Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

The School Bag

2026-05-07T12:03:16Z

Rajnishkumar123:

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = The_School_Bag_Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| based_on =
| writer = Anshul Agrawal
| director = Dheeraj Jindal & Anshul Agrawal
| starring = [[Rasika Duggal]] Sartaaj RK
| music = Yousuf Hussain
| country = [[India]]
| language = Hindi
| producer = Dheeraj Jindal Shashi Chopra
| editing = Neil Sehgal
| cinematography = Satchith Paulose
| runtime = 16 minutes
| distributor = [[Large Short Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2017}}
}}
'''''The School Bag''''' is a 2017 [[short film]] directed by Dheeraj Jindal and Anshul Agrawal, written by Anshul Agrawal, starring [[Rasika Duggal]] and Sartaj RK.
The film has been screened at more than 100 film festival across 24 countries and won 44 awards in different categories. The film was applauded by critics as well public after its online release on Large Short Films.

The short film is based on a real life [[2014 Peshawar school massacre]] in Pakistan when 132 children were killed in [[Army Public School, Peshawar]] by terrorists.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/140617/rasika-dugals-short-film-the-school-bag-releases-to-overwhelmingly-good-responses.html|title=Rasika Dugal's short film The School Bag releases to overwhelmingly good responses|date=14 June 2017|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bombayballoon.com/2017/06/14/review-the-school-bag/|title=Here's why Rasika Dugal's new short film, The School Bag, will stun you!|date=14 June 2017}} {{unreliable source?|date=June 2022}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Rasika Duggal]]
* Sartaj RK

== Plot Summary ==
A young Farooq asks his mother for a new school bag as his 7th birthday gift. The mother tries to placate his son's demand but the son is obstinate. Farooq quarrels with her mother and refuses to attend the school next day unless his mother gets the bag today evening itself. Next morning, he is surprised to see the new bag lying in the house. His mother must have already bought the bag before. The mother wishes him, gives him her blessings and Farooq happily leaves for the school. While cooking sevai (sweet vermicelli dish) for his birthday feast, she learns about the shootout in the school on her radio. By this time, there was already a knock on her door with a policeman carrying the new bag laden with soot.

== Reception ==
The film has been selected and won many international awards<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/indian-short-film-the-school-bag-wins-award-vancouver-1502543722.html|title=Indian short film wins award in Vancouver|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=12 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2017/dec/13/indian-short-film-the-school-bag-wins-award-in-vancouver-film-festival-1725998.html|title=Indian short film 'The School bag' wins award in Vancouver Film Festival|website=The New Indian Express|date=13 December 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/indian-short-film-the-school-bag-wins-award-in-montreal-493389|title=Indian short film 'The School Bag' wins award in Montreal|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref>

* Vancouver Film Festival <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2017/dec/13/indian-short-film-the-school-bag-wins-award-in-vancouver-film-festival-1725998.html | title=Indian short film 'The School bag' wins award in Vancouver Film Festival | date=13 December 2017 }}</ref>
* Fastnet Film Festival Winner <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002600/2017/1/|title=Fastnet Short Film Festival (2017)|website=IMDb}} {{unreliable source?|date=June 2022}}</ref>
* Reel to real International film festival <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003854/2017/1/|title=Winnipeg Real to Reel Film Festival (2017)|website=IMDb}} {{unreliable source?|date=June 2022}}</ref>
* Best Short Film at Sandpoint Film Festival in USA <ref>{{cite web | url=http://sandpointfilmfestival.com/SFF_2018.html | title=Sff_2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/cinema/the-school-bag-rasika-dugal|title=Innocence vs Violence: 'The School Bag' Touches a Raw Nerve|first=Almas|last=Khateeb|date=14 June 2017|website=TheQuint}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indiaindependentfilms.com/2017/06/21/young-review-the-school-bag/ | title=(Young) Review: The School Bag | date=21 June 2017 }}</ref>
* Smita Patil International Film Festival<ref>{{cite web | url=https://spiffpune.com/2016winners/ | title=2016 Winners | SPIFF | date=16 December 2016 }}</ref>
* GIIFFA <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/cinema/the-school-bag-rasika-dugal | title=Innocence vs Violence: 'The School Bag' Touches a Raw Nerve | date=14 June 2017 }}</ref>
* Haryana International Short Film Festival <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/cinema/the-school-bag-rasika-dugal | title=Innocence vs Violence: 'The School Bag' Touches a Raw Nerve | date=14 June 2017 }}</ref>
* Bengal International Short Film Festival <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/cinema/the-school-bag-rasika-dugal | title=Innocence vs Violence: 'The School Bag' Touches a Raw Nerve | date=14 June 2017 }}</ref>
* Lahore International Children's Film Festival <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2017/dec/13/indian-short-film-the-school-bag-wins-award-in-vancouver-film-festival-1725998.html | title=Indian short film 'The School bag' wins award in Vancouver Film Festival | date=13 December 2017 }}</ref>
* Indian Film Festival of Cincinnati <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2017/dec/13/indian-short-film-the-school-bag-wins-award-in-vancouver-film-festival-1725998.html | title=Indian short film 'The School bag' wins award in Vancouver Film Festival | date=13 December 2017 }}</ref>
* Free Spirit Film Festival <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tibetsun.com/news/2016/11/04/kalichaat-wins-four-awards-at-free-spirit-film-festival | title=Kalichaat wins four awards at Free Spirit Film Festival .:. Tibet Sun }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt6011432}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:School Bag}}
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Indian short films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Hindi-language films based on actual events]]

Chief Minister of Assam

2026-05-06T12:35:10Z

Rajnishkumar123: starting stub...

{{Short description|Leader of the executive branch of Government of Assam}}
{{Infobox political post
| native_name = 
| post = [[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]]
| body = [[Assam]]
| insignia = Seal of Assam.svg
| insigniasize = 125px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of Assam]]
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 100px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| flagborder = yes
| image = Himanta Biswa Sarma in 2025.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| incumbent = [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
| incumbentsince = 10 May 2021
| appointer = [[Governor of Assam]]
| appointer_qualified = by [[Political convention|convention]] based on appointees ability to command [[confidence]] in the Legislative Assembly
| reportsto = [[Governor of Assam]] [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| department = {{ubl|[[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister's Office]]|[[Government of Assam]]}}
| inaugural = [[Gopinath Bordoloi]]
| formation = {{Start date and age|1950|01|26|df=y|p=y|br=y}}
| status = [[Head of government]]
| type = Leader of the Executive
| seat = State Secretariat, [[Dispur]]
| residence = [[Guwahati]]
| abbreviation = CMoAssam
| member_of = *[[Assam Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Sarma ministry|State Cabinet]]
| termlength = At the confidence of the assembly
| termlength_qualified = Chief Minister's term is for five years and is subject to no [[term limit]]s.<ref name="term1">[[Durga Das Basu]]. ''Introduction to the Constitution of India''. 1960. 20th Edition, 2011 Reprint. pp. 241, 245. LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur. {{ISBN|978-81-8038-559-9}}. Note: although the text talks about Indian state governments in general, it applies for the specific case of Assam as well.</ref>
| precursor = [[Prime Minister of Assam|Premier of Assam]]
| deputy = Deputy Chief Minister of Assam
}}

The [[Chief Minister (India)|chief minister]] of [[Assam]], an [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]], is the [[head of government|head]] of the [[government of Assam]]. As per the [[Constitution of India]], the [[governor (India)|governor]] is the state's ''[[de jure]]'' head, but ''[[de facto]]'' executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]], the governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose [[Cabinet (government)|council of ministers]] are [[Cabinet collective responsibility|collectively responsible]] to the assembly. Given that he has the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no [[term limit]]s.<ref name="term1">[[Durga Das Basu]]. ''Introduction to the Constitution of India''. 1960. 20th Edition, 2011 Reprint. pp. 241, 245. LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur. {{ISBN|978-81-8038-559-9}}. Note: although the text talks about Indian state governments in general, it applies for the specific case of Assam as well.</ref> Chief Minister also serves as Leader of the House in the Legislative Assembly.<ref>https://apuat21.cgg.gov.in/web/legislative-assembly/leader-of-the-house</ref>

Since 1946, Assam has had 17 chief ministers. Ten of them belonged to the [[Indian National Congress]], including [[Gopinath Bordoloi]], the first chief minister of Assam, and [[Anwara Taimur]], India's first female Muslim chief minister. Congress party's continuous rule in the state was brought to an end when [[Golap Borbora]] led the Janata party to victory in the 1978 elections. Borbora consequently became the first non-Congress chief minister of the state. Prior to that, Borbora was also the first non-Congress leader to be elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]] from the state. Congressman [[Tarun Gogoi]] is the longest-serving officeholder, having served for 15 years between 2001 and 2016. [[Sarbananda Sonowal]] became the first chief minister from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], when he was sworn in on 24 May 2016. On 9 May 2021, [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]] was announced as the 15th chief minister of Assam.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-09|title=Himanta Biswa Sarma Crowned 15th Chief Minister Of Assam|url=https://www.pratidintime.com/himanta-biswa-sarma-crowned-15th-chief-minister-of-assam/|access-date=2021-05-09|website=Pratidin Time|language=en-US}}</ref>
== Oath as the state chief minister ==
The chief minister serves five years in the office. The following is the oath of the chief minister of state:
{{Blockquote|text= I, <Name of Chief Minister>, do swear in the name of God/solemnly affirm that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India, that I will faithfully and conscientiously discharge my duties as a Minister for the State of () and that I will do right to all manner of people in accordance with the Constitution and the law without fear or favour, affection or ill-will.|sign=|source=}}
== Prime Ministers of Assam (1935{{ndash}}1950) ==
Under the [[Government of India Act 1935]], a bicameral legislature was set up with a legislative assembly and a legislative council. The [[premier of Assam]] was the head of the government and leader of the legislative assembly of [[Assam Province]].
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" |#{{efn|A parenthetical number indicates that the incumbent has previously held office.}}
!Portrait
!Name
!Constituency
! colspan="3" |Term of office<ref name=":0">[http://assamassembly.nic.in/cm-list.html Chief Ministers] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116091830/http://assamassembly.nic.in/cm-list.html|date=16 January 2014}} from the [http://assamassembly.nic.in/ Assam Assembly] website</ref>
!Assembly
! colspan="2" |Party{{efn|This column only names the chief minister's party. The state government he heads may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents; these are not listed here.}}
(coalition)
!Government
|-
|1
|[[File:Syed_Saadulla.jpg|frameless|81x81px]]
|[[Muhammed Saadulah]]
|Kamrup (South)
|1 April 1937
|19 September
1938
|{{ayd|1937|4|1|1938|9|19}}
| rowspan="3" |1st
Provincial

([[1937 Indian provincial elections|1937 election]])
|[[Muhammed Saadulah|Assam Valley Party]]
([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
| width="4px" style="background-color: green" |
|[[First Saadulah ministry|Saadulah I]]
|-
|2
|[[File:Gopinath_Bordoloi.jpg|75x75px]]
|[[Gopinath Bordoloi]]
|Kamrup Sadar (South)
|19 September
1938
|17 November
1939
|{{ayd|1938|9|19|1939|11|17}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[First Bordoloi ministry (Assam Province)|Bordoloi I]]
|-
|(1)
|[[File:Syed_Saadulla.jpg|frameless|81x81px]]
|[[Muhammed Saadulah]]
|Kamrup (South)
|17 November
1939
|24 December 1941
|{{ayd|1939|11|17|1941|12|24}}
|[[Muhammed Saadulah|Assam Valley Party]]
([[All-India Muslim League|AIML]])
| width="4px" style="background-color: green" |
|[[Second Saadulah ministry|Saadulah II]]
|-
| -
| -
|''Vacant''
(Governor's Rule)
| -
|25 December 1941
|24 August 1942
|{{ayd|1941|12|25|1942|8|24}}
|''Dissolved''
|N/A
|
|
|-
|(1)
|[[File:Syed_Saadulla.jpg|frameless|81x81px]]
|[[Muhammed Saadulah]]
|Kamrup (South)
|25 August 1942
|11 February 1946
|{{ayd|1942|8|25|1946|2|11}}
|1st
Provincial

([[1937 Indian provincial elections|1937 election]])
|[[Muhammed Saadulah|Assam Valley Party]]
([[All-India Muslim League|AIML]])
| width="4px" style="background-color: green" |
|[[Third Saadulah ministry|Saadulah III]]
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|(2)
|[[File:Gopinath_Bordoloi.jpg|75x75px]]
|[[Gopinath Bordoloi]]
|Kamrup Sadar (South)
|11 February 1946
|25 January 1950
|{{Age in years and days|1946|2|11|1950|1|26}}
|2nd Provincial
([[1946 Indian provincial elections|1946 election]])
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Second Bordoloi ministry (Assam Province)|Bordoloi II]]
|}

==Chief Ministers of Assam (1950{{ndash}}present)==

* {{note label|†|†|†}} Died in office
* {{note label|§|§|§}} Returned to office after a previous non-consecutive term

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2"| #
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:18em" |Chief Minister {{small|(Birth-Death) Constituency}}
! rowspan="2"| Election
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" | Ministry
|-
! style="width:9em"| From
! style="width:9em"| To
! style="width:6em"| Period
|-
! 1
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Gopinath Bordoloi.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Gopinath Bordoloi]]''' {{small|গোপীনাথ বৰদলৈ (1890{{ndash}}1950) MLA for Kamrup Sadar (South)}}
| rowspan="2"| [[1946 Indian provincial elections|1946]] {{small|(Provincial)}}
| 26 January 1950
| 5 August 1950{{ref label|†|†|†}}
| {{ayd|26 Jan 1950|5 Aug 1950}}
| rowspan="9"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Bordoloi ministry (Assam)|Bordoloi]]
|-
! rowspan="3"| 2
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[File:Bishnuram Medhi.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="3"| '''[[Bishnuram Medhi]]''' {{small|বিষ্ণুৰাম মেধি (1888{{ndash}}1981) MLA for [[Hajo–Sualkuchi Assembly constituency|Hajo]] (from 1951)}}
| rowspan="3"| 9 August 1950
| rowspan="3"| 28 December 1957
| rowspan="3"| {{ayd|9 Aug 1950|28 Dec 1957}}
| [[First Medhi ministry|Medhi I]]
|-
| [[1952 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[Second Medhi ministry|Medhi II]]
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[Third Medhi ministry|Medhi III]]
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[File:Bimala Prasad Chaliha.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="3"| '''[[Bimala Prasad Chaliha]]''' {{small|বিমলা প্ৰসাদ চলিহা (1912{{ndash}}1971) MLA for [[Badarpur, Assam Assembly constituency|Badarpur]] (until 1962) MLA for [[Sonari Assembly constituency|Sonari]] (from 1962)}}
| rowspan="3"| 28 December 1957
| rowspan="3"| 11 November 1970
| rowspan="3"| {{ayd|28 Nov 1957|11 Nov 1970}}
| [[First Chaliha ministry|Chaliha I]]
|-
| [[1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[Second Chaliha ministry|Chaliha II]]
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[Third Chaliha ministry|Chaliha III]]
|-
! 4
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Mahendra Mohan Choudhury Rajya Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Mahendra Mohan Choudhry]]''' {{small|মহেন্দ্ৰ মোহন চৌধুৰী (1909{{ndash}}1982) MLA for [[Gauhati East Assembly constituency|Gauhati East]]}}
| 11 November 1970
| 31 January 1972
| {{ayd|11 Nov 1970|31 Jan 1972}}
| [[Mahendra Mohan Choudhry ministry|Choudhry]]
|-
! 5
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Sarat Chandra Singha (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Sarat Chandra Singha]]''' {{small|শৰৎ চন্দ্ৰ সিংহ (1914{{ndash}}2005) MLA for [[Bilasipara East Assembly constituency|Bilasipara East]]}}
| [[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| 31 January 1972
| 12 March 1978
| {{ayd|31 Jan 1972|12 Mar 1978}}
| [[Sarat Chandra Sinha ministry|Sinha]]
|-
! 6
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Golap Borbora (denoised).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Golap Borbora]]''' {{small|গোলাপ বৰবৰা (1925{{ndash}}2006) MLA for [[Tinsukia Assembly constituency|Tinsukia]]}}
| rowspan="2"| [[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| 12 March 1978
| 9 September 1979
| {{ayd|12 Mar 1978|9 Sep 1979}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Janata Party]]
| [[Borbora ministry|Borbora]]
|-
! 7
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Jogendra Nath Hazarika Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Jogendra Nath Hazarika]]''' {{small|যোগেন্দ্ৰ নাথ হাজৰিকা (1924{{ndash}}1998) MLA for [[Duliajan Assembly constituency|Duliajan]]}}
| 9 September 1979
| 11 December 1979
| {{ayd|9 Sep 1979|11 Dec 1979}}
| [[Hazarika ministry|Hazarika]]
|-
| colspan="10"| '''Position vacant''' (12 December 1979{{snd}}5 December 1980) ''[[President's rule]] was imposed during this period''{{efn|When [[President's rule]] is in force in a state, its council of ministers stands dissolved. The office of chief minister thus lies vacant. At times, the legislative assembly also stands dissolved.<ref>Amberish K. Diwanji. "[http://www.rediff.co.in/news/2005/mar/15spec1.htm A dummy's guide to President's rule]". Rediff.com. 15 March 2005. Retrieved on 3 March 2013.</ref>|name=PR}}
|-
! 8
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Syeda Anwara Taimur.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Anwara Taimur]]''' {{small|আনোৱাৰা টাইমুৰ (1936{{ndash}}2020) MLA for [[Dalgaon Assembly constituency|Dalgaon]]}}
| {{ndash}}
| 6 December 1980
| 30 June 1981
| {{ayd|6 Dec 1980|30 Jun 1981}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Taimur ministry|Taimur]]
|-
| colspan="10"| '''Position vacant''' (30 June 1981{{snd}}13 January 1982) ''[[President's rule]] was imposed during this period''{{efn|name=PR}}
|-
! 9
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Seal of Assam.svg|70px]]
| '''[[Kesab Chandra Gogoi]]''' {{small|কেছব চন্দ্ৰ গগৈ (1926{{ndash}}1998) MLA for [[Dibrugarh Assembly constituency|Dibrugarh]]}}
| {{ndash}}
| 13 January 1982
| 19 March 1982
| {{ayd|13 Jan 1982|19 Mar 1982}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Kesab Chandra Gogoi ministry|Kesab]]
|-
| colspan="10"| '''Position vacant''' (19 March 1982{{snd}}27 February 1983) ''[[President's rule]] was imposed during this period''{{efn|name=PR}}
|-
! 10
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Hiteswar Saikia with Shankar Dayal Sharma (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Hiteswar Saikia]]''' {{small|হিতেশ্বৰ শইকীয়া (1934{{ndash}}1996) MLA for [[Nazira Assembly constituency|Nazira]]}}
| [[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| 27 February 1983
| 24 December 1985
| {{ayd|27 Feb 1983|24 Dec 1985}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[First Saikia ministry|Saikia I]]
|-
! 11
| bgcolor="{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}"|
| [[File:The former Chief Minister of Assam, Shri Prafulla Kumar Mahanta calling on the Minister of State for Culture and Tourism (Independent Charge), Dr. Mahesh Sharma, in New Delhi on July 20, 2017 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]]''' {{small|প্ৰফুল্ল কুমাৰ মহন্ত (born 1952) MLA for [[Nagaon–Batadraba Assembly constituency|Nowgong]]}}
| [[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| 24 December 1985
| 28 November 1990
| {{ayd|24 Dec 1985|28 Nov 1990}}
| [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
| [[First Mahanta ministry|Mahanta I]]
|-
| colspan="10"| '''Position vacant''' (28 November 1990{{snd}}30 June 1991) ''[[President's rule]] was imposed during this period''{{efn|name=PR}}
|-
! (10)
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Hiteswar Saikia with Shankar Dayal Sharma (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Hiteswar Saikia]]''' {{small|হিতেশ্বৰ শইকীয়া (1934{{ndash}}1996) MLA for [[Nazira Assembly constituency|Nazira]]}}
| rowspan="2"| [[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| 30 June 1991{{ref label|§|§|§}}
| 22 April 1996{{ref label|†|†|†}}
| {{ayd|30 Jun 1991|22 Apr 1996}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Second Saikia ministry|Saikia II]]
|-
! 12
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Dr. Bhumidhar Barman, Former Chief Minister of Assam and Agriculture Adviser to the Chief Minister of Assam addressing at the Public Information Campaign on Bharat Nirman, organized by Press Information Bureau (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Bhumidhar Barman]]''' {{small|ভূমিধৰ বৰ্মন (1931{{ndash}}2021) MLA for [[Barkhetry Assembly constituency|Barkhetry]]}}
| 22 April 1996
| 15 May 1996
| {{ayd|22 Apr 1996|15 May 1996}}
| [[Bhumidhar Barman ministry|Barman]]
|-
! (11)
| bgcolor="{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}"|
| [[File:The former Chief Minister of Assam, Shri Prafulla Kumar Mahanta calling on the Minister of State for Culture and Tourism (Independent Charge), Dr. Mahesh Sharma, in New Delhi on July 20, 2017 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]]''' {{small|প্ৰফুল্ল কুমাৰ মহন্ত (born 1952) MLA for [[Barhampur Assembly constituency|Barhampur]]}}
| [[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| 15 May 1996{{ref label|§|§|§}}
| 18 May 2001
| {{ayd|15 May 1996|18 May 2001}}
| [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
| [[Second Mahanta ministry|Mahanta II]]
|-
! rowspan="3"| 13
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[File:Tarun Gogoi - Kolkata 2013-02-10 4891 Cropped.JPG|70px]]
| rowspan="3"| '''[[Tarun Gogoi]]''' {{small|তৰুণ গগৈ (1934{{ndash}}2020) MLA for [[Titabar Assembly constituency|Titabar]]}}
| [[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| rowspan="3"| 18 May 2001
| rowspan="3"| 24 May 2016
| rowspan="3"| {{ayd|18 May 2001|24 May 2016}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[First Tarun Gogoi ministry|Tarun I]]
|-
| [[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[Second Tarun Gogoi ministry|Tarun II]]
|-
| [[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[Third Tarun Gogoi ministry|Tarun III]]
|-
! 14
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Sarbananda Sonowal 2023.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Sarbananda Sonowal]]''' {{small|সৰ্বানন্দ সোণোৱাল (born 1962) MLA for [[Majuli Assembly constituency|Majuli]]}}
| [[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| 24 May 2016
| 10 May 2021
| {{ayd|24 May 2016|10 May 2021}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Sonowal ministry|Sonowal]]
|-
!15
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Himanta Biswa Sarma in 2025.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]''' {{small|হিমন্ত বিশ্ব শৰ্মা (born 1969) MLA for [[Jalukbari Assembly constituency|Jalukbari]]}}
| [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| 10 May 2021
| ''Incumbent''
|{{Age in years and days|10 May 2021|}}
|[[Sarma ministry|Sarma ]]
|-
!16
|TBD
|TBD
|[[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|TBD
| TBD
|{{Age in years and days||}}
|TBD
|-
|}

== Statistics ==
===List by chief minister===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:1.4em; text-align:center"
! data-sort-type=number rowspan = "2" |#
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Chief Minister
! rowspan="2" colspan=2 style="width:8em" |Party
! colspan="2" |Term of office
|-
! Longest continuous term
! Total duration of chief ministership
|-
! data-sort-value="1" | 1
| [[Tarun Gogoi]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 15 years, 6 days
| 15 years, 6 days
|-
! data-sort-value="2" | 2
| [[Bimala Prasad Chaliha]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 12 years, 318 days
| 12 years, 318 days
|-
! data-sort-value="3" |3
| [[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]]
| {{Party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
| 5 years, 3 days
| 9 years, 342 days
|-
! data-sort-value="4" | 4
| [[Hiteswar Saikia]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 4 years, 297 days
| 7 years, 232 days
|-
! data-sort-value="5" | 5
| [[Bishnuram Medhi]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 7 years, 141 days
| 7 years, 141 days
|-
! data-sort-value="6" | 6
| [[Sarat Chandra Sinha]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 6 years, 40 days
| 6 years, 40 days
|-
! data-sort-value="7" | 7
| '''[[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]'''*
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}*
| '''{{ayd|2021|5|10}}'''*
| '''{{ayd|2021|5|10}}'''*
|-
! data-sort-value="8" | 8
| [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 4 years, 351 days
| 4 years, 351 days
|-
! data-sort-value="9" | 9
| [[Golap Borbora]]
| {{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
| 1 year, 181 days
| 1 year, 181 days
|-
! data-sort-value="10" | 10
| [[Mahendra Mohan Choudhry]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 1 year, 81 days
| 1 year, 81 days
|-
! data-sort-value="11" | 11
| [[Anwara Taimur]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 0 year, 206 days
| 0 year, 206 days
|-
! data-sort-value="12" | 12
| [[Gopinath Bordoloi]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 0 year, 192 days
| 0 year, 192 days
|-
! data-sort-value="13" | 13
| [[Kesab Chandra Gogoi]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 0 year, 65 days
| 0 year, 65 days
|-
! data-sort-value="14" | 14
| [[Jogendra Nath Hazarika]]
| {{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
| 0 year, 93 days
| 0 year, 93 days
|-
! data-sort-value="15" | 15
| [[Bhumidhar Barman]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 0 year, 23 days
| 0 year, 23 days
|-
|}

==Timeline==

{{Pie chart|
| caption= Fraction of time of holding [[Chief minister (India)|Chief minister]]'s office by party (as of December 2025)
| label1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| value1 = 11.25 | color1 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| label2 = [[Indian National Congress]]
| value2 = 69.03 | color2 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| label3 = [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
| value3 = 13.29 | color3 = {{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
| label4 = [[Janata Party]]
| value4 = 2.34 | color4 = {{party color|Janata Party}}
| label5 = [[President's Rule]]
| value5 = 4.09 | color5 = grey
}}

{{#tag:timeline|
ImageSize = width:1050 height:auto barincrement:20
PlotArea = top:10 bottom:50 right:200 left:20
AlignBars = late

Colors =

id:inc value:rgb(0,0.748,1) legend: INC
id:jan value:rgb(0.121,0.457,0.996) legend: JP
id:agp value:rgb(0.6,0.8,1) legend: AGP
id:bjp value:rgb(1,0.6,0.2) legend: BJP
id:gray1 value:gray(0.8)
id:gray2 value:gray(0.9)

Define $today = {{#time:d/m/Y}}

DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
Period = from:01/01/1946 till:31/12/2041
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMinor = gridcolor:gray2 unit:year increment:1 start:1946
ScaleMajor = gridcolor:gray1 unit:year increment:5 start:1946

Legend = columns:4 left:150 top:24 columnwidth:150

TextData =
pos:(20,27) textcolor:black fontsize:M
text: Political Party

BarData =
bar:Bordoloi
bar:Medhi
bar:Chaliha
bar:Choudhry
bar:Singha
bar:Borbora
bar:Hazarika
bar:Taimur
bar:KCGogoi
bar:Saikia
bar:Mahanta
bar:Barman
bar:TGogoi
bar:Sonowal
bar:Sarma

