from the [[Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible]]]]
[[File:Вид на Спасскую башню от Исторического музея.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|The [[Spasskaya Tower]], built in 1491|alt=]]
[[File:Polish plan of Moscow 1610.PNG|thumb|upright=.8|The Sigismundian Plan of Moscow (1610), before the city's destruction in 1612 and changes to streets. The north is to the right.]]

By the turn of the century, Moscow was one of the leading principalities within [[Vladimir-Suzdal]], alongside [[Principality of Tver|Tver]].{{sfn|Fennell|2023|page=48}} On the right bank of the Moskva River, at a distance of {{convert|5|mi|km|0|spell=in|order=flip}} from the Kremlin, Daniel founded the first monastery with the wooden church of St. Daniel-Stylite, which is now the [[Danilov Monastery]]. Following Daniel's death in 1303, the territory of the principality had almost tripled in size, encompassing the entire Moskva River along with its [[Tributary|tributaries]], which allowed Moscow to become self-sufficient.{{sfn|Fennell|2023|pages=50–51}} The principality was also provided with an excellent river network that facilitated trade.{{sfn|Fennell|2023|page=55}}

Daniel's descendants struggled with the princes of Tver for succession to the grand principality.{{sfn|Fennell|2023|page=60}} [[Yury of Moscow|Yury]] won recognition from the Mongol khan as the grand prince in 1318, but he lost the title four years later.{{sfn|Fennell|2023|page=87}} [[Ivan I of Moscow|Ivan I]] recovered the grand princely throne from Tver after proving himself to be a loyal servant of the khan.{{sfn|Fennell|2023|page=145}} Ivan collected the tribute to the khan of the [[Golden Horde]] from dependent Russian princes and he used the funds he acquired to develop Moscow.{{sfn|Riasanovsky|Steinberg|2019|p=73}} The metropolitan of the [[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Church]] also found an ally in Ivan and moved his seat from the nominal capital of Vladimir to Moscow.{{sfn|Crummey|2014|p=40}}{{sfn|Riasanovsky|Steinberg|2019|p=73}} The foundation of Moscow's first stone church, the [[Dormition Cathedral, Moscow|Dormition Cathedral]], was laid in 1326, and the metropolitan chose to be buried there – an act that would cement Moscow's status as the spiritual center of Russian Orthodoxy.{{sfn|Crummey|2014|p=40}} Masonry building continued in the following years with the construction of additional stone churches.{{sfn|Smirnova|2013|p=273}} The limestone walls and towers of the Kremlin were built in 1366–1368.{{sfn|Smirnova|2013|p=273}} A distinct [[Moscow school|architectural school]] emerged in the late 14th century.{{sfn|Smirnova|2013|p=273}}

The khan of the Golden Horde initially backed Moscow in an effort to halt the eastward expansion of the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], but he continued to meddle in Moscow's relations with other Russian princes to prevent it from becoming too strong.{{sfn|Fennell|2023|pages=211–212}} In 1353, the [[Black Death in Russia|Black Death spread from northwestern Russia]] to Moscow, causing the deaths of [[Simeon of Moscow]], his sons, and the metropolitan.{{sfn|Fennell|2023|page=217}} The ruling family of Moscow remained small as a result and a new vertical pattern of princely succession from father to son was defined.{{sfn|Fennell|2023|pages=170–171}} During the reign of [[Dmitry Donskoy]], the Moscow principality greatly expanded in size.{{sfn|Crummey|2014|page=49}} In 1380, Dmitry led a united Russian army to an important victory over the Mongols in the [[Battle of Kulikovo]], which greatly increased Moscow's prestige and solidified the status of its rulers as the military leaders of the nation.{{sfn|Crummey|2014|p=51}} Following his death in 1389, the thrones of Vladimir and Moscow were permanently united.{{sfn|Fennell|2023|page=306}}

During the reign of [[Vasily II of Moscow|Vasily II]], a civil war broke out after [[Yury of Zvenigorod]] challenged the succession of his nephew in 1425.{{sfn|Crummey|2014|page=69}} Moscow switched hands numerous times, and Yury's son, [[Dmitry Shemyaka]], continued to offer resistance until his appanage center of [[Galich, Russia|Galich]] was captured in 1450.{{sfn|Crummey|2014|page=75}} In ecclesiastical matters, Vasily disapproved of the [[Council of Florence]], leading him to arrest the metropolitan upon his return in 1441 for having it signed.{{sfn|Crummey|2014|page=72}} Seven years later, a council of Russian bishops elected their own metropolitan, which amounted to a declaration of [[autocephaly]] by the Russian Church.{{sfn|Crummey|2014|page=72}} The [[fall of Constantinople]] in 1453 was viewed by the Russians as divine punishment for [[apostasy]], and in 1492, Moscow was called an imperial city for the first time by the Russian metropolitan.{{sfn|Crummey|2014|p=135}}

During the reign of [[Ivan III of Russia|Ivan III]], nearly all of the Russian states were united with Moscow and the foundations for a centralized state were laid.{{sfn|Riasanovsky|Steinberg|2019|pp=77–79}} His [[Great Stand on the Ugra River|defeat of the Tatars]] in 1480 also traditionally marks the end of [[Tatars|Tatar]] suzerainty.{{sfn|Riasanovsky|Steinberg|2019|p=78}} Ivan did his utmost to make his capital a worthy successor to Constantinople, and he had the Kremlin reconstructed after inviting architects from [[Renaissance Italy]], including [[Petrus Antonius Solarius]], who designed the new Kremlin wall and its towers, and [[Marco Ruffo]] who designed the new palace for the prince. The Kremlin walls as they now appear are those designed by Solarius, completed in 1495. The [[Ivan the Great Bell Tower]] was built in 1505–1508 and augmented to its present height in 1600. A trading settlement, or ''posad'', grew up to the east of the Kremlin, in the area known as ''Zaradye''. In the time of Ivan III, the [[Red Square]], originally named the Hollow Field, appeared.

Ivan's son [[Vasili III of Russia|Vasily III]] continued the expansion of the Muscovite state and annexed the remaining Russian territories.{{sfnm|1a1=Crummey|1y=2014|1p=92|2a1=Riasanovsky|2a2=Steinberg|2y=2019|2p=79}} His reign also saw the continued development of the doctrine of Moscow as the "[[Moscow, third Rome|third Rome]]".{{sfn|Crummey|2014|p=136}} In 1508–1516, the Italian architect [[Aloisio the New|Aleviz Fryazin (Novy)]] arranged for the construction of a moat in front of the eastern wall, which would connect the [[Moskva River|Moskva]] and [[Neglinnaya River|Neglinnaya]] and be filled with water from Neglinnaya. Known as the Alevizov moat and with a length of {{convert|541|m|ft|abbr=off}}, width of {{convert|36|m|ft|abbr=off}}, and depth of {{convert|9.5|to(-)|13|m|ft|abbr=off}} was lined with limestone and, in 1533, fenced on both sides with low, {{convert|4|m|ft|spell=in|abbr=off|adj=mid|-thick}} cogged-brick walls.{{anchor|Tsardom}}
===Tsardom (1547–1721)===
{{Further|Tsardom of Russia}}
[[File:Moscow StBasilCathedral d28.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Saint Basil's Cathedral]], built in 1561]]
[[File:Mikhail Feodorovich Izbranie.jpg|upright=.8|thumb|The election of [[Michael I of Russia|Michael I]] as tsar in 1613]]
[[File:Kremlenagrad.jpg|upright=.8|thumb|The [[Kremlin]] during the reign of [[Alexis of Russia]], 1663]]

In 1547, [[Ivan the Terrible]] was [[Coronation of the Russian monarch|crowned]] in Moscow as not only the grand prince, but also the first [[tsar of all Russia]].{{sfn|Bushkovitch|2011|p=48}} In the 16th and 17th centuries, three circular defenses were built: [[Kitay-gorod]], the White City and the Earthen City. However, in 1547, fires destroyed much of the town, and in 1571 the [[Crimean Tatars]] [[Russo-Crimean Wars|captured Moscow]], burning everything except the Kremlin.<ref>"''[https://books.google.com/books?id=i85noYD9C0EC&pg=PA260 The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122224602/https://books.google.com/books?id=i85noYD9C0EC&pg=PA260&dq&hl=en |date=November 22, 2022 }}''". John F. Richards (2006). [[University of California Press]]. p. 260. {{ISBN|0-520-24678-0 }}</ref> The annals record that only 30,000 of 200,000 inhabitants survived.

The [[Khanate of Crimea|Crimean Tatars]] attacked again in 1591, but were held back by new walls, built between 1584 and 1591 by a craftsman named [[Fyodor Kon]]. In 1592, an outer earth rampart with 50 towers was erected around the city, including an area on the right bank of the Moscow River. As an outermost line of defense, a chain of strongly fortified monasteries was established beyond the ramparts to the south and east, principally the [[Novodevichy Convent]] and [[Donskoy Monastery|Donskoy]], [[Danilov Monastery|Danilov]], [[Simonov Monastery|Simonov]], [[Novospassky Monastery|Novospasskiy]], and [[Andronikov Monastery|Andronikov]] monasteries, most of which now house museums. From its ramparts, the city became poetically known as ''Bielokamennaya'', the "White-Walled". The city's limits as marked by the ramparts, are now marked by the [[Garden Ring]]. Three square gates existed on the east side of the Kremlin wall, which in the 17th century, were known as Konstantino-Eleninsky, Spassky, Nikolsky (after the icons of Constantine and Helen, the Saviour and St. Nicholas that hung over them). The last two were directly opposite the Red Square, while the Konstantino-Elenensky gate was located behind Saint Basil's Cathedral.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

The [[Russian famine of 1601–1603]] killed perhaps 100,000 in Moscow. Between 1610 and 1612, troops of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] occupied Moscow, as its ruler [[Sigismund III Vasa|Sigismund III]] tried to [[Polish–Russian War (1609–1618)|take the Russian throne]]. In 1612, [[Nizhny Novgorod]] and other Russian cities led by prince [[Dmitry Pozharsky]] and [[Kuzma Minin]] rose against the Polish occupants, [[Time of Troubles|besieged the Kremlin, and expelled them]]. In 1613, the [[Zemsky Sobor]] elected [[Michael I of Russia|Michael Romanov]] aa tsar, establishing the [[Romanov dynasty]]. The 17th century saw several risings, such as the liberation of Moscow from the Polish–Lithuanian invaders (1612), the [[Salt Riot]] (1648), the [[Copper Riot]] (1662), and the [[Moscow uprising of 1682]].

During the first half of the 17th century, the population doubled from 100,000 to 200,000, and it expanded beyond its ramparts in the latter part of the century. In the middle of the 17th century, 20% of Moscow suburb's inhabitants were from the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], being driven from their homeland by the Muscovite invaders.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Абецедарский |first=Л. С. |title=Белоруссия и Россия |year=1978 |location=Москва |pages=213 |language=ru }}</ref> By 1682, there were 692 households established north of the ramparts, by [[Ukrainians]] and [[Belarusians]] abducted from their hometowns in the course of the [[Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)|Russo-Polish War]] of 1654–1667. These new outskirts became known as the ''Meshchanskaya [[sloboda (settlement)|sloboda]]'', after Ruthenian ''meshchane'' "town people". The term ''meshchane'' acquired pejorative connotations in 18th-century Russia and today means "petty bourgeois" or "narrow-minded philistine".<ref>П.В.Сытин, "Из истории московских улиц", М, 1948, p. 296.</ref> The entire city of the late 17th century are contained within what is today Moscow's [[Central Administrative Okrug]].

Numerous disasters befell the city. The [[Black Death|plague]] epidemics ravaged Moscow in 1570–1571, 1592 and 1654–1656.<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=IcljzNyv4EgC&pg=PA17 Bubonic Plague in Early Modern Russia: Public Health and Urban Disaster] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122224545/https://books.google.com/books?id=IcljzNyv4EgC&pg=PA17&dq&hl=en |date=22 November 2022 }}''. John T. Alexander (2002). [[Oxford University Press US]]. p. 17. {{ISBN|0-19-515818-0 }}</ref> The plague killed upwards of 80% of the people in 1654–55. Fires burned out much of the wooden city in 1626 and 1648.<ref>M.S. Anderson, ''Peter the Great'' (1978) p. 13</ref> In 1712, [[Peter the Great]] moved his government to the newly built [[Saint Petersburg]] on the Baltic coast.

===Empire (1721–1917)===
{{Main|Moscow Governorate}}
{{Further|Russian Empire}}
{{Panorama
|image=File:Круговая панорама Москвы со Спасской башни Кремля.jpg
|fullwidth=12569
|fullheight=600
|caption={{center|A [[Panorama|panoramic]] view of Moscow from the [[Spasskaya Tower]] in 1819–1823}}
|alt=Panorama of Moscow in 1819-1823
|height=175
}}
After losing the status as capital, the population at first decreased, from 200,000 in the 17th century to 130,000 in 1750. But after 1750, the population grew tenfold over the remaining duration of the Russian Empire, reaching 1.8 million by 1915. The [[1770–1772 Russian plague]] killed up to 100,000 people in Moscow.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Melikishvili |first=Alexander |year=2006 |volume=36 |pages=19–31 |journal=Critical Reviews in Microbiology |title=Genesis of the anti-plague system: the Tsarist period |issue=1 |url=http://cns.miis.edu/antiplague/pdfs/melikishvili.pdf |doi=10.1080/10408410500496763 |citeseerx=10.1.1.204.1976 |pmid=16610335 |s2cid=7420734 |access-date=22 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123034404/http://cns.miis.edu/antiplague/pdfs/melikishvili.pdf |archive-date=23 November 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> By 1700, the building of cobbled roads had begun. In 1730, permanent street lights were introduced, and by 1867 many streets had a gaslight. In 1883, near the Prechistinskiye Gates, arc lamps were installed. In 1741 Moscow was surrounded by a barricade {{convert|25|mi|km|order=flip}} long, the Kamer-Kollezhskiy barrier, with 16 gates at which customs tolls were collected. Its line is traced today by several streets called ''val'' ("ramparts"). In the early 19th century, the Arch of Konstantino-Elenensky gate was paved with bricks, but the Spassky Gate was the main front gate of the Kremlin and used for royal entrances. From this gate, wooden and stone bridges stretched across the moat. Books were sold on this bridge and stone platforms were built nearby for guns – "raskats". The [[Tsar Cannon]] was located on the platform of the [[Lobnoye mesto]]. The road connecting Moscow with St. Petersburg, now the [[M10 highway (Russia)|M10 highway]], was completed in 1746, its Moscow end following the old [[Tver]] road, which had existed since the 16th century. It became known as ''[[Leningradsky Prospekt|Peterburskoye Schosse]]'' after it was paved in the 1780s. [[Petrovsky Palace]] was built in 1776–1780 by [[Matvey Kazakov]]. Between 1781 and 1804 the Mytischinskiy water pipe (the first in Russia) was built.

[[File:Fireofmoscow.jpg|thumb|Napoleon retreating during the [[Fire of Moscow (1812)|Fire of Moscow]], after the failed [[French invasion of Russia|French invasion]]]]
[[File:Moscou. Le Kremlin LOC ppmsca.52725.jpg|thumb|[[Moskva (river)|Moskva]] riverfront in the 19th century]]

When [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]] [[Napoleon's invasion of Russia|invaded]] Russia in 1812, the Muscovites were evacuated. The [[Fire of Moscow (1812)|Moscow fire]] was principally the effect of Russian sabotage. Napoleon's ''[[Grande Armée]]'' was forced to retreat and nearly annihilated by the devastating Russian winter. In 1813, following the destruction during the French occupation, a ''Commission for the Construction of the City of Moscow'' was established. It launched a great program of rebuilding, including a partial replanning of the centre. Among many buildings constructed, or reconstructed, was the [[Grand Kremlin Palace]] and the [[Kremlin Armoury]], the [[Moscow University]], the [[Moscow Manege]] (Riding School), and the [[Bolshoi Theatre]]. The [[Arbat Street]] had been in existence since at least the 15th century, but it was developed into a prestigious area during the 18th century. It was destroyed in the fire of 1812 and was rebuilt completely in the early 19th century. [[Moscow State University]] was established in 1755. Its main building was reconstructed after the 1812 fire by [[Domenico Giliardi]]. The ''[[Moskovskiye Vedomosti]]'' newspaper appeared from 1756, originally in weekly intervals, and from 1859 as a daily newspaper.

In the 1830s, general [[Alexander Bashilov]] planned the first regular grid of city streets north from Petrovsky Palace. [[Khodynka Field|Khodynka field]] south of the highway was used for military training. Smolensky Rail station (forerunner of [[Belorussky Rail Terminal]]) was inaugurated in 1870. [[Sokolniki Park]], in the 18th century the home of the tsar's falconers well outside Moscow, became contiguous with the expanding city in the later 19th century and was developed into a public municipal park in 1878. The suburban [[Savyolovsky Rail Terminal]] was built in 1902. In January 1905, the institution of the City Governor, or [[Mayor]], was officially introduced, and Alexander Adrianov became Moscow's first official mayor.

When [[Catherine the Great|Catherine II]] came to power in 1762, the city's filth and the smell of sewage were depicted by observers as a symptom of disorderly lifestyles of lower-class Russians recently arrived from the farms. Elites called for improved sanitation, which became part of Catherine's plans for increasing control over social life. National political and military successes from 1812 through 1855 calmed the critics and validated efforts to produce a more enlightened and stable society. There was less discussion about the poor conditions of public health. However, in the wake of Russia's failures in the Crimean War in 1855–56, confidence in the ability of the state to maintain order in the slums eroded, and demands for improved public health put it back on the agenda.<ref>Alexander M. Martin, "Sewage and the City: Filth, Smell, and Representations of Urban Life in Moscow, 1770–1880", ''Russian Review'' (2008) 67#2 pp. 243–274.</ref> In 1903 the Moskvoretskaya water supply was completed.

===Soviet period (1917–1991)===
[[File:Plan of Moscow 1917.jpg|upright=.8|thumb|City plan of Moscow, 1917]]
In November 1917, upon learning of [[October Revolution|the uprising in Petrograd]], Moscow's [[Bolsheviks]] [[Moscow Bolshevik Uprising|began their uprising]]. On 2 November (15), 1917, after heavy fighting, [[Soviet power]] was established in Moscow.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aha.ru/~mausoleu/documents/moscow_1.htm |title=Revolutionary war history. Moscow |website=www.aha.ru |access-date=23 October 2021 |archive-date=11 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411165331/http://www.aha.ru/~mausoleu/documents/moscow_1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Vladimir Lenin]], fearing invasion, moved the capital back to Moscow on 12 March 1918.<ref name="prlib">{{cite web |url=https://www.prlib.ru/en/history/619089 |title=Moscow becomes the capital of the Soviet State |access-date=12 March 2019 |date=2018 |publisher=Presidential Library |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401151158/https://www.prlib.ru/en/history/619089 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Kremlin once again became the seat of power, political centre of the new state.

With the [[Russian cultural heritage register#Denial of heritage (1917–1941)|change in values imposed by communist ideology]], the tradition of preserving cultural heritage was broken. Independent preservation societies, even those that defended only secular landmarks, were disbanded by the end of the 1920s. A new anti-religious campaign, launched in 1929, coincided with the collectivization of peasants; the destruction of churches in the cities peaked around 1932. In 1937 letters were written to the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] to rename Moscow to "Stalindar" or "Stalinodar".<ref>One from an elderly pensioner whose dream was to "live in Stalinodar" and had selected the name to represent the "gift" (dar) of the genius of Stalin. Sarah Davies, Popular Opinion in Stalin's Russia: Terror, Propaganda and Dissent, 1934–1941</ref> Stalin rejected this suggestion.<ref>And after it was suggested again to him by [[Nikolai Yezhov]], he was outraged, saying "What do I need this for?". This was following Stalin banning the renaming of places in his name in 1936. Simon Montefiore, The Court of the Red Tsar</ref>

During World War II, the Soviet State Committee of Defence and the General Staff of the [[Red Army]] were located in Moscow. In 1941, 16 divisions of the national volunteers (more than 160,000 people), 25 battalions, and 4 engineering regiments were formed among the Muscovites. Between October 1941 and January 1942, the German [[Army Group Centre]] was stopped at the outskirts of the city, then driven off in the [[Battle of Moscow]]. Many factories were evacuated, together with much of the government, and from 20 October the city was declared to be in a siege. Its remaining inhabitants built and manned antitank defenses, while the city was bombarded from the air. On 1 May 1944, a medal "For the defence of Moscow" and in 1947 another medal "In memory of the 800th anniversary of Moscow" was instituted. [[German casualties in World War II|German]] and [[World War II casualties of the Soviet Union|Soviet casualties]] during the battle have been debated, as sources provide different estimates. Total casualties between 30 September 1941, and 7 January 1942, are estimated to be between 248,000 and 400,000 for the [[Wehrmacht]] and between 650,000 and 1,280,000 for the Red Army.<ref>''Moscow Encyclopedia'', ed. Great Russian Encyclopedia, Moscow, 1997, entry "Battle of Moscow"</ref><ref>Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Moscow, 1973–78, entry "Battle of Moscow 1941–42"</ref><ref>John Erickson, ''Barbarossa: The Axis and the Allies'', table 12.4</ref>

{{external media
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During the postwar years, there was a [[housing crisis]], solved by the invention of [[Tower block|high-rise apartments]]. There are over 11,000 of these [[Residential building series|standardised and prefabricated apartment blocks]], housing most of Moscow's population, making it by far the city with the most high-rise buildings.<ref name="hrranking">{{cite web |url=http://www.emporis.com/statistics/skyline-ranking |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106210644/http://www.emporis.com/statistics/skyline-ranking |url-status=usurped |archive-date=6 November 2012 |title=Skyline Ranking |website=Emporis }}</ref> Apartments were built and partly furnished in the factory, before being raised and stacked into tall columns. The popular Soviet-era comic film ''[[Irony of Fate]]'' parodies this construction method. The city of [[Zelenograd]] was built in 1958 at {{convert|37|km|abbr=off}} from the city centre to the north-west, along with the [[Leningradskoye Shosse]], and incorporated as one of Moscow's [[Administrative divisions of Moscow|administrative okrugs]]. [[Moscow State University]] moved to its campus on [[Sparrow Hills]] in 1953.

[[File:Stalin's funeral procession entering Manezhnaya Square from Okhotny Ryad.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|Stalin's funeral procession, 1953]]
In 1959, Nikita Khrushchev launched [[Russian cultural heritage register#Khrushchev's offensive (1959–1964)|his anti-religious campaign]]. Of Moscow's fifty churches operating in 1959, thirty were closed and six demolished. On 8 May 1965, due to the actual 20th [[Victory Day (9 May)|anniversary of the victory]] in World War II, Moscow was awarded a title of the [[Hero City (Soviet Union)|Hero City]].

The [[Moscow Ring Road]] (MKAD) was opened in 1961. It had four lanes running {{convert|109|km|abbr=off}} along the city borders. The MKAD marked the administrative boundaries of the city until the 1980s, when outlying suburbs beyond the ring road were incorporated. In 1980, Moscow hosted the [[1980 Summer Olympics|Summer Olympic Games]], which were boycotted by the US and other Western countries due to the Soviet Union's invasion of [[Afghanistan]] in 1979. In 1991 Moscow was the scene of a [[Soviet coup attempt of 1991|coup attempt]] by conservative communists opposed to the [[Perestroika|liberal reforms]] of [[Mikhail Gorbachev]].

===1991–present===
When the USSR was dissolved in 1991, Moscow remained the capital of the [[Russian Federation]]. Since then, a market economy has emerged, producing an explosion of Western-style retailing, services, architecture, and lifestyles. The city continued to grow during the 1990s to 2000s, its population rising from below nine to above ten million. Mason and Nigmatullina argue that Soviet-era urban-growth controls produced controlled and sustainable metropolitan development, typified by the greenbelt built in 1935. Since then, however, there has been a dramatic growth of low-density suburban sprawl, created by heavy demand for single-family dwellings as opposed to crowded apartments. In 1995–97 the MKAD ring road was widened from the initial four to ten lanes.

In December 2002, [[Bulvar Dmitriya Donskogo]] became the first Moscow Metro station that opened beyond the limits of MKAD. The [[Third Ring Road (Moscow)|Third Ring Road]], intermediate between the early 19th-century [[Garden Ring]] and the Soviet-era outer ring road, was completed in 2004. The greenbelt is becoming more and more fragmented, and satellite cities are appearing at the fringe. Summer dachas are being converted into year-round residences, and with the proliferation of automobiles, there is heavy traffic congestion.<ref>Robert J. Mason and Liliya Nigmatullina, "Suburbanization and Sustainability in Metropolitan Moscow," ''Geographical Review'' (2011) 101#3 pp. 316–333.</ref> Multiple old churches and other examples of architectural heritage that had been demolished during the Stalin era have been restored, such as the [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour]].
In 2010s, Moscow's administration has launched some long duration projects like the ''Moja Ulitsa'' (in English: ''My Street'') urban redevelopment program<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rbth.com/politics_and_society/2016/11/04/city-of-the-future-moscow-gets-a-much-needed-makeover_644341 |title=City of the future: Moscow gets a much-needed makeover |first=special to |last=RBTH |date=4 November 2016 |access-date=23 May 2018 |archive-date=24 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524081811/https://www.rbth.com/politics_and_society/2016/11/04/city-of-the-future-moscow-gets-a-much-needed-makeover_644341 |url-status=live }}</ref> or the Residency renovation one.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/oct/31/moscow-residents-vote-russia-demolition-rehousing |title=The wrecking ball swings at Moscow – a photo essay |first=Chris |last=Leslie |newspaper=The Guardian |date=31 October 2017 |via=www.theguardian.com |access-date=27 January 2019 |archive-date=28 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228205451/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/oct/31/moscow-residents-vote-russia-demolition-rehousing |url-status=live }}</ref>

By its territorial expansion on 1 July 2012, southwest into the [[Moscow Oblast]] the area of the capital more than doubled, going from {{convert|1091|to|2511|km2|sp=us}}, resulting in Moscow becoming the largest city on the European continent by area; it also gained an additional population of 233,000 people.<ref name="Merger2">{{cite web |url=http://www.itar-tass.com/en/c32/461491.html |title=Expansion of Moscow borders to help it develop harmonically: mayor, Itar-tass, July 1, 2012 |date=1 July 2012 |publisher=Itar-tass.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113003818/http://www.itar-tass.com/en/c32/461491.html |archive-date=13 November 2013 |access-date=9 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Mos.ru">{{cite web |url=http://www.mos.ru/about/history/ |title=Moscow city government official site |publisher=Mos.ru |access-date=9 July 2014 |archive-date=20 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720113907/http://www.mos.ru/about/history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The annexed territory was officially named ''Новая Москва'' (New Moscow).

==Geography==
===Location===
[[File:Moscow by Sentinel-2, 2020-05-11.jpg|thumb|Satellite view of Moscow and its nearby suburbs]]
Moscow is situated on the banks of the [[Moskva River]], which flows for just over {{cvt|500|km|0}} through the [[East European Plain]] in central Russia, not far from the natural border of the forest and forest-[[steppe]] zone. [[List of bridges in Moscow|49 bridges]] span the river and its canals within the city's limits. The [[elevation]] of Moscow at the All-Russia Exhibition Center (VVC), where the leading Moscow weather station is situated, is {{convert|156|m|ft|abbr=off}}. [[Teplostan Upland]] is the city's highest point at {{convert|255|m|ft|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.darwin.museum.ru/expos/oopt/?t=40 |script-title=ru:Памятник природы "Высшая точка Москвы – 255 м над уровнем моря (Теплый Стан)" |publisher=www.darwin.museum.ru |access-date=29 April 2009 |language=ru |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825190425/http://darwin.museum.ru/expos/oopt/?t=40 |archive-date=25 August 2007 }}</ref> The width of Moscow city (not limiting [[MKAD]]) from west to east is {{cvt|39.7|km|1}}, and the length from north to south is {{cvt|51.8|km|1}}.

===Time===
{{Main|Moscow Time}}
Moscow serves as the reference point for the time zone used in most of [[European Russia]], [[Belarus]] and the [[Republic of Crimea (Russia)|Republic of Crimea]]. The areas operate in what is referred to in international standards as ''Moscow Standard Time (MSK, {{lang|ru|МСК}})'', which is 3 hours ahead of [[UTC]], or [[UTC+3]]. [[Daylight saving time]] is no longer observed. According to the geographical [[longitude]] the average [[solar noon]] in Moscow occurs at 12:30.<ref>{{cite web |title=Time in Moscow, Russia |url=http://dateandtime.info/city.php?id=524901 |access-date=31 March 2018 |archive-date=1 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401075524/http://dateandtime.info/city.php?id=524901 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Climate===
{{Main|Climate of Moscow}}
[[File:Moscow, VDNKh, Central Alley after rain (30580970263).jpg|thumb|[[Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy|VDNKh]] after rain]]
Moscow has a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Dfb'') with long, cold (although average by Russian standards) winters usually lasting from mid-November to the end of March, and warm summers. More extreme continental climates at the same latitude – such as parts of [[Eastern Canada]] or [[Siberia]] – have much colder winters than Moscow, suggesting that there is still significant moderation from the [[Atlantic Ocean]]{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} despite the fact that Moscow is far from the sea. Weather can fluctuate widely, with temperatures ranging from {{convert|−25|C}} in the city and {{convert|−30|C}} in the suburbs to above {{convert|5|C}} in the winter, and from {{convert|10|to|35|C}} in the summer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pogoda.ru.net/monitor.php?id=27612&month=6&year=2010 |script-title=ru:Погода и Климат – Климатический монитор: погода в Москве |trans-title=The weather in Moscow. The air temperature and rainfall. June 2010 |publisher=Pogoda.ru.net |language=ru |access-date=12 March 2013 |archive-date=14 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114063819/http://www.pogoda.ru.net/monitor.php?id=27612&month=6&year=2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Петровский путевой дворец (зима, 2018).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Petrovsky Palace]] on [[Leningradsky Avenue]] in winter]]
Typical high temperatures in the warm months of June, July, and August are around a comfortable {{convert|20|to|26|C}}, but during heat waves (which can occur between May and September), daytime high temperatures often exceed {{convert|30|C}}, sometimes for a week or two at a time. In the winter, average temperatures normally drop to approximately {{convert|−10|C}}, though almost every winter there are periods of warmth with day temperatures rising above {{convert|0|C}}, and periods of cooling with night temperatures falling below {{convert|−20|C}}. These periods usually last about a week or two. The growing season in Moscow normally lasts for 156 days usually around 1 May to 5 October.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/100524/Average-Weather-in-Moscow-Russia-Year-Round |title=Average Weather in Moscow, Russia, Year Round - Weather Spark |access-date=30 July 2021 |archive-date=30 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730194124/https://weatherspark.com/y/100524/Average-Weather-in-Moscow-Russia-Year-Round |url-status=live }}</ref>

The highest temperature ever recorded was {{convert|38.2|C}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pogoda.ru.net/monitor.php?id=27612&month=7&year=2010 |title=Climate monitoring |access-date=27 July 2006 |archive-date=16 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716070527/http://www.pogoda.ru.net/monitor.php?id=27612&month=7&year=2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> at the [[VVC weather station]] and {{convert|39.0|C}} in the center of Moscow and [[Domodedovo airport]] on 29 July 2010, during the unusual [[2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves]]. Record high and average temperatures were recorded for January, March, April, May, June, July, August, November, and December in 2007–2022.<ref name="pogoda (data)">{{cite web |url=http://www.pogoda.ru.net/climate/27612.htm |title=Pogoda.ru.net |access-date=15 December 2012 |language=ru |archive-date=21 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121105211/http://www.pogoda.ru.net/climate/27612.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The average July temperature from 1991 to 2020 is {{convert|19.7|C}}. The lowest ever recorded temperature was {{convert|−42.1|C}} in January 1940. Snow, which is present for about five months a year, often begins to fall mid-October, while snow cover lies in late November and melts at the end of March.

On average, Moscow has 1731 hours of sunshine per year, varying from a low of 8% in December to 52% from May to August.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://meteoweb.ru/2014/pss2014.php |title=Sunshine hours in 2014 and averages |language=ru |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-date=25 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125061126/http://meteoweb.ru/2014/pss2014.php |url-status=live }}</ref> This large annual variation is due to convective cloud formation. In the winter, moist air from the Atlantic condenses in the cold continental interior, resulting in very overcast conditions. However, this same continental influence results in considerably sunnier summers than oceanic cities of similar latitude such as [[Edinburgh]]. Between 2004 and 2010, the average was between 1800 and 2000 hours with a tendency to more sunshine in summer months, up to a record 411 hours in July 2014, 79% of possible sunshine. December 2017 was the darkest month in Moscow since records began, with only six minutes of sunlight.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/17/world/europe/moscow-darkness-sunlight.html |title=Moscow Got 6 Minutes of Sunlight in December |last=Luxmoore |first=Matthew |date=2018 |work=The New York Times |access-date=22 February 2018 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=22 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222165701/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/17/world/europe/moscow-darkness-sunlight.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-42722931 |title=How to survive in Moscow without sunshine |date=2018 |work=BBC News |access-date=22 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=7 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207145307/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-42722931 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Temperatures in the centre of Moscow are often significantly higher than in the outskirts and nearby suburbs, especially in winter. For example, if the average January temperature in the north-east of Moscow is {{convert|−6.2|C}}, in the suburbs it is about {{convert|−8.3|C}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/27532.htm |title=Climate of Vladimir |language=ru |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-date=27 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027025756/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/27532.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The temperature difference between the centre of Moscow and nearby areas of [[Moscow Oblast]] can sometimes be more than {{convert|10|C-change}} on frosty winter nights.

{{Moscow weatherbox}}

{{Weather box
|location = Moscow ([[VVC weather station|VDNKh]]) normals 1961–1990
|collapsed=yes
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan high C = −6.3
|Feb high C = −4.2
|Mar high C = 1.5
|Apr high C = 10.4
|May high C = 18.4
|Jun high C = 21.7
|Jul high C = 23.1
|Aug high C = 21.5
|Sep high C = 15.4
|Oct high C = 8.2
|Nov high C = 1.1
|Dec high C = −3.5
|year high C= 8.9
|Jan mean C = −9.3
|Feb mean C = −7.7
|Mar mean C = −2.2
|Apr mean C = 5.8
|May mean C = 13.1
|Jun mean C = 16.6
|Jul mean C = 18.2
|Aug mean C = 16.4
|Sep mean C = 11.1
|Oct mean C = 5.1
|Nov mean C = −1.2
|Dec mean C = −6.1
|year mean C= 5.0
|Jan low C = −12.3
|Feb low C = −11.1
|Mar low C = −5.6
|Apr low C = 1.7
|May low C = 7.6
|Jun low C = 11.5
|Jul low C = 13.5
|Aug low C = 12.0
|Sep low C = 7.1
|Oct low C = 2.0
|Nov low C = −3.3
|Dec low C = −8.6
|year low C= 1.2

|source 1 = <ref name="thermograph">{{cite web |url=http://worldweather.wmo.int/107/c00206.htm |title=WMO averages |access-date=12 January 2011 |archive-date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127062909/http://worldweather.wmo.int/107/c00206.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://meteoinfo.ru/climate/klimatgorod/3001-2010-02-25-12-47-50 |title=VVC info |access-date=3 April 2018 |language=ru |archive-date=20 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120024949/http://meteoinfo.ru/climate/klimatgorod/3001-2010-02-25-12-47-50 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Climate">{{cite web |url=http://pogoda.ru.net/monitor.php?id=27612 |access-date=12 January 2011 |title=Climate monitor 2005–2011 |language=ru |archive-date=17 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217221623/http://pogoda.ru.net/monitor.php?id=27612 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Meteoweb">{{cite web |url=http://meteoweb.ru/cl006-7.php |title=Average monthly Sunshine hours |access-date=12 January 2011 |publisher=Meteoweb.ru |language=ru |archive-date=8 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108014500/http://meteoweb.ru/cl006-7.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
|date=January 2011
}}

Recent changes in Moscow's regional climate, since it is in the mid-latitudes of the northern hemisphere, are often cited by climate scientists as evidence of [[global warming]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/maps/index_v4.html |title=Data.GISS: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (V4): Global Maps |access-date=13 September 2024 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202101720/https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/maps/index_v4.html |url-status=live }}</ref> though by definition, [[climate change]] is global, not regional. During the summer, extreme heat is often observed in the city (2001, 2002, 2003, [[2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat wave|2010]], 2011, [[Heat waves of 2021#June|2021]]). Along with a southern part of [[Central Federal District|Central Russia]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?FMM=9&FYY=2006&LMM=8&LYY=2016&WMO=34123&CONT=euro&REGION=0006&LAND=RS&ART=TEM&R=0&NOREGION=1&LEVEL=162&LANG=en&MOD=tab |title=Temperature – Voronezh – Climate Robot Russia |work=weatheronline.co.uk |access-date=25 May 2021 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525004255/https://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?FMM=9&FYY=2006&LMM=8&LYY=2016&WMO=34123&CONT=euro&REGION=0006&LAND=RS&ART=TEM&R=0&NOREGION=1&LEVEL=162&LANG=en&MOD=tab |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?FMM=9&FYY=2006&LMM=8&LYY=2016&WMO=27947&CONT=euro&REGION=0006&LAND=RS&ART=TEM&R=0&NOREGION=1&LEVEL=162&LANG=en&MOD=tab |title=Temperature – Tambov – Climate Robot Russia |work=weatheronline.co.uk |access-date=25 May 2021 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525002752/https://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?FMM=9&FYY=2006&LMM=8&LYY=2016&WMO=27947&CONT=euro&REGION=0006&LAND=RS&ART=TEM&R=0&NOREGION=1&LEVEL=162&LANG=en&MOD=tab |url-status=live }}</ref> after recent years of hot summer seasons, the climate of the city gets [[Humid continental climate#Koppen Dfa|hot-summer classification]] trends. Winter also became significantly milder: for example, the average January temperature in the early 1900s was {{convert|-12.0|C}}, while now it is about {{convert|−7.0|C}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gezily.com/moskovada-nerede-kalinir |title=where to stay in moscow |publisher=Gezily |access-date=12 November 2020 |archive-date=17 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117141540/https://gezily.com/moskovada-nerede-kalinir |url-status=dead }}</ref> At the end of January–February it is often colder, with frosts reaching {{convert|−30.0|C}} a few nights per year (2006, 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013).

The last decade was the warmest in the history of meteorological observations of Moscow. Temperature changes in the city are depicted in the table below:
{{Weather box
|location=Moscow (2014–2024, [[VVC weather station|VVC]])
|collapsed=yes
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
|Jan high C= −4.2
|Feb high C= −1.6
|Mar high C= 4.3
|Apr high C= 11.7
|May high C= 19.3
|Jun high C= 22.9
|Jul high C= 24.4
|Aug high C= 23.7
|Sep high C= 17.0
|Oct high C= 8.7
|Nov high C= 1.8
|Dec high C= −2.0
|year high C=10.5
|Jan mean C= −6.2
|Feb mean C= −3.7
|Mar mean C= 0.8
|Apr mean C= 7.3
|May mean C= 14.1
|Jun mean C= 17.7
|Jul mean C= 19.6
|Aug mean C= 18.8
|Sep mean C= 13.0
|Oct mean C= 6.3
|Nov mean C= 0.3
|Dec mean C= −3.4
|year mean C= 7.1
|Jan low C= −7.9
|Feb low C= −5.8
|Mar low C= −2.7
|Apr low C= 2.9
|May low C= 8.9
|Jun low C= 12.5
|Jul low C= 14.9
|Aug low C= 13.9
|Sep low C= 9.1
|Oct low C= 3.8
|Nov low C= −1.2
|Dec low C= −4.7
|year low C= 3.6
|Jan sun= 37
|Feb sun= 65
|Mar sun= 142
|Apr sun= 213
|May sun= 274
|Jun sun= 299
|Jul sun= 323
|Aug sun= 242
|Sep sun= 171
|Oct sun= 88
|Nov sun= 33
|Dec sun= 14
|source 1= weatheronline.co.uk<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?LANG=en&PLZ=_____&PLZN=_____&WMO=27612&CONT=euro&R=0&LEVEL=162&REGION=0006&LAND=RS&MOD=tab&ART=TEM&NOREGION=1&FMM=1&FYY=2014&LMM=12&LYY=2024 |title=Temperature – Moscow |website=WeatherOnline |access-date=22 April 2024 |archive-date=22 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422073042/https://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?LANG=en&PLZ=_____&PLZN=_____&WMO=27612&CONT=euro&R=0&LEVEL=162&REGION=0006&LAND=RS&MOD=tab&ART=TEM&NOREGION=1&FMM=1&FYY=2014&LMM=12&LYY=2024 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|date=April 2024
}}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;"
|-
! colspan="8" |Wind direction in Moscow from 2002 to 2012 (average values)
|-
|North
|Northeast
|East
|South East
|Southern
|Southwest
|West
|Northwest
|-
|15%
|6.8%
|7.8%
|12.2%
|12.6%
|14.6%
|16.4%
|14.5%
|-
| colspan="8" | Source: world-weather.ru<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://world-weather.ru/archive/russia/moscow/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726055137/http://world-weather.ru/archive/russia/moscow/|title=Архив погоды в в Москве (Россия), ☂️ климат по месяцам, роза ветров в в Москве|archivedate=26 July 2016}}</ref>
|}

==Paleontology==
Moscow is one of the few cities with paleontological monuments of world significance on its territory.<ref name=Malenkina2017>{{cite book |author=S. Ju. Malenkina, S. V. Naugolnykh |year=2017 |url=http://www.ginras.ru/materials/files/paleoecology2017.pdf#page=104 |title=Geological and historical monuments of upper streams of the Gorodnya River (Moscow, Bitsa forest). In "Palaeoecology. Methodological basis, factological potential, application for museum expositions" |publisher=Media-Grand |pages=104–120 |language=ru |isbn=978-5-9904241-5-9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404160624/http://www.ginras.ru/materials/files/paleoecology2017.pdf#page=104 |archive-date=4 April 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> One of them is the [[Gorodnya River]] with its tributaries, on the banks of which outcrops of the [[Quaternary]] and older [[Cretaceous]] periods are located. [[Fossil]]s of the [[bivalve]] mollusk ''[[Inoceramus|Inoceramus kleinii]]'' and tubular passages of burrowing animals, described in 2017 as a new [[ichnospecies]] ''[[Skolithos|Skolithos gorodnensis]]'', were discovered in the [[Coniacian]] deposits near the stream bed of the Bolshaya Glinka River.<ref name=Malenkina2017/> [[Ichnogenus|Ichnogenera]] ''[[Diplocraterion]]'', ''[[Planolites]]'', ''Skolithos'' and possibly ''[[Ophiomorpha]]'' were found in the [[Albian]] deposits. [[Paleolithic]] flint tools were discovered in the Quaternary deposits of the Bolshaya Glinka stream bed.<ref name=Malenkina2017/>

In 1878, paleontologist [[Hermann Trautschold]] discovered the left flipper of an [[Ichthyosauria|ichthyosaur]] near the village of Mnevniki, which later became part of Moscow. In 2014, the animal was named ''[[Undorosaurus|Undorosaurus trautscholdi]]'', after its discoverer. Trautschold determined the age of the sediments from which the specimen was taken to be [[Kimmeridgian]], but, according to more recent studies, they were formed in the [[Tithonian]] age of the [[Jurassic]] period.<ref name=Arkhangelsky2014>{{cite journal |author=Arkhangelsky M. S., Zverkov N. G. |year=2014 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266259363 |title=On a new ichthyosaur of the genus Undorosaurus |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS |volume=318 |issue=3 |pages=187–196 |doi=10.31610/trudyzin/2014.318.3.187 }}</ref>

Albian [[foraminifera]] and [[ammonite]]s also known from the Moscow deposits.<ref name=Malenkina2017/>

Fossils of various organisms are on display in Moscow museums, including the [[Moscow Paleontological Museum|Orlov Museum of Paleontology]] and [[Vernadsky State Geological Museum]].

==Demographics==
===Population===
{{Historical populations
|1897|1038625
|1926|1995252|1939|4141633|1959|5045905|1970|6941961
|1979|7830509
|1989|8769117|2002|10382754
|2010|11503501
|2021|13010112|footnote=Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.
|source=Censuses<ref>{{cite web |title=(USSR) Urban population of the union republics, and their territorial units |url=https://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/census.php |access-date=27 August 2024 |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914185606/https://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/census.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{ cite web |url=http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls |title=Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года. Том. 1, таблица 4. Численность населения России, федеральных округов, субъектов Российской Федерации, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов - райцентров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203125040/http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite web |url=http://krasstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/krasstat/resources/20d7bd804eba60379580f5263284271d/1.10.xlsx |title=Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Итоги по Красноярскому краю. 1.10 Численность населения гор.округов, мун.районов, гор. и сел. поселе |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222093629/http://krasstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/krasstat/resources/20d7bd804eba60379580f5263284271d/1.10.xlsx |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 December 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx |title=Таблица 5. Численность населения России, федеральных округов, субъектов Российской Федерации, городских округов, муниципальных районов, муниципальных округов, городских и сельских поселений, городских населенных пунктов, сельских населенных пунктов с населением 3000 человек и более - Итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2021 года |access-date=1 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901194902/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 September 2022 }}</ref>}}

According to the [[2021 Russian census]], the population was 13,010,112;<ref name=2021Census/> up from 11,503,501 in the [[2010 Russian census]].<ref name="2014 objectively assess">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census }}</ref>
[[File:Life expectancy in Russian subject -Moscow -diff.png|thumb|left|upright=1.5|Life expectancy at birth since 1990, with gender difference. Life expectancy has been declining since 2019.]]
{{clear}}

===Ethnic groups===
{{See also|Ethnic groups in Moscow}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | [[Ethnic groups in Russia|Ethnicity]]
! colspan="11" |Year
|-
!1897<ref>{{Cite web |title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=831 |access-date=14 June 2022 |website=www.demoscope.ru |archive-date=25 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625161022/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=831 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|Taken from language of respondents}}
!1939<ref>{{Cite web |title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_39.php?reg=39 |access-date=14 June 2022 |website=www.demoscope.ru |archive-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614185806/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_39.php?reg=39 |url-status=live }}</ref>
!1959<ref>{{Cite web |title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_59.php?reg=45 |access-date=14 June 2022 |website=www.demoscope.ru |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706161009/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_59.php?reg=45 |url-status=live }}</ref>
!1970<ref>{{Cite web |title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_70.php?reg=18 |access-date=14 June 2022 |website=www.demoscope.ru |archive-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614185805/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_70.php?reg=18 |url-status=live }}</ref>
!1979<ref>{{Cite web |title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_79.php?reg=19 |access-date=14 June 2022 |website=www.demoscope.ru |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706172633/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_79.php?reg=19 |url-status=live }}</ref>
!1989<ref>{{Cite web |title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_89.php?reg=18 |access-date=14 June 2022 |website=www.demoscope.ru |archive-date=25 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625132501/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_89.php?reg=18 |url-status=live }}</ref>
!2002<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2007 |title=NATIONAL COMPOSITION OF POPULATION FOR REGIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION |url=http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/English/4-2.xls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217070612/http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/English/4-2.xls |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 February 2007 |access-date=14 June 2022 }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2010<ref name="2014 objectively assess" />
! colspan="2" |2021<ref name="census2021">{{cite web |title=Национальный состав населения |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx |access-date=30 December 2022 |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]] |archive-date=30 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230204643/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!Number (% of population)
!Number (%)
!Number (%)
!Number (%)
!Number (%)
!Number (%)
!Number (%)
!Number (%)
!% of ethnicity declared
!Number (%)
!% of ethnicity declared
|-
| [[Russians]]
|987,044 (95.0%)
|3,614,430 (87.4%)
|4,507,899 (88.6%)
|6,301,247 (89.2%)
|7,146,682 (90.1%)
|7,963,246 (89.7%)
|8,808,009 (84.8%)
|9,930,410 (86.3%)
|91.6%
|9,074,375 (69.7%)
|90.2%
|-
| [[Tatars]]
|4,288 (0.1%)
|57,687 (1.4%)
|80,489 (1.6%)
|109,252 (1.5%)
|131,328 (1.7%)
|157,376 (1.8%)
|166,083 (1.6%)
|149,043 (1.3%)
|1.4%
|84,373 (0.6%)
|0.8%
|-
| [[Armenians]]
|1,604 (0.1%)
|13,682 (0.3%)
|18,379 (0.4%)
|25,584 (0.4%)
|31,414 (0.4%)
|43,989 (0.5%)
|124,425 (1.2%)
|106,466 (0.9%)
|1.0%
|68,018 (0.5%)
|0.7%
|-
| [[Ukrainians]]
|4,478 (0.4%)
|90,479 (2.2%)
|115,489 (2.3%)
|184,885 (2.6%)
|206,875 (2.6%)
|252,670 (2.8%)
|253,644 (2.4%)
|154,104 (1.3%)
|1.4%
|58,788 (0.5%)
|0.6%
|-
| [[Azerbaijanis]]
| – (–)
|677 (–)
|2,528 (–)
|4,889 (–)
|7,967 (0.1%)
|20,727 (0.2%)
|95,563 (0.9%)
|57,123 (0.5%)
|0.5%
|37,259 (0.3%)
|0.4%
|-
| [[Uzbeks]]
| – (–)
|659 (–)
|2,478 (–)
|5,973 (–)
|4,222 (–)
|9,183 (0.1%)
|9,183 (0.1%)
|35,595 (0.3%)
|0.3%
|29,526 (0.2%)
|0.3%
|-
| [[Jews]]
|5,070 (0.4%)
|250,181 (6.0%)
|239,246 (4.7%)
|251,350 (3.6%)
|222,900 (2.8%)
|174,728 (2.0%)
|79,359 (0.8%)
|53,145 (0.5%)
|0.5%
|28,014 (0.2%)
|0.3%
|-
| [[Georgians]]
| – (–)
|4,251 (0.1%)
|6,365 (0.1%)
|9,563 (0.1%)
|12,180 (0.2%)
|19,608 (0.2%)
|54,387 (0.5%)
|38,934 (0.3%)
|0.4%
|26,222 (0.2%)
|0.3%
|-
| [[Tajiks]]
| – (–)
|184 (–)
|1,005 (–)
|1,652 (–)
|1,221 (–)
|2,893 (–)
|35,385 (0.4%)
|27,280 (0.2%)
|0.2%
|22,783 (0.2%)
|0.2%
|-
| [[Belarusians]]
|1,016 (–)
|24,952 (0.6%)
|34,370 (0.7%)
|50,257 (0.7%)
|59,193 (0.7%)
|73,005 (0.8%)
|59,353 (0.6%)
|39,225 (0.3%)
|0.4%
|17,632 (0.1%)
|0.2%
|-
| [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]]
| – (–)
|77 (–)
|– (–)
|– (–)
|1,173 (–)
|3,044 (–)
|4,102 (–)
|18,736 (0.2%)
|0.2%
|16,858 (0.1%)
|0.2%
|-
| Others
|– (–)
|
|76,173 (–)
|
|
|
|
| 225,031 (2.0%)
|2.1%
|595,543 (4.6%)
|5.9%
|-
|No ethnicity declared
| – (–)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|668,409 (5.8%)
|–
|2,950,721 (22.7%)
|–
|-
!Total
!1,038,591 (100%)
!4,137,018 (100%)
!5,085,581 (100%)
!7,061,008
!7,931,602 (100%)
!8,875,579 (100%)
!10,382,754 (100%)
!11,503,501 (100%)
!100% (10,835,092)
!13,010,112 (100%)
!100% (10,059,391)
|}

;
* 668,409 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/news/detail.php?ID=6936 |title=Перепись-2010: русских становится больше |publisher=Perepis-2010.ru |date=19 December 2011 |access-date=10 February 2012 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225111852/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

===Vital statistics===
The official population of Moscow is based on those holding "[[Resident registration in Russia|permanent residency]]". According to Russia's Federal Migration Service, Moscow holds 1.8 million official "guests" who have temporary residency on the basis of visas or other documentation, giving a legal population of 14.8 million. The number of [[Illegal immigration in Russia|Illegal immigrants]], the vast majority originating from [[Central Asia]], is estimated to be an additional 1 million people,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rg.ru/2009/02/09/migrant.html |title="Российская газета" о мигрантах в Москве |date=9 February 2009 |publisher=Rg.ru |access-date=22 December 2010 |archive-date=11 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711032510/http://www.rg.ru/2009/02/09/migrant.html |url-status=live }}</ref> giving a total population of about 15.8 million.

'''Vital statistics for 2024:<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2025 |title=Естественное движение населения в разрезе субъектов российской федерации за декабрь 2024 года |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/EDN_12-2024.htm |access-date=25 February 2025 |website=Rosstat |archive-date=26 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226232433/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/EDN_12-2024.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>'''
* Births: 120,215 (9.1 per 1,000)
* Deaths: 116,478 (8.9 per 1,000)

'''Total fertility rate (2024):<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-25 |title=Рейтинг рождаемости в регионах: кто в лидерах, а кто в аутсайдерах {{!}} Москва |url=https://fedpress.ru/article/3365231 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=ФедералПресс |language=ru-RU |archive-date=27 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250227092353/https://fedpress.ru/article/3365231 |url-status=live }}</ref>''' 
1.46 children per woman

'''Life expectancy (2021):'''<ref name="rosstat">{{cite web |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/210/document/13207 |title=Демографический ежегодник России |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service of Russia]] (Rosstat) |access-date=1 June 2022 |language=ru |trans-title=The Demographic Yearbook of Russia |archive-date=21 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821222854/https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/210/document/13207 |url-status=live }}</ref> 
Total — 74.55 years (male — 71.00, female — 77.94)

===Religion===
{{Bar box
|title=Religion in Moscow (2020)<ref>{{cite web |title=Об оскорблении религиозных чувств |url=https://fom.ru/TSennosti/14494 |publisher=Фонд Общественное Мнение, ФОМ (Public Opinion Foundation) |language=ru |date=17 November 2020 |access-date=21 April 2021 |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420224528/https://fom.ru/TSennosti/14494 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Об оскорблении религиозных чувств |url=https://fom.ru/posts/download/14494 |publisher=Фонд Общественное Мнение, ФОМ (Public Opinion Foundation) |language=ru |date=17 November 2020 |access-date=21 April 2021 |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420225121/https://fom.ru/posts/download/14494 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|float=left
|bars=
{{Bar percent|[[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodoxy]]|DarkOrchid|55}}
{{Bar percent|[[Atheism]] and [[irreligion]]|Black|28}}
{{Bar percent|[[Islam in Russia|Islam]]|Green|8}}
{{Bar percent|Other religions|Red|3}}
{{Bar percent|Other [[Christianity in Russia|Christians]]|DeepSkyBlue|2}}
{{Bar percent|Undeclared|Gray|4}}
}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 350
| image1 = Moscow July 2011-6a.jpg
| width1 = 530
| height1 = 400
| image2 = Moscow Immaculate Conception Church asv2019-06 img1.jpg
| width2 = 500
| height2 = 400
| image3 = Московская хоральная синагога.jpg
| width3 = 530
| height3 = 400
| image4 = Moscow Cathedral Mosque 01-2016.jpg
| width4 = 500
| height4 = 400
| footer = Clockwise from left: the [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour]], demolished during the Soviet period and reconstructed from 1990–2000; [[Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (Moscow)|Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception]]; [[Moscow Cathedral Mosque]]; and [[Moscow Choral Synagogue]]
}}

[[Christianity|Christians]] form the majority of the city's population; most of whom adhere [[Russian Orthodox Church]]. The [[Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'|Patriarch of Moscow]] serves as the head of the church and resides in the [[Danilov Monastery]]. Moscow was called the "city of 40 times 40 churches"—prior to 1917. Moscow is Russia's capital of [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox Christianity]], which has been the [[Religion in Russia|country's traditional religion]].

Other religions practiced in Moscow include [[Buddhism in Russia|Buddhism]], [[Hinduism in Russia|Hinduism]], [[Islam in Russia|Islam]], [[Judaism]], [[Yazidism]], and [[Rodnovery]]. The Moscow Mufti Council claimed that [[Muslims]] numbered around 1.5 million of 10.5 million of the city's population in 2010.<ref name="Spie">{{cite magazine |author=Maxim Kireev |title=Planned Mosque Sparks Controversy in Russia |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,723799,00.html |magazine=[[Der Spiegel]] |access-date=8 February 2011 |archive-date=10 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120410090113/http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,723799,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> There are four [[mosque]]s in the city.<ref>{{cite news |author=Kiran Moodley |title=Eid al-Fitr 2015: Drone shows huge crowds celebrating the end of Ramadan in Moscow |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/eid-alfitr-2015-drone-shows-huge-crowds-celebrating-the-end-of-ramadan-in-moscow-10395950.html |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |access-date=12 February 2016 |archive-date=25 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925190139/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/eid-alfitr-2015-drone-shows-huge-crowds-celebrating-the-end-of-ramadan-in-moscow-10395950.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Cityscape==
{{See also|List of tallest buildings in Moscow}}

===Architecture===
[[File:Museo Estatal de Historia, Moscú, Rusia, 2016-10-03, DD 49.jpg|thumb|left|The [[State Historical Museum]], an example of the [[Russian Revival architecture|Neo-Russian style]]]]
[[File:Moscow July 2011-7a.jpg|thumb|The [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour]], an example of [[Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire|Neo-Byzantine architecture]]]]
Moscow's architecture is world-renowned. Moscow is the site of [[Saint Basil's Cathedral]], with its elegant [[onion dome]]s, as well as the [[Cathedral of Christ the Savior]] and the [[Seven Sisters (Moscow)|Seven Sisters]]. The first Kremlin was built in the middle of the 12th century.

Medieval Moscow's design was of concentric walls and intersecting radial thoroughfares. This layout, as well as Moscow's rivers, helped shape Moscow's design in subsequent centuries.

The Kremlin was rebuilt in the 15th century. Its towers and some of its churches were built by Italian architects, lending the city some of the aurae of the renaissance. From the end of the 15th century, the city was embellished by masonry structures such as monasteries, palaces, walls, towers, and churches.

The city's appearance had not changed much by the 18th century. Houses were made of pine and spruce logs, with shingled roofs plastered with sod or covered by birch bark. The rebuilding of Moscow in the second half of the 18th century was necessitated by constant fires and the needs of the nobility. Much of the wooden city was replaced by buildings in the classical style.<ref>{{cite book |title=The architecture and planning of classical Moscow: a cultural history |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_STn96Qeg3D4C |last=Schmidt |first=Albert J |publisher=American Philosophical Society |date=1 April 1989 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_STn96Qeg3D4C/page/n24 5]–25 }}</ref>

For much of its architectural history, Moscow was dominated by Orthodox churches. However, the overall appearance of the city changed drastically during Soviet times, especially as a result of [[Joseph Stalin]]'s large-scale effort to "modernize" Moscow. Stalin's plans for the city included a network of broad avenues and roadways, some of them over ten lanes wide, which, while greatly simplifying movement through the city, were constructed at the expense of a great number of historical buildings and districts. Among the many casualties of Stalin's demolitions was the [[Sukharev Tower]], a longtime city landmark, as well as mansions and commercial buildings. The city's newfound status as the capital of a deeply [[secular]] nation, made religiously significant buildings especially vulnerable to demolition. Many of the city's churches, which in most cases were some of Moscow's oldest and most prominent buildings, were destroyed; some notable examples include the [[Kazan Cathedral, Moscow|Kazan Cathedral]] and the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. During the 1990s, both were rebuilt. Many smaller churches, however, were lost.<ref>{{cite journal |title=onlinelibrary.wiley.com |journal=City & Society |volume=10 |pages=269–314 |publisher=onlinelibrary.wiley.com |date=28 June 2008 |doi=10.1525/city.1998.10.1.269 |last1=Khazanov |first1=Anatoly M. |s2cid=145807994 }}</ref>
[[File:0169 - Moskau 2015 - Roter Platz (25795529393).jpg|thumb|[[GUM (department store)|GUM]] department store, facing the [[Red Square]]]]
[[File:Ostankino Tower, 2015.JPG|thumb|left|upright|[[Ostankino Tower]], the tallest freestanding structure in Europe, and the [[List of tallest freestanding structures in the world|eighth-tallest in the world]]]]
While the later Stalinist period was characterized by the curtailing of creativity and architectural innovation, the earlier post-revolutionary years saw a plethora of radical new buildings created in the city. Especially notable were the constructivist architects associated with [[VKHUTEMAS]], responsible for such landmarks as Lenin's Mausoleum. Another prominent architect was [[Vladimir Shukhov]], famous for Shukhov Tower, just one of many [[Hyperboloid structure|hyperboloid towers]] designed by Shukhov. It was built between 1919 and 1922 as a transmission tower for a Russian broadcasting company.<ref name="stako">{{cite web |url=http://www.stako.ru/static.php?&id=mem_shukhov&lang=eng&data=mem_shukhov |publisher=Melnikov Institute |title=Memorial |access-date=6 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527154019/http://www.stako.ru/static.php?&id=mem_shukhov&lang=eng&data=mem_shukhov |archive-date=27 May 2008 }}</ref> Shukhov also left a lasting legacy to the [[Constructivism (art)|Constructivist]] architecture of early Soviet Russia. He designed spacious elongated shop galleries, most notably the [[GUM (department store)|GUM]] department store on [[Red Square]],<ref name="stako"/> bridged with innovative metal-and-glass vaults.
[[File:Moscow, Hotel Ukraina (30585861673).jpg|One of the [[Seven Sisters (Moscow)|Seven Sisters]], [[Radisson Royal Hotel, Moscow|Hotel Ukraina]], is the [[List of tallest buildings in Europe|tallest hotel in Europe]], and one of the [[List of tallest hotels|tallest hotels in the world]].|thumb]]
[[File:Zhivopisny Bridge1.jpg|thumb|left|[[Zhivopisny Bridge]], the highest cable-stayed bridge in Europe]]
Perhaps the most recognizable contributions of the Stalinist period are the so-called [[Seven Sisters (Moscow)|Seven Sisters]], seven massive skyscrapers scattered throughout the city at about an equal distance from the Kremlin. A defining feature of Moscow's skyline, their imposing form was allegedly inspired by the [[Manhattan Municipal Building]] in [[New York City]], and their style—with intricate exteriors and a large central spire—has been described as [[Stalinist architecture|Stalinist Gothic architecture]]. All seven towers can be seen from most high points in the city; they are among the tallest constructions in central Moscow apart from the [[Ostankino Tower]], which, when it was completed in 1967, was the highest free-standing land structure in the world and today remains the world's seventy-second tallest, ranking among buildings such as the [[Burj Khalifa]] in Dubai, [[Taipei 101]] in Taiwan and the [[CN Tower]] in Toronto.<ref>[[List of tallest buildings in the world]]</ref>

The Soviet goal of providing housing for every family, and the rapid growth of Moscow's population, led to the construction of large, monotonous housing blocks. Most of these date from the post-Stalin era and the styles are often named after the leader then in power (Brezhnev, Khrushchev, etc.). They are usually badly maintained.

Although the city still has some five-story apartment buildings constructed before the mid-1960s, more recent apartment buildings are usually at least nine floors tall, and have [[elevator]]s. It is estimated that Moscow has over twice as many elevators as New York City and four times as many as [[Chicago]]. Moslift, one of the city's major elevator operating companies, has about 1500 elevator mechanics on call, to release residents trapped in elevators.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/culture/2012/12/the-elevator-rescue-teams-of-moscow.html |date=4 December 2012 |title=The Elevator-Rescue Teams of Moscow |first=Sally |last=McGrane |magazine=The New Yorker |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=29 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329031821/http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/culture/2012/12/the-elevator-rescue-teams-of-moscow.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Stalinist architecture|Stalinist-era buildings]], mostly found in the central part of the city, are massive and usually ornamented with [[Socialist realism]] motifs that imitate [[classical architecture|classical]] themes. However, small churches—almost always [[Eastern Orthodox]]–found across the city provide glimpses of its past. The Old [[Arbat Street]], a tourist street that was once the heart of a bohemian area, preserves most of its buildings from prior to the 20th century. Many buildings found off the main streets of the inner city (behind the Stalinist [[façade]]s of [[Tverskaya Street]], for example) are also examples of [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] architecture typical of Tsarist times. [[Ostankino Palace]], [[Kuskovo]], [[Uzkoye]] and other large estates just outside Moscow originally belong to nobles from the Tsarist era, and some [[:Template: Cloisters of Moscow|convents, and monasteries]], both inside and outside the city, are open to Muscovites and tourists.

[[File:Москва, Россия (Unsplash -kgrPSetNW8).jpg|thumb|Modern methods of skyscraper construction were implemented in the city for the first time with the ambitious [[Moscow International Business Center|MIBC]].]]
Attempts are being made to restore many of the city's best-kept examples of pre-Soviet architecture. These restored structures are easily spotted by their bright new colors and spotless façades. There are a few examples of notable, early Soviet [[avant-garde]] work too, such as the house of the architect [[Konstantin Melnikov]] in the Arbat area. Many of these restorations were criticized for alleged disrespect of historical authenticity. [[Facadism]] is also widely practiced.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maps-moscow.com/index.php?chapter_id=204&data_id=92&do=view_single |title=Moscow Architecture Preservation Society |publisher=Maps-moscow.com |date=17 April 2006 |access-date=5 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111182743/http://www.maps-moscow.com/index.php?chapter_id=204&data_id=92&do=view_single |archive-date=11 January 2008 }}</ref> Later examples of interesting Soviet architecture are usually marked by their impressive size and the semi-[[Modernist]] styles employed, such as with the [[Novy Arbat]] project, familiarly known as "false teeth of Moscow" and notorious for the wide-scale disruption of a historic area in central Moscow involved in the project.
[[File:Borovitskaya square1.jpg|thumb|left|Borovitskaya square, [[Monument to Vladimir the Great]] and [[Pashkov House]]]]
Plaques on house exteriors will inform passers-by that a well-known personality once lived there. Frequently, the plaques are dedicated to Soviet celebrities not well known outside (or often, like with decorated generals and revolutionaries, now both inside) of Russia. There are also many "museum houses" of famous Russian writers, composers, and artists in the city.

Moscow's skyline is quickly modernizing, with several new towers under construction.
In recent years, the city administration has been widely criticized for heavy destruction that has affected many historical buildings. As much as a third of historic Moscow has been destroyed in the past few years<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/arts-and-culture/2007/11/moscow-russia-buildings |title=Appetite for destruction |magazine=New Statesman |date=29 November 2007 |access-date=5 May 2009 |archive-date=29 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629011125/http://www.newstatesman.com/arts-and-culture/2007/11/moscow-russia-buildings |url-status=live }}</ref> to make space for luxury apartments and hotels.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zagraevsky.com/moscow_engl.htm |title=Dr. Sergey Zagraevsky. Photogallery of the most serious violations of historical environment of Moscow in the last decade |publisher=Zagraevsky.com |access-date=22 December 2010 |archive-date=18 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718150635/http://www.zagraevsky.com/moscow_engl.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Other historical buildings, including such landmarks as the 1930 Moskva hotel and the 1913 department store Voyentorg, have been razed and reconstructed anew, with the inevitable loss of historical value. Critics blame the government for not enforcing conservation laws: in the last 12 years, more than 50 buildings with monument status were torn down, several of those dating back to the 17th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gif.ru/eng/news/maps-third/ |title=Art of Russia – The third bulletin of the Moscow Architectural Preservation Society (MAPS) |publisher=Gif.ru |date=13 July 2004 |access-date=5 May 2009 |archive-date=19 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719044427/http://www.gif.ru/eng/news/maps-third/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some critics also wonder if the money used for the reconstruction of razed buildings could not be used for the renovation of decaying structures, which include many works by architect Konstantin Melnikov<ref>{{cite news |author=Close |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2005/sep/29/architecture |title=Eastern blocks |access-date=5 May 2009 |location=London |date=29 September 2005 |work=The Guardian |archive-date=4 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304212153/http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,,1580263,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Mayakovskaya (Moscow Metro)|Mayakovskaya]] metro station.

Some organizations, such as Moscow Architecture Preservation Society<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.maps-moscow.com/index.php?chapter_id=204&data_id=92&do=view_single |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111182743/http://www.maps-moscow.com/index.php?chapter_id=204&data_id=92&do=view_single |url-status=dead |title=Moscow Architecture Preservation Society |archive-date=11 January 2008 }}</ref> and Save Europe's Heritage,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.savebritainsheritage.org/english/english.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081102100135/http://www.savebritainsheritage.org/english/english.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 November 2008 |title=Save Europe's Heritage |date=2 November 2008 }}</ref> are trying to draw the international public attention to these problems.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/05/82C2116A-568F-4413-A9AF-5528525AEE75.html |title=[Russia: Moscow's Architectural Heritage Under Threat] – [Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty © 2008] |publisher=Rferl.org |date=22 May 2007 |access-date=5 May 2009 |archive-date=15 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615211819/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/05/82c2116a-568f-4413-a9af-5528525aee75.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

{|class="graytable" style="text-align:center"
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|Panoramic view of Moscow
|Panoramic view of Moscow
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===Parks and landmarks===
{{See also|List of Moscow tourist attractions}}
{{wide image|Panorama 360 Red Square edit.jpg|1500px|align-cap=center|[[Red Square]] is a [[World Heritage Site]].}}

There are 96 parks and 18 gardens in Moscow, including four [[botanical garden]]s. There are {{convert|450|km2|sqmi}} of green zones besides {{convert|100|km2|sqmi}} of forests.<ref name="mosru-stats">{{cite web |url=http://www.mos.ru/wps/portal/!ut/p/c0/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9SP0o83hXN1e3QHMPIwMDl1BLAyM_y5AAEy8zQwMnI_3InNT0xORK_Qj9KDMkdaauxiB1JkD1fkYG_ob6BTmuigB2wqj-?nID=6_EFEFQ7H2005E302N94DU9N20O1&cID=6_EFEFQ7H2005E302N94DU9N20O1&rubricId=1716&documentId=42215 |script-title=ru:СТОЛИЦА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ В ЗЕРКАЛЕ ЦИФР, ФАКТОВ И СОБЫТИЙ |publisher=Moscow government |access-date=28 April 2010 |language=ru}} {{dead link|date=March 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic }}</ref> Moscow is a very green city, if compared to other cities of comparable size in Western Europe and North America; this is partly due to a history of having green "yards" with trees and grass, between residential buildings. There are on average {{convert|27|m2|sp=us}} of parks per person in Moscow compared with 6 for [[Paris]], 7.5 in [[London]] and 8.6 in New York.<ref name="greendress">{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.screen.ru/moscow/zelen.htm Green dress of Moscow] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727132007/http://www.screen.ru/moscow/zelen.htm |date=27 July 2013 }}</ref>
[[File:Moscow Gorky Park main portal 08-2016 img1.jpg|thumb|[[Gorky Park (Moscow)|Gorky Park]]|alt=]]
[[Gorky Park (Moscow)|Gorky Park]] (officially the [[Gorky Park (Moscow)|Central Park of Culture and Rest]] named after [[Maxim Gorky]]), was founded in 1928. The main part ({{convert|689,000|m2|acre|disp=or|abbr=off}})<ref name="greendress"/> along the Moskva river contains [[Architectural glossary#Estrade|estrades]], children's attractions (including the ''Observation Wheel'' water ponds with boats and water bicycles), dancing, tennis courts and other sports facilities. It borders the [[Neskuchny Garden]] ({{convert|408,000|m2|acre|disp=or|abbr=off}}), the oldest park in Moscow and a former imperial residence, created as a result of the integration of three estates in the 18th century. The Garden features the Green Theater, one of the largest open amphitheaters in Europe, able to hold up to 15 thousand people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mosday.ru/photos/?neskuchniy |title=Neskuchniy Garden |publisher=Mosday.ru |access-date=10 June 2012 |archive-date=24 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424133353/http://mosday.ru/photos/?neskuchniy |url-status=live }}</ref> Several parks include a section known as a "Park of Culture and Rest", sometimes alongside a much wilder area (this includes parks such as Izmaylovsky, Fili and Sokolniki). Some parks are designated as Forest Parks (lesopark).

[[File:Island of Dreams2.jpg|thumb|[[Dream Island (amusement park)|Dream Island]], the largest indoor theme park in Europe]]
[[Izmaylovsky Park]], created in 1931, is one of the largest urban parks in the world along with [[Richmond Park]] in London. Its area of {{convert|15.34|km2|sqmi}} is six times greater than that of [[Central Park]] in New York.<ref name="greendress"/>

[[Bauman Garden (Moscow)|Bauman Garden]], officially founded in 1920 and renamed in 1922 after the [[bolsheviks|bolshevik]] [[Nikolay Bauman]], is one of the oldest parks in Moscow. It is standing on the site of the former [[House of Golitsyn|Golitsyn]] estate and eighteenth-century public garden.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vostryshev |first1=M.I. |last2=Shokarev |first2=S.Y. |date=2011 |script-title=ru:Вся Москва от А до Я. Энциклопедия |trans-title=Moscow from A to Z. Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ontKDwAAQBAJ |language=ru |location= |publisher=Алгоритм |isbn=978-5-4320-0001-9 |pages=57–58 |access-date=21 June 2022 |archive-date=13 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213053142/https://books.google.com/books?id=ontKDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Novodevichy Convent Night.jpg|thumb|[[Novodevichy Convent]] is a [[World Heritage Site]].|alt=]] [[Sokolniki Park]], named after the [[falcon]] hunting that occurred there in the past, is one of the oldest parks in Moscow and has an area of {{convert|6|km2|sqmi}}. A central circle with a large fountain is surrounded by birch, maple, and elm tree alleys. A labyrinth composed of green paths lies beyond the park's ponds.

[[Losiny Ostrov National Park]] ("Elk Island" National Park), with a total area of more than {{convert|116|km2|sqmi}}, borders Sokolniki Park and was Russia's first national park. It is quite wild, and is also known as the "city taiga" – elk can be seen there.
[[File:Церковь Вознесения Господня в Коломенском (19.08.2018).jpg|thumb|upright|The Church of Ascension in [[Kolomenskoye]] is a [[World Heritage Site]].]]
Tsytsin Main [[Moscow Botanical Garden of Academy of Sciences|Botanical Garden of Academy of Sciences]], founded in 1945 is the largest in Europe.<ref>{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.gbsad.ru/ The Official Site of the Main Moscow Botanical Garden] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624024714/http://www.gbsad.ru/ |date=24 June 2012 }}. Retrieved on 18 July 2006.</ref> It covers the territory of {{convert|3.61|km2|sqmi}} bordering the All-Russia Exhibition Center and contains a live exhibition of more than 20 thousand species of plants from around the world, as well as a lab for scientific research. It contains a rosarium with 20 thousand rose bushes, a dendrarium, and an oak forest, with the average age of trees exceeding 100 years. There is a greenhouse taking up more than {{convert|5,000|m2|0|abbr=off}} of land.<ref name="greendress"/>

The All-Russian Exhibition Center (Всероссийский выставочный центр), formerly known as the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition (VSKhV) and later [[VDNKh (Russia)|Exhibition of Achievements of the National Economy]] (VDNKh), though officially named a "permanent trade show", is one of the most prominent examples of Stalinist-era monumental architecture. Among the large spans of a recreational park, areas are scores of elaborate pavilions, each representing either a branch of Soviet industry and science or a USSR republic. Even though during the 1990s it was, and for some part still is, misused as a gigantic shopping center (most of the pavilions are rented out for small businesses), it still retains the bulk of its architectural landmarks, including two monumental fountains (''[[The Stone Flower Fountain|Stone Flower]]'' and ''Friendship of Nations'') and a 360 degrees panoramic cinema. In 2014 the park returned to the name Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy, and in the same year, huge renovation works had been started.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vdnh.ru/en/about/ |title=About VDNH |work=vdnh.ru |access-date=25 June 2016 |archive-date=12 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112200308/http://vdnh.ru/en/about/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

''Lilac Park'', founded in 1958, has a permanent sculpture display and a large rosarium. Moscow has always been a popular destination for tourists. Some of the more famous attractions include the city's UNESCO World Heritage Site, Moscow Kremlin and Red Square,<ref>UNESCO considers the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square to be part of a single World Heritage Site. See also [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/545 UNESCO's profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906015318/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/545 |date=6 September 2017 }} on this site.</ref> which was built between the 14th and 17th centuries.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/545 |title=Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow |access-date=15 July 2006 |publisher=UNESCO |work=World Heritage List |archive-date=6 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906015318/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/545 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Kolomenskoye#The White Column of Kolomenskoye|Church of the Ascension]] at Kolomenskoye, which dates from 1532, is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site and another popular attraction.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/634 |title=Church of the Ascension, Kolomenskoye |access-date=15 July 2006 |publisher=UNESCO |work=World Heritage List |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512044135/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/634/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Near the [[Tretyakov Gallery|new Tretyakov Gallery]] there is a sculpture garden, Museon, often called "[[the graveyard of fallen monuments]]" that displays statues of the former Soviet Union that were removed from their place after its dissolution.

Other attractions include the [[Moscow Zoo]], a zoological garden in two sections (the valleys of two streams) linked by a bridge, with nearly a thousand species and more than 6,500 specimens.<ref name="moszoo">{{cite web |url=http://www.moscowzoo.ru/ |title=General Information |publisher=Moscow Zoo |access-date=15 July 2006 |archive-date=12 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060712103540/http://www.moscowzoo.ru/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Each year, the zoo attracts more than 1.2 million visitors.<ref name="moszoo"/> Many of Moscow's parks and landscaped gardens are protected natural environments.

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| style="width:33%;"|[[File:Victory park on Poklonnaya Hill1.jpg|314x314px]]
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|[[Zaryadye Park]]
|[[VDNKh (Russia)|VDNKh]]
|Victory park on [[Poklonnaya Hill]]
|}

== Moscow rings ==
Moscow's road system is centered roughly on the Kremlin at the heart of the city. From there, roads generally span outwards to intersect with a sequence of circular roads ("rings").

# The first and innermost major ring, Bulvarnoye Koltso ([[Boulevard Ring]]), was built at the former location of the 16th-century city wall around what used to be called [[Bely Gorod]] (White Town).<ref name="golden-ring">{{cite web |url=http://www.moscow-city.ru/download/source/Golden_Ring_Engl.pdf/8-11.pdf |title=Along the Moscow Golden Ring |publisher=Moscow, Russia Tourist Information center |access-date=5 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060723084926/http://www.moscow-city.ru/download/source/Golden_Ring_Engl.pdf/8-11.pdf |archive-date=23 July 2006 }}</ref> The Bulvarnoye Koltso is technically not a ring; it does not form a complete circle, but instead a [[horseshoe-shaped]] arc that begins at the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and ends at the [[Yauza River]].
# The second primary ring, located outside the Boulevard Ring, is the Sadovoye Koltso ([[Garden Ring]]). Like the Boulevard Ring, the Garden Ring follows the path of a 16th-century wall that used to encompass part of Moscow.<ref name="golden-ring" /> [[File:ISS-38 Nighttime image of Moscow, Russia.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Moscow as viewed from the [[International Space Station]], 29 January 2014]]
# The [[Third Ring Road (Moscow)|Third Ring Road]], was completed in 2003 as a high-speed [[freeway]].
# The Fourth Transport Ring, another freeway, was planned, but cancelled in 2011. A system of chordal highways will replace it.

Aside from the aforementioned hierarchy, line 5 of [[Moscow Metro]] is a circle-shaped [[Loop line (railway)|looped]] subway line (hence the name ''Koltsevaya Liniya'', literally "ring line"), which is located between the ''Sadovoye Koltso'' and Third Transport Ring.

Two modern overlapping lines of Moscow Metro form "two hearts":
* Line 14. Since 10 September 2016, ''[[Moscow Central Circle]]'' renovated railroad (former ''Moskovskaya Okruzhnaya Zheleznaya Doroga'') was introduced as Line 14 of [[Moscow Metro]]. The cone-shaped railroad initially opened in 1908 (freight-only railway from 1934 until the 2016 reopening).
* Line 11. Another circle metro line - ''Big Circle Line'' (''[[Bolshaya Koltsevaya line|Bolshaya Koltsevaya Liniya]]'') is under construction and will be finished in 2023. [[Kakhovskaya (Moscow Metro)|Kakhovskaya]]-[[Savyolovskaya (Bolshaya Koltsevaya line)|Savyolovskaya]] western half of the line was launched in late 2021.

The outermost ring within Moscow is the [[Moscow Ring Road]] (often called ''MKAD'', acronym word for Russian ''Московская Кольцевая Автомобильная Дорога''), which forms the cultural boundary of the city, and was established in the 1950s. It was built at ground level rather than elevated, so it forms a barrier to roads that would otherwise pass under it.
* Before 2012 expansion of Moscow, the MKAD was considered an approximate border for Moscow boundaries.

Outside Moscow, some of the roads encompassing the city continue to follow this circular pattern seen inside city limits, with the notable examples of ''Betonka'' roads (highways A107 and A108), originally made of concrete pads.

In order to reduce transit traffic on MKAD, the new ring road (called ''CKAD'' - ''Centralnaya Koltsevaya Avtomobilnaya Doroga'', ''Central Ring Road'') is now under construction beyond the MKAD.

===Transport rings in Moscow===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Length
! Name
! Type
|-
| 9 km || [[Boulevard Ring]] – Bulvarnoye Koltso (not a full ring) || Road
|-
| 16 km || [[Garden Ring]] – Sadovoye Koltso ("B") || Road
|-
| 19 km || [[Koltsevaya line]] (Line 5) || Metro
|-
| 35 km || [[Third Ring Road (Moscow)|Third Ring Road]] – Third Transport Ring – Tretye Transportnoye Koltso (TTK) || Road
|-
| 54 km || [[Little Ring of the Moscow Railway]], re-opened as [[Moscow Central Circle]] (MCC) – Line 14 || Railway
|-
| 20.2 km || [[Bolshaya Koltsevaya line]] – Line 11 || Metro
|-
| 109 km || [[Moscow Ring Road]] – Moskovskaya Koltsevaya Avtomobilnaya Doroga (MKAD) || Road
|}

==Culture==
===Museums and galleries===
One of the most notable art museums in Moscow is the [[Tretyakov Gallery]], which was founded by [[Pavel Tretyakov]], a wealthy patron of the arts who donated a large private collection to the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tretyakovgallery.ru/en/ |title=The Official site of the Tretyakov Gallery |publisher=Tretyakovgallery.ru |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-date=21 December 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121221163028/http://www.tretyakovgallery.ru/en/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Tretyakov Gallery is split into two buildings. The Old Tretyakov gallery, the original gallery in the [[Tretyakov Gallery|Tretyakovskaya]] area on the south bank of the Moskva River, houses works in the classic Russian tradition.<ref name="trety">{{cite web |url=http://www.tretyakovgallery.ru/english/about.shtml |title=About The State Tretyakov Gallery |access-date=10 July 2006 |publisher=The State Tretyakov Gallery |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927110355/http://www.tretyakovgallery.ru/english/about.shtml |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref> The works of famous pre-[[October Revolution|Revolutionary]] painters, such as [[Ilya Repin]], as well as the works of early Russian [[icon painting|icon painters]] can be found here. Visitors can even see rare originals by early 15th-century [[iconography|iconographer]] [[Andrei Rublev]].<ref name="trety"/>
The New Tretyakov gallery, created in Soviet times, mainly contains the works of Soviet artists, as well as of a few contemporary paintings, but there is some overlap with the Old Tretyakov Gallery for early 20th-century art. The new gallery includes a small reconstruction of [[Vladimir Tatlin]]'s famous ''[[Tatlin's Tower|Monument to the Third International]]'' and a mixture of other avant-garde works by artists like [[Kazimir Malevich]] and [[Wassily Kandinsky]]. Socialist realism features can also be found within the halls of the New Tretyakov Gallery.
[[File:Gmii.jpg|thumb|The [[Pushkin Museum|Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts]]|alt=]]
Another art museum in the city of Moscow is the [[Pushkin Museum|Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts]], which was founded by, among others, the father of [[Marina Tsvetaeva]]. The Pushkin Museum is similar to the [[British Museum]] in London in that its halls are a cross-section of exhibits on world civilisations, with many copies of ancient sculptures. However, it also hosts paintings from every major Western era; works by [[Claude Monet]], [[Paul Cézanne]], and [[Pablo Picasso]] are present in the museum's collection.

The [[State Historical Museum]] of Russia (Государственный Исторический музей) is a museum of Russian history located between Red Square and [[Manezhnaya Square, Moscow|Manege Square]] in Moscow. Its exhibitions range from relics of the prehistoric tribes inhabiting present-day Russia, through priceless artworks acquired by members of the Romanov dynasty. The total number of objects in the museum's collection numbers is several million. The [[Polytechnical Museum]],<ref>See also: {{in lang|ru}} [http://eng.polymus.ru/rv/ The Official Site of the Polytechnical Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060716112000/http://eng.polymus.ru/rv/ |date=16 July 2006 }} Retrieved on 23 July 2006. ([http://eng.polymus.ru/rv/ English version] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060716112000/http://eng.polymus.ru/rv/ |date=16 July 2006 }} )</ref> founded in 1872 is the largest technical museum in Russia, offering a wide array of historical inventions and technological achievements, including humanoid automata from the 18th century and the first Soviet computers. Its collection contains more than 160,000 items.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eng.polymus.ru/?s=19&lvl=1 |title=The Museum Collections |publisher=Polytechnical Museum |access-date=4 August 2006 |archive-date=19 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060719045139/http://eng.polymus.ru/?s=19&lvl=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Borodino Panorama<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.1812panorama.ru/ |title=The official site of Borodino Panorama museum |publisher=1812panorama.ru |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-date=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608214523/http://www.1812panorama.ru/ |url-status=live }}</ref> museum located on Kutuzov Avenue provides an opportunity for visitors to experience being on a battlefield with a 360° [[diorama]]. It is a part of the large historical memorial commemorating the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812 over Napoleon's army, that includes also the [[Triumphal Arch of Moscow|triumphal arch]], erected in 1827. There is also a military history museum that includes statues, and military hardware.
[[Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics]] under the [[Monument to the Conquerors of Space]] at the end of [[Cosmonauts Alley]] is the central memorial place for the Russian space officials.

The [[Shchusev State Museum of Architecture]] is the national museum of Russian architecture by the name of the architect [[Alexey Shchusev]] near the Kremlin area.

Moscow will get its own branch of the Hermitage Museum in 2024, with authorities having agreed upon the final project, to be executed by Hani Rashid, co-founder of New York-based 'Asymptote Architecture' - the same bureau that is behind the city's stock market building, the Busan-based World Business Center Solomon Tower and the Strata Tower in Abu-Dhabi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/334157-moscow-own-hermitage-museum |title=Moscow is getting its own Hermitage Museum! (PICS) |last=Sinelschikova |first=Yekaterina |work=Russia Beyond |date=2 September 2021 |access-date=21 September 2021 |archive-date=20 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920003340/https://www.rbth.com/arts/334157-moscow-own-hermitage-museum |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{multiple image|| total_width = 400
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| image1 = Здание Большого театра ночью.jpg
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| footer_align = center
| footer = The [[Bolshoi Theatre]]
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===Performing arts===
Moscow is the heart of the Russian performing arts, including [[Russian ballet|ballet]] and film, with 68 museums<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mkrf.ru/upload/stats-web/index.html# |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150702180223/http://mkrf.ru/upload/stats-web/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 July 2015 |title=Russian Ministry of Culture official statistics }}</ref> 103<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mkrf.ru/upload/stats-web/index.html# |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150702180223/http://mkrf.ru/upload/stats-web/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 July 2015 |title=Russian Ministry of Culture official stats |access-date=2 December 2015 }}</ref> theaters, 132 cinemas and 24 concert halls. Among Moscow's theaters and ballet studios is the [[Bolshoi Theatre]] and the Malyi Theatre<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.moscovery.com/state-academic-maly-theatre/ |title=State Academic Maly Theatre |date=8 July 2016 |access-date=25 September 2017 |archive-date=25 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925230442/https://www.moscovery.com/state-academic-maly-theatre/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> as well as [[Vakhtangov Theatre]] and [[Moscow Art Theatre]].

The Moscow International Performance Arts Center,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mmdm.ru/en |title=The Official Site of the Moscow International Performance Arts Centre |publisher=Mmdm.ru |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513131136/http://www.mmdm.ru/en/ |archive-date=13 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> opened in 2003, also known as [[Moscow International House of Music]], is known for its performances in classical music. It has the largest [[Organ (music)|organ]] in Russia installed in Svetlanov Hall.

There are also two large circuses in Moscow: [[Moscow State Circus]] and [[Moscow Circus on Tsvetnoy Boulevard]]<ref>See also: {{in lang|ru}} [http://www.circusnikulin.ru/ The Official Site of the Moscow Nikulun Circus] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060717153240/http://www.circusnikulin.ru/ |date=17 July 2006 }}. Retrieved on 17 July 2006.</ref> named after [[Yuri Nikulin]].

The [[Mosfilm]] studio was at the heart of many classic films, as it is responsible for both artistic and mainstream productions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mosfilm.ru/index.php?File=units/eng/history.htm&Style=text&Lang=eng |title=History of the Mosfilm concern studios foundation |publisher=MosFilm |access-date=10 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927063958/http://www.mosfilm.ru/index.php?File=units%2Feng%2Fhistory.htm&Style=text&Lang=eng |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref> However, despite the continued presence and reputation of internationally renowned Russian filmmakers, the once prolific native studios are much quieter. Rare and historical films may be seen in the Salut cinema, where films from the Museum of Cinema<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.museikino.ru/ |title=The Official Site of the Museum of Cinema |language=ru |publisher=Museikino.ru |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-date=26 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626132633/http://www.museikino.ru/ |url-status=live }}</ref> collection are shown regularly. International film festivals such as the [[Moscow International Film Festival]], [[Stalker (film festival)|Stalker]], [[Artdocfest]], and [[Moscow Jewish Film Festival]] are staged in Moscow.

==Sports==
{{See also|Football in Moscow}}
[[File:LuzhnikiStadium.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Luzhniki Stadium]] hosted the [[1980 Summer Olympics]] and the [[2018 FIFA World Cup Final]].]]
[[File:Sparrow_Hills_fanzone_2018.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sparrow Hills]] fanzone during [[2018 FIFA World Cup]]]]
[[File:Moscow 05-2017 img48 Olimpiysky Arena.jpg|thumb|[[Olympic Stadium (Moscow)|SC Olimpiyskiy]] was built for the [[1980 Summer Olympics]].]]
Over 500 Olympic sports champions lived in the city by 2005.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/4626831.stm |title=The mood in Moscow |work=BBC News |date=3 July 2005 |access-date=22 December 2010 |archive-date=26 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060526121800/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/4626831.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Moscow is home to 63 stadiums (besides eight football and eleven light athletics maneges), of which [[Luzhniki Stadium]] is the largest and the 4th biggest in Europe (it hosted the [[1998–99 UEFA Cup]], [[2007–08 UEFA Champions League]] finals, the [[1980 Summer Olympics]], and the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]] with 7 games total, including the [[2018 FIFA World Cup Final|final]]). Forty other sports complexes are located within the city, including 24 with artificial ice. The [[Olympic Stadium (Moscow arena)|Olympic Stadium]] was the world's first indoor arena for [[bandy]] and hosted the [[Bandy World Championship]] twice.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/cwttEMCM-Y8 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20110125202043/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cwttEMCM-Y8 Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cwttEMCM-Y8 |title=Russia grabs World Bandy Championship |publisher=YouTube |access-date=15 June 2010}}{{cbignore }}</ref> Moscow was again the host of the competition in 2010, this time in [[Ice Palace Krylatskoye|Krylatskoye]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http://www.rusbandy.ru/stadium/2/&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dhttp://www.rusbandy.ru/stadium/2/%26hl%3Den%26tbo%3Dd%26biw%3D1024%26bih%3D545&sa=X&ei=qyW7UPq6KKri4QS03YE4&ved=0CC4Q7gEwAA |title=Google Translate |publisher=Translate.google.se |access-date=12 March 2013 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525002747/https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusbandy.ru%2Fstadium%2F2%2F&prev=%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusbandy.ru%2Fstadium%2F2%2F%26hl%3Den%26tbo%3Dd%26biw%3D1024%26bih%3D545&sa=X&ei=qyW7UPq6KKri4QS03YE4&ved=0CC4Q7gEwAA |url-status=live }}</ref> That arena has also hosted the [[World Speed Skating Championships]]. There are also seven [[horse racing]] tracks in Moscow,<ref name="mosru-stats" /> of which [[Central Moscow Hippodrome]],<ref>See also: {{in lang|ru}} [http://www.cmh.ru/ The Official Site of the Central Moscow Hippodrome] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325082648/http://www.cmh.ru/ |date=25 March 2008 }}</ref> founded in 1834, is the largest.
[[File:CSKA Arena (Quintin Soloviev).jpg|thumb|[[CSKA Arena]] during a game of [[Kontinental Hockey League|KHL]], considered to be the second-best ice hockey league in the world]]
Moscow was the host city of the [[1980 Summer Olympics]], with the [[yachting]] events being held at [[Tallinn]], in present-day [[Estonia]]. Large sports facilities and the main international airport, Sheremetyevo Terminal 2, were built in preparation for the 1980 Summer Olympics. Moscow had made a bid for the [[2012 Summer Olympics]]. However, when final voting commenced on 6 July 2005, Moscow was the first city to be eliminated from further rounds. The Games were awarded to [[2012 Summer Olympics|London]].

The most titled [[ice hockey]] team in the Soviet Union and in the world, [[HC CSKA Moscow]] comes from Moscow. Other big ice hockey clubs from Moscow are [[HC Dynamo Moscow]], which was the second most titled team in the Soviet Union, and [[HC Spartak Moscow]].

The most titled Soviet, Russian, and one of the most titled [[Euroleague]] clubs, is the [[basketball]] club from Moscow [[PBC CSKA Moscow]]. Moscow hosted the [[EuroBasket]] in 1953 and 1965.

Moscow had more winners at the [[USSR Chess Championship|USSR]] and [[Russian Chess Championship]] than any other city.

The most titled [[volleyball]] team in the Soviet Union and in Europe ([[CEV Champions League]]) is [[VC CSKA Moscow]].

In [[Association football|football]], [[FC Spartak Moscow]] has won more championship titles in the [[Russian Premier League]] than any other team. They were second only to [[FC Dynamo Kyiv]] in [[Soviet Top League|Soviet times]]. [[PFC CSKA Moscow]] became the first Russian football team to win a [[UEFA]] title, the [[2004–05 UEFA Cup|UEFA Cup]] (present-day [[UEFA Europa League]]). [[FC Lokomotiv Moscow]], [[FC Dynamo Moscow]] and [[FC Torpedo Moscow]] are other professional football teams also based in Moscow.

<gallery widths="200" heights="160">
File:Стадион «Лукойл Арена» в Москве (08.01.2024) 01.jpg|[[Lukoil Arena]], home of [[FC Spartak Moscow]]
File:Arena CSKA.jpg|[[VEB Arena]], home of [[PFC CSKA Moscow]]
File:VTB Arena8.jpg|[[VTB Arena]], home of [[FC Dynamo Moscow]] and [[HC Dynamo Moscow]]
File:Lokomotiv Stadium.jpg|[[RZD Arena]], home of [[FC Lokomotiv Moscow]]
</gallery>
Moscow houses other prominent football, ice hockey, and basketball teams. Because sports organisations in the Soviet Union were once highly centralized, two of the best Union-level teams represented defence and law-enforcing agencies: the Armed Forces ([[CSKA Moscow|CSKA]]) and the Ministry of Internal Affairs ([[Dynamo Sports Club|Dinamo]]). There were army and police teams in most major cities. As a result, Spartak, CSKA, and Dinamo were among the best-funded teams in the USSR.

The [[Irina Viner-Usmanova Gymnastics Palace]] is located in the [[Luzhniki Olympic Complex|Luzniki Olympic Complex]]. The building works started in 2017 and the opening ceremony took place on 18 June 2019. The investor of the Palace is the billionaire [[Alisher Usmanov]], husband of the former gymnast and gymnastics coach [[Irina Viner-Usmanova]]. The total surface of the building is 23,500 m2, which include 3 fitness rooms, locker rooms, rooms reserved for referees and coaches, saunas, a canteen, a cafeteria, 2 ball halls, a Medical center, a hall reserved for journalists, and a hotel for athletes.<ref>See also: [http://en.investmoscow.ru/calendar-of-events/2019-06/21sergey-sobyanin-otkryl-dvorets-gimnastiki-v-luzhnikakh/Article about the Palace of Gymnastics on the Moscow Investment Portal] {{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Because of Moscow's cold local climate, [[winter sport]]s have a following. Many of Moscow's large parks offer marked trails for skiing and frozen ponds for skating.
[[File:2018 World Cup Final - France v Croatia - 1st Half.jpg|thumb|The [[Luzhniki Stadium]] in Moscow, which hosted games of the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]]]]
Moscow hosts the annual [[Kremlin Cup]], a popular tennis tournament on both the [[Women's Tennis Association|WTA]] and [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP]] tours. It is one of the ten Tier-I events on the women's tour and a host of Russian players feature every year.

[[Olympic Stadium (Moscow)|SC Olimpiyskiy]] hosted the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2009]], the first and so far the only [[Eurovision Song Contest]] arranged in Russia.

[[Slava Moscow]] is a professional [[rugby union|rugby]] club, competing in the national [[Professional Rugby League]]. Former [[rugby league]] heavyweights [[RC Lokomotiv Moscow|RC Lokomotiv]] have entered the same league {{As of|2011|lc=y}}. The Luzhniki Stadium also hosted the [[2013 Rugby World Cup Sevens]].

In bandy, one of the most successful clubs in the world is 20 times [[Russian Bandy Super League|Russian League]] champions [[Dynamo Moscow Bandy Club|Dynamo Moscow]]. They have also won the [[Bandy World Cup|World Cup]] thrice and [[European Cup (bandy)|European Cup]] six times.

[[MFK Dinamo Moskva]] is one of the major [[futsal]] clubs in Europe, having won the [[UEFA Futsal Champions League|Futsal Champions League]] title once.

When Russia was selected to host the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]], the Luzhniki Stadium got an increased capacity, by almost 10,000 new seats, in addition to a further two stadiums that have been built: the [[VTB Arena|Dynamo Stadium]], and the [[Lukoil Arena|Spartak Stadium]], although the first one later was dismissed from having World Cup matches.

===Football clubs===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Club !! Founded !! League !! League Rank !! Stadium
|-
| [[FC Spartak Moskva|Spartak Moscow]] || 1922 || [[Russian Premier League|Premier League]] || 1st || [[Lukoil Arena]]
|-
| [[PFC CSKA Moskva|CSKA Moscow]] || 1911 || [[Russian Premier League|Premier League]] || 1st || [[VEB Arena]]
|-
| [[FC Lokomotiv Moskva|Lokomotiv Moscow]] || 1923 || [[Russian Premier League|Premier League]] || 1st || [[RZD Arena]]
|-
| [[FC Dynamo Moscow|Dynamo Moscow]] || 1923 || [[Russian Premier League|Premier League]] || 1st || [[VTB Arena]]
|-
| [[FC Torpedo Moscow|Torpedo Moscow]] || 1924 || [[Russian First League|First League]] || 2nd || [[Eduard Streltsov Stadium]]
|-
| [[FC Rodina Moscow|Rodina Moscow]] || 2015 || [[Russian First League|First League]] || 2nd || Spartakovets Stadium
|-
| [[FC Veles Moscow|Veles Moscow]] || 2016 || [[Russian Second League|Second League]] || 3rd || Avangard Stadium
|}

==Entertainment==
{{See also|List of shopping malls in Moscow}}
[[File:Arbat Street in MSK.jpg|thumb|right|[[Arbat Street]], in the historical centre of Moscow]]
The city is full of clubs, restaurants, and bars. [[Tverskaya Street]] is also one of the busiest shopping streets in Moscow.

The adjoining [[Tretyakovsky Proyezd]], also south of Tverskaya Street, in [[Kitai-gorod]], is host to upmarket boutique stores such as [[Bulgari]], [[Tiffany & Co.]], [[Armani]], [[Prada]] and [[Bentley]].<ref name="go-mag">{{cite news |url=http://www.go-magazine.ru/articles/show/497 |title=Go Magazine |newspaper=The Moscow Times |access-date=20 February 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220063958/http://www.go-magazine.ru/articles/show/497 |archive-date=20 February 2007 }}</ref> [[Nightlife]] in Moscow has moved on since Soviet times and today the city has many of the world's largest [[nightclubs]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/06/13/moscow-city-that-never-sleeps-a65948 |title=Moscow: The City That Never Sleeps |date=3 June 2019 |publisher=The Moscow Times |access-date=14 February 2022 |archive-date=4 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504044143/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/06/13/moscow-city-that-never-sleeps-a65948 |url-status=live }}</ref> The hottest area is located around the old chocolate factory, where bars, nightclubs, galleries, cafés and restaurants are placed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.n1ght.com/en/blog/article/moscow-nightlife-best-party-spots |title=Moscow Nightlife: The Best Party Spots |date=19 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124231936/https://www.n1ght.com/en/blog/article/moscow-nightlife-best-party-spots |archive-date=24 November 2015 }}</ref>

[[Dream Island (amusement park)|Dream Island]] is an amusement park in Moscow that opened on 29 February 2020.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://iz.ru/703885/2018-02-03/park-ostrov-mechty-otkroetsia-v-moskve-v-2019-godu |title=Парк "Остров мечты" откроется в Москве в 2019 году |date=3 February 2018 |language=ru |newspaper=Izvestia |access-date=9 September 2018 |archive-date=26 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626135532/https://iz.ru/703885/2018-02-03/park-ostrov-mechty-otkroetsia-v-moskve-v-2019-godu |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.themeparx.com/dream-island-moscow/ |title=Dream Island Moscow |website=Theme Park Construction Board |access-date=1 April 2021 |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421072549/https://www.themeparx.com/dream-island-moscow |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the largest indoor theme park in Europe.
The park covers 300,000 square meters. The complex includes a landscaped park along with a concert hall, a cinema, a hotel, a children's sailing school, restaurants, and shops.

==Authorities==
===Moscow authorities===
[[File:Tverskaya13 Moscow 06-2015.jpg|thumb|[[Government of Moscow]]]]

According to the [[Constitution of Russia|Constitution of the Russian Federation]], Moscow is an independent [[federal subject]] of the [[Russia|Russian Federation]], a [[Federal cities of Russia|city of federal importance]].

The [[Mayor of Moscow]] is the leading official in the executive, leading the [[Government of Moscow]], which is the highest organ of executive power.
The [[Moscow City Duma]] is the [[city duma]] ([[city council]] or local [[parliament]]) and local laws must be approved by it. It includes 45 members who are elected for a five-year term on [[Electoral district|single-mandate constituency]] basis.

From 2006 to 2012, direct elections of the mayor were not held due to changes in the [[Charter of the city of Moscow]], with the mayor appointed by presidential decree. The first direct elections from the time of the [[2003 Moscow mayoral election|2003 vote]] were to be held after the expiration of the current mayor in 2015, however, in connection with his resignation of his own free will, they took place in [[2013 Moscow mayoral election|September 2013]].

Local administration is carried out through eleven prefectures, uniting the districts of Moscow into administrative districts on a territorial basis, and 125 regional administrations. According to the law "On the organization of local self-government in the city of Moscow", since the beginning of 2003, the executive bodies of local self-government are municipalities, representative bodies are municipal assemblies, whose members are elected in accordance with the Charter of the intracity municipality.

===Federal authorities===
[[File:Дом правительства РФ.jpg|thumb|[[White House (Moscow)|The House of the Government of the Russian Federation]]]]

In Moscow, as in a city endowed with the [[Constitution of Russia|Constitution of the Russian Federation]], the legislative, executive, and judicial federal authorities of the country are located, with the exception of the [[Constitutional Court of Russia|Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation]], which has been located in [[Saint Petersburg]] since 2008.