PlotData =
width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till

bar:Bordoloi
from: 11/02/1946 till: 06/08/1950 color:inc text:"[[Gopinath Bordoloi]]" fontsize:11
bar:Medhi
from: 09/08/1950 till: 27/12/1957 color:inc text:"[[Bishnuram Medhi]]" fontsize:11
bar:Chaliha
from: 28/12/1957 till: 08/11/1970 color:inc text:"[[Bimala Prasad Chaliha]]" fontsize:11
bar:Choudhry
from: 11/11/1970 till: 30/01/1972 color:inc text:"[[Mahendra Mohan Choudhry]]" fontsize:11
bar:Singha
from: 31/01/1972 till: 12/03/1978 color:inc text:"[[Sarat Chandra Singha]]" fontsize:11
bar:Borbora
from: 12/03/1978 till: 04/09/1979 color:jan text:"[[Golap Borbora]]" fontsize:11
bar:Hazarika
from: 09/09/1979 till: 11/12/1979 color:jan text:"[[Jogendra Nath Hazarika]]" fontsize:11
bar:Taimur
from: 06/12/1980 till: 30/06/1981 color:inc text:"[[Anwara Taimur]]" fontsize:11
bar:KCGogoi
from: 13/01/1982 till: 19/03/1982 color:inc text:"[[Kesab Chandra Gogoi]]" fontsize:11
bar:Saikia
from: 27/02/1983 till: 23/12/1985 color:inc
from: 30/06/1991 till: 22/04/1996 color:inc text:"[[Hiteswar Saikia]]" fontsize:11
bar:Mahanta
from: 24/12/1985 till: 28/11/1990 color:agp
from: 15/05/1996 till: 17/05/2001 color:agp text:"[[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]]" fontsize:11
bar:Barman
from: 22/04/1996 till: 14/05/1996 color:inc text:"[[Bhumidhar Barman]]" fontsize:11
bar:TGogoi
from: 18/05/2001 till: 24/05/2016 color:inc text:"[[Tarun Gogoi]]" fontsize:11
bar:Sonowal
from: 24/05/2016 till: 10/05/2021 color:bjp text:"[[Sarbananda Sonowal]]" fontsize:11
bar:Sarma
from: 10/05/2021 till: $today color:bjp text:"[[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]" fontsize:11

}}

==See also==
* [[List of current Indian chief ministers]]
* [[List of governors of Assam]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Chief Ministers of Indian States}}
{{Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2013}}

[[Category:Chief ministers of Assam| ]]
[[Category:Lists of chief ministers of Indian states|Assam]]
[[Category:Lists of people from Assam|Chief Ministers]]
[[Category:Assam politics-related lists|Chief Ministers ]]

Deep Narayan Singh Yadav

2026-04-24T23:48:34Z

Rajnishkumar123: starting biography

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Deep Narayan Singh Yadav
| office = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2007
| term_end = 2017
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| constituency = [[Garautha Assembly constituency|Garautha]]
| children = Shivangi, Shivali, Deepankar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1969|07|21}}
| successor = [[Jawahar Lal Rajput]]
| predecessor = Brijendra Kumar Vyas
| birth_place = [[Jhansi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| image = Deep Narayan Singh Yadav.png
}}
'''Deep Narayan Singh Yadav''' alias '''Deepak Dadda''' (born 21 July 1969) is an Indian politician who is a former member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Garautha Assembly constituency]] since 2007 to 2017, won over the symbol of [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deep Narayan Singh (Deepak Yadav)(Samajwadi Party(SP)):Constituency- GARAUTHA(JHANSI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=1720 |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=उत्तर प्रदेश: झांसी में पूर्व विधायक दीप नारायण सिंह यादव की डेढ़ अरब की संपत्ति जब्त |url=https://ndtv.in/india/1-5-billion-property-of-former-mla-deep-narayan-singh-yadav-seized-in-jhansi-uttar-pradesh-3558375 |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=NDTVIndia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-03 |title=SP ex-MLA's properties worth ₹237 crore seized in Jhansi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/sp-ex-mla-s-properties-worth-237-crore-seized-in-jhansi-101672762293343.html |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Garautha Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/garautha-uttar-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaudhary |first=Naresh |date=2022-11-29 |title=झांसी में सपा के पूर्व विधायक की 130 करोड़ की संपत्ति जब्त, मुकदमों की संख्या जान उड़ जाएंगे होश |url=https://hindi.news24online.com/state/up-uk/uttar-pradesh-jhansi-former-mla-of-sp-deep-narayan-yadav-assets-worth-rs-130-crore-seized/97642/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=News24 Hindi |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Deep Narayan Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]

{{UttarPradesh-SP-politician-stub}}

Kailash Kushwah

2026-04-22T16:07:15Z

Rajnishkumar123: starting basic details initial version - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| office1 = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Pohari Assembly constituency]]
| term_start1 = 2023
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party =
| alma_mater =
| parents =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| spouse =
| children =
}}
'''Kailash Kushwah''' (born 1979) is an Indian politician from [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. He is an MLA of [[Indian National Congress]] from [[Pohari Assembly constituency]] of [[Shivpuri district]]. He won the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2023 |title=Pohari Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Kailash Kushwah Of INC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/pohari-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687853.html |website=News 18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2023 |title=Pohari Election Result 2023 Live: Inc के Kailash Kushwah की हुई जीत, Ind के Baboolal Gorakh (jatav) रहें दूसरे नंबर पर |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/pohari-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-bsp-aap-mp-assembly-election-results-news-2550840|website=ABP Live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kailash Kushwah(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- POHARI(SHIVPURI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/MadhyaPradesh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=374 |website=My Neta}}</ref> He received a total of 99,739 votes and won with the margin of 49,481 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2024 |title=Pohari Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: INC retains Pohari seat, Kailash Kushwah wins with 99739 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/pohari-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470391-2023-12-03 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2024 |title=Pohari, Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Pohari सीट पर INC ने हासिल की जीत |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/pohari-madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830161-2023-12-03 |website=Aaj Tak}}</ref>

He defeated both BJP candidate Suresh Dhakad and [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] candidate Pradhumna Verma in a triangular contest.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S1224.htm |title=Result of Pohari Assembly constituency}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kushwah, Kailash}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]

{{Madhya Pradesh-stub}}

Ballarpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:23:44Z

Rajnishkumar123: Creating A Article.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ballarpur
| map_image = 72-Ballarpur.svg
| map_caption = Sudhir Mungantiwar, present MLA of Chandrapur
| mla = [[Sudhir Mungantiwar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chandrapur Lok Sabha constituency|Chandrapur]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 72
| electors = 312,705
}}

'''Ballarpur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state, western India. This constituency is located in [[Chandrapur district]]. The delimitation of the constituency happened in 2008.<ref name="ECI-20081126" />

In the [[Vidarbha]] zone, Assembly number 72 is named [[Ballarpur]] Assembly constituency comes.

==Geographical scope==

The constituency comprises [[Mul taluka]], [[Pombhurna taluka]], [[Ballarpur taluka]], and parts of [[Chandrapur taluka]] viz. revenue circles - Chandrapur, Chandrapur Rayatwari & Padmapur.<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India|pages=258|accessdate=2015-08-03}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{|class=wikitable
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| colspan="4"|{{center|''Until 2008: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan="4"|[[Sudhir Mungantiwar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ballarpur<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sudhir Mungantiwar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,05,969 |percentage = 48.39% |change={{increase}}5.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rawat Santoshsingh Chandansingh |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 79,984 |percentage = 36.53% |change={{increase}}9.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Abhilasha Gaoture (Behere) |party=Independent politician |votes = 20,935 |percentage = 9.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Malekar Satish Murlidhar |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 5,075 |percentage = 2.32% |change={{decrease}}17.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 728 |percentage = 0.33% |change={{decrease}}0.60 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,985 |percentage = 11.87% |change= {{decrease}}4.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,19,702 |percentage = 70.26% |change= {{increase}}8.17 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 2,18,974}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,12,705|ref = |change= {{decrease}}2.61 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}5.09 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ballarpur<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sudhir Mungantiwar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 86,002 |percentage = 43.30% |change={{decrease}}10.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Vishwas Anandrao Zade |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 52,762 |percentage = 26.57% |change={{decrease}}4.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Zode Raju Chinnayya |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 39,958 |percentage = 20.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manoj Dharma Atram |party=Gondwana Ganatantra Party |votes = 13,925 |percentage = 7.01% |change={{increase}}3.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,853 |percentage = 0.93% |change={{increase}}0.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sarfaraj Yusuf Sheikh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,381 |percentage = 0.70% |change={{decrease}}4.63 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 33,240 |percentage = 16.74% |change= {{decrease}}5.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,00,789 |percentage = 62.53% |change= {{decrease}}1.31 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,98,607}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,21,083|ref = |change= {{increase}}4.43 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}10.10 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ballarpur<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sudhir Mungantiwar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,03,718 |percentage = 53.40% |change={{increase}}3.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mulchandani Ghanshyam Khushimal |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 60,118 |percentage = 30.95% |change={{decrease}}4.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Singh Rajesh Durgasingh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 10,344 |percentage = 5.33% |change={{decrease}}0.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manoj Dharma Atram |party=Gondwana Ganatantra Party |votes = 6,838 |percentage = 3.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Keshavrao Beniram Katre |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 2,555 |percentage = 1.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Harshal Kumar Chiplunkar |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 1,964 |percentage = 1.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Waman Dauji Zhade |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 1,867 |percentage = 0.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,383 |percentage = 0.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 43,600 |percentage = 22.45% |change= {{increase}}8.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,95,656 |percentage = 63.64% |change= {{increase}}2.04 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,94,218}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,07,463|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.47 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}3.66 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ballarpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sudhir Mungantiwar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 86,196 |percentage = 49.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pugliya Rahul Naresh |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 61,460 |percentage = 35.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vinod Gajanan Ahirkar |party=Independent politician |votes = 10,921 |percentage = 6.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Poddar Amal Satish |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 10,245 |percentage = 5.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Thulkar Bharat Somaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,701 |percentage = 0.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deodatta Hansraj Ramteke |party=Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 1,580 |percentage = 0.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,736 |percentage = 14.28% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,73,286 |percentage = 61.13% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,73,279}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,83,450|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|19.85|79.36|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Chandrapur district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Kaniyambadi Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:56:08Z

Rajnishkumar123: starting a pg from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| established = 1967
| district = [[Vellore district|Vellore]]
| loksabha_cons =
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| mla = Thopputhiruvengadam
| name = Kaniyambadi
| electors= 86,907
| reservation = None
| abolished= 1976
}}
'''Kaniyambadi''' was former constituency in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], a southern state of [[India]]. It was in [[Vellore district]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]||Thopputhiruvengadam|| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]||[[L. Balaraman]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.11}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.62}}

}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kaniyambadi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Thopputhiruvengadam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,435 |percentage=54.11% |change=6.87% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[L. Balaraman]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,647 |percentage=38.73% |change=-10.89% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Shanmugam |party=Independent politician |votes=3,084 |percentage=4.85% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Rathinam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,182 |percentage=1.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jayarama Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=292 |percentage=0.46% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,788 |percentage=15.38% |change=13.01% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=63,640 |percentage=76.58% |change= -1.06% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,907 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 4.49% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kaniyambadi<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[L. Balaraman]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,512 |percentage=49.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Thiruvengadam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,100 |percentage=47.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Mayakrishnan |party=Republican Party of India |votes=1,867 |percentage=3.14% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,412 |percentage=2.37% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=59,479 |percentage=77.64% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,337 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coords|12.81|79.14|display=title}}

[[Category:Vellore district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1976]]
[[Category:1976 disestablishments in India]]

{{Vellore-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

Matthias Vincent

2026-04-18T14:18:38Z

Rajnishkumar123: stub

{{Short description|British administrator}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sir Matthias Vincent
| image =
| order =
| office = Chief of the factories in the Bay of Bengal<ref>{{cite book|last=Danvers|first=Frederick Charles|authorlink=Frederic Charles Danvers|title=Bengal; its chiefs, agents, and governors |url=https://archive.org/details/bengalitschiefsa00danvrich|year=1881|location=London|publisher=Eyre and Spottiswoode|page=[https://archive.org/details/bengalitschiefsa00danvrich/page/4 4]}}</ref>
| term_start = 7 September 1677
| term_end = 24 November 1681
| lieutenant =
| predecessor = [[Walter Clavell]]
| successor = [[William Hedges (colonial administrator)|William Hedges]]
| birth_date = c. 1645
| birth_place = North Hill, Cornwall, England
| death_date = 1687
| death_place =
| party =
| spouse =
| profession =
| signature = Matthias Vincent (c 1645-1687) signature.png
}}

Sir '''Matthias Vincent''' (c. 1645–1687) was an English administrator for the [[East India Company]] (EIC) before becoming MP for [[Lostwithiel]].

==Family==
He was the younger son of John Vincent (d.1646) of Battens, [[North Hill, Cornwall|North Hill]], Cornwall by his wife Sarah and educated at [[Westminster School]]. In 1620 John Vincent was disclaimed at the [[College of Arms|heralds’]] visitation of 1620, and prosecuted in the court of chivalry for usurping the arms of the Surrey family. He then took [[holy orders]] but was unable to obtain a [[benefice]] before the [[English Civil War|Civil War]] and moved frequently. Matthias Vincent’s eldest brother became a fellow of [[All Souls College, Oxford|All Souls]] in 1654.<ref name=UKP>{{cite web|title=VINCENT, Sir Matthias (c.1645-87), of Islington, Mdx.|url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/vincent-sir-matthias-1645-87|publisher=UK Parliament|accessdate=27 August 2016}}</ref>

==India==
Vincent joined the EIC as a factor in 1622 at a salary of £20 per annum. In 1667 he was appointed to the company's governing council in [[Chinsurah|Hooghly]], becoming third in seniority at the Bay of Bengal [[factory (trading post)|factories]] in 1669. Following the death of John Marsh, he became Chief at [[Cossimbazar|Cassimbazar]], arousing the wrath of Joseph Hall who said that Vincents "Actions will not admit of the Light, being works of Darkness's and therefore all he doth in the Companys Affairs must be in hugger muggur{{Cref2|A}}." Nevertheless, on the death of [[Walter Clavell]] Vincent became "Chief of the factories in the Bay of Bengal".{{sfn|Bowrey|1895|page=164-5}}

During his time at Hooghly, Vincent was accused by the Company of appropriating commissions due to it and of trading in goods, including pepper and copper, on his own account.<ref>{{cite book|first=Cornelius Neale|last=Dalton|title=The Life of Thomas Pitt|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924027992019|year=1915|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924027992019/page/n37 14]}}</ref> Furthermore,
a member of the Council at Hooghly claimed that Vincent had "practised Diabolicall arts with the Braminees ([[Brahmin]]s)" and had bewitched him so that Vincent could "better fulfil his lustful desires with his Wife." His accuser, to the horror of Vincent's superiors in back in London, also claimed he had used charms and poisons against people with the assistance of "Witches or other natives".<ref name=Essays>{{cite book|first1=William A.|last1=Pettigrew|first2=Mahesh|last2=Gopalan|title=The East India Company, 1600–1857: Essays on Anglo-Indian connection|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZKuDAAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-19197-1|pages=188–9}}</ref>

After the notorious interloper{{Cref2|B}} [[Thomas Pitt]] married Vincents's niece, the EIC lost confidence in Vincent.<ref name=UKP /> In 1682 [[William Hedges (colonial administrator)|William Hedges]], the EIC's new Bengal Agent, arrived in Hooghly with instructions to remove Vincent from his post. However, aware that he was about to be taken prisoner, Vincent appeared with a party of well armed soldiers and forced Hedges to retreat to the Dutch settlement of [[Chinsurah]] further inland. Vincent's position was further strengthened by the arrival of his protege Thomas Pitt with more men. After two futile years, Hedges gave up in his attempt and fled India for Persia.<ref name=Essays />

===Rugo the Podar affair===
In 1673 a charge was brought against Vincent that he had been responsible for the death of the Hooghly Factory's cashier or ''podar''. [[Streynsham Master]], the Company's erstwhile Madras Agent was ordered to investigate the matter. It transpired that Rugo had been placed in the custody of Anant Ram, the Factory's broker on Vincent's orders to recover a sum of money he owed to the Company. Rugo died the first night he was in custody, with Ram claiming in a later deposition that he had only caused the Podar and his son "to be beaten with a few blows with a small stick, as little as the pen that is written withall." The matter was closed (or hushed up) following a payment of 13,000 Rupees, which was charged to the Company's account. Although Vincent was cleared on the charge, the Company still sought his return to England and further legal action. At the same time he was ordered to repay the 13,000 Rupees.{{sfn|Hedges|1889|page=ccxxxi & ccxc}}

==Subsequent career==
In 1683 Vincent returned to England aboard one of Thomas Pitt's ships to live in a princely style as a rich [[nabob]]. He was knighted by [[James VI and I|James I]] on 20{{nbsp}}March 1685, became treasurer of the [[Sons of the Clergy]] and was elected as MP for Lostwithiel, although he did not attend parliament. He was nominated as an [[alderman]] of the [[City of London]] in 1686 but died the following summer.<ref name=UKP />

==Personal life==
In around 1670 he married Mary, the illegitimate daughter of Henry Greenhill, merchant, of Madras (now [[Chennai]]), India, by his [[Goa]]nese mistress who was the widow of John Gurney a Madras merchant. The couple had two sons and one other child.<ref name=UKP />

==Notes==
{{Cnote2 begin}}
{{Cnote2|A|''Hugger-mugger'', an archaic term meaning secret or clandestine}}
{{Cnote2|B|An individual trading on his own account in breach of the East India Company's monopoly}}
{{Cnote2 end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

;Bibliography
*{{Cite book|last=Bowrey|first=Thomas|author-link=Thomas Bowrey|editor-last=Temple|editor-first=Richard Carnac|editor-link=Sir Richard Temple, 1st Baronet|title=A Geographical Account of Countries Round the Bay of Bengal, 1669 to 1679 |url=https://archive.org/details/ageographicalac00bowrgoog|year=1895| publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] | place=London}}
*{{Cite book|first=William|last=Hedges|author-link=William Hedges (colonial administrator)| editor-last=Yule | editor-first=Henry|editor-link=Henry Yule| year=1889 | title=The diary of William Hedges, esq. (afterwards Sir William Hedges), during his agency in Bengal : as well as on his voyage out and return overland (1681-1697) | publisher=Hakluyt Society | place=London |url=https://archive.org/details/diarywilliamhed02barlgoog|volume=2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vincent, Matthias}}
[[Category:1640s births]]
[[Category:1687 deaths]]
[[Category:British East India Company people]]
[[Category:People educated at Westminster School, London]]
[[Category:British governors of Bengal]]

Sandeep Pathak (actor)

2026-04-15T10:15:51Z

Rajnishkumar123:

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sandeep Pathak
| image = Sandeep Pathak.jpg
| yearsactive = 2004–Present
| birth_name = Sandeep Shyamrao Pathak
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1978|05|14}}
| birth_place = [[Majalgaon]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Actor]]
}}
'''Sandeep Pathak''' (born 14 May 1978) is an Indian film, television and theatre actor in Marathi and Hindi Language. He has featured in television shows such as [[Asambhav (TV series)|''Asambhav'']], ''[[Eka Lagnachi Dusri Goshta]]''. His notable films are ''[[Poshter Girl]]'', ''[[Harishchandrachi Factory]]'', ''[[Ek Hazarachi Note]]'', ''[[Rangaa Patangaa]].'' He is also known for his work in theatre with plays such as ''Varhad Nighalay Londonla'', ''Sakharam Binder'', ''Asami Asa Mi'', ''Vyakti Aani Valli''. He has done many comedies shows like ''Hasa Chakat Fu'', [[Fu Bai Fu (TV series)|''Fu Bai Fu'']] and ''[[Comedy Express]]''.

==Personal life==
He was born in a [[Deshastha Brahmin]] family at [[Majalgaon]] in [[Beed district]] on 14 May 1978. He completed his graduation in Bachelor of Arts (Drama) from SB College, [[Aurangabad]] and attained Master of Arts (Drama) from Lalit Kala Kendra at [[Savitribai Phule Pune University|University of Pune]]. Sandeep married in 2005 with Kalpana Pathak. The couple has two children.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-13 |title=Actor Sandeep Pathak Shares Video Wearing Cervical Collar; Leaves Fans Concerned |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/actor-sandeep-pathak-shares-video-wearing-cervical-collar-leaves-fans-concerned-8738562.html |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Pathak started his career in Marathi theatre. The stage plays ''Varhad Nighalay Londonla'' had him in a lead role. His debut film was ''[[Shwaas]]''. Some of his films are ''[[Rangaa Patangaa]]'', ''[[Double Seat]]'', and ''[[Poshter Girl]]''. He Was Nominated at [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Actor]] for his Film ''Raakh''

==Filmography==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Ref(s)
|-
|2004
|''[[Shwaas]]''
|
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Ek Daav Dhobi Pachhad]]''
|
|
|-
|2009
|''[[Harishchandrachi Factory]]''
|[[Trymbak B. Telang]]
|
|-
|2009
|''[[Gaiir]]''
|
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Shikshanachya Aaicha Gho]]''
|
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Shahanpan Dega Deva]]''
|Bum Chik Baba
|
|-
|2011
|''One Room Kitchen''
|
|
|-
|2012
|''Yedyachi Jatra''
|Vastarya
|
|-
|2013
|''Bhutacha Honymoon''
|Ghost
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Ek Hazarachi Note]]''
|Sudama
|
|-
|Rowspan="4"|2015
|''[[Rangaa Patangaa]]''
|Popat
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-22 |title='पोपट'ची पोपटपंची अर्थपूर्ण - संदीप पाठक |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/parrots-meaningful-parrot-sandeep-pathak/ |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Timepass 2]]''
|Malaria
|
|-
|''[[Deool Band]]''
|Vallabh
|
|-
|''[[Double Seat]]''
|Amit's Friend (Traffic Cop)
|
|-
|Rowspan="3"|2016
|''[[Natsamrat]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Poshter Girl]]
|Suresh Patil
|
|-
|[[Chidiya (film)|''Chidiya'']]
|Tapan
|
|-
|2017
|''Idak: The Goat''
|Namya
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
|''[[Dhishkyaoon]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhishkyaoon: लग्नाचे डोहाळे प्रथमेशला भोवले, बायकोनं थेट कानपटावर... |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/marathi-movie-dishkiyaoonprathamesh-parab-first-look-dishkiyaoon-unveiled-in-motion-poster-vnp98 |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=eSakal - Marathi Newspaper |language=mr-IN}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Vitthal Maza Sobati]]''
|Vitthal
|
|-
|''[[Shyamchi Aai (2023 film)|Shyamchi Aai]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shyamchi Aai Teaser: दिवाळीत उलगडणार संस्कारांची पानं! श्यामची आई सिनेमाचा पहिला टीझर भेटीला |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/shyamchi-aai-movie-teaser-out-now-om-bhutkar-gauri-deshpande-released-on-diwali-2023-drj96 |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=eSakal - Marathi Newspaper |language=mr-IN}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2024
|''[[Navardev Bsc. Agri]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='बकासुर' आणि 'सुंदर' या बैलजोडीकडून 'नवरदेव'चं पोस्टर लॉंच, शेतकरी तरुणांची गोष्ट उलगडणार{{!}}Navardev Movie |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/navardev-marathi-movie-poster-launch-starring-kshitish-date-makarand-anaspure-priyadarshini-indalkar-drj96 |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=eSakal - Marathi Newspaper |language=mr-IN}}</ref>
|-
|''Terav''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhirvandekar |first=Harshada |title=Terav: संकटांना न घाबरता लढणाऱ्या शेतकरी महिलेची कथा! 'तेरवं' चित्रपटाचा ट्रेलर पाहिलात का? |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/terav-marathi-movie-trailer-launch-nitin-gadkari-praises-upcoming-movie-based-on-vidarbha-141709194298620.html |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=Hindustan Times Marathi |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Hoy Maharaja]]''
|Rashid Bhai
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prathamesh Parab : प्रथमेश परब म्हणाला, 'होय महाराजा'...; गुढी पाडव्याच्या शुभ मुहूर्तावर विनोदी चित्रपटाची घोषणा |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/prathamesh-parab-marathi-actor-hoy-maharaja-marathi-comedy-movie-announcement-vaibhav-mangle-samir-choughule-sandeep-pathak-1272104 |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=[[ABP Majha]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Alyad Palyad]]''
|Dilya
|
|-
|''[[Sangharsh Yoddha Manoj Jarange Patil]]''
|Janya
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Ek Radha Ek Meera]]''
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Ek Radha Ek Meera Movie (2025): Cast, Trailer, OTT, Songs, Release Date {{!}} एक राधा एक मीरा {{!}} Exclusive 2024 |url=https://rangmarathi.com/ek-radha-ek-meera-movie-2025/ |website=Rang Marathi |access-date=13 October 2024 |date=9 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|''Ghabadkund''
|Dilya
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-28 |title=‘घबाडकुंड’चा रहस्यमयी सेट |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/upcoming-marathi-mystery-film-ghabadkund-expected-to-be-released-soon-zws-70-5404861/ |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
* ''Indrayani (2024)''<ref>{{cite web |title=Indrayani Serial (2024) {{!}} इंद्रायणी {{!}} Colors Marathi Cast, Episode, Promo {{!}} Exclusive 2024 - Rang Marathi |url=https://rangmarathi.com/indrayani-serial/ |website=Rang Marathi |access-date=23 March 2024 |date=17 February 2024}}</ref>

==Awards Received==

* [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Actor|Maharashtra State Award for Best Actor]] – ''[[Ek Hazarachi Note]]''
* [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Actor|Maharashtra State Award for Best Actor]] – ''[[Rangaa Patangaa]]''
* [[Maharashtra Times|Maharashtra Times Sanman Award for Best Actor]] – ''[[Ek Hazarachi Note]]''
* Baban Prabhu Award – Varhad Nighalay Londonla

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm5692040}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pathak, Sandeep}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Marathi actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:People from Beed district]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian stage actors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Indian theatre people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi theatre]]
[[Category:1978 births]]

Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology

2026-04-14T17:53:41Z

Rajnishkumar123: stub

{{Short description|College in Kerala, India}}
{{Promotional|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology (Autonomous)
| native_name =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto = Duc In Altum
| mottoeng = Leading to the Heights of Excellence
| established = July 2002
| closed =
| type =
| religious_affiliation = [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]]
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chancellor =
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| provost =
| vice_chancellor =
| rector =
| principal = Abraham T. Mathew
| director = Samuel Irenios (Vice Chairman of [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church#Colleges|Malankara Catholic Educational Society]])
| head_label = [[Patron]]
| head = [[Cyril Baselios Catholicos]]
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students = 2662
| undergrad = 2410
| postgrad = 252
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = [[Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala]]
| province =
| country = India
| coor = {{coord|8.5520|76.9379|type:edu_region:IN-KL|display=inline,title}}
| campus =
| former_names =
| colors =
| colours = {{color box |#668CFF}}{{color box |White}} Blue & white
| athletics =
| other_name = MBCET (AUTONOMOUS)
| mascot =
| academic_affiliations = [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]] [[AICTE]]
| website = {{URL|www.mbcet.ac.in}}<ref name="MBCET Values">[https://www.mbcet.ac.in/ MBCET Values and Basic Information]</ref>
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology''' '''(Autonomous)<big>,</big>''' is an engineering educational institution located at [[Nalanchira, Trivandrum, Kerala|Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala]], India offering engineering education and research. The college is located on a hillock in the Bethany Hills. The educational Institution is situated along the way from [[Kesavadasapuram]] to [[Mannanthala]] route, this road further extends to north of Kerala as the MC Road.