The supreme executive authority – the [[Government of Russia|Government of the Russian Federation]] – is located in the House of the Government of the Russian Federation (the [[White House (Moscow)|White House]]) on [[Krasnopresnenskaya Embankment]] in the center of Moscow. The [[State Duma]] sits on [[Okhotny Ryad (street)|Okhotny Ryad]]. The [[Federation Council (Russia)|Federation Council]] is located in a building on [[Bolshaya Dmitrovka Street|Bolshaya Dmitrovka]]. The [[Supreme Court of Russia|Supreme Court of the Russian Federation]] is also located in Moscow.

The [[Moscow Kremlin]] is the official residence of the President of the Russian Federation. The president's working residence in the Kremlin is located in the [[Kremlin Senate|Senate Palace]].

=== Safety ===
[[File:Police bmw.jpg|thumb|A [[BMW 5 Series]] of the [[Moscow City Police|Moscow Police]] on patrol]]
In a ranking of the safest cities by ''[[Economist Intelligence Unit|The Economist]]'' in 2021, Moscow occupied the 38th position with a score of 62.5 points.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://impact.economist.com/projects/safe-cities/ |title=Safe Cities Index 2021 | NEC |website=www.nec.com |access-date=17 April 2020 |archive-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003004430/https://www.nec.com/en/global/ad/safecitiesindex2019/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The general level of crime is quite low.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.numbeo.com/crime/in/Moscow |title=Crime in Moscow |website=www.numbeo.com |access-date=17 April 2020 |archive-date=2 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002230229/https://www.numbeo.com/crime/in/Moscow |url-status=live }}</ref> More than 170,000 surveillance cameras in Moscow are connected to the facial recognition system. The authorities recognized the successful two-month experiment with automatic recognition of faces, gender, and age of people in real-time – and deployed the system to the whole city. The network of video surveillance unites access video cameras (95% of residential apartment buildings in the capital), cameras in the territory and in buildings of schools and kindergartens, at the [[Moscow Central Circle|MCC]] stations, stadiums, public transport stops, and bus stations, in parks, underground passages.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://geeks-world.github.io/articles/407023/index.html |title=In Moscow, the face recognition system will work through CCTV cameras |access-date=17 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623084209/https://geeks-world.github.io/articles/407023/index.html |archive-date=23 June 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The emergency numbers are the same as in all the other regions of Russia: 112 is the Single Emergency Number, 101 is the number of the Fire Service and [[Ministry of Emergency Situations (Russia)|Ministry of Emergency Situations]], 102 is the [[Police of Russia|Police]] one, 103 is the ambulance one, 104 is the Emergency Gas number.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/26869073/ |title=Ambulance, police and Emergencies Ministry: Who to call in case of emergency |date=2 September 2017 |website=Moscow City Web Site |access-date=17 April 2020 |archive-date=17 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217091140/https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/26869073/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Moscow's EMS is the second most efficient one among the world's megacities, as reported by PwC during the presentation of the international study Analysis of EMS Efficiency in Megacities of the World.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/63830073/ |title=Moscow's EMS ranks as the second most efficient in the world |date=24 October 2019 |website=Moscow City Web Site |access-date=17 April 2020 |archive-date=17 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217091142/https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/63830073/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Administrative divisions==
{{Main|Administrative divisions of Moscow}}
{| border=1 align="right" class="wikitable" style="margin-left: 1em; font-size: 95%;"
! style="padding-left:50px; background:#ccf" | Federal city of Moscow
| width="50px" | [[File:Coat of Arms of Moscow.svg|50px|Coat of arms of Moscow]]
|-
| '''City administrative divisions'''|| 12
|-
| '''City districts'''|| 125
|-
| '''City settlements'''|| 21
|}
{|
|-
|Colspan=2|Moscow is divided into '''12 administrative districts''':
|rowspan=3|[[File:Msk all districts.svg|left|320px]]
|-
|
# [[Central Administrative Okrug]]
# [[Northern Administrative Okrug]]
# [[North-Eastern Administrative Okrug]]
# [[Eastern Administrative Okrug]]
# [[South-Eastern Administrative Okrug]]
# [[Southern Administrative Okrug]]
# [[South-Western Administrative Okrug]]
# [[Western Administrative Okrug]]
# [[North-Western Administrative Okrug]]
# [[Zelenogradsky Administrative Okrug]]
# [[Novomoskovsky Administrative Okrug]]
# [[Troitsky Administrative Okrug]]
|}
[[File:Moscow territory 1922 1995.gif|thumb|Territorial change of Moscow from 1922 to 1995]]

The entire city of Moscow is headed by one mayor ([[Sergey Sobyanin]]). The city of Moscow is divided into twelve administrative okrugs and 125 districts.

The Russian capital's town-planning development began to show as early as the 12th century when the city was founded. The central part of Moscow grew by consolidating with suburbs in line with medieval principles of urban development when strong fortress walls would gradually spread along the circle streets of adjacent new settlements. The first circular defence walls set the trajectory of Moscow's rings, laying the groundwork for the future planning of the Russian capital.

The following fortifications served as the city's circular defense boundaries at some point in history: the Kremlin walls, Zemlyanoy Gorod (Earthwork Town), the Kamer-Kollezhsky Rampart, the Garden Ring, and the small railway ring. The Moscow Ring Road (MKAD) has been Moscow's boundary since 1960. Also in the form of a circle are the main Moscow subway line, the Ring Line, and the so-called Third Automobile Ring, which was completed in 2005. Hence, the characteristic radial-circle planning continues to define Moscow's further development. However, contemporary Moscow has also engulfed a number of territories outside the MKAD, such as Solntsevo, Butovo, and the town of [[Zelenograd]]. A part of [[Moscow Oblast]]'s territory was merged into Moscow on 1 July 2012; as a result, Moscow is no longer fully surrounded by Moscow Oblast and now also has a border with [[Kaluga Oblast]].<ref name="Merger">Official website of the Government of Moscow. [http://www.mos.ru/about/borders/ Draft of adopted measures of the capital and oblast governments with regards to the expansion of the borders of Moscow] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110821063010/http://www.mos.ru/about/borders/ |date=21 August 2011 }} {{in lang|ru }}</ref> In all, Moscow gained about {{convert|1500|km2|sp=us}} and 230,000 inhabitants. Moscow's Mayor Sergey Sobyanin lauded the expansion that will help Moscow and the neighboring region, a "mega-city" of twenty million people, to develop "harmonically".<ref name="Merger2"/>

All administrative okrugs and districts have their own [[coat of arms|coats of arms]] and flags as well as individual heads of the area.

In addition to the districts, there are Territorial Units with Special Status. These usually include areas with small or no permanent populations. Such is the case with the All-Russia Exhibition Centre, the [[Moscow Botanical Garden of Academy of Sciences|Botanical Garden]], large parks, and industrial zones. In recent years, some territories have been merged with different districts. There are no ethnic-specific regions in Moscow, as in the [[Chinatown]]s that exist in some [[North America]]n and [[East Asia]]n cities. And although districts are not designated by income, as with most cities, those areas that are closer to the city center, metro stations or green zones are considered more prestigious.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=ru:Цены на Квартиры в Москве по Административным Районам и Станциям Метро |url=http://www.metrinfo.ru/area/ |work=Metrinfo.ru |access-date=27 September 2010 |language=ru |archive-date=27 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227235220/http://www.metrinfo.ru/area/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Moscow also hosts some of the government bodies of [[Moscow Oblast]], although the city itself is not a part of the oblast.<ref name="MoscowO">According to Article 24 of the Charter of Moscow Oblast, the government bodies of the oblast are located in the city of Moscow and throughout the territory of Moscow Oblast. However, Moscow is not officially named the administrative centre of the oblast.</ref>

==Economy==
{{See also|Economy of Russia}}

===Overview===
{|class="toc" style="float:right; font-size:90%; text-align:center; margin:1em;"
|-
| colspan="6" style="background:tan;"|'''Largest private companies based in Moscow ''' (ranked by 2019 revenues)
|- style="background:#ccc;"
|| '''Moscow'''|||| style="background:#ccc;"|'''corporation'''|||| style="background:#ccc;"|'''Russia'''
|-
| 1||||[[Lukoil]]||||1
|-
| 2|||| [[X5 Retail Group]]|||||3
|-
| 3||||[[Novatek]]||||6
|-
| 4||||[[Nornickel]]||||9
|-
| 5|||| [[Rusal|UC Rusal]]||||11
|-
| 6|||| [[Sibur]]||||13
|-
| 7|||| [[Siberian Coal Energy Company|SUEK]]||||15
|-
| 8||||[[MTS (network provider)|MTS]]||||17
|-
| 9||||[[Metalloinvest]]|||||18
|-
| 10||||[[EuroChem]]||||21
|-
| 11||||[[MegaFon]]||||22
|-
| 12||||[[M.video]]||||24
|-
| 13||||[[OAO TMK|TMK]]||||25
|-
| 14||||[[Mechel]]||||26
|-
|colspan="5"|'''Source:''' ''Forbes''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.forbes.ru//rating/383547-200-krupneyshih-chastnyh-kompaniy-rossii-2019-reyting-forbes |title=200 крупнейших частных компаний России — 2019. Рейтинг Forbes | Бизнес |date=16 September 2019 |website=Forbes.ru |access-date=1 April 2021 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027224136/https://www.forbes.ru/rating/383547-200-krupneyshih-chastnyh-kompaniy-rossii-2019-reyting-forbes |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}
Moscow has one of the [[List of cities by GDP|largest municipal economies in Europe]] and it accounts more than one-fifth of Russia's [[gross domestic product]] (GDP).<ref>{{cite news |last=Arkhipov |first=Ilya |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-09-28/medvedev-fires-moscow-s-mayor-yury-luzhkov-citing-a-loss-of-confidence-.html |title=Medvedev Fires Moscow Mayor Luzhkov After Conflict |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |date=28 September 2010 |access-date=22 December 2010 |archive-date=2 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202151836/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-09-28/medvedev-fires-moscow-s-mayor-yury-luzhkov-citing-a-loss-of-confidence-.html |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2021}}, the [[Gross Regional Product|GRP]] of Moscow reached almost ₽24.5 trillion([[US$]]332 billion).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://77.rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BC%20%D0%92%D0%A0%D0%9F%20%D0%B2%20%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85%20%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%20%D0%B7%D0%B0%202021%20%D0%B3..htm |title="GRP volume at current basic prices (billion rubles)" |publisher=rosstat.gov.ru |access-date=14 April 2023 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414173212/https://77.rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BC%20%D0%92%D0%A0%D0%9F%20%D0%B2%20%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85%20%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%20%D0%B7%D0%B0%202021%20%D0%B3..htm |url-status=live }}</ref> GMP of Moscow Region was ₽31.3 trillion or around US$425 billion.
[[File:Moscow Exhacnge main building.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Moscow Exchange]]]]
The average gross monthly wage in the city is ₽123,688<ref>{{cite web |title=Среднемесячная номинальная начисленная заработная плата работников в целом по экономике Российской Федерации в 1991-2022 гг. |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/labor_market_employment_salaries |access-date= |website=rosstat.gov.ru |archive-date=19 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319154712/https://rosstat.gov.ru/labor_market_employment_salaries |url-status=live }}</ref> ([[US$]]2,000), which is around twice the national average of ₽66,572 ([[US$]]1,000), and one of the highest among the federal subjects of Russia.

Moscow is home to the [[List of cities by number of billionaires|third-highest number of billionaires]] of any city in the world,<ref>{{cite web |author=Giacomo Tognini |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/giacomotognini/2020/04/07/worlds-richest-cities-the-top-10-cities-where-most-billionaires-call-home-2020/ |title=World's Richest Cities: The Top 10 Cities Billionaires Call Home |work=Forbes |access-date=25 May 2020 |archive-date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407105020/https://www.forbes.com/sites/giacomotognini/2020/04/07/worlds-richest-cities-the-top-10-cities-where-most-billionaires-call-home-2020/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe. It is the financial center of Russia and home to the country's largest banks and many of its largest companies, such as oil giant [[Rosneft]]. Moscow accounts for 17% of retail sales in Russia and for 13% of all construction activity in the country.<ref name="bofit_42_2010">{{cite web |url=http://www.bof.fi/NR/rdonlyres/A0C226F8-3D3F-4B6F-8AA3-B621E963D4CC/0/w201042.pdf |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5tmjrHFzM?url=http://www.bof.fi/NR/rdonlyres/A0C226F8-3D3F-4B6F-8AA3-B621E963D4CC/0/w201042.pdf |archive-date=27 October 2010 |title=BOFIT Weekly 42/2010 |publisher=Bank of Finland's Institute for Economies in Transition |date=22 October 2010 |url-status=dead |access-date=23 October 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gks.ru/gis/tables%5CUROV-7.htm |publisher=Federal Service on State Statistics |title=Average monthly salaries |access-date=7 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824030354/http://www.gks.ru/gis/tables/UROV-7.htm |archive-date=24 August 2007 }}</ref> Since the [[1998 Russian financial crisis]], business sectors in Moscow have shown exponential rates of growth. Many new business centers and office buildings have been built in recent years, but Moscow still experiences shortages in office space. As a result, many former industrial and research facilities are being reconstructed to become suitable for office use. Overall, economic stability has improved in recent years; nonetheless, crime and corruption still hinder business development.

===Industry===
Primary [[Industry (economics)|industries]] in Moscow include the [[chemical industry|chemical]], [[metallurgy]], [[Food industry|food]], [[textile]], [[furniture]], [[energy production]], [[software development]] and [[machine]]ry industries.

The [[Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant]] is a manufacturer of military and civil helicopters. [[Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center]] produces various space equipment, including modules for space stations [[Mir]], [[Salyut]] and the [[International Space Station|ISS]] as well as [[Proton (rocket)|Proton launch vehicles]] and military [[ICBM]]s. [[Sukhoi]], [[Ilyushin]], [[Mikoyan]], [[Tupolev]] and [[Yakovlev]] aircraft design bureaus also situated in Moscow. [[NPO Energomash]], producing the [[rocket engine]]s for Russian and American space programs, as well as [[Lavochkin]] design bureau, which built [[fighter plane]]s during WWII, but switched to [[space probe]]s since the [[Space Race]], are in nearby [[Khimki]], an independent city in [[Moscow Oblast]] that have largely been enclosed by Moscow from its sides. Automobile plants [[ZiL]] and [[AZLK]], as well as the Voitovich Rail Vehicle plant, are situated in Moscow and [[Metrovagonmash]] metro wagon plant is located just outside the city limits. The [[Poljot|Poljot Moscow watch factory]] produces military, professional and sport watches well known in Russia and abroad.

The Electrozavod factory was the first transformer factory in Russia. The Kristall distillery<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eng.kristall.ru/ |title=The Official Site of the Moscow Cristall distillery |publisher=Eng.kristall.ru |access-date=11 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528082514/http://eng.kristall.ru/ |archive-date=28 May 2012 }}</ref> is the oldest distillery in Russia producing [[vodka]] types, including "[[Stolichnaya]]" while wines are produced at Moscow wine plants, including the Moscow Interrepublican Vinery.<ref>See also: {{in lang|ru}} [http://www.mmvz.ru/ The Official Site of the Moscow Interrepublican Vinery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010220092957/http://www.mmvz.ru/ |date=20 February 2001 }}. Retrieved on 7 July 2006.</ref> The Moscow Jewelry Factory<ref>See also: {{in lang|ru}} [http://www.miuz.ru/ The Official Site of the Moscow Jewelry Factory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060702194811/http://www.miuz.ru/ |date=2 July 2006 }}. Retrieved on 7 July 2006.</ref> and the Jewellerprom<ref>See also: {{in lang|ru}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20100218032111/http://www.jewellerprom.ru/ The Official Site of the Experimental Moscow Jewelry Atelier Jewellerprom]. Retrieved on 7 July 2006,</ref> are producers of jewelry in Russia.

There are other industries located just outside the city of Moscow, as well as microelectronic industries in Zelenograd, including [[Ruselectronics]] companies.

Gazprom, the largest extractor of [[natural gas]] in the world and the largest [[Economy of Russia|Russian company]], has head offices also in Moscow, as well as other oil, gas, and electricity companies.

Moscow hosts headquarters of the many of [[telecommunications]] and [[Technology company|technology]] companies, including [[1C Company|1C]], [[ABBYY]], [[Beeline (brand)|Beeline]], [[Kaspersky Lab]], [[Mail.Ru|Mail.Ru Group]], [[MegaFon]], [[MTS (network provider)|MTS]], [[Rambler (portal)|Rambler&Co]], [[Rostelecom]], [[Yandex]], and [[Yota]].

Some industry is being transferred out of the city to improve the ecological state of the city.

===Cost of living===
{{See also|Hotels in Moscow}}
[[File:Moscow 09-13 img11 Tretyakovsky Passage.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Tretyakovsky Proyezd]]]]
[[File:2019-07-25-3032-Moscow-Nikolskaya-Street.jpg|thumb|[[Nikolskaya Street]]|alt=|left]]
[[File:Mitino-3_from_d40_2011-09N28.jpg|thumb|A [[microdistrict]] in [[Mitino District|Mitino]] built in the 1990s]]
During [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] times, apartments were lent to people by the government according to the square meters-per-person norm (some groups, including people's artists, heroes, and prominent scientists had bonuses according to their honors). [[Private ownership]] of apartments was limited until the 1990s when people were permitted to secure property rights to their inhabited places. Since the Soviet era, estate owners have had to pay the service charge for their residences, a fixed amount based on persons per living area.

The price of [[real estate]] in Moscow continues to rise. Today, one could expect to pay $4,000 on average per square meter (11 sq ft) on the outskirts of the city<ref>{{cite web |url=http://waybackmachine.org/*/http://rus.intermark.ru/about-us/press/mt_20_10/ |title=US$4,500 for a Square Meter of Apartment Space. The Moscow Times |publisher=Waybackmachine.org |date=19 July 2011 |access-date=10 June 2012 }}</ref> or US$6,500–$8,000 per square meter in a prestigious district. The price sometimes may exceed US$40,000 per square meter in a flat.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://regnum.ru/news/643249.html |title=Преодолен абсолютный рекорд роста цен на недвижимость: московский стройкомплекс в зеркале СМИ |website=ИА REGNUM |access-date=1 April 2021 |archive-date=10 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410052915/https://regnum.ru/news/643249.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Humphries |first=Conor |title=Dividing the Spoils of the Boom |url=http://www.stroi.ru/eng/default.aspx?d=5&dr=901&m=13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817152833/http://www.stroi.ru/eng/default.aspx?d=5&dr=901&m=13 |archive-date=17 August 2007 |newspaper=The Moscow Times |date=20 June 2006 |access-date=14 July 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://mosday.ru/info/article.php?realty-2006 |title=Costs of realty in Moscow (2006) |publisher=Mosday.ru |language=ru |access-date=4 August 2006 |archive-date=2 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702171121/http://mosday.ru/info/article.php?realty-2006 |url-status=live }}</ref> It costs about US$1,200 per month to rent a one-bedroom apartment and about US$1,000 per month for a studio in the center of Moscow.

A typical one-bedroom apartment is about {{convert|30|m2|sqft|spell=in|lk=out|abbr=off}}, a typical two-bedroom apartment is {{convert|45|m2|sqft|spell=in|abbr=off}}, and a typical three-bedroom apartment is {{convert|70|m2|sqft|spell=in|abbr=off}}. Many cannot move out of their apartments, especially if a family lives in a two-room apartment originally granted by the state during the Soviet era. Some city residents have attempted to cope with the cost of living by renting their apartments while staying in [[dacha]]s (country houses) outside the city.

In 2006, Mercer Human Resources Consulting named Moscow the world's [[List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees|most expensive city for expatriate employees]], ahead of perennial winner Tokyo, due to the stable [[Russian ruble]] as well as increasing housing prices within the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/06/23/pf/expensive_cities/index.htm |last=Sahadi |first=Jeanne |date=23 June 2006 |access-date=4 July 2006 |publisher=CNNMoney |title=World's most expensive cities |archive-date=3 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060703140408/https://money.cnn.com/2006/06/23/pf/expensive_cities/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Moscow also ranked first in the 2007 edition and 2008 edition of the survey. However, Tokyo has overtaken Moscow as the most expensive city in the world, placing Moscow at third behind Osaka in second place.<ref name="mercer.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.mercer.com/costoflivingpr#Top_50 |title=Worldwide Cost of Living survey 2009 |publisher=Mercer.com |date=7 July 2009 |access-date=15 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615061034/http://www.mercer.com/costoflivingpr |archive-date=15 June 2010 }}</ref>

In 2008, Moscow ranked top on the [[list of most expensive cities]] for the third year in a row.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.msn.com/en-us/money |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080805100832/http://realestate.msn.com/buying/Article_forbes.aspx?cp-documentid=8839818&GT1=35000 |url-status=dead |title=Stock Quotes, Business News and Data from Stock Markets | MSN Money |archive-date=5 August 2008 |website=www.msn.com }}</ref>

In 2014, according to ''Forbes'', Moscow was ranked the 9th most expensive city in the world. ''Forbes'' ranked Moscow the 2nd most expensive city the year prior.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/deborahljacobs/2014/07/10/the-most-expensive-cities-in-the-world/ |title=The Most Expensive Cities In The World |first=Deborah L. |last=Jacobs |work=forbes.com |access-date=22 August 2017 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714004726/https://www.forbes.com/sites/deborahljacobs/2014/07/10/the-most-expensive-cities-in-the-world/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2019 the Economist Intelligence Unit's Worldwide Cost of Living survey put Moscow to 102nd place in the biannual ranking of 133 most expensive cities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/03/19/moscow-nose-dives-in-global-living-cost-rankings-a64863 |title=Moscow Nose-Dives in Global Living Cost Rankings |work=[[The Moscow Times]] |date=19 March 2019 |access-date=30 September 2020 |archive-date=20 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320124846/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/03/19/moscow-nose-dives-in-global-living-cost-rankings-a64863 |url-status=live }}</ref> ECA International's Cost of Living 2019 Survey ranked Moscow at number 120 among 482 locations worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eca-international.com/news/june-2019/europe-falls-behind-usa-in-cost-of-living |title=Europe falls behind USA in cost of living |work=[[ECA International]] |date=13 June 2019 |access-date=30 September 2020 |archive-date=16 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616212508/https://www.eca-international.com/News/June-2019/Europe-falls-behind-USA-in-cost-of-living |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Public utilities===
{{Copyedit section|date=February 2026}}
The heating of buildings in Moscow, like in other cities in Russia is done using [[District heating|central heating system]]. Before 2004, state [[unitary enterprise]]s were responsible to produce and supply heat to the clients by the operation of heating stations and heating distribution system of Mosgorteplo, Mosteploenergo, and Teploremontnaladka which gave service to the [[District heating substation|heating substations]] in the [[Administrative divisions of Moscow|north-eastern part]] of the city. Clients were divided between the various enterprises based on their geographical location. A major reform launched in 2004 consolidated the various companies under the umbrella of MIPC which became the municipal heat supplier. Its subsidiaries were the newly transformed Joint-stock companies. The city's main source of heating is the power station of Mosenergo which was reformed in 2005, when around ten subsidiaries were separated from it. One of the newly independent companies was the District Heating Network Company (MTK) ({{langx|ru|Московская теплосетевая компания}}). In 2007 the [[Government of Moscow]] bought controlling stakes in the company.<ref>[Andrey Kovalev, Liliana Proskuryakova. "Innovation in Russian District Heating: Opportunities, Barriers, Mechanisms", pp. 45-46]</ref>

"Our city" is a geo-information portal created in 2011 under the mayor of Moscow Sergei Sobyanin with the aim of building a constructive dialogue between Moscow residents and the city's executive authorities. The portal is being developed by the State Public Institution "New Management Technologies" together with the Moscow Department of Information Technologies. In its 10 years of operation, more than 1.7 million users have joined the portal, and during this time it has become an effective tool for monitoring the state of urban infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://foreignaffairs.co.nz/2021/09/25/mil-osi-submissions-russia-how-the-portal-of-the-government-of-moscow-our-city-helps-to-solve-problems-in-the-field-of-urban-economy/ |title=MIL-OSI Submissions: Russia – How the portal of the Government of Moscow "Our City" helps to solve problems in the field of urban economy | ForeignAffairs.co.nz |access-date=5 October 2021 |archive-date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005094106/https://foreignaffairs.co.nz/2021/09/25/mil-osi-submissions-russia-how-the-portal-of-the-government-of-moscow-our-city-helps-to-solve-problems-in-the-field-of-urban-economy/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Education==
{{Further|Education in Russia}}
[[File:МГУ, вид с воздуха.jpg|thumb|[[Moscow State University]]|alt=|left]]
There are 1,696 high schools in Moscow, as well as 91 colleges.<ref name="mosru-stats"/> Besides these, there are 222 institutions of higher education, including 60 state universities<ref name="mosru-stats"/> and the [[Moscow State University|Lomonosov Moscow State University]], which was founded in 1755.<ref name="msu-history">{{cite web |url=http://www.msu.ru/en/info/history.html |title=MSU History |publisher=Moscow State University |access-date=6 July 2006 |archive-date=2 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060702222014/http://www.msu.ru/en/info/history.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The main university building located in Vorobyovy Gory ([[Sparrow Hills]]) is {{convert|240|m|ft}} tall and when completed, was the tallest building on the continent.<ref>{{cite book |title=Is Progress Speeding Up?: Our Multiplying Multitudes of Blessings |last=Templeton |first=John Marks |year=1997 |isbn=978-1-890151-02-7 |page=99 |publisher=Templeton Foundation Press }}</ref> The university has over 30,000 [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] and 7,000 [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate]] students, who have a choice of twenty-nine faculties and 450 departments for study. The Moscow State University library contains over nine million books, making it one of the largest libraries in all of Russia.

The [[I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University]] named after [[Ivan Sechenov]] or formerly known as [[Moscow Medical Academy]] (1stMSMU) is a medical university situated in Moscow, Russia. It was founded in 1785 as the faculty of the Moscow State University. It is a Russian Federal Agency for Health and Social Development. It is one of the largest medical universities in Russia and Europe. More than 9200 students are enrolled in 115 academic departments. It offers courses for post-graduate studies.

[[File:Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University Frontal View.jpg|thumb|[[Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University]]|alt=|left]]

The [[Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University]] (formerly known as [[Russian State Medical University]]) is a medical higher education institution in Moscow, Russia founded in 1906. It is fully accredited and recognized by Russia's Ministry of Education and Science and is currently under the authority of the Ministry of Health and Social Development. Named after Russian surgeon and pedagogue [[Nikolay Pirogov|N.I. Pirogov]] (1810–1888), it is one of the largest medical institutions and the first university in Russia to allow women to acquire degrees.

Moscow is one of the financial centers of the [[Russian Federation]] and [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] countries and is known for its business schools. Among them are the [[Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation]]; [[Plekhanov Russian University of Economics]]; [[The State University of Management]], and the [[National Research University - Higher School of Economics]]. They offer undergraduate degrees in management, finance, accounting, marketing, real estate, and economic theory, as well as Masters programs and [[MBA]]s. Most of them have branches in other regions of Russia and countries around the world.
[[File:Moscow MSTU Bauman main building asv2021-08.jpg|thumb|The main building of the [[Bauman Moscow State Technical University]]]]
[[Bauman Moscow State Technical University]], founded in 1830, is located in the center of Moscow and provides 18,000 undergraduate and 1,000 postgraduate students with an education in science and engineering, offering technical degrees.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bmstu.ru/mstu/English |last=Fedorov |first=I.B. |publisher=МГТУ им.Н.Э.Баумана (Bauman Moscow State Technical University) |title=General (English) |access-date=6 July 2006 |archive-date=6 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060706130144/http://www.bmstu.ru/mstu/English/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Moscow 05-2017 img41 Conservatory.jpg|thumb|The [[Moscow Conservatory]] building|alt=|left]]

The [[Moscow Conservatory]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mosconsv.ru/ |title=The Official Site of the Moscow Conservatory |publisher=Mosconsv.ru |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-date=15 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615213653/http://www.mosconsv.ru/ |url-status=live }}</ref> founded in 1866, is a prominent music school in Russia.
[[File:Vgik.jpg|thumb|The [[Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography|Russian State Institute of Cinematography]], the world's oldest [[film school]]|alt=|left]]

The [[Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography|Gerasimov All-Russian State Institute of Cinematography]], abbreviated as VGIK, is the world's oldest educational institution in [[Cinematography]], founded by [[Vladimir Gardin]] in 1919.

[[Moscow State Institute of International Relations]], founded in 1944, remains Russia's best- known school of international relations and diplomacy, with six schools focused on international relations. Approximately 4,500 students make up the university's student body and over 700,000 Russian and foreign-language books—of which 20,000 are considered rare—can be found in the library of the Moscow State Institute of International Relations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mgimo.ru/showcontent.asp?UID={7F81DBB2-6EEE-4796-B2DF-7230433C5C41} |title=Facts and Figures |publisher=MGIMO (Moscow State Institute of International Relations) |access-date=6 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927201220/http://www.mgimo.ru/showcontent.asp?UID=%7B7F81DBB2-6EEE-4796-B2DF-7230433C5C41%7D |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>

Other institutions are the [[Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology]], also known as [[Phystech]], the [[Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Complex]], founded in 1988 by Russian eye surgeon [[Svyatoslav Fyodorov]], the [[Moscow Aviation Institute]], the Moscow Motorway Institute (State Technical University), and the [[Moscow Engineering Physics Institute]]. [[Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology]] has taught numerous [[Nobel Prize]] winners, including [[Pyotr Kapitsa]], [[Nikolay Semyonov]], [[Lev Landau]] and [[Alexander Prokhorov]], while the [[Moscow Engineering Physics Institute]] is known for its research in [[nuclear physics]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icra.it/Icranet/Members/struc_russia2.htm |title=Moscow State Engineering Physics Institute (MEPhI) |publisher=International Centre for Relativistic Astrophysics |access-date=4 August 2006 |archive-date=3 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703205759/http://www.icra.it/Icranet/Members/struc_russia2.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The highest Russian military school is the [[Combined Arms Academy of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation]].

Although Moscow has a number of famous Soviet-era higher educational institutions, most of which are more oriented towards engineering or the fundamental sciences, in recent years Moscow has seen a growth in the number of commercial and private institutions that offer classes in business and management. Many state institutions have expanded their education scope and introduced new courses or departments. Institutions in Moscow, as well as the rest of post-Soviet Russia, have begun to offer new international certificates and postgraduate degrees, including the [[Master of Business Administration]]. [[Student exchange program]]s with numerous countries, specially with the rest of Europe, have also become widespread in Moscow's universities, while schools within the Russian capital also offer seminars, lectures, and courses for corporate employees and businessmen.
[[File:Moscow 1152 (14384525084).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Russian Academy of Sciences]]]]
Moscow is one of the largest science centers in Russia. The headquarters of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] are located in Moscow as well as research and applied science institutions. The [[Kurchatov Institute]], Russia's leading research and development institution in the fields of nuclear energy, where the first [[nuclear reactor]] in Europe was built, the [[Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics]], [[Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics]], [[Institute for Physical Problems|Kapitza Institute for Physical Problems]] and [[Steklov Institute of Mathematics]] are all situated in Moscow.

There are 452 libraries in the city, including 168 for children.<ref name="mosru-stats"/> The [[Russian State Library]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rsl.ru/index.php?lang=en |title=The official homepage of the Russian State Library |publisher=Rsl.ru |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-date=17 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717065412/http://www.rsl.ru/index.php?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref> founded in 1862, is the national library of Russia. The library is home to over {{cvt|275|km|0}} of shelves and 42 million items, including over 17 million books and serial volumes, 13 million journals, 350,000 music scores and sound records, and 150,000 maps, making it the largest library in Russia and one of the largest in the world. Items in 247 languages account for 29% of the collection.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://leninka.ru/index.php?doc=950 |script-title=ru:Краткая статистическая справка |publisher=Russian State Library |access-date=4 August 2006 |date=1 January 2006 |language=ru |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183703/http://leninka.ru/index.php?doc=950 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://rsl.ru/index.php?f=2 |title=Stacks |publisher=The Russian State Library |access-date=4 August 2006 |archive-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920133805/https://www.rsl.ru/index.php?f=2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The State Public Historical Library, founded in 1863, is the largest library specialising in [[Russian history]]. Its collection contains four million items in 112 languages, mostly on Russian and world history, [[heraldry]], [[numismatics]], and the [[history of science]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.shpl.ru/shpage.php?menu=1&h=le |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060823161550/http://www.shpl.ru/shpage.php?menu=1&h=le |url-status=dead |title=Official site of the State Public Historical Library |archive-date=23 August 2006 }}</ref>

In regard to primary and secondary education, in 2011, [[Clifford J. Levy]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote, "Moscow has some strong public schools, but the system as a whole is dispiriting, in part because it is being corroded by the corruption that is a post-Soviet scourge. Parents often pay bribes to get their children admitted to better public schools. There are additional payoffs for good grades."<ref name="Levy1">{{cite news |first=Clifford J. |last=Levy |author-link=Clifford J. Levy |title=My Family's Experiment in Extreme Schooling |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=15 September 2011 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/18/magazine/my-familys-experiment-in-extreme-schooling.html?pagewanted=all |access-date=21 May 2012 |archive-date=25 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225205215/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/18/magazine/my-familys-experiment-in-extreme-schooling.html?pagewanted=all |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Transportation==
{{Main|Transportation in Moscow}}

===Metro===
{{Main|Moscow Metro}}
[[File:Moscow metro map sb.svg|lang=en|thumb|[[Moscow Metro]] route map with planned stations]]
[[File:Moscow MayakovskayaMetroStation 0943.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Mayakovskaya (Moscow Metro)|Mayakovskaya]] station, opened in 1938]]
The [[Moscow Metro]] system is famous for its art, [[mural]]s, [[mosaic]]s, and ornate [[chandelier]]s. It started operation in 1935 and immediately became the centrepiece of the transportation system. More than that it was a Stalinist device to awe and reward the populace, and give them an appreciation of Soviet realist art. It became the prototype for future Soviet large-scale technologies. [[Lazar Kaganovich]] was in charge; he designed the subway so that citizens would absorb the values and ethos of Stalinist civilisation as they rode. The artwork of the 13 original stations became nationally and internationally famous. For example, the Sverdlov Square subway station featured porcelain bas-reliefs depicting the daily life of the Soviet peoples, and the bas-reliefs at the Dynamo Stadium sports complex glorified sports and the physical prowess of the powerful new "Homo Sovieticus" (Soviet man).<ref>[[Isabel Wünsche]], "Homo Sovieticus: The Athletic Motif in the Design of the Dynamo Metro Station", ''Studies in the Decorative Arts'' (2000) 7#2 pp. 65–90</ref>

The metro was touted as the symbol of the new social order—a sort of Communist cathedral of engineering modernity.<ref>Andrew Jenks, "A Metro on the Mount", ''Technology & Culture'' (2000) 41#4 pp. 697–723</ref> Soviet workers did the labour and the artwork, but the main engineering designs, routes, and construction plans were handled by specialists recruited from the London Underground. The Britons called for tunneling instead of the "cut-and-cover" technique, the use of escalators instead of lifts, and designed the routes and the rolling stock.<ref>Michael Robbins, "London Underground and Moscow Metro", ''Journal of Transport History'', (1997) 18#1 pp. 45–53.</ref> The paranoia of Stalin and the NKVD was evident when the secret police arrested numerous British engineers for espionage—that is for gaining an in-depth knowledge of the city's physical layout. Engineers for the Metropolitan Vickers Electrical Company were given a show trial and deported in 1933, ending the role of British business in the USSR.<ref>Gordon W. Morrell, "Redefining Intelligence and Intelligence-Gathering: The Industrial Intelligence Centre and the Metro-Vickers Affair, Moscow 1933", ''Intelligence and National Security'' (1994) 9#3 pp. 520–533.</ref>

Today, the Moscow Metro comprises twelve lines, mostly underground with a total of 203 stations. The Metro is one of the deepest subway systems in the world; for instance, the [[Park Pobedy (Moscow Metro)|Park Pobedy]] station, completed in 2003, at {{convert|84|m}} underground, has the longest escalators in Europe. The Moscow Metro is the busiest metro system in Europe, as well as [[Metro systems by annual passenger rides|one of the world's busiest]] metro systems, serving about ten million passengers daily (300,000,000 people every month).<ref name="metro">{{cite web |url=http://www.mosmetro.ru/pages/page_0.php?id_page=99 |language=ru |script-title=ru:Московский метрополитен |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060714154607/http://www.mosmetro.ru/pages/page_0.php?id_page=99 |archive-date=14 July 2006 |access-date=4 July 2006 }}</ref> Facing serious transportation problems, Moscow has plans for expanding its Metro. In 2016, the authorities launched a [[Moscow Central Circle|new circle metro railway]] that contributed to solving transportation issues, namely daily congestion at Koltsevaya Line.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rbth.com/politics_and_society/2016/09/09/how-moscows-new-light-rail-system-will-make-life-easier-for-passengers_628517 |title=How Moscow's new light rail system will make life easier for passengers |last=RBTH |first=special to |work=Russia Beyond |date=9 September 2016 |access-date=23 December 2016 |archive-date=12 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912060005/http://rbth.com/politics_and_society/2016/09/09/how-moscows-new-light-rail-system-will-make-life-easier-for-passengers_628517 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Due to the treatment of Metro stations as possible canvas for art, characterized by the fact that workers of Moscow would get to see them every day, many Stalin-era metro stations were built in different "custom" designs (where each station's design would be, initially, a massive installation on a certain theme. For example, [[Elektrozavodskaya (Arbatsko–Pokrovskaya line)|Elektrozavodskaya]] station was themed solely after nearby lightbulb factory and ceramic ribbed lightbulb sockets);<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.railway-technology.com/features/moscow-metro-stations/ |title=The people's palace: exploring Moscow Metro's evolving designs |work=RailwayTechnology |date=10 December 2018 |access-date=30 September 2020 |archive-date=2 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002221948/https://www.railway-technology.com/features/moscow-metro-stations/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the tradition of "Grand Designs" and, basically, decorating metro stations as single-themed installations, was restored in late 1979.

Moscow's metro is one of the world's busiest, handling 2.6 billion passengers in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ft.com/content/4e02625c-ef1e-4ee0-bb3b-6fc7ea044f40 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/4e02625c-ef1e-4ee0-bb3b-6fc7ea044f40 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |title=The people's subway: the Soviet Union's ornate metros in pictures |work=Financial Times |last=Seddon |first=Max |date=13 February 2021 |access-date=21 September 2021 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In the Russian capital, there are over 21.5 thousand Wi-Fi access points, in student dormitories, in parks, cultural and sports institutions, and within the Garden Ring and the Third Transport Ring. From September 2020 to August 2021, 1,700 new access points to urban Wi-Fi were launched in Moscow.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.totaltele.com/511683/Online-city-17-thousand-new-Wi-Fi-access-points-have-been-installed-in-Moscow-in-a-year |title=Online city: 1.7 thousand new Wi-Fi access points have been installed in Moscow in a year |publisher=Total Telecom |date=16 November 2021 |access-date=9 January 2022 |archive-date=6 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206091403/https://www.totaltele.com/511683/Online-city-17-thousand-new-Wi-Fi-access-points-have-been-installed-in-Moscow-in-a-year |url-status=dead }}</ref> The structure of the Wi-Fi network allows citizens to use the Internet without re-authorization.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://foreignaffairs.co.nz/2021/06/29/mil-osi-submissions-russian-federation-city-wi-fi-network-is-available-in-four-more-student-dormitories-in-moscow/ |title=MIL-OSI Submissions: Russian Federation – City Wi-Fi network is available in four more student dormitories in Moscow |work=foreignaffairs.co.nz |date=29 June 2021 |access-date=21 September 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803170655/https://foreignaffairs.co.nz/2021/06/29/mil-osi-submissions-russian-federation-city-wi-fi-network-is-available-in-four-more-student-dormitories-in-moscow/ }}</ref>

===Monorail===
{{Main|Moscow Monorail}}
[[File:Monorail Moskau - Einfahrt in Station Telezentrum.jpg|thumb|Two trains of the [[Moscow Monorail]]]]

The Moscow Metro operates a short [[Moscow Monorail|monorail line]] (line 13). The line connects [[Timiryazevskaya (Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line)|Timiryazevskaya]] metro station and [[Ulitsa Sergeya Eisensteina]], passing close to [[Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy|VDNH]] (and Line 6 Metro station "V.D.N.Kh."). The line opened in 2004. It accepts overground interchanges, no additional fare is needed if a ride was spent at Moscow Metro within previous 90 minutes.

===Bus, trolleybus and electric bus===
{{Main|Electric buses in Moscow}}
[[File:Выход 500-го электробуса на линию в Москве (09).jpg|thumb|left|Moscow has the [[Electric buses in Moscow|largest fleet of electric buses]] in Europe, with 500 operating {{as of|October 2020|lc=y}}.<ref name="Trolleybus">{{cite web |title=В Москве вышел на линию 500-й электробус |url=https://www.mos.ru/mayor/themes/2299/6851050/ |website=[[Mos.ru]] |access-date=8 October 2020 |language=ru |date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=15 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015115109/https://www.mos.ru/mayor/themes/2299/6851050/ |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
As Metro stations outside the city center are far apart in comparison to other cities, up to {{convert|4|km}}, a bus network radiates from each station to the surrounding residential zones. Moscow has a bus terminal for long-range and intercity passenger buses ([[Moscow Central Bus Terminal|Central Bus Terminal]]) with a daily turnover of about 25 thousand passengers serving about 40% of long-range bus routes in Moscow.<ref>See also: {{in lang|ru}} [http://www.kvartirant.ru/news/?news_id=10891&date=12.05.2006&date2=2006-05-12] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101064615/http://www.kvartirant.ru/news/?news_id=10891&date=12.05.2006&date2=2006-05-12|date=1 January 2016}} Realty news. Retrieved on 22 July 2006.</ref>

Every major street in the city is served by at least one bus route. Many of these routes are doubled by a [[trolleybus]] route and have trolley wires over them.

With the total line length of almost {{convert|600|km|abbr=off}} of a single wire, 8 depots, 104 routes, and 1740 vehicles, the Moscow trolleybus system was the [[Trolleybus usage by country|largest in the world]]. But municipal authority, headed by Sergey Sobyanin, began to destroy the trolleybus system in Moscow in 2014 due the planned replacement of trolleybuses by electric buses. In 2018 Moscow trolleybus system has only 4 depots and dozens of kilometers of unused wires. Almost all trolleybus wires inside Garden Ring (Sadovoe Koltso) were cut in 2016–2017 due to the reconstruction of central streets ("Moya Ulitsa"). Opened on 15 November 1933, it is also the world's 6th oldest operating trolleybus system.

In 2018 the vehicle companies [[Kamaz]] and [[GAZ]] have won the [[Mosgortrans]] tender for delivering 200 [[electric bus]]es and 62 ultra-fast charging stations to the city transport system. The manufacturers will be responsible for the quality and reliable operation of the buses and charging stations for the next 15 years. The city will be procuring only electric buses as of 2021, replacing the diesel bus fleet gradually. According to expectations, Moscow will become the leader amongst the European cities in terms of electric and gas fuel share in public transport by 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rusautonews.com/2018/09/04/first-electric-buses-have-started-operating-in-moscow-in-regular-transport |title=First electric buses have started operating in Moscow in regular transport |date=4 September 2018 |access-date=28 September 2018 |archive-date=29 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929000432/http://rusautonews.com/2018/09/04/first-electric-buses-have-started-operating-in-moscow-in-regular-transport/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Moscow cable car===
{{Main|Moskva River cable car}}
[[File:Moscow Cable Car.jpg|thumb|Cable cars passing across the [[Moskva River]] and the [[Luzhniki Stadium]]]]
On 26 November 2018, the [[mayor of Moscow]] [[Sergey Sobyanin]] took part in the ceremony to open the [[Moskva River cable car|cable car]] above the [[Moskva River]]. The cable car will connect the [[Luzhniki Olympic Complex|Luzhniki sports complex]] with [[Sparrow Hills]] and Kosygin Street. The journey from the well-known viewpoint on Vorobyovy Gory to [[Luzhniki Stadium]] will last for five minutes instead of 20 minutes that one would have to spend on the same journey by car.

===Tram===
{{Main|Trams in Moscow}}
[[File:Moscow TverZastava Vityaz asv2018-09.jpg|thumb|left|A Vityaz-M tram passing by the [[Tverskaya Zastava Square]]]]

Moscow has an extensive tram system, which first opened in 1899.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://moscowseasons.com/en/news/the-long-trip-to-vityaz-or-the-story-of-the-moscow-tram-system/ |title=The long trip to Vityaz or the story of the Moscow tram system |website=MoscowSeasons |date=22 September 2018 |access-date=29 March 2020 |archive-date=29 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329113420/https://moscowseasons.com/en/news/the-long-trip-to-vityaz-or-the-story-of-the-moscow-tram-system/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The newest line was built in 1984. Its daily usage by Muscovites is low, making up for approximately 5% of trips because many vital connections in the network have been withdrawn. Trams still remain important in some districts as feeders to Metro stations. The trams also provide important cross-links between metro lines, for example between [[Universitet (Moscow Metro)|Universitet station]] of [[Sokolnicheskaya Line]] (#1 red line) and [[Profsoyuznaya (Moscow Metro)|Profsoyuznaya station]] of [[Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line]] (#6 orange line) or between [[Voykovskaya (Moscow Metro)|Voykovskaya]] and [[Strogino (Moscow Metro)|Strogino]].
[[File:Moscow tram map 2025-12.svg|thumb|Tram map of Moscow]]
There are three tram networks in the city:
* Krasnopresnenskoye depot network with the westernmost point at Strogino (depot location) and the easternmost point near platform Dmitrovskaya. This network became separated in 1973, but until 1997 it could easily have been reconnected by about {{convert|1|km|chain|0|spell=on|abbr=off}} of track and three switches. The network has the highest usage in Moscow and no weak points based on turnover except to-depot lane (passengers serviced by bus) and tram ring at Dmitrovskaya (because now it is neither a normal transfer point nor a repair terminal).
* The Apakov depot services the south-western part from the Varshavsky lane – Simferopolsky boulevard in the east to the Universitet station in the west and Boulevard lane at the center. This network is connected only by the four-way Dubininskaya and Kozhevnicheskaya streets. A second connection by Vostochnaya (Eastern) street was withdrawn in 1987 due to a fire at the Dinamo plant and has not been recovered, and remains lost (Avtozavodsky bridge) at 1992. The network may be serviced anyway by another depot (now route 35, 38).
* Main three depot networks with railway gate and tram-repair plant.

In addition, tram advocates have suggested that the new rapid transit services (metro to City, Butovo light metro, Monorail) would be more effective as at-grade tram lines and that the problems with trams are only due to poor management and operation, not the technical properties of trams. New tram models have been developed for the Moscow network despite the lack of expansion.

===Taxi===
Commercial taxi services and [[route taxi]]s are in widespread use. In the mid-2010s, service platforms such as [[Yandex.Taxi]], [[Uber]] and [[Gett]] displaced many private drivers and small service providers and were in 2015 servicing more than 50% of all taxi orders in Moscow.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://top.rbc.ru/money/20/07/2015/55ad01229a794778050020f6 |title=Гонки на такси: на чем быстрее и дешевле ездить |work=rbc.ru |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724134238/http://top.rbc.ru/money/20/07/2015/55ad01229a794778050020f6 |archive-date=24 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>[http://i.rbc.ru/publication/analytic/otsifrovannye_shashki_kak_tehnologii_perekroili Оцифрованные шашки: как технологии перекроили рынок такси / РБК Инновации] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805050244/http://i.rbc.ru/publication/analytic/otsifrovannye_shashki_kak_tehnologii_perekroili|date=5 August 2015 }}</ref>

Russian tech firm Yandex is testing self-driving taxis in Moscow.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/russian-tech-firm-yandex-test-self-driving-taxis-moscow-this-year-2021-09-08/ |title=Russian tech firm Yandex to test self-driving taxis in Moscow this year |newspaper=Reuters |date=8 September 2021 |access-date=29 October 2021 |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029110105/https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/russian-tech-firm-yandex-test-self-driving-taxis-moscow-this-year-2021-09-08/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Railway===
[[File:Komsomolskaya square as seen from Leningradskaya hotel in winter (2014) -Вид на Комсомольскую площадь из гостиницы Ленинградская - panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[Komsomolskaya Square (Moscow)|Komsomolskaya Square]] known as "Three Station Square" thanks to three ornate rail terminal situated there: [[Moscow Passazhirskaya railway station|Leningradsky]], [[Moscow Yaroslavskaya railway station|Yaroslavsky]], and [[Moscow Kazanskaya railway station|Kazansky]].]] Several train stations serve the city. Moscow's ten rail terminals (or {{transliteration|ru|vokzals}}) are:
* [[Belorussky Rail Terminal]]
* [[Kazansky Rail Terminal]]
* [[Kiyevsky Rail Terminal]]
* [[Kursky Rail Terminal]]
* [[Leningradsky Rail Terminal]]
* [[Paveletsky Rail Terminal]]
* [[Rizhsky Rail Terminal]]
* [[Savyolovsky Rail Terminal]]
* [[Yaroslavsky Rail Terminal]]
* [[Vostochny Railway Terminal (Moscow)|Vostochny railway Terminal]]

[[File:Bullet-Train.jpg|thumb|The high-speed [[Sapsan]] train links Moscow with [[Saint Petersburg]].]]
The terminals are located close to the city center, along with the metro ringline 5 or close to it, and connect to a metro line to the centre of town. Each station handles trains from different parts of Europe and Asia.<ref name="mostimestrain">{{cite news |url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/travel/arriving/bytrain.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060708154220/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/travel/arriving/bytrain.html |archive-date=8 July 2006 |newspaper=The Moscow Times |title=Getting to Russia: Arriving by Train |access-date=3 July 2006 }}</ref> There are many smaller railway stations in Moscow. As train tickets are cheap, they are the preferred mode of travel for Russians, especially when departing to Saint Petersburg, Russia's second-largest city. Moscow is the western terminus of the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]], which traverses nearly {{convert|9300|km}} of Russian territory to [[Vladivostok]] on the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] coast.

Suburbs and satellite cities are connected by commuter [[elektrichka]] (electric rail) network. Elektrichkas depart from each of these terminals to the nearby (up to {{cvt|140|km|mi|0|disp=or}}) large railway stations.

During the 2010s, the [[Little Ring of the Moscow Railway]] was converted to be used for frequent passenger service; it is fully integrated with Moscow Metro; the passenger service started on 10 September 2016. A connecting railway line on the North side of the town connects Belorussky terminal with other railway lines. This is used by some suburban trains.

==== Moscow Central Circle ====
[[File:MCC_12LUZH_7041_PLAT.jpg|thumb|left|"Lastochka" train on "[[Luzhniki (Moscow Central Circle)|Luzhniki]]" station (Line 14)]]
The [[Little Ring of the Moscow Railway|Moskovskaya Okruzhnaya Zheleznaya Doroga]] formed a ring around the now-downtown Moscow since 1903, but only served as a non-electrified, fueled locomotive-only railway prior to reconstruction into MCC in 2010's.

The [[Moscow Central Circle]] is a {{convert|54|km|mi|adj = mid|-long}} [[Urban rail transit|urban-metro railway]] orbital line that encircles historical Moscow. It was built alongside [[Little Ring of the Moscow Railway]], taking some of its tracks into itself as well. M.C.C. was opened for passenger use on 10 September 2016.

The line is operated by the [[Moscow Government]] owned company MKZD through the [[Moscow Metro]], with the [[Government of Russia|Federal Government]] owned [[Russian Railways]] selected as the operation subcontractor.