The college is a part of the Mar Ivanios Vidyanagar Campus which has 22 educational institutes, including primary, secondary and higher secondary schools, training institutes and an arts college.<ref name="test">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121110023856/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/30/stories/2008093058650300.htm], Mar Ivanios Vidya Nagar.</ref><ref name="test1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20151126020348/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Observe-Punctuality-Social-Responsibility/2015/10/14/article3078370.ece], Mar Baselios Punctuality, Social Responsibility.</ref><ref name="test2">[http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/youth/code-uniform/article3712061.ece], Mar Baselios Uniform.</ref> The college which started operations in July 2002 is affiliated to the [[Kerala Technological University|APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]].

It is one of the top ranked colleges in Kerala for engineering. All B.Tech. programmes have been accredited by the [[National Board of Accreditation]] w.e.f 1 July 2016.<ref name="nba">{{cite web |url=http://www.nbaind.org/Files/AccreditedPrograms.aspx |title=NBA - National Board of Accreditation |access-date=2017-03-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423195923/http://www.nbaind.org/Files/AccreditedPrograms.aspx |archive-date=23 April 2016 |df=dmy-all }}, "All B.Tech programmes have been accredited by the National Board of Accreditation w.e.f 1st July 2016 for 2 years" {{dead link|date=August 2019}}</ref>

== Academics ==
The following courses in MBCET are approved by the All India Council for Technical Education ([[AICTE]]) and sanctioned by the [[Government of Kerala]], leading to the B.Tech. Degree of the [[University of Kerala]] and [[Kerala Technological University]]. It has an annual intake of 600 students for B.Tech. courses.
The distribution of seats are as follows.

* Civil Engineering : 120 seats
* Computer Science & Engineering : 120 seats
* Electrical & Electronics Engineering : 120 seats
* Electronics & Communications Engineering : 120 seats
* Mechanical Engineering : 90 seats
 
MBCET offers M.Tech. programmes in the CSE, EEE, ME, CE and ECE Departments.

=== Computer Science and Engineering ===
The Department of Computer Science and Engineering offers 4 years undergraduate program leading to the award of B.Tech. Degree in Computer Science and Engineering. Every year 120 students are admitted to the program.

*Head of the Department: Dr. Tessy Mathew
*Year in which the department began: 2002

=== Electrical and Electronics Engineering ===
Electrical & Electronics engineering deals with the generation, transfer and conversion of electric power with the aid of mechanical, electronic circuits and computer systems. (Batch 2016–2020)

*Head of the Department: Mr. Shajilal A S
*Year in which the department began: 2002

=== Electronics and Communication Engineering ===

This department deals with the teaching of electronic engineering such as analog circuits, digital circuits, [[VLSI]], and solid state conductors, and communication engineering, networking, and digital signal processing.

*[[Dean (education)|Dean]] of Research and Development: Sakuntala. S. Pillai
*Head of the Department: Dr. Jayakumari J.
*Year in which the department began: 2002
*Student body: Electronic Association (EA), IEEE

''Mr. Joji John Varghese was selected as the winner in Electronics Skills from Kerala as part of Nypunyam 2015 and won first prize worth Rs 1,50,000/-.''<ref name="nypumyam2015">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/state-to-focus-on-youth-skills-minister/article8208555.ece Winner in Electronics Skills from Kerala as part of Nypunyam 2015] The Hindu, Trivandrum, 8 February 2016</ref>
 
''Student project gets funding from Startup Village and Kerala Chapter of IEEE Communication Society.''<ref name="funding">[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/article3865490.ece Student project gets funding from Startup Village and Kerala Chapter of IEEE ComSoc] The Hindu, Kochi, 6 September 2012</ref><ref name="fundingbs">[http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/students-linesmart-projects-for-kochi-startup-village/485494/ Student project gets funding from Startup Village and Kerala Chapter of IEEE ComSoc] The Business Standard, Kochi, 6 September 2012</ref>

=== Mechanical Engineering ===
The Mechanical Engineering department of Mar Baselios College has various contributions and had students develop environment friendly engines. The batch of 2005 had introduced the G-Mech or "Generation Mech" as a student body to unite future mechanical engineering students and act as a branch student body.

*Head of the Department: Rajesh T N
*Year in which the department began: 2005
*Student Body: Association of Mechanical Engineers (G-Mech)

==== List of notable mechanical projects in MBCET ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Batch !! Project !! Specific client(s) !! Key factor !! Project completion
|-
| 2015 || Plastic waste disposal || N/A || IEEE Award || 2015<ref name="wastedisposal">[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/laurel-for-project-on-plastic-waste-disposal/article8208242.ece CLaurel for project on plastic waste disposal] The Hindu, Thiruvananthapuram, 8 February 2016</ref>
|-
| 2009 || Thermo-acoustic refrigerator || N/A || High COP attained || 2013
|-
| 2008 || Coconut de-husker || N/A || Speedy and cost effective || 2012<ref name="coco">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article3157290.ece Coconut De-husker] The Hindu, Thiruvananthapuram, 23 March 2012</ref>
|-
| 2007 || Multi-purpose farming machine || N/A || Cheaper than market || 2011<ref name="farm">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article1590186.ece Farming Machine] The Hindu, Thiruvananthapuram, 1 April 2011</ref>
|-
| 2006 || Compressed air engine || N/A || Zero carbon emission (patent pending) || 2010<ref name="airpow">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article743532.ece Air Powered Engine] The Hindu, 3 April 2010</ref>
|-
| 2005 || V II 400 redesign || Kerala Automobiles Limited (KAL) || KAL accepted the redesign || 2009<ref name="KAL">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article282650.ece KAL accept MBCET] The Hindu, 15 May 2009</ref>
|-
| 2005 || Diesel two-wheeler || N/A || ( Lower Carbon Emission)|| 2009<ref name="bike">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article277455.ece Low Emission Bike] The Hindu, 26 May 2010</ref>
|}

=== Civil Engineering ===

*Head of the Department: Dr. Jisha S V
*Year in which the department began: 2005
*Student Body: Civil Engineering Students Association (CESA)
*UTBHAV – Annual Technical fete by Civil Engineering Department<ref name="Utbhav1">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/technology-unplugged/article3924518.ece Technology unplugged] Technology unplugged The Hindu, Thiruvananthapuram, 22 September 2012</ref>

=== Basic Sciences ===
The department offers courses in engineering mathematics, engineering physics and engineering chemistry within the engineering curricula. There are no students directly under this department. However, there are lectures and seminars conducted by these department to all students in the first year of Engineering.

*Head of the Department: Cherian
*Year in which the department began: 2002

==Governance==
Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology is administered by the [[List of Major Archbishops of Trivandrum|Major Archdiocese]] of Thiruvananthapuram through the Malankara Catholic Educational Society, a society found by the diocese exclusively for the formation of educational technical and other institutions to benefit the community and the public in general.

The society was registered in 1996, under the Travancore – Cochin Literary Scientific and Charitable Societies Registration Act XII of 1955. The major Archdiocese of Thiruvananthapuram under which the society functions, has established several primary, secondary and higher secondary schools, nursing college, technical college, NAAC 'A' grade training college and other colleges.

==Admissions==

Candidates for admission to the B.Tech. degree courses will have passed the higher secondary examination of Kerala with Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry as subjects or any other examination accepted as equivalent by the [[Kerala Technological University]]. Pass in Higher Secondary Examination of the Board of Higher Secondary Education of Kerala or an examination recognized equivalent thereto with at least Fifty percent marks in Mathematics separately and Fifty percent marks in Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry / equivalent subjects put together or equivalent grade. Candidates should qualify in the Engineering Entrance Exam conducted by the Commissioner of Entrance Exams, Govt. of Kerala.

== Facilities ==

=== Library ===
The backbone of MBCET is the library. There are 21,000 engineering books for the six engineering branches. A periodical section has 190 national and international journals. Back volumes of journals, question papers etc. are available for reference.
''MBCET Library Portal''<ref name="MBCETLibrary">[https://mbcet.wordpress.com/mbcet-subscribing-e-journals MBCET Library Portal] MBCET Library Portal</ref>
 
''Award for MBCET Library portal''<ref name="balan">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article951602.ece Award for portal on energy resources] Award for Portal The Hindu, Thiruvananthapuram, 14 December 2010.</ref>

=== Hostel ===
MBCET's men's hostel is Mar Aprem Hostel and it is located behind the college. The ladies stay at the foot of the hillock at the Sacred Heart Hostel along with students from other institutions in the Mar Ivanios Vidyanagar.

=== WiFi and Internet ===
The campus is fully networked, with optical fiber inter-building backbone. Services like MOODLE, Student Management System, MBCET Webmail which uses VMware Zimbra, Digital Library-DSpace and centralized License server for software like [[AutoCAD]], StaaD, [[OrCAD|Pspice]] etc. are provided. Leased line connection of 50 Mbit/s provides internet connection. 24 hr campus wide [[Wi-Fi|WiFi]] connection is provided to faculty and students.

=== Other facilities ===
* Amenities center
* Chapel
* Canteen
* Central Computing Facility

== NATIONAL SERVICE SCHEME (NSS) ==
The NSS unit of the college is a very active one which does a number of Social Service activities in and out of the college. It Conducts campaigns to make students aware of the society. Assistant professor Sreeju Nair S B is the program officer of the unit 706, Jetcin and Insha are the volunteer Secretaries of the unit.

==Conferences and workshops==

'''Design and Innovation Workshop by MIT Media Lab'''<ref name="MIT1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131106084350/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/MIT-media-lab-design-innovation-workshop-begins/2013/07/31/article1710850.ece MIT media lab design, innovation workshop begins ] New Indian Express, Thiruvananthapuram, 31 July 2013.</ref>
<ref name="MIT2">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/workshop/article4937101.ece MIT media lab workshop begins ] The Hindu, Thiruvananthapuram, 31 July 2013.</ref>
<ref name="MIT3">[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131215/news-current-affairs/article/mit-mentor-creates-new-entrepreneurs MIT mentor creates new entrepreneurs ] The Hindu, Thiruvananthapuram, 15 December 2013.</ref>
<ref name="MIT4">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160421180742/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/NABARD-to-Support-Innovations/2014/07/11/article2324296.ece NABARD to Support Innovations ] New Indian Express, Thiruvananthapuram, 11 July 2014.</ref>

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Media Lab is an interdisciplinary research laboratory devoted to projects at the convergence of technology, multimedia and design. The MIT Media Lab joins hands with Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology (MBT) to host a Design and Innovation Workshop from 30 July to 1 August 2013 at MBT Campus. The workshop has been designed around the MIT Media Lab philosophy, where the future is lived, not imagined. The workshop aims to share MIT's interdisciplinary research, design, and development cultures—hands-on creative learning (learning-by-doing) and "hacking" (rapid prototyping).

'''International Conference on Green Technologies 2012'''<ref name="icgt2012">[https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/kerala-ideal-choice-for-energy-conservation-projects-minister/article4214559.ece MBCET organises ICGT 2012] The Hindu, Thiruvananthapuram, 19 December 2012.</ref>

International Conference on Green Technologies (ICGT12) was organized by Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology, Trivandrum, jointly with University of Dayton, USA during 18–20 December 2012 at Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology, Trivandrum. The Conference was technically sponsored by IEEE EDS India Chapter and IEEE Kerala Section. The Conference was inaugurated by Honorable Minister for Education Sri P K Abdu Rabb and was presided by Samuel Irenios, Auxiliary Bishop, Archdiocese of Trivandrum.

During the three days of the Conference, the Research and Development activities in all Engineering fields viz. Civil, Computer Science and IT, Electrical, Electronic and Mechanical Engineering related to Green Technologies were discussed. The keynote address "Alternative Energy Sources: A Practical Perspective" was delivered by R. Unnikrishnan, Dean, California State University, Fullerton, USA.

'''Organ Donation Camp(Dec 2015)'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/mohanlal-meets-polish-fan-bartosz-czarnotta-thiruvananthapuram-photos-659697|title=Mohanlal meets Polish fan Bartosz Czarnotta in Thiruvananthapuram [PHOTOS]|website=[[International Business Times]] |date=16 December 2015}}</ref>

Mohanlal<ref>[[Mohanlal]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=May 2020}} in 2015 took part in the 'Organ Donation Campaign'<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/mohanlal-meets-his-fan-from-poland-for-organ-donation-campaign.html|title=Home}}</ref> organized by Mar Baselious College. Mar Baselious College frequently conducts such programs that involves the society and are useful for the humankind. Mohanlal declared MBCET as the first organ donation friendly campus.

==Professional student bodies==

The college shows keen interest in developing a professional caliber among the students. This was done with the help of various international organisations forming student bodies with the college. Mar Baselios College in association with the Institution of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), Kerala circle, Computer Society of India, Thiruvananthapuram chapter, and the Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers (IETE) had organised national conference on communication systems and networks (CoMNeT- 2010).<ref name="comnet2010">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article964627.ece MBCET organises CoMNeT] The Hindu, Thiruvananthapuram, 20 December 2010.</ref> The Mar Baselios College in association with the Institution of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), Kerala circle, Computer Society of India, Thiruvananthapuram chapter, has also conducted a national conference on broadband technologies in 2008.<ref name="broad">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article1226660.ece Broadband 2008] The Hindu, Thiruvananthapuram, 26 March 2008.</ref>

=== Computer Society of India ===
The college is an institutional member of the Computer Society of India. The CSI Student Branch of Mar Baselios College of Engineering & Technology was inaugurated on 24 September 2004. Over the years, the CSI branch has proved itself to be the most active association in the college. It is also the biggest student branch in the Kerala state, boasting 153 members.

The CSI branch has been conducting an annual technical quiz competition under the name BYTES. CSI has in its own way been a trend setter in the matter of conducting events regularly. The branch also had the privilege of hosting the State Level Student Convention in 2006.

An important event and a milestone in the history of the CSI Student Chapter was the 26th National Student Convention – NSC 2010 that the Mar Baselios Student Branch hosted in association with Trivandrum Chapter of CSI from 2–4 September 2010.<ref name="nsc2010">[http://www.csi-india.org/web/csi/september-csitopic7 NSC 2010] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720091153/http://www.csi-india.org/web/csi/september-csitopic7 |date=20 July 2011 }} CSI Communications, September 2010.</ref>

The CSI student branch of MBCET was selected as the Best Student Branch from among engineering colleges in Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry for the year 2010–2011. This is the second consecutive year that the student branch has received this award.

=== Indian Society for Technical Education ===
The college is an institutional member of the ISTE since 2005. A chapter of the society is functioning in the college with 37 members.

=== IEEE student branch ===
An [[IEEE]] student body was set up on 14 February 2006.<ref name="Ieee">{{cite web|url=http://www.ieee.org/membership_services/membership/students/branches/region10.html |title=IEEE Region 10 |publisher=[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518130007/http://www.ieee.org/membership_services/membership/students/branches/region10.html |archive-date=18 May 2013 }}</ref> A number of students are involved in the activities conducted by the [https://ieeesbmbcet.in/ IEEE MBCET]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Student Branch.

Deepthi Anna George, student of Computer Science branch has been selected to receive the prestigious IEEE Computer Society – Richard E. Merwin Scholarship – 2011 in recognition of her exemplary involvement in student chapter activities and excellent academic achievement. She is one among fourteen students chosen from colleges and universities throughout the world for this scholarship. The scholarship includes an award and amount of $2,500.<ref name="IEEE Richard Merwin Scholarship">[http://www.computer.org/portal/web/studentactivities/2011MerwinWinners] IEEE Computer Society</ref>

=== Finishing school ===
In alliance with EDS Technologies, Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology has set up a finishing school to provide industry specific technical training in Product Lifecycle Management (PLM).<ref name="plcm">[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/eds-technologies-signs-mou-with-mar-baselios-college-of-engineering/750220 EDS Tech and MBCET] Indian Express, Bangalore, 15 February 2011</ref>

=== Green Dream ===
An environmental initiative was undertaken by students of Mar Baselios College of Engineering along with nine other college to form Green Dream.<ref name="rajsuk">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article651420.ece Green Dream] The Hindu, Thiruvananthapuram. 19 March 2009.</ref> The group along with [[UST Global]] and "TidyCity" ran a clean-up drive on Veli beach.

== Developer Communities ==

=== Google Developer Student Clubs ===
Google Developer Student Clubs Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology or [https://gdscmbcet.com GDSC MBCET]<ref>{{Cite web|title=DSC MBCET|url=https://dsc.community.dev/mar-baselios-college-of-engineering-technology/|website=DSC Leads|access-date=19 February 2021|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420123100/https://dsc.community.dev/mar-baselios-college-of-engineering-technology/|url-status=dead}}</ref> is a student run community, powered by Google Developers. GDSC MBCET was introduced in 2019. GDSC MBCET focuses on helping students adapt to new developer technology trends and build projects, by collaborative learning. GDSC MBCET is free and open to anyone and everyone, who is interested in trying out new developer technologies.

==Sports and College Festivals==

=== Crossroads ===
Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology (MBCET) holds an annual technical and cultural event named CROSSROADS.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://crossroadsmbcet.in/ |title=Crossroads Website |access-date=24 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208010900/http://crossroadsmbcet.in/ |archive-date=8 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This is conducted in the month of February or March. It is often a three- or four-day event.<ref name="crossroads">[http://www.trivandrumbuzz.com/cross-roads-xi-at-mar-baselios-college-in-trivandrum/ MBCET Crossroads 2011] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827033423/http://www.trivandrumbuzz.com/cross-roads-xi-at-mar-baselios-college-in-trivandrum/ |date=27 August 2011 }} Trivandrum Buzz, Thiruvananthapuram, 3 February 2011</ref>
<ref name="crossroads2012times">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131103190901/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-18/thiruvananthapuram/31074821_1_plastic-bags-limca-book-paper-bags Limca Book of Records] Times of India, Thiruvananthapuram, 18 February 2012</ref>
<ref name="crossroads2012deccan">[http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/glam-sham/your-idea-can-make-you-rich-445 Crossroads Next Big Idea] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226222845/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/glam-sham/your-idea-can-make-you-rich-445 |date=26 February 2012 }} Deccan Chronicle, Kochi, 24 February 2012</ref>
<ref name="crossroads2012nextbigidea">[http://www.trivandrumnews.com/mar-baselios-engineering-college-fest-invites-the-next-big-idea.htm Crossroads Next Big Idea] Trivandrum News, Trivandrum, 28 January 2012</ref>

=== TEDxMBCET ===
TEDxMBCET was first organized by the Department of Computer Science and Engineering (Batch 2015–2019) in February 2019. Speakers included Karikku founder – Nikhil Prasad, playback singer Job Kurian, and others.

=== Hash ===
Hash is the annual inter college technical fest conducted by Department of Computer Science and Engineering. It was first conducted in the year 2018. It is usually conducted in odd semesters.

=== Sports ===
Joji Varghese is the coach for the basketball team and is in charge of Physical Education.

==== Basketball ====
Mar Baselios College has a basketball team. This team has won several accolades and awards at various intra college basketball tournaments.<ref name="mbtchamps">[http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/article2600751.ece Mar Baselios, a worthy champion] The Hindu, Thiruvananthapuram, 5 November 2011</ref> It hosts the Baselios Trophy all-Kerala Professional Colleges Basketball Tournament.<ref name="mbthost">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/article729432.ece MBCET Defeats IIST at 3rd Baselios Trophy] The Hindu, Thiruvananthapuram, 16 March 2010</ref>

===== Awards won by MBCET Basketball team =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Position !! Tournament name !! Scores !! Last match against
|-
|2013 || First || Don Bosco All-Kerala Basketball Tournament || 69–67 || Kerala Police<ref name="marbaseliosboscohindu2013">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/regional-roundup/article5043758.ece Mar Baselios college triumphs] The Hindu, IRINJALAKUDA, 21 August 2013</ref><ref name="marbaseliosboscodeccan2013">[http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130821/sports-other-sports/article/mar-baselios-triumph-over-kerala-police-don-bosco-all-kerala Mar Baselios triumph over Kerala Police at Don Bosco all-Kerala basketball tournament] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019182641/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130821/sports-other-sports/article/mar-baselios-triumph-over-kerala-police-don-bosco-all-kerala |date=19 October 2013 }} Deccan Chronicle,21 August 2013</ref>
|-
|2013 || First || Mar Baselios Trophy All-Kerala Basketball Tournament || 64–47 || Viswajyothi College of Engineering<ref name="marbaselios2013">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/mar-baselios-triumphs/article4518057.ece Mar Baselios triumphs] The Hindu, Thiruvananthapuram, 17 March 2013</ref>
|-
|2012 || First || 19th Viswappan Memorial All-Kerala Basketball Tournament || 77–56 || SB College (Changanassery)<ref name="19viswappanhindu">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/article2891081.ece Mar Baselios Engineering College takes title] The Hindu, ALAPPUZHA, 14 February 2012</ref>
|-
|2012 || First || Mar Baselios Trophy All-Kerala Basketball Tournament || 68–42 || FISAT<ref name="baselioshindu">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/article2830387.ece Mar Baselios EC triumphs] The Hindu, Thiruvananthapuram, 25 January 2012</ref>
|-
|2011 || First || Kerala University Inter Collegiate Basketball Tournament || 74–56 || Mar Ivanios<ref name="keralaunvhindu">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/article2569473.ece Mar Baselios wins title] The Hindu, Thiruvananthapuram, 25 October 2011</ref>
|-
|2011 || First || IV Marian All-Kerala Professional College Basketball Tournament || 37–17 || Marian College of Engineering<ref name="marianhindu">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/article1491870.ece MBCET defeats Marian College] The Hindu, Thiruvananthapuram, 26 February 2011</ref>
|-
| 2011 || First || Arena 2K11 || 32–12 ||Amal Jyothi College<ref name="Amalbasketball11">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110202164140/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/29/stories/2011012956402200.htm MBCET defeats Amal Jyothi] The Hindu, Kanjirappally,22 January 2011</ref>
|-
| 2011 || First || All-Kerala Professional Collegiate Basketball Tournament|| 64–49 || [[Federal Institute of Science And Technology|FISAT]]<ref name="FISATbasketball">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/article1110657.ece MBCET defeats FISAT] The Hindu, Thiruvananthapuram, 22 January 2011</ref>
|-
| 2010 || First || Fisat Trophy All-Kerala Inter-collegiate Basketball Tournament || 60–34 || [[Federal Institute of Science And Technology|FISAT]]<ref name="FISATbasketball2">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/article701513.ece MBCET defeats FISAT] The Hindu, Kochi, 2 February 2010</ref>
|-
| 2009 || First || Mar Baselios Inter-collegiate Basketball Tournament || 64–51 || Marian College of Engineering<ref name="mbtmar">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/article341659.ece MBCET wins as host] The Hindu, Thiruvananthapuram, 28 March 2009</ref>
|}

''MBCET students part of Kerala State team for South Zone basketball championship.''<ref name="mbtszteam">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/article3830034.ece MBCET students part of Kerala State team for SZ basketball championship] The Hindu, Kochi, 28 August 2012</ref>

==== Table tennis ====

Mar Baselios won awards in table tennis in Kerala University's inter-collegiate table tennis tournament held at the Government Engineering College in 2009.<ref name="tabletennins">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/article156376.ece MBCET wins table tennis] The Hindu, Thiruvananthapuram, 7 October 2009</ref>

==== Badminton ====

Mar Baselios Engineering College won the title in the Kerala University inter-collegiate women's badminton tournament held on 9 October 2012.<ref name="badminton">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/mg-college-thiruvananthapuram-wins-title/article3983318.ece Mar Baselios triumphs] The Hindu, Thiruvananthapuram, 9 October 2012</ref>

== College rating ==

Careers360 rates MBCET among the Top 10 Engineering Colleges in Kerala.<ref name="careers360">[http://www.careers360.com/news/6119-Best-engineering-colleges-in-Kerala Careers360 Kerala Engineering Colleges rating] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425000556/http://www.careers360.com/news/6119-Best-engineering-colleges-in-Kerala |date=25 April 2013 }} Careers 360</ref>

== Tallest Christ statue in India ==
33.5 feet-tall statue of Jesus Christ, the tallest Christ statue in the country, was unveiled and blessed by Major Archbishop of the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church Baselios Cleemis at the campus of Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology on 29 September 2012.<ref name="statue1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121201122819/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article1280079.ece Tallest statue of Jesus Christ unveiled] New Indian Express, Thiruvananthapuram, 30 September 2012</ref>
<ref name="statue2">[http://www.ptinews.com/news/3010098_-Tallest--Christ-statue-in-the-country-unveiled Tallest Christ statue in the country unveiled] PTI News 30 September 2012</ref><ref name="statue3">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/new-heights/article3951069.ece New heights] The Hindu, 30 September 2012</ref><ref name="statue4">[http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/tallest-jesus-christ-statue-in-the-country-unveiled-273711 Tallest Jesus Christ statue in the country unveiled] NDTV, 30 September 2012</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.mbcet.ac.in Official website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110625100545/http://www.keralauniversity.ac.in/affiliatedcolleges/list_details/1.html List of affiliated colleges by Kerala University]

{{Christianity in Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Engineering colleges in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]]
[[Category:Catholic universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2002]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Kerala]]

Akhil Rabindra

2026-04-02T02:11:16Z

Rajnishkumar123:

{{short description|Indian racing driver}}
{{COI|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox racing driver
| name = Akhil Rabindra
| image = Akhil Profile image.jpg
| imagesize = 200
| caption =
| nationality = {{flag|IND|name=Indian}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1996|5|22}}
| spouse =
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| racing_licence = [[File:FIA Silver Driver.png|12px]] FIA Silver
| current_series = [[GT4 European Series|GT4]], [[Formula 3]]
| first_year = 2010
| current_team = PROsport Performance
| car_number = 18
| former_teams = 3Y Technology / Black Bull Garage 59 / Lanan Racing
| starts =
| championships = 4
| wins =
| poles =
| fastest_laps =
| best_finish = 1st
| year = 2014 & 2015
| prev_series = '''2011''' RED BULL Kart fight JK Tyre MMS Rotax Max Rookie Championship Amaron Karting Challenge '''2012''' JK Tyre Racing Championship JK Tyre Asia Racing Series '''2013''' Toyota Vios Cup Thailand Toyota Etios Motor Racing (EMR) Toyota Etios Colombo night Race '''2014''' [[2014 Formula Masters China]] JK Tyre Racing Championship '''2015''' [[2015 BRDC Formula 4 Championship]] JK Tyre Racing Championship '''2016''' [[2016 BRDC British Formula 3 Championship]] JK Tyre Racing Championship '''2017''' [[2017 British GT Championship]] '''2018''' [[GT4 European Series]] [[2018 24H GT Series]] '''2019''' [[GT4 European Series]] [[2019 24H GT Series]] [[2019 Michelin Pilot Challenge]] [[X1Racing]]
| titles = JK Tyres Racing Championship 2014 Toyota Etios Motor Racing 2013 Totota Ethios Colombo Night Race2013
| title_years = 2013 & 2014 2014
}}

'''Akhil Rabindra''' (born 22 May 1996) is an Indian racing driver.