==== Moscow Central Diameters ====
[[File:EG2Tv arrives to Belorussky rail terminal (platform 4).jpg|thumb|left|An [[Ivolga (train)|EG2Tv]] train arriving at the [[Moscow Belorussky railway station]]]]
[[File:Moscow Central Diameters - passenger scheme1.jpg|thumb|Map of the [[Moscow Central Diameters]]]]
Another system, which forms "genuine ''S-Bahn''" as in "suburbia-city-suburbia"-designed railway, is the [[Moscow Central Diameters]], a pass-through railways system, created by constructing bypasses from "vokzals" final stations (e.g. by avoiding the central stations of already existing Moscow Railway, used for both intercity and urban-suburban travel before)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.railway-technology.com/news/moscow-central-diameters-opened-public/ |title=Moscow Central Diameters, Russia, opens to the public |date=25 November 2019 |access-date=24 December 2019 |archive-date=24 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224183501/https://www.railway-technology.com/news/moscow-central-diameters-opened-public/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and forming a train line across Moscow's centre.

Out of 5 projected lines, the first 2 lines were completed and launched on 2019-11-21.

===Roads===
[[File:Площадь Тверская Застава (вид сверху).jpg|thumb|Intersection at [[Tverskaya Zastava Square]]]]
There are over 2.6 million cars in the city daily. Recent years have seen growth in the number of cars, which have caused traffic jams and lack of parking space to become major problems.

The Moscow Ring Road (MKAD), along with the [[Third Ring Road (Moscow)|Third Transport Ring]] and the canceled Fourth Transport Ring, is one of only three freeways that run within Moscow city limits. Several other roadway systems form [[concentric circles]] around the city.

===Air===
There are five primary commercial airports serving Moscow: [[Sheremetyevo International Airport|Sheremetyevo]] (SVO), [[Domodedovo International Airport|Domodedovo]] (DME), [[Vnukovo International Airport|Vnukovo]] (VKO), [[Zhukovsky International Airport|Zhukovsky]] (ZIA), [[Ostafyevo International Airport|Ostafyevo]] (OSF).
[[File:Airbus A319-112, CSA - Czech Airlines AN2166020.jpg|thumb|left|Sheremetyevo, the [[List of the busiest airports in Russia|busiest airport in Russia]], is ranked as the [[List of the busiest airports in Europe|eleventh-busiest airport]] in Europe.]]
Sheremetyevo International Airport is the most globally connected of Moscow's airports, handling 60% of all international flights.<ref name="4airports">{{cite news |url=http://www.go-russia.com/angela.php |title=Moscow Airports |date=7 October 2007 |access-date=7 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011092857/http://go-russia.com/angela.php |archive-date=11 October 2007 |publisher=Go-Russia }}</ref> It is also a home to all [[SkyTeam]] members, and the main hub for [[Aeroflot]] (itself a member of SkyTeam). Domodedovo International Airport is the leading airport in Russia in terms of passenger throughput and is the primary gateway to long-haul domestic and CIS destinations and its international traffic rivals Sheremetyevo. It is a hub for [[S7 airlines]], and most of [[OneWorld]] and [[Star Alliance]] members use Domodedovo as their international hub. Vnukovo International Airport handles flights of [[Turkish Airlines]], [[Wizz Air Abu Dhabi]] and others. Ostafyevo International Airport caters primarily to business aviation.

Moscow's airports vary in distances from the MKAD beltway: Domodedovo is the farthest at {{cvt|22|km|0}}; Vnukovo is {{cvt|11|km|0}}; Sheremetyevo is {{cvt|10|km|0}}; and Ostafievo, the nearest, is about {{convert|8|km|mi}} from MKAD.<ref name="4airports"/>

There are a number of smaller airports close to Moscow (19 in Moscow Oblast) such as [[Myachkovo Airport]], that are intended for private aircraft, helicopters and charters.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sostav.ru/news/2004/08/18/72/ |title=Аэропорт сменил хозяев. "Мячково" будет развивать компания "Финпромко" |website=sostav.ru |access-date=1 April 2021 |archive-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922142137/https://www.sostav.ru/news/2004/08/18/72/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Water===
Moscow has two passenger terminals, ([[South River Terminal]] and [[North River Terminal]]), on the river and regular ship routes and cruises along the [[Moskva River|Moskva]] and [[Oka River|Oka]] rivers, which are used mostly for entertainment. The [[North River Terminal]], built in 1937, is the main hub for long-range river routes. There are three freight ports serving Moscow.

Moscow is connected via the [[Moscow Canal]] to Russia's [[Unified Deep Water System of European Russia|Unified Deep Water System]], a large system of canals and rivers in European Russia. This gives the city water access to five seas: the [[White Sea]], [[Baltic Sea]], [[Caspian Sea]], [[Sea of Azov]], and the [[Black Sea]]. As such, it is sometimes called the "port of the five seas" ({{langx|ru|порт пяти морей}}).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-02 |title=Сергей Собянин: Реставрацию Северного речного вокзала и благоустройство парка завершат ко Дню города |trans-title=Sergei Sobyanin: The restoration of the Northern River Station and the improvement of the park will be completed by City Day |url=https://www.mos.ru/mayor/themes/4299/6553050/ |access-date=2020-06-03 |website=Сайт Москвы |language=ru |archive-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130203117/https://www.mos.ru/mayor/themes/4299/6553050/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Sharing system===
{{See also|Carsharing in Moscow}}
[[File:Каршеринг в Москве (Яндекс.Драйв).jpg|thumb|{{As of|2020}}, Moscow has the [[Carsharing in Moscow|largest fleet of carsharing vehicles]] in the world, with more than 30,000 cars.<ref name="Carsharing">{{cite web |url=https://stroi.mos.ru/city_news/moskva-vyshla-v-mirovyie-lidiery-po-parku-karshieringha |title=Москва вышла в мировые лидеры по парку каршеринга |date=10 January 2020 |work=stroi.mos.ru |access-date=18 October 2020 |archive-date=17 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017134213/https://stroi.mos.ru/city_news/moskva-vyshla-v-mirovyie-lidiery-po-parku-karshieringha |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
Moscow has different vehicle sharing options that are sponsored by the local government. There are several [[car sharing]] companies which are in charge of providing cars to the population. To drive the automobiles, the user has to book them through the app of the owning company. In 2018 the mayor [[Sergey Sobyanin]] said Moscow's car sharing system has become the biggest in Europe in terms of vehicle fleet.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2018/03/09/moscows-car-sharing-market-becomes-biggest-in-europe-mayor-says-a60762 |title=Moscow's Car Sharing Market Becomes Biggest in Europe, Mayor Says |date=9 March 2018 |website=[[The Moscow Times]] |access-date=21 April 2019 |archive-date=21 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421134424/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2018/03/09/moscows-car-sharing-market-becomes-biggest-in-europe-mayor-says-a60762 |url-status=live }}</ref> Every day about 25,000 people use this service. In the end of the same year Moscow carsharing became the second in the world in therms of fleet with 16.5K available vehicles.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-08/here-is-the-future-of-car-sharing-and-carmakers-should-be-terrified |title=Here Is the Future of Car Sharing, and Carmakers Should Be Terrified |date=8 February 2019 |website=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]] |access-date=7 June 2019 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306234833/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-08/here-is-the-future-of-car-sharing-and-carmakers-should-be-terrified |url-status=live }}</ref> Another sharing system is [[bike sharing]] (''[[Velobike]]'') of a fleet formed by 3000 traditional and electrical bicycles.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://velobike.ru/en/ |title=Велобайк |website=velobike.ru |access-date=20 May 2018 |archive-date=21 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521023351/https://velobike.ru/en/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The ''Delisamokat'' is a new sharing service that provides electrical scooters.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://delisamokat.ru/en/ |title=Delisamokat |website=delisamokat.ru |access-date=20 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521024358/https://delisamokat.ru/en |archive-date=21 May 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Future development===
[[File:Перспективное новое строительство в Москва-Сити (2020).jpg|thumb|left|The 2020 development concept of [[Moscow International Business Center]] and its adjacent territory implies the construction of even more skyscrapers during the period of 2020–2027.<ref>{{cite web |title=Собянин назвал сроки реализации проекта развития "Большого Сити" |url=https://rg.ru/2020/09/16/reg-cfo/sobianin-nazval-sroki-realizacii-proekta-razvitiia-bolshogo-siti.html |publisher=[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta]] |author=Любовь Проценко, Сергей Михеев |date=16 September 2020 |access-date=4 December 2020 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128062417/https://rg.ru/2020/09/16/reg-cfo/sobianin-nazval-sroki-realizacii-proekta-razvitiia-bolshogo-siti.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Собянин обещал достроить "Большой Сити" через семь лет |url=https://realty.rbc.ru/news/5f620ab99a794772c9fe4682 |publisher=[[Rbc.ru]] |author=Вера Лунькова |work=РБК Недвижимость |date=16 September 2020 |access-date=4 December 2020 |archive-date=29 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129064309/https://realty.rbc.ru/news/5f620ab99a794772c9fe4682 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

In 1992, the Moscow government began planning a projected new part of central Moscow, the [[Moscow International Business Center]], with the goal of creating a zone, the first in Russia, and in all of Eastern Europe,<ref>{{cite news |date=23 December 2005 |script-title=ru:Москва-Сити начинается строительство Города столиц |language=ru |agency=Lenta.ru |url=http://lenta.ru/news/2005/12/23/city/ |access-date=24 May 2009 |archive-date=22 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622153322/http://www.lenta.ru/news/2005/12/23/city/ |url-status=live }}</ref> that will combine business activity, living space and entertainment. Situated in [[Presnensky District]] and located at the Third Ring, the Moscow City area is under intense development. The construction of the MIBC takes place on the Krasnopresnenskaya embankment. The whole project takes up to {{convert|1|km2|acre|spell=in|abbr=off}}. The area is the only spot in downtown Moscow that can accommodate a project of this magnitude. Today, most of the buildings there are old factories and industrial complexes.

The [[Federation Tower]], completed in 2016, is the [[List of tallest buildings in Europe|second-tallest building in Europe]]. It is planned to include a [[water park]] and other recreational facilities; business, office, entertainment, and residential buildings, a transport network and a [[City Hall and City Duma|new site for the Moscow government]]. The construction of four new metro stations in the territory has been completed, two of which have opened and two others are reserved for future metro lines crossing MIBC, some additional stations were planned.
* A rail shuttle service, directly connecting [[Moscow International Business Center|MIBC]] with the [[Sheremetyevo International Airport]] is also planned.

Major thoroughfares through MIBC are the [[Third Ring Road (Moscow)|Third Ring]] and [[Kutuzovsky Prospekt]].

Three metro stations were initially planned for the [[Filyovskaya Line]]. The station Delovoi Tsentr opened in 2005 and was later renamed [[Vystavochnaya]] in 2009. The branch extended to the [[Mezhdunarodnaya (Moscow Metro)|Mezhdunarodnaya]] station in 2006, and all work on the third station, Dorogomilovskaya (between [[Kiyevskaya (Filyovskaya)|Kiyevskaya]] and Delovoi Tsentr), has been postponed. There are plans to extend the branch as far as the [[Savyolovskaya (Serpukhovsko–Timiryazevskaya line)|Savyolovskaya]] station, on the [[Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line]].

The cellphone service provider MTS announced on 5 March 2021, that they would begin the country's first pilot [[5G]] network in Moscow.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/03/05/russias-mts-launches-pilot-5g-network-in-moscow-hotspots-a73164 |title=Russia's MTS Launches Pilot 5G Network in Moscow Hotspots |work=Moscow Times |date=5 March 2021 |access-date=27 September 2021 |archive-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025010605/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/03/05/russias-mts-launches-pilot-5g-network-in-moscow-hotspots-a73164 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Media==
{{See also|Media of Russia}}

Moscow is home to nearly all of Russia's nationwide [[Television in Russia|television networks]], [[radio station]]s, newspapers, and magazines.

===Newspapers===
{{Further|List of newspapers in Russia}}
English-language media includes ''[[The Moscow Times]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/doc/Adv.html |newspaper=The Moscow Times |title=Advertising Information |access-date=6 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060706182233/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/doc/Adv.html |archive-date=6 July 2006 }}</ref> ''[[The Moscow News]]'' was the oldest English-language weekly newspaper Russia. {{Lang|ru-latn|[[Kommersant]]}}, ''[[Vedomosti]]'' and ''[[Novaya Gazeta]]'' are Russian-language media headquartered in Moscow. {{Lang|ru-latn|Kommersant}} and ''Vedomosti'' are among the country's oldest Russian-language business newspapers.

===TV and radio===
{{See also|Television in Russia}}
[[File:2019-07-28-3422-Moscow.jpg|thumb|The [[Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network|RTRN]] building]]

Other media in Moscow include the ''[[Echo of Moscow]]'', the first Soviet and Russian private news radio and information agency, and [[NTV (Russia)|NTV]], one of the first privately owned Russian television stations. The total number of radio stations in Moscow in the FM band is near 50.

'''Moscow television networks:'''
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Channel One (Russia)|Channel One]]
* [[Russia-1 (TV channel)|Russia-1]]
* [[Russia-2 (TV channel)|Russia-2]]
* [[NTV (Russia)|NTV]]
* [[TV Tsentr]]
* [[Petersburg – Channel 5|Channel 5]]
* [[Kultura (TV channel)|Rossiya Kultura]]
* [[Russia-24 (TV channel)|Russia-24]]
* [[Public Television of Russia]]
* [[REN TV]]
* [[STS (TV channel)|STS]]
* [[TNT (Russia)|TNT]]
* [[TV-3 (Russia)|TV-3]]
* [[Zvezda (TV channel)|Zvezda]]
* [[Domashny]]
* [[Carousel (TV channel)|Carousel]]
* [[Peretz (TV channel, Russia)|Peretz]]
* [[Euronews]]
* [[2×2 (TV channel)|2x2]]
* [[Pyatnica! (TV channel, Russia)|Pyatnica!]]
* [[Disney Channel (Russia)|Disney Channel]]
* [[RBC TV|RBC]]
* [[Moscow 24 (TV channel)|Moskva 24]]
* [[TV Rain]]
* [[RU.TV]]
* [[Petersburg – Channel 5]]
{{div col end}}

'''Moscow radio stations:'''
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* "Russian (Russkoye) Radio"
* "[[Europa Plus]]"
* "DFM"
* "NRJ (Russia)"
* "[[Radio Maximum]]"
* "Voice of Russia (in English)"
* "Radio Freedom (Svoboda)"
* "Megapolis FM"
* "Radio Kultura (Culture)"
* "Pioneer FM"
* "Zvezda"
* "Komsomolskaya Pravda"
* "Orpheus"
* "Monte Carlo"
* "Love Radio"
* "The Main" Главная
* "Govorit Moskva"
* "Radio Dacha"
* "[[Nashe Radio]]"
* "Radio 7"
* "Humor FM"
* "Retro FM"
* "Ultra"
* "Keks FM"
* "Carnival"
* "Dobrye Pesni (Good Songs)"
* "Voyage FM"
* "Kino FM"
* "Finam FM"
* "First Popular"
* "Politseiskaya Volna (Police Wave)"
* "Radio Sport"
* "[[Radio Rossii]]"
* "Radio Podmoskovye"
* "Radiocompany Moscow"
* "UFM"
* "Mayak"
* "Business FM"
* "Autoradio"
* "Moya Semia (My Family)"
* "XFM"
* "Fresh Radio"
* "Silver Rain"
* "Chanson"
* "[[M-Radio]]"
* "Orphey"
* "[[Echo of Moscow]]"
* "Radio Jazz"
* "Classic Radio"
* "Vesti FM"
* "City FM"
* "Relax FM"
* "Kommersant FM"
* "Rock FM"
* "Children's Radio"
* "Radio Alla"
* "Best FM"
* "Next FM"
* "Hit FM"
* "Radio Record"
* "Capital FM Moscow"
{{div col end}}

==People==
{{Main|List of people from Moscow}}
{{Further|Category:People from Moscow}}

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File: Portrait of Alexander Pushkin (Orest Kiprensky, 1827).PNG|[[Alexander Pushkin]], the founder of modern [[Russian literature]], was born in Moscow in 1799.
File:Vasily Perov - Портрет Ф.М.Достоевского - Google Art Project.jpg|[[Fyodor Dostoyevsky]] was born in Moscow in 1821.
File:Joseph Kreutzinger - Portrait of Count Alexander Suvorov - WGA12281.jpg|[[Alexander Suvorov]] was born in Moscow in 1730.
File:Peter de Grote.jpg|[[Peter the Great]] was born in Moscow in 1672.
</gallery>

==International relations==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia}}

===Twin towns – sister cities===
Moscow is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

* [[Almaty]], Kazakhstan<ref name=kazakhstan>{{cite web |title=Есть ли побратимы у Актау и других городов Казахстана |url=https://tumba.kz/zhizn-regiona/11-zhizn-regiona/43012-Est_li_pobratimy_u_Aktau_i_drugih_gorodov_Kazahstan.html |website=tumba.kz |publisher=Tumba |language=ru |date=4 May 2019 |access-date=30 November 2020 |archive-date=12 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212082104/https://tumba.kz/zhizn-regiona/11-zhizn-regiona/43012-Est_li_pobratimy_u_Aktau_i_drugih_gorodov_Kazahstan.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Ankara]], Turkey<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister Cities of Ankara |url=https://www.ankara.bel.tr/en/foreign-relations-department/sister-cities-of-ankara |website=ankara.bel.tr |publisher=Ankara |access-date=2 February 2020 |archive-date=28 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130428004055/https://www.ankara.bel.tr/en/foreign-relations-department/sister-cities-of-ankara |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Astana]], Kazakhstan<ref name=kazakhstan/>
* [[Baku]], Azerbaijan<ref>{{cite web |title=Bakının qardaşlaşdığı şəhərlər - SİYAHI |url=https://modern.az/az/news/96318 |website=modern.az |language=az |date=16 February 2016 |access-date=26 June 2020 |archive-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205184915/https://modern.az/az/news/96318 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Bangkok]], Thailand<ref>{{cite web |title=Moscow |url=http://iad.bangkok.go.th/en/showsister_cities?id=32 |publisher=Bangkok Metropolitan Administration |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-date=5 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105040202/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/en/showsister_cities?id=32 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Beijing]], China<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister Cities |url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities_2017/ |website=ebeijing.gov.cn |publisher=Beijing |access-date=2 February 2020 |archive-date=2 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202081742/http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities_2017/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Bucharest]], Romania<ref>{{cite web |title=Cu cine este înfrăţit Bucureştiul? |url=https://adevarul.ro/news/bucuresti/cu-infratit-bucurestiult-1_50bdf86b7c42d5a663d0ec3e/index.html |website=adevarul.ro |publisher=Adevărul |language=ro |date=21 February 2011 |access-date=3 February 2020 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217103242/https://adevarul.ro/news/bucuresti/cu-infratit-bucurestiult-1_50bdf86b7c42d5a663d0ec3e/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina<ref>{{cite web |title=Convenios Internacionales |url=https://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/internacionalesycooperacion/relacionesbilaterales/convenios |website=buenosaires.gob.ar |publisher=Buenos Aires |language=es |access-date=14 February 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803135328/https://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/internacionalesycooperacion/relacionesbilaterales/convenios |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Cusco]], Peru<ref>{{cite web |title=Ciudades Hermanas de Cusco |url=https://www.aatccusco.com/ciudades_hermanas.php |website=aatccusco.com |publisher=Asociación de Agencias de Turismo del Cusco |language=es |access-date=18 February 2020 |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329013108/https://www.aatccusco.com/ciudades_hermanas.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates<ref>{{cite web |title=بحضور عمدة مدينة فرانكفورت إزاحة الستار عن النصب التذكاري |url=https://www.moccae.gov.ae/ar/media-center/news/9/3/2014/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D8%A5%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A.aspx |website=moccae.gov.ae |publisher=Ministry of Climate Change and Environment of United Arab Emirates |language=ar |date=9 March 2014 |access-date=16 February 2021 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310201922/https://www.moccae.gov.ae/ar/media-center/news/9/3/2014/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D8%A5%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Ganja, Azerbaijan|Ganja]], Azerbaijan<ref>{{cite web |title=Gədəbəy şəhəri ilə ABŞ-ın Oklahoma şatatının Stilluater (Stillwater) şəhəri arasında qardaşlaşma memorandumu imzalanıb |url=https://anews.az/az/gedebey-seheri-ile-amerika-birlesmis-statlarinin-oklahoma-seheri-arasinda-qardaslasma-memorandumu-imzalanib-fotolar/ |website=anews.az |publisher=Azerbaijan News |language=az |date=9 November 2019 |access-date=26 June 2020 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627220320/https://anews.az/az/gedebey-seheri-ile-amerika-birlesmis-statlarinin-oklahoma-seheri-arasinda-qardaslasma-memorandumu-imzalanib-fotolar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Ho Chi Minh City]], Vietnam<ref>{{cite web |title=Các địa phương kết nghĩa với TPHCM |url=http://www.mofahcm.gov.vn/vi/hoptac_qt/nr041014110554/ |website=mofahcm.gov.vn |publisher=Foreign affairs in Ho Chi Minh City |language=vi |access-date=13 April 2020 |archive-date=26 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926182926/http://www.mofahcm.gov.vn/vi/hoptac_qt/nr041014110554 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Jakarta]], Indonesia<ref>{{cite web |title=Djarot to visit Moscow to extend sister city agreement |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/08/02/djarot-to-visit-moscow-to-extend-sister-city-agreement.html |website=thejakartapost.com |publisher=The Jakarta Post |date=2 August 2017 |access-date=13 April 2020 |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413062641/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/08/02/djarot-to-visit-moscow-to-extend-sister-city-agreement.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Ljubljana]], Slovenia<ref>{{cite web |title=Intercity cooperation |url=https://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana/international-cooperation/intercity-cooperation/ |website=ljubljana.si |publisher=Mestna občina Ljubljana |access-date=2 February 2020 |archive-date=30 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030135926/https://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana/international-cooperation/intercity-cooperation/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[London]], United Kingdom<ref>{{cite web |title=Indulge Your Wanderlust With A Trip To London's Twin Cities |url=https://secretldn.com/londons-twin-cities/ |website=secretldn.com |publisher=Secret London |date=8 October 2017 |access-date=30 April 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803095547/https://secretldn.com/londons-twin-cities/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Manila]], Philippines<ref>{{cite web |title=Manila, Bacoor sign sister city accord |url=https://news.mb.com.ph/2017/08/16/manila-bacoor-sign-sister-city-accord/ |website=news.mb.com.ph |publisher=Manila Bulletin |date=16 August 2017 |access-date=18 February 2020 |archive-date=18 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218155037/https://news.mb.com.ph/2017/08/16/manila-bacoor-sign-sister-city-accord/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[New Delhi]], India<ref>{{cite web |title=Twin-cities celebrate India-Russia connect |url=https://www.rbth.com/articles/2012/01/26/twin-cities_celebrate_india-russia_connect_14631 |website=rbth.com |publisher=Russia Beyond |date=26 January 2012 |access-date=18 February 2020 |archive-date=18 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218155034/https://www.rbth.com/articles/2012/01/26/twin-cities_celebrate_india-russia_connect_14631 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Pyongyang]], North Korea<ref>{{cite book |last=Corfield |first=Justin |title=Historical Dictionary of Pyongyang |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a46gFDWr3aMC&pg=PA196 |year=2013 |publisher=Anthem Press |location=London |isbn=978-0-85728-234-7 |page=196 |chapter=Sister Cities |access-date=14 September 2018 |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218091156/https://books.google.com/books?id=a46gFDWr3aMC&pg=PA196 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Rasht]], Iran<ref>{{cite web |title=About city |url=http://www.gums.ac.ir/velayat/5555/About-City.aspx |website=gums.ac.ir |publisher=Guilan University of Medical Sciences |access-date=18 June 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807025249/http://www.gums.ac.ir/velayat/5555/About-City.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Reykjavík]], Iceland<ref>{{cite web |title=Minnisblað |url=https://reykjavik.is/sites/default/files/skjol_borgarstjornarfundur/180914_minnisblad_reykjavikurborg_endurskodun_stefnu_i_erlendum_samskiptum.pdf |website=reykjavik.is |publisher=Reykjavík |page=3 |language=is |date=14 September 2018 |access-date=11 June 2020 |archive-date=11 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611095517/https://reykjavik.is/sites/default/files/skjol_borgarstjornarfundur/180914_minnisblad_reykjavikurborg_endurskodun_stefnu_i_erlendum_samskiptum.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Riga]], Latvia<ref>{{cite web |title=Riga Twin Cities |url=https://www.riga.lv/en/riga-twin-cities |website=riga.lv |publisher=Riga |access-date=30 November 2020 |archive-date=12 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512070258/https://www.riga.lv/en/riga-twin-cities |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Seoul]], South Korea<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister and Friendship Cities |url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/policy/international-exchange/sister-cities/ |website=seoul.go.kr |publisher=Seoul Metropolitan Government |access-date=30 November 2020 |archive-date=4 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504045307/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Tashkent]], Uzbekistan<ref>{{cite web |title=Ну, здравствуй, брат! Города-побратимы Ташкента |url=http://vot.uz/article/2015/11/10/neobratimi%D0%B5-pobratimi |website=vot.uz |publisher=The Voice of Tashkent |language=ru |date=10 November 2015 |access-date=15 November 2020 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203081144/http://vot.uz/article/2015/11/10/neobratimi%D0%B5-pobratimi |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Tehran]], Iran<ref>{{cite web |title=گذری بر خواهرخوانده تهران در شرق اروپا |url=https://www.isna.ir/news/96122915736/%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7 |website=isna.ir |publisher=Iranian Students' News Agency |language=fa |date=21 March 2018 |access-date=18 June 2020 |archive-date=28 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528203620/https://www.isna.ir/news/96122915736/%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Tokyo]], Japan<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister Cities(States) of Tokyo |url=https://www.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/ENGLISH/ABOUT/LINKS/sister.htm |website=metro.tokyo.lg.jp |publisher=Tokyo Metropolitan Government |access-date=12 February 2020 |archive-date=25 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925190844/http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/ABOUT/LINKS/sister.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Ulaanbaatar]], Mongolia<ref>{{cite web |title=Улаанбаатар хоттой ах, дүү хотууд |url=https://about.barilga.mn/n/946/ |website=barilga.mn |publisher=Barilga |language=mn |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318132843/https://about.barilga.mn/n/946/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{div col end}}

===Cooperation agreements===
Moscow has cooperation agreements with:
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Bangkok]], Thailand (1997)<ref>{{cite web |title=Protocol of friendly ties between the cities of Bangkok and Moscow |date=19 June 1997 |url=http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/Moscow.pdf |author1=Bangkok Metropolitan Administration |author2=City of Moscow |access-date=3 August 2016 |archive-date=5 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805065125/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/Moscow.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Lisbon]], Portugal (1997)<ref>{{cite web |title=Acordos de Cooperação e/ou Amizade |url=https://www.lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais/acordos/acordos-de-cooperacao-e/ou-amizade |website=lisboa.pt |publisher=Lisboa |language=pt |access-date=3 February 2020 |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203073440/https://www.lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais/acordos/acordos-de-cooperacao-e/ou-amizade |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Madrid]], Spain (2006)<ref>{{cite web |title=Agreements with cities |url=https://www.madrid.es/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=76957c275129a310VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=default&idCapitulo=7182437 |website=madrid.es |publisher=Madrid |access-date=3 February 2020 |archive-date=10 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610162129/https://www.madrid.es/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=76957c275129a310VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=default&idCapitulo=7182437 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Tel Aviv]], Israel (2001)<ref>{{cite web |title=ערים שותפות |url=https://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/About/Pages/Partnerships.aspx |website=tel-aviv.gov.il |publisher=Tel Aviv |language=he |access-date=12 February 2020 |archive-date=18 November 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171118182155/https://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/About/Pages/Partnerships.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Tunis]], Tunisia (1998)<ref>{{cite web |title=Coopération internationale |url=http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/publish/content/article.asp?id=771 |website=commune-tunis.gov.tn |publisher=Tunis |language=fr |access-date=5 February 2020 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140222092512/http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/publish/content/article.asp?id=771 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Yerevan]], Armenia (1995)<ref>{{cite web |title=Partner cities |url=https://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/partner-cities/ |website=yerevan.am |publisher=Yerevan |access-date=3 February 2020 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105220142/http://www.yerevan.am/3-233-233.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{div col end}}

===Former twin towns and sister cities===
* [[Berlin]], Germany (suspended due to the [[Russo-Ukrainian war]])<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-07-10 |title=Berliner Städtepartnerschaft mit Moskau liegt auf Eis |url=https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/news/ukraine-krieg-berliner-staedtepartnerschaft-mit-moskau-liegt-auf-eis-li.367861 |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Berliner Zeitung |language=de |archive-date=13 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713005144/https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/news/ukraine-krieg-berliner-staedtepartnerschaft-mit-moskau-liegt-auf-eis-li.367861 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Brno]], Czech Republic (terminated due to the [[Russo-Ukrainian war]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.praguemorning.cz/brno-ends-partnerships-with-russian-cities/ |title=Brno Ends Partnerships With Russian Cities |date=25 February 2022 |access-date=6 March 2022 |archive-date=6 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306130201/https://www.praguemorning.cz/brno-ends-partnerships-with-russian-cities/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Chicago]], United States (suspended due to the [[Russo-Ukrainian war]])<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://justthenews.com/world/chicago-severs-ties-sister-city-moscow#:~:text=The%20city%20of%20Chicago%20is%20suspending%20its%20relationship,to%20demonstrate%20a%20strong%20condemnation%20of%20the%20invasion. |title=Chicago cut ties with 'sister city' Moscow, among latest to disassociate with Russia's aggression |website=justthenews.com |author=Sophie Mann |date=2 March 2022 |access-date=10 May 2023 |archive-date=10 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510181618/https://justthenews.com/world/chicago-severs-ties-sister-city-moscow#:~:text=The%20city%20of%20Chicago%20is%20suspending%20its%20relationship,to%20demonstrate%20a%20strong%20condemnation%20of%20the%20invasion. |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Düsseldorf]], Germany (suspended due to the [[Russo-Ukrainian war]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Düsseldorf legt Städtepartnerschaft mit Moskau auf Eis |url=https://www.rtl.de/cms/duesseldorf-legt-staedtepartnerschaft-mit-moskau-auf-eis-4925998.html |language=de |access-date=27 February 2022 |archive-date=27 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227224017/https://www.rtl.de/cms/duesseldorf-legt-staedtepartnerschaft-mit-moskau-auf-eis-4925998.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Weltweite Kontakte: Türöffner für Bürger, Wirtschaft und Kultur |url=https://www.duesseldorf.de/internationales/partnerschaften.html |website=duesseldorf.de |publisher=Düsseldorf |language=de |access-date=3 February 2020 |archive-date=27 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627144546/https://www.duesseldorf.de/internationales/partnerschaften.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Kharkiv]], Ukraine<ref>{{cite web |title=Російські міста — більше не побратими Харкову — міський голова |url=https://suspilne.media/233295-rosijski-mista-bilse-ne-pobratimi-harkovu-miskij-golova/ |website=suspilne.media |date=27 April 2022 |language=uk |access-date=18 August 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008193659/https://suspilne.media/233295-rosijski-mista-bilse-ne-pobratimi-harkovu-miskij-golova/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Kyiv]], Ukraine<ref>{{cite web |title=Kyiv and Moscow - no longer twin cities |url=https://old.qha.com.ua/en/society/kyiv-and-moscow-no-longer-twin-cities/137143/ |website=QHA |access-date=22 December 2021 |language=en |archive-date=22 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222191019/https://old.qha.com.ua/en/society/kyiv-and-moscow-no-longer-twin-cities/137143/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Prague]], Czech Republic (suspended since 2014 due to the [[Russo-Ukrainian war]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Partnerská města HMP |url=http://zahranicnivztahy.praha.eu/jnp/cz/partnerska_mesta/index.html |website=zahranicnivztahy.praha.eu |publisher=Prague |language=cs |access-date=2 February 2020 |archive-date=25 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625205859/http://zahranicnivztahy.praha.eu/jnp/cz/partnerska_mesta/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.praha.eu/jnp/cz/o_meste/zivot_v_praze/praha_pozastavila_partnerstvi_s_moskvou$5465-export.html |title=Praha pozastavila partnerství s Moskvou. Kvůli Ukrajině (Portál hlavního města Prahy) |access-date=29 August 2023 |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829122355/https://www.praha.eu/jnp/cz/o_meste/zivot_v_praze/praha_pozastavila_partnerstvi_s_moskvou$5465-export.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.novinky.cz/clanek/domaci-prazsky-magistrat-posle-ukrajine-deset-milionu-hrib-chce-konec-partnerstvi-s-moskvou-40388211 |title=Pražský magistrát pošle Ukrajině deset milionů. Hřib chce konec partnerství s Moskvou - Novinky |date=24 February 2022 |access-date=29 August 2023 |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829122354/https://www.novinky.cz/clanek/domaci-prazsky-magistrat-posle-ukrajine-deset-milionu-hrib-chce-konec-partnerstvi-s-moskvou-40388211 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Tallinn]], Estonia<ref>{{cite web |title=Moskva |url=https://www.tallinn.ee/et/valissuhted/moskva |website=tallinn.ee |publisher=Tallinn |language=et |access-date=18 August 2023 |archive-date=3 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803065014/https://www.tallinn.ee/et/valissuhted/moskva |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Vilnius]], Lithuania<ref>{{cite web |title=Miestai partneriai |url=http://www.ivilnius.lt/pazink/apie-vilniu/miestai-partneriai |website=ivilnius.lt |publisher=Vilnius |language=lt |access-date=3 February 2020 |archive-date=27 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927093052/http://www.ivilnius.lt/pazink/apie-vilniu/miestai-partneriai |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Warsaw]], Poland (terminated due to the [[Russo-Ukrainian war]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tvn24.pl/tvnwarszawa/najnowsze/warszawa-rada-warszawy-potepia-atak-rosji-na-ukraine-i-zrywa-wspolprace-z-rosyjskimi-miastami-5621996 |language=pl |title=Rada Warszawy: najważniejszym zadaniem jest stworzyć uchodźcom drugi dom |date=3 March 2022 |access-date=6 March 2022 |archive-date=11 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511060219/https://tvn24.pl/tvnwarszawa/najnowsze/warszawa-rada-warszawy-potepia-atak-rosji-na-ukraine-i-zrywa-wspolprace-z-rosyjskimi-miastami-5621996 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[List of churches in Moscow]]
* [[List of Moscow tourist attractions]]
* [[List of museums in Moscow]]
* [[List of shopping malls in Moscow]]
* [[Mayor of Moscow]]
* [[Moscow Millionaire Fair]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last1=Bushkovitch |first1=Paul |title=A Concise History of Russia |date=5 December 2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-50444-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Le-n7ZYjGWkC |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Crummey |first1=Robert O. |title=The Formation of Muscovy 1300 - 1613 |date=6 June 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-87200-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMwFBAAAQBAJ |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fennell |first1=John |authorlink1=John Lister Illingworth Fennell |title=The Emergence of Moscow, 1304–1359 |date=15 November 2023 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-34759-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ymzfEAAAQBAJ |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kuchkin |first1=V. A. |editor1-last=Kravets |editor1-first=S. L. |title=Болшая Российская энциклопедия. Том 21: Монголы — Наноматериалы |date=2013 |publisher=Болшая Российская энциклопедия |isbn=978-5-85270-355-2 |pages=308–310|language=ru |chapter=Московское великое княжество |trans-chapter=Grand Principality of Moscow}}
* {{cite book |last1=Riasanovsky |first1=Nicholas V. |last2=Steinberg |first2=Mark D. |authorlink1=Nicholas V. Riasanovsky |authorlink2=Mark D. Steinberg |title=A history of Russia |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0190645588 |edition=Ninth}}
* {{cite book |last1=Smirnova |first1=E. S. |editor1-last=Kravets |editor1-first=S. L. |title=Болшая Российская энциклопедия. Том 21: Монголы — Наноматериалы |date=2013 |publisher=Болшая Российская энциклопедия |isbn=978-5-85270-355-2 |pages=273–274|language=ru |chapter=Московская школа |trans-chapter=Moscow school}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|Moscow|voy=Moscow}}
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{official website|https://www.mos.ru/en/}}
* [https://strelkamag.com/ru/article/moscow-housing-map Interactive map of housing in Moscow from 1785–2018]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623093543/https://strelkamag.com/ru/article/moscow-housing-map |date=23 June 2020 }}.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170722083414/http://en.travel2moscow.com/ Travel2moscow.com – Official Moscow Guide]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120505061015/http://mos.ru/en/index.php Official Moscow Administration Site]
* [http://xn--80adxhks.xn--h1akdx.xn--80aswg/ Informational website of Moscow] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527141051/http://www.xn--80adxhks.xn--h1akdx.xn--80aswg/ |date=27 May 2020 }} {{in lang|ru}}
* [http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/russia/moscow/moscow.html Old maps of Moscow]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116220851/http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/russia/moscow/moscow.html |date=16 January 2021 }}. Eran Laor Cartographic Collection. The [[National Library of Israel]]. In [http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/historic_cities.html Historic Cities Research Project]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325051637/http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/historic_cities.html |date=25 March 2022 }}.

{{Subdivisions of Russia}}
{{List of European capitals by region}}
{{Capitals in Asia}}
{{Hero Cities}}
{{Golden Ring}}
{{Capitals of Russia}}
{{World's most populated urban areas}}
{{Megacities}}
{{Portal bar|Geography|Russia|Europe}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Moscow| ]]
[[Category:12th-century establishments in Russia]]
[[Category:Capital cities in Europe]]
[[Category:Moskovsky Uyezd]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 12th century]]
[[Category:Federal cities of Russia]]
[[Category:Golden Ring of Russia]]
[[Category:Rus' towns]]

Anand (1971 film)

2026-03-03T23:40:17Z

RajveerSingha1950: improved information based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Anand
| image = Anand film.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]
| producer = Hrishikesh Mukherjee [[N. C. Sippy]]
| writer = '''Screenplay:''' Bimal Dutta [[Gulzar]] D.N. Mukherjee Hrishikesh Mukherjee Biren Tripathy '''Dialogues:''' [[Gulzar]]
| screenplay =
| story = Hrishikesh Mukherjee
| based_on =
| starring = [[Rajesh Khanna]] [[Amitabh Bachchan]] [[Sumita Sanyal]] [[Ramesh Deo]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Salil Chowdhury]]
| cinematography = Jaywant Pathare
| editing = [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]
| studio =
| distributor = Digital Entertainment [[Shemaroo Video Pvt. Ltd.]]
| released = {{Film date|1971|03|12|df=y}}
| runtime = 122 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi<ref>{{cite book |last1=Aḵẖtar |first1=Jāvīd |author-link1=Javed Akhtar |last2=Kabir |first2=Nasreen Munni |title=Talking Films: Conversations on Hindi Cinema with Javed Akhtar |date=2002 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-566462-1 |page=49 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_JILAQAAMAAJ |language=en |quote=most of the writers working in this so-called Hindi cinema write in Urdu: [[Gulzar]], or [[Rajinder Singh Bedi]] or [[Inder Raj Anand]] or [[Rahi Masoom Raza]] or [[Wajahat Mirza|Vahajat Mirza]], who wrote dialogue for films like ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'' and ''[[Gunga Jumna]]'' and ''[[Mother India]]''. So most dialogue-writers and most song-writers are from the Urdu discipline |access-date=27 February 2019 |archive-date=22 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222062332/https://books.google.com/books?id=_JILAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| budget =
| gross = {{INRConvert|1.7|c|year=1971|lk=c}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://bestoftheyear.in/movie/anand/ | title=Anand (1971) - Lifetime Box Office Collection, Budget & Reviews | date=25 January 2018 | access-date=25 August 2019 | archive-date=28 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028144832/https://bestoftheyear.in/movie/anand/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}
'''''Anand''''' ({{Translation|Joy}}){{Efn|Also the title character.}} is a 1971 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] co-written and directed by [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]], with dialogues written by [[Gulzar]]. It stars [[Rajesh Khanna]] in the lead role, with a supporting cast including [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Sumita Sanyal]], [[Ramesh Deo]] and [[Seema Deo]].

The film won several awards, including the Filmfare Award for Best Film in 1972. In 2013, it was listed in [[Anupama Chopra]]'s book ''100 Films To See Before You Die''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/Anupama-Chopras-100-favourite-films/articleshow/20662618.cms |title=Anupama Chopra's 100 favourite films! |last=Mazumdar |first=Arunima |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 October 2013 |access-date=28 December 2015 |archive-date=11 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811011601/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/Anupama-Chopras-100-favourite-films/articleshow/20662618.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Anand'' is counted among the 17 consecutive box office successes of Rajesh Khanna between 1969 and 1971, adding the multistarrers ''[[Maryada (1971 film)|Maryada]]'' (1971) and ''[[Andaz (1971 film)|Andaz]]'' (1971). The film was a modest success at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-06-02 |title=BoxOffice India.com |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=177&catName=MTk3MQ== |access-date=2021-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602193030/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=177&catName=MTk3MQ== |archive-date=2 June 2009}}</ref> It has since gained a [[cult following]], being hailed as one of the greatest Hindi films ever made. ''[[Indiatimes]]'' listed it among the "''25 must watch films Bollywood movies''".<ref>{{cite web |date=18 July 2015 |title=Eight lesser known facts about Rajesh Khanna on his death anniversary |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/eight-lesser-known-facts-about-rajesh-khanna-on-his-death-anniversary/story-eMKmVMlFkKlbSLqAFAf7qI.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=5 October 2016 |archive-date=29 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829000244/http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/eight-lesser-known-facts-about-rajesh-khanna-on-his-death-anniversary/story-eMKmVMlFkKlbSLqAFAf7qI.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Anand'' is one of the only two films that Khanna and Bachchan have starred together– the other being the 1973 film ''[[Namak Haraam]]'', which was also directed by [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]].<ref name="indianexpress2">{{cite news |title=Revisiting Prakash Mehra's Zanjeer: The film that made Amitabh Bachchan |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/revisiting-prakash-mehra-zanjeer-the-film-that-made-amitabh-bachchan-4714064/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=20 June 2017 |access-date=8 December 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033352/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/revisiting-prakash-mehra-zanjeer-the-film-that-made-amitabh-bachchan-4714064/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Raghavendra |first=M. K. |title=Seduced by the Familiar: Narration and Meaning in Indian Popular Cinema |date=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0199456307 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2012 |title=It was Kishore, not Rajesh Khanna, who was to do the role of Anand |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/kishore-rajesh-khanna-do-the-role-of-anand-4677.html |website=INDIA TV NEWS |access-date=5 July 2018 |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530171506/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/kishore-rajesh-khanna-do-the-role-of-anand-4677.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
At an award ceremony in [[Mumbai]] for his first book, 'Anand', Dr. Bhaskar Banerjee is asked to speak about the book. Bhaskar says that the book has been written based on his diary excerpts when he met Anand and narrates to the audience his experience with him.

Bhaskar, an [[Oncology|oncologist]], treats the poor for no charge but is often disheartened by the fact that he cannot cure all the ailments in the world. He becomes pessimistic after seeing the suffering, illness, and poverty all around him. He is straightforward and will not treat the imaginary ailments of the rich. His friend, Dr. Prakash Kulkarni, follows a slightly different path. He treats the imaginary illnesses of the rich and uses that money to treat the poor.

One day, Kulkarni introduces Bhaskar to Anand, who has [[lymphoma|lymphosarcoma]] of the intestine, a rare type of [[cancer]]. Anand has a cheerful nature and despite knowing that he is not going to survive for more than six months, he maintains a nonchalant demeanor and always tries to make everyone around him happy. His cheerful and vibrant nature soothes Bhaskar, who has a contrasting nature and they become good friends.
Anand has the rare quality of attracting people and befriending them. In one such encounter, he makes Isa Bhai, a theater actor, his friend. They enjoy each other's company and create an emotional bond.

Anand's condition gradually deteriorates, but he does not want to spend his remaining days in a hospital bed; he, instead, roams free and helps everyone. He discovers that Bhaskar has strong feelings for Renu, whom he had treated previously for [[pneumonia]]. He helps Bhaskar express his love and convinces Renu's mother to bless their marriage. He tells Bhaskar that everyone should remember him as a lively person and not as a cancer patient. It is also discovered that he loved a girl back in [[Delhi]] who is now married to someone else because of Anand's illness. The day she got married, Anand came to Mumbai from Delhi to move on from her but kept a flower in his book in her memory. Anand becomes sicker with time and is now bound to the house. He records Bhaskar saying a poem and himself delivering dialogue and both of them laughing together on tape. He is counting his last breaths as his friends gather around him, but Bhaskar is gone to bring medicines for him. He shouts for him and dies. Bhaskar comes back just a few minutes later and begs Anand to speak to him. Suddenly, the tape starts playing with Anand's voice and his friends cry for him. A couple of balloons are seen flying away in the sky as Anand leaves the world.

== Cast ==
* [[Rajesh Khanna]] as Anand Sehgal
* [[Amitabh Bachchan]] as Dr. Bhaskar Banerjee a.k.a. Babu Moshai
* [[Sumita Sanyal]] as Renu Bhaskar Banerjee
* [[Ramesh Deo]] as Dr. Prakash Kulkarni
* [[Seema Deo]] as Suman Kulkarni
* [[Lalita Pawar]] as Matron D'Sa
* [[Durga Khote]] as Renu's mother
* [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]] as Isa Bhai Suratwala / Morarilal
* [[Asit Sen (actor)|Asit Sen]] as Chandra Nath
* Dev Kishan as Raghu Kaka
* [[Dara Singh]] as Wrestling Coach aka Papaji
* Brahm Bhardwaj as Mauni Baba

== Production ==
Mukherjee was loosely inspired by ''[[Ikiru]]'', and initially considered [[Shashi Kapoor]] and his brother [[Raj Kapoor]] for the lead role in the early 1960s.<ref name="Kumar2021"/><ref name="first"/> The character of Anand was inspired by Raj Kapoor, who used to call Mukherjee "Babu Moshay".<ref name="first">{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/a-hand-me-down-role-in-anand-crowned-khannas-career-383511.html |title=A hand-me-down role in 'Anand' crowned Khanna's career |last=Kaul |first=Vivek |publisher=[[Firstpost]] |date=19 June 2012 |access-date=28 December 2015 |archive-date=16 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316031134/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/a-hand-me-down-role-in-anand-crowned-khannas-career-383511.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It is believed that Mukherjee wrote the film when once Kapoor was seriously ill and Mukherjee thought that he may die. The film was dedicated to Kapoor and the people of Bombay.<ref name="anand" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-30 |title=Anand was based on my relationship with Raj Kapoor, I wrote it when he wasn't well: Hrishikesh Mukherjee |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anand-based-on-raj-kapoor-hrishikesh-mukherjee-relationship-rajesh-khannna-amitabh-bachchan-8181124/ |access-date=2022-10-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=8 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008112409/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anand-based-on-raj-kapoor-hrishikesh-mukherjee-relationship-rajesh-khannna-amitabh-bachchan-8181124/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Later, Mukherjee thought of making the film in [[Bengali language]], with [[Uttam Kumar]] as Babu Moshai.<ref name="Kumar2021">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hrishikesh-mukherjees-anand-lives-on/article34100696.ece|author=Anuj Kumar|title=Hrishikesh Mukherjee's 'Anand' lives on|newspaper=The Hindu|date=March 18, 2021}}</ref> When this plan also failed, he considered [[Kishore Kumar]] and [[Mehmood Ali|Mehmood]] (as Babu Moshai) in lead roles.{{Sfn|Zaveri|2005|p=133}}<ref name="Kumar2021"/> One of the producers, [[N. C. Sippy]], had earlier served as Mehmood's production manager. Mukherjee was asked to meet Kishore Kumar to discuss the project. However, when he went to Kishore Kumar's residence, he was driven away by the gatekeeper due to a misunderstanding. Kishore Kumar (himself a [[Bengali people|Bengali]]) was involved in a financial dispute with a Bengali event manager over a stage show. He had instructed his gatekeeper to drive away this "Bengali", if he ever visited the house. The gatekeeper mistook Hrishikesh Mukherjee to be that "Bengali", and refused him entry. The incident hurt Mukherjee and he decided not to work with Kumar.{{Sfn|Zaveri|2005|p=133}} Consequently, Mehmood had to leave the film as well.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8u9kAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Essential+Guide+to+Bollywood |title=The Essential Guide to Bollywood |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |author-link=Subhash K. Jha |publisher=Lustre Press |year=2005 |isbn=9788174363787 |access-date=21 September 2016 |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726074205/https://books.google.com/books?id=8u9kAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Essential+Guide+to+Bollywood |url-status=live }}</ref> According to [[Dharmendra]], he was also considered for the lead role before it went to Rajesh Khanna.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-12 |title=50 years of Anand: When Dharmendra was upset with Hrishikesh Mukherjee for casting Rajesh Khanna, drunk dialled him all night |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/50-years-of-anand-when-dharmendra-was-upset-with-hrishikesh-mukherjee-for-casting-rajesh-khannad-7224364/ |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010064642/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/50-years-of-anand-when-dharmendra-was-upset-with-hrishikesh-mukherjee-for-casting-rajesh-khannad-7224364/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As a [[playback singer]], Kishore Kumar had become the preferred voice for Khanna by this time, but ''Anand'' did not have any song by him.<ref name="Kumar2021"/>

Mukherjee initially signed [[Sanjeev Kumar]] for Babu Moshai's role, but Khanna did not want to work with Kumar. On Khanna's insistence, Mukherjee replaced Kumar with [[Amitabh Bachchan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Rajesh Khanna is shakki, nobody can live with him,' Sanjeev Kumar warned Anju Mahendru about him; he thought they were dating |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rajesh-khanna-is-shakki-nobody-can-live-with-him-sanjeev-kumar-warned-anju-mahendru-about-him-he-thought-they-were-dating/articleshow/124622766.cms}}</ref>

Hrishikesh Mukherjee shot the film in 28 days.<ref name="anand">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/it-was-kishore-not-rajesh-khanna-who-was-to-do-the-role-of-anand-4677.html |title=It was Kishore, not Rajesh Khanna, who was to do the role of Anand |publisher=India TV |date=19 June 2012 |access-date=23 April 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042441/http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/it-was-kishore-not-rajesh-khanna-who-was-to-do-the-role-of-anand-4677.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The screenplay of ''Anand'' was written by [[Gulzar]] (who also wrote the dialogue and the lyrics of a few songs), Bimal Dutt, D.N. Mukherjee and Hrishikesh Mukherjee.<ref name="hindu">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/anand-1971/article1431207.ece |title=Anand (1971) |last=Malhotra |first=A. P. S. |work=The Hindu |date=13 December 2008 |access-date=28 December 2015 |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726074207/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/enspAnand-1971/article15395649.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Later, ''Anand'' was remade in [[Malayalam]], with the name ''Chitrashalabham''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/kishore-rajesh-khanna-do-the-role-of-anand-4677.html |title=It was Kishore, not Rajesh Khanna, who was to do the role of Anand |date=19 July 2012 |publisher=Indiatvnews |access-date=24 March 2017 |archive-date=21 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121182720/http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/kishore-rajesh-khanna-do-the-role-of-anand-4677.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music ==
The background score and songs were composed by [[Salil Chowdhury]], with lyrics by [[Gulzar]] and [[Yogesh (lyricist)|Yogesh]]. Gulzar also wrote the poem '''Maut Tu Ek Kavita Hai'',' which is narrated by [[Amitabh Bachchan]].

Before confirming Salil Chowdhury to compose the songs, Mukherjee approached [[Lata Mangeshkar]], as she had previously worked as a music director in Marathi films under the pseudonym 'Anandghan.' However, she politely declined the offer to compose and chose to sing the songs in the film instead.<ref name="first" />

One of the songs, '<nowiki/>''Kahin Door Jab Din Dhal Jaye'',' was originally composed 20 years earlier as a Bengali song titled '''Amay Prashna Kore Neel Dhrubatara'',' and was sung by [[Hemant Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dwyer |first=Rachel |title=March 15, 2021 |url=https://thewire.in/film/anand-1971-movie-amitabh-bachchan-rajesh-khanna |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313163017/https://thewire.in/film/anand-1971-movie-amitabh-bachchan-rajesh-khanna |archive-date=13 March 2023 |access-date=March 12, 2023 |work=The Wire}}</ref>

The background music used in the emotional scenes of the film is based on the tune of the song "''Koi Hota Jisko Apna''" from ''[[Mere Apne]]'', which was released later the same year. The music for both films was composed by Chowdhury.