Along with racing on track, Rabindra is also associated with the Sean Edwards Foundation,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seanedwardsfoundation.com/supporters/ambassadors/akhil-rabindra|title = Akhil Rabindra - Ambassador of the Sean Edwards Foundation}}</ref> where he is a safety ambassador.

==Early life and education==
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2026}}
Rabindra is a graduate from the [[University of Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]].

==Racing career==
===Karting and single-seater racing===

Rabindra started his motorsports career by racing in National Go Karting Championship and [[Formula LGB Swift]] in India and by winning the JK Tyres MMS Rotax Max National Rookie Championship 2011, in the same year he also was crowned the Vice Championship of Amaron National Karting Challenge<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zigwheels.com/news-features/news/amaron-karting-challenge-season-3-championship-report/7749/|title=Amaron Karting Challenge Season 3: Championship Report|publisher=}}</ref> along with Red Bull Kart Fight as Champion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zigwheels.com/news-features/news/red-bull-kart-fight-winners-announced/10957/|title=Red Bull Kart Fight winners announced|publisher=}}</ref> He made his racing debut in 2012 with [[JK Tyre National Racing Championship]] in the [[Formula LGB Swift|LGB Formula-Swift]], the entry-level single-seater series. In the same year, Rabindra also made two guest appearances in the [[JK Racing Asia Series]] finishing a creditable seventh in three of the races.

Rabindra was the vice champion in [[JK Tyre National Racing Championship|JK Tyre National Racing Championship 2014]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/akhil-rabindra-reigns/article7517297.ece|title=Akhil Rabindra reigns|newspaper=The Hindu|date=9 August 2015|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/akhil-vishnu-sailesh-win-in-round-1-of-jk-racing-115080800704_1.html|title=Akhil, Vishnu, Sailesh win in Round 1 of JK Racing|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=8 August 2015|publisher=|via=Business Standard|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/Akhil-Vishnu-Star-on-Day-1/2015/08/09/article2965091.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208091046/http://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/Akhil-Vishnu-Star-on-Day-1/2015/08/09/article2965091.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 December 2015|title=Akhil, Vishnu Star on Day 1|publisher=}}</ref>
2014 saw Rabindra competing in the [[JK Tyre National Racing Championship]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141109/sports-motor-sports/article/akhil-rabindra-wins-jk-tyre-racing|title=Akhil Rabindra wins at JK Tyre racing|date=9 November 2014|publisher=}}</ref> driving the ex-Formula BMW cars previously raced by the likes of [[Sebastian Vettel]], [[Nico Rosberg]], [[Daniel Ricciardo]], [[Sebastien Buemi]] and many more. Rabindra gained nine podium places in the four rounds and emerged as the runner-up. Rabindra also raced in a limited programme in the [[2014 Formula Masters China#Teams and drivers|Formula Masters China Series]] driving the more powerful [[Tatuus]] FA010 chassis with a 2.0 Formula engine providing 180 HP with a best finish of fourth.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Motoring/vrooming-to-glory/article6114811.ece|title=Vrooming to glory|first=Kalyan|last=Ashok|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 June 2014|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

In 2014, Rabindra was nominated by the [[Federation of Motor Sports Clubs of India|FMSCI]] to represent India for the [[FIA Institute Young Driver Excellence Academy|FIA Institute Young Drivers Excellence Academy]], where he won his place for the Asia-Pacific region.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="indiatimes.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fiainstitute.com/academy/academy-201314-asia-pacific-selection-event/|title=FIA Institute for Motor Sport Safety and Sustainability|website=www.fiainstitute.com|access-date=18 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208145154/http://www.fiainstitute.com/academy/academy-201314-asia-pacific-selection-event/|archive-date=8 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fiainstitute.com/rabindra-wins-asia-pacific-selection/#.VkweZmDlfFI|title=FIA Institute for Motor Sport Safety and Sustainability|website=www.fiainstitute.com|access-date=18 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208151301/http://www.fiainstitute.com/rabindra-wins-asia-pacific-selection/#.VkweZmDlfFI|archive-date=8 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://techglimpse.com/akhil-rabindra-cams-australia-wins/|title=Indian driver wins FIA Academy Asia-Pacific Selection - Techglimpse|date=2 November 2013|publisher=}}</ref> Rabindra was the winner of [[FIA Institute Young Driver Excellence Academy#2014|FIA Institute Young Driver Excellence Award]] 2014.<ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/racing/top-stories/Indian-driver-Akhil-Rabindra-wins-FIA-Academy-selection/articleshow/24999047.cms|title=Indian driver Akhil Rabindra wins FIA Academy selection - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 October 2013 |publisher=}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cd/indian-driver-akhil-rabindra-wins-fia-academy-asia-pacific-selection-113110100288_1.html|title=Indian driver Akhil Rabindra wins FIA Academy Asia-Pacific Selection|first=CarDekho|last=Team|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=1 November 2013|publisher=|via=Business Standard}}</ref>

In 2015, Rabindra competed in [[BRDC British Formula 3 Championship|BRDC Formula 4 Championship]] in the United Kingdom with Wayne Douglas Motorsport, a series for young drivers from all over the world driving the new MSV F4-013, 2-litre Ford Durance engine and paddle shift gearbox. Having to learn a new car and new tracks, Rabindra scored 203 points finishing 14th overall. Along with his main programme in BRDC F4, Rabindra also raced in the [[JK Tyre National Racing Championship]].

2016 saw a step up to [[2016 BRDC British Formula 3 Championship]] with the Championship winning team [http://www.lananracing.com/news/Rabindra-signs-for-2016.html Lanan racing] driving the all new Tatuus chassis with adjustable aerodynamics, F1 style splitters and powered by a 2-litre 230 bhp spec Cosworth engine, competing against other young drivers on F1 circuits such as [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|Spa Francorchamps]] and [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]. Rabindra scored 124 points, finishing the series in 18th place overall.

===Toyota Etios Motor Racing===

Rabindra is the winner of Toyota Etios Colombo Night Race 2013,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/motorsports/ten-emr-drivers-for-colombo-races|title=Ten EMR drivers for Colombo races|date=14 December 2012|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.toyotaetiosmotorracing.in/media.html|title=Welcome to Toyota Etios Motor Racing|website=www.toyotaetiosmotorracing.in|access-date=8 November 2015|archive-date=24 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024010229/http://www.toyotaetiosmotorracing.in/media.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the vice champion in Toyota Etios Motor Racing (EMR) 2013.<ref name="overdrive.in">{{cite web|url=http://overdrive.in/features/toyota-etios-motor-racing-2013-final-results/|title=Toyota Etios Motor Racing 2013 final results - Overdrive|website=Overdrive}}</ref>

In 2012, Rabindra alongside racing in single seater car, debuted in touring cars driving the Toyota Etios Racing Series, and was the youngest finalist in the saloon car category in the championship and managed a podium finish at the Exhibition Race in Chennai and a strong finish in the race of Champions in Delhi ensuring his place at the Columbia Night Race 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Akhil-Racing-away-to-glory/2014/06/19/article2288244.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208050950/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Akhil-Racing-away-to-glory/2014/06/19/article2288244.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 December 2015|title=Akhil: Racing away to glory|publisher=}}</ref> He was titled vice champion in the Toyota Etios Motor Racing {{Cite web|url=http://www.toyotaetiosmotorracing.in/dprofile-exhibition.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204004655/http://www.toyotaetiosmotorracing.in/dprofile-exhibition.html|archive-date=4 February 2017|title=Toyota Etios Motor Racing
}} 2013.<ref name="overdrive.in"/> Rabindra won the event from pole position and was crowned Columbo Night Race Champion.

===British GT Championship===
====2017====
In the year 2017, Rabindra was selected by the [[McLaren GT Driver Academy]]<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite web|url=https://epaper.thehindu.com/index.php?rt=email/viewemail&a=MjAxNzAzMTBBXzAxODEwNDAwNw==&V=VGV4dA=|title=Welcome|website=epaper.thehindu.com|access-date=11 March 2017|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404035416/https://epaper.thehindu.com/index.php?rt=email/viewemail&a=MjAxNzAzMTBBXzAxODEwNDAwNw==&V=VGV4dA=|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="moneycontrol.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/wheels/akhil-rabindra-set-to-competebritish-gt-championship2017_8622101.html|title=Akhil Rabindra set to compete in British GT championship in 2017|website=Moneycontrol|date=9 March 2017 }}{{dead link|date=May 2019}}</ref> to race in the [[2017 British GT Championship|British GT Championship]]<ref name="fmsci.co.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.fmsci.co.in/indian-racer-akhil-rabindra-selected-by-mclaren-gt-driver-academy/|title=INDIAN RACER AKHIL RABINDRA SELECTED BY McLAREN GT DRIVER ACADEMY – FMSCI|website=www.fmsci.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.autocarindia.com/auto-news/akhil-rabindra-to-drive-in-british-gt-404402.aspx|title = Akhil Rabindra to drive in British GT|work=autocarindia.com}}</ref> with team Black Bull Garage 59.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fmsci.co.in/indian-racer-akhil-rabindra-selected-by-mclaren-gt-driver-academy/|title=INDIAN RACER AKHIL RABINDRA SELECTED BY McLAREN GT DRIVER ACADEMY – FMSCI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://overdrive.in/news/akhil-rabindra-set-to-compete-in-british-gt-championship-in-2017/|title = Akhil Rabindra set to compete in British GT championship in 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportscar365.com/sro/blancpain-gt/mclaren-gt-academy-expands-to-eight-drivers/|title = McLaren GT Academy Expands to Eight Drivers – Sportscar365| date=8 March 2017 }}</ref> The academy had chosen him along with seven other drivers from across the world.

Rabindra drove along with his teammate Dean Macdonald. They finished the series with seventh<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britishgt.com/standings?filter_season_id=4&filter_standing_type=6_2_drivers|title=British GT4 Silver Drivers - Standings - Official Site of British GT Championship|website=www.britishgt.com}}</ref> in the silver category and finished the series in 13th overall.<ref name=britishgt>{{cite web|url=http://www.britishgt.com/standings?filter_standing_type=0_2_drivers|title=British GT4 Drivers - Standings - Official Site of British GT Championship|website=www.britishgt.com}}</ref> Their team Black Bull Garage 59 stood second overall<ref name=britishgt/> in the series.<ref name="fmsci.co.in1">{{cite web|url=http://www.fmsci.co.in/akhil-rabindra-secured-a-podium-in-his-debut/|title=AKHIL RABINDRA SECURED A PODIUM IN HIS DEBUT – FMSCI|website=www.fmsci.co.in}}</ref><ref name="siliconcitynews.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.siliconcitynews.com/?p=24536|title=Akhil Rabindra Secures a Podium in his Debut at the British GT Championship held at Oulton Park – Silicon City News|website=www.siliconcitynews.com}}</ref>

===24H TCE Series===
====2018====
Rabindra had also participated in the [[2018 24H TCE Series]], 24-hour Silverstone 2018<ref name=24hseries>{{cite web |url=https://www.24hseries.com/2018/24h-silverstone-2018/entry-list |title=24H SERIES 24H SILVERSTONE 2018 |website=www.24hseries.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322021225/https://www.24hseries.com/2018/24h-silverstone-2018/entry-list |archive-date=2018-03-22}}</ref> with team Excelr8 Motorsport.

He had also participated in the [[24H Series]], 24 hours Silverstone 2018<ref name=24hseries/> with team Excelr8 Motorsport.

===GT4 European Series===
====2018====
In the 2018 Season, Rabindra joined the French Team 3Y Technology to drive in the [[GT4 European Series]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://european.gt4series.com/news/364/3y-technology-reveals-lineup-for-2018-campaign|title=3Y Technology reveals lineup for 2018 campaign|publisher=|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=29 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629211303/https://european.gt4series.com/news/364/3y-technology-reveals-lineup-for-2018-campaign|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/newsdetail/index/11/13427/akhil-rabindra-switches-to-gt4-european-series-for-2018-season|title=Akhil Rabindra Switches To GT4 European Series For 2018 season|first=darshan|last=chokhani|date=2 April 2018 |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportsflashes.com/en/news/rabindra-to-drive-bmw-m4-in-gt4-european-series-for-2018-season/191632.html|title=Rabindra drove the BMW M4 in GT4 European series for 2018 season|first=Darshan|last=Chokhani|date=1 April 2018|publisher=|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404200800/https://sportsflashes.com/en/news/rabindra-to-drive-bmw-m4-in-gt4-european-series-for-2018-season/191632.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> in [[BMW M4]] GT4 Car in the silver class alongside Belgian driver Stephene Leveret and finished 18th in the silver category<ref name=standings2018>{{Cite web |url=https://european.gt4series.com/gb_en/standings/1/2018 |title=GT4 European Series |access-date=27 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316075310/https://european.gt4series.com/gb_en/standings/1/2018 |archive-date=16 March 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> with a best finish of fourth in Race-3<ref name=ndtv>{{Cite web|url=https://auto.ndtv.com/news/akhil-rabindra-finishes-4th-in-race-3-of-2018-gt4-european-championship-1853467|title = Akhil Rabindra Finishes 4th in Race 3 of 2018 GT4 European Championship}}</ref> and a top-ten result in the French GT4 round in Spain.<ref name=sportsflashes>{{cite web |url=https://sportsflashes.com/en/news/rabindra-visser-scores-top-10-result-in-french-gt4-round-in-spain/226455.html |title=Rabindra/Visser scores Top 10 result in French GT4 round in Spain |website=sportsflashes.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028033558/https://sportsflashes.com/en/news/rabindra-visser-scores-top-10-result-in-french-gt4-round-in-spain/226455.html |archive-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> The season began on 6 April 2018 at [[Zolder]] and ended on 16 September 2018 at [[Nürburgring]]. The team finished 12th with 147 points.<ref name=standings2018/>

====2019====
For the 2019 season, Rabindra was selected as the Aston Martin Racing Academy Driver <ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/web-mar30-aston-martin/story-ENaVCfLuc9BG5J9Wh9kM4M.html | title=Akhil Rabindra becomes only Asian to land an Aston Martin Racing Driver Academy Spot | date=30 March 2019 | newspaper=Hindustan Times | accessdate=27 May 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/akhil-lands-spot-in-aston-martin-racing-driver-academy-119033000444_1.html|title = Akhil lands spot in Aston Martin racing driver academy|newspaper = Business Standard India|date = 30 March 2019|agency = Press Trust of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.autosport.com/gt/news/142406/aston-picks-23-drivers-for-new-academy-scheme|title = Aston Martin picks 23 drivers for revised academy scheme shootout| date=29 March 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.endurance-info.com/auto/article/84855-23-pilotes-retenus-dans-le-programme-aston-martin-racing-driver-academy|title=23 pilotes retenus dans le programme Aston Martin Racing Driver Academy|website=Endurance Info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/story/akhil-rabindra-only-asian-to-land-in-aston-martin-racing-academy-1490230-2019-03-30|title = Indian racer Akhil Rabindra only Asian to make it to Aston Martin racing driver academy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.astonmartin.com/en/racing/news/2019/03/29/aston-martin-reveals-amr-driver-academy-candidates|title=Aston Martin reveals AMR Driver Academy candidates}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/racing/top-stories/akhil-lands-spot-in-aston-martin-racing-driver-academy/articleshow/68645535.cms|title=Akhil lands spot in Aston Martin racing driver academy {{pipe}} Racing News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 March 2019 }}</ref> and competed in the [[GT4 European Series]] in an [[Aston Martin Vantage GT4]] for PROsport Performance<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.motorsport.com/|title=Motorsport.com: F1 News, MotoGP, NASCAR, Rallying and more|date=12 July 2024|website=www.motorsport.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://european.gt4series.com/news/446/prosport-performance-confirms-thoma-and-rabindra |title=PROsport Performance confirms Thoma and Rabindra {{pipe}} GT4 European Series |access-date=8 March 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414002606/https://european.gt4series.com/news/446/prosport-performance-confirms-thoma-and-rabindra |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://drivetribe.com/p/rabindra-signs-with-prosport-to-F0qiisnwSwSRJqxbpq1RHg|title = Rabindra signs with PROsport to drive Aston Martin in 2019 European GT4 series|date = 6 March 2019|access-date = 8 March 2019|archive-date = 1 April 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190401134139/https://drivetribe.com/p/rabindra-signs-with-prosport-to-F0qiisnwSwSRJqxbpq1RHg|url-status = dead}}</ref> and Rabindra teamed up with 23-year-old Swiss racer Florian Thoma. The 2019 [[GT4 European Series]] began at [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza]] Italy on 12–14 April, where he finished eighth and seventh in two races securing ten points.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://european.gt4series.com/gb_en/result/417 |title=Silver Cup {{pipe}} GT4 European Series |website=european.gt4series.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415065008/https://european.gt4series.com/gb_en/result/417 |archive-date=2019-04-15}}</ref>

Rabindra took second in the Race-1 at the [[GT4 European Series]] held at [[Brands Hatch]] UK on 4 to 5 May 2019<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianage.com/sports/in-other-sports/060519/akhil-rabindra-takes-second-spot-in-race-one.html|title = Akhil Rabindra takes second spot in Race One|date = 6 May 2019}}</ref><ref>[https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/Sports/20190506/3538232.html Unknown]{{Dead link|date=February 2022 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportscafe.in/articles/sports/2019/may/06/akhil-rabindra-finishes-second-in-brands-hatch-grand-prix-circuit|title = Akhil Rabindra finishes second in Brands Hatch Grand Prix Circuit|date = 6 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianage.com/sports/in-other-sports/050519/akhil-rabindra-confident-of-great-finish-at-brand-hatch-gp-circuit.html|title=Akhil Rabindra confident of great finish at Brand Hatch GP Circuit|date=5 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.search.yahoo.com/?fr2=inr|title=Yahoo Search - Web Search|website=in.search.yahoo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsd.in/rabindra-finishes-2nd-in-race-1-at-european-gt4/|title = Rabindra finishes 2nd in Race 1 at European GT4| date=5 May 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/rabindra-finishes-2nd-in-race-1-at-european-gt4/1529001|title = Rabindra finishes 2nd in Race 1 at European GT4}}</ref>

====2020====
Rabindra was among 12 drivers to be retained by the Aston Martin Racing Driver Academy for the 2020 season.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Harpal Singh Bedi |title=Akhil Rabindra retained by Aston Martin Racing Driver Academy |url=https://www.netindian.in/news/sports/akhil-rabindra-retained-by-aston-martin-racing-driver-academy |accessdate=1 August 2020 |work=NetIndian |date=31 July 2020 |quote=Akhil Rabindra is among 12 elite drivers from around the world to be retained by the prestigious Aston Martin Racing (AMR) Driver Academy for the 2020 season.}}</ref>

===24H GT series===
====2019====
Rabindra with his team PROsport Performance achieved the first podium for the New [[Aston Martin Vantage GT4]] by finishing second in the [[2019 24H GT Series]] European held at [[Mugello Circuit]] Italy on 29 to 30 March 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://drivetribe.com/p/rabindraverdonckgillion-scores-V70H4ux5QCqlDnT5ropipA|title=Rabindra/Verdonck/Gillion scores GT4 class podium in Mugello 12 Hours|date=2 April 2019|access-date=15 April 2019|archive-date=30 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530092211/https://drivetribe.com/p/rabindraverdonckgillion-scores-V70H4ux5QCqlDnT5ropipA|url-status=dead}}</ref> He won in the [[2019 24H GT Series]] European at [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps]] Belgium on 19 to 20 April<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://drivetribe.com/p/rabindragillionverdonkmunemann-egKm7jNERPS8vnHxF-k6Ew|title=Rabindra/Gillion/Verdonk/Munemann claims GT4 class win in Spa 12 Hours|date=22 April 2019|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-date=30 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530092211/https://drivetribe.com/p/rabindragillionverdonkmunemann-egKm7jNERPS8vnHxF-k6Ew|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Rabindra and his team scored third in the GT4 class at [[2019 24H GT Series]] European held at [[Brno Circuit]] [[Czech Republic]] on 24 to 25 May.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/akhil-rabindra-and-his-team-scores-gt4-class-podium-in-12h-brno-2019-119052600265_1.html|title = Akhil Rabindra and his team scores GT4 class podium in 12H BRNO 2019|newspaper = Business Standard India|date = 26 May 2019|agency = Press Trust of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/indian-racer-bags-podium-in-european-championship-racing/articleshow/69505267.cms|title = Indian racer bags podium in European Championship racing {{pipe}} Delhi News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=26 May 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/agency-news/akhil-rabindra-and-his-team-scores-gt4-class-podium-in-12h-brno-2019-876347.html|title=Akhil Rabindra and His Team Scores GT4 Class Podium in 12H BRNO 2019|date=26 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/sports-games/538137-akhil-rabindra-and-his-team-scores-gt4-class-podium-in-12h-brno-2019|title = Akhil Rabindra and his team scores GT4 class podium in 12H BRNO 2019 {{pipe}} Sports-Games}}</ref>

===X1 Racing League===
Rabindra has been selected by [[Hyderabad Blackbirds|Blackbirds Hyderabad]] for the inaugural season of the X1 Racing League<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/six-teams-30-drivers-to-take-part-in-inaugural-x1-racing-league/articleshow/72009723.cms?from=mdr|title = Six teams, 30 drivers to take part in inaugural X1 Racing League|newspaper = The Economic Times|last1 = Laghate|first1 = Gaurav}}</ref>

===IMSA Michelin Pilot Challenge===
====2019====
Further, Rabindra debuted in the [[International Motor Sports Association]] [[2019 Michelin Pilot Challenge]] held at [[Road America]], [[United States]] on 2 to 4 August and the next round held at [[Virginia International Raceway]], on 23 to 25 August. Rabindra and teammate Ross Gunn raced to a sixth-place finish at Virginia International Raceway for Stoner Car Care on Saturday in the Automatic Racing-prepared No. 09 Stoner Car Care Aston Martin GT4. The results marked the team's best finish of the year as the squad continued to learn more each time out with the all-new Aston Martin Vantage GT4 platform.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stonercarcare.com/racing/racing-blog/racing/2019/08/26/akhil-rabindra-and-ross-gunn-deliver-sixth-place-finish-for-stoner-car-care-at-vir |title=Akhil Rabindra and Ross Gunn Deliver Sixth Place Finish for Stoner Car Care at VIR |website=www.stonercarcare.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827090951/https://www.stonercarcare.com/racing/racing-blog/racing/2019/08/26/akhil-rabindra-and-ross-gunn-deliver-sixth-place-finish-for-stoner-car-care-at-vir |archive-date=2019-08-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sundaymanagement.com/index.php/2019/08/24/akhil-rabindra-and-ross-gunn-deliver-sixth-place-finish-for-stoner-car-care-at-vir-3/|title = Akhil Rabindra and Ross Gunn Deliver Sixth Place Finish for Stoner Car Care at VIR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sundaymanagement.com/index.php/2019/08/22/new-driver-lineups-for-automatic-racing-invisible-glass-and-stoner-car-care-aston-martins/|title = New Driver Lineups for Automatic Racing Invisible Glass and Stoner Car Care Aston Martins}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/akhil-rabindra-and-ross-gunn-finish-sixth-119082601035_1.html|title = Akhil Rabindra and Ross Gunn finish sixth|newspaper = Business Standard India|date = 26 August 2019|agency = Press Trust of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/motorsport/indian-racer-akhil-rabindra-aston-martin-imsa-series/article28827701.ece|title=IMSA Series: Heavy rain mars Akhil Rabindra's debut podium finish|date=5 August 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190827090948/https://www.automobilsport.com/race-categories--24,196167,Akhil-Rabindra-and-Ross-Gunn-Deliver-Sixth-Place-Finish-for-Stoner-Car-Care-at-VIR,news.htm Article title]}}</ref>

==Racing record==

===Career summary===
{{update section|date=April 2026}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%; text-align:center"
!Year
!Series
!Team
!Races
!Wins
!Poles
!F/Laps
!Podiums
!Points
!Position
|-
! 2012
|align=left| [[2012 JK Racing Asia Series season|JK Racing Asia Series season]]
|align=left| Meco Racing
|6
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|NC
|-
! 2014
|align=left| [[2014 Formula Masters China|Formula Masters China]]
|align=left| Meco Motorsports
|8
|0
|0
|0
|0
|14
|17th
|-
! 2015
|align=left| [[2015 BRDC Formula 4 Championship|BRDC Formula 4 Championship]]
|align=left| Douglas Motorsport
|24
|0
|0
|0
|0
|203
|13th
|-
! 2016
|align=left| [[2016 BRDC British Formula 3 Championship|BRDC British Formula 3 Championship]]
|align=left| Lanan Racing
|23
|0
|0
|0
|0
|124
|18th
|-
! 2017
|align=left| [[2017 British GT Championship|British GT Championship - GT4]]
|align=left| Black Bull Garage 59
|10
|0
|0
|0
|0
|45.5
|13th
|-
! rowspan="3" | 2018
|align=left| [[2018 GT4 European Series|GT4 European Series - Silver]]
| rowspan="2" align=left| 3Y Technology
|12
|0
|0
|0
|0
|27
|18th
|-
|align=left| [[2018 French GT4 Cup|French GT4 Cup - Pro Am]]
|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|NC
|-
|align=left| [[2018 24H TCE Series|24H TCE Series - TCR]]
|align=left| [[Excelr8 Motorsport]]
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|NC
|-
! rowspan="5" | 2019
|align=left| [[2019 GT4 European Series|GT4 European Series - Silver]]
| rowspan="2" align="left" | PROsport Performance
|10
|0
|1
|1
|1
|57
|8th
|-
|align=left| [[2019 24H TCE Series|24H TCE Series - SP3]]
|2
|2
|1
|0
|2
|18
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"|'''1st'''
|-
|align=left| [[2019 ADAC GT4 Germany|ADAC GT4 Germany]]
|align=left| PROpeak Performance
|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|13
|28th
|-
|align=left| [[2019 Michelin Pilot Challenge|Michelin Pilot Challenge - GT4]]
|align=left| Automatic Racing [[Aston Martin Racing|AMR]]
|4
|0
|1
|0
|0
|59
|42nd
|-
|align=left| [[2019 24H GT Series|24H GT Series - GT4]]
|align=left| PROsport Performance [[Aston Martin Racing|AMR]]
|7
|2
|0
|0
|4
|49
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"|'''3rd'''
|-
! 2020
|align=left| [[2020 French GT4 Cup|French GT4 Cup - Pro Am]]
|align=left| AGS Events
|12
|0
|0
|0
|0
|58
|9th
|-
! 2021
|align=left| [[2021 GT4 European Series|GT4 European Series - Silver]]
|align=left| AGS Events
|8
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|NC
|-
! rowspan="2" |2022
|align=left| [[2022 GT4 European Series|GT4 European Series - Silver]]
|align=left| [[Racing Spirit of Léman]]
|12
|0
|0
|2
|2
|88
|8th
|-
|align=left| [[2022 Indian Racing League|Indian Racing League]]
|align=left| [[Hyderabad Blackbirds]]
|6
|3
|2
|1
|3
|147
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"|'''1st'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2023
|align=left| [[2023 GT4 European Series|GT4 European Series - Pro-Am]]
|align=left| [[Racing Spirit of Léman]]
|12
|0
|0
|0
|0
|44
|14th
|-
|align=left| [[2023 Indian Racing League|Indian Racing League]]
|align=left| [[Hyderabad Blackbirds]]
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|56‡
|6th‡
|-
! 2024
|align=left| [[2024 Indian Racing League|Indian Racing League]]
|align=left| [[Hyderabad Blackbirds]]
| 5
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 73‡
| 8th‡
|-
! rowspan="2" |2025
| rowspan="2" align="left" |[[2025 Indian Racing League|Indian Racing League]]
| align="left" |[[Kichcha's Kings Bengaluru]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| align="left" |[[Hyderabad Blackbirds]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
‡ Team standings.

===Complete Indian Racing League results===
([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
! Year
! Franchise
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! Pos.
! Pts
|-
| [[2022 Indian Racing League|2022]]
! [[Hyderabad Blackbirds]]
|style="background:#ffffff;"| [[Hyderabad Street Circuit|HYD1 1]] {{small|C}}
|style="background:#ffffff;"| [[Hyderabad Street Circuit|HYD1 2]] {{small|C}}
|style="background:#ffffff;"| [[Hyderabad Street Circuit|HYD1 3]] {{small|C}}
| [[Madras International Circuit|'''IRU1 1''']] {{small|}}
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| [[Madras International Circuit|''IRU1 2'']] {{small|1}}
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| [[Madras International Circuit|'''IRU1 3''']] {{small|1}}
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU2 1]] {{small|5}}
| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU2 2]] {{small|}}
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU2 3]] {{small|1}}
| [[Hyderabad Street Circuit|HYD2 1]] {{small|}}
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Hyderabad Street Circuit|HYD2 2]] {{small|5}}
|style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Hyderabad Street Circuit|HYD2 3]] {{small|Ret}}
!style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1st
!style="background:#ffffbf;"| 143
|-
| [[2023 Indian Racing League|2023]]‡
! [[Hyderabad Blackbirds]]
|style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU1 1]] {{small|Ret}}{{ref|3|1}}
|style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU1 2]] {{small|Ret}}
| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU2 1]] {{small|}}
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU2 2]] {{small|3}}
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU3 1]] {{small|5}}
| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU3 2]] {{small|}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
! 6th
! 56
|-
| [[2024 Indian Racing League|2024]]‡
! [[Hyderabad Blackbirds]]
| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU1 1]]
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU1 2]] {{small|2}}
| [[Chennai Formula Racing Circuit|IGR 1]]
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Chennai Formula Racing Circuit|IGR 2]] {{small|6}}
| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU2 1]]
|style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU2 2]] {{small|Ret}}
| [[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR1 1]] {{small|}}
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR1 2]] {{small|6}}
| [[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR2 1]] {{small|}}
|style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR2 2]] {{small|Ret}}
|
|
! 8th
! 73
|}

‡ Standings based on entry points, not individual drivers.
*{{ref|3|1}} – Replaced a withdrawn driver.
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Season in progress.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.akhilrabindra.com}}
* {{DriverDB driver|akhil-rabindra}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rabindra, Akhil}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian racing drivers]]
[[Category:Formula Masters China drivers]]
[[Category:BRDC British Formula 3 Championship drivers]]
[[Category:24H Series drivers]]
[[Category:British GT Championship drivers]]
[[Category:Aston Martin Racing drivers]]
[[Category:JK Tyre National Level Racing Championship drivers]]
[[Category:Michelin Pilot Challenge drivers]]
[[Category:GT4 European Series drivers]]
[[Category:Indian Racing League drivers]]
[[Category:Racing Spirit of Léman drivers]]
[[Category:ADAC GT4 Germany drivers]]
[[Category:FFSA GT Championship drivers]]

Anantapur district

2026-03-28T08:53:04Z

Rajnishkumar123: enhanced intro for accuracy additionally and cleaned formatting

{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Anantapur}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Anantapur district
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Andhra Pradesh|District]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| official_name = Ananthapuramu district
| image_skyline = 15th century Bugga Ramalingeswara temple, Tadipatri, Andhra Pradesh, India - 193.jpg
| image_caption = [[Bugga Ramalingeswara temple]] in Tadipatri
| etymology = {{Langx|te|Anantasagara}} (''Big Tank'')
| nickname =
| image_map = Anantapur in Andhra Pradesh (India).svg
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 7
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_label = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|14.678|77.607|type:adm3rd_region:IN_dim:200000|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{Flag icon image|Emblem of Andhra Pradesh.svg}} [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions in India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rayalaseema]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1882
| established_title1 = Reorganised
| established_date1 = 4 April 2022
| founder =
| named_for = Big Tank
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Anantapur]]
| parts_type = Administrative Divisions
| parts = {{bulleted list|
| [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|3 Revenue divisions]]
| [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|31 Mandals]]
}}
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[District collector]]
| leader_name = M.Gauthami
| leader_title1 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha]]
| leader_name1 = {{Collapsible list
| title = Lok Sabha list
| title_style =
| frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
| list_style = text-align:left;display:none;
| 1 = [[Anantapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anantapur]]
| 2 = [[Hindupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hindupur]]
}}
| leader_title2 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Assembly]]
| leader_name2 = {{Collapsible list
| title = Assembly list
| title_style =
| frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
| list_style = text-align:left;display:none;
| 1 = [[Anantapur Urban (Assembly constituency)|Anantapur]]
| 2 = [[Guntakal (Assembly constituency)|Guntakal]]
| 3 = [[Kalyandurg (Assembly constituency)|Kalyandurg]]
| 4 = [[Raptadu (Assembly constituency)|Raptadu]]
| 5 = [[Rayadurg (Assembly constituency)|Rayadurg]]
| 6 = [[Singanamala (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Singanamala (SC)]]
| 7 = [[Tadpatri (Assembly constituency)|Tadipatri]]
| 8 = [[Uravakonda (Assembly constituency)|Uravakonda]]
}}
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =<ref name="apreorg-2022"/>
| area_total_km2 = 10205
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m =
| elevation_point = 
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =<ref name="apreorg-2022"/><ref name="demographics">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book - Anantapur|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2822_PART_A_DCHB_ANANTAPUR.pdf|website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
| population_total = 22,41,105
| pop_est_as_of =
| pop_est_footnotes =
| population_est =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_rural_footnotes =
| population_rural =
| population_density_rank =
| population_blank1_title = Households
| population_blank1 =
| population_blank2_title = Sex ratio
| population_blank2 = 977 (females per 1000 males)
| population_demonym = 
| population_note =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_footnotes = 
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| demographics_type2 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics2_footnotes = 
| demographics2_title1 = Literates
| demographics2_info1 =
| demographics3_footnotes = 
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number]]
| postal_code = 515xxx
| area_code_type =
| area_codes = +91–8554
| geocode =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-AP]]
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle registration]]
| registration_plate = AP-02 (former) [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India|AP–39]] (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New 'AP 39' code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |access-date=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121042200/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |archive-date=21 November 2020 }}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://ananthapuramu.ap.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Anantapur district''', officially '''Ananthapuramu district''',<ref>{{cite web|title=Ananthapuramu district|url=https://ananthapuramu.ap.gov.in/|language=en}}</ref> is one of the eight districts in the [[Rayalaseema]] region of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The district headquarters is located in [[Anantapur]] city. It is one of the driest places in [[South India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Anantapur Assembly Constituency : Triangular contest on the cards |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2019-01-20/Anantapur-Assembly-Constituency-Triangular-contest-on-the-cards/478338 |access-date=14 June 2019 |work=thehansindia.com |date=20 January 2019|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724152958/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2019-01-20/Anantapur-Assembly-Constituency-Triangular-contest-on-the-cards/478338 |archive-date=24 July 2019 }}</ref> In the year 2022, as part of re-organisation of districts, [[Sri Sathya Sai district]] was carved out.<ref name="apreorg-2022">{{Cite web |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |title=Here's how new ap map looks after districts reorganisation |date=3 April 2022 |access-date=17 April 2023}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The name Ananthapuramu was named after a reservoir called ''Anantasagaram'', a big tank, which means "Endless Ocean". The villages of [[Ananthasagaram]] and [[Bukkarayasamudram]] were constructed by Chikkappa Wadeyar, the minister of [[Bukka Raya I]]. Some authorities assert that Anaantasagaram was named after ''Ananthamma'', wife of [[Bukka Raya I]], one of the founders of the [[Vijayanagar empire]].<ref>{{cite news |title=There is history behind names of places |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/There-is-history-behind-names-of-places/article16650971.ece |access-date=14 June 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=30 March 2009 |language=en-IN|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407174439/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/There-is-history-behind-names-of-places/article16650971.ece |archive-date=7 April 2021 }}</ref>
, while some contend that it must have been known after Anantarasa Chikkavodeya himself, as Bukka-Raya had no queen by that name.

== History ==
The region comprising present-day Anantapur district has a rich and layered history, with its earliest significance emerging as a hub for [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] culture and trade. From the 3rd century BCE to the 3rd century CE, the area around Anantapur was part of ancient trade routes. Archaeological evidence suggests that [[Gooty]] was a known Buddhist site, and the district lay along ancient trade and pilgrimage routes that connected [[Vengi]] to other Buddhist establishments.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Ramachandran |first=T. N. |title=NĀGĀRJUNAKONDA |url=https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/84090.pdf |journal=Director General Archaeological Survey of India |pages=9}}</ref>

The region's strategic importance is underscored by the [[Gooty Fort]], one of the oldest hill forts in India. Following the decline of Buddhism, the region fell under the control of successive [[Hindus|Hindu]] dynasties, including the [[Eastern Chalukyas|Chalukyas]], and the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. During the Vijayanagara period, the area was administered by [[Nayaka dynasties]]. After the fall of Vijayanagara in [[Battle of Talikota|1565]], the area was controlled by various Nayaka clans. In the 18th century, Gooty Fort became a strategic stronghold of the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] before being captured by [[Hyder Ali]]. In 1789 it was ceded by his son [[Tipu Sultan]] to the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]. In 1800 the Nizam ceded the surrounding districts to the British in payment for a subsidiary British force.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Anantapur|volume=1|page=913}}</ref>

In 1882, Anantapuram district was formed by carving out from [[Bellary district]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oodpONCDB1kC|title=Rural Credit in India: A Study of Andhra Pradesh|last=Rayudu|first=C. S.|date=1 January 1991|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170992486|page=2|language=en}}</ref> Revenue mandals of Kadiri, Mudigubba, Nallamada, N.P.Kunta, Talupula, Nallacheruvu, O.D.Cheruvu, Tanakal, Amadagur and Gandlapenta (previous Kadiri Taluk) from erstwhile YSR Kadapa District were added in the year 1910. In the year 1956, the revenue mandals of Rayadurg, D.Hirehal, Kanekal, Bommanahal and Gummagatta of Bellary District were added, with the formation of Andhra Pradesh.
{{As of|2011}} [[census of India]], it was the largest district in the state by area and had a population of 2,241,105. As per the Gazette notification No.122 dt 26 January 2022 (G.O.Rt.No.55, Revenue (Land-IV), 25 January 2022), [[Sri Sathya Sai district]] was formed from Ananthapuramu district.{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=1}}

{{historical populations|11=1901|12=10,25,322|13=1911|14=10,53,449|15=1921|16=10,40,166|17=1931|18=11,38,081|19=1941|20=12,73,079|21=1951|22=14,83,591|23=1961|24=17,67,464|25=1971|26=21,15,321|27=1981|28=25,48,012|29=1991|30=31,80,863|31=2001|32=36,40,478|33=2011|34=40,81,148|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=middle}}
{{As of|2011}} [[2011 census of India|census of India]], the undivided Anantapuramu district has a population of 4,081,148 with 9,68,160 households, ranking it as the 7th most populous district in the state.<ref name="census" /> It is the largest district in the state with an area of {{Convert|19130|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="census">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Anantapur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/160/download/290/DH_2011_2822_PART_A_DCHB_ANANTAPUR.pdf|website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> Anantapur has a [[sex ratio]] of 977 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males, and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 64.28%. Urban population in the district is 28.9% of total population.<ref name="census" />

The Gross District Domestic Product (GDDP) of the undivided district for FY 2013-14 is {{INRConvert|35838|c|abbr=on}} and it contributes 6.8% to the [[Gross State Domestic Product of Indian states|Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP)]]. For the FY 2013–14, the [[per capita income]] at current prices was {{INRConvert|69562}}. The [[Primary sector of the economy|primary]], [[secondary sector of the economy|secondary]] and [[tertiary sector of the economy|tertiary sectors]] of the district contribute {{INRConvert|9944|c|abbr=on}}, {{INRConvert|7752|c|abbr=on}} and {{INRConvert|18142|c|abbr=on}} respectively to the GDDP.<ref name="apedb">{{cite web|title=Economy of Anantapur District|url=http://apedb.gov.in/infrastrctr.html|website=Andhra Pradesh Economic Development Board|access-date=25 April 2017}}</ref>

== Geography ==
It is one of the largest districts of Andhra Pradesh spanning an area of {{convert|10,205|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name="apreorg-2022"/> It is bounded on the north by [[Kurnool district]] and [[Nandyal district]], on the east by [[Kadapa district]], and south by [[Sri Sathya Sai district]] and on the southwest and west by [[Chitradurga district]] and [[Bellary district]] in [[Karnataka]] state.{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=1}} It is part of [[Rayalaseema]] region on the state.

The northern part of the district has large areas of black cotton soil, while the southern part has mainly poor red soil.{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=1}} There are two major hill ranges namely Mutchukota hills Nagasamudram hills, accounting for 70% of forest area.{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=2}}

[[Penner River|Penna]], [[Chithravathi]], Pedda Hagari, Chinna Hagari, Thadakaleru and Pandameru are the main rivers.
The average elevation is about 1300 feet above the mean sea level. The annual normal rainfall of the district is 508.2 mm. Thus it secures least rainfall when compared to other parts of Andhra Pradesh.{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=2}}

== Demographics ==

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Anantapuramu district based on the 2011 Census<ref>{{cite web|year=2011|title=Population by Religion - Andhra Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|88.45}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|10.37}}
{{bar percent|[[Telugu Christians|Christianity]]|blue|0.69}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.49}}
}}

Based on the 2011 census, the district had a population of 2,241,105, of which 753,354 (33.62%) lived in urban areas. The district had a sex ratio of 978 females per 1000 males. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 3,34,142 (14.91%) and 70,161 (3.13%) of the population respectively.<ref name="census"/>{{rp|78–83}} Hinduism is the major religion with 88.45% followers, while Islam has 10.37%.

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Anantapuram district based on the 2011 Census<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value1 = 84.59 |color1 = steelblue
|label2 = [[Urdu language|Urdu]] |value2 = 9.64 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Kannada]] |value3 = 3.03 |color3 = darkslateblue
|label4 = [[Lambadi]] |value4 = 1.42 |color4 = khaki
|label5 = Others |value5 = 1.32 |color5 = grey
}}

Based on the 2011 census, 84.59% of the population spoke [[Telugu language|Telugu]], 9.64% [[Urdu language|Urdu]], 3.03% [[Kannada language|Kannada]] and 1.42% [[Lambadi language|Lambadi]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Andhra Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10193/download/13305/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

== Administrative divisions ==
[[File:Ananthapuramu.png|alt=Guntakal Revenue Division|thumb|Map of mandals of Anantapuramu district]]

==Politics==
There are two parliamentary constituencies in the district namely, [[Anantapur Lok Sabha constituency|Anantapuram Parliament constituency]], [[Hindupur Lok Sabha constituency|Hindupuram parliament constituency]](partial).

Legislative assembly constituencies in the district are given below.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=31}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!width="50px" style="font-size:75%"|Constituency number
!Name
!style="font-size:75%"|Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
!Parliament
|-
|155
|[[Raptadu Assembly constituency|Raptadu]]
|None
|[[Hindupur Lok Sabha constituency|Hindupuram]]
|-
|148
|[[Rayadurg Assembly constituency|Rayadurgam]]
|None
| rowspan="7" |[[Anantapur Lok Sabha constituency|Anantapuram]]
|-
|149
|[[Uravakonda Assembly constituency|Uravakonda]]
|None
|-
|150
|[[Guntakal Assembly constituency|Guntakallu]]
|None
|-
|151
|[[Tadpatri Assembly constituency|Tadpatri]]
|None
|-
|152
|[[Singanamala Assembly constituency|Singanamala]]
|[[Dalit|SC]]
|-
|153
|[[Anantapur Urban Assembly constituency|Anantapuram Urban]]
|None
|-
|154
|[[Kalyandurg Assembly constituency|Kalyandurgam]]
|None
|}

The district is divided into 3 revenue divisions: [[Anantapuramu revenue division|Anantapuramu]], [[Guntakal revenue division|Guntakal]] and [[Kalyandurg revenue division|Kalyandurg]], which are further subdivided into a total of 32 [[Tehsil|mandal]]s, each headed by a sub-collector.<ref name="census" />{{rp|14}}

=== Mandals ===
The list of 31 mandals in Anantapuramu district, divided into 3 revenue divisions, is given below.
{{Div col}}
# [[Anantapuramu revenue division]]
## [[Anantapur Urban mandal|Anantapur Urban]]
## [[Anantapur Rural mandal|Anantapur Rural]]
## [[Atmakur mandal, Anantapur district|Atmakur]]
## [[Bukkaraya Samudram mandal|Bukkaraya Samudram]]
## [[Garladinne mandal|Garladinne]]
## [[Kudair mandal|Kudair]]
## [[Narpala mandal|Narpala]]
## [[Peddapappur mandal|Peddapappur]]
## [[Putlur mandal|Putlur]]
## [[Raptadu mandal|Raptadu]]
## [[Singanamala mandal|Singanamala]]
## [[Tadipatri mandal|Tadipatri]]
## [[Yellanur mandal|Yellanur]]
# [[Guntakal revenue division]]
## [[Gooty mandal|Gooty]]
## [[Guntakal mandal|Guntakal]]
## [[Pamidi mandal|Pamidi]]
## [[Peddavadugur mandal|Peddavadugur]]
## [[Uravakonda mandal|Uravakonda]]
## [[Vajrakarur mandal|Vajrakarur]]
## [[Vidapanakal mandal|Vidapanakal]]
## [[Yadiki mandal|Yadiki]]
# [[Kalyandurg revenue division]]
## [[Beluguppa mandal|Beluguppa]]
## [[Bommanahal mandal|Bommanahal]]
## [[Brahmasamudram mandal|Brahmasamudram]]
## [[D.Hirehal mandal|D.Hirehal]]
## [[Gummagatta mandal|Gummagatta]]
## [[Kalyandurg mandal|Kalyandurg]]
## [[Kambadur mandal|Kambadur]]
## [[Kanekal mandal|Kanekal]]
## [[Kundurpi mandal|Kundurpi]]
## [[Rayadurgam mandal|Rayadurgam]]
## [[Settur mandal|Settur]]
{{Div col end}}

== Cities and towns ==

There are one municipal corporation, five municipalities,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ananthapuramu.ap.gov.in/municipal-corporation-and-municipalities/ |title=Municipal corporation and municipalities |access-date=19 April 2023 |website=Ananthapuram district}}</ref> and one nagar panchayat in the district.
{{Srn}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers"
|+Municipal Bodies in Anantapuramu District
!Town
!Civic Status of Town
!Population (2011)
|-
|[[Anantapur Municipal Corporation|Anantapur]]
|Municipal Corporation
|3,40,613
|-
|[[Guntakal]]
|Municipality Selection Grade
|1,28,142
|-
|[[Tadipatri]]
|Municipality Special Grade
|1,20,990
|-
|[[Rayadurgam]]
|Municipality Grade - 2
|61,749
|-
|[[Gooty]]
|Municipality Grade - 3
|48,658
|-
|[[Kalyandurg|Kalyanadurg]]
|Municipality Grade - 3
|39,855
|-
|[[Pamidi]]
|Nagar Panchayat
|26,886
|}

== Economy ==

''' Agriculture'''

The [[economy]] is principally [[Agriculture|agrarian]] with a developing industrial sector. The district receives very less rainfall due to its location in the rain shadow area of Indian Peninsula. Prominent crops include groundnut, sunflower, [[rice]], [[cotton]], [[maize]], [[Chili pepper|chillies]], [[sesame]], [[sugarcane]] and [[silk]]{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=16}}{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=62}}

'''Industries'''
Industries like [[construction]]s, [[manufactures]] and [[electricity]] are major contributors for [[Gross value added|GVA]].<ref name="apedb" />

'''Minerals'''
Gold, diamonds, limestone, iron ore, quartz,asbestos, dolomite, barytes, steatite, granite, and clay are found in the district.{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=7-10}}

'''Power plants'''
[[Solar thermal power plant]] of 50 [[Megawatt|MW]] was commissioned at Nagalapuram village in Peddavadaguru mandal of the district occupying an area of 600 acres under [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission]] which was named as Megha Solar Plant. It is one of the 7 solar thermal plants in the country.<ref>{{cite web|title=Megha Solar Plant|url=http://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/project_detail.cfm/projectID=264|publisher=National Renewable Energy Laboratory|access-date=29 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428074707/http://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/project_detail.cfm/projectID=264|archive-date=28 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Anantapur Gets Solar Power Plant|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2014/nov/14/anantapur-gets-solar-power-plant-682217.html|access-date=29 April 2015|work=The New Indian Express|date=14 November 2014|location=Hyderabad|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927075349/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2014/nov/14/Anantapur-Gets-Solar-Power-Plant-682217.html|archive-date=27 September 2020}}</ref>

[[Tadipatri]] region in Anantapur is an industrialised town famous for granite and cement production. Ultra Tech cements a unit of industrial major [[Larsen & Toubro]] has a major cement production unit near the town.{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=10}}

== Transport ==

[[National Highway 44 (India)]] passes through the district via Anantapur. The major railway stations are {{rws|Guntakal Junction}}, {{rws|Gooty Junction}} and {{rws|Rayadurg Junction}}. [[Bangalore International Airport|Kempegowda International Airport]], Bengaluru is the nearest international airport at 190 km from the district headquarters. Other small-scale domestic airports are there in neighbouring districts of [[Kurnool Airport|Kurnool]] and [[Kadapa Airport|Kadapa]] which are around 150 km and 200 km away respectively.

== Education ==

As per the year 2019-20, there were 3085 schools, 143 junior colleges, 42 degree colleges. There is 1 medical college, 14 engineering colleges, 23 ITI, 11 polytechnic and 18 degree colleges.{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=17}}

Some of the institutions include [[Sri Krishnadevaraya University]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapur|JNTU Ananthapur]], [[Sri Sathya Sai University]], [[Government Medical College, Anantapur|Government Medical College]], Government polytechnic anantapur, Srinivasa Ramanujan Institute of Technology, [[Government Polytechnic Hindupur]], Gates Institute of Technology, Central University of Andhra Pradesh,

==Tourism==

[[File:Gooty Fort.JPG|thumb|[[Gooty Fort]]]]
[[File:Penna Ahobilam, Uravakonda, Anantapur (125425) Fotor.jpg|thumb| Lakshmi Narasimhaswamy temple, [[Penna Ahobilam]]]]
[[Gooty Fort]] is a historical fort on a hill dating to 11th century. It is at a distance of 52 kms from Anantapur. Penna Ahobilam is famous for Lakshmi Narasimhaswamy temple. It is at a distance of 36 km from Anantapur.{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=13}}

== Notable people ==

[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]] born in Illur village, Garladinne mandal, rose to became President of India after serving in other roles such as Lok sabha speaker, chief minister of Andhra Pradesh and central minister. [[T. Nagi Reddy]] born in Tarimela village of Singanamala mandal. He was a freedom fighter and popular communist leader.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

===Books===
{{Cite book|author=CPO|title=District handbook of statistics - 2020, Anantapur district |year=2022|url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s333e8075e9970de0cfea955afd4644bb2/uploads/2022/04/2022040612.pdf |access-date=19 April 2023}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links| wikt=no | commons=Category:Anantapur district | b=no | n=no | q=no | s=no | v=no | voy=no | species=no | d=Q15212}}

* [https://overpass-turbo.eu/map.html?Q=%2F*%0AShow%20Mandals%20with%20English%20labels%20for%20Andhra%20Pradesh%0A*%2F%0A%5Bout%3Ajson%5D%5Btimeout%3A25%5D%3B%0Aarea%5Bname%3D%22Andhra%20Pradesh%22%5D-%3E.b%3B%0Arel(area.b)%5Bname%3D%22Anantapur%22%5D%3B%0Amap_to_area%20-%3E%20.searchArea%3B%0A(%0A%20%20relation%5B%22admin_level%22%3D%226%22%5D(area.searchArea)%3B%0A)%3B%0A%2F%2F%20print%20results%0Aout%20body%20geom%3B%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%7B%7Bstyle%3A%20%0A%20%20node%2Cway%2Crelation%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20text%3Aeval(%27tag(%22name%22)%27)%3B%0A%7D%0A%20%7D%7D Mandals of Anantapuram district - Interactive Overpass-turbo OSM map]
* {{Official website}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Anantapur district
|North = [[Kurnool district]], [[Nandyal district]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Kadapa district]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Sri Sathya Sai district]], [[Karnataka]]
|Southwest = [[Tumkur district]], [[Karnataka]]
|West = [[Chitradurga district]], [[Karnataka]]
|Northwest = [[Bellary district]], [[Karnataka]]
}}

{{Districts of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Anantapur district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Anantapur district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rayalaseema]]
[[Category:1882 establishments in India]]

Ragging

2026-03-25T21:51:27Z

Rajnishkumar123: basic updated intro after review further and improved wording

{{Short description|Student based "initiation ritual"}}
{{Globalize|date=September 2025||discuss=Talk:Ragging#Globalize}}
'''Ragging''' is the term used for the so-called "[[initiation]] ritual" practiced in higher education institutions in [[India]], [[Pakistan]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Omer |first1=Shahab |title=Stripped of dignity: PU freshmen forced to bear brunt of shameful ragging rituals |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2023/02/01/students-stripping-newcomers-humiliation-in-name-of-ragging-goes-unnoticed-in-pu/ |access-date=7 January 2024 |date=2023-02-01}}</ref> [[Bangladesh]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-04-02 |script-title=bn:র্যাগিং কী ও কেন |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/%E0%A6%B0%E2%80%8C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8 |access-date=2025-05-16 |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref> [[Nepal]], and [[Sri Lanka]]. The practice is similar to [[hazing]] in North America, [[fagging]] in the UK, {{lang|fr|[[bizutage]]}} in France, {{lang|fr|[[praxe]]}} in Portugal, and other similar practices in educational institutions across the world. Ragging involves abuse, [[humiliation]], or harassment of new entrants or junior students by the senior students. It often takes a malignant form, wherein the newcomers may be subjected to [[psychological torture|psychological]] or [[physical torture|physical]] torture.<ref name=definition-ngo>{{cite news |url=http://www.no2ragging.org/Newsletter_February_2008_(PDF).pdf |title=Newsletter |date=February 2008 |publisher=Society Against Violence in Education |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216005819/http://www.no2ragging.org/Newsletter_February_2008_(PDF).pdf |archive-date=16 February 2012}}</ref><ref name=definition-ju>{{cite web |title=Faculty Council of Engineering & Technology Application Form |url=http://www.setju.ac.in/admission10/New%20PG_Form_2010_rm.pdf |publisher=Jadavpur University, School of Education Technology |access-date=26 May 2018 |location=Kolkata |page=3 |date=22 Jul 2010 |quote=Approach of jadavpur university towards ragging |archive-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527201427/http://www.setju.ac.in/admission10/New%20PG_Form_2010_rm.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>
In 2009, the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] of India imposed regulations upon Indian universities to help curb ragging and launched a [[Toll-free telephone number|toll-free]] "anti-ragging helpline".<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2010-2011 |url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/pdfnews/6965381_Annual-2010-11.pdf |publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)]] |access-date=2 July 2016 |page=29 |quote=Section 1.3(j) Anti-Ragging Cell}}</ref>

Ragging is a subset of [[bullying]]. Unlike various complex forms of bullying, ragging is easily recognisable.