''Anand'' was one of Rajesh Khanna's few films that do not feature his longtime collaborator [[Kishore Kumar]] in their soundtracks.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 16:28
| title1 = Kahin Door Jab (Male)
| extra1 = [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]
| lyrics1 = [[Yogesh (lyricist)|Yogesh]]
| length1 = 05:40
|
| title2 = Maine Tere Liye
| extra2 = [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]
| lyrics2 = [[Gulzar]]
| length2 = 03:09
|
| title3 = Zindagi Kaisi Hai Paheli<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/it-was-an-honour-to-sing-for-rajesh-khanna-says-manna-dey-110075-2012-07-17 |title=It was an honour to sing for Rajesh Khanna: Manna Dey |work=India Today |date=18 July 2012 |access-date=28 December 2015 |archive-date=16 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616180931/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/it-was-an-honour-to-sing-for-rajesh-khanna-says-manna-dey/1/208954.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| extra3 = [[Manna Dey]]
| lyrics3 = [[Yogesh (lyricist)|Yogesh]]
| length3 = 03:30
|
| title4 = Na Jiya Lage Na
| extra4 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| lyrics4 = [[Gulzar]]
| length4 = 03:22
|
| title5 = Maut Tu Ek Kavita Hai
| extra5 = [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
| lyrics5 = [[Gulzar]]
| length5 = 00:47
}}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope=col|Year
!scope=col|Award
!scope=col|Category
!scope=col|Recipient(s)
!scope=col|Result
|-
!1971
|[[18th National Film Awards|National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Feature Film in Hindi]]
|[[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]] and [[N. C. Sippy]]
|{{won}}
|-
!rowspan=8|1972
|[[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]
|[[BFJA Award for Best Actor (Hindi)|Best Actor (Hindi)]]
|[[Rajesh Khanna]]
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan=7|[[19th Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|[[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]] and [[N. C. Sippy]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Rajesh Khanna]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|[[Amitabh Bachchan]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]
|[[Gulzar]]
|{{won}}
|}

==Impact==
Till the time of the release of ''Anand'', the star of the film, [[Amitabh Bachchan]], was not recognized in public. Sharing the incident on Twitter, a fan-Aashish Palod reminded him of how he got recognition from the film. On the release day of the film, Bachchan went to a petrol pump to fill up the tank of his car and no one recognized him. But, after the release of the film in the evening, when he went to the same petrol pump for a refill, the public started identifying him. Bachchan posted on Twitter, "this is a true happening .. it was the petrol pump at Irla, on SV Road."<ref>{{cite web |date=12 March 2019 |title=Amitabh Bachchan reacts to an incident that happened during the release of 'Anand' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/amitabh-bachchan-reacts-to-an-incident-that-happened-during-release-of-anand/articleshow/68373157.cms |access-date=12 March 2019 |website=[[Times Of India]] |archive-date=13 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313005233/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/amitabh-bachchan-reacts-to-an-incident-that-happened-during-release-of-anand/articleshow/68373157.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |user=SrBachchan |author=Amitabh Bachchan |date=12 March 2019 |number=1105345503414247425 |title=.. this is a true happening .. it was the petrol pump at Irla, on SV Road ..🙏 https://t.co/6YtxipIVkF}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book |last=Zaveri |first=Hanif |title=Mehmood, a Man of Many Moods |year=2005 |publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]] |isbn=81-7991-213-2 |chapter=A Comedy King and Superstar}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8u9kAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Essential+Guide+to+Bollywood |title=The Essential Guide to Bollywood |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |author-link=Subhash K. Jha |publisher=Lustre Press |year=2005 |isbn=9788174363787}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0066763|title=Anand}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|anand|Anand=}}

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Hindi}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestFilm 1971–1990}}
{{Hrishikesh Mukherjee}}

[[Category:1971 films]]
[[Category:1971 drama films]]
[[Category:1970s buddy drama films]]
[[Category:1971 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1971 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]
[[Category:Indian films about cancer]]
[[Category:Indian buddy drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Urdu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Gulzar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Salil Chowdhury]]
[[Category:Best Hindi Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

Naadi Aada Janme

2026-03-03T20:35:39Z

RajveerSingha1950: expand section per sources and corrected details after review

{{short description|1965 film directed by A. C. Tirulokchandar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Naadi Aada Janme
| image = Naadi Aada Janme.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer =
| story = Sri Sailesh Day
| screenplay = A. C. Trilokchandar
| producer = [[S. V. Ranga Rao]]
| director = [[A. C. Tirulokchandar|A. C. Trilokchandar]]
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]
| music = [[R. Sudarsanam]]
| cinematography = T. Muthu Swamy
| editing = R. G. Gopu
| based_on = ''[[Naanum Oru Penn]]'' (1963)
| studio = Srivani Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1965|1|7}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Naadi Aada Janme''''' ({{translation|I am also a woman}}) is a 1965 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[A. C. Tirulokchandar|A. C. Trilokchandar]] and produced by [[S. V. Ranga Rao]]. The film stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]] and [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] in lead roles, with music composed by [[R. Sudarsanam]]. The film centres on a dark-complexioned, uneducated woman who proves to everyone that character is more important than appearance and education for a woman.

The film is a remake of the 1963 Tamil film ''[[Naanum Oru Penn]]'', which in turn was an adaptation on the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] play ''Bodhu'' by Sri Shailash Dey.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saravanan |first=M. |title=AVM 60 cinema |publisher=Rajarajan Pathippagam |year=2013 |edition=3rd |pages=135–145 |language=ta |oclc=1158347612 |author-link=M. Saravanan (producer) |orig-date=2005}}</ref> Both versions were directed by Trilokchandar, with S. V. Ranga Rao reprising his role in the Telugu adaptation. ''Naadi Aada Janme'' was a commercial success and went on to run for 100 days in 14 centres.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnamoorthy |first=Suresh |date=14 January 2015 |title=50 years on, Pandava Vanavaasam is still appealing |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/50-years-on-pandava-vanavaasam-is-still-appealing/article6787110.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214042440/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/50-years-on-pandava-vanavaasam-is-still-appealing/article6787110.ece |archive-date=14 February 2020 |access-date=14 February 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
[[Zamindar]] Vijaya Narasimha Rayalu, deeply affected by the death of his wife Parvati, wishes for his elder son, Bhaskar, an artist, to marry a woman who embodies her qualities. Bhaskar, in turn, dreams of marrying an educated and beautiful woman. Meanwhile, Dasaratha Ramayya, the Zamindar's scheming brother-in-law, plots to seize the family’s wealth by arranging Bhaskar's marriage to Kalyani, a woman with a dark complexion. Despite initial reluctance, Bhaskar marries Kalyani out of sympathy but remains indifferent to her.

Kalyani earns the affection of the Zamindar and Bhaskar’s younger brother Chandram through her kindness. Chandram falls in love with Kalyani’s sister, Malathi. Bhaskar discovers Kalyani is illiterate and harshly criticises her, leading to a tragic [[miscarriage]]. Determined to improve herself, Kalyani secretly seeks Chandram's help to become educated.

While Bhaskar travels to [[Delhi]] to participate in a national competition, Dasaratha Ramayya spreads rumours of an illicit relationship between Chandram and Kalyani. In Delhi, Bhaskar meets his childhood friend Mohan, who shares the story of his attractive wife who abandoned him. This encounter leads Bhaskar to recognise the importance of virtue over beauty.

Upon his return, Bhaskar learns of the rumours but dismisses them as false. Meanwhile, Dasaratha Ramayya intensifies his efforts to usurp the Zamindar's property. Kalyani exposes his schemes, reaffirming her integrity and earning the Zamindar’s trust. The family reconciles, and the film concludes with Chandram and Malathi’s marriage.

== Cast ==
*[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] as Kalyani
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Bhaskar
*[[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as Zamindar Vijaya Narasimha Rayalu
*[[Ramana Reddy]] as Dasaradha Ramayya
*[[Haranath (actor)|Haranath]] as Chandram
*[[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Simhadri Appanna
*Perumallu as Rangayya
*[[Jaggayya]] as Mohan (special appearance)
*[[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] as Malathi
*Chaya Devi as Tayaramma
*Surabhi Balasaraswathi as Seeta

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[R. Sudarsanam]]. Lyrics were written by [[Dasarathi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nadhi Aada Janme (1965)-Song_Booklet |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/DDT/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240112151622/https://indiancine.ma/documents/DDT/info |archive-date=12 January 2024 |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
|"Kallallo Gantulu"
|[[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao|Pithapuram]], [[P. Susheela|P. Suseela]]
|4:27
|-
|"Naa Mata Nammitivela" (M)
|Pithapuram
|3:21
|-
|"Kannayya Nallani"
|P. Suseela
|4:48
|-
|"Chinnari Ponnari Puvvu"
|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], P. Suseela
|3:29
|-
|"Naa Mata Nammiti" (F)
|P. Suseela
|3:13
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=0340259}}
{{A. C. Tirulokchandar}}

[[Category:1965 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1965 Indian films]]
[[Category:1965 drama films]]
[[Category:1965 films]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. C. Thirulokachandar]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. Sudarsanam]]
[[Category:Discrimination based on skin tone]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]

Medhai

2026-03-03T03:25:19Z

RajveerSingha1950: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|2012 Indian film by N.T.G. Saravanan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Medhai poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = N. T. G. Saravanan
| starring = [[Ramarajan]]
| studio = Kalaimagal Kalaikoodam
| producer = M. Kumar Seerkazhi K. Sivashankar A. Balakrishna Reddy A. Ramasamy Nangai Video V. Kannan
| cinematography = R. H. Ashok
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| music = [[Dhina]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2012|1|15}}
| runtime = 136 minutes
| language = Tamil
| country = India
}}
'''''Medhai''''' ({{IPAc-en|m|eɪ|ð|aɪ}} {{translation|Scholar}}) is a 2012 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by debutant director Saravanan and starring [[Ramarajan]]. The music was composed by [[Dhina]]. The film released on 15 January 2012.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Ramarajan]] as Saravana Kumar
*Kaushika as Lakshmi
*Haasini as Saravana's sister<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=15 July 2011 |title=Role model |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/showbitz/article2230221.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114153307/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/showbitz/article2230221.ece |archive-date=14 January 2021 |access-date=8 June 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
*[[Charle]]
*[[Raj Kapoor (Tamil director)|Raj Kapoor]]
*[[K. Natraj]]
*[[Vijay Krishnaraj]]
*[[Alex (actor)|Alex]]
*[[Ganja Karuppu]]
*[[Aryan (Tamil actor)|Aryan]]
*Ajay
*[[Rajyalakshmi]] as Kamakshi
*[[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as a police inspector
*[[LIC Narasimhan]] as judge
*[[Muthukaalai]]
*[[Bayilvan Ranganathan]]
*[[Vengal Rao]]
*Vijay Ganesh
*[[Bonda Mani]]
*[[Kovai Senthil]]
*[[Siva Narayana Murthy]]
* Meesai Rajendranath as a police inspector
}}

== Production ==
''Medhai'' marked the directorial debut of Saravanan who earlier apprenticed with [[Senthilnathan]] and [[Hari (director)|Hari]].<ref name="ie" /> The film marks the return of Ramarajan after a gap.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chennai365.com/news/methai-movie-stills/|title=Methai Movie Stills|work=Chennai365|access-date=28 February 2026}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Dhina]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 Mar 2020 |title=Medhai (2010) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/medhai-songs-T0002488 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310145607/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/medhai-songs-T0002488 |archive-date=10 March 2020 |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = En Uyir Thangangale
| extra1 = [[Unni Menon]]
| lyrics1 = [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]]
| title2 = Nilavukku Piranthaval Evalo
| extra2 = [[Harish Raghavendra]], [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| lyrics2 = Muthu Vijayan
| title3 = Thumbikai Thoppai Ganpathi
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| lyrics3 = N. T. G.Saravanan
| title4 = Epothum Elorukum
| extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Manikka Vinayagam]]
| lyrics4 = [[Gangai Amaran]]
| title5 = Ungakitta Rendukannum Ottikiduchu
| extra5 = [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| lyrics5 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| title6 = Annai Oru Kuzhandhai
| extra6 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Saindhavi]]
| lyrics6 = Parinaman
| title7 = Uyirile Kundi Ondru
| extra7 = [[Benny Dayal]], [[Saindhavi]]
| lyrics7 = Mugaiyur Muthu
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote "The film is neither too exciting, nor a great disappointment. Only, the whole feel is that of a decades old film".<ref name="ie">{{Cite web |date=22 Jan 2012 |title=Medhai |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2012/jan/22/medhai-332431.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310150342/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2012/jan/22/medhai-332431.html |archive-date=10 March 2020 |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2012 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2012 action drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Dhina]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Sivappu Enakku Pidikkum

2026-03-03T03:14:12Z

RajveerSingha1950: started the details initial version

{{Short description|2017 Indian film by Youreka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sivappu Enakku Pidikkum
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = [[Youreka]]
| writer = Youreka
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = [[J. Satish Kumar]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Sandra Amy]]
*Youreka
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Maheshwaran
| editing =
| music = Siva Saravanan Anish Yuvani
| studio = [[JSK Film Corporation]]
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|1|20}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Sivappu Enakku Pidikkum''''' ({{Translation|I like red}}){{efn|Red refers to red lights, areas in a city where prostitution is allowed.<ref name="D">{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=16 January 2017 |title=A film on sex education |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/170117/a-film-on-sex-education.html |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>}} is a 2017 Indian Tamil-language drama film directed by [[Youreka]] starring himself and [[Sandra Amy]] in her lead debut. The film was released after a three-year delay.

== Plot ==
A writer, Youreka, wants to end child abuse and meets a sex worker, Mahima, who narrates five incidents from her life.<ref name="H">{{Cite web |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=24 March 2014 |title=Audio Beat: Sivappu Enakku Pidikkum - Red alert |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/audio-beat-sivappu-enakku-pidikkum-red-alert/article5826115.ece |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325014206/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/audio-beat-sivappu-enakku-pidikkum-red-alert/article5826115.ece |archive-date=25 March 2014 |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="D" />

== Cast ==
*[[Sandra Amy]] as Mahima
*[[Youreka]] as Youreka

== Production ==
The film was made in 2014 and features twenty-five debutante actors apart from the lead cast.<ref name="H" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2014 |title=Director seeks separate area for sex workers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-seeks-separate-area-for-sex-workers/articleshow/31105797.cms |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was delayed after producer [[J. Satish Kumar]] decided to concentrate on other ventures. The film was given an A (adult) [[Central Board of Film Certification|certificate]] although there are no obscene scenes.<ref name="D" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Siva |date=17 January 2017 |title=சென்னையில் ஏன் பாலியல் தொழிலை சட்டப்படி அனுமதிக்கக் கூடாது?: புரியாத புதிர் தயாரிப்பாளர் |url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/news/chennai-should-have-red-light-area-producer-jsk-sathish/articlecontent-pf53123-044290.html |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=[[Oneindia|Filmibeat]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by Siva Saravanan from Singapore (in his feature film debut)<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2014 |title=Singapore Music Director making his debut in Tamil Cinema |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/details-about-siva-saravanan-the-composer-of-sivappu-enakku-pidikkum.html |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> and Anish Yuvani.<ref name="H" />
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Song !! Singer !! Music director
|-
| "Sivappu Endral" || Prabhu || rowspan="2"| Siva Saravanan
|-
|"Control Panna Mudiyalaiye" || Venu Gopal
|-
| "Vaada Kannu" || Otteri Sridhar || rowspan="3"|Anish Yuvani
|-
| "Sinaiyai" ||
|-
| "Vaada Kannu" (remix) ||
|-
|"Theme Music" || Instrumental ||
|}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "Off-beat, bold and unconventional in its theme and execution, the film with its tagline ‘Red is Not a Colour’, could be a watchable fare for a viewer satiated with routine formula flicks".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=20 January 2017 |title=Honest attempt to document lives of sex workers |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jan/20/honest-attempt-to-document-lives-of-sex-workers-1561766.html |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Dina Thanthi|iFlicks]]'' wrote that "Overall, the film is watchable for its unconventional take on a theme that many film-makers fail to acknowledge".<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2017 |title=Sivappu Enakku Pidikkum |url=http://www.iflicks.in/Home/Review/2017/01/21174720/Sivappu-Enakku-Pidikkum-Review.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202032720/http://www.iflicks.in/Home/Review/2017/01/21174720/Sivappu-Enakku-Pidikkum-Review.vpf |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=[[Dina Thanthi|iFlicks]]}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|6821388}}

[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about prostitution]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

1962 Indian general election

2026-03-03T00:10:24Z

RajveerSingha1950: add details also and updated info

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| previous_election = 1957 Indian general election
| previous_year = 1957
| next_election = 1967 Indian general election
| next_year = 1967
| election_date = 19–25 February 1962
| seats_for_election = 494 of the 508 seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]{{efn|14 members were appointed, including six representing [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], two representing [[Anglo-Indians]], one representing the [[Lakshadweep|Amindive, Laccadive and Minicoy Islands]], one representing the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], one representing [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]], one representing [[Goa, Daman and Diu]], one representing the [[North-East Frontier Agency]] and one representing the [[Tuensang district|Tuensang]] and [[Naga Hills District, British India|Naga Hills]] districts in Nagaland.}}
| majority_seats = 248
| registered = 216,361,569
| turnout = 55.42% ({{increase}} 9.98 [[Percentage point|pp]])
| image_size = 130x130px
| image1 = Jawaharlal Nehru 1957 crop.jpg
| leader1 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| last_election1 = 47.78%, 371 seats
| seats1 = '''361'''
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}} 10
| popular_vote1 = '''51,509,084'''
| percentage1 = '''44.72%'''
| swing1 = {{decrease}} 3.06[[Percentage point|pp]]
| image2 = S.A. Dange.jpg
| leader2 = [[Shripad Amrit Dange]]
| party2 = Communist Party of India
| last_election2 = 8.92%, 27 seats
| seats2 = 29
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 2
| popular_vote2 = 11,450,037
| percentage2 = 9.94%
| swing2 = {{increase}} 1.02[[Percentage point|pp]]
| image3 = Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari.jpg
| leader3 = [[C. Rajagopalachari]]
| party3 = Swatantra Party
| last_election3 = ''New''
| seats3 = 18
| seat_change3 = ''New''
| popular_vote3 = 9,085,252
| percentage3 = 7.89%
| swing3 = ''New''
| image4 = Deendayal Upadhyaya 2018 stamp of India (cropped).jpg
| leader4 = [[Deendayal Upadhyaya]]
| party4 = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
| last_election4 = 5.97%, 4 seats
| seats4 = 14
| seat_change4 = {{increase}} 10
| popular_vote4 = 7,415,170
| percentage4 = 6.44%
| swing4 = {{increase}} 0.47[[Percentage point|pp]]
| image5 = Jawaharlal Nehru with Jayaprakash Narayan (cropped).jpg
| leader5 = [[Jayaprakash Narayan]]
| party5 = Praja Socialist Party
| seats5 = 12
| popular_vote5 = 7,848,345
| percentage5 = 6.81%
| swing5 = {{decrease}} 3.60[[Percentage point|pp]]
| last_election5 = 10.41%, 19 seats
| seat_change5 = {{decrease}} 7
| map_image = Wahlergebnisse in Indien 1962.svg
| map_caption = Results by constituency
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
| outgoing_members = List of members of the 2nd Lok Sabha
| elected_members = List of members of the 3rd Lok Sabha
}}

General elections were held in India between 19 and 25 February 1962 to elect members of the [[3rd Lok Sabha|third]] [[Lok Sabha]]. Unlike the previous two elections, each constituency elected a single member.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf | title=Statistical Report On General Elections, 1962 To The Third Lok Sabha | publisher=Election Commission of India |format=PDF| access-date=30 April 2014 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185518/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf|archive-date= 18 July 2014}}</ref>

[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] won another landslide victory in his third and final election campaign. The [[Indian National Congress]] received 44.7% of the vote and won 361 of the 494 elected seats. This was only slightly lower than in the previous two elections and they still held over 70% of the seats in the Lok Sabha.

==Results==
{{Election results
|image=[[File:Lok Sabha Zusammensetzung 1962.svg|350px]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=51509084|seats1=361|sc1=–10
|party2=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes2=11450037|seats2=29|sc2=+2
|party3=[[Swatantra Party]]|votes3=9085252|seats3=18|sc3=New
|party4=[[Praja Socialist Party]]|votes4=7848345|seats4=12|sc4=–7
|party5=[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes5=7415170|seats5=14|sc5=+10
|party6=[[Republican Party of India]]|votes6=3255985|seats6=3|sc6=New
|party7=[[Socialist Party of India (1955)|Socialist Party]]|votes7=3099397|seats7=6|sc7=New
|party8=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes8=2315610|seats8=7|sc8=New
|party9=[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]|votes9=829129|seats9=3|sc9=New
|party10=[[All India Forward Bloc]]|votes10=826588|seats10=2|sc10=0
|party11=[[Hindu Mahasabha]]|votes11=747861|seats11=1|sc11=0
|party12=[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]|votes12=703582|seats12=0|sc12=–4
|party13=[[Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad]]|votes13=688990|seats13=2|sc13=+2
|party14=[[Jharkhand Party]]|votes14=467338|seats14=3|sc14=–3
|party15=[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]] (RSP)|votes15=451717|seats15=2|sc15=+2
|party16=[[Indian Union Muslim League]]|votes16=417761|seats16=2|sc16=New
|party17=[[All India Ganatantra Parishad]]|votes17=342970|seats17=4|sc17=–3
|party18=[[Lok Sewak Sangh]]|votes18=281755|seats18=2|sc18=New
|party19=[[Nutan Maha Gujarat Janata Parishad]]|votes19=195812|seats19=1|sc19=New
|party20=[[Haryana Lok Samiti]]|votes20=118667|seats20=1|sc20=New
|party21=[[Tamil National Party]]|votes21=92389|seats21=0|sc21=New
|party22=[[All Party Hill Leaders Conference]]|votes22=91850|seats22=1|sc22=New
|party23=[[Tamilnad Socialist Labour Party]]|votes23=80227|seats23=0|sc23=New
|party24=[[Revolutionary Communist Party of India]] (RCP)|votes24=60813|seats24=0|sc24=New
|party25=Gorkha League|votes25=46127|seats25=0|sc25=New
|party26=[[Eastern Indian Tribal Union]]|votes26=12574|seats26=0|sc26=New
|party27=We Tamil|votes27=11372|seats27=0|sc27=New
|party28=Independents|votes28=12722488|seats28=20|sc28=–22
|row29=Appointed members{{efn|Six representing [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], two representing [[Anglo-Indians]], one representing the [[Lakshadweep|Amindive, Laccadive and Minicoy Islands]], one representing the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], one representing [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]], one representing [[Goa, Daman and Diu]], one representing the [[North-East Frontier Agency]] and one representing the [[Tuensang district|Tuensang]] and [[Naga Hills District, British India|Naga Hills]] districts in Nagaland.}}|seats29=14|sc29=+3
|invalid=4735394
|electorate=216361569
|total_sc=+3
}}
{{notelist}}

===State wise===
====Andhra Pradesh====
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=2 rowspan="2" |Party
! colspan="3" |Seats
! colspan="3" |Popular vote
|-
!Contested
!Won
!+/−
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|align="center"| 43
|align="center"| '''34'''
|{{decrease}} 3
| 57,11,263
| '''47.96%'''
|{{decrease}} 3.51%
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India]]
|align="center"| 20
|align="center"| '''7'''
|{{increase}} 5
| 25,05,619
| '''21.04%'''
|{{increase}} 9.03%
|-
| {{party color cell|Swatantra Party}}
| [[Swatantra Party]]
|align="center"| 28
|align="center"| '''1'''
|{{increase}} 1
| 17,75,495
| '''14.91%'''
|align="center"|New
|-
| {{party color cell|Independents}}
|[[Independent politician|Independents]]
|align="center"| 44
|align="center"| '''1'''
|{{decrease}} 1
| 16,53,436
| '''13.89%'''
|5.37% {{decrease}}
|-
| colspan="8" bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| align="left" colspan="2"| Total
|align="center"|43
| colspan=2 bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
| 1,19,08,021
| colspan=2 bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
|-
|}

====Assam====
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=2 rowspan="2" |Party
! colspan="3" |Seats
! colspan="3" |Popular vote
|-
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|align="center"| 12
|align="center"| '''9'''
|{{decrease}} 4
| 57,11,263
| '''45.16%'''
|{{decrease}} 6.52%
|-
| {{party color cell|Praja Socialist Party}}
| [[Praja Socialist Party]]
|align="center"| 8
|align="center"| '''2'''
|{{no change}}
| 4,78,099
| '''19.16%'''
|{{decrease}} 0.8%
|-
| {{party color cell|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}
| [[All Party Hill Leaders Conference]]
|align="center"| 1
|align="center"| '''1'''
|New
| 91,850
| '''3.68%'''
|New
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| align="center"|4
|align="center"| '''0'''
|{{increase}} 5
| 1,76,098
| '''7.06%'''
|{{decrease}} 3.19%
|-
| {{party color cell|Independents}}
|[[Independent politician|Independents]]
|align="center"| 13
|align="center"| '''0'''
|{{decrease}} 1
| 5,16,793
| '''20.71%'''
|{{increase}} 2.6%
|-
| colspan="8" bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| align="left" colspan="2"| Total
|align="center"|12
| colspan=2 bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
| 24,95,311
| colspan=2 bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
|-
|}

====Bihar====
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=2 rowspan="2" |Party
! colspan="3" |Seats
! colspan="3" |Popular vote
|-
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|align="center"| 53
|align="center"| '''39'''
|{{decrease}} 2
|43,65,148
| '''43.89%'''
|{{decrease}} 0.58%
|-
| {{party color cell|Praja Socialist Party}}
| [[Praja Socialist Party]]
|align="center"| 32
|align="center"| '''2'''
|{{no change}}
|12,62,106
| '''12.69%'''
|{{decrease}} 8.95%
|-
| {{party color cell|Swatantra Party}}
| [[Swatantra Party]]
|align="center"| 43
| align="center"|'''7'''
|New
| 18,11.170
| '''18.21%'''
|align="center"|New
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India]]
|align="center"| 16
| align="center"|'''1'''
|{{increase}} 5
| 6,34,516
| '''6.38%'''
|{{increase}} 1.36%
|-
| {{party color cell|Independents}}
|[[Independent politician|Independents]]
|align="center"| 34
|align="center"| '''0'''
|{{decrease}} 1
| 4,93,330
| '''4.96%'''
|{{decrease}} 10.88%
|-
| colspan="8" bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| align="left" colspan="2"| Total
|align="center"|53
| colspan=2 bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
| 99,46,244
| colspan=2 bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
|-
|}

====Gujarat====
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=2 rowspan="2" |Party
! colspan="3" |Seats
! colspan="3" |Popular vote
|-
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|align="center"| 22
|align="center"| '''16'''
| -
|27,76,327
| '''52.56%'''
| -
|-
| {{party color cell|Swatantra Party}}
| [[Swatantra Party]]
|align="center"| 14
|align="center"| '''4'''
| -
| 13,20,405
| '''25.0%'''
| -
|-
| {{party color cell|Praja Socialist Party}}
| [[Praja Socialist Party]]
|align="center"| 6
|align="center"| '''1'''
| -
|3,74,813
| align="center"|'''7.1%'''
| -
|-
| {{party color cell|Nutan Maha Gujarat Janata Parishad}}
| [[Nutan Maha Gujarat Janata Parishad]]
|align="center"| 3
|align="center"| '''1'''
| -
| 1,95,812
| '''3.71%'''
| -
|-
| {{party color cell|Independents}}
|[[Independent politician|Independents]]
|align="center"| 14
|align="center"| '''0'''
| -
| 4,69,020
| '''8.88%'''
| -
|-
| colspan="8" bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| align="left" colspan="2"| Total
|align="center"|22
| colspan=2 bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
| 52,82,558
| colspan=2 bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
|-
|}
* Gujarat was formed a new state in 1961 after separation from Bombay state.

====Madras====

{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=2 rowspan="2" |Party
! colspan="3" |Seats
! colspan="3" |Popular vote
|-
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|align="center"|41
|align="center"|31
|align="center"|{{nochange}}
|56,23,013
|45.26
|{{decrease}}1.26%
|-
| {{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|align="center"|18
|align="center"|7
|align="center"|{{increase}}7
|23,15,610
|18.64
|align="center"|New
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|align="center"|14
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|{{nochange}}
|12,72,313
|10.24
|{{increase}}0.18%
|-
| {{party color cell|Swatantra Party}}
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|align="center"|16
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|New
|13,00,526
|10.47
|align="center"|New
|-
|{{party color cell|Independent}}
|[[Independent politician|Independents]]
|align="center"|46
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|{{decrease}}8
|9,33,150
|7.51
|{{decrease}}32.26%
|-
| colspan="8" bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| align="left" colspan="2"| Total
|align="center"|41
| colspan=2 bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
| 1,24,24,036
| colspan=2 bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
|-
|}

==By-elections==
In 1963 a by-election was held for the [[Bilaspur Lok Sabha constituency|Bilaspur Lok Sabha seat]], which was at the time in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. The by-election was won by the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Chandrabhan Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Chandrabhan Singh]], with {{formatnum:86229}} votes, against M. L. Shukla of [[Jana Sangh]] with {{formatnum:54156}} votes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ByeElection/Bye-ele-results52-95.xlsx|publisher=ECI, New Delhi|accessdate=13 September 2017|archive-date=19 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719012759/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ByeElection/Bye-ele-results52-95.xlsx|url-status=live}}</ref> This by-election was needed because the original election for this seat was declared void by the [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]], which judged that the nomination papers of one of the candidates, Bashir Ahmed Qureshi, "was improperly and illegally rejected by the Returning Officer".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/48774/ |title=Satya Prakash vs Bashir Ahmed Qureshi |date=22 April 1963 |author1=P. Dixit |author2=K. Pandey |access-date=15 October 2021 |quote=our conclusion is that the respondent's nomination was improperly and illegally rejected by the Returning Officer and the Election Tribunal rightly declared the appellant's election as void. |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027175348/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/48774/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of members of the 3rd Lok Sabha]]
*[[:Category:1962 Indian general election by state or union territory]]
*[[1962 Indian presidential election]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian elections}}

[[Category:1962 elections in India|General]]
[[Category:General elections in India]]
[[Category:February 1962 in Asia|India]]
[[Category:1962 elections in Asia|India]]

Musabani

2026-03-01T09:08:55Z

RajveerSingha1950: added references

[[File:Jama masjid musabani.jpg|thumb|Jama masjid musabani]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
<big>{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}</big>
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Musabani
| other_name = مسابانی
| nickname = Tamranagari
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.52|N|86.45|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[East Singhbhum district|East Singhbhum]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 10.99
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 160
| population_total = 31,035
Musabani Population Religion Data
Religion Percentage
Hindu 46.20%
Muslim 32.90%
Christian 2.43%
Sikh 0.66%
Buddhist 0.18%
Jain 0.00%
Others 17.36%
No Religion 0.26%
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi urdu]], [[Santali language|Santali]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 832104
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 0657
| registration_plate = JH 05
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 79.20%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Jamshedpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamshedpur]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Ghatsila (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ghatsila]]
| website = {{URL|jamshedpur.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Musabani''', also spelt as '''Mosabani''' or '''Mushabani''', is a [[census town]] in the [[Musabani block]], a [[Community development blocks in India|Community development block]] in the Ghatshila subdivision of the East Singhbhum district in the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of Jharkhand.

==History==
Origin of the town dates backs before the independence of India. Mining was done from the ancient time but the place saw an economic boom when mining was restarted by the British. Mines situated in Musabani are some of the first copper mines of then British India. Mining started in early 1930s as the first mine. Banalopa mine was started in 1928.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindustan Copper Limited |url=https://www.hindustancopper.com/Page/ICCPlant |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=www.hindustancopper.com}}</ref>

{{OSM Location map

| width=350| height=420| zoom=9

| coord={{coord|22|35|0|N|86|25|0|E}}| float=right|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in East Singhbhum district in Kolhan Division''' (Locations around Jamshedpur are shown in the Jamshedpur Urban Agglomeration map - see [[Bagbera Colony#Geography|Bagbera Colony]] page) M: municipality, R: rural/ urban centre, CT: census town, T: tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly

|mark-coord1={{coord|22|16|42|N|86|43|29|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Baharagora | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Baharagora]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2

|mark-coord2={{coord|22|30|58|N|86|33|15|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Dhalbhumgarh| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Dhalbhumgarh]] (R)

|mark-coord3={{coord|22|57|24|N|86|17|43|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Boram| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Boram, Purvi Singhbhum]] (R)

|mark-coord4={{coord|22|27|20|N|86|26|19|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Dumaria | numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Dumaria, Purvi Singhbhum]] (R)

|mark-coord5={{coord|22|20|25|N|86|32|44|E}} | label-pos5=bottom|label5= Gurbandha | numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Gurbandha]] (R)

|mark-coord6={{coord|22|37|19|N|86|9|30|E}} | label-pos6=top|label6= Hata| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Hata, Purvi Singhbhum]] (R)

|mark-coord7={{coord|22|28|0|N|86|35|11|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Kokpara| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Kokpara]] (R)

|mark-coord8={{coord|22|40|0|N|86|24|58|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Mahulia| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Mahulia]] (R)

|mark-coord9={{coord|22|54|54|N|86|23|8|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Patamda| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Patamda]] (R)

|mark-coord10={{coord|22|37|19|N|86|12|47|E}} | label-pos10= right|label10= Potka| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Potka]] (R)

|mark-coord11={{coord|22|47|33|N|86|11|3|E}} | label-pos11=top|label11=Jamshedpur| numbered11=M| mark-title11= [[Jamshedpur]] (M) |label-color11=#800000

|mark-coord12={{coord|22|28|48|N|86|43|12|E}} | label-pos12=bottom|label12=Chakuliya| numbered12=M| mark-title12= [[Chakuliya]] (M) |label-color12=#800000

|mark-coord13={{coord|22|38|33|N|86|29|28|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Burudi| numbered13=T| mark-title13=[[Burudi]] (T) |shape-color13= #74C365

|mark-coord14={{coord|22|38|47|N|86|24|16|E}} | label-pos14=bottom|label14= Galudih | numbered14=T| mark-title14=[[Galudih]] (T) |shape-color14= #74C365

|mark-coord15={{coord|22|35|16|N|86|28|27|E}} | label-pos15=bottom|label15= Ghatshila| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Ghatshila]] (CT) |shape-color15= #A40000

|mark-coord16={{coord|22|36|36|N|86|8|18|E}} | label-pos16=bottom|label16=Haludpukur| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Haludpukur]] (CT) |shape-color16= #A40000

|mark-coord17={{coord|22|39|40|N|86|21|36|E}} | label-pos17= top|label17=Jadugora| numbered17=CT| mark-title17=[[Jadugora]] (CT) |shape-color17= #A40000

|mark-coord18={{coord|22|30|22|N|86|27|13|E}} | label-pos18 top|label18=Musabani| numbered18=CT| mark-title18=Musabani (CT) ||shape-color18=black| label-size18=13|label-color18=black 

|mark-coord19={{coord|22|21|40|N|86|36|20|E}} |label19= Subarnarekha |labela19= River |label-color19 = #77A1CB| label-angle19= 65| label-pos19=top| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none

|mark-coord20={{coord|22|41|0|N|86|6|20|E}} |label20= Kharkhai |labela20= River |label-color20 = #77A1CB| label-angle20= -55| label-pos20=top| label-size20=10| mark-size20=0| mark-title20 =none

|mark-coord21={{coord|22|54|0|N|86|12|0|E}} | label-pos21= top|label21= Dalma |labela21= Wildlife|labelb21= Sanctuary | numbered21=T| mark-title21= [[Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T) |shape-color21= #74C365

|arc-coordA={{coord|23|1|0|N|86|30|0|E}}|arc-textA= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA= 20| arc-gapA=4.5| arc-radiusA=0.4

|arc-coordB={{coord|22|16|0|N|86|15|0|E}}|arc-textB= ODISHA| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB= 0| arc-gapB=6.5| arc-radiusB=0.4}}

== Location ==
Musabani is located at {{Coord|22.52|N|86.45|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/38/Mushabani.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Mushabani]</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert|160|m|ft|abbr=on}}.

==Civic administration==
There is a police station at Musabani.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum | title= District Police Profile – East Singhbhum |publisher= Jharkhand Police| access-date = 18 December 2021}}</ref>

The headquarters of the Musabani CD block is located at Musabani village.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 97: Map of Musabani CD block |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 18 December 2021}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Musabani had a total population of 31,035, of which 16,063 (52%) were males and 14,972 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 3,537. The total number of literate persons in Musabani was 21,778 (79.20% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2012_PART_B_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Location code: 363955, Pages 26-27 : District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 18 December 2021}}</ref>

(*For language details see [[Musabani block#Language and religion]])

As of 2001 India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Musabani had a population of 33,892. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Musabani has an average literacy rate of 67%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 76%, and female literacy is 58%. In Musabani, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.
===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages spoken in Musabani Town (2011)<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX 2011 census data] censusindia.gov.in</ref>
|label1= [[ Urdu language| Urdu]]
|value1= 24.60
|color1 =green
|label2= [[ Bengali language| Bengali]]
|value2 = 18.62
|color2 =brown
|label3 = [[ Santali language | Santali]]
|value3 =17.29
|color3 =yellow
|label4 = [[ Hindi language| Hindi]]
|value4 = 14.36
|color4 =orange
|label5 = [[ Odia language | Odia]]
|value5 = 9.32
|color5 =pink
|label6 = [[ Bhojpuri language| Bhojpuri ]]
|value6 = 3.01
|color6 = blue
|label7= Others
|value7= 12.80
|color7 = white
}}

===Religion===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Musabani Town (2011)<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX 2011 census data] censusindia.gov.in</ref>
|label1= Hindu
|value1= 46.20
|color1 =orange
|label2= Muslim
|value2 = 32.90
|color2 =green
|label3 = [[Sarna (religion)| Sarna]]
|value3 =17.36
|color3 =blue
|label4 = Christian
|value4 = 2.43
|color4 =white
|label5 = [[Sikh]]
|value5 = 0.66
|color5 =yellow
|label6 = Buddhist
|value6 = 0.18
|color6 = brown
|label7= Others
|value7= 0.27
|color7 = grey
}}

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Purbi Singhbhum'', Musabani covered an area of {{cvt|10.99|km2}}. It has an annual rainfall of {{cvt|1,030.2 |mm}}.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 863-871 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 14 December 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kolhan Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in East Singhbhum district]]

Nikita Rawal

2026-02-09T04:55:18Z

RajveerSingha1950: creating a entry

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nikita Rawal
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], India
| alma_mater = [[Mithibai College]]
| occupation = dancer/Actress / Producer
| yearsactive = 2010–present
}}

'''Nikita Rawal'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/beauty-with-a-heart-for-social-causes/21686185 |title=Nikita Rawal: Beauty with a heart for Social Causes |date=6 September 2019 |website=mid-day |language=en |access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref> is an Indian dancer and actress.

Born and brought up in [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], she is known as an organizer and a performer in [[Bollywood]] and South Indian movies. Rawal has worked movies such as ''[[Black & White (2008 Hindi film)|Black & White]]'' with [[Anil Kapoor]] and [[Shefali Shah]], ''Mr Hot Mr Kool'' and ''[[The Hero - Abhimanyu|The Hero – Abhimanyu]]'',

''[[Ammaa Ki Boli]]'', ''[[Garam Masala (2005 film)|Garam Masala]]'', starring [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[John Abraham|John Abhraham]], ''Cute Kamina'' etc. She has also worked in [[Telugu cinema|Tollywood]] since 2012, and has received 8 awards.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mumbailive.com/hi/bollywood/nikita-rawal-receives-midday-icon-award-for-producing-content-and-social-work-under-her-ngo-aastha-foundation-40694 |title=एक्टर-प्रोड्यूसर निकिता रावल 'शो बिज़ आइकन अवॉर्ड' से हुईं सम्मानित! |website=Mumbai Live |date=14 October 2019 |language=hi |access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref> She has undertaken a government project depicting social issues, produced by Innocent Virus Films on [[NDTV]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/india/innocent-virus-films-made-a-song-video-on-drugs-nikita-rawal-2104387 |title=इनोसेंट वायरस फिल्म्स ने ड्रग्स पर बनाया सॉन्ग वीडियो, निकिता रावल ने की शानदार एक्टिंग |website=NDTVIndia |access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref> The video is based on spreading awareness about making the country drug free.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asianage.com/entertainment/tv/150919/innocent-virus-films-shoots-music-video-with-nikita-rawal-for-social-cause.html |title=Innocent virus films shoots music video with Nikita Rawal for social cause |date=15 September 2019 |website=The Asian Age |access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref> In her upcoming film ''Roti Kapda and Romance'',<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/on-the-sets-of-roti-kapda-and-romance/15252066 |title=On the sets of 'Roti Kapda and Romance' |date=25 April 2014 |website=mid-day |language=en |access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref> she plays the lead role alongside [[Arshad Warsi]] and [[Chunky Pandey]].

== Filmography ==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Role
! scope="col" |Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
|2007
| scope="row" |''Mr. Hot Mr. Kool''
|Actress
|[[Hindi]]
|
|-
|2008
| scope="row" |''Black & White''
|
|[[Hindi]]
|
|-
|2009
| scope="row" |''[[The Hero - Abhimanyu]]''
|Maria
|[[Hindi]]
|
|-
|2013
| scope="row" |''Ammaa Ki Boli''
|Item Song
|[[Hindi]]
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|4681437}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|nikita-rawal}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rawal, Nikita}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]

Ala Hazrat Express (via Bhildi)

2026-02-08T12:42:42Z

RajveerSingha1950: added information additionally and improved wording

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 00FF00
| name = Ala Hazrat Express
| image = Ala Hazrat Express.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Ala Hazrat Express at [[Delhi Junction railway station|Delhi Junction]].
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[Gujarat]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]], Delhi & [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Bareilly}} (BE)
| stops = 44
| end = {{stnlnk|Bhuj}} (BHUJ)
| distance = {{convert|1412|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 27h 40m
| frequency = 4 days a week
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities= Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 14321 / 14322
| speed = {{convert|52|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| sharing = 14311/14312 [[Ala Hazrat Express (via Ahmedabad)]]
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 14321 / 14322 '''Ala Hazrat Express''' (via '''Bhildi''') is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Northern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Bareilly Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Bhuj}} in India. It is currently being operated with 14321/14322 train numbers on a four-day weekly basis.<ref>[http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=6010&did=14990800598164C62582539053C2787004665DCD3D55F.web91 ADDITIONAL STOPPAGE OF TRAINS]</ref><ref>[http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in//view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=5566&did=146968717354331149CD7D30E63D65E7FF8632F2FE2E1.web91 CHANGE IN DAYS OF RUN OF 14311/14312 & 14321/14322 BAREILLY –BHUJ - BAREILLY EXPRESS TRAINS]</ref>

The train is named in the memory of a reformer of the 19th century [[Ala Hazrat]] [[Ahmed Raza Khan]] who is famous around the world.

==About the train==

''' Ala Hazrat Express'''
*14311/14312 Via [[Mahesana]] (Running 3 days per week)
*14321/14322 Via [[Bhildi]] (Running 4 days per week)
The Express train belonging to Indian Railways that runs between [[Bareilly]] and [[Bhuj]] in India. It operates as train number 14311/14321 from [[Bareilly]] to [[Bhuj]] and as train number 14312/14322 in the reverse direction.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://indiarailinfo.com/train/ala-hazrat-express-14311-be-to-dli/29/337/349 | title=14311/Ala Hazrat Express (via Ahmedabad) – Bareilly to Old Delhi NR/Northern Zone – Railway Enquiry}}</ref>

It's coincidence they are arriving same time on [[palanpur Junction railway station|Palanpur Junction]].

== Service==

The 14321/Ala Hazrat Express has an average speed of 51 km/h and covers 1412 km in 27h 40m. The 14322/Ala Hazrat Express has an average speed of 51 km/h and covers 1412 km in 27h 35m.

== Route and halts ==
The important stops of the train include:

* '''{{stnlnk|Bareilly}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Moradabad}}
* {{stnlnk|Ghaziabad}}
* {{stnlnk|Old Delhi}}
* {{stnlnk|Delhi Cantonment}}
* {{stnlnk|Gurgaon}}
* {{stnlnk|Rewari}}
* {{stnlnk|Alwar}}
* {{stnlnk|Bandikui Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Jaipur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Phulera Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ajmer Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Marwar Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Abu Road}}
* {{stnlnk|Palanpur}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhildi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhachau}}
* {{stnlnk|Gandhidham Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Anjar}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Bhuj}}'''

==Coach composition==

The train has standard LHB rakes with max speed of 130 km/h. The train consists of 22 coaches:

* 1 AC II Tier
* 4 AC III Tier
* 10 Sleeper coaches
* 5 General
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

== Traction==

As the route is fully electrified, it is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Ghaziabad |Ghaziabad Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-5]] / [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from end to end.

== Direction reversal==
Train reverses its direction 1 times:

* {{stnlnk|Gandhidham Junction}}

==Rake sharing==
The train shares its rake with 14311/14312 [[Ala Hazrat Express|Ala Hazrat Express (via Mahesana)]].

== See also ==

* [[Bareilly Junction railway station]]
* [[Bhuj railway station]]
* [[Ala Hazrat Express (via Ahmedabad)]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/31 14321/Ala Hazrat Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/32 14322/Ala Hazrat Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Northern India}}
{{Railways in Western India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ala Hazrat Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Bhuj]]
[[Category:Trains from Bareilly]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Memorials to Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

I. K. Gujral Punjab Technical University

2026-02-01T14:06:12Z

RajveerSingha1950: adjusted page also and fixed typos to improve readability

{{Short description|State university in Jalandhar, Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox university
|image = I. K. Gujral Punjab Technical University logo.png
|budget = {{INRConvert|464.72|c}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ptu.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Budget.pdf|title=Budget 2024-25}} (2024-25)</ref>
| caption = Logo of the IKGPTU, Jalandhar
|image_size = 150px
|name = I. K. Gujral Punjab Technical University Jalandhar, Kapurthala
| motto = Propelling Punjab to a Prosperous Knowledge Society <ref>{{cite document |title=Appears in footer in most notifications issued by the university in quotes.|publisher=IKGPTU}}</ref>
| accreditation = NAAC B<ref name=NC1>{{citation|title= NAAC Grade Sheet|url=https://assessmentonline.naac.gov.in/public/index.php/grade_sheet_rpt/eyJpdiI6ImdKTEkwYy9uMDZRZ29lTlVIVkxWOUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQXFqb1FlajZMSno2QktSeno2YVErQT09IiwibWFjIjoiZTNhNjJiMGViN2Y1MGFlM2Q0ZGRiZThhZWU5N2EwNzNkMmNkYzY2ZDY4Nzk5YThmNzA4Y2FhODZkMGY2NTRhNyIsInRhZyI6IiJ9|access-date=}}</ref>
|type = [[State university]]
| undergrad = 1226 (Main Campus)<ref name="NIRF2024">{{citation | title=NIRF 2024 Application| url=https://ptu.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Engineering-Application-NIRF-2024-I-K-Gujral-Punjab-Technical-University.pdf|access-date= 6 October 2024}}</ref>
| postgrad = 23 (Main Campus)<ref name=NIRF2024 />
| doctoral = 74 (Main Campus)<ref name=NIRF2024 />
| former_name = Punjab Technical University
|established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|16 January 1997}}
| faculty = 67 <ref name=NIRF2024 />
| vice_chancellor = Susheel Mittal
| chairman = Chief Secretary, [[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]]<ref>{{citation|title=The I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University Amendment Act, 2015|url=https://dte.punjab.gov.in/sites/default/files/IKGPTU%20ACT-1996%20and%20Amendments%20%20%28PDF%29.pdf#page=20|access-date=11 October 2024|publisher=DTE, PUNJAB}}</ref>
| chancellor = [[List of governors of Punjab, India|Governor of Punjab]]<ref>{{citation|title=The Punjab Technical University Act 1996 & Amendments, Page 5|url=https://dte.punjab.gov.in/sites/default/files/IKGPTU%20ACT-1996%20and%20Amendments%20%20%28PDF%29.pdf#page=5|access-date=11 October 2024|publisher=DTE, PUNJAB}}</ref>
| campus = {{collapsible list |bullets=true|title=List of Campuses|contents=|'''Main Campus''' Main Campus, Kapurthala (Established 1997,<ref>{{citation|title=About PTU|url= https://ptu.ac.in/about/}}</ref> {{convert|78.1|acre|hectare}}) |'''Satellite Campuses''' |Hoshiarpur Campus (Established 2013, {{convert|22.6|acre|hectare}}|Amritsar Campus (Established 2012, {{convert|22.5|acre|hectare}})|Mohali Campus - I (Estab. 2004, {{convert|2.5|acre|hectare}})|Mohali Campus - II (Established 2013, {{convert|11.7|acre|hectare}})}}
<ref>{{citation|title= SSR Information Sheet|url=https://assessmentonline.naac.gov.in/public/index.php/ssr_report/eyJpdiI6InZ0bWI4YVpUbGJCYUZlRnlHOVRleUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieWxCaGJKa0lqd2FnakpjZWFYU2IzZz09IiwibWFjIjoiNzZhZTBjNjJmZGU5MzhlNzM3YmMxOWI2NTY3ZTY0NmRjMTQxYWIyNWM2M2RmNmRlMjY2MjlkZDg1YmJmZjIzZCIsInRhZyI6IiJ9#page=10|access-date=6 October 2024}}</ref>
| colours = {{color box|#2F3191|Blue}} – {{color box|#CE2029|Red}}
|students =
|city = IKGPTU Main Campus, Jalandhar-Kapurthala Highway, Kapurthala 144603
|state = [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
|country = India
|academic_affiliation = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]],<ref>{{citation|title= UGC's List of Universities, On P.30, Serial 682|url=https://www.ugc.gov.in/oldpdf/Consolidated%20list%20of%20All%20Universities.pdf}}</ref> [[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]],<ref>{{citation|title=AIU Member Universities|url=https://www.aiu.ac.in/documents/sports/Mailing%20List%202022-23.pdf#page=9|access-date=6 October 2024}}</ref> [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]],<ref>{{citation|url=https://assessmentonline.naac.gov.in/public/index.php/admin/get_file?file_path=eyJpdiI6IjBaWTYzaFdMbTI4T1JnMFhYNEx0Unc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoia29oUDZaQVVnT2Z0dzgrZnV3ODZSL1RraXgwT1ZBemViRnVaRzJWT3A5ckN3LzdxRWx4WjRQRmtTcCtpcVliOTF6ZGxnVDlZL0Zlc253NVhVS3Fmb3c9PSIsIm1hYyI6IjVmOWEwMDdmYWIyM2Q2MDEwYWExZDZhYzE0NmNkYmI2YmE1MDY4OGRkMjE5MGUzYzA3M2FiOGY4ZmE3YWI1OGMiLCJ0YWciOiIifQ==|title=AICTE Approval 2020-21|access-date=6 October 2024}}</ref> [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]],<ref name=NC1 /> [[Council of Architecture|COA]],<ref>{{citation|title=COA Approved Universities|url=https://www.coa.gov.in/institutionStatus.php}}</ref> [[Pharmacy Council of India|PCI]]<ref>{{citation|title=PCI Approved Institutes|url=https://www.pci.nic.in/approved_degree_institutes_us__12.html|access-date=6 October 2024}}</ref>
|website = {{URL|http://www.ptu.ac.in}}
}}

'''I. K. Gujral Punjab Technical University''' ('''IKGPTU'''), formerly '''Punjab Technical University''' ('''PTU'''), is a [[Public university|public]] [[State university (India)|state university]] in Kapurthala, Punjab, India established by an Act of State Legislature on 16 January 1997.

== Renaming ==
In recognition of contribution made by the former Indian Prime Minister late [[I. K. Gujral]] towards the overall development and prosperity of state of Punjab, the state government, by 'The Punjab Technical University (Amendment) Act 2014' renamed the Punjab Technical University as 'I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University.'<ref>{{cite web |url= https://ptu.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/22-06-17-chnage-name-notification.pdf| title=The Punjab Technical University Amendment Act 2014 }}</ref>

== Rankings ==
{{Infobox India university ranking

}}

In 2021 NIRF Rankings, the institute was ranked 120 among the top engineering colleges of India.<ref name=Rankings_NIRF_E_2021/> In 2016 university was ranked 3rd in State, 33rd in research and 54th among top 100 Universities of India in NIRF 2016 ranking.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.nirfindia.org/Home/Ranking2016 |title=NIRF 2016}}</ref>

== Notable alumni ==
* [[Charanjit Singh Channi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myneta.info/punjab2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=165|title = Charanjit Singh Channi(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- CHAMKAUR SAHIB (SC)(RUPNAGAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate}}</ref>
* [[Hargovind Bhargava]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=2085|title = Har Govind Bhargav(Bahujan Samaj Party(BSP)):Constituency- SIDHAULI (SC)(SITAPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate}}</ref>
* [[Sidhu Moosewala]]
* [[Deepika Singh]]
* [[Amrit Mann]]
* [[Ap dhillon]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Universities in Punjab}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:I. K. Gujral Punjab Technical University| ]]
[[Category:Universities in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]
[[Category:Education in Jalandhar]]
[[Category:1997 establishments in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1997]]

List of accolades received by Vikram Vedha

2026-01-31T06:45:28Z

RajveerSingha1950: done

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2019}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of accolades received by ''Vikram Vedha''}}
{{Infobox awards list
| title = List of accolades received by ''Vikram Vedha''
| film = y
| total_width = 350
| image1 = Madhavan Saala Khadoos (cropped).jpg
| alt1 = Madhavan posing for the camera
| image2 = Vijay Sethupathi at Asiavision Movie Awards 2017.png
| alt2 = Vijay Sethupathi looking at the camera
| caption = [[R. Madhavan]] and [[Vijay Sethupathi]] garnered several awards and nominations for their performances in ''[[Vikram Vedha]]''.
| wins = '''19'''
| nominations = '''46'''
| awards =
{{Custom award|'''[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]'''|3|3}}
{{Custom award|'''[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]'''|1|1}}
{{Custom award|'''[[Filmfare Awards South]]'''|4|7}}
{{Custom award|'''[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]'''|4|4}}
{{Custom award|'''[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]'''|2|10}}
{{Custom award|'''[[Techofes Awards]]'''|2|6}}
{{Custom award|'''[[Vijay Awards]]'''|4|15}}
}}

''[[Vikram Vedha]]'' is a 2017 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[neo-noir]] [[action thriller film]] directed and written by the husband-and-wife duo [[Pushkar–Gayatri]] and produced by [[S. Sashikanth]] under the banner of [[YNOT Studios]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2017 |title='Vikram Vedha' inspired from Vikramaditya-Vetala tales |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-vedha-inspired-from-vikramaditya-vetala-tales-news-tamil-rfcpWmdfgcajj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180611110851/http://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-vedha-inspired-from-vikramaditya-vetala-tales-news-tamil-rfcpWmdfgcajj.html |archive-date=11 June 2018 |access-date=11 June 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> [[R. Madhavan]] and [[Vijay Sethupathi]] play the title characters Vikram and Vedha respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |date=17 February 2016 |title=Vijay Sethupathi, Madhavan's film is based on Vikramathithan Vethalam |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Vijay-Sethupathi-Madhavans-film-is-based-on-Vikramathithan-Vethalam/articleshow/51009766.cms |url-status=live |access-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180527163143/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Vijay-Sethupathi-Madhavans-film-is-based-on-Vikramathithan-Vethalam/articleshow/51009766.cms |archive-date=27 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="IBTRR">{{Cite news |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=21 July 2017 |title=Vikram Vedha movie review: An engrossing gangster flick, say audience |work=[[International Business Times]] |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/vikram-vedha-movie-review-live-audience-response-735361 |url-status=live |access-date=6 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180606162739/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/vikram-vedha-movie-review-live-audience-response-735361 |archive-date=6 June 2018}}</ref> [[Shraddha Srinath]], [[Kathir (actor)|Kathir]] and [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]] play the other lead roles while [[Prem (actor)|Prem]], [[Achyuth Kumar]], [[Hareesh Peradi]] and [[Vivek Prasanna]] feature as supporting characters.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 September 2017 |title=Kiccha Sudeep in 'Vikram Vedha' remake? |work=[[The News Minute]] |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kiccha-sudeep-vikram-vedha-remake-68784 |url-status=live |access-date=23 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505163650/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kiccha-sudeep-vikram-vedha-remake-68784 |archive-date=5 May 2019}}</ref> [[Sam C. S.]] composed the film's [[Soundtrack album|soundtrack]] and [[Film score|score]]. Richard Kevin and [[P. S. Vinod]] was in charge of the editing and cinematography respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=21 July 2017 |title=Vikram Vedha movie review: Madhavan, Vijay Sethupathi's film is smart as well as entertaining |work=[[Firstpost]] |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vikram-vedha-movie-review-madhavan-vijay-sethupathis-film-is-smart-as-well-as-entertaining-3840139.html |url-status=live |access-date=7 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180607164058/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vikram-vedha-movie-review-madhavan-vijay-sethupathis-film-is-smart-as-well-as-entertaining-3840139.html |archive-date=7 June 2018}}</ref>

A contemporary adaptation of the Indian folktale ''[[Baital Pachisi]]'', the film follows Vikram, a police inspector who is decisive about good and evil, and the head of an [[Encounter killings by police|encounter unit]] which is formed to track down and kill Vedha, a gangster. When the unit makes plans for another encounter, Vedha walks into the police station and voluntarily surrenders himself. He then tells Vikram three stories which bring about a change in the latter's perceptions of right and wrong.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacharya |first=Roshmila |date=15 March 2018 |title=Neeraj Pandey developing Hindi remake of Vikram Vedha |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/neeraj-pandey-developing-hindi-remake-of-vikram-vedha/articleshow/63307208.cms |url-status=live |access-date=23 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623082511/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/neeraj-pandey-developing-hindi-remake-of-vikram-vedha/articleshow/63307208.cms |archive-date=23 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="TOI review">{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=21 July 2017 |title=Vikram Vedha Movie Review |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/vikram-vedha/movie-review/59697165.cms |url-status=live |access-date=2 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116073309/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/vikram-vedha/movie-review/59697165.cms |archive-date=16 January 2018}}</ref>

Produced on a budget of [[Indian rupee sign|₹]]110 million (about US$1.7 million in 2017),<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 August 2017 |title=Madhavan opens up on 'Vikram Vedha's success |work=The News Minute |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/madhavan-opens-vikram-vedha-s-success-66407 |access-date=2 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="INRUSD2017">{{Cite news |date=11 April 2017 |title=Rupee to average 66.2 against dollar in 2017–18: Kotak |work=[[The Economic Times]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/forex/rupee-to-average-66-2-against-dollar-in-2017-18-kotak/articleshow/58124988.cms |url-status=live |access-date=11 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630154810/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/forex/rupee-to-average-66-2-against-dollar-in-2017-18-kotak/articleshow/58124988.cms |archive-date=30 June 2017}}</ref> ''Vikram Vedha'' was released on 21 July 2017 and received positive reviews.<ref name="IBTRR" /><ref name="TOI review" /><ref name="IndiaTodayBO">{{Cite web |date=24 July 2017 |title=Vikram Vedha box-office collection: Madhavan-Vijay Sethupathi's film earns Rs 10cr in 3 days |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vikram-vedha-box-office-collection-madhavan-vijay-sethupathi-1026000-2017-07-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180606074552/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vikram-vedha-box-office-collection-madhavan-vijay-sethupathi-1026000-2017-07-24 |archive-date=6 June 2018 |access-date=6 June 2018 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> It was commercially successful, grossing {{INR}}600 million (about US$9.0 million in 2017) worldwide.<ref name="INRUSD2017" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=15 December 2017 |title=Vikram Vedha has earned me love and respect: Vijay Sethupathi |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/vikram-vedha-has-earned-me-love-and-respect-vijay-sethupathi/story-vXF0zffg8W8VOgSJn9L7jM.html |url-status=live |access-date=23 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623142916/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/vikram-vedha-has-earned-me-love-and-respect-vijay-sethupathi/story-vXF0zffg8W8VOgSJn9L7jM.html |archive-date=23 June 2018}}</ref> The film won 19 awards from 46 nominations; its direction, screenplay, music, and the performances of Madhavan, Sethupathi and Varalaxmi have received the most attention from award groups.

''Vikram Vedha'' received seven nominations at the [[65th Filmfare Awards South]], including those for [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film]] (Sashikanth), [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor]] (Madhavan and Sethupathi) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil|Best Supporting Actress]] (Varalaxmi). It won in four categories – [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director]] (Pushkar–Gayatri), Best Actor (Sethupathi), [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Male Playback Singer]] (Anirudh for "Yaanji") and [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – South|Critics Award for Best Actor – South]] (Madhavan). At the [[10th Vijay Awards]], it received fifteen nominations and won four, [[Vijay Award for Best Director|Best Director]], [[Vijay Award for Best Story, Screenplay Writer|Best Screenplay Writer]], [[Vijay Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] and Best Background Score. ''Vikram Vedha'' received ten nominations at the [[7th South Indian International Movie Awards]] ceremony and won two awards, which were Best Director for Pushkar–Gayathri and Best Actor for Madhavan. Among other wins, the film received four [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]], three [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]], two [[Techofes Awards]], an [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Award]] and four [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]].

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Recipient(s)
!scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| rowspan="3" | 10 January 2018
| Best Screenplay
| [[Pushkar–Gayathri]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | <ref>{{Cite news |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=11 January 2018 |title=Vijay's Mersal wins big at Vikatan Cinema Awards 2017 [See Complete Winners List] |work=International Business Times |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vikatan-cinema-awards-vijays-mersal-wins-big-ajith-bags-best-hard-working-actor-vivegam-756538 |url-status=live |access-date=21 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121155032/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vikatan-cinema-awards-vijays-mersal-wins-big-ajith-bags-best-hard-working-actor-vivegam-756538 |archive-date=21 January 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2018 |title=ஆனந்த விகடன் சினிமா விருதுகள் 2017 - திறமைக்கு மரியாதை |trans-title=Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards 2017 – Respect for talent |url=https://www.vikatan.com/anandavikatan/2018-jan-17/ananda-vikatan-awards/137757-ananda-vikatan-awards-2017.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121155037/https://www.vikatan.com/anandavikatan/2018-jan-17/ananda-vikatan-awards/137757-ananda-vikatan-awards-2017.html |archive-date=21 January 2018 |access-date=21 January 2018 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>
|-
| Best Playback Singer — Male
| {{sort|Ravichander|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]}} (for "Yaanji"){{efn|Also for "Karuthavanlaam Galeejam" from ''[[Velaikkaran (2017 film)|Velaikkaran]]''}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Villain — Male
| {{sort|Sethupathi|[[Vijay Sethupathi]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="1" | [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
| rowspan="1" | 26 February 2018
| Best Character Role – (Female)
| {{sort|Sarathkumar|[[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]]}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1" | <ref>{{Cite news |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=26 February 2018 |title=Ilayathalapathy Vijay's Mersal sweeps Edison Awards [winners' list] |work=International Business Times |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/11th-edison-awards-vijays-mersal-wins-big-complete-winners-list-2017-761866 |url-status=live |access-date=29 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429105814/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/11th-edison-awards-vijays-mersal-wins-big-complete-winners-list-2017-761866 |archive-date=29 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="7" | [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="7" | [[65th Filmfare Awards South|16 June 2018]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Sashikanth|[[S. Sashikanth]]}}
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2018 |title=Nominations for the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652-1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604163156/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652.html |archive-date=4 June 2018 |access-date=4 June 2018 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=17 June 2018 |title=Winners: 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/winners-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018/articleshow/64617904.cms |url-status=live |access-date=17 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617071126/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/winners-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018/articleshow/64617904.cms |archive-date=17 June 2018 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director – Tamil]]
| [[Pushkar–Gayathri]]
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Madhavan|[[R. Madhavan]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| {{sort|Sethupathi|[[Vijay Sethupathi]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil|Best Supporting Actress – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Sarathkumar|[[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Ravichander|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]}} (for "Yaanji")
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Critics Best Actor – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Madhavan|[[R. Madhavan]]}}{{efn|Shared with [[Karthi]] for ''[[Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru]]''}}
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4" | [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]
| rowspan="4" | 26 January 2018
| Best Screenplay
| [[Pushkar–Gayathri]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2018 |title=9th NTFF 2018: Official selection & Winners of Tamilar Awards 2018 Tamil Nadu ! |url=http://www.ntff.no/node/161 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610082155/http://www.ntff.no/node/161 |archive-date=10 June 2018 |access-date=10 June 2018 |website=[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=News |url=http://www.ntff.no/News |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610082341/http://www.ntff.no/News |archive-date=10 June 2018 |access-date=10 June 2018 |website=Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| Best Actor – Male
| {{sort|Madhavan|[[R. Madhavan]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Music Director
| {{sort|C. S.|[[Sam C. S.]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Playback Singer – Male
| {{sort|Ravichander|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]}} (for "Yaanji")
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="10" | [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="10" | [[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|14 – 15 September 2018]]
| Best Film – Tamil
| {{sort|Sashikanth|[[S. Sashikanth]]}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="10" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Goyal |first=Divya |date=15 August 2018 |title=SIIMA 2018 Nominations: Vijay's Mersal Beats Madhavan And Vijay Sethupathi's Vikram Vedha |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/siima-2018-nominations-vijays-mersal-beats-madhavan-and-vijay-sethupathis-vikram-vedha-1901012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910171301/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/siima-2018-nominations-vijays-mersal-beats-madhavan-and-vijay-sethupathis-vikram-vedha-1901012 |archive-date=10 September 2018 |access-date=10 September 2018 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>
|-
| Best Director – Tamil
| [[Pushkar–Gayathri]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | Best Actor – Tamil
| {{sort|Madhavan|[[R. Madhavan]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| {{sort|Sethupathi|[[Vijay Sethupathi]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actress – Tamil
| {{sort|Sarathkumar|[[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]]}}{{efn|Also for ''[[Nibunan]]''}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actor (Critics) – Tamil
| {{sort|Madhavan|[[R. Madhavan]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Debut Actress – Tamil
| {{sort|Srinath|[[Shraddha Srinath]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Music Director – Tamil
| {{sort|C. S.|[[Sam C. S.]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil
| {{sort|Ravichander|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]}} (for "Yaanji")
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil
| {{sort|Gopalan|[[Shakthisree Gopalan]]}} (for "Yaanji")
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4" | [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
| rowspan="4" |29 January 2026
|Best Film (Second Prize)
|''Vikram Vedha''
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="4" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-30|title=Tamil Nadu State Film Awards for 2016-2022 announced; see full list|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-for-2016-2022-announced-see-full-list-23614375|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260130060303/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-for-2016-2022-announced-see-full-list-23614375|archive-date=2026-01-30|access-date=2026-01-30|work=[[Mid-Day]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Director
|[[Pushkar–Gayatri]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Playback Singer (Female)
|{{sort|Gopalan|[[Shakthisree Gopalan]]}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Stunt Coordinator
|[[Dhilip Subbarayan]]
|{{Won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="6" | [[Techofes Awards]]
| rowspan="6" | 19 February 2018
| Best Director
| [[Pushkar–Gayathri]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="6" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=T-Awards Poll |url=http://techofes.org.in/tawards/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219154638/http://techofes.org.in/tawards/ |archive-date=19 February 2018 |access-date=19 February 2018 |website=[[Techofes]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pro Shows |url=http://techofes.org.in/pro-shows/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219155111/http://techofes.org.in/pro-shows/ |archive-date=19 February 2018 |access-date=19 February 2018 |website=Techofes |df=dmy-all}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite tweet |number=964767626701422592 |user=viknmedia |title=Vikn Media Creations Presents Anna University Techofes Award Best Story won by Director @PushkarGayatri #techofesawards2018 #CEG |author=Vikn Media Creations |date=16 February 2018 |access-date=10 June 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180610075954/https://twitter.com/viknmedia/status/964767626701422592 |archive-date=10 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite tweet |number=964778615257706497 |user=viknmedia |title=Vikn Media Creations Presents Anna University Techofes Award Best Music Director Won by @SamCSmusic For #VikramVedha #techofesawards2018 #CEG |author=Vikn Media Creations |date=17 February 2018 |access-date=10 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610080645/https://twitter.com/viknmedia/status/964778615257706497 |archive-date=10 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite tweet |number=964762374837125121 |user=viknmedia |title=Vikn Media Creations Presents Anna University Techofes Award Best Director Award Won by @jayam_mohanraja #techofesawards2018 #CEG |author=Vikn Media Creations |date=16 February 2018 |access-date=10 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610081202/https://twitter.com/viknmedia/status/964762374837125121 |archive-date=10 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite tweet |number=964779309788364800 |user=viknmedia |title=Vikn Media Creations Presents Anna University Techofes Award Best Lyrics Won by @Lyricist_Vivek For #AalaporaanThamizhan #techofesawards2018 #CEG |author=Vikn Media Creations |date=16 February 2018 |access-date=10 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610080842/https://twitter.com/viknmedia/status/964779309788364800 |archive-date=10 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite tweet |number=964763072773570567 |user=viknmedia |title=Vikn Media Creations Presents Anna University Techofes Award Best Actor Male Won by @Siva_Kartikeyan #techofesawards2018 #CEG |author=Vikn Media Creations |date=16 February 2018 |access-date=10 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610081258/https://twitter.com/viknmedia/status/964763072773570567 |archive-date=10 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite tweet |number=964775530896662530 |user=viknmedia |title=Vikn Media Creations Presents Anna University Techofes Award Best Supporting Female won by @actress_Sneha For #Velaikaran #techofesawards2018 #CEG |author=Vikn Media Creations |date=17 February 2018 |access-date=10 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610081307/https://twitter.com/viknmedia/status/964775530896662530 |archive-date=10 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Best Story
| [[Pushkar–Gayathri]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Actor
| {{sort|Sethupathi|[[Vijay Sethupathi]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actress
| {{sort|Sarathkumar|[[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Music Director
| {{sort|C. S.|[[Sam C. S.]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Lyricist
| {{sort|Shivan|[[Vignesh Shivan]]}} (for "Karuppu Vellai")
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="15" | [[Vijay Awards]]
| rowspan="15" | [[10th Vijay Awards|3 June 2018]]
| [[Vijay Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| {{sort|Sashikanth|[[S. Sashikanth]]}}
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="15" | <ref name="10VAwin">{{Cite news |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=4 June 2018 |title=Vijay Awards 2018: Here is the complete list of winners [Photos] |work=International Business Times |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/vijay-awards-2018-catch-live-updates-event-photos-complete-winners-list-770862 |url-status=live |access-date=4 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604112225/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/vijay-awards-2018-catch-live-updates-event-photos-complete-winners-list-770862 |archive-date=4 June 2018}}</ref> <ref name="10VAHS1">{{Cite web |date=16 June 2018 |title=The Glitzy Night is Here! |url=http://www.hotstar.com/tv/vijay-awards/4031/the-glitzy-night-is-here/1100005877 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618080028/http://www.hotstar.com/tv/vijay-awards/4031/the-glitzy-night-is-here/1100005877 |archive-date=18 June 2018 |access-date=18 June 2018 |website=[[Hotstar]]}}</ref> <ref name="10VAHS2">{{Cite web |date=17 June 2018 |title=Stars of the Night |url=http://www.hotstar.com/tv/vijay-awards/4031/stars-of-the-night/1100005893 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618075951/http://www.hotstar.com/tv/vijay-awards/4031/stars-of-the-night/1100005893 |archive-date=18 June 2018 |access-date=18 June 2018 |website=Hotstar}}</ref>
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| [[Pushkar–Gayathri]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Story, Screenplay Writer|Best Screenplay Writer]]
| [[Pushkar–Gayathri]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Dialogue
| Manikandan
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| {{sort|Sethupathi|[[Vijay Sethupathi]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{sort|Srinath|[[Shraddha Srinath]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{sort|Sarathkumar|[[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| {{sort|C. S.|[[Sam C. S.]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Background Score
| {{sort|C. S.|[[Sam C. S.]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Stunt Director|Best Stunt Director]]
| {{sort|Subbarayan|[[Dhilip Subbarayan]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Art Director|Best Art Director]]
| {{sort|Rajkumar|Vinoth Rajkumar}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]]
| {{sort|Kevin|Richard Kevin}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]]
| {{sort|Vinod|[[P. S. Vinod]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Favourite Film|Favourite Film]]
| {{sort|Sashikanth|[[S. Sashikanth]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Favourite Director|Favourite Director]]
| [[Pushkar–Gayathri]]
| {{nom}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Tamil films of 2017]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{featured list}}
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6148156/awards Accolades for ''Vikram Vedha''] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]

[[Category:Lists of accolades by Indian film|Vikram Vedha]]

Bachu Ni Benpani

2026-01-18T17:55:11Z

RajveerSingha1950: put up a details basic info

{{short description|2025 Indian film by Vipul Mehta}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bachu Ni Benpani
| image = File:Bachu Ni Benpani poster.png
| alt = Official Poster
| caption = Official poster
| director = [[Vipul Mehta (director)|Vipul Mehta]]
| producer = Rashmin Majithia
| writer = [[Vipul Mehta (director)|Vipul Mehta]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Siddharth Randeria]]
* [[Ratna Pathak Shah]]
* [[Devarshi Shah]]
* Yukti Randeria
* Prince Limbadiya
* Jahnvi Chauhan
* Gopi Desai
}}
| music = Siddharth Amit Bhavsar
| cinematography = Pratik Parmar
| editing = Jitendra Shah
| studio = [[Coconut Motion Pictures]]
| distributor = Coconut Movies Release
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|08|27}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| runtime = 129 minutes
| gross = 
}}
'''''Bachu Ni Benpani''''' (Gujarati: બચુ ની બેનપણી, {{translation|Bachu's Friend}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]] comedy drama film written and directed by [[Vipul Mehta (director)|Vipul Mehta]]. It stars [[Siddharth Randeria]], [[Ratna Pathak Shah]], [[Devarshi Shah]], and Yukti Randeria in lead roles. Produced by Rashmin Majithia under banner of [[Coconut Motion Pictures]], it was released on 27 August 2025.

==Cast==
The cast is as follows:<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/bachu-ni-benpani/movieshow/123074128.cms |title=Bachu Ni Benpani |access-date=2025-09-02 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2025-08-15 |title='મફતનું ના ખાઉં તો મારી બેન મરે':ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મ 'બચુની બેનપણી'નું ટ્રેલર રિલીઝ, 'વશ લેવલ 2' સાથે થશે ટક્કર |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/entertainment/news/gujarati-film-bachu-ni-benapani-trailer-released-siddharth-randeria-comedy-movie-135678241.html |work=[[Divya Bhaskar]]}}</ref>

* [[Siddharth Randeria]] as Bachu Bapodra
* [[Ratna Pathak Shah]] as Suman Gauri Nagar
* [[Devarshi Shah]] as Vicky, Bachu's younger son
* Yukti Randeria as Jassi, the Punjabi girl, Vicky's love interest
* Prince Limbadiya as Aagam, Bachu's elder son
* Jahnvi Chauhan as Preeti, Aagam's wife
* Gopi Desai as Chandrika (Chandu), Bachu's sister

==Plot==
Bachu Bapodra has a fear of an illness and death. So to save money, he exploits every opportunity for freebies and to avoid spending. His elder son is married and expecting a child. His younger son Vicky loves Jassi and desires to marry her which is opposed by Bachu. His unmarried sister, Chandrika, who resides separately due to his parsimonious nature.<ref name=":1" />

Despite his initial reluctance, particularly concerning travel to [[Bangkok]] owing to prevalent Gujarati societal perceptions, Bachu is persuaded go Bengkok himself, ostensibly for a pilgrimage to [[Char Dham]].<ref name=":1" />

==Production==
[[File:Vipul Mehta, Siddharth Randeria, Devarshi Shah and Gopi Desai at premier of Bachu Ni Benpani.jpg|thumb|Director Vipul Mehta, Siddharth Randeria, Devarshi Shah and Gopi Desai]]
[[File:Rashmin Majithia, Ratna Pathak and Siddharth Randeria at premier of Bachu Ni Benpani (cropped).jpg|thumb|Producer Rashmin Majithia, Ratna Pathak and Siddharth Randeria]]
The film was written and directed by Vipul Mehta. Rashmin Majithia served as the producer. The music was composed by Siddharth Amit Bhavsar, with lyrics penned by Bhargav Purohit. Pratik Parmar was the cinematographer.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox Album
| name = Bachu Ni Benpani
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = Siddharth Amit Bhavsar
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{start date|2025|08|24|df=y}}
| recorded =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=08|s=28}}
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| label = Zen Music Gujarati
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media | audio1 = [https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/bachu-ni-benpani/4YLeveO24vw_ 'Bachu Ni Benpani' songs Album] on [[JioSaavn]]}}
}}
{{track listing
| headline =Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_music= Siddharth Amit Bhavsar
| all_lyrics= Bhargav Purohit

| title1 = Havan Karaavo
| extra1 = [[Amit Trivedi]]
| length1 = 2:37

| title2 = Jaatra E Jaay
| extra2 = [[Divya Kumar (singer)]] & Vrattini Purohit
| length2 = 3:05

| title3 = Kharach Kharach
| extra3 = Siddharth Amit Bhavsar & Prateeksha Srivastava
| length3 = 2:36
}}

==Release==
The trailer was released in early August 2025. It was released on 27 August 2025.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-21 |title=Gujarati Films Clash: Vash Level 2 vs Bachu ni Benpani – Which Will Win? {{!}} આમને-સામનેઃ એક જ દિવસે રિલીઝ થનારી બે ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મોમાંથી કઈ તરશે? કઈ ડૂબશે? |url=https://gujaratimidday.com/entertainment-news/dhollywood-news/article/vash-level-2-and-bachu-ni-benpani-are-two-major-gujarati-films-calsh-on-box-office-as-same-release-date-250671 |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=gujaratimidday.com |language=gu}}</ref>

==Reception==
Shilpa Bhanushali of ''[[Mid-Day]] Gujarati'' rated it 3.5 out of 5. She praised the performances, cinematography and direction.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-30 |title=Bachu ni Benpani Gujarati Film Review|script-title=gu:બચુની બેનપણી: બૅંગ્કૉક, વડીલો અને માનસિકતા બધાં વિશે વિચાર બદલી નાખતી ફિલ્મ |url=https://www.gujaratimidday.com/entertainment-news/dhollywood-news/article/bachu-ni-benpani-gujarati-film-review-comedy-bangkok-trip-with-siddharth-randeria-and-ratna-pathak-shah-251292 |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=Mid-Day Gujarati |language=gu|last=Bhanushali|first=Shilpa}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2020s Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Rashmin Majithia]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Films set in Bangkok]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bangkok]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ahmedabad]]

ING Vysya Bank

2026-01-10T19:25:53Z

RajveerSingha1950: brief expanded content as per guidelines and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian bank}}
{{update|date=August 2015}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox company
| name = ING Vysya Bank
| logo = ING Vysya Bank.svg
| traded_as = {{BSE was|531807}} {{NSE was|INGVYSYABK}}
| fate = merged with [[Kotak Mahindra Bank]]
| foundation = 2002 (est. 1930 as ''Vysya Bank'')
| location = [[Bangalore]], India
| key_people = Meleveetil Damodaran {{small|([[Chairman]])}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/company-management/ingvysyabank/board-of-directors/ING?classic=true|title=Money Control | url-access=subscription}}{{Failed verification|date=January 2026}}</ref> Uday Sareen {{small|(MD & CEO)}}
| industry = Banking, [[financial services]] & insurance
| revenue = {{INRconvert|55.88|b}}<ref name="ingvysyabank1">{{Cite web | url=http://www.ingvysyabank.com/pdf%27s/Financial%20Results-%20Mar%2013.pdf | title=Audited financial results for the year ended 3 1 March 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514073258/http://www.ingvysyabank.com/pdf%27s/Financial%20Results-%20Mar%2013.pdf | archive-date=14 May 2014 }}</ref>
| net_income = {{INRconvert|6.13|b}}<ref name="ingvysyabank1"/>
| assets = {{INRconvert|548.36|b}}<ref name="ingvysyabank1"/>
| num_employees = Over 10,000<ref name="ingvysyabank2">[http://www.ingvysyabank.com/scripts/About_Overview.aspx ING Vysya - ING Vysya Bank - Personal Banking] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806230942/http://ingvysyabank.com/scripts/About_Overview.aspx |date=6 August 2013 }}. ING Vysya Bank. Retrieved on 6 December 2013.</ref>
No. of Branches: 527<ref name="ingvysyabank2"/>

No. of ATMS: 405
No. of Extension counters: 10
| homepage = <s>[http://www.ingvysyabank.com ING Vysya Bank]</s>
[https://www.kotak.bank.in/en/personal-banking/erstwhile-ing-vysya/about-merger.html Kotak Bank & ING Vysya Merger]
}}

'''ING Vysya Bank ''' was a privately owned Indian multinational bank based in [[Bangalore]], with retail, wholesale, and private banking platforms formed from the 2002 purchase of an equity stake in Vysya Bank by the Dutch [[ING Group]]. This merger marked the first between an Indian bank and a foreign bank.<ref name="livemint1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/2011/11/04000353/Shailendra-Bhandari--People-d.html|title=Archives Top and Latest News}}</ref> Prior to this transaction, Vysya Bank had a seven-year-old strategic alliance and shareholding arrangement with erstwhile Belgian bank [[Banque Bruxelles Lambert]], which was also acquired by ING Group in 1998.

As of March 2013, ING Vysya was the seventh largest private sector bank in India with assets totalling {{INRconvert|548.36|b}} and operating a pan-India network of over 1,000 outlets, including 527 branches, which serviced over two million customers.<ref name="ingvysyabank1"/><ref>[http://www.chryscapital.com/current-portfolio.htm ChrysCapital] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061303/http://www.chryscapital.com/current-portfolio.htm |date=21 September 2013 }}. ChrysCapital. Retrieved on 6 December 2013.</ref> ING Group, the highest-ranking institutional shareholder, held a 44% equity stake in ING Vysya Bank, followed by [[Aberdeen Asset Management]], private equity firm ChrysCapital, [[Morgan Stanley]], and [[Citigroup]], respectively.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.ingvysyabank.com/pdf%27s/INGVysyaBank_MARCH2012.pdf | title=ING VYSYA BANK - Investor Presentation | date=March 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524175012/http://ingvysyabank.com/pdf%27s/INGVysyaBank_MARCH2012.pdf | archive-date=24 May 2012 }}</ref>

ING Vysya Bank was ranked among top five Most Trusted Brands among private sector banks in India in the Economic Times Brand Equity – Neilsen survey 2011.<ref name=":0" /> The bank had also been ranked the "Safest Banker" by the ''New Indian Express'' and among "Top 5 Most Trusted Private Sector Banks" by the ''Economic Times''.<ref name=":0">[https://www.ndtv.com/business/stock/ing-vysya-bank-ltd_ingvysyabk/reports ING Vysya Bank was ranked among top 5 Most Trusted Brands among private sector banks in India in the Economic Times Brand Equity – Neilsen survey 2011]. ndtv.com. Retrieved on 27 March 2022.</ref>

On 20 November 2014, in an all-stock amalgamation, ING Vysya Bank decided to merge with [[Kotak Mahindra Bank]], creating the fourth largest private sector bank in India.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/kotak-mahindra-bank-to-acquire-ing-vysya-bank/article6618453.ece |title=ING Vysya Bank to merge with Kotak Mahindra Bank |newspaper=The Hindu |date=20 November 2014 |publisher=thehindu.com |access-date=21 November 2014|last1=Ninan |first1=Oommen a. }}</ref> On 1 April 2015, the [[Reserve Bank of India]] approved the merger. On 15 May 2016 the whole merger process was completed.<ref name="ING RBI Approves">{{cite news|title=Kotak Mahindra, ING Vysya extend gains after RBI approves amalgamation|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/kotak-mahindra-ing-vysya-extend-gains-after-rbi-approves-amalgamation-115040600648_1.html|access-date=12 April 2015|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=6 April 2015}}</ref>

==History==

===Early years===

see [[Vysya Bank]]

===Globalisation through Europe===

In 1995, Vysya Bank entered into a long-term strategic alliance with Belgian bank [[Bank Bruxelles Lambert]] (BBL). Following this agreement, the Vysya Bank engaged KPMC Peat Marwick international investment banking joint venture (JV) with MC Securities (London), an investment banking subsidiary of BBL, was formally established.

In 1998, the [[ING Group]] acquired BBL and all its contractual and JV interests in Vysya Bank. In 1999, Vysya Bank joined the [[ING Group]] in co-marketing/distribution of life insurance products in India. Vysya Bank also acquired a 26% equity stake in the ING Asset Management Company. In 2000, Vysya Bank, [[ING Group|ING]] Insurance, and the Damani Group formed a life insurance JV; this innovative collaboration marks the first bancassurance venture in India.<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/businessline/2000/11/29/stories/14294106.htm ING, Vysya, Damani in pact for life venture]. Thehindubusinessline.in (29 November 2000). Retrieved on 6 December 2013.</ref>

===Formal merger with the ING Group===

In 2002, Vysya Bank's board of directors and the RBI approved Vysya Bank's formal merger with the [[ING Group]]. Under Indian law, this move allowed ING to increase its total equity holdings in Vysya Bank from 20% to 44%. Peter Alexander Smyth and Jacques PM Kemp were appointed to the board of the newly formed ING Vysya Bank.

ING Vysya Bank then appointed Bart Hellemans as CEO and managing director (MD) and G Mallikarjuna Rao as chairman of the board.

===Post merger News===

In 2003, [[Western Union]], a leading global money transfer firm, tied up with ING Vysya for inbound money transfer services across India. ING Vysya then launched three new endowment products and an innovative retail savings account called ''Orange'' with facilities such as personal accident and free annual accident coverage. Japanese auto manufacturer [[Toyota]] then signed an agreement with ING Vysya for auto financing services. ING Vysya then inked a deal with fertilizer producers, Madras Fertiliser Ltd (MFL), to co-market/distribute life insurance products to farmers by employing the fertilizer company's broker-dealer network in the rural sector.

In 2005, ING Vysya Bank named Ned Swarup to the CEO and MD role. ING Vysya launched a cheque account product for mid-sized businesses. It also rolled-out its own proprietary online money transfer service.

In 2006, Vaughn Richtor stepped into the CEO and MD role for a fixed three-year term. Under Mr Richtor's leadership, ING Vysya went private and delisted from the Bangalore Stock Exchange. ING Vysya also forayed into private banking and portfolio management services.

In 2009, Shailendra Bhandari was appointed as CEO and MD. He was formerly the Head of Private Equity at Tata Capital, the [[Tata Group]]'s private equity arm.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ing.asia/pressroom/bios_shailendra_bhandari.html |title=ING in Asia Pacific | Press Room | Senior Management Biographies | Banking | Shailendra Bhandari |access-date=15 October 2011 |archive-date=26 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026231959/http://www.ing.asia/pressroom/bios_shailendra_bhandari.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Having completed his three-year term in India, Vaughn Richtor was promoted to CEO of ING Banking Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ing.asia/pressroom/bios_vaughn_richtor.html |title=ING in Asia Pacific | Press Room | Senior Management Biographies | Banking | Vaughn Richtor |access-date=15 October 2011 |archive-date=23 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023235942/http://www.ing.asia/pressroom/bios_vaughn_richtor.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2010, the Board of ING Vysya Bank nominated Mr Arun Thiagarajan to succeed Mr K.R. Ramamoorthy as chairman of the board. Mr Thiagarajan was selected for his vast international experience across strategic planning, economics and finance, technology and systems.<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/arun-thiagarajan-appointed-chairmaning-vysya-bank/404692/ Arun Thiagarajan appointed Chairman of ING Vysya Bank]. Business Standard (16 August 2010). Retrieved on 6 December 2013.</ref>

As of January 2013, ING Group announced plans to divest itself of its Indian insurance and investment management businesses through the sale of its 26% interest in ING Vysya Life Insurance Company Ltd. to its joint venture partner [[Exide Industries]] Ltd.<ref>[http://www.ing.com/Our-Company/Press-room/Press-release-archive/PressRelease/ING-to-sell-its-interest-in-ING-Vysya-Life-Insurance.htm to sell its interest in ING Vysya Life Insurance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602203327/http://www.ing.com/Our-Company/Press-room/Press-release-archive/PressRelease/ING-to-sell-its-interest-in-ING-Vysya-Life-Insurance.htm |date=2 June 2013 }}. ING. Retrieved on 6 December 2013.</ref>

==Current operations==

ING Vysya Bank has competed in the banking/financial services and insurance markets for over 80 years and currently serves over two million Indian consumers. The bank markets an entire range of financial products and services, organised under three strategic lines of business: retail, private and wholesale banking.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ingvysyabank.com/scripts/About_overview.aspx |title=Company Overview |publisher=ingvysyabank.com |access-date=27 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806230942/http://ingvysyabank.com/scripts/About_Overview.aspx |archive-date=6 August 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===Retail banking===

With 547 branches and 10 counters, 28 satellite offices and 470 ATM's nationwide, ING Vysya's retail operation offers cheque accounts, savings deposits/CD's, retail wealth management services, consumer loans, agricultural/rural banking and retail life insurance products. The bank has rapidly expanded its distribution footprint and has created a national brand presence through several innovative marketing campaigns.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ingvysyabank.com/scripts/About_overview.aspx |title=ING About Us |publisher=ingvysyabank.com |access-date=30 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806230942/http://ingvysyabank.com/scripts/About_Overview.aspx |archive-date=6 August 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===Private banking===

ING Vysya's private bank operates on an advisory-driven model. Specialised market research remains the bank's emphasis for the introduction of new tailored products to serve the high-end private banking segment.

===Corporate/wholesale banking===

The wholesale banking business provides corporate clients in India a range of commercial, transactional and electronic banking products. The bank offers products including working capital finance, trade and transactional services, foreign exchange, term loans and cash management services.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ingvysyabank.com/scripts/wholesalebanking.aspx |title=ING Vysya Bank |publisher=ingvysyabank.com |access-date=9 October 2012 |archive-date=28 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928020635/http://www.ingvysyabank.com/scripts/wholesalebanking.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> The wholesale banking business comprises four business sub-segments and multiple product offerings. The business segments Corporate and Investment Banking, Emerging Corporates, Banking and Financial Institutions and financial markets.<ref name="ingvysyabank3">{{cite web |url=http://www.ingvysyabank.com/pdf%27s/INGVYSYABANKLIMITEDANNUALREPORT.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211194642/http://www.ingvysyabank.com/pdf%27s/INGVYSYABANKLIMITEDANNUALREPORT.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 December 2013 |title=ING Annual Report |publisher=ingvysyabank.com |access-date=9 October 2012 }}</ref>

===Agriculture and rural banking===

Agriculture and Rural Banking deals with all business related to agriculture and allied activities, Gold Loans, loans to SHGs and lending to government-sponsored schemes. Working Capital and Agriculture Term Loans for poultry, dairy, cold storage units etc. are also being offered to cater diverse needs of the farming community. The bank has accelerated retail agricultural lending at a few places in North India and Central India especially in Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh.<ref name="ingvysyabank3"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Banks}}
*[[East India Company (disambiguation)]]
*[[ING Group]]
*[[Indian banking]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Banking in India}}
{{Kotak Mahindra Bank}}

[[Category:Banks based in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Banks established in 1930]]
[[Category:ING Group]]
[[Category:Companies based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1930]]
[[Category:Kotak Mahindra Bank]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]

Muskan Nandal

2026-01-05T22:13:36Z

RajveerSingha1950: done

{{Short description|Indian wrestler}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Muskan Nandal
| nationality = {{IND}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|2003|02|04|df=y}}
| sport = [[Amateur wrestling]]
| event = [[Freestyle wrestling]]
| weight_class = 76 kg
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Wrestling|Women's freestyle}}
{{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Wrestling Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2025 Asian Wrestling Championships|2025 Amman]]|[[2025 Asian Wrestling Championships – Results#59 kg|59 kg]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|Grand Prix}}
{{MedalGold|[[2025 Ulaanbaatar Open|2025 Ulaanbaatar]]|[[2025 Ulaanbaatar Open#Men's freestyle 59 kg|59 kg]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|Asian U20 Championships}}
{{MedalSilver|2024 Amman|50 kg}}
{{MedalCompetition|World U17 Championships}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 U17 World Wrestling Championships|2022 Rome]]|40 kg}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2023 U17 World Wrestling Championships|2023 Istanbul]]|46 kg}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2024 U17 World Wrestling Championships|2024 Amman]]|53 kg}}
}}
'''Muskan Nandal''' (born 4 February 2003) is an Indian [[freestyle wrestling|freestyle wrestler]] who competes in the 76 kg weight class.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Athletes Results – Muskan Nandal |url=https://uww.org/athletes-results/muskan-nandal-72790-profile |website=United World Wrestling |access-date=8 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
At the [[2024 Asian Wrestling Championships]] in Bishkek, Muskan Nandal won the silver medal in the 76 kg category.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Wrestling Championships 2024: Nandal finishes second in 76kg |url=https://www.insidesport.in/wrestling-asian-cships-muskan-nandal-wins-silver-medal/ |website=InsideSport |date=14 April 2024 |access-date=8 July 2025}}</ref>

She captured a bronze medal at the [[2025 Asian Wrestling Championships]] in Amman, Jordan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Wrestling Championships 2025: India ends with multiple medals |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/asian-wrestling-championships-2025-india-results-medal-tally |website=Olympics.com |date=9 April 2025 |access-date=8 July 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{UWW|muskan-nandal-72790|Muskan Nandal}}
* {{IWD|882134BDDA674DBCBF268168E8BFB401|Muskan Nandal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nandal, Muskan}}
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female sport wrestlers]]
[[Category:Asian Wrestling Championships medalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Tej Ram Singh

2025-11-13T21:40:49Z

RajveerSingha1950: started initial biography from scratch

{{short description|Maharao of Sirohi (1946 - 1950)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
'''Tej Ram Singh''' was the [[Maharao]] of [[Sirohi state|Sirohi]] from 1946 to 1950.
==Biography==
He was the son of Raj Sahiban Bhopal Singh of the senior sub-branch of the Mandar branch of the royal family of [[Sirohi state|Sirohi]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=B.N. Dhoundiyal |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.08634 |title=Rajasthan Districts Gazetteers: Sirohi |date=1967 |publisher=Jaipur, Government Central Press |pages=81–82,239}}</ref> Upon the death of [[Sarup Ram Singh]] on 23 January 1946, the throne of [[Sirohi state|Sirohi]] became vacant, as there was no legitimate heir to succeed him.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=McClenaghan |first=Tony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQdZlHJ2WTAC |title=Indian Princely Medals: A Record of the Orders, Decorations, and Medals of the Indian Princely States |date=1996 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-1-897829-19-6 |pages=249 |language=en}}</ref> As a result, three claims were presented before the [[Governor-General of India]].<ref name=":0" /> In addition to him, the claimants were Abhai Singh and Lakhpat Ram Singh.<ref name=":0" /> After considering all the claims, the [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]], in exercise of his discretion and with the approval of the [[Secretary of State for India]], selected him and recognized him as the legitimate successor of the deceased ruler.<ref name=":1" /> Accordingly, he was installed on the vacant throne on 1 July 1946.<ref name=":1" /> He was a minor at the time, so a council of regency was established on 14 August 1947 to oversee the state's affairs.<ref name=":1" /> On 5 August 1947, the [[British government of India|British government]] returned [[Mount Abu]] to him.<ref name=":1" />

==References==
<references />
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:Sirohi district]]

Kanteerava Narasimharaja Pura

2025-11-06T00:03:59Z

RajveerSingha1950: adding a stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =
| image_alt =
| native_name = Kanthirava Narasimharajapura
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|..Karnataka Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mysore district|Mysore]]
| image_skyline =
| official_name =
| map_alt = Location of Kanthirava Narasimharajapura
| nickname =
| map_caption = India Karnataka#India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.321656603285048|76.67868843921602|display=inline,title}}
| timezone = [[indian standard time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 570019<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kanteerava Narasimharajapura Pincode|url=https://findpincode.in/kanteerava-narasimharajapura/3780906|access-date=2021-10-10|website=findpincode.in}}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0821
| registration_plate = KA-55
}}

'''Kanthirava Narasimharajapura''' or '''K. N. Pura''' is a locality in the northern part of [[Mysore]]. Soligara Colony and Ghousianagar are prominent localities of Kanthirava Narasimharajapura.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-22|title=Sewage water overflowing from a clogged manhole in K.N. Pura|url=https://starofmysore.com/sewage-water-overflowing-clogged-manhole-k-n-pura/|access-date=2021-10-10|website=Star of Mysore|language=en-US}}</ref> This locality is sometimes referred as Kantheerava Narasarajapura.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Apr 3, 2009|title=Quarrel leads to communal riot in Mysore {{!}} Bengaluru News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/quarrel-leads-to-communal-riot-in-mysore/articleshow/4352385.cms|access-date=2021-10-10|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Labourers from different parts of the state migrated to Mysore in search of work, following severe drought in 1980s. They settled at Kanteerava Narasimharajapura (located East of Kyathamaranahalli), as many affordable houses were vacant.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-08-07|title=Development is a challenge in this 'sensitive' ward|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/86893/development-challenge-sensitive-ward.html|access-date=2021-12-15|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The locality was named after [[Kanteerava Narasimharaja Wadiyar]], [[Yuvaraja]] of [[Mysore Kingdom]] (1894–1940).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-12|title=Two-wheeler lifters nabbed: Eight vehicles worth Rs. 8 lakh recovered|url=https://starofmysore.com/two-wheeler-lifters-nabbed-eight-vehicles-worth-rs-8-lakh-recovered/|access-date=2021-10-10|website=Star of Mysore|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Education ==

Srikanteshwara Vidya Samsthe is a popular educational institution located in Kanthirava Narasimharajapura.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-05|title=Rotary Ivory City to honour Social Worker on Teachers' Day|url=https://starofmysore.com/rotary-ivory-city-to-honour-social-worker-on-teachers-day/|access-date=2021-10-10|website=Star of Mysore|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Srikanteshwara Vidya Samsthe School, Udayagiri - State Board - Admission 2020-21|url=https://schoolconnects.in/schools/srikanteshwara-vidya-samsthe-school-udayagiri-2657-admission|access-date=2021-10-10|website=SchoolConnects}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-07|title=Srikanteshwara Vidya Samsthe, K.N Pura Mahadev Pura Rd Udayagiri ಮೈಸೂರು Mysuru Karnataka, Udayagiri, Mysuru, Karnataka 570019 {{!}} ENTRANCEINDIA|url=https://entranceindia.com/city-institution-myq/srikanteshwara-vidya-samsthe-in-udayagiri-mysore/|access-date=2021-10-10|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Transport ==
Buses are available from the Mysore city bus stand to Kanthirava Narasimharajapura.<ref>{{Cite web|title=KSRTC ITS {{!}} Bus Stop|url=http://mitra.ksrtc.in/MysoreMBus/busspd.jsp?value=K%20-%20L|access-date=2021-10-10|website=mitra.ksrtc.in}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Bannimantap Parade Grounds]]
* [[Naidu Nagar]]
* [[Hebbal, Mysore|Hebbal]]
* [[Hale Kesare]]
* [[Mandi Mohalla]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mysore}}

[[Category:Mysore North]]
[[Category:Suburbs of Mysore]]

Bar Council of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry

2025-11-05T23:47:10Z

RajveerSingha1950: put up the stub first draft...

{{Short description|Representative body for lawyers in India}}


{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = The Madras Bar Council
| type = Statutory body
| nativename_r =
| formed = {{start date and age|1928}}
| headquarters = Chennai
| chief1_name = P.S. Amalraj<ref name="tamil ref1">{{cite web |title=Bar Council of Tamilnadu and Puducherry - Official Website |url=http://barcounciloftamilnadupuducherry.org/a/ |website=barcounciloftamilnadupuducherry.org |access-date=23 September 2021 |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518061656/http://barcounciloftamilnadupuducherry.org/a/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| chief1_position = Chairman
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| website = http://barcounciloftamilnadupuducherry.org/a/
}}

'''The Madras Bar Council or Bar Council of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry''' is the regulatory and statutorily representative body for [[lawyers]] practicing law in the state of [[Tamilnadu]] and Union Territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. It was constituted as per the mandatory requirement as per [[Advocates Act, 1961]] and [[Bar Council of India]]. In March 1953, S. R. Das as head of the 'All India Bar Committee', proposed the creation of the apex body as an All-India Bar Council and a Bar council at state levels and submitted a report to the Central Government of India. Members of Bar Council are elected from among members enrolled and practicing as [[lawyers]] practicing law in the state of [[Tamilnadu]] and Union Territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] and they represent the state in Bar Council of India meetings. Bar Council of a place designs standards of [[professional conduct]] to be followed by members, and designs [[etiquette]]s and has the power to enforce disciplinary guidelines over the members of bar council.

== History ==

The Madras Bar Council was formed as per the requirement of Section 3 of Advocates Act, 1961 which mandates for each state of India to have its Bar Council. Accordingly, on July 16, 1928, the Madras Bar Council was formed. As per the guidelines, the legal profession in India and the standards of legal education would be regulated by the All India Bar Council. The Law Commission of India was suggested to prepare a report on judicial administration reforms in India.