According to University Grants Commission (India)'s anti-ragging cell data, 511 complaints of ragging were registered in India in 2021. Inaction and underreporting were cited as major causes of encouraging ragging. Medical colleges lead in ragging complaints, with most from the states of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tiwari |first1=Anil Kumar |title=Sleep Deprivation, Slapping, Miming Sexual Acts: Inside The Murky World Of Ragging In Indian Colleges |url=https://article-14.com/post/sleep-deprivation-slapping-miming-sexual-acts-inside-the-murky-world-of-ragging-in-indian-colleges-6321389fe534f |access-date=2022-09-15 |work=Article 14 |date=2022-09-14}}</ref>

==In India==

Several highly reputed Indian colleges, especially medical ones, have a history of ragging. Sometimes it is even considered to be a college tradition.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 August 2019 |title=Ragging can demolish a student – both mentally and physically |work=Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/health/the-serious-effects-of-ragging-on-students-well-being-7201321.html |access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Amit |last2=Rao |first2=Mohan |last3=Seshadri |first3=Shekhar |last4=Sonpar |first4=Shobna |date=2 August 2017 |title=Understanding ragging: Ahead of the academic season, a look at the problem, its impact |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/understanding-colleges-anti-ragging-act-4777974/lite/ |access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> It has become increasingly unpopular due to several complaints of serious injury to the victims and stringent laws pertaining to ragging. At the national level, ragging is currently defined as: "Any act of physical or mental abuse (including bullying and exclusion) targeted at another student (fresher or otherwise) on the ground of colour, race, religion, caste, ethnicity, gender, appearance, nationality, regional origins, linguistic identity, place of birth, place of residence or economic background."<ref>{{cite news |title=Part III, Section 4: University Grants Commission Notification |page=2 |date=29 June 2016 |url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/pdfnews/7823260_Anti-Ragging-3rd-Amendment.pdf |work=The Gazette of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129065536/https://www.ugc.ac.in/pdfnews/7823260_Anti-Ragging-3rd-Amendment.pdf |archive-date=29 November 2021}}</ref>

Following Supreme Court orders, a National Anti-Ragging Helpline was launched by the Indian government.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=https://antiragging.in/upload/Infopack/where_can_I_get_help.pdf |title=Infopack |publisher=antiragging.in |access-date=2020-04-07 |archive-date=2020-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919205147/https://www.antiragging.in/upload/Infopack/where_can_I_get_help.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://antiragging.in/home.aspx |title=Anti Ragging | Anti Ragging Affidavit |website=antiragging.in |access-date=2017-05-12 |archive-date=2020-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806110400/https://antiragging.in/Home.aspx |url-status=dead}}</ref>

A report from 2007 highlights 42 instances of physical injury, and reports on ten deaths purportedly the result of ragging.<ref name=india>{{cite news |url=http://www.noragging.com/analysis/CR2007_05-16_RaggingInIndiaSummary.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927081000/http://www.noragging.com/analysis/CR2007_05-16_RaggingInIndiaSummary.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 September 2007 |title=Ragging in India: Incidents, Social Perceptions and Psychological Perspectives |date=16 May 2007 |author=Harsh Agarwal |publisher=[[Coalition to Uproot Ragging from Education]] |display-authors=etal}}</ref>

Ragging in India commonly involves serious abuses and clear violations of human rights. Often media reports and others unearth that it goes on, in many institutions, in the infamous [[Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse|Abu Ghraib]] style,<ref name=severity>{{cite news |url=http://www.no2ragging.org/ragging.html |title=The Terror Called Ragging |publisher=Society Against Violence in Education (SAVE) |archive-date=2019-11-03 |access-date=2017-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103105435/https://www.no2ragging.org/ragging.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> and on innocent victims.

However, the Anti-Ragging NGO [[Society Against Violence in Education]] (SAVE) has supported that ragging is also widely and dangerously prevalent in engineering and other institutions, mainly in the hostels.

===Anti-Ragging Helpline and anonymous complaints===
Following a Supreme Court order, a National Anti-Ragging Helpline was created to help the victims and take action in cases of ragging, by informing the head of the institution and the local police authorities of the ragging complaint from the college. The main feature of the helpline is that the complaints can be registered anonymously.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

India's National Anti-Ragging Helpline started working in June 2009 to help students in distress due to ragging. It can be reached through email and a 24-hour toll-free number. Provision for anonymous complaints was considered of utmost important at the time of establishment of the helpline, since the victim after making the complaint remains with or close to the culprits, away from a fully secure environment. Since many ragging deaths, like Aman Kachroo's,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-11/india/28233204_1_aman-kachroo-abhinav-verma-naveen-verma |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130708193928/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-11/india/28233204_1_aman-kachroo-abhinav-verma-naveen-verma |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-07-08 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=All four accused held guilty of ragging Aman Kachroo to death}}</ref> occurred due to seniors taking a revenge of the complaint made, anonymous complaints were equally allowed at the helpline.

As per UGC regulations, it is mandatory for a college to register a [[first information report]] (F.I.R.) with police against the culprits if any violence, physical abuse, sexual harassment, confinement etc. takes place with any fresher.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/ragging/gazzetaug2010.pdf |title=UGC Anti-Ragging Regulation |at=See Point 7 |publisher=UGC |date=12 October 2009 |access-date=9 July 2013}}</ref> After receiving any such complaint from the helpline, it becomes the duty of the head of the institution to register the F.I.R. with police within 24 hours. In 2013, a police case was registered against the director, dean and registrar of a reputed college in Delhi for, among other charges, not informing the police and registering F.I.R. within 24 hours of receiving the ragging complaint. (failing to inform a public authority, IPC 176).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/naveen-kujur-ragging-case-against-spa-for-negligence-and-tampering-with-evidence/ |title=Naveen Kujur ragging: Case against SPA for negligence and tampering with evidence |work=The Indian Express |date=29 March 2013}}</ref>

The database of the Anti-Ragging Helpline indicates that it has been to an extent successful in ensuring a safer environment in colleges from where it registered the complaints. In many cases, it forwarded the complaint to the University Grants Commission (UGC) for an action against those colleges which refused to take any action against the culprits.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}}

====Controversy====
A major concern that was highlighted against the helpline was that it registered a minuscule percentage (0.1%) of the total phone calls it received. Specifically, the toll-free helpline received {{formatnum:165297}} calls in the three months of November 2012 to January 2013, but only 190 complaints were registered in this period.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/UGC-cell-ignores-complaints-on-ragging-registers-just-1/articleshow/18537130.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221022801/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-17/news/37143957_1_nishat-israil-toll-free-helpline-rti-query |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-02-21 |work=The Times of India |title=UGC cell ignores complaints on ragging, registers just 1%}}</ref> In its defence, the helpline said that most of the calls it received were inquiries from students seeking to know whether the helpline number worked or not. Some students changed their minds about registering a complaint during their call.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2012/aug/090812-mumbai-Anti-ragging-helpline-1-6-lakh-dialled-but-only-1400-complained.htm |title=Anti-ragging helpline: 1.6 lakh dialled, but only 1,400 complained |work=Mid-Day |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012234223/http://www.mid-day.com/news/2012/aug/090812-mumbai-Anti-ragging-helpline-1-6-lakh-dialled-but-only-1400-complained.htm |archive-date=12 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Legislation ===
In 1997, the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] first passed laws related to ragging. Subsequently, a major boost to anti-ragging efforts was given by a landmark judgement of the [[Supreme Court of India]] in May 2001,<ref name="SC2001Judgement">{{cite web |url=http://www.noragging.com/laws/supreme-court-judgement.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927080951/http://www.noragging.com/laws/supreme-court-judgement.html |archive-date=2007-09-27 |title=CURE: Laws -- The Supreme Court of India Judgement |date=27 September 2007}}</ref> in response to a Public Interest Litigation filed by the Vishwa Jagriti Mission founded by [[Sudhanshu ji|Sudhanshu Ji Mahara]]<nowiki/>j.

====Maharashtra Prohibition of Ragging Act, 1999====
In 1999, the [[Government of Maharashtra]] enacted the Maharashtra Prohibition of Ragging Act, 1999 to prohibit ragging which it defines as the:<blockquote>Display of disorderly conduct, doing of any act which causes or is likely to cause physical or psychological harm or raise apprehension or fear or shame or embarrassment to a student in any educational institution and includes— (i) teasing, abusing, threatening or playing practical jokes on, or causing hurt to, such student ; or (ii) asking a student to do any act or perform something which such student will not, in the ordinary course, willingly, do. {{cite act |type=Maharashtra Act |index=XXXIII |year=1999 |title=Maharashtra Prohibition of Ragging Act, 1999 |page=2 |url=https://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/acts/1999.33.pdf}}</blockquote>

The objective of the act is to create a framework to establish ragging as a criminal act, and lay out possible punishments under the law. Section 4 of the Act states: <blockquote>Whoever directly or indirectly commits, participates in, abets or propagates ragging within or outside any educational institution shall, on conviction, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years and shall also be liable to a fine which may extend to ten thousand rupees. {{cite act |type=Maharashtra Act |index=XXXIII |year=1999 |title=Maharashtra Prohibition of Ragging Act, 1999 |page=2 |url=https://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/acts/1999.33.pdf}} </blockquote>

Students who have been convicted under this act may also be dismissed from their educational institution and barred from enrolling in any other educational institution for five years. Additionally, the act outlines a procedure for educational institutions to handle accusations of ragging, including suspending the accused student(s) and conducting investigations into the allegations. The act also holds institutions accountable if they fail to act according to the prescribed procedures. Under Section 7 of the Act, the head of the institution who fails or neglects to properly investigate such allegations :''"shall be deemed to have abetted the offense of ragging and shall, on conviction, be punished as provided for in section 4",'' {{cite act |type=Maharashtra Act |index=XXXIII |year=1999 |title=Maharashtra Prohibition of Ragging Act, 1999 |page=3 |url=https://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/acts/1999.33.pdf}} In other words, the school principal, chancellor, or other head faces the same punishment as a student who has been accused and convicted under this law.

It was applied in 2013, and resulted in the suspension of six students from [[Rajiv Gandhi Medical College]] in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/College-suspends-medical-students-for-ragging/articleshow/23230735.cms |title=College suspends medical students for 'ragging' |last=Karlikar |first=Nishikant |date=30 September 2013 |work=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=2020-04-20}}</ref> The most notable case in which it has been applied is the [[Suicide of Payal Tadvi]], in which three senior medical students were charged under this act as well as under the [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989|Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act]], and the [[Information Technology Act, 2000]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://scroll.in/latest/933336/payal-tadvi-suicide-case-accused-doctors-granted-bail-by-bombay-hc-on-strict-conditions |title=Payal Tadvi suicide case: Accused doctors granted bail by Bombay HC on strict conditions |work=Scroll.in |language=en-US |access-date=2020-04-20}}</ref><ref name="Shelar">{{Cite news |last=Shelar |first=Jyoti |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/what-does-states-anti-ragging-act-say/article27358658.ece |title=What does State's anti-ragging Act say? |date=2019-05-31 |work=The Hindu |access-date=2020-04-20 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The charge-sheet filed by the Mumbai Police alleges that the ragging in this case consisted of harassment, humiliation, and discrimination, which directly led to her suicide.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://thewire.in/rights/dr-payal-tadvi-suicide-chargesheet |title=Payal Tadvi Case: Chargesheet Reveals Months of Humiliation, Discrimination |work=The Wire |access-date=2020-04-20}}</ref> Since 2018, at the [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]], the university which supervises the Topiwala National Medical College where Payal Tadvi studied, six of seven accusations of ragging could not proven.<ref name="Shelar"/> In 2010, 18 students at the [[King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College|Seth GS Medical College]] were arrested and charged with ragging under the Act.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/18-ragging-accused-face-expulsion-from-hostel/story-Ujk30xioTQ3TzRUCkxzx0H.html |title=18 ragging accused face expulsion from hostel |date=2010-01-05 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en |access-date=2020-04-20}}</ref>

In 2015, L.K. Kshirsagar, principle of the [[MIT - World Peace University|Maharashtra Institute of Technology]]'s College of Engineering, was arrested and charged under Section 7 of the Act, for failing to investigate and neglecting his duties under the law, in a case involving three students who had been accused of ragging the previous year.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chavan |first=Vijay |url=https://punemirror.com/pune/civic/mit-principal-charged-for-neglecting-ragging/cid5244032.htm |title=MIT principal charged for neglecting ragging |date=7 September 2015 |work=Pune Mirror |access-date=19 April 2020}}</ref>

In June 2019, after the [[suicide of Payal Tadvi]], there were calls to strengthen the anti-ragging laws to check anti-caste bias. The law itself does not mention caste-based discrimination or other specific forms of bias.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-maharashtra-govt-to-strengthen-anti-ragging-laws-check-caste-bias-2762498 |title=Maharashtra govt to strengthen anti-ragging laws, check caste bias |date=2019-06-19 |work=DNA India |language=en |access-date=2020-04-20}}</ref>

====Major incidents in Kerala====
In 2025, [[Death of Mihir Ahammed|Mihir Ahammed]] a 15-year-old student of the Global Public School Ernakulam, [[Kochi]] committed suicide after he was ragged by his senior classmates. According to the police, the student committed suicide by jumping off the 26th floor of a 40-story flat complex in [[Thrippunithura]], An employee working there found him dead on the third-floor truss of the building. She reported hearing a loud noise on 15 January 2025 and reached the spot around 4 pm. The fire force arrived and brought down the body. The body was taken to the morgue of the Thrippunithura Taluk Hospital.<ref>{{cite news |title=Schoolboy Ends Life After Brutal Ragging, Kerala SIT to Probe |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/schoolboy-ends-life-after-brutal-ragging-kerala-sit-to-probe/articleshow/117866180.cms |work=The Times of India |date=3 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://maktoobmedia.com/india/kerala-15-year-old-bullied-over-skin-color-forced-to-lick-toilet-dies-by-suicide-school-accused-of-cover-up-mother-vows-to-fight-for-justice/ |title=Kerala: 15-year-old bullied over skin color, forced to lick toilet, dies by suicide; school accused of cover-up, mother vows to fight for justice |website=Maktoob |date=30 January 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://madhyamamonline.com/kerala/made-to-lick-toilet-seat-beaten-up-teen-dies-by-suicide-mother-alleges-1375729 |title='Made to lick toilet seat' beaten up, teen dies by suicide: Mother alleges |website=Madhyamam |date=2 February 2025 }}</ref>

====Central Government and Supreme Court legislation====

The Indian Supreme Court has taken a strong stand to prevent ragging. In 2006, the court directed the H.R.D. Ministry of the Govt. of India to form a panel which will suggest guidelines to control ragging.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/07/stories/2006110700861100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001015445/http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/07/stories/2006110700861100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 October 2007 |title=Court: form panel to look into ragging |date=7 November 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

The Ministry of Human Resources Development (MHRD), following a directive by the Supreme Court, appointed a seven-member panel headed by former [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] director Dr. [[R. K. Raghavan]] to recommend anti-ragging measures. The Raghavan Committee report,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://education.nic.in/HigherEdu/RaggingReport.pdf |title=Raghavan Committee Recommendation Report |publisher=Human Resource Development Ministry, Government of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194744/http://education.nic.in/HigherEdu/RaggingReport.pdf |archive-date=2007-09-27}}</ref> submitted to the court in May 2007, includes a proposal to include ragging as a special section under the [[Indian Penal Code]]. The Supreme Court of India interim order<ref name="SCMay2007">{{cite news |url=http://courtnic.nic.in/supremecourt/temp/sc2429504p.txt |title=Honbl. Supreme Court interim order on Ragging |publisher=[[Supreme Court of India]]}}</ref> (based on the recommendations) dated 16 May 2007 makes it obligatory for academic institutions to file official [[First Information Report]]s with the police in any instance of a complaint of ragging. This would ensure that all cases would be formally investigated under the criminal justice system, and not by the academic institutions' own ad-hoc bodies.

Welcoming the Supreme Court's judgment on ragging, Dr. Raghavan said, "there are finally signs that the recommendations to prevent ragging in colleges will be taken seriously".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/09/stories/2009050955561100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511160024/http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/09/stories/2009050955561100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 May 2009 |title=R. K. Raghavan hails verdict |date=9 May 2009 |access-date=1 September 2010 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

In 2007, the Supreme Court directed that all the higher educational institutions should include information about all the ragging incidents in their brochures/prospectus of admission.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/soc_crei.pdf |title=Untitled Page |website=ugc.ac.in}}</ref>

==== 2009 UGC regulation ====

In 2009, in the wake of Aman Kachroo's death, the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC) passed UGC regulation on curbing ragging in higher educational institutions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iitr.ac.in/news/uploads/File/academic/updatedraggingnotification.pdf |title=UGC Regulations on Curbing the Menace of Ragging in Higher Educational Institutions, 2009 |website=iitr.ac.in |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100920054134/http://www.iitr.ac.in/news/uploads/File/academic/updatedraggingnotification.pdf |archive-date=20 September 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> These regulation mandate every college responsibilities to curb ragging, including strict pre-emptive measures, like lodging freshers in a separate hostel, surprise raids at night by the anti-ragging squad and submission of affidavits by all senior students and their parents taking oath not to indulge in ragging.

Subsequently, UGC has made few amendments to the Regulation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/page/Ragging-Related-Circulars.aspx |title=University Grants commission ::Ragging Related Circulars |website=ugc.ac.in}}</ref> As per these,

# It is no longer required to get the verification of the affidavit done by an oath commissioner.
# The definition of ragging is updated to read: "Any act of physical or mental abuse (including bullying and exclusion) targeted at another student (fresher or otherwise) on the ground of colour, race, religion, caste, ethnicity, gender (including transgender), sexual orientation, appearance, nationality, regional origins, linguistic identity, place of birth, place of residence or economic background."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/pdfnews/7823260_Anti-Ragging-3rd-Amendment.pdf |title=Anti-ragging 3rd amendment |publisher=ugc.ac.in |access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref>

=== Anti-ragging movement in India ===
With the situation of ragging worsening yearly, there is emerging a spontaneous anti-ragging movement in India. Several voluntary organisations have emerged, who conduct drives for public awareness and arrange for support to victims.

Online groups like [[Coalition to Uproot Ragging from Education]] (CURE), Stopragging, No Ragging Foundation became the major anti-ragging groups on the Internet. Among them, the No Ragging Foundation has transformed into a complete NGO and got registered as [[Society Against Violence in Education]] (SAVE) which is India's first registered anti-ragging nonprofit organisation (NGO).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.no2ragging.org/index.html |title=SAVE Homepage |publisher=no2ragging.org |date=1 January 1980 |access-date=1 September 2010 |archive-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103105433/https://www.no2ragging.org/index.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indymedia.org/pt/2007/04/884059.shtml |title=Independent Media Center |publisher=Indymedia.org |access-date=1 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070702/asp/calcutta/story_8001208.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080803071303/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070702/asp/calcutta/story_8001208.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 August 2008 |title=Taut rein on ragging- Campaign at Counselling Session |date=2 July 2007 |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |location=Calcutta, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/business-student-alleges-ragging-blinded/90019-3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810170002/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/business-student-alleges-ragging-blinded/90019-3.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 August 2014 |title=Business student alleges ragging, 'blinded' |date=12 April 2009 |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref>

The Indian media has exposed ragging incidents and the indifference of many concerned institutions towards curbing the act. The Supreme Court of India has directed, in its interim judgement, that action may be taken against negligent institutions.

==In Sri Lanka==
{{more citations needed section|date=December 2017}}
Ragging is widely prevalent in [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name="Ragging: History and Evolution">{{cite web |url=http://noragging.com/index.php/Research/Reports/Ragging-History-and-Evolution.html |title=Ragging: History and Evolution |publisher=[[Coalition to Uproot Ragging from Education]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618204928/http://noragging.com/index.php/Research/Reports/Ragging-History-and-Evolution.html |archive-date=18 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2007/07/01/main_Letters.asp |title=Stop murder by ragging! |work=[[Sunday Observer (Sri Lanka)]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114193713/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2007/07/01/main_Letters.asp |archive-date=14 November 2009}}</ref>

There is no record to suggest that ragging is an indigenous phenomenon or was present in the ancient Sri Lankan educational institutions such as [[Mahavihara]] or [[Abhayagiri Vihara]]. It is widely considered to have been introduced during the post-[[World War II]] era. Sri Lankan soldiers returning from war re-entered the college educational system and brought with them the tradition and techniques of military style ragging. These techniques were used in the military as a mechanism of breaking down an individual so that success was achieved through team effort rather than personal goals or motivation. As fewer military persons entered the universities, ragging devolved into a violent and hazardous exercise that has been largely utilized for political purposes and thuggery.<ref name="Ragging: History and Evolution"/>

Ragging continues in most government universities and several private institutions with some efforts being made to contain the problem, although there is hesitation from administrations to get involved. These efforts have been largely hindered by students themselves, who consider ragging as a rite of passage.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tamilcanadian.com/page.php?cat=73&id=1550 |title=Indiscipline in Sri Lanka universities |access-date=2017-05-12 |archive-date=2016-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131135642/http://www.tamilcanadian.com/page.php?cat=73&id=1550 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The creation of "safe spaces" and travelling in larger groups are some techniques employed by a growing movement of students trying to combat ragging.

Traditionally, ragging would entail seniors mocking or jeering at freshers within a dedicated period of time – usually the first few months of an undergraduate's university life. This period is known as the "ragging period". In Sri Lanka, several variations of ragging can be observed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2009/06/24/fea02.asp |work=Daily News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714201327/http://www.dailynews.lk/2009/06/24/fea02.asp |url-status=dead |title=Ragging and 'teaching sessions' |archive-date=14 July 2009}}</ref>

===Adverse consequences===

Ragging has been frequently associated with a broad spectrum of physical, behavioral, emotional and social problems among victims and is attributed to the increased risk of suicide and drop-outs among students attending Sri Lankan universities. Ragging at private universities and higher education institutes are at a minimum as compared to government universities, which has prompted many students with financial means to enroll in private establishments.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lankanewspapers.com/news/2007/2/12522_image_headline.html |title=Anti-Ragging Bill will be strengthen – Wishwa Warnapala |date=12 July 2023}}</ref> Ragging is not merely a sociolegal problem and has a certain psychological basis too. Many senior students state they do not wish to rag juniors, but succumb to peer pressure. On the other hand, although some new students or freshers enjoyed being ragged by their seniors, other students despised it. Following their ragging, they did not even wish to talk to the senior students who subjected them to "inhumane mental and physical torture".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jayasena |first=P.H.A.N.S. |date=30 October 2002 |title=Ragging in the University: A Problem in the Higher Education Institutions |url=http://dlib.pdn.ac.lk/bitstream/1/4129/1/P.H.A.N.S.Jayasena%202002.pdf |journal=Proceedings of the Annual Research Sessions, University of Peradeniya |volume=7 |page=54}}</ref>

===Major incidents===
* In 1974, ragging of trainee mathematics teachers at the then [[University of Kelaniya|Vidyalankara University]] (now University of Kelaniya) prompted Prime Minister [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]]'s Government to appoint V. W. Kularatne Commission to probe the incident. As a result, 12 undergraduates were expelled and four officials were penalized for their failure to take appropriate action. This was the first major step taken against university ragging by a Sri Lankan government.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.island.lk/2002/11/17/news10.html |title=Death of V. W. Kularatne |work=The Island |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021120143918/http://www.island.lk:80/2002/11/17/news10.html |archive-date=20 November 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.island.lk/2003/11/13/opinio07.html |title=V. W. Kularatne – J.P. U.M. |work=The Island |type=Opinion |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022031030/http://www.island.lk/2003/11/13/opinio07.html |archive-date=22 October 2012}}</ref>
* In 1975, the [[University of Peradeniya]] reported an incident where a 22-year-old female student of the [[Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya|Faculty of Agriculture]], Rupa Rathnaseeli, became paralyzed as a result of jumping from the second floor of the hostel Ramanathan Hall to escape the physical ragging carried out by her seniors. It was reported that she was about to be sexually penetrated by a foreign object as part of the ragging initiation, and that she jumped out of the hostel building to escape the abuse.<ref name="thesundayleader">[http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2011/03/27/ragging-%E2%80%93-my-experience/ Ragging – My Experience] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217221753/http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2011/03/27/ragging-%E2%80%93-my-experience/ |date=2013-12-17 }}</ref> Rupa Rathnaseeli committed suicide 22 years after the incident, in 2002.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.island.lk/2003/01/11//news01.html |title=Campus hall stormed: academics held hostage |work=The Island |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030417163842/http://www.island.lk/2003/01/11/news01.html |archive-date=17 April 2003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Some things cannot be taught |url=https://www.sundaytimes.lk/200315/columns/some-things-cannot-be-taught-396558.html |access-date=2024-10-19 |work=The Sunday Times |location=Sri Lanka}}</ref>
* Prasanga Niroshana, a student from Hakmana, died as a result of undisclosed injuries he sustained from ragging at the School of Agriculture, Angunakolapallassa.{{ref label|a|a|none}}
* In 1997, 21-year-old S. Varapragash, an engineering student of [[University of Peradeniya]], died from kidney failure following severe ragging by senior students.<ref>[http://noragnofear.com/index.html Death of S. Varapragash] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228191019/http://noragnofear.com/index.html |date=2009-02-28 }}</ref> The main accused Balendran Prasad Sadeeskaran fled and was sentenced to death in absentia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Engineering faculty student's murder in 1997 following severe ragging: Appeal Court upholds death sentence for convict |url=https://www.dailymirror.lk/top_story/Engineering-faculty-students-murder-in-1997-following-severe-ragging-Appeal-Court-upholds-death-sentence-for-convict/155-247643 |access-date=28 October 2022 |work=dailymirror.lk |language=English}}</ref>
* In 1997, Kelum Thushara Wijetunge, a first-year student at the Hardy Technical institute in Ampara, died from kidney failure after he was forced to do tough exercises and drink excessive quantities of liquor.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/980104/news2.html |title=A total ban on ragging |work=The Sunday Times |location=Sri Lanka}}</ref>
* In 2002, [[Samantha Vithanage]], a third-year management student at the University of Sri Jayewardenepura, who pioneered an anti-ragging campaign, was killed at a meeting while in a discussion on ragging after being surrounded by a mob of 200, being struck with shards of glass and then having a computer monitor dropped on his head, resulting in his death 2 days later.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.groundviews.org/2009/11/30/ragging-in-our-universities-a-symptom-or-a-disease/ |title=Ragging in our universities: A symptom or a disease? – Groundviews |date=30 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2002/12/jvp-d02.html |title=JVP-inspired violence leads to crackdown on Sri Lanka campuses |first=Nanda |last=Wickramasinghe |website=wsws.org |date=2 December 2002}}</ref>
* In 2006, Prof. Chandima Wijebandara, the vice-chancellor of [[University of Sri Jayewardenepura]], resigned from his post as a result of students failing to comply with his orders to eliminate ragging from the university.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rivira.lk/2010/02/07/rivinetha6.htm |title=A discussion with Prof.Chandima Wijebandara}}</ref>
* In 2014, the body of a student, D. K. Nishantha, was found hanging from a tree within the premises of the University of Peradeniya, in a shrubbery area located not far from the Marcus Fernando Boys' Hostel. According to police reports, the young man had been a witness to the sexual assault of his friend which took place in 2010, perpetrated by several other students residing in the dorm. Police stated that D. K. Nishantha had not attended the university since the time of the alleged sex abuse case. The death was later ruled a suicide.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hirunews.lk/77105/video-update-death-peradeniya-student-suicide |title=Video : UPDATE: Death of Peradeniya student a suicide |newspaper=Hiru News |access-date=2017-02-26 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://newsfirst.lk/english/2014/02/peradiniya-student-suicide-shocking-new-information-revealed/19603 |title=Peradiniya student suicide: Shocking new information revealed |date=2014-02-11 |newspaper=Sri Lanka News |access-date=2017-02-26 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* In 2015, a 23-year-old student of the Sabaragamuwa University, Amali Chathurika committed suicide due to ragging <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hirunews.lk/goldfmnews/103692/update-sabaragamuwa-uni-student-writes-before-committing-suicide-to-allow-any-fellow-students-participate-in-her-funeral |title=Update : Sabaragamuwa Uni. student writes before committing suicide not to allow any fellow students to participate in her funeral |website=Hiru News}}</ref>
* In 2019, Dilhan Wijesinghe, a 23-year-old student of the University of Moratuwa committed suicide due to ragging. He was previously studying in the [[University of Jaffna]] where he was subjected to physical ragging and then received a transfer to the University of Moratuwa. The ragging at the University of Moratuwa was more severe, and he could no longer tolerate the ragging and committed suicide.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/190407/news/hounded-to-death-by-campus-tormentors-343912.html |title=Hounded to death by campus tormentors |work=The Sunday Times |location=Sri Lanka}}</ref>
* In 2022, Nuwan Lakshitha Devasurendra, a 24-year-old student of the University of Peradeniya committed suicide. According to the police, the student committed suicide by jumping off the Peradeniya Bridge into Mahaweli River, was found near Hakkinda Islands (2 km from the bridge). A postmortem has yet to be performed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 September 2022 |title=Undergrad's body found |url=https://www.dailynews.lk/2022/09/01/local/286216/undergrads-body-found |access-date=1 September 2022 |work=Daily News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-22 |title=Sri Lanka Peradeniya University student suicide puts spotlight back on ragging |url=https://economynext.com/sri-lanka-peradeniya-university-student-suicide-puts-spotlight-back-on-ragging-100176 |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=EconomyNext |language=en}}</ref>{{Update span|date=January 2025}}

===Legal framework===

The human rights of citizens of Sri Lanka are protected in terms of the [[Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka]], which is the supreme law in the country. According to this Constitution, any citizen can produce a petition to the Supreme Court in terms of the article 126 of the Constitution in case of a human right violation or a case closer to the infringement. The Constitution further highlights ruthless, brutal or contemptuous treatment of any party by another as a violation of human rights.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/06/29/fea01.asp |work=Sunday Observer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615174822/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2008/06/29/fea01.asp |url-status=live |title=Legal framework on university ragging |archive-date=15 June 2009}}</ref> University students are also considered as citizens and are subjugated to the Common Law that prevails in the country. Accordingly, the constitutional constraints specified above are equally applicable to university students. Any form of civil or criminal offence executed by them is liable to be punished and in an instance of violation of such rights committed by university students, they shall be produced before the relevant court and subject to suitable punishment that followed by the trial.

The Supreme Court of Sri Lanka in April 1998 ruled constitutional the ''Prohibition of Ragging and Other Forms of Violence in Educational Institutions Act, No. 20 of 1998''. The court said verbal abuse (ragging, bullying, and/or harassment) intended to humiliate and degrade students should be prohibited in order to create a positive learning environment.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tomasevski |first1=Katarina |author-link=Katarina Tomasevski |title=Human Rights Obligations in Education: The 4-A Scheme |year=2006 |publisher=Wolf Legal Publishers (WLP) |location=Nijmegen |isbn=90-5850-135-3 |page=95}}</ref>

===Anti-ragging movement===

Unlike in India, there is no official anti-ragging movement in Sri Lanka. But with the situation of ragging worsening yearly, there is a spontaneously emerging anti-ragging movement in each and every faculty of the universities that ragging exists. In the case of [[University of Peradeniya]], the largest university in Sri Lanka, anti-ragging movement emerged in the year 1996. Prior to that, there was no movement against ragging, but certain individuals managed to escape from the ragging. In the meantime, anti-ragging movements started to appear in all other universities. Several faculties in several universities have become rag-free due to these movements, strengthened laws as well as practical difficulties in conducting ragging such as not providing accommodation facilities to the first-year students. Internal clashes have erupted several times due to the friction between ragging and anti-ragging movements, the best example being Samantha Vithanage, a third-year management student at the [[University of Sri Jayewardenepura]], who pioneered an anti-ragging campaign that was killed at a meeting while in a discussion about ragging. The higher education minister at the time, [[S. B. Dissanayake]], stressed that firm action will be taken against those who are found guilty of such activities in future and would be expelled from the university.<ref>[http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2010/07/18/ragging-to-be-whipped/ Ragging To Be Whipped]</ref> In December 2011, he claimed that the levels of ragging has gone down drastically in the recent times and "only Peradeniya and Ruhuna are still affected by this 'malaise{{'"}}.<ref name="damlkn">{{cite news |url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2011/12/16/news32.asp |title=Ragging in its death throes |work=Daily News |date=16 December 2011 |access-date=2 January 2012 |author=Abeyratne, Dharma Sri |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109014819/http://www.dailynews.lk/2011/12/16/news32.asp |archive-date=9 January 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Hazing]]
* [[Dedovshchina]], a Russian practice similar to hazing or ragging
* [[Guest room (Bangladesh)|Guest room]], ragging system carried out by [[Bangladesh Chhatra League]]
* [[Gaslighting]]
* [[List of hazing deaths in the United States]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wiktionary|rag}}
* [http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=165652 Ragging in Bangladesh]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110818121801/http://india.liveoncampus.com/article/7323/Ragging-in-India.html Ragging in India – Menace]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120730103525/http://www.newsbeats.in/technology/internet/kapil-sibal-launches-anti-ragging-website-antiragging-in/ Indian Government launch Anti Ragging website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130222111918/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-29/all-that-matters/28036730_1_hazing-death-sexual-abuse-football-players Ragging in US]

{{abuse}}
{{Rites of passage}}

[[Category:Ragging| ]]
[[Category:Abuse]]
[[Category:Education issues]]
[[Category:Youth rights]]
[[Category:Youth]]

The Modern School ECNCR

2026-03-25T13:50:13Z

Rajnishkumar123: put up new details.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = The Modern School ECNCR
| image =
| location = Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Phase II
| established = 1920
| founder = Lala Raghubir Singh
| principal = Rajiv K Shrivastava
| website = {{URL|https://modernschoolec.com/}}
}}
'''The Modern School ECNCR''' is a co-educational independent day and boarding school on Barakhamba Road in [[New Delhi, India|New Delhi, India.]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://modernschoolec.com/the-modern-school/|title=School Location|website=The Modern School|access-date=2016-03-02}}</ref> It was founded in 1920 by Lala Raghubir Singh, a Delhi-based philanthropist.

The School has two campuses, holding a variety of educational institutions and academic opportunities. It has several sister schools, including [[Modern School (New Delhi)|Modern School New Delhi]], and most recently, Modern School, Kundli.

== Origin ==
Lala Raghubir Singh founded The Modern School<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://modernschoolec.com/the-founder/|title=The Founder|website=The Modern School|access-date=2016-03-02}}</ref> in 1920 in a Haveli located in [[Daryaganj]], Delhi belonging to his father, [[Sultan Singh]]. Lalaji's vision was to establish a school that would combine the traditions of Indian education with modern educational techniques and foster all-around growth for children who attended.

It was the first co-educational school in the city with as many women teachers as men. The first principal was a Bengali Christian, Kamla Bose. The school started off with about 30 students, three of whom were girls. Besides the normal curricula, the Modern School also introduced painting (with the Bengali artist [[Sarada Ukil|Sarda Ukil]]), music, [[carpentry]], scouting, and military drill under an English sergeant.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110101/saturday/above.htm|title=THIS ABOVE ALL – Modern in every sense – Khushwant Singh|website=The Tribune|publisher=The Tribune Trust|access-date=2016-03-02}}</ref>

== History ==
The Modern School came into existence on October 20th, 1920, with six children on the rolls (the numbers swelled up to twelve by the end of the year). On January 4, 1933, at the time a day boarding school with 125 scholars enrolled, it moved to its present location on Barakhamba Road.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://modernschoolec.com/history-of-modern-schoool/|title=History of Modern School|website=The Modern School|access-date=2016-03-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mZNhHR1yfzAC|title=A Dream Turns Seventy Five: The Modern School, 1920–1995|date=1995-01-01|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=9788170234999}}</ref>

Growing in popularity year after year, the need for expansion arose, causing the junior wing to be moved to Humayun Road and formally inaugurated by Pt. [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] in October 1961. The school at the new location came to be known as Raghubir Singh Junior Modern School and gained autonomy in its functioning as a primary school. As the number of enrolled students further grew, Savitri Pratap Singh Block was added to the existing building in 1993.

Every year, the School hosts two annual days for students and teachers to show the local community their achievements and showcase their talents.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://latestnews.surkhiyan.com/modern-school-celebrates-its-annual-day-amidst-glitterati-and-jubilation/|title=Modern School celebrates its annual day amidst glitterati and jubilation|website=Surkhiyan.in|language=en-US|access-date=2016-03-02}}</ref>
== Current principal ==
The current principal of The Modern School ECNCR is Rajiv K Shrivastava.

== Kundli Campus ==
Kundli Campus is one of the two campuses that are part of the Modern School infrastructure. It is currently still {{As of?|date=March 2016}}in development but already contains the main school buildings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://modernschoolec.com/about-education-city/|title=About Rajiv Gandhi Educational City|website=The Modern School|access-date=2016-03-02}}</ref>

The campus also contains many other institutions, including [[Ashoka University]], the Asian Education Society, and the Birla Institute of Management Technology, among others.

== Deepali Campus ==
The Deepali Campus hosts [[Early childhood education|Early Childhood Education]] for the Modern School. Based on the principle of "learning by doing," the program promotes student participation and creativity through various activities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://modernschoolec.com/modern-early-years-deepali-pitampura/|title=Deepali Campus|website=The Modern School|access-date=2016-03-02}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Delhi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Modern School ECNCR}}
[[Category:Boarding schools in Delhi]]
[[Category:Private schools in Delhi]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1920]]
[[Category:Schools in New Delhi]]
[[Category:1920 establishments in India]]

Polygar

2026-03-14T00:50:47Z

Rajnishkumar123: general enhance citations for consistency

{{Short description|Regional administrators of south India}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
[[File:Joppen1907India1700a.jpg|thumb|right|A 1700 AD map of India, showing the region ruled by the Palaiyakkarar in the south.]]
'''Palaiyakkarars''', or '''Poligar''', '''Polygar''' or '''Palegara''' (as the British referred to them) in Andhra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu were the holders of a small kingdom as a feudatory to a greater sovereign. Under this system, ''palayam'' was given for valuable military services rendered by any individual. The word ''pālayam'' means domain, a military camp, or a small kingdom. This type of Palayakkarars system was in practice during the rule of Pratapa Rudhra of Warangal in the [[Kakatiya Dynasty|Kakatiya kingdom]]. The system was put in place in Tamil Nadu by [[Viswanatha Nayak]], when he became the Nayak ruler of Madurai in 1529, with the support of his minister [[Ariyanatha Mudaliar]]. Traditionally there were supposed to be 72 Palayakkarars. The majority of those Palaiyakkarar, who during the late 17th- and 18th-centuries controlled much of the [[Telugu people|Telugu]] region as well as the Tamil area, had themselves come from the [[Kallar (caste)|Kallar]], [[Maravar]] and [[Vatuka]] communities.<ref name="Bayly2001p39">{{cite book |title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age |first=Susan |last=Bayly |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-521-79842-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC |page=39}}</ref> Most palayakkars in western Tirunelveli and in Ramanathapuram were [[Maravar]], those of Madurai, Tiruchi and Thanjavur [[Kallar (caste)|Kallar]], and those of eastern Tirunelveli, Dindigal and Coimbatore Nayak.<ref>{{cite book |title=Cpolitical history of carnatic under the nawabs|url=https://archive.org/details/politicalhistory0000nsra/page/44/mode/1up|year=1984|page=44}}</ref>

The Palaiyakkarar of [[Madurai Nayakas|Madurai Country]] were instrumental in establishing administrative reforms by building irrigation projects, forts and religious institutions. The Palaiyakkarar who worshipped the [[goddess]] [[Kali]]{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} did not allow their territory to be annexed by [[Aurangzeb]].

Their [[Polygar Wars|wars]] with the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] after the demise of the [[Madurai Nayakas]] is often regarded as one of the earliest struggles for [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]]. Many captured Palaiyakkarar commanders were either executed or banished to the [[Andaman Islands]] by the British. [[Puli Thevar]], [[Veerapandya Kattabomman]], the [[Marudu brothers]], [[Maruthanayagam Pillai]], [[Dheeran Chinnamalai]], and [[Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy]] were some notable Palaiyakkarar who rose up in revolt against the British rule in [[South India]]. Their wars against the British East India Company predates the [[Indian rebellion of 1857]] in [[Northern India]] by many decades but is still largely given less importance by historians.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

==Role==
The Polygar's role was to administer their Palaiyams (territories) from their fortified centres. Their chief functions were to collect taxes, maintain [[Law and order (politics)|law and order]], run the local [[judiciary]], and maintain a battalion of troops for the king.

They served as regional military and civil administrators. In turn they were to retain {{frac|1|4}} of the revenue collected as tax, and submit the remaining to the king's [[treasury]]. The Polygars also at times founded villages, built dams, constructed tanks and built temples. Also the rulers taxed regions according to the cultivable and fertility of the land. Often several new rainwater tanks were erected in the semi-arid tracts of western and southern Tamil Nadu.

Their armed status was also to protect the civilians from robbers and [[dacoits]] who were rampant in those regions and from invading armies which often resorted to pillaging the villages and countryside.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

==Polygar Wars==
{{main|Polygar Wars}}

The Polygar Wars were a series of wars fought by a coalition of Palaiyakkarar's against the British between 1798 and 1805. The war between the British and [[Veerapandiya Kattabomman]] is often classified as the First Polygar War (1799), while the Second Polygar War (1800–1805) against the British was fought by a much bigger coalition over the whole of western Tamil Nadu headed by [[Dheeran Chinnamalai]] and [[Maruthu Pandiyar]], brother of the [[Sivaganga]]. A final Polygar War in 1847 against the British was fought by Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy at Kovelakuntla (Koilakuntla)

The Polygars often had artillery and stubbornly resisted the storming of their hill forts. The British columns were exposed throughout the operations to constant harassing attacks and had usually to cut their way through almost impenetrable jungles while being fired on from under cover on all sides. It took more than a year to suppress the rebellion completely.

After a long and expensive campaign the British East India Company finally defeated the rebelling Polygars, some of whom were executed while others were banished to the [[Andaman Islands]]. Of the Polygars who submitted to the British, some of them were granted [[Zamindar]]i status, which had only tax collection rights and disarmed them completely.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Rao, Velcheru Narayana, and David Shulman, Sanjay Subrahmanyam. Symbols of substance : court and state in Nayaka period Tamil Nadu (Delhi; Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1998); xix, 349 p., [16] p. of plates : ill., maps; 22 cm.; Oxford India paperbacks; Includes bibliographical references and index; {{ISBN|0-19-564399-2}}.
* Rajaram, K. (Kumarasamy), 1940–. History of Thirumalai Nayak (Madurai : Ennes Publications, 1982); 128 p., [1] leaf of plates : ill., maps; 23 cm.; revision of the author's thesis (M. Phil.--Madurai-Kamaraj University, 1978) Includes index; bibliography p. 119–125; on the achievements of Tirumala Nayaka, fl. 1623–1659, Madurai ruler.
* Balendu Sekaram, Kandavalli, 1909–. The Nayakas of Madura by Khandavalli Balendusekharam (Hyderabad : Andhra Pradesh Sahithya Akademi, 1975); 30 p.; 22 cm.; "World Telugu Conference publication."; History of the Telugu speaking Nayaka kings of Pandyan Kingdom, Madurai, 16th–18th century.
* K. Rajayyan, A History of Freedom Struggle in India
* K. Rajayyan, South Indian Rebellion-The First War of Independence (1800–1801)
* M. P. Manivel, 2003 – Viduthalaipporil Virupachi Gopal Naickar (Tamil Language), New Century Book House, Chennai
* N. Rajendran, National Movement in Tamil Nadu, 1905–1914 – Agitational Politics and State Coercion, Madras Oxford University Press.
*D. Sreenivasulu, "Palegars or factionists, they call the shots in Rayalaseema", ''The Hindu'' (online) 24 January 2005.

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060925185343/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/04/01/stories/2006040100700400.htm The Hindu:Madurai 72 Bastion Fort today ]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&dq=madurai+72+bastion&pg=PA202 Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra ]

[[Category:Early modern history of India]]
[[Category:Indian military leaders|*]]
[[Category:Madurai Nayak dynasty]]
[[Category:Noble titles]]
[[Category:Positions of authority]]
[[Category:History of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Titles in India]]
[[Category:Polygar Wars]]

Door Gagan Ki Chhaon Mein

2026-03-04T03:56:35Z

Rajnishkumar123: expand information further and cleaned formatting

{{short description|1964 film by Kishore Kumar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Door Gagan Ki Chhaon Mein
| image = Door Gagan Ki Chhaon Mein.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Kishore Kumar]]
| writer = Kishore Kumar
| producer = Kishore Kumar
| starring = Kishore Kumar [[Supriya Devi]] [[Amit Kumar]]
| cinematography = [[Aloke Dasgupta]]
| studio = Kishore Films
| music = Kishore Kumar
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1964}}
| runtime = 153 minutes{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=380}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}
'''''Door Gagan Ki Chhaon Mein''''' ({{IPAc-en|ð|uː|r}} {{translation|Far Away Under the Shadow of the Sky}}) is a 1964 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed, produced and written by [[Kishore Kumar]]. He also stars, along with [[Supriya Devi]] and [[Amit Kumar]]. ''Door Gagan Ki Chhaon Mein'', an adaptation of the American film ''[[The Proud Rebel]]'' (1958), was released in 1964 and gained critical acclaim, but failed commercially. It was later remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Ramu (1966 film)|Ramu]]'' (1966) in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] with that [[Ramu (1968 film)|same title]] (1968), and in [[Malayalam]] as ''[[Babumon (film)|Babumon]]'' (1975).

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=August 2021}}
Shankar, a soldier, returns from war, only to find that his family has died in a fire, and the sole survivor is his infant son Ramu, left mute by the incident. When Shankar is attacked by the [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]]'s men, he is rescued by a woman named Meera, and they fall in love. This provokes further trouble from the Thakur whose son wants to marry Meera.

== Cast ==
* [[Kishore Kumar]] as Shankar
* [[Supriya Devi]] as Meera
*[[Amit Kumar]] as Ramu
*[[Iftekhar]] as Jagga
*Moni Chatterjee as Dr. Somnath
*[[Leela Mishra]] as Jamuna
*[[Nana Palshikar]] as Pagla
*[[Raj Mehra]] as Thakur
*[[Sajjan (actor)|Sajjan]] as Deepa
*[[Hiralal (actor)|Hiralal]] as Vikram
*[[Sujit Kumar]] as Dr. D'Silva
*[[Shashikala]]
*S.N. Banerjee
*[[Nirmal Kumar]]
*Jeevankala as Village Girl (Jeevankala)
*Radheshyam as Shambhu
*Kesari as Totaram(as Kesri)
*Bhattacharya as Nandu(as Nandu Bhattacharya)
*B. Banerjee as Dr. Banerjee
*Mirza Musharraf as Photographer Pinto
*Meena Talpade as Village Girl (Meena Talpade)

== Production ==
''Door Gagan Ki Chhaon Mein'' was the directorial debut of [[Kishore Kumar]], who also worked as producer, writer and lead actor.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=380}} The film was based on the 1958 American film ''[[The Proud Rebel]]'' directed by [[Michael Curtiz]].<ref name="timesofindia" /> Kumar also took inspiration from the 1955 [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film ''[[Pather Panchali]]'', which he saw at least 13 times before making ''Door Gagan Ki Chhaon Mein''.<ref name="femina" /> Although Kumar was then known primarily for acting in [[comedy film]]s, he cast himself [[Typecasting|against type]] this time by portraying the melancholic role of Shankar, a demobbed soldier.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=132}}{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=380}} Regarding his choice to make such a melancholic film, Kumar said, "There's sadness in the heart of even a comedian."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mahajan |first=Rohit |date=15 October 2017 |title=The mad mad world of Kishore da |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]] |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/spectrum/entertainment/the-mad-mad-world-of-kishore-da/482180.html |url-status=live |access-date=24 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624152036/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/spectrum/entertainment/the-mad-mad-world-of-kishore-da/482180.html |archive-date=24 June 2018}}</ref> His son [[Amit Kumar|Amit]] played the role of Shankar's son Ramu, and [[Supriya Devi]] portrayed Meera, the woman Shankar falls in love with after she rescues him from an attack.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=380}} Devi said she accepted to work on the film because of its offbeat nature.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Ranjan Das |date=24 March 2017 |title=I never expected too much |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/i-never-expected-too-much/article17615153.ece |url-status=live |access-date=10 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610082712/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/i-never-expected-too-much/article17615153.ece |archive-date=10 June 2018}}</ref> [[Aloke Dasgupta]] was the cinematographer, and Ramesh Pant wrote the dialogue.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=380}} According to Amit, his father's fascination for the word "door" (meaning far) was the reason behind the film receiving its title.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farook |first=Farhana |date=15 April 2018 |title=Legendary Kishore Kumar's son Amit Kumar talks about his father |work=[[Filmfare]] |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/legendary-kishore-kumars-son-amit-kumar-talks-about-his-father-27659-1.html |url-status=live |access-date=7 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180607095412/https://www.filmfare.com/features/legendary-kishore-kumars-son-amit-kumar-talks-about-his-father-27659.html |archive-date=7 June 2018}}</ref> He also said that, despite Kumar facing adverse remarks from his friends while making the film, he managed to complete it "against all odds".<ref name="femina" />

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by Kishore Kumar who also worked as lyricist, along with [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Door Gagan Ki Chhaon Mein (1964) |url=http://mio.to/album/Door+Gagan+Ki+Chhaon+Mein+(1964) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170718070107/http://mio.to/album/Door+Gagan+Ki+Chhaon+Mein+(1964) |archive-date=18 July 2017 |access-date=18 July 2017 |website=Music India Online}}</ref> The song "Aa Chalke Tujhe", written by the former, attained popularity.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=380}} [[R. D. Burman]] played the harmonica.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |date=27 June 2015 |title=Bollywood Retrospect: RD Burman- The immortal musical soul |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bollywood-retrospect-rd-burman-the-immortal-musical-soul-2099286 |url-status=live |access-date=24 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624151803/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bollywood-retrospect-rd-burman-the-immortal-musical-soul-2099286 |archive-date=24 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=5 January 2013 |title=Amit Kumar talks about his association with the late RD Burman |work=[[Mid-Day]] |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/amit-kumar-talks-about-his-association-with-the-late-rd-burman/195327 |url-status=live |access-date=24 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808043033/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/amit-kumar-talks-about-his-association-with-the-late-rd-burman/195327 |archive-date=8 August 2017}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Aa Chalke Tujhe
| lyrics1 = [[Kishore Kumar]]
| extra1 = Kishore Kumar
| length1 = 4:42
| title2 = Jin Raaton Ki Bhor
| lyrics2 = Shailendra
| extra2 = Kishore Kumar
| length2 = 3:57
| title3 = Khoya Khoya Chanda
| lyrics3 = Shailendra
| extra3 = [[Asha Bhosle]]
| length3 = 3:47
| title4 = Koi Lauta De Mere
| lyrics4 = Shailendra
| extra4 = Kishore Kumar
| length4 = 3:33
| title5 = O Jag Ke Rakhwale
| lyrics5 = Shailendra
| extra5 = [[Manna Dey]]
| length5 = 4:50
| title6 = Path Bhoola Ek Aaya
| lyrics6 = Shailendra
| extra6 = [[Asha Bhosle]]
| length6 = 2:38
| title7 = Chhod Meri Baiyan
| lyrics7 = Shailendra
| extra7 = Asha Bhosle
| length7 = 3:24
| title8 = Rahi Tu Ruk Mat Jana
| lyrics8 = Shailendra
| extra8 = [[Hemant Kumar]]
| length8 = 3:01
| title9 = Door Gagan Ki Chhaon Mein
| note9 =
| lyrics9 = Shailendra
| extra9 = Hemant Kumar
| length9 = 3:09
| title10 = Aa Chal Ke Tujhe
| note10 = instrumental
| length10 = 4:01
| lyrics10 = –
| extra10 = –
| title11 = Koi Lauta De Mere
| lyrics11 = Shailendra
| extra11 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| length11 = 4:16
| total_length = 41:33
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Door Gagan Ki Chhaon Mein'' was released in 1964, and received critical acclaim.<ref name="BFTP" /> [[Baburao Patel]], then the editor of ''[[Filmindia]]'' magazine, wrote, "''Door Gagan Ki Chhaon Mein'' just misses out on being a classic".<ref name="timesofindia" /> However, it was not commercially successful.<ref name="BFTP" /> When officials suggested that Kumar give them bribes so that the film would be entered for the [[National Film Awards]], Kumar refused.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Ashwani |date=31 March 2017 |title=I'm here because of my father, says son of legendary singer |work=[[Khaleej Times]] |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/abu-dhabi/im-here-because-of-my-father--says-son-of-legendary-singer |url-status=live |access-date=7 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180607100814/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/abu-dhabi/im-here-because-of-my-father--says-son-of-legendary-singer |archive-date=7 June 2018}}</ref>


== BFJA (Bengal Film Journalist' Association Awards) ==
Although Door Gagan Ki Chhaon Mein could not be entered for the National Film Awards and perhaps could have had a chance to be a nominee or winner, Door Gagan Ki Chhaon Mein became the 8th best Indian film of 1964 in order of merit in the [[28th Annual BFJA Awards]] but never won an award in any category.<ref>{{cite web |title=28th Annual BFJA Awards |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024831/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/196528.htm |website=BFJA}}</ref>