P. S. Amalraj is the current Chairman of the Bar Council of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry.<ref name="TNP bar ref11">{{cite news |last1=Upadhyay |first1=Sparsh |title=Lawyers Be Given Essential Access To Courts, Offices During Lockdown: Tamil Nadu Bar Council Writes To State Government |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/lawyers-be-given-essential-access-to-courts-offices-during-lockdown-tamil-nadu-bar-council-writes-to-state-government-173860 |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=livelaw.in |date=8 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Functions ==

Section 7 of the Advocates Act, 1961 lays down the regulatory and representative requirements which are mandatory for State Bar Councils. Bar Councils of each place has following functions:

#Facilitating the election with rules for members to get elected and manage the Bar Council.<ref name="tamil ref6">{{cite news |title=Bar Council of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry elects new office-bearers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/bar-council-elects-new-office-bearers/articleshow/70441005.cms |access-date=23 September 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=30 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="tamil ref9">{{cite news |title=First elected member of Tamil Nadu, Puducherry bar council named |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/first-elected-member-of-tn-pondy-bar-council-named/articleshow/65345455.cms |access-date=23 September 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=10 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="tamil ref10">{{cite news |last1=Subramani |first1=A. |title=Tortuous election process holds up bar council |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tortuous-election-process-holds-up-bar-council/articleshow/66928915.cms |access-date=23 September 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
#Designing the professional behaviours and code to be followed by [[advocate]]s who are its members.<ref name="Telangana Bar Ref11">{{cite news |title=Appointment Of HC Judges Is Made After Considering Seniority, Merit: SC |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/appointment-of-hc-judges-is-made-after-considering-seniority-merit-sc-7431531.html |access-date=9 September 2021 |publisher=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>
#Lay down guidelines for disciplinary committees and other committees formed by it.
#Supporting with financial aid in case of need.<ref name="TNP bar ref12">{{cite news |last1=Upadhyay |first1=Sparsh |title=Bar Council Of Tamil Nadu Writes To TN Chief Minister Seeking Financial Assistance To Needy & Suffering Advocates During COVID |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/bar-council-of-tamil-nadu-writes-to-tn-chief-minister-seeking-financial-assistance-to-needy-suffering-advocates-during-covid-174571 |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=livelaw.in |date=23 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="tamil ref4">{{cite news |title=12,000 lawyers hit by Covid-19 to get Rs 4,000 as assistance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/12000-lawyers-hit-by-covid-19-to-get-rs-4000-as-assistance/articleshow/75804036.cms |access-date=23 September 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=18 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="tamil ref2">{{cite news |title=Bar Council of TN & Pondy to give Rs 4,000 each to 12,000 needy advocates |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bar-council-of-tn-pondy-to-give-rs-4-000-each-to-12-000-needy-advocates-120050801730_1.html |access-date=23 September 2021 |publisher=Business Standard India |date=8 May 2020}}</ref>
#Protecting the advocate members rights, benefits and safeguarding their interests.
#Designing, promoting and supporting [[law reform]] as per changing circumstances.
#Handle and resolve other issues or any matter placed before it by its members in ad hoc situations.<ref name="TNP bar ref14">{{cite news |last1=Upadhyay |first1=Sparsh |title=Jharkhand, Tamil Nadu And Puducherry Bar Councils Condemn Alleged Murder Of Jharkhand Judge Uttam Anand |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/jharkhand-tamil-nadu-and-puducherry-bar-council-condemn-murder-jharkhand-judge-uttam-anand-178446 |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=livelaw.in |date=29 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="tamil ref3">{{cite news |title=Bar council writes to CS about lawyers accessing courts during lockdown |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/bar-council-writes-to-cs-about-lawyers-accessing-courts-during-lockdown/articleshow/82493848.cms |access-date=23 September 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=9 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
#Design and organise [[seminar]]s on wide legal topics in the interest of members by reputed [[jurist]]s and publishing them in journals and magazines of legal circles and other sources of media.
#Facilitating [[legal aid]] to those who can't afford it.
#Ensuring that guidelines laid in various legal forums are followed by members.
#Initiating disciplinary action in case of professional misconduct.<ref name="TNP bar ref10">{{cite news |title=TN Bar Council Moves Madras High Court For Criminal Action Against Ex-HC Judge CS Karnan |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/tn-bar-council-moves-madras-high-court-for-criminal-action-against-ex-hc-judge-cs-karnan-166089 |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=livelaw.in |date=19 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
#Designing welfare schemes like Insurance for its members.
#Supporting members with emergency services during natural calamities.
#Initiate disciplinary action in case the official premises is used for other than professional purpose.
#Fixing Annual Fee for members for enrolling in Council which includes fees for enrollment and funds towards identity card, building, library, indigent and other welfare schemes.<ref name="tamil ref7">{{cite news |title=Suspension of 5,790 Tamil Nadu lawyers kept in abeyance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/suspension-of-5790-tamil-nadu-lawyers-kept-in-abeyance/articleshow/68588757.cms |access-date=23 September 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=27 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
#Organising regular meeting with local associations enrolled with council.
#Enrolling various bar associations in the state as its associate members.<ref name="tamil ref2" />
#Resolving disputes between members within timeframe.<ref name="tamil ref5">{{cite news |title=Madras HC stays transfer of complaints against lawyers to Bar Council of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/madras-hc-stays-transfer-of-complaints-against-lawyers-to-bar-council-of-india/articleshow/74420958.cms |access-date=23 September 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
#Initiating disciplinary action against members for complying to its policies.<ref name="TNP bar ref13">{{cite news |last1=Bhaumik |first1=Aaratrika |title=Bar Council Of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry Suspends 3 Advocates For Being Charged Under NDPS Act, IPC and Goondas Act |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/bar-council-of-tamil-nadu-and-puducherry-license-suspended-ipc-ndps-act-goondas-act-177516 |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=livelaw.in |date=15 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="tamil ref7" /><ref name="tamil ref8">{{cite news |title=Bar Council penalises new lawyers who put up hoardings |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/puducherry/bar-council-penalises-new-lawyers-who-put-up-hoardings/articleshow/67295852.cms |access-date=23 September 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=29 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
#Enrolling newly qualified member as per its principles into Bar Council.<ref name="TNP bar ref15">{{cite news |last1=Bhaumik |first1=Aaratrika |title='Every Citizen Has The Right To Comment On Govt. Policies': Madras HC Directs TN Bar Council To Enroll Law Graduate Who Participated In Anti-Sterlite Agitation |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/madras-high-court-directs-tn-bar-council-enroll-law-graduate-participated-in-anti-sterlite-agitation-182451 |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=livelaw.in |date=25 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Constitution ==

The council elects its own chairman and vice-chairman for a period of two years from amongst its members.<ref name="Telag Bar Ref4">{{cite news |last1=Suryam |first1=Areeb Uddin Ahmed, Shagun |title=Men's clubs that decide for everybody? Only 2.04% of State Bar Council representatives across India are women |url=https://www.barandbench.com/columns/only-204-of-state-bar-council-representatives-across-india-are-women |access-date=6 September 2021 |publisher=Bar and Bench |date=21 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Assisted by the various committees of the council, the chairman acts as the chief executive and director of the council. Voting rights in elections are available only for advocates having a Certificate of Practice. Till the year 2018, there were around 60,000 enrolled advocates as members of the Madras Bar Council. As per the Advocates Act, the bar council of the state should have 25 members in case the members on roll exceeds 10000.<ref name="Telag Bar Ref2">{{cite web |title=Welcome to Bar Council of India |url=http://103.25.172.19/bar-council/statebarcouncil-ap.php |website=103.25.172.19 |access-date=6 September 2021}}</ref>

==Enrollment of advocates==

Graduates having a law degree from recognised universities permitted to impart legal education are admitted as advocates in The Madras Bar Council. Law graduates can enroll online for Madras Bar Council. State bar councils are empowered by Advocates Act, 1961 to frame rules according to their convenience for enrolling advocates in council. The enrollment committee formed by Councils will scrutinise a prospective member's application. Enrolled advocates of any bar council in-state are considered eligible to write the All India Bar Examination conducted by the Bar Council of India. After clearing the exam, he is certified by the Bar Council of India and issued 'the Certificate of Enrolment', which facilitates him to practice the profession of law in any High Court based in India and lower courts of the country, as an advocate. Advocates are required to qualify in the exam known as "Supreme Court Advocate on Record Examination" which is conducted by the Supreme Court exclusively to practice in the Supreme Court of Country.

== Important Actions ==

1. In 2020, Bar Council of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry had given Rs 4,000 each as financial support to 12,000 advocate members as Covid relief support.<ref name="tamil ref4" /><ref name="tamil ref2" />

2. In 2019, the Bar Council of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry had suspended 5,970 advocates who failed to pay the amount as a subscription fee towards Advocates Welfare Fund but were kept on hold later on the request of defaulting members.<ref name="tamil ref7" />

3. In 2018, the Bar Council of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry had penalised Rs 10,000 to 11 lawyer members for celebrating their enrollment to bar council members with huge digital screens and posters against bar council rules.<ref name="tamil ref8" />

==See also==

[[Bar Council of India]]

[[Bar Council of Telangana]]

[[Bar Council of Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://barcounciloftamilnadupuducherry.org/a/ official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518061656/http://barcounciloftamilnadupuducherry.org/a/ |date=2021-05-18 }}

[[Category:Bar associations of Asia]]
[[Category:Legal organisations based in India]]

Rare, endangered and threatened plants of Kerala

2025-10-14T23:46:00Z

RajveerSingha1950: creating a post - done

The '''Database on Rare, Endangered and Threatened plants of Kerala''' is a red list compiled by [[The Kerala Forest Research Institute]] (KFRI), [[Peechi]], [[Kerala]], with information from various institutions and scientists. It is a list of plants that are presently threatened present in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kfri.res.in/noticeboard.asp?ID=17|title = Kerala Forest Research Institute (KFRI)}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
|-
! '''Serial Number'''
! '''Name of the Species'''
! '''Common name'''
! '''Family'''
! '''Conservation status'''
|-
|1||''[[Acampe congesta]]'' (Lindl.) Lindl.|| ||[[Orchidaceae]]
|-
|2||''[[Acranthera grandiflora]]'' Bedd.|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|3||''[[Actinodaphne campanulata]]'' Hook. f. var. ''campanulata''|| ||[[Lauraceae]]
|-
|4||''[[Actinodaphne campanulata]]'' Hook. f. var. ''obtusa'' Gamble|| ||[[Lauraceae]]
|-
|5||''[[Actinodaphne lawsonii]]'' Gamble||||[[Lauraceae]] ||{{IUCN status|VU}}
|-
|6||''[[Actinodaphne malabarica]]'' Balakr.|| ||[[Lauraceae]]
|-
|7||''[[Actinodaphne salicina]]'' Meisner in DC.||||[[Lauraceae]]||{{IUCN status|EN}}
|-
|8||''[[Aglaia apiocarpa]]'' (Thw.) Hiern in Hook. f.||||[[Meliaceae]]||{{IUCN status|VU}}
|-
|9||''[[Aglaia barberi]]'' Gamble|| ||[[Meliaceae]]
|-
|10||''[[Aglaia bourdillonii]]'' Gamble||||[[Meliaceae]]||{{IUCN status|VU}}
|-
|11||''[[Aglaia edulis]]'' (Roxb.) Wall.||||[[Meliaceae]]||{{IUCN status |NT}}
|-
|12||''[[Aglaia lawii]]'' (Wight) Sald. in Sald. & Nicols.||||[[Meliaceae]]||{{IUCN status |LC}}
|-
|13||''[[Aglaia malabarica]]'' Sasidh.||||[[Meliaceae]]||{{IUCN status |cr }}
|-
|14||''[[Aglaia perviridis]]'' Hiern in Hook. f.||||[[Meliaceae]]||{{IUCN status |vu }}
|-
|15||''[[Aglaia simplicifolia]]'' (Bedd.) Harms||||[[Meliaceae]]||{{IUCN status |NT}}
|-
|16||''[[Albizia lathamii]]'' Hole|| ||[[Mimosaceae]]
|-
|17||''[[Allophylus concanicus]]'' Radlk.|| ||[[Sapindaceae]]
|-
|18||''[[Amomum pterocarpum]]'' Thw.|| ||[[Zingiberaceae]]
|-
|19||''[[Amorphophallus hohenackeri]]'' (Schott) Engl. & Gehrm.|| ||[[Araceae]]
|-
|20||''[[Ampelocissus indica]]'' (L.) Planch.|| ||[[Vitaceae]]
|-
|21||''[[Anacolosa densiflora]]'' Bedd.||||[[Olacaceae]]||{{IUCN status|EN}}
|-
|22||''[[Anaphalis barnesii]]'' Fischer|| ||[[Asteraceae]]
|-
|23||''[[Anaphalis beddomei]]'' Hook. f.|| ||[[Asteraceae]]
|-
|24||''[[Anaphalis neelgerryana]]'' (Sch.-Bip. exDC.) DC.|| ||[[Asteraceae]]
|-
|25||''[[Anaphalis notoniana]]'' (DC.) DC.|| ||[[Asteraceae]]
|-
|26||''[[Anaphalis travancorica]]'' W. W. Smith|| ||[[Asteraceae]]
|-
|27||''[[Anaphyllum beddomei]]'' Engl.|| ||[[Araceae]]
|-
|28||''[[Anaphyllum wightii]]'' Schott.|| ||[[Araceae]]
|-
|29||''[[Andrographis explicata]]'' (Clarke) Gamble|| ||[[Acanthaceae]]
|-
|30||''[[Aneilema ovalifolia]]'' (Wight) Hook. f. ex Clarke in A. & C. DC.|| ||[[Commelinaceae]]
|-
|31||''[[Anisochilus argenteus]]'' Gamble|| ||[[Lamiaceae]]
|-
|32||''[[Anisochilus wightii]]'' Hook. f.|| ||[[Lamiaceae]]
|-
|33||''[[Antistrophe serratifolia]]'' (Bedd.) Hook. f. in Benth. & Hook. f.|| ||[[Primulaceae]]
|-
|34||''[[Aporosa bourdillonii]]'' Stapf||||[[Euphorbiaceae]]||{{IUCN status|EN}}
|-
|35||''[[Aralia malabarica]]'' Bedd.||||[[Araliaceae]]||{{IUCN status|VU}}
|-
|36||''[[Ardisia amplexicaulis]]'' Bedd.||||[[Primulaceae]]||{{IUCN status|EN}}
|-
|37||''[[Ardisia blatteri]]'' Gamble||||[[Primulaceae]]||{{IUCN status|EN}}
|-
|38||''[[Ardisia sonchifolia]]'' Mez. in Engl.||||[[Primulaceae]]||{{IUCN status|EN}}
|-
|39||''[[Arenga wightii]]'' Griff.||||[[Arecaceae]]||{{IUCN status|VU}}
|-
|40||''[[Arisaema attenuatum]]'' Barnes & Fischer|| ||[[Araceae]]
|-
|41||''[[Arisaema barnesii]]'' Fischer|| ||[[Araceae]]
|-
|42||''[[Arisaema murrayi]]'' (Graham) Hook.|| ||[[Araceae]]
|-
|43||''[[Arisaema psittacus]]'' Barnes in Hook|| ||[[Araceae]]
|-
|44||''[[Arisaema sarracenioides]]'' Barnes & Fischer in Hook.|| ||[[Araceae]]
|-
|45||''[[Arisaema translucens]]'' Fischer|| ||[[Araceae]]
|-
|46||''[[Arisaema tuberculatum]]'' Fischer|| ||[[Araceae]]
|-
|47||''[[Arisaema tylophorum]]'' Fischer|| ||[[Araceae]]
|-
|48||''[[Aspidopterys canarensis]]'' Dalz.|| ||[[Malpighiaceae]]
|-
|49||''[[Atuna indica]]'' (Bedd.) Kosterm.||||[[Chrysobalanaceae]]||{{IUCN status|EN}}
|-
|50||''[[Atuna travancorica]]'' (Bedd.) Kosterm.||||[[Chrysobalanaceae]]||{{IUCN status|EN}}
|-
|51||''[[Begonia albo-coccinea]]'' Hook.|| ||[[Begoniaceae]]
|-
|52||''[[Begonia aliciae]]'' Fischer|| ||[[Begoniaceae]]
|-
|53||''[[Begonia canarana]]'' Miq.|| ||[[Begoniaceae]]
|-
|54||''[[Begonia cordifolia]]'' (Wight) Thw.|| ||[[Begoniaceae]]
|-
|55||''[[Begonia subpeltata]]'' Wight|| ||[[Begoniaceae]]
|-
|56||''[[Begonia trichocarpa]]'' Dalz.|| ||[[Begoniaceae]]
|-
|57||''[[Beilschmiedia wightii]]'' (Nees) Benth. ex Hook. f.|| ||[[Lauraceae]]
|-
|58||''[[Belosynapsis kewensis]]'' Hassk.||||[[Commelinaceae]]
|-
|59||''[[Belosynapsis vivipara]]'' (Dalz.) Fischer|| ||[[Commelinaceae]]
|-
|60||''[[Bentinckia condapanna]]'' Berry & Roxb.||||[[Arecaceae]]||{{IUCN status|VU}}
|-
|61||''[[Bhidea burnsiana]]'' Bor|| ||[[Poaceae]]
|-
|62||''[[Biophytum insigne]]'' Gamble|| ||[[Oxalidaceae]]
|-
|63||''[[Biophytum longipedunculatum]]'' Govind.|| ||[[Oxalidaceae]]
|-
|64||''[[Blachia reflexa]]'' Benth.|| ||[[Euphorbiaceae]]
|-
|65||''[[Blepharistemma serratum]]'' (Dennst.) Suresh in Nicols. et al.||||[[Rhizophoraceae]]
|-
|66||''[[Boesenbergia pulcherrima]]'' (Wall.) O. Ktze.|| ||[[Zingiberaceae]]
|-
|67||''[[Buchanania barberi]]'' Gamble||||[[Anacardiaceae]]||{{IUCN status |CR}}
|-
|68||''[[Buchanania lanceolata]]'' Wight||||[[Anacardiaceae]]||{{IUCN status|VU}}
|-
|69||''[[Bulbophyllum albidum]]'' (Wight) Hook. f.|| ||[[Orchidaceae]]
|-
|70||''[[Bulbophyllum aureum]]'' (Hook. f.) J. J. Smith||||[[Orchidaceae]]
|-
|71||''[[Bulbophyllum elegantulum]]'' (Rolfe) J. J. Smith||||[[Orchidaceae]]
|-
|72||''[[Bulbophyllum fuscopurpureum]]'' Wight||||[[Orchidaceae]]
|-
|73||''[[Bulbophyllum mysorense]]'' (Rolfe) J. J. Smith||||[[Orchidaceae]]
|-
|74||''[[Bunium nothum]]'' (Clarke) Mukherjee|| ||[[Apiaceae]]
|-
|75||''[[Byrsophyllum tetrandrum]]'' (Bedd.) Hook. f. ex Bedd.||||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|76||''[[Calamus brandisii]]'' [[Odoardo Beccari|Becc.]] ex Becc. & Hook. f. in Hook. f.|| ||[[Arecaceae]]
|-
|77||''[[Calamus huegelianus]]'' Mart.|| ||[[Arecaceae]]
|-
|78||''[[Calamus nagbettai]]'' Fernandez Dey|| ||[[Arecaceae]]
|-
|79||''[[Campanula alphonsii]]'' Wall. ex A. DC.|| ||[[Companulaceae]]
|-
|80||''[[Canthium neilgherrense]]'' Wight|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|81||''[[Capparis diversifolia]]'' Wight & Arn.|| ||[[Capparaceae]]
|-
|82||''[[Capparis fusifera]]'' Dunn|| ||[[Capparaceae]]
|-
|83||''[[Capparis rheedei]]'' DC.|| ||[[Capparaceae]]
|-
|84||''[[Capparis shevaroyensis]]'' Sundara Raghavan|| ||[[Capparaceae]]
|-
|85||''[[Caralluma procumbens]]'' Grav. & Mayur.|| ||[[Asclepiadaceae]]
|-
|86||''[[Carex wightiana]]'' Nees in Wight||||[[Cyperaceae]]
|-
|87||''[[Casearia rubescens]]'' Dalz. var. ''gamblei'' Mukherjee|| ||[[Flacourtiaceae]]
|-
|88||''[[Casearia wynadensis]]'' Bedd.||||[[Flacourtiaceae]]||{{IUCN status|VU}}
|-
|89||''[[Cayratia pedata]]'' (Lam.) A. Juss. ex Gagnep. var. ''glabra'' Gamble|| ||[[Vitaceae]]
|-
|90||''[[Ceropegia beddomei]]'' Hook. f.|| ||[[Asclepiadaceae]]
|-
|91||''[[Ceropegia decaisneana]]'' Wight|| ||[[Asclepiadaceae]]
|-
|92||''[[Ceropegia fimbriifera]]'' Bedd.|| ||[[Asclepiadaceae]]
|-
|93||''[[Ceropegia maculata]]'' Bedd.|| ||[[Asclepiadaceae]]
|-
|94||''[[Ceropegia metziana]]'' Miq.|| ||[[Asclepiadaceae]]
|-
|95||''[[Ceropegia omissa]]'' H. Huber|| ||[[Asclepiadaceae]]
|-
|96||''[[Ceropegia pusilla]]'' Wight & Arn. in Wight|| ||[[Asclepiadaceae]]
|-
|97||''[[Ceropegia spiralis]]'' Wight|| ||[[Asclepiadaceae]]
|-
|98||''[[Ceropegia thwaitesii]]'' Hook.|| ||[[Asclepiadaceae]]
|-
|99||''[[Ceropegia vincifolia]]'' Hook.||||[[Asclepiadaceae]]
|-
|100||''[[Chionanthus linocieroides]]'' (Wight) Bennet & Raizada|| ||[[Oleaceae]]
|-
|101||''[[Chloroxylon swietenia]]'' DC.||||[[Flindersiaceae]]||{{IUCN status|VU}}
|-
|102||''[[Chrysopogon tadulingamii]]'' Sreekumar et al.|| ||[[Poaceae]]
|-
|103||''[[Chrysopogon velutinus]]'' (Hook. f.) Bor|| ||[[Poaceae]]
|-
|104||''[[Cinnamomum chemungianum]]'' Mohanan & Henry|| ||[[Lauraceae]]
|-
|105||''[[Cinnamomum filipedicellatum]]'' Kosterm.|| ||[[Lauraceae]]
|-
|106||''[[Cinnamomum perrottetii]]'' Meisner in DC.|| ||[[Lauraceae]]
|-
|107||''[[Cinnamomum riparium]]'' Gamble|| ||[[Lauraceae]]
|-
|108||''[[Cinnamomum travancoricum]]'' Gamble|| ||[[Lauraceae]]
|-
|109||''[[Cirrhopetalum neilgherrense]]'' Wight|| ||[[Orchidaceae]]
|-
|110||''[[Claoxylon anomalum]]'' Hook. f.|| ||[[Euphorbiaceae]]
|-
|111||''[[Cleistanthus travancorensis]]'' Jablonszky|| ||[[Euphorbiaceae]]
|-
|112||''[[Clematis bourdillonii]]'' Dunn|| ||[[Ranunculaceae]]
|-
|113||''[[Coelogyne mossiae]]'' Rolfe|| ||[[Orchidaceae]]
|-
|114||''[[Colubrina travancorica]]'' Bedd.|| ||[[Rhamnaceae]]
|-
|115||''[[Commelina indehiscens]]'' Barnes|| ||[[Commelinaceae]]
|-
|116||''[[Commelina wightii]]'' Rao|| ||[[Commelinaceae]]
|-
|117||''[[Corymborkis veratrifolia]]'' (Reinw.) Blume||||[[Orchidaceae]]
|-
|118||''[[Crotalaria barbata]]'' Graham ex Wight & Arn.|| ||[[Fabaceae]]
|-
|119||''[[Crotalaria bidiei]]'' Gamble|| ||[[Fabaceae]]
|-
|120||''[[Crotalaria clarkei]]'' Gamble|| ||[[Fabaceae]]
|-
|121||''[[Crotalaria fysonii]]'' Dunn var. ''glabra'' Gamble|| ||[[Fabaceae]]
|-
|122||''[[Crotalaria grahamiana]]'' Wight & Arn.|| ||[[Fabaceae]]
|-
|123||''[[Crotalaria longipes]]'' Wight & Arn.|| ||[[Fabaceae]]
|-
|124||''[[Crotalaria scabra]]'' Gamble|| ||[[Fabaceae]]
|-
|125||''[[Crotalaria willdenowiana]]'' DC.|| ||[[Fabaceae]]
|-
|126||''[[Cryptocarya anamalayana]]'' Gamble||||[[Lauraceae]]||{{IUCN status|EN}}
|-
|127||''[[Cryptocarya beddomei]]'' Gamble|| ||[[Lauraceae]]
|-
|128||''[[Cryptocoryne consobrina]]'' Schott|| ||[[Araceae]]
|-
|129||''[[Curcuma decipiens]]'' Dalz.|| ||[[Zingiberaceae]]
|-
|130||''[[Cyanotis burmanniana]]'' Wight|| ||[[Commelinaceae]]
|-
|131||''[[Cyathocline lutea]]'' Lawson ex Wight|| ||[[Asteraceae]]
|-
|132||''[[Cyclea fissicalyx]]'' Dunn in Gamble|| ||[[Menispermaceae]]
|-
|133||''[[Cynanchum alatum]]'' Wight & Arn. in Wight|| ||[[Asclepiadaceae]]
|-
|134||''[[Cynometra beddomei]]'' Prain||||[[Caesalpiniaceae]]||{{IUCN status|EN}}
|-
|135||''[[Cynometra travancorica]]'' Bedd.||||[[Caesalpiniaceae]]||{{IUCN status|EN}}
|-
|136||''[[Dalbergia beddomei]]'' Thoth.|| ||[[Fabaceae]]
|-
|137||''[[Dalbergia congesta]]'' Graham ex Wight & Arn.|| ||[[Fabaceae]]
|-
|138||''[[Dalbergia horrida]]'' (Dennst.) Mabb. var. ''glabrescens'' (Prain) Thoth. & Nair||||[[Fabaceae]]
|-
|139||''[[Dalbergia latifolia]]'' Roxb.||||[[Fabaceae]]||{{IUCN status|VU}}
|-
|140||''[[Dalbergia malabarica]]'' Prain|| ||[[Fabaceae]]
|-
|141||''[[Dalbergia travancorica]]'' Thoth.|| ||[[Fabaceae]]
|-
|142||''[[Dendrobium jerdonianum]]'' Wight|| ||[[Orchidaceae]]
|-
|143||''[[Dendrobium microbulbon]]'' A. Rich.|| ||[[Orchidaceae]]
|-
|144||''[[Derris benthamii]]'' (Thw.) Thw.|| ||[[Fabaceae]]
|-
|145||''[[Derris brevipes]]'' (Benth.) Baker var. ''travancorica'' Thoth.|| ||[[Fabaceae]]
|-
|146||''[[Derris thothathrii]]'' Bennet|| ||[[Fabaceae]]
|-
|147||''[[Desmodium ferrugineum]]'' Wall. ex Thw. ssp. Wynaadense (Bedd ex Gamble) Ohashi|| ||[[Fabaceae]]
|-
|148||''[[Desmos viridiflorus]]'' (Bedd.) Safford|| ||[[Annonaceae]]
|-
|149||''[[Dialium travancoricum]]'' Bourd.||||[[Caesalpiniaceae]]||{{IUCN status|VU}}
|-
|150||''[[Didymocarpus fischeri]]'' Gamble|| ||[[Gesneriaceae]]
|-
|151||''[[Didymocarpus ovalifolia]]'' Wight|| ||[[Gesneriaceae]]
|-
|152||''[[Didymocarpus repens]]'' Bedd.|| ||[[Gesneriaceae]]
|-
|153||''[[Dimeria borii]]'' Sreekumar et al.|| ||[[Poaceae]]
|-
|154||''[[Dimeria kanjirapallilana]]'' Jacob|| ||[[Poaceae]]
|-
|155||''[[Dimeria kurumthotticalana]]'' Jacob|| ||[[Poaceae]]
|-
|156||''[[Dioscorea wightii]]'' Hook. f.|| ||[[Dioscoreaceae]]
|-
|157||''[[Diospyros barberi]]'' Ramas.|| ||[[Ebenaceae]]
|-
|158||''[[Diospyros sulcata]]'' Bourd.||||[[Ebenaceae]]
|-
|159||''[[Diospyros trichophylla]]'' Alston in Trimen|| ||[[Ebenaceae]]
|-
|160||''[[Dipterocarpus bourdillonii]]'' Brandis in Hook.||||[[Dipterocarpaceae]]||{{IUCN status |CR}}
|-
|161||''[[Dimorphocalyx beddomei]]'' (Benth.) Airy Shaw|| ||[[Euphorbiaceae]]
|-
|162||''[[Drypetes confertiflora]]'' (Hook. f.) Pax & Hoffm.|| ||[[Euphorbiaceae]]
|-
|163||''[[Drypetes gardneri]]'' (Thw.) Pax & Hoffmann|| ||[[Euphorbiaceae]]
|-
|164||''[[Drypetes malabarica]]'' (Bedd.) Airy Shaw|| ||[[Euphorbiaceae]]
|-
|165||''[[Drypetes wightii]]'' (Hook. f. ) Pax & Hoffm.||||[[Euphorbiaceae]]||{{IUCN status|VU}}
|-
|166||''[[Dysoxylum beddomei]]'' Hiern in Hook. f.|| ||[[Meliaceae]]
|-
|167||''[[Ehretia wightiana]]'' Wall. ex G. Don|| ||[[Boraginaceae]]
|-
|168||''[[Elaeocarpus munroi]]'' (Wight) Mast. in Hook. f.||||[[Elaeocarpaceae]]||{{IUCN status |NT}}
|-
|169||''[[Elaeocarpus recurvatus]]'' Corner||||[[Elaeocarpaceae]]||{{IUCN status|VU}}
|-
|170||''[[Elaeocarpus venustus]]'' Bedd.||||[[Elaeocarpaceae]]||{{IUCN status|VU}}
|-
|171||''[[Embelia gardneriana]]'' Wight|| ||[[Primulaceae]]
|-
|172||''[[Epithema carnosum]]'' (G. Don) Benth. var. ''hispida'' Clarke in A. & C. DC.|| ||[[Gesneriaceae]]
|-
|173||''[[Eria albiflora]]'' Rolfe|| ||[[Orchidaceae]]
|-
|174||''[[Eriocaulon cuspidatum]]'' Dalz.|| ||[[Eriocaulaceae]]
|-
|175||''[[Eriolaena lushingtonii]]'' Dunn||||[[Sterculiaceae]]||{{IUCN status|VU}}
|-
|176||''[[Eugenia argentea]]'' Bedd.|| ||[[Myrtaceae]]
|-
|177||''[[Syzygium calcadense]]'' (Bedd.) Chandrash.  ||||''[[Myrtaceae]]''||{{IUCN status|VU}}
|-
|178||[[Eugenia discifera]] Gamble||||[[Myrtaceae]] ||{{IUCN status|EN}}
|-
|179||''[[Eugenia indica]]'' (Wight) Chithra in Nair & Henry||||[[Myrtaceae]] ||{{IUCN status|EN}}
|-
|180||''[[Eugenia rottleriana]]'' Wight & Arn.||||[[Myrtaceae]]||{{IUCN status|VU}}
|-
|181||''[[Eugenia singampattiana]]'' Bedd.||||[[Myrtaceae]]||{{IUCN status|EN}}
|-
|182||''[[Eulophia cullenii]]'' (Wight) Blume|| ||[[Orchidaceae]]
|-
|183||''[[Euonymus angulatus]]'' Wight||||[[Celastraceae]]||{{IUCN status|VU}}
|-
|184||''[[Euonymus laxiflorus]]'' Champ. ex Benth.||||[[Celastraceae]]||{{IUCN status|LC}}
|-
|185||''[[Euonymus serratifolius]]'' Bedd.||||[[Celastraceae]]||{{IUCN status|EN}}
|-
|186||''[[Euphorbia santapaui]]'' Henry|| ||[[Euphorbiaceae]]
|-
|187||''[[Euphorbia vajravelui]]'' Binoj. & Balakr.||||[[Euphorbiaceae]]||{{IUCN status|VU}}
|-
|188||''[[Exacum anamallayanum]]'' Bedd.|| ||[[Gentianaceae]]
|-
|189||''[[Exacum courtallense]]'' Arn.|| ||[[Gentianaceae]]
|-
|190||''[[Exacum travancoricum]]'' Bedd.||||[[Gentianaceae]]
|-
|191||''[[Fimbristylis arnottiana]]'' Boeck.|| ||[[Cyperaceae]]
|-
|192||''[[Garcinia imberti]]'' Bourd.||||[[Clusiaceae]]||{{IUCN status |CR}}
|-
|193||''[[Garcinia rubroechinata]]'' Kosterm.||||[[Clusiaceae]]||{{IUCN status|EN}}
|-
|194||''[[Garcinia travancorica]]'' Bedd.||||[[Clusiaceae]]||{{IUCN status |CR}}
|-
|195||''[[Garcinia wightii]]'' Anders. in Hook. f.||||[[Clusiaceae]]||{{IUCN status|EN}}
|-
|196||''[[Garnotia puchiparensis]]'' Bor|| ||[[Poaceae]]
|-
|197||''[[Garnotia schmidii]]'' Hook. f.|| ||[[Poaceae]]
|-
|198||''[[Glochidion bourdillonii]]'' Gamble||||[[Euphorbiaceae]]||{{IUCN status|VU}}
|-
|199||''[[Glochidion hohenackeri]]'' (Muell.-Arg) Bedd. var. ''johnstonei'' (Hook. f.) Chakrab. & Gangop.|| ||[[Euphorbiaceae]]
|-
|200||''[[Glochidion zeylanicum]]'' (Gaertn.) A. Juss. var. ''tomentosum'' (Dalz.) Chakrab. & Gangop.|| ||[[Euphorbiaceae]]
|-
|201||''[[Gluta travancorica]]'' Bedd.||||[[Anacardiaceae]]||{{IUCN status |NT}}
|-
|202||''[[Glycosmis macrocarpa]]'' Wight|| ||[[Rutaceae]]
|-
|203||''[[Glyphochloa divergens]]'' (Hack.) W.D. Clayton|| ||[[Poaceae]]
|-
|204||''[[Glyptopetalum lawsonii]]'' Gamble||||[[Celastraceae]]||{{IUCN status|VU}}
|-
|205||''[[Gnaphalium coarctatum]]'' Willd.||||[[Asteraceae]]
|-
|206||''[[Goniothalamus rhynchantherus]]'' Dunn||||[[Annonaceae]]||{{IUCN status|EN}}
|-
|207||''[[Goniothalamus wynaadensis]]'' (Bedd.) Bedd.||||[[Annonaceae]]||{{IUCN status |NT}}
|-
|208||''[[Grewia gamblei]]'' Drumm. ex Dunn in Gamble|| ||[[Tiliaceae]]
|-
|209||''[[Grewia heterotricha]]'' Mast. in Hook. f.|| ||[[Tiliaceae]]
|-
|210||''[[Grewia pandaica]]'' Drumm. ex Dunn in Gamble|| ||[[Tiliaceae]]
|-
|211||''[[Gymnema khandalense]]'' Sant.|| ||[[Asclepiadaceae]]
|-
|212||''[[Habenaria barnesii]]'' Summerh. ex Fischer in Gamble|| ||[[Orchidaceae]]
|-
|213||''[[Habenaria richardiana]]'' Wight|| ||[[Orchidaceae]]
|-
|214||''[[Haplothismia exannulata]]'' Airy Shaw||||[[Burmanniaceae]]
|-
|215||''[[Hedyotis albo-nervia]]'' Bedd.|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|216||''[[Hedyotis articularis]]'' R. Br. exWight & Arn. ssp. santapaui (Shetty & Vivek.) Deb & Dutta|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|217||''[[Hedyotis beddomei]]'' Hook. f.|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|218||''[[Hedyotis bourdillonii]]'' (Gamble) Rao & Hemadri|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|219||''[[Hedyotis buxifolia]]'' Bedd.|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|220||''[[Hedyotis eualata]]'' (Gamble) Henry & Subram., var. ''agastyamalayana'' Henry & Subram.|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|221||''[[Hedyotis eualata]]'' (Gamble) Henry & Subram., var. ''eualata''|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|222||''[[Hedyotis hirsutissima]]'' Bedd.|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|223||''[[Hedyotis pruinosa]]'' Wight & Arn.|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|224||''[[Hedyotis ramarowii]]'' (Gamble) Rao & Hemadri|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|225||''[[Hedyotis swertioides]]'' Hook. f.|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|226||''[[Hedyotis travancorica]]'' Bedd.|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|227||''[[Hedyotis wynaadensis]]'' (Gamble) Rao & Hemadri|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|228||''[[Heterostemma beddomei]]'' (Hook. f.) Swarup. & Mangaly|| ||[[Asclepiadaceae]]
|-
|229||''[[Holigarna beddomei]]'' Hook. f.|| ||[[Anacardiaceae]]
|-
|230||''[[Holigarna grahamii]]'' (Wight) Kurz|| ||[[Anacardiaceae]]
|-
|231||''[[Homalium jainii]]'' Henry & Swamin.||||[[Flacourtiaceae]]
|-
|232||''[[Homalium travancoricum]]'' Bedd.||||[[Flacourtiaceae]]
|-
|233||''[[Hopea erosa]]'' (Bedd.) van Sloot.||||[[Dipterocarpaceae]]
|-
|234||''[[Hopea glabra]]'' Wight & Arn.||||[[Dipterocarpaceae]]
|-
|235||''[[Hopea jacobi]]'' Fischer||||[[Dipterocarpaceae]]
|-
|236||''[[Hopea ponga]]'' (Dennst.) Mabb.||||[[Dipterocarpaceae]]
|-
|237||''[[Hopea racophloea]]'' Dyer in Hook. f.||||[[Dipterocarpaceae]]
|-
|238||''[[Hopea utilis]]'' (Bedd.) Bole||||[[Dipterocarpaceae]]
|-
|239||''[[Humboldtia bourdillonii]]'' Prain||||[[Caesalpiniaceae]]
|-
|240||''[[Humboldtia decurrens]]'' Bedd. ex Oliver in Hook.||||[[Caesalpiniaceae]]
|-
|241||''[[Humboldtia laurifolia]]'' Vahl||||[[Caesalpiniaceae]]
|-
|242||''[[Humboldtia unijuga]]'' Bedd. var. ''trijuga'' (Joseph & Chandras.)|| ||[[Caesalpiniaceae]]
|-
|243||''[[Humboldtia unijuga]]'' Bedd. var. ''unijuga''|| ||[[Caesalpiniaceae]]
|-
|244||''[[Hybanthus travancoricus]]'' (Bedd.) Melch. in Engl. & Prantl|| ||[[Violaceae]]
|-
|245||''[[Hydnocarpus macrocarpa]]'' (Bedd.) Warb.|| ||[[Flacourtiaceae]]
|-
|246||''[[Hydrocotyle conferta]]'' Wight|| ||[[Apiaceae]]
|-
|247||''[[Ilex gardneriana]]'' Wight||||[[Aquifoliaceae]]
|-
|248||''[[Impatiens acaulis]]'' Arn.|| ||[[Balsaminaceae]]
|-
|249||''[[Impatiens anaimudica]]'' Fischer|| ||[[Balsaminaceae]]
|-
|250||''[[Impatiens auriculata]]'' Wight|| ||[[Balsaminaceae]]
|-
|251||''[[Impatiens cochinica]]'' Hook. f.|| ||[[Balsaminaceae]]
|-
|252||''[[Impatiens coelotropis]]'' Fischer|| ||[[Balsaminaceae]]
|-
|253||''[[Impatiens concinna]]'' Hook. f.|| ||[[Balsaminaceae]]
|-
|254||''[[Impatiens crenata]]'' Bedd.|| ||[[Balsaminaceae]]
|-
|255||''[[Impatiens dasysperma]]'' Wight|| ||[[Balsaminaceae]]
|-
|256||''[[Impatiens denisonii]]'' Bedd.||||[[Balsaminaceae]]
|-
|257||''[[Impatiens elegans]]'' Bedd.|| ||[[Balsaminaceae]]
|-
|258||''[[Impatiens floribunda]]'' Wight|| ||[[Balsaminaceae]]
|-
|259||''[[Impatiens herbicola]]'' Hook. f.|| ||[[Balsaminaceae]]
|-
|260||''[[Impatiens johnii]]'' Barnes||||[[Balsaminaceae]]
|-
|261||''[[Impatiens laticornis]]'' Fischer|| ||[[Balsaminaceae]]
|-
|262||''[[Impatiens lucida]]'' Heyne ex Hook.f.|| ||[[Balsaminaceae]]
|-
|263||''[[Impatiens macrocarpa]]'' Hook. f.|| ||[[Balsaminaceae]]
|-
|264||''[[Impatiens orchioides]]'' Bedd.|| ||[[Balsaminaceae]]
|-
|265||''[[Impatiens pallidiflora]]'' Hook.f.|| ||[[Balsaminaceae]]
|-
|266||''[[Impatiens pandata]]'' Barnes.|| ||[[Balsaminaceae]]
|-
|267||''[[Impatiens phoenicea]]'' Bedd.|| ||[[Balsaminaceae]]
|-
|268||''[[Impatiens platyadena]]'' Fischer|| ||[[Balsaminaceae]]
|-
|269||''[[Impatiens rufescens]]'' Benth. ex Wight & Arn.|| ||[[Balsaminaceae]]
|-
|270||''[[Impatiens rupicola]]'' Hook. f.|| ||[[Balsaminaceae]]
|-
|271||''[[Impatiens tenella]]'' Heyne ex Hook. f.|| ||[[Balsaminaceae]]
|-
|272||''[[Impatiens travancorica]]'' Bedd.|| ||[[Balsaminaceae]]
|-
|273||''[[Impatiens umbellata]]'' Heyne ex Roxb.|| ||[[Balsaminaceae]]
|-
|274||''[[Impatiens viridiflora]]'' Wight|| ||[[Balsaminaceae]]
|-
|275||''[[Impatiens viscida]]'' Wight|| ||[[Balsaminaceae]]
|-
|276||''[[Impatiens viscosa]]'' Bedd.|| ||[[Balsaminaceae]]
|-
|277||''[[Impatiens wightiana]]'' Bedd.|| ||[[Balsaminaceae]]
|-
|278||''[[Indigofera barberi]]'' Gamble|| ||[[Fabaceae]]
|-
|279||''[[Indigofera constricta]]'' (Thw.) Trimen|| ||[[Fabaceae]]
|-
|280||''[[Inga cynometroides]]'' (Bedd.) Bedd. ex Barker in Hook. f.|| ||[[Mimosaceae]]
|-
|281||''[[Ipsea malabarica]]'' (Reichb.f.) Hook. f.||||[[Orchidaceae]]
|-
|282||''[[Isachne fischeri]]'' Bor|| ||[[Poaceae]]
|-
|283||''[[Isachne setosa]]'' Fischer|| ||[[Poaceae]]
|-
|284||''[[Ischaemum agastyamalayanum]]'' Sreekumar et al.|| ||[[Poaceae]]
|-
|285||''[[Ischaemum copeanum]]'' Sreekumar et al.|| ||[[Poaceae]]
|-
|286||''[[Isonandra stocksii]]'' Clarke in Hook. f.||||[[Sapotaceae]]
|-
|287||''[[Ixora johnsonii]]'' Hook. f.||||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|288||''[[Ixora lawsonii]]'' Gamble||||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|289||''[[Ixora malabarica]]'' (Dennst.) Mabb.||||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|290||''[[Ixora monticola]]'' Gamble|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|291||''[[Julostylis polyandra]]'' Ravi & Anil Kumar||||[[Malvaceae]]
|-
|292||''[[Kalanchoe olivacea]]'' Dalz. & Gibs.|| ||[[Chrysobalanaceae]]
|-
|293||''[[Kingiodendron pinnatum]]'' (Roxb. exDC.)||||[[Caesalpiniaceae]]
|-
|294||''[[Knoxia sumatrensis]]'' (Retz.) DC. var. ''linearis'' (Gamble) Bhattacharjee & Deb|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|295||''[[Kunstleria keralensis]]'' Mohanan & Nair|| ||[[Fabaceae]]
|-
|296||''[[Lasianthus blumeanus]]'' Wight|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|297||''[[Lasianthus capitulatus]]'' Wight||||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|298||''[[Lasianthus ciliatus]]'' Wight||||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|299||''[[Lasianthus cinereus]]'' Gamble|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|300||''[[Lasianthus dichotomous]]'' Wight|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|301||''[[Lasianthus jackianus]]'' Wight|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|302||''[[Lasianthus oblongifolius]]'' Bedd.|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|303||''[[Lasianthus obovatus]]'' Bedd.|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|304||''[[Lasianthus rostratus]]'' Wight||||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|305||''[[Lasianthus strigillosus]]'' Hook. f.|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|306||''[[Lasianthus truncatus]]'' Bedd.|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|307||''[[Leucas pubescens]]'' Benth.|| ||[[Lamiaceae]]
|-
|308||''[[Limnopoa meeboldii]]'' (Fischer) C. E. Hubb. in Hook.||||[[Poaceae]]
|-
|309||''[[Litsea beddomei]]'' Hook. f.||||[[Lauraceae]]
|-
|310||''[[Litsea mysorensis]]'' Gamble|| ||[[Lauraceae]]
|-
|311||''[[Litsea nigrescens]]'' Gamble||||[[Lauraceae]]
|-
|312||''[[Litsea travancorica]]'' Gamble||||[[Lauraceae]]
|-
|313||''[[Luffa umbellata]]'' (Klein ) Roem.|| ||[[Cucurbitaceae]]
|-
|314||''[[Madhuca bourdillonii]]'' (Gamble) H. J. Lam||||[[Sapotaceae]]
|-
|315||''[[Maesa velutina]]'' Mez||||[[Primulaceae]]
|-
|316||''[[Mallotus atrovirens]]'' Muell.-Arg.||||[[Euphorbiaceae]]
|-
|317||''[[Marsdenia raziana]]'' Yoga. & Subram.|| ||[[Asclepiadaceae]]
|-
|318||''[[Marsdenia tirunelvelica]]'' Henry & Subram.|| ||[[Asclepiadaceae]]
|-
|319||''[[Medinilla malabarica]]'' (Bedd.) Bedd.|| ||[[Melastomataceae]]
|-
|320||''[[Melicope indica]]'' Wight||||[[Rutaceae]]
|-
|321||''[[Memecylon flavescens]]'' Gamble||||[[Melastomataceae]]
|-
|322||''[[Memecylon gracile]]'' Bedd.|| ||[[Melastomataceae]]
|-
|323||''[[Memecylon lawsonii]]'' Gamble||||[[Melastomataceae]]
|-
|324||''[[Memecylon sisparense]]'' Gamble||||[[Melastomataceae]]
|-
|325||''[[Memecylon subramanii]]'' Henry||||[[Melastomataceae]]
|-
|326||''[[Mesua ferrea]]'' L. var. ''coromandeliana'' (Wight) Singh||||[[Clusiaceae]]
|-
|327||''[[Meteoromyrtus wynaadensis]]'' (Bedd.) Gamble||||[[Myrtaceae]]
|-
|328||''[[Miliusa nilagirica]]'' Bedd.||||[[Annonaceae]]
|-
|329||''[[Miquelia dentata]]'' Bedd.|| ||[[Icacinaceae]]
|-
|330||''[[Mitrephora grandiflora]]'' Bedd.||||[[Annonaceae]]
|-
|331||''[[Morinda reticulata]]'' Gamble|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|332||''[[Murdannia crocea]]'' (Griff.) Faden ssp. ochracea (Dalz.) Faden|| ||[[Commelinaceae]]
|-
|333||''[[Murdannia lanceolata]]'' (Wight) Kammathy|| ||[[Commelinaceae]]
|-
|334||''[[Murdannia lanuginosa]]'' (Wall. ex Clarke) Brueck.|| ||[[Commelinaceae]]
|-
|335||''[[Mycetia acuminata]]'' (Wight) O. Kitze.|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|336||''[[Myriactis wightii]]'' DC. in Wight var. ''bellidioides'' Hook. f.|| ||[[Asteraceae]]
|-
|337||''[[Myristica fatua]]'' Houtt. var. ''magnifica'' (Bedd.) Sinclair|| ||[[Myristicaceae]]
|-
|338||''[[Myristica malabarica]]'' Lam.||||[[Myristicaceae]]
|-
|339||''[[Neanotis rheedei]]'' (Wall. exWight & Arn.) Lewis|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|340||''[[Neolitsea fischeri]]'' Gamble||||[[Lauraceae]]
|-
|341||''[[Nostolachma crassifolia]]'' (Gamble) Deb & Lahiri||||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|342||''[[Nothopegia aureo-fulva]]'' Bedd. ex Hook. f.||||[[Anacardiaceae]]
|-
|343||''[[Nothopegia beddomei]]'' Gamble var. ''wynaadica'' Ellis & Chandra.||||[[Anacardiaceae]]
|-
|344||''[[Nothopegia heyneana]]'' (Hook. f.) Gamble||||[[Anacardiaceae]]
|-
|345||''[[Oberonia brachyphylla]]'' Blatt. & McCann|| ||[[Orchidaceae]]
|-
|346||''[[Ochlandra beddomei]]'' Gamble|| ||[[Poaceae]]
|-
|347||''[[Ochlandra ebracteata]]'' Raizada & Chatterjee|| ||[[Poaceae]]
|-
|348||''[[Ochlandra setigera]]'' Gamble|| ||[[Poaceae]]
|-
|349||''[[Ochreinauclea missionis]]'' (Wall. ex G. Don) Ridsle||||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|350||''[[Octotropis travancorica]]'' Bedd.|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|351||''[[Ophiorrhiza barberi]]'' Gamble|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|352||''[[Ophiorrhiza burnonis]]'' Wight & Arn. var. ''burnonis''|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|353||''[[Ophiorrhiza caudata]]'' Fischer|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|354||''[[Ophiorrhiza roxburghiana]]'' Wight|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|355||''[[Orophea thomsonii]]'' Bedd.||||[[Annonaceae]]
|-
|356||''[[Orophea uniflora]]'' Hook. f. & Thoms.||||[[Annonaceae]]
|-
|357||''[[Osbeckia aspera]]'' (L.) Blume var. ''travancorica'' (Bedd. ex Gamble) Hansen||||[[Melastomataceae]]
|-
|358||''[[Oxytenanthera bourdillonii]]'' Gamble|| ||[[Poaceae]]
|-
|359||''[[Palaquium bourdillonii]]'' Brandis||||[[Sapotaceae]]
|-
|360||''[[Palaquium ravii]]'' Sasidh. & Vink||||[[Sapotaceae]]
|-
|361||''[[Paphiopedilum druryi]]'' (Bedd.) Pfitz.||||[[Orchidaceae]]
|-
|362||''[[Pavetta calophylla]]'' Bremek.|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|363||''[[Pavetta laeta]]'' Bremek.|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|364||''[[Pavetta nemoralis]]'' Bremek.|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|365||''[[Pavetta oblanceolata]]'' Bremek.|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|366||''[[Pavetta praeterita]]'' Bremek.|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|367||''[[Pavetta travancorica]]'' Bremek.|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|368||''[[Peucedanum anamallayense]]'' Clarke in Hook. f.|| ||[[Apiaceae]]
|-
|369||''[[Phaeanthus malabaricus]]'' Bedd.||||[[Annonaceae]]
|-
|370||''[[Phyllanthus beddomei]]'' (Gamble) Mohanan|| ||[[Euphorbiaceae]]
|-
|371||''[[Phyllanthus chandrabosei]]'' Govaerts & Radcl.-Sm.|| ||[[Euphorbiaceae]]
|-
|372||''[[Phyllanthus gageanus]]'' (Gamble) Mohanan|| ||[[Euphorbiaceae]]
|-
|373||''[[Phyllanthus megacarpa]]'' (Gamble) Kumari & Chadrab. in Henry et al.|| ||[[Euphorbiaceae]]
|-
|374||''[[Phyllanthus narayanaswamii]]'' Gamble|| ||[[Euphorbiaceae]]
|-
|375||''[[Phyllocephalum sengaltherianum]]'' (Narayana) Narayana|| ||[[Asteraceae]]
|-
|376||''[[Pimpinella pulneyensis]]'' Gamble|| ||[[Apiaceae]]
|-
|377||''[[Piper barberi]]'' Gamble|| ||[[Piperaceae]]
|-
|378||''[[Piper hapnium]]'' Buch.-Ham. ex Hook. f.|| ||[[Piperaceae]]
|-
|379||''[[Pittosporum dasycaulon]]'' Miq.||||[[Pittosporaceae]]
|-
|380||''[[Poeciloneuron pauciflorum]]'' Bedd.||||[[Bonnetiaceae]]
|-
|381||''[[Pogostemon atropurpureus]]'' Benth. in DC.|| ||[[Lamiaceae]]
|-
|382||''[[Pogostemon gardneri]]'' Hook. f.|| ||[[Lamiaceae]]
|-
|383||''[[Pogostemon travancoricus]]'' Bedd. var. ''travancoricus''|| ||[[Lamiaceae]]
|-
|384||''[[Pogostemon vestitus]]'' Benth. in Wall.|| ||[[Lamiaceae]]
|-
|385||''[[Polyalthia rufescens]]'' Hook. f. & Thoms. in Hook. f.||||[[Annonaceae]]
|-
|386||''[[Polyalthia shendurunii]]'' Basha & Sasidh.||||[[Annonaceae]]
|-
|387||''[[Polypleurum filifolium]]'' (Ramam. & Joseph) Nagendran et al.|| ||[[Podostemaceae]]
|-
|388||''[[Polyzygus tuberosus]]'' Dalz.|| ||[[Apiaceae]]
|-
|389||''[[Popowia beddomeana]]'' Hook. f. & Thoms. In Hook. f.||||[[Annonaceae]]
|-
|390||''[[Pothos armatus]]'' Fischer|| ||[[Araceae]]
|-
|391||''[[Pothos thomsonianus]]'' Schott|| ||[[Araceae]]
|-
|392||''[[Premna glaberrima]]'' Wight|| ||[[Verbenaceae]]
|-
|393||''[[Premna paucinervis]]'' (Clarke) Gamble|| ||[[Verbenaceae]]
|-
|394||''[[Premna villosa]]'' Clarke in Hook. f.|| ||[[Verbenaceae]]
|-
|395||''[[Protasparagus fysonii]]'' (Macbr.) Kamble|| ||[[Liliaceae]]
|-
|396||''[[Psychotria barberi]]'' Gamble|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|397||''[[Psychotria beddomei]]'' Deb & Gangop.||||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|398||''[[Psychotria globicephala]]'' Gamble||||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|399||''[[Psychotria johnsonii]]'' Hook. f.|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|400||''[[Psychotria macrocarpa]]'' Hook. f.||||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|401||''[[Psydrax ficiformis]]'' (Hook. f.) Bridson||||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|402||''[[Psydrax pergracile]]'' (Bourd.) Ridsid.|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|403||''[[Pterospermum reticulatum]]'' Wight & Arn.||||[[Sterculiaceae]]
|-
|404||''[[Rapanea thwaitesii]]'' Mez|| ||[[Primulaceae]]
|-
|405||''[[Rauvolfia hookeri]]'' Sreenivas. & Chithra in Henry et al.|| ||[[Apocynaceae]]
|-
|406||''[[Rauvolfia micrantha]]'' Hook. f.||||[[Apocynaceae]]
|-
|407||''[[Rhododendron arboreum]]'' J. E. Smith ssp. nilagiricum (Zenk.) Tagg.||||[[Ericaceae]]
|-
|408||''[[Rotala ritchiei]]'' (Clarke) Koehne|| ||[[Lythraceae]]
|-
|409||''[[Sageraea grandiflora]]'' Dunn||||[[Annonaceae]]
|-
|410||''[[Sageraea laurifolia]]'' (Graham) Blatt.||||[[Annonaceae]]
|-
|411||''[[Salacia beddomei]]'' Gamble|| ||[[Hippocrateaceae]]
|-
|412||''[[Salacia macrosperma]]'' Wight|| ||[[Hippocrateaceae]]
|-
|413||''[[Salacia malabarica]]'' Gamble|| ||[[Hippocrateaceae]]
|-
|414||''[[Santalum album]]'' L.||||[[Santalaceae]]
|-
|415||''[[Saprosma corymbosum]]'' (Bedd.) Bedd.|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|416||''[[Saprosma fragrans]]'' Bedd.||||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|417||''[[Saraca asoca]]'' (Roxb.) de Wilde||||[[Caesalpiniaceae]]
|-
|418||''[[Heptapleurum bourdillonii]]'' (Gamble) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett||||[[Araliaceae]]
|-
|419||''[[Semecarpus auriculata]]'' Bedd.||||[[Anacardiaceae]]
|-
|420||''[[Semecarpus travancorica]]'' Bedd.||||[[Anacardiaceae]]
|-
|421||''[[Senecio multiceps]]'' Balakr.|| ||[[Asteraceae]]
|-
|422||''[[Smilax wightii]]'' A. DC. in A. & C. DC.|| ||[[Smilacaceae]]
|-
|423||''[[Smithia venkobarowii]]'' Gamble|| ||[[Fabaceae]]
|-
|424||''[[Solenocarpus indicus]]'' Wight & Arn.|| ||[[Anacardiaceae]]
|-
|425||''[[Sonerila devicolamensis]]'' Nayar|| ||[[Melastomataceae]]
|-
|426||''[[Sonerila elegans]]'' Wight var. ''beddomei'' Giri & Nayar|| ||[[Melastomataceae]]
|-
|427||''[[Sonerila grandiflora]]'' R. Br. ex Wight & Arn.|| ||[[Melastomataceae]]
|-
|428||''[[Sonerila nemakadensis]]'' Fischer|| ||[[Melastomataceae]]
|-
|429||''[[Sonerila pulneyensis]]'' Gamble|| ||[[Melastomataceae]]
|-
|430||''[[Sonerila sahyadrica]]'' Giri & Nayar|| ||[[Melastomataceae]]
|-
|431||''[[Sonerila speciosa]]'' Zenk.|| ||[[Melastomataceae]]
|-
|432||''[[Sonerila versicolor]]'' Wight var. ''axillaris'' (Wight) Gamble|| ||[[Melastomataceae]]
|-
|433||''[[Sophora wightii]]'' Baker in Hook. f.||||[[Fabaceae]]
|-
|434||''[[Strobilanthes dupenii]]'' Bedd. ex Clarke in Hook. f.|| ||[[Acanthaceae]]
|-
|435||''[[Swertia beddomei]]'' Clarke in Hook. f.|| ||[[Gentianaceae]]
|-
|436||''[[Symplocos anamallayana]]'' Bedd.||||[[Symplocaceae]]
|-
|437||''[[Symplocos macrocarpa]]'' Wight ex Clarke ssp. Kanarana (Talbot) Nooteb.|| ||[[Symplocaceae]]
|-
|438||''[[Symplocos macrocarpa]]'' Wight exClarke in Hook. f. ssp. macrocarpa|| ||[[Symplocaceae]]
|-
|439||''[[Symplocos monantha]]'' Wight|| ||[[Symplocaceae]]
|-
|440||''[[Symplocos nairii]]'' Henry et al.||||[[Symplocaceae]]
|-
|441||''[[Symplocos oligandra]]'' Bedd.||||[[Symplocaceae]]
|-
|442||''[[Syzygium benthamianum]]'' (Wight ex Duthie) Gamble||||[[Myrtaceae]]
|-
|443||''[[Syzygium bourdillonii]]'' (Gamble) Rathkr. & Nair||||[[Myrtaceae]]
|-
|444||''[[Syzygium chavaran]]'' (Bourd.) Gamble||||[[Myrtaceae]]
|-
|445||''[[Syzygium courtallensis]]'' (Gamble) Alston in Trimen|| ||[[Myrtaceae]]
|-
|446||''[[Syzygium densiflorum]]'' Wall. ex Wight & Arn.||||[[Myrtaceae]]
|-
|447||''[[Syzygium gambleanum]]'' Rathakr. & Chithra. in Henry & Nair||||[[Myrtaceae]]
|-
|448||''[[Syzygium myhendrae]]'' (Bedd. ex Brandis) Gamble||||[[Myrtaceae]]
|-
|449||''[[Syzygium occidentalis]]'' (Bourd.) Gandhi in Sald.|| ||[[Myrtaceae]]
|-
|450||''[[Syzygium palghatense]]'' Gamble||||[[Myrtaceae]]
|-
|451||''[[Syzygium parameswaranii]]'' Mohanan & Henry||||[[Myrtaceae]]
|-
|452||''[[Syzygium rama-varmae]]'' (Bourd.) Chithra in Nair & Henry|| ||[[Myrtaceae]]
|-
|453||''[[Syzygium stocksii]]'' (Duthie) Gamble||||[[Myrtaceae]]
|-
|454||''[[Syzygium travancoricum]]'' Gamble||||[[Myrtaceae]]
|-
|455||''[[Tabernaemontana gamblei]]'' Subram. & Henry||||[[Apocynaceae]]
|-
|456||''[[Tabernaemontana heyneana]]'' Wall.||||[[Apocynaceae]]
|-
|457||''[[Taeniophyllum scaberulum]]'' Hook. f.|| ||[[Orchidaceae]]
|-
|458||''[[Tarenna canarica]]'' (Bedd.) Bremek.|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|459||''[[Tarenna monosperma]]'' (Wight & Arn.) Raju||||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|460||''[[Tarenna nilagirica]]'' (Bedd.) Bremek.||||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|461||''[[Teinostachyum wightii]]'' Bedd.|| ||[[Poaceae]]
|-
|462||''[[Tephrosia wynaadensis]]'' Drum. in Gamble|| ||[[Fabaceae]]
|-
|463||''[[Theriophonum sivaganganum]]'' (Ramam. & Sebastine) Bogner|| ||[[Araceae]]
|-
|464||''[[Thottea barberi]]'' (Gamble) Ding Hou|| ||[[Aristolochiaceae]]
|-
|465||''[[Toxocarpus beddomei]]'' Gamble|| ||[[Asclepiadaceae]]
|-
|466||''[[Toxocarpus palghatensis]]'' Gamble|| ||[[Asclepiadaceae]]
|-
|467||''[[Tricholepis glaberrima]]'' DC. var. ''angustifolia'' (DC.) Chaudhary & Pandey|| ||[[Asteraceae]]
|-
|468||''[[Trichosanthes anamalaiensis]]'' Bedd.|| ||[[Cucurbitaceae]]
|-
|469||''[[Typhonium bulbiferum]]'' Dalz.|| ||[[Araceae]]
|-
|470||''[[Utleria salicifolia]]'' Bedd. ex Hook. f.|| ||[[Periplocaceae]]
|-
|471||''[[Valeriana hookeriana]]'' Wight & Arn.|| ||[[Valerianaceae]]
|-
|472||''[[Vanasushava pedata]]'' (Wight) Mukherjee & Const.|| ||[[Apiaceae]]
|-
|473||''[[Vanilla wightiana]]'' Lindl. ex Hook. f.|| ||[[Orchidaceae]]
|-
|474||''[[Vateria macrocarpa]]'' Gupta||||[[Dipterocarpaceae]]
|-
|475||''[[Vatica chinensis]]'' L.||||[[Dipterocarpaceae]]
|-
|476||''[[Vepris bilocularis]]'' (Wight & Arn.) Engl. in Engl. & Prantl|| ||[[Rutaceae]]
|-
|477||''[[Vernonia anaimudica]]'' Shetty & Vivek.|| ||[[Asteraceae]]
|-
|478||''[[Vernonia anamallica]]'' Bedd. ex Gamble||||[[Asteraceae]]
|-
|479||''[[Vernonia beddomei]]'' Hook. f.||||[[Asteraceae]]
|-
|480||''[[Vernonia bourdillonii]]'' Gamble|| ||[[Asteraceae]]
|-
|481||''[[Vernonia fisonii]]'' Calder|| ||[[Asteraceae]]
|-
|482||''[[Vernonia gossypina]]'' Gamble|| ||[[Asteraceae]]
|-
|483||''[[Vernonia heynei]]'' Bedd. ex Gamble|| ||[[Asteraceae]]
|-
|484||''[[Vernonia malabarica]]'' Hook. f.|| ||[[Asteraceae]]
|-
|485||''[[Vernonia multibracteata]]'' Gamble|| ||[[Asteraceae]]
|-
|486||''[[Vernonia peninsularis]]'' (Clarke) Clarke ex Hook.f var. ''peninsularis''|| ||[[Asteraceae]]
|-
|487||''[[Vernonia rauii]]'' Umiyal|| ||[[Asteraceae]]
|-
|488||''[[Vernonia saligna]]'' DC. var. ''nilghirensis'' Hook.f.|| ||[[Asteraceae]]
|-
|489||''[[Vernonia salvifolia]]'' Wight|| ||[[Asteraceae]]
|-
|490||''[[Willisia selaginoides]]'' (Bedd.)Warming exWillis|| ||[[Podostemaceae]]
|-
|491||''Xylosma latifolia'' Hook. f. & Thoms. in Hook. f., synonym of ''[[Flacourtia latifolia]]''||||[[Salicaceae]]
|-
|492||''[[Youngia nilgiriensis]]'' Babcock||||[[Asteraceae]]
|-
|493||''[[Zehneria maysorensis]]'' Wight & Arn.|| ||[[Cucurbitaceae]]
|-
|494||''[[Acorus calamus]]'' L.||||[[Araceae]]
|-
|495||''[[Adenia hondala]]'' (Gaertn.) W. J. de Wilde||||[[Passifloraceae]]
|-
|496||''[[Amorphophallus commutatus]]'' (Schott) Engl.||||[[Araceae]]
|-
|497||''[[Ampelocissus araneosa]]'' (Dalz. & Gibson) Lawson|| ||[[Vitaceae]]
|-
|498||''[[Aphanamixis polystachya]]'' (Wall.) Parker||||[[Meliaceae]]
|-
|499||''[[Aristolochia tagala]]'' Cham.||||[[Aristolochiaceae]]
|-
|500||''[[Artocarpus hirsutus]]'' Lam.||||[[Moraceae]]
|-
|501||''[[Baliospermum solanifolium]]'' (Burm.) Suresh, syn. ''Baliospermum montanum'' (Willd.) Mull. Arg.||||[[Euphorbiaceae]]
|-
|502||''[[Calophyllum apetalum]]'' Willd.|| ||[[Clusiaceae]]
|-
|503||''[[Canarium strictum]]'' Roxb.||||[[Burseraceae]]
|-
|504||''[[Celastrus paniculatus]]'' Willd.||||[[Celastraceae]]
|-
|505||''[[Chonemorpha fragrans]]'' (Moon) Alston||||[[Apocynaceae]]
|-
|506||''[[Cinnamomum macrocarpum]]'' Hook. f.|| ||[[Lauraceae]]
|-
|507||''[[Cinnamomum sulphuratum]]'' Nees|| ||[[Lauraceae]]
|-
|508||''[[Cinnamomum wightii]]'' [[Carl Meissner|Meisn.]]|| ||[[Lauraceae]]
|-
|509||''[[Coscinium fenestratum]]'' (Gaertn.) Coleb.||||[[Menispermaceae]]
|-
|510||''[[Curcuma pseudomontana]]'' Graham|| ||[[Zingiberaceae]]
|-
|511||''[[Cycas circinalis]]'' L.||||[[Cycadaceae]]
|-
|512||''[[Decalepis hamiltonii]]'' Wight & Arn.||||[[Periplocaceae]]
|-
|513||''[[Diospyros candolleana]]'' Wight||||[[Ebenaceae]]
|-
|514||''[[Diospyros paniculata]]'' Dalz.||||[[Ebenaceae]]
|-
|515||''[[Dipterocarpus indicus]]'' Bedd.||||[[Dipterocarpaceae]]
|-
|516||''[[Drosera indica]]'' L.||||[[Droseraceae]]
|-
|517||''[[Drosera peltata]]'' J. E. Sm. ex Willd.||||[[Droseraceae]]
|-
|518||''[[Dysoxylum malabaricum]]'' Bedd. ex Hiern||||[[Meliaceae]]
|-
|519||''[[Embelia ribes]]'' Burm. f.||||[[Primulaceae]]
|-
|520||''[[Embelia tsjeriam-cottam]]'' (Roem. & Schult.) DC.|| ||[[Primulaceae]]
|-
|521||''[[Garcinia gummi-gutta]]'' (L.) Robson||||[[Clusiaceae]]
|-
|522||''[[Garcinia indica]]'' (Thouars) Choisy||||[[Clusiaceae]]
|-
|523||''[[Garcinia morella]]'' (Gaertn.) Desr.||||[[Clusiaceae]]
|-
|524||''[[Gardenia gummifera]]'' L.f.||||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|525||''[[Gloriosa superba]]'' L.||||[[Colchicaceae]]
|-
|526||''[[Hedychium coronarium]]'' Koenig||||[[Zingiberaceae]]
|-
|527||''[[Heliotropium keralense]]'' Sivar. & Manilal|| ||[[Boraginaceae]]
|-
|528||''[[Helminthostachys zeylanica]]'' (L.) Hook.||||[[Ophioglossaceae]]
|-
|529||''[[Heracleum candolleanum]]'' (Wight & Arn.) Gamble|| ||[[Apiaceae]]
|-
|530||''[[Holostemma ada-kodien]]'' Schult.||||[[Asclepiadaceae]]
|-
|531||''[[Humboldtia vahliana]]'' Wight|| ||[[Caesalpiniaceae]]
|-
|532||''[[Hydnocarpus alpina]]'' Wight||||[[Flacourtiaceae]]
|-
|533||''[[Hydnocarpus pentandra]]'' (Buch. -Ham.) Oken|| ||[[Flacourtiaceae]]
|-
|534||''[[Janakia arayalpathra]]'' Joseph & Chandrasekharan|| ||[[Periplocaceae]]
|-
|535||''[[Knema attenuata]]'' (Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thoms.) Warb.||||[[Myristicaceae]]
|-
|536||''[[Madhuca neriifolia]]'' (Moon) H. J. Lam||||[[Sapotaceae]]
|-
|537||''[[Michelia champaca]]'' L.||||[[Magnoliaceae]]
|-
|538||''[[Michelia nilagirica]]'' Zenk.||||[[Magnoliaceae]]
|-
|539||''[[Myristica dactyloides]]'' Gaertn.||||[[Myristicaceae]]
|-
|540||''[[Nervilia aragoana]]'' Gaud.||||[[Orchidaceae]]
|-
|541||''[[Nilgirianthus ciliatus]]'' (Nees) Bremek.|| ||[[Acanthaceae]]
|-
|542||''[[Nothapodytes nimmoniana]]'' (Graham) Mabb.|| ||[[Icacinaceae]]
|-
|543||''[[Operculina turpethum]]'' (L.) Silva manso||||[[Convolvulaceae]]
|-
|544||''[[Oroxylum indicum]]'' (L.) Benth. ex Kurz||പലകപയ്യാനി,വെള്ളപ്പാതിരി||[[Bignoniaceae]]
|-
|545||''[[Persea macrantha]]'' (Nees) Kosterm.||||[[Lauraceae]]
|-
|546||''[[Piper longum]]'' L.||||[[Piperaceae]]
|-
|547||''[[Piper mullesua]]'' Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don|| ||[[Piperaceae]]
|-
|548||''[[Piper nigrum]]'' L.||||[[Piperaceae]]
|-
|549||''[[Plectranthus nilgherricus]]'' Benth.|| ||[[Lamiaceae]]
|-
|550||''[[Pseudarthria viscida]]'' (L.) Wight & Arn.|| ||[[Fabaceae]]
|-
|551||''[[Pterocarpus santalinus]]'' L. f.||||[[Fabaceae]]
|-
|552||''[[Pueraria tuberosa]]'' (Roxb. Ex Willd.) DC.||||[[Fabaceae]]
|-
|553||''[[Rauvolfia serpentina]]'' (L.) Benth. ex Kurz||||[[Apocynaceae]]
|-
|554||''[[Raphidophora pertusa]]'' (Roxb.) Schott|| ||[[Araceae]]
|-
|555||''[[Salacia oblonga]]'' Wall. ex Wight & Arn.||||[[Hippocrateaceae]]
|-
|556||''[[Shorea tumbugaia]]'' Roxb.||||[[Dipterocarpaceae]]||{{IUCN status|EN}}
|-
|557||''[[Smilax zeylanica]]'' L.||||[[Smilacaceae]]
|-
|558||''[[Swertia corymbosa]]'' (Griseb.) Wight ex C. B. Clarke|| ||[[Gentianaceae]]
|-
|559||''[[Swertia lawii]]'' (Wight ex C. B. Clarke) Burkill|| ||[[Gentianaceae]]
|-
|560||''[[Symplocos cochinchinensis]]'' (Lour.) S. Moore subsp. Laurina (Retz.) Noot.||||[[Symplocaceae]]
|-
|561||''[[Terminalia arjuna]]'' (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn.||||[[Combretaceae]]
|-
|562||''[[Tinospora sinensis]]'' (Lour.) Merr.|| ||[[Menispermaceae]]
|-
|563||''[[Tragia bicolor]]'' Miq.|| ||[[Euphorbiaceae]]
|-
|564||''[[Trichopus zeylanicus]]'' Gaertn. Subsp. travancoricus (Bedd.) Burkill||||[[Trichopodaceae]]
|-
|565||''[[Valeriana leschenaultii]]'' DC.|| ||[[Valerianaceae]]
|-
|566||''[[Vateria indica]]'' L.||||[[Dipterocarpaceae]]
|-
|567||''[[Adhatoda beddomei]]'' C. B. Clarke|| ||[[Acanthaceae]]
|-
|568||''[[Cinnamomum beddomei]]'' Gamble|| ||[[Lauraceae]]
|-
|569||''[[Cleistanthus malabaricus]]'' Muell.-Arg.|| ||[[Euphorbiaceae]]
|-
|570||''[[Diospyros humilis]]'' Bourd.||||[[Ebenaceae]]
|-
|571||''[[Dysoxylum ficiforme]]'' (Wight) Gamble|| ||[[Meliaceae]]
|-
|572||''[[Hopea parviflora]]'' Bedd.||||[[Dipterocarpaceae]]
|-
|573||''[[Ixora agasthyamalayana]]'' Sivadasan & Mohanan|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|574||''[[Salacia lanceolata]]'' Wight|| ||[[Anacardiaceae]]
|-
|575||''[[Symplocos macrophylla]]'' Wall ex A. DC.ssp. rosea (Bedd.) Nooteb.|| ||[[Symplocaceae]]
|-
|576||''[[Symplocos pendula]]'' Wight||||[[Symplocaceae]]
|-
|577||''[[Woodfordia fruticosa]]'' (L). Kurz.||||[[Lythraceae]]
|-
|578||''[[Acranthera anamallica]]'' Bedd.|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|579||''[[Psychotria anamalayana]]'' Bedd.|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|580||''[[Sauropus saksenianeus]]'' Manilal et al.|| ||[[Euphorbiaceae]]
|-
|581||''[[Schizostachyum beddomei]]'' Fischer|| ||[[Poaceae]]
|-
|582||''[[Litsea quinqueflora]]'' (Dennst.) Suresh ( L.lingustrina(Nees) Hook.f.)||||[[Lauraceae]]
|-
|583||''[[Pseudoxytenanthera bourdillonii]]'' (Gamble) Naithani|| ||[[Poaceae]]
|-
|584||''[[Psychotria keralensis]]'' Deb &Gangop.|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|585||''[[Shorea roxburghii]]'' G.Don||||[[Dipterocarpaceae]]
|-
|586||''[[Cissampelos pareira]]'' Linn.||||[[Menispermaceae]]
|-
|587||''[[Curcuma Zeodaria]]'' Rosc.|| ||[[Zingiberaceae]]
|-
|588||''[[Pavetta Wightii]]'' Hook.f.|| ||[[Rubiaceae]]
|-
|589||''[[Goniothalamus wightii]]'' Hook.f.& Thoms.|| ||[[Annonaceae]]
|}

==See also==
* [[List of endemic and threatened plants of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* [RET Website http://retplants.kfri.res.in/]
* [RET Database http://www.kfri.res.in/downloads/RET_Database.xlsx]
{{threatened species by region|state=expanded}}
{{threatened species}}

[[Category:Flora of Kerala]]
[[Category:Endangered biota of Asia|.]]

Ghuram

2025-09-05T13:56:07Z

RajveerSingha1950: made new post

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ghuram
| other_name = Kuhram
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|30.1215|76.4768|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Patiala district|Patiala]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Patiala]]
| seat_type =
| seat =
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="census_2011"/>
| area_total_km2 = 7.97
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census_2011"/>
| population_total = 3165
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = STD code
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Ghuram''' is a village in the [[Patiala district]] of [[Punjab, India]].

== History ==
An ancient site called Ram Garh is located in Ghuram. Some coins discovered here were attributed to the ancient [[Audumbaras|Audumbara]] tribe by archaeologists G. B. Sharma and Manmohan Kumar,<ref name="GBSharma_1980">{{cite book |author1=G. B. Sharma |author2=Manmohan Kumar |chapter=Excavation at Ghuram |title=Proceedings of the Punjab History Conference |volume=13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ljA5AAAAIAAJ |year=1980 |publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University |pages=32–47 }}</ref> but later scholars have assigned these to the Mitra rulers including Indramitra.<ref>{{cite book |author=Devendra Handa |title=Tribal Coins of Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V48aAAAAYAAJ |year=2007 |publisher=Aryan Books International |isbn=978-81-7305-317-7 |pages=236–241 }}</ref> In 1976, Sharma discovered a seal bearing the [[Gupta Brahmi]] legend "Ghvankrum", which may be the ancient name of Ghuram.<ref>{{cite book |author=Parmanand Gupta |title=Geography from Ancient Indian Coins & Seals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LzHpZ5N5MhcC&pg=PA200 |year=1989 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-248-4 |page=200 }}</ref> According to a local tradition, [[Kaushalya]], the mother of the legendary hero [[Rama]], was born in Ghuram.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sukhdev Singh Chib |title=Punjab |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U44BAAAAMAAJ |year=1977 |publisher=Light & Life |page=2 }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
Mound of Ghuram, district Patiala, Punjab.jpg | Mound of Ghuram
Bhikham Shah Da Maqbra, Ghuram,district Patiala, Punjab.jpg | Bhikham Shah Da Maqbra
</gallery>

Ghuram is mentioned as "Kuhram" in [[Persian language]] sources such as ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]''.<ref name="GBSharma_1980"/> After the [[Ghurid]] ruler [[Muhammad of Ghor|Mu'izz ad-Din]] defeated the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamana]] king [[Prithviraja III]] at the [[Second Battle of Tarain]] in 1192, he placed his general [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]] at Ghuram.<ref>{{cite book |author=K. A. Nizami |author-link=K. A. Nizami |chapter=The Early Turkish Sultans of Delhi |editor1=Mohammad Habib |editor2=Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1992 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180 |page=166 }}</ref>

According to a legend, when the Sikh leader [[Guru Gobind Singh]] was born at [[Patna]], Bhikhan Shah - a Muslim [[Sufi]] [[fakir]] of Ghuram - had visions of his divinity. Bhikhan Shah traveled to Patna with some of his followers, and told the Gobind Singh's maternal uncle Kirpal Singh about his visions.<ref>{{cite book |author=Prithi Pal Singh |title=The History of Sikh Gurus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EhGkVkhUuqoC&pg=PA130 |year=2006 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=978-81-8382-075-2 |page=130 }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the 2011 census of India, the village has 3,165 people living in 614 households. This includes 1,670 males and 1,495 females. 519 villagers belong to the [[scheduled castes]]. The number of literates is 1,827.<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0314_PART_B_DCHB_PATIALA.pdf |title=Patial District Census Handbook |access-date=2019-05-25 |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Patiala district}}

[[Category:Villages in Patiala district]]

No. 19 Squadron IAF

2025-08-27T21:49:49Z

RajveerSingha1950: creating info - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= No. 19 Squadron
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'''No. 19 Squadron''' is a unit of the [[Indian Air Force]] assigned to [[Southern Air Command (India)|Southern Air Command]]. The Squadron participates in operations involving air, land and airdrop of troops, equipment, supplies, and support or augment special operations forces, when appropriate.<ref name=BRakshak>{{cite web|title=Squadron No.19, IAF|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/19+Sqn|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=23 November 2023}}</ref>

==History==
The No. 19 Squadron was established in [[Agra AFS]] in 1960 with [[Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar|C-119G Packet]]s. Later, the squadron operated in [[Srinagar airport|Srinagar]] in summer and [[Pathankot Air Force Station|Pathankot]] in winter to air drop to advanced landing bases at [[Leh]], [[Fukche]] and [[Chushul]]. The squadron did the first landing at [[Nyoma|Nyoma Rap]] in 1962 and [[Daulat Beg Oldi]] in 1962, using the [[Westinghouse J34|J-34]] jet engine. It was number plated on 27 July 1977 before being revived on 1 Apr 1985 at Delhi with [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain|Dakota]] aircraft. On 1 April 1988 it changed over to the AN-32 and was subsequently merged with [[No. 33 Squadron IAF|No.33 Sqn]] on 25 October 1990. It was revived in 2022 with [[Dornier 228]] aircraft at [[Port Blair]].<ref name=BRakshak/>

==Aircraft==
* [[Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar|Fairchild C-119]] (1960-77)
* [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain|Douglas C-47]] (1985-88)
* [[Antonov AN-32]] (1988-90)
* [[Dornier 228]] (2020-present)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Air Force}}

[[Category:Indian Air Force aircraft squadrons|019]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1960]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1977]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1985]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1990]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 2022]]
{{improve categories|date=December 2023}}

Uttar Pradesh Lok Adalat

2025-08-19T05:14:35Z

RajveerSingha1950: started a post basic info

{{Short description|Dispute resolution mechanism in India}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
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| headquarters = Uttar Pradesh Legal Services Authority, U.P. State Legal Services Authority, 3rd Floor Annexe, Jawahar Bhavan, LUCKNOW - 226001.Phone- (O) 0522-2286395, 2287972, (F) 2286260.Email : upslsa@up.nic.in.
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| chief1name = Mr.Munishwar Nath Bhandari.<ref name="Up lok ref1">{{cite news |title=UP: 11.6 lakh cases settled in Lok Adalats held in all districts |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/up-11-6-lakh-cases-settled-in-lok-adalats-held-in-all-districts-7398778/ |access-date=10 November 2021 |publisher=indianexpress.com |date=11 July 2021}}</ref>
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'''Uttar Pradesh Lok Adalat''' or Uttar Pradesh State Legal Services Authority (People's Court) is an [[statutory]] and [[autonomous]] body and an [[alternative dispute resolution]] mechanism used in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].The Uttar Pradesh Lok Adalat Act is designed to provide [[Constitution|constitutional]] protection guaranteed under Article 14 and 39-A of the [[Constitution of India]], of “ACCESS TO JUSTICE FOR ALL”. It is a legal system to resolve pending cases at Panchayat or rural places, those in a pre-litigation stage in courts are resolved amicably.<ref name="Mahar Adal Ref1">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans-Classroom/2018-04-25/Lok-Adalat/376372?infinitescroll=1 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=thehansindia.com |date=25 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref> It is recognised as statutory authority under the [[Legal Services Authorities Act 1987|Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987]] and the [[Lok Adalat|Lok Adalats]] award or decision are deemed to be civil court case and final and enforceable on both parties.<ref name="Mahar Adal Ref1" /> Such an award is not appealable in any court of law in the absence of any provision. However, by approaching the court of appropriate jurisdiction, litigation can be initiated by any party in the suit if any of them are dissatisfied with the decision of the Lok Adalat (in the absence of any provision for appeal against such award).<ref name="Mahar Adal Ref1" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-26|title=Lok Adalat|url=https://nalsa.gov.in/lok-adalat|access-date=2021-07-16|website=nalsa.gov.in|language=en}}</ref>

"Section 22 B of The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 provides for the establishment of Permanent Lok Adalats (PLA) for exercising jurisdiction in respect of one or more [[public utility]] services (PUS). Section 22 A of The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 states what constitutes 'Public Utility Services' for the purpose of Permanent Lok Adalat".<ref>{{cite web|title=Permanent Lok Adalat|url=http://hslsa.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/PLA.pdf|publisher=Haryana State Legal Services Authority|access-date=2021-11-09|archive-date=2021-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920113842/http://hslsa.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/PLA.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History and Administration ==
Uttar Pradesh Lok Adalat formed under Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987<ref name="aru lokad ref1">{{cite news |title=Arunachal:First E Lok Adalat held in various districts of Arunachal Pradesh in various |url=https://arunachal24.in/arunachal-first-e-lok-adalat-held-in-various-districts-of-arunachal-pradesh/ |access-date=3 November 2021 |publisher=arunachal24.in |date=26 September 2020}}</ref> and to implement the provisions of Constitution which had been drafted to help every citizen to get justice irrespective of their economic or other limitations. The primary value laid down as per Indian Constitutional philosophy is individual dignity which forms the basis of human rights and demands on a holistic basis of civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights.

Uttar Pradesh Lok Adalat is formed with objective and purpose of ensuring and providing visible, practical and positive initiatives ensuring equality and non bias decisions as laid down in Constitution of India and assumes significance due to illiteracy and poverty prevalent in India.

Lok Adalats are constituted at below levels:<ref name="Lok Ref2">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalats unclog a choked justice delivery system |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/insight/lok-adalats-unclog-a-choked-justice-delivery-system-1034264.html |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=26 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

*State Authorities.

*High Court.

*District and Taluk level.

1. Chairman.

2. Secretaries.

*Mandal Committees.

*Mediation Centres.

Types of Lok Adalat:

* Permanent Lok Adalat - Provides mechanism for adjudging cases referred under public utility services like transport, postal and telegraph.

* National Lok Adalat - Held from year 2015, every month on specific topic across India. These are held on a single day disposing off large number of pending cases.

* Mega Lok Adalat - Held across all courts in state in a single day.

* Mobile Lok Adalats - These types of Lok Adalats are organised occasionally which travel from one place to other across country occasionally and help resolving disputes.<ref name="aru lokad ref3">{{cite news |title=APSLSA introduced mobile Legal Services cum Lok Adalat Van |url=https://arunachal24.in/apslsa-introduced-mobile-legal-services-cum-lok-adalat-van/ |access-date=3 November 2021 |publisher=arunachal24.in |date=29 January 2020}}</ref>

Mr. Munishwar Nath Bhandari, Acting Chief Justice, Allahabad High Court is current patron in Chief and Chairman of the Uttar Pradesh Legal Services Authority.<ref name="Up lok ref1" />

== Lok Adalat Committee and Complaint Procedures ==

Lok Adalat settles disputes which can be mutually resolved and mostly relating to [[Matrimonial law|matrimonial]], [[damages]]<ref name="aru lokad ref1" /> and partition suits. The following are the requirements of the cases before Lok Adalat:<ref name="Lok Ref2" />

* Lok Adalat takes up cases which are civil in nature (including marriage, and family disputes) and compoundable criminal cases.<ref name="aru lokad ref1" />

* It accepts cases pending in regular court under their jurisdiction.

* The main condition of the Lok Adalat is that both parties in dispute agree for settlement.

* The court fee paid initially in the court for the complaints/petition is refunded to the parties, as no court fee is chargeable if a matter referred in the Lok Adalat and is resolved with parties agreeing to bind by it.

* Procedural laws and the [[Indian Evidence Act|Evidence Act]] are not strictly followed while assessing claims.

* Decisions are binding on the parties and its order is capable of execution through legal process.

The following types of cases can be admitted in Lok Adalat.<ref name="Lok Ref1">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans-Classroom/2018-04-25/Lok-Adalat/376372?infinitescroll=1 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=thehansindia.com |date=25 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

1. Any dispute or case pending in any court of law in India.

* Criminal offences which are compoundable.<ref name="aru lokad ref1" />

* Cases under section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act.

* Issues relating to recovery of money.

* Issues under Indian Motor Vehicles Act,1988.

* Issues relating to labour disputes.

* Issues relating to public utility bills like electricity, water etc excluding Non Compoundable offences.

* Issues relating to Matrimony.

2. Any dispute to be planned to filed in Court but did not come up for hearing in front of it. Following Pre-Litigation cases can also be filed in Lok-Adalat.

* Cases under section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act.

* Cases relating to recovery of money.

* Issues relating to labour disputes.

* Issues relating to public utility bills like electricity, water etc excluding Non Compoundable offences.

* General Maintenance related disputes.

* Other Miscellaneous cases which are civil disputes, criminal compoundable cases and matrimonial disputes.

However, any legal issue which is not compoundable as per the Indian Legal Systems cannot be taken up in the Lok Adalat.

As the members are presiding Lok Adalat as statutory conciliators and not in judicial capacity they can only persuade the parties to come to a settlement. Sometimes counselling sessions are also held between opposing parties.<ref name="Loka Ref3">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat disposes of 8.5 lakh cases in a day across Maharashtra |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/lok-adalat-disposes-of-8-5-lakh-cases-in-a-day-across-maharashtra-101632673899685.html |access-date=29 September 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

The main condition of the Lok Adalat is that both parties in dispute agree for settlement and if they are unable to do so, it is referred to the Permanent Lok Adalat for deciding the case provided the case is not related to compoundable offence.

Uttar Pradesh Lok Adalat, as per Supreme Court judgement, is formed to arrive at a compromise or solution between parties in dispute and hence does not have jurisdiction to go into merits of complaint.<ref name="and lok ref15">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat can't decide cases on merits|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/lok-adalat-cant-decide-cases-on-merits-sc-1041603.html |access-date=25 October 2021 |publisher=deccanherald.com |date=18 October 2021}}</ref>

== Details of cases Resolved ==

1. In July 2021, Uttar Pradesh Lok Adalat conducted National Lok Adalats which helped in resolving more than 11.60 lakh cases in 75 districts of Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="Up lok ref1" />

2. In September 2020, Uttar Pradesh Lok Adalat formed permanent Lok Adalats in 24 districts of the Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="Up lok ref2">{{cite news |title=Gautam Budh Nagar gets permanent Lok Adalat to hear public utility related grievances |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/gautam-budh-nagar-gets-permanent-lok-adalat-to-hear-public-utility-related-grievances/story-9ljcBXAKDma682hDF5GCeN.html |access-date=10 November 2021 |publisher=hindustan times |date=11 September 2020}}</ref>

3. In June 2016, Uttar Pradesh Lok Adalat resolved 3000 cases relating to Excise Act, Uttar Pradesh Act relating to illegal construction, Labour Act, Weights and Measures Act, Motor Vehicles Act, Gambling Act and other cases
with a cumulative recovery of Rs 8 lakhs.<ref name="Up lok ref3">{{cite news |title=lok adalat disposes of over 3000 cases in Ghaziabad |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/lok-adalat-disposes-of-over-3-000-cases-in-ghaziabad-116062000619_1.html |access-date=10 November 2021 |publisher=business-standard.com |date=20 June 2016}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008]]
* [[Legal Services Authorities Act 1987]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://nalsa.gov.in/dashboard/UP Official website]

{{Lok Adalat}}



[[Category:Dispute resolution]]
[[Category:Lok Adalat]]

Malladi Chandrasekhara Sastry

2025-08-12T00:36:00Z

RajveerSingha1950: quick add page for consistency and updated info

{{Short description|Indian Hindu guru (1925–2022)}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2014|reason=need more sources and dates to establish notability, chronicle how he became famous}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox scholar
|birth_date = {{birth date|1925|8|22|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Krosuru]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[British Raj]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|2022|1|14|1925|8|28|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
|name = '''Malladi Chandrasekhara Sastry'''
|caption =
|image =
|occupation = Scholar, guru, television and radio personality
|spouse =
|children =
|website =
|quotes =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Malladi Chandrasekhara Sastry''' (22 August 1925 – 14 January 2022)<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=2022-01-14|title=Vedic scholar Malladi Chandrasekhara Sastry passes away at 96|url=https://telanganatoday.com/vedic-scholar-malladi-chandrasekhara-sastry-passes-away-at-96|access-date=2022-01-15|work=[[Telangana Today]]|language=en-US}}</ref> was an Indian scholar and television personality who specialized in the [[Vedas]] and [[Puranas]] texts in the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Sanskrit]] languages. His works have included commentaries on [[All India Radio]] during [[Bhadrachalam]]'s Sitarama Kalyanam and [[Brahmotsavam]] festivals. For [[Ugadi]] day, he recited the ''[[Panchangam|Panchanga Sravanam]]'' (almanac reading). On television he hosted a show ''Dharma Sandehalu'' and ''Dharma Sukshmalu''{{clarify|date=March 2014|reason=are these names of programs or people on the program?}} where he answered questions regarding the Purana and various aspects of [[Hinduism]]. The show is telecast on the [[Sri Venkateswara Bhakti Channel]] and formerly on the [[DD Saptagiri|Doordarshan Saptagiri Channel]]. He was the principal of a college run by the trust named [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] where they do [[pravachan]] (lectures) on the Puranas.{{clarify|date=March 2014|reason=what is the name of the college?}} He received the [[Raja-Lakshmi Award]] in 2005, and has also been conferred the title of [[Brhaspati|Purana Vachaspati]].

==Early life==
Sastry was born on 22 August 1925<ref name=":0"/> to Adilakshmamma and Dakshinamurthy in [[Krosuru]], in the [[Guntur district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He was a native of [[Amaravathi village, Guntur district]].<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/11/25/stories/2005112502000300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913185011/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/11/25/stories/2005112502000300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 September 2007|title=Scholar felicitated|date=25 November 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=28 September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-15|title=AP CM Condoles Malladi Chandrasekhara Sastry's Demise|url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/ap-cm-condoles-malladi-chandrasekhara-sastrys-demise-149820|access-date=2022-01-15|website=Sakshi Post|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> His grandfather, Sriman Malladi Ramakrishna Chainulu, was not only an authority in Vedic and [[Sanskrit literature]], but also a propagator of the [[Advaita Vedanta]] [[Siddhanta|Siddhanta (doctrine)]] over Andhra Pradesh. Sastry studied in the [[shastra|fields]] of [[Vedas]], [[Vyākaraṇa|''vyakaranam'' (grammar)]], ''tarkam'' (logic), [[Mimāṃsā|''poorva meemamsa'' (extension of the Vedas)]], and [[Vedanta|''vedanta sastram'' (Indian spiritualism)]].<ref name="thehindu"/> He also studied the [[Puranas]] in [[Hinduism]].

When he was 19, he delivered [[pravachan|Pravachan (lectures)]] about the ''[[Ramayana]]''. His speaking ability allowed him to give a discourse at an event presided over by scholar [[Viswanatha Satyanarayana]] at [[Vijayawada]]. Sastry cited the ''Ramayana'', the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', the [[Bhagavata Purana]], and the oratorios of [[Dattatreya]] among his favorite works for discourses.

== Career ==
Sastry established himself as an authority in the [[Vedas]] and the [[Puranas|Astadasha Puranas]] texts. He provided commentaries on [[All India Radio]] during [[Bhadrachalam]]'s Sitarama Kalyanam and [[Brahmotsavam]] festivals. On television, he hosted a show ''Dharma Sandehalu'' and ''Dharma Sukshmalu''{{clarify|date=March 2014|reason=are these names of programs or people on the program?}} where he answered questions regarding the Purana and various aspects of [[Hinduism]]. The show is telecast on the [[Sri Venkateswara Bhakti Channel]] and formerly on the [[DD Saptagiri|Doordarshan Saptagiri Channel]].{{year needed|date=March 2014}}

On [[Ugadi]] day, he recited the ''[[Panchangam|Panchanga Sravanam (almanac reading)]]''. Writers have noted that he delivered his orations "with a pinch of humour".<ref name="thehindu"/>

He was the principal of a college run by the trust named [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] where they do [[pravachan|pravachan (lectures)]] on the Puranas.{{clarify|date=March 2014|reason=what is the name of the college?}}

==Personal life and death==
Sastry was married and had six sons and two daughters. Sastry died at his residence in Hyderabad, on 14 January 2022 at 5:15pm, at the age of 96<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite news|title=Vedic scholar Malladi Chandrasekhara Sastry passes away|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2022/Jan/14/vedic-scholar-malladi-chandrasekhara-sastry-passes-away-2406997.html|access-date=2022-01-15|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Awards and accolades==
* Sastry was given the title "Abhinava Vyasa" for his writings and discourses and for compiling and codifying the Vedas and Puranas texts.<ref name="thehindu"/>
* Sastry was conferred the title of [[Brhaspati|Purana Vachaspati]].
* In 2005, Sastry received an award from the [[Sri Raja-Lakshmi Foundation]].<ref name="thehindu"/>
* [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham|Sringeri Sankara Mutt]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sringeri.net/ |title=Sri Sringeri Sharada Peetham, Jagadguru Shankaracharya Mahasamsthanam |publisher=Sringeri.net |date= |accessdate=11 March 2014}}</ref>{{clarify|date=March 2014|reason=this is just a general page, please specify which article has this information}} presented him with the title of "Savyasachi".<ref name="thehindu"/>
* The Sanathana Dharma Trust<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sanatanadharmafoundation.com/ |title=SDF - Home |publisher=Sanatanadharmafoundatio.com |date= |accessdate=11 March 2014 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419114623/http://sanatanadharmafoundation.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> presented him with the Eminent Citizens Award.<ref name="thehindu"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sastry, Malladi Chandrasekhara}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Advaitin philosophers]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu monks]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Ontologists]]
[[Category:People from Guntur district]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Andhra Pradesh]]

Andhra Pradesh State Human Rights Commission

2025-08-04T12:07:03Z

RajveerSingha1950:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
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| headquarters = Andhra Pradesh State Guest House, [[Kurnool]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
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'''Andhra Pradesh State Human Rights Commission''' is a [[Statute|statutory]] organisation in India created as per the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 for the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] to inquire into [[Human Rights Violations|human rights violations]] for subjects referred in the state list and concurrent list mentioned in the [[Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India|seventh schedule]] of the [[constitution of India]]. The chairman and other members of the Andhra Pradesh State Human Rights Commission are appointed by the Governor of the state on the recommendations of a committee having the Chief Minister of the state as its head, and other members include, Legislative Assembly speaker of the state, home minister in State Government and the leader of the opposition in the state Legislative Assembly. In the states having legislative council, The chairman of legislative council and the leader of the opposition of legislative council would also be the members forming part of the committee.

== History and Objective ==

Andhra Pradesh State Human Rights Commission was created as per the Protection of Human Rights Act of 1993<ref name="HR ref3">{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Dheeraj |title=Staff Shortage Besets Human Rights Commissions, 10 States Don't Have Chairpersons: RTI |url=https://thewire.in/government/human-rights-commissions-staff-shortage-rti |access-date=7 January 2022 |publisher=The Wire |date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=7 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107051902/https://thewire.in/government/human-rights-commissions-staff-shortage-rti |url-status=live }}</ref> with provisions to inquire into violation of human rights related to concurrent list in the seventh schedule of the Indian constitution<ref name="HR ref5">{{cite news |last1=Bhatia |first1=Gautam |title=Giving Human Rights Commissions more teeth |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/giving-human-rights-commissions-more-teeth/article31111463.ece |access-date=7 January 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=20 March 2020 |archive-date=7 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107060113/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/giving-human-rights-commissions-more-teeth/article31111463.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> and subjects covered under Andhra Pradesh state list.<ref name="HR ref1">{{cite news |title=State Human Rights Commission |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/state-human-rights-commission-1438319148-1 |access-date=7 January 2022 |publisher=jagranjosh.com |date=18 September 2015 |archive-date=7 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107033038/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/state-human-rights-commission-1438319148-1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="HR ref6">{{cite news |title=State Human Rights Commissions set up in 19 States: Govt. |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2010/07/28/statehuman-rights-commissions-set-up-in-19-statesgovt.html?story=1 |access-date=7 January 2022 |publisher=oneindia.com |date=28 July 2020 |archive-date=7 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107060400/https://www.oneindia.com/2010/07/28/statehuman-rights-commissions-set-up-in-19-statesgovt.html?story=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Andhra Pradesh State Human Rights Commission temporary office was inaugurated in Kurnool in September 2021.<ref name="APHR ref1">{{cite news |title=Andhra Pradesh: State human rights commission's temporary office opened at Kurnool |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/andhra-pradesh-state-human-rights-commissions-temporary-office-inaugurated-at-kurnool/articleshow/85832008.cms |access-date=7 January 2022 |publisher=Times of India |date=1 September 2021 |archive-date=7 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107072904/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/andhra-pradesh-state-human-rights-commissions-temporary-office-inaugurated-at-kurnool/articleshow/85832008.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="APHR ref2">{{cite news |title=APSHRC office inaugurated in Kurnool |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/apshrc-office-inaugurated-in-kurnool/article36221128.ece |access-date=7 January 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=1 September 2021}}</ref>

== Composition ==

Andhra Pradesh State Human Rights Commission as per Human Rights (Amendment) Act, 2006 should consist of at least three members including a chairperson,<ref name="APHR ref2" /> who should be a retired Chief Justice of any Indian High Court.<ref name="HR ref1" /><ref name="HR ref2">{{cite web |title=THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS ACT, 1993 |url=http://www.shrc.tn.gov.in/files/humanrightsact.html |website=THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS ACT, 1993 |access-date=7 January 2022 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803064748/http://www.shrc.tn.gov.in/files/humanrightsact.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="HR ref4">{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Dheeraj |title=State Human Rights Commission |url=https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/human-rights/state-human-rights-commission/49347 |access-date=7 January 2022 |publisher=yourarticlelibrary}}</ref><ref name="HR ref7">{{cite news |title=Role Of National Human Rights Commission In Protection Of Human Rights In India |url=https://thelawbrigade.com/human-rights/role-of-national-human-rights-commission-in-protection-of-human-rights-in-india/ |access-date=7 January 2022 |publisher=thelawbrigade.com |date=26 June 2019 |archive-date=7 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107060620/https://thelawbrigade.com/human-rights/role-of-national-human-rights-commission-in-protection-of-human-rights-in-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The other members should be:<ref name="HR ref8">{{cite news |title=After seven-year-long wait, Andhra Pradesh to get its SHRC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/after-seven-year-long-wait-ap-to-get-its-shrc-on-march-22/articleshow/81004771.cms |access-date=7 January 2022 |publisher=Times of India |date=17 February 2021}}</ref>

(i) A serving or retired judge of a High Court or a District Judge in the state with a minimum of seven years experience as District judge.

(ii) A person having practical experience or knowledge related to human rights.

Andhra Pradesh State Human Rights Commission chairperson and other members are appointed by The Governor of the state on the recommendations of a committee having the Chief Minister of the state as its head, and other members include, Legislative Assembly speaker of the state, home minister in State Government and the leader of the opposition in the state Legislative Assembly.In the states having legislative council, The chairman of legislative council and the leader of the opposition of legislative council would also be the members forming part of the committee.<ref name="APHR ref5">{{cite news |last1=Bhandari |first1=Pavan Kumar |title=Andhra Pradesh: High-level committee proposes Rt Judge Mandati Sitaram Murthy as new chairman of SHRC |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-govt-proposes-rt-judge-mandati-sitaram-murthy-as-new-chairman-of-shrc-677271 |access-date=7 January 2022 |publisher=The Hans India |date=17 March 2021}}</ref>

The term of the chairperson and members of the commission is fixed for three years or until attainment of the age of 70 years, whichever is earlier. The members including chairman will not be eligible to take up any employment under the state government or the central government after the completion of their term in the commission, excluding the eligibility for another term in the commission subject to the attainment of the prescribed age limit.

Justice Mandhata Seetharama Murti, is the current chairman of Andhra Pradesh State Human Rights Commission.<ref name="APHR ref1" />

== Functions ==

Andhra Pradesh State Human Rights Commission is created with below functions, according to the protection of Human Rights Act, 1993:<ref name="HR ref1" />

* Inquire either on a petition presented to it, by a victim, or suo motu or by any person or on his behalf into complaints of human rights violation or violation by a public servant due to negligence in the prevention of such offences.<ref name="APHR ref3">{{cite news |title=Andhra Pradesh: Human rights commission will become voice |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/andhra-pradesh-human-rights-commission-will-become-voice-of-commoners-says-dr-srinivasa-rao/articleshow/86264912.cms |access-date=7 January 2022 |publisher=Times of India |date=16 September 2021 |archive-date=7 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107080013/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/andhra-pradesh-human-rights-commission-will-become-voice-of-commoners-says-dr-srinivasa-rao/articleshow/86264912.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Make visits to any jail or other places of detention of people, which is under the control of the State Government and observe the living conditions of the inmates and make recommendations for improvement, if any.
* Recommend appropriate remedial measures after reviewing the factors, which prevents the enjoyment of human rights through any actions including acts of terrorism.
* The commission should encourage the efforts of Non-Governmental organizations or any other institutions working in the field of human rights development.
* In case of allegations of violation of human rights before a Court, the commission should intervene in the proceedings involved with the approval from Court.
* Commission should Undertake and promote research in the area of human rights.
* Commission should make efforts to promote awareness of the various safeguards available for the protection of human rights and spread human rights literacy among general public .
* Commission should also review the provision of safeguards relating to protection of human rights under the constitution of any law which is in force for time being and recommend measures for their effective implementation.
* For the promotion of human rights, commission may undertake such other functions as it may consider necessary.

Andhra Pradesh State Human Rights Commission has below powers:

• Powers to regulate its own procedure.

• All the powers of a civil court and with its proceedings being judicial.

• Call for details of information or report from the state government or any other authority subordinate to them.

• Powers to require any person who is subject to any privilege which may be claimed under any law for the time being in force, to furnish information on points or matters useful for, or relevant to the subject matter of inquiry.

• The commission can look into a matter within one year of its occurrence.

== Limitations ==

Andhra Pradesh State Human Rights Commission has limited powers and functions as they are subject to only advising, and does not have power to punish the violators of human rights or award any relief including monetary, to the victim.

The recommendations of Andhra Pradesh State Human Rights Commission are not binding on the state government or authority, except that the commission should be informed about the action taken by the state government on its recommendation within one month from the date of complaint.

== See also ==
* [[National Human Rights Commission of India|National Human Commission of India]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://nhrc.nic.in/statecommission/andhra-pradesh-state-human-rights-commission Official Website]



[[Category:Human rights enforcement agencies in India]]
[[Category:State agencies of Andhra Pradesh]]