== Remakes ==
''Door Gagan Ki Chhaon Mein'' was remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Ramu (1966 film)|Ramu]]'' (1966).{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|pp=180–189}} The remake was commercially successful, and won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]]. Kishore Kumar's brother [[Ashok Kumar]] praised ''Ramu'' screenwriter [[Javar Seetharaman]] for making suitable changes to the screenplay.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |date=15 August 2016 |title=Artistic amends – Flops a reservoir of hot story ideas |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tracking-indian-communities/artistic-amends-flops-a-reservoir-of-hot-story-ideas/ |url-status=live |access-date=18 July 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170718073418/http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tracking-indian-communities/artistic-amends-flops-a-reservoir-of-hot-story-ideas/ |archive-date=18 July 2017}}</ref> The film was also remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] with that [[Ramu (1968 film)|same title]] in 1968,{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|pp=203–211}} and in [[Malayalam]] as ''[[Babumon (film)|Babumon]]'' (1975).<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1240195883137982464 |user=NFAIOfficial |title=#Remake Popular Malayalam film #BabuMon (1975) starring #PremNazir in a leading role was a remake of #KishoreKumar's #DoorGaganKiChhaonMein (1964). It was also remade as #Ramu in Tamil and Telugu in 1966 and 1968 respectively with #GeminiGanesan and #NTRamaRao. |author=National Film Archive of India |author-link=National Film Archive of India |date=18 March 2020 |access-date=2 July 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200702074739/https://twitter.com/NFAIOfficial/status/1240195883137982464 |archive-date=2 July 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="BFTP">{{Cite news |last=Lokapally |first=Vijay |date=1 June 2012 |title=Blast From The Past: Door Gagan ki Chhaon Mein (1964) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blast-from-the-past-door-gagan-ki-chhaon-mein-1964/article3476634.ece |url-status=live |access-date=18 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718064541/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blast-from-the-past-door-gagan-ki-chhaon-mein-1964/article3476634.ece |archive-date=18 July 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="femina">{{Cite news |last=De |first=Hemchhaya |date=27 August 2018 |title=The life and times of Kishore Kumar |work=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] |location=India |url=https://www.femina.in/celebs/indian/the-life-and-times-of-kishore-kumar-103126.html |url-status=live |access-date=27 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827140726/https://www.femina.in/celebs/indian/the-life-and-times-of-kishore-kumar-103126.html |archive-date=27 August 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="timesofindia">{{Cite news |last=Bhattacharya |first=Roshmila |date=23 June 2015 |title=In Focus – How Kishore Kumar left his son speechless |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/In-Focus-How-Kishore-Kumar-left-his-son-speechless/articleshow/47782866.cms |url-status=live |access-date=18 July 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170718065425/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/In-Focus-How-Kishore-Kumar-left-his-son-speechless/articleshow/47782866.cms |archive-date=18 July 2017}}</ref>

</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-date=1994}}
* {{Cite book |last=Saravanan |first=M. |title=AVM 60 Cinema |publisher=Rajarajan Pathippagam |year=2013 |edition=3rd |language=ta |oclc=1158347612 |author-link=M. Saravanan (producer) |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Door Gagan Ki Chhaon Mein}}

[[Category:1964 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1964 Indian films]]
[[Category:1964 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1964 drama films]]
[[Category:1964 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kishore Kumar]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Kishore Kumar]]
[[Category:Films produced by Kishore Kumar]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Kishore Kumar]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

Gana (film)

2026-03-03T12:14:02Z

Rajnishkumar123: starting new info

{{Short description|2025 Indian science fiction thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gana
| image = Gana (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Hari Prasad Jakka
| based_on = [[Play Back]] (Telugu)(2021) by Hari Prasad Jakka
| producer = Parthu
| writer = Hari Prasad Jakka
| starring = {{plainlist|* [[Prajwal Devaraj]]
* [[Vedhika Kumar]]
* Yasha Shivakumar}}
| music = [[J. Anoop Seelin]]
| cinematography = Jai Anand
| editing = [[Harish Komme]]
| studio = Cherry Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2025|1|31|df=yes}}
| runtime = 141 minutes<ref name=":BMR" />
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''Gana''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[science fiction film|science fictional]] [[thriller film]] written and directed by Hari Prasad Jakka. The film stars [[Prajwal Devaraj]], [[Vedhika Kumar]], and Yasha Shivakumar, alongside [[Krishi Thapanda]], Shivraj K. R. Pete, [[Sampath Raj]], Vishal Hegde, and [[Ravi Kale]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{cite news |title=Over a dozen celebrities unveil Prajwal Devaraj's first look from Gana |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/kannada/2023/Jun/12/over-a-dozen-celebrities-unveil-prajwal-devarajs-first-look-fromgana-2584081.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=9 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref> It is a remake of Hari Prasad's 2021 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Play Back]]''.<ref name=":BMR" />

==Plot==
Gana (Prajwal Devaraj), an investigative journalist, moves into an old house in Indira Colony with his friend. While settling in, he discovers an antique landline phone that unexpectedly rings. The caller is Sujatha (Vedhika Kumar), a woman trying to reach someone else. Initially dismissing it as a wrong number, Gana soon realizes that Sujatha’s landline connects only to his phone, and their conversations become frequent. As their bond grows, Sujatha seeks Gana’s help with a passport issue, and they plan to meet at the passport office. Despite arriving at the same location, they fail to meet—because they are in different time periods: Gana lives in 2022 while Sujatha lives in 1993.

Parallel to this, Gana investigates a murder case that seems inexplicably linked to Sujatha’s timeline. As he digs deeper, he realizes that altering events in the past could change the present. With Sujatha’s help, Gana attempts to prevent the murder. The climax revolves around whether Gana succeeds in changing the past and what ripple effects follow.

== Cast ==
* [[Prajwal Devaraj]] as Gana
* [[Vedhika Kumar]] as Sujatha
* Yasha Shivakumar
* [[Krishi Thapanda]]
* Shivraj K. R. Pete
* [[Sampath Raj]]
* Vishal Hegde
* [[Ravi Kale]]

== Production ==
In July 2021, it was reported that [[Prajwal Devaraj]] would play the lead of a science fiction film and the untitled project was about to be helmed by Hari Prasad Jakka in his Kannada debut.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prajwal Devaraj gets busier post unlock, says yes to more projects |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/prajwal-devaraj-gets-busier-post-unlock-says-yes-to-more-projects/articleshow/84893954.cms |work=The Times of India |date=30 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Actor Prajwal Devaraj adds two more projects to his kitty |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/Jul/29/prajwal-devaraj-adds-two-more-projects-to-his-kitty-2336850.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=2 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The production of ''Gana'' was launched with a [[Muhurat shot|muhurat puja]] in [[Bangalore]] on 24 December 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prajwal Devaraj: ಡೈನಾಮಿಕ್ ಪ್ರಿನ್ಸ್ ನಟನೆಯ 'ಗಣ' ಚಿತ್ರಕ್ಕೆ ಮುಹೂರ್ತ {{!}} Kannada Actor Prajwal Devaraj Sarah Harish Starrer New Movie Titled Gana gvd - Kannada Actor Prajwal Devaraj Sarah Harish Starrer New Movie Titled Gana - Asianet News Kannada |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/sandalwood/kannada-actor-prajwal-devaraj-sarah-harish-starrer-new-movie-titled-gana-gvd-r56lt2 |work=[[Asianet Suvarna News]] |date=4 January 2022 |language=kn}}</ref><ref name=":TNIE1">{{cite news |title=Yasha shivakumar to star alongside Prajwal Devaraj in Gana |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/Jan/31/yasha-shivakumar-to-star-alongside-prajwal-devaraj-ingana-2413240.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=10 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> In January 2022, it was announced that [[Vedhika Kumar]] would play the female lead<ref>{{cite news |title=ಪ್ರಜ್ವಲ್ ದೇವರಾಜ್‌ ಹೊಸ ಸಿನಿಮಾಕ್ಕೆ ನಾಯಕಿ ಫಿಕ್ಸ್‌; 'ಶಿವಲಿಂಗ' ಬೆಡಗಿ ಜೊತೆ 'ಡೈನಾಮಿಕ್ ಪ್ರಿನ್ಸ್' ಡ್ಯುಯೆಟ್ |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/actress-vedhika-plays-female-lead-in-prajwal-devaraj-starrer-gana-movie/articleshow/88848943.cms |work=[[Vijaya Karnataka]] |date=12 January 2022 |language=kn |archive-date=1 May 2023 |access-date=4 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501081858/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/actress-vedhika-plays-female-lead-in-prajwal-devaraj-starrer-gana-movie/amp_articleshow/88848943.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and filming was expected to begin in the first week of February.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vedhika on board Prajwal Devaraj's Gana |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2022/Jan/12/vedhika-on-board-prajwal-devarajsgana-28958.html |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=9 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vedhika to star opposite Prajwal Devaraj in 'Gana' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/vedhika-to-star-opposite-prajwal-devaraj-in-gana/articleshow/88855488.cms |work=The Times of India |date=12 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vedhika to play lead female role in Prajwal Devaraj-starrer Gana |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/Jan/12/vedhikato-play-lead-female-role-in-prajwal-devaraj-starrer-gana-2405689.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=9 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> On 31 January 2022, Yasha Shivakumar was announced to play the female lead opposite Prajwal Devaraj.<ref>{{cite news |title=Yasha Shivakumar to share screen space with Prajwal Devaraj in Gana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yasha-shivakumar-to-share-screen-space-with-prajwal-devaraj-in-gana/articleshow/89241836.cms |work=The Times of India |date=31 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=":TNIE1" /> The filming took place in Bangalore and [[Mysore]] for over seventy-five days.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Hariprasad Jakka: I've always been fascinated by unconventional stories |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2025/Jan/30/hariprasad-jakka-ive-always-been-fascinated-by-unconventional-stories |work=Cinema Express |date=9 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Gana
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[J. Anoop Seelin]]
| released = 2025
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 13:18
| language = Kannada
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer =
| chronology = [[J. Anoop Seelin]]
| prev_title = [[Kaalapatthar]]
| prev_year = 2024
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|eoDR0LbvmPg|Gana – Jukebox}}}}
}}
The soundtrack was composed by [[J. Anoop Seelin]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Gana Songs by J. Anoop Seelin |url=https://gaana.com/album/gana-kannada |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |language=en |date=14 February 2025}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = She is in Love
| length1 = 4:29
| lyrics1 = Pramod Maravanthe
| extra1 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| title2 = Sona Baby
| length2 = 3:50
| lyrics2 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| extra2 = Aishwarya Rangarajan
| title3 = Tampaada Tangaali
| length3 = 1:45
| lyrics3 = Karibasava Tadakal
| extra3 = Meghana Kulkarni
| title4 = North East
| length4 = 3:14
| lyrics4 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| extra4 = Vyasraj Sosale
| total_length = 13:18
}}

== Release ==
''Gana'' was released theatrically on 31 January 2025.<ref name=":TNR" />

== Reception ==
Jagadish Angadi of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote, "The filmmaker deserves credit for a gripping story and a racy screenplay, but the execution falls short, holding it back from reaching its full potential."<ref>{{cite news |title='Gana' movie review: This time travel film falls short |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/gana-movie-review-this-time-travel-film-falls-short-3383346 |work=Deccan Herald |date=31 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Sridevi S. of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "''Gana'' ends up being an average commercial film that has borrowed ideas from here and there. The drama unfolds only in the second half, with the film having some entertaining moments. But it struggles to come together as a whole."<ref>{{cite news |title=Gana Movie Review : Gana review: Gana arrives a little late to the time-travel party |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/gana/movie-review/117816565.cms |work=The Times of India |date=1 February 2025 |archive-date=12 February 2025 |access-date=4 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212225835/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/gana/movie-review/117816565.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

A. Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave it two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "Despite the intriguing setup, the film lacks the darker, more atmospheric elements that often accompany this kind of narrative. The result is a plot that feels familiar and doesn’t pack the punch one might expect from a sci-fi thriller."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title='Gana' movie review: A familiar trope, best as a one-time watch |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/Feb/03/gana-movie-review-a-familiar-trope-best-as-a-one-time-watch |work=The New Indian Express |date=3 February 2025 |language=en |archive-date=10 February 2025 |access-date=4 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210173813/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/Feb/03/gana-movie-review-a-familiar-trope-best-as-a-one-time-watch |url-status=live }}</ref> Shashiprasad SM of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave it two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "If you love watching sci-fi films that explore time travel and cross-connections, then ''Gana'' is a decent watch. However, it offers nothing new or exciting to make it stand out."<ref name=":TNR">{{cite news |title='Gana' Movie Review: Time Travel Remade And Refurbished From Another Era But Arrives A Bit Late |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/gana-movie-review-time-travel-remade-and-refurbished-from-another-era-but-arrives-a-bit-late-review-117797393 |work=Times Now |date=31 January 2025 |language=en |archive-date=14 February 2025 |access-date=4 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214103019/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/gana-movie-review-time-travel-remade-and-refurbished-from-another-era-but-arrives-a-bit-late-review-117797393 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Y. Maheswara Reddy of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' gave it two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "''Gana'' is the remake of Telugu movie ''Play Back'' directed by the same director – Hariprasad Jakka. The director has selected a good subject, but should have focused more on the narration."<ref name=":BMR">{{cite news |title=Kannada Movie Review–Gana: Action-packed time-travel tale - Bangalore Mirror |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kannada-movie-reviewgana-action-packed-time-travel-tale/articleshow/117839209.cms |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |date=2 February 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2020s films about time travel]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian time travel films]]

Radha Viswanathan

2026-02-10T02:43:39Z

Rajnishkumar123: brief refined intro and added references

{{Short description|Indian singer (1934 – 2018)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Radha Viswanathan
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Radha Sadasivam
| birth_date = {{birth date|1934|12|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Gobichettypalayam]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2018|1|2|1934|8|18|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] vocalist
| years_active = 1940–2018
| spouse = Guruswamy Viswanathan
| children = 3
| parents = [[Kalki Sadasivam]] (father) [[Apithakuchambal]] (mother)
[[M. S. Subbulakshmi]] (stepmother)
}}

'''Radha Viswanathan''' (11 December 1934 – 2 January 2018) was an Indian [[Carnatic music|carnatic vocalist]] and [[Indian classical dance|classical dancer]]. She was the daughter of [[Indian independence movement|freedom fighter]] and journalist [[Kalki Sadasivam]] and stepdaughter of highly acclaimed [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] vocalist [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Carnatic vocalist Radha Vishwanathan – daughter of M S Subbulakshmi – passes away |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/carnatic-vocalist-radha-vishwanathan-daughter-of-m-s-subbulakshmi-passes-away-5009999/ |access-date=2018-01-03 |work=[[Indian Express]] |agency=PTI |date=2023-05-20}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Born on 11 December 1934 in [[Gobichettypalayam]], [[Tamil Nadu]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/a-daughter-remembers/article6936821.ece|title=A daughter remembers…|first=Ranjani|last=Govind|date=26 February 2015|access-date=10 October 2018|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> she was the eldest daughter of [[Thiagarajan Sadasivam]] and his first wife, Apithakuchambal. After the death of his first wife Apithakuchambal, her father married [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]], who brought her up.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-music/classical-singers/m-s-subbulakshmi.html | title=M. S. Subbulakshmi Biography - Childhood, Family, Life History & Contribution to Music | access-date=27 November 2021 | archive-date=11 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311052716/https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-music/classical-singers/m-s-subbulakshmi.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Radha accompanied her mother Subbulakshmi on stage since the age of five.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sarada|first=S.|title=Kalakshetra-Rukmini Devi|year=1985|publisher=Kala Mandir Trust|pages=56}}</ref> She learned [[Bharatanatyam]], making her [[arangetram (dance)|arangetram]] (debut) in 1945.<ref>{{cite book|title=Drama review (Vol. 41)|year=1997|publisher=MIT Press|page=79}}</ref> At the age of 21, Radha gave up dancing to concentrate exclusively on singing. She learnt [[Kriti (music)|Kriti]]s and was also trained in [[Hindustani classical music]].

She made her film debut portraying as Bharata in Shakunthala at the age of six.<ref>{{cite news|last=Guy|first=Randor|title=Full of technical innovations|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/12/17/stories/2004121700410500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050119050842/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/12/17/stories/2004121700410500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 January 2005|access-date=26 July 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 December 2004}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Radha married Guruswamy Viswanathan and had two sons and a daughter.

In April 1982, Radha fell critically ill with tuberculosis meningitis and slipped into coma for three months.

===Death===
At the age of 83, Radha died in Bangalore in January 2018 due to breathing related complications.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Govind|first1=Ranjani|title=Radha Vishwanathan, daughter of M.S. Subbulakshmi, dies at 83|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/radha-vishwanathan-daughter-of-ms-subbulakshmi-dead-at-83/article22357741.ece|access-date=4 January 2018|work=The Hindu|date=3 January 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Viswanathan, Radha}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Women Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:People from Gobichettipalayam]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Tamil Nadu]]

Poonam Muttreja

2026-02-09T06:10:18Z

Rajnishkumar123: put up a info

{{Short description|Indian humanist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Poonam-Muttreja.png
| name = Poonam Muttreja
| title= Executive Director of [[Population Foundation of India]]
|education = Master's in [[Public Administration]], Bachelor's in [[Psychology]]
|alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]], [[Harvard Kennedy School]]
}}
'''Poonam Muttreja''' is the executive director of the [[Population Foundation of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/better-income-education-family-planning-access-will-control-population-poonam-muttreja-1827242-2021-07-12|title=Better income, education, family planning access will control population, says Poonam Muttreja|date=12 July 2021 |agency=[[India Today]]}}</ref> She has more than 35 years of experience in the socio-development sector. Before joining PFI, she worked with the [[MacArthur Foundation]] as Country Director where she was responsible for the Foundation's grants in India.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/opinion-integrate-family-planning-and-sexual-and-reproductive-health-services-in-nutrition-programming-62405/|title=Integrate Family Planning And Sexual And Reproductive Health Services In Nutrition Programming
|date=8 September 2021
|agency=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

Ms Muttreja has made an active contribution to the NGO sector in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/increasing-marriage-age-of-women-is-treating-symptom-rather-than-cause-says-poonam-muttreja-11840862.htm|title=Increasing marriage age of women is treating symptom rather than cause
|date=16 December 2021
|agency=[[CNBC TV18]]}}</ref> She is associated with several national and international organizations in the capacity of a member of the governing board and advisory council. She has also founded organisations working in the area of social justice (SRUTI), craft (DASTKAR), and leadership (Founder Director of the Ashoka Foundation in India), specifically focusing in the field of women's health.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/public-health-does-not-seem-to-be-a-priority-in-the-budget-7752673/|title=Public health does not seem to be a priority in the budget|date=2 February 2022 |agency=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref>

She has also co-conceived the popular, transmedia initiative, [[Main Kuch Bhi Kar Sakti Hoon]] (MKBKSH - I, A Woman, Can Achieve Anything) which has been a change-maker through three successful seasons - with 183 episodes and overall TV viewership of approximately 150 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/tv-show-main-kuch-bhi-kar-sakti-hoon-on-women-with-overall-tv-viewership-of-150-million-win-3153788.html |title=TV Show 'Main Kuch Bhi Kar Sakti Hoon' on Women with Overall TV Viewership of 150 Million Win
|date=7 December 2020
|agency=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/mkbksh-women-empowerment-show-entertainment-i-can-achieve-anything-i-want-4717887/ |title=I can achieve anything I want|date=23 June 2017 |agency=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref>

Ms Muttreja has a [[Master's Degree]] in [[Public Administration]] from the Kennedy School of Government, [[Harvard University]] and a [[Bachelor's Degree]] in [[Psychology]] from the [[University of Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/to-tackle-covid-in-rural-india-enable-at-home-care-involve-panchayats-121051500571_1.html|title=To tackle covid in rural india, enable at-home care, involve panchayats
|date=15 May 2021
|agency=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> She worked with UNDP as Advisor to the Country Representative. In Cambridge, Massachusetts she directed an environmental program concerned with orienting policy makers from developing countries on issues of development, environment and poverty.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/133699/menstruation-health-stigma/|title=Experts Speak: After Padman, It's Time for a State Menstruation Policy
|date=8 March 2018
|agency=[[The Better India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/aboutus/committee/Presentation/PoonamMuttreja/Poonam_Profile.pdf|title=Poonam Muttreja
|agency=[[NITI Ayog]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://populationfoundation.in/ Population Foundation of India Official Site]
*[https://www.actionaidindia.org/who-we-are/governing-board-members/ ActionAid India - Governing Board Members]
* {{Twitter|letstransform}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muttreja, Poonam}}
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard Kennedy School alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Paturi Nagabhushanam

2026-02-09T06:07:10Z

Rajnishkumar123: put up a info

{{Short description|Leader of library movement in Andhra Pradesh. Educator}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2020}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Paturi Nagabhushanam
| image = Paturi Nagabhushanam.jpg
| caption = The doyen of the Andhra Library Movement from [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.
| birth_date = 20 August 1907
| birth_place = Pedapalem village, near Tenali, [[Guntur]] District of [[Andhra Pradesh]] State, [[India]]
| death_date = 24 July 1987
| death_place = Mumbai
| occupation = Librarian, Author, Library Science Educator, Social Activist
| spouse = Chandramolaka Rajesweramma
| parents = Paturi Burraiah (father) and Smt. Paturi Dharinamma (mother)
| children = Late Sri Suri Babu, and two daughters Late Smt Sujata and Dr (Smt) Sarada
| awards = Kala Prapurna, Yarlagadda Rajyalakshmi Venkanna Choudhary Kala Peetham Award
}}
'''Paturi Nagabhushanam''' (20 August 1907 – 24 July 1987) was described as the doyen of the Andhra Library Movement from Andhra Pradesh, India.<ref name=Doyen>[[Andhra Pradesh Library Association]]. The Doyen of the Andhra Library Movement, Kalaprapurna PATURI NAGABHUSHANAM (1907-1987). Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh Library Association,(year)</ref> Paturi was associated with the national independence movement and an ardent follower of [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]]. His contributions are noteworthy - in spreading library movement in the state of Andhra Pradesh among the public, strengthening [[Andhra Pradesh Library Association]] propagating adult literacy, the establishment of library school for imparting training to library workers and giving library education under State government certification and publishing books, periodicals, LIS textbooks.<ref name=Doyen /> He is the founder of [[Sarvottama Granthalayam]] in Vijayawada.

==Biography==
===Early life===
Nagabhushanam was the first child born in a middle-class orthodox farmer's family to Paturi Burraiah (father) and Smt. Paturi Dharinamma (mother) in Pedapalem village, near Tenali, Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh State, India on 20 August 1907.

===Education and training===
After his primary, secondary schooling in Pedapalem, [[Kuchipudi]] and Nidubrolu villages, and intermediate studies at [[Loyola College, Chennai|Layola College]], Madras, Paturi Nagabhushanam received Library Workers Training organised by the Andhra Pradesh Library Association for summer in 1934. Further, he obtained a Diploma in Library Science (D.L.Sc.) from [[Andhra University]] 2 years of Summer School during 1936–38. He also received Training conducted for Adult Education Teachers at the state level conducted by Madras Government at [[Vijayawada]] and also a one-month training program organised for the Writers of Adult Education Materials at [[Mysore]] in 1953.<ref name=Doyen />

===Marriage and children===
He married Ramineni Chandramolaka Rajesweramma at an early age, while studying Intermediate course. He had a son Late Sri Suri Babu, and two daughters Late Smt Sujata and Dr (Smt) Sarada.<ref name=Pujari>Narasimha Sarma, Sannidhaanam. Saraswati Pujari: Paturi Nagabhushanam Jeevita Charitra. Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh GrandhalayaSangham, 2014</ref>
*[Dr (Smt) Sarada] - The General Secretary of Andhra Pradesh Library Association and the Editor of Grandhalaya Sarvaswamu since the year 1988.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.apla.co.in/sarvaswamu/ |title=Grandhalaya Sarvaswamu |access-date=2020-02-28 |archive-date=2020-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226181358/http://www.apla.co.in/sarvaswamu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Demise===
He took his last breath in the presence of his family members and the members of the association executive body, on 24 July 1987 at his 80, while undergoing treatment for cancer in Bombay (now Mumbai).<ref name=Pujari/>

==In National Movement==

Paturi Nagabhushanam was associated with national movement from the student stage. When he was a student of Loyola College, Madras, he worked as a volunteer for the All India Congress Conference in [[Madras]] and also participated in an agitation organised against [[Simon Commission]] in Madras.
He also took part in [[Salt Satyagraha]] and imprisoned as a political detainee for one year in Alipur Camp Jail near [[Bellary]]. He was again imprisoned for another 6 months in 1932, for participating in the [[Civil Disobedience Movement]]. Paturi also worked during [[Quit India Movement]] in 1942, secretly couriering newspapers and pamphlets. He had cordial relationships with famous personalities of national movement like Dr. J.N. Melkote, Sri Ramanand Tirtha, Sri Jamalapuram Kesava Rao, Sri [[Madapati Hanumantha Rao]], Sri K.V.Narasinga Rao, Sri [[Suravaram Pratapareddy]], and others. The government of India recognised Paturi as a freedom fighter and presented the citation on the Bronze leaf.<ref name=Doyen />

Paturi was an ardent follower of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. He was a member of the Andhra Pradesh State Board for Gandhi Memorial Fund for 15 years. He took charge as Gandhi Tatva Pracharak (Campaigner) of Vijayawada Centre and published pamphlets promoting Khadi sales, cotton weaving, upliftment of [[Harijans]], removal of untouchability and village industries. He wore [[Khadi]] throughout his life and gave utmost importance to Gandhi's Safai programs involving in the cleanliness of surroundings, self-help, etc. He was a member of the editorial board, Gandhian Literature Publication Committee.<ref name=Veerayya>K.Veerayya. Abhyardhana: the speech. [http://www.pressacademyarchives.ap.nic.in/magazineframe.aspx?bookid=16509 Grandhalaya Sarvasvamu, Kalaprapurna Abhinandana Sanchika 37 (8&7)]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}:41-42. Retrieved 29 February 2020</ref> On the occasion of Gandhiji Centenary Celebrations, he translated 10 works from different languages on glimpses of significant aspects of Mahatma's life history and gifted them to young boys and girls.<ref name=Doyen /> He has set up a National educational school in the name of "Seva Asramam" (Service Centre) in his native village 'Pedapalem' in the year 1928 joining with Mellacheruvu Venkateswarlu, who took training in Gandhiji's [[Sabarmati Ashram]] in Gujarat. In Seva Asramam, he organised programmes like - propagation of Hindi along with regional language Telugu, following Gandhian principles like - making yarn from cotton, khadi promotion, reconstruction of villages, upliftment of Harijans, etc. He also established [[Naturopathy]] Hospital, Khadi Swadesi items Store to supplement the Seva Asramam programs in order to encourage the use of Indian goods, naturopathy. He further promoted [[agriculture]], [[animal husbandry]].<ref name=Doyen />

He was behind the establishment of a school called "Navya Bharati" in a remote village - Revendrapadu of Guntur District, with residential facilities with an aim to promote vocational programs, to inculcate the hidden capabilities in the students along with formal education. Paturi also started Sarvodaya Press in [[Vijayawada]] in 1950, appointing women for composing, binding and printing, etc. to support their economic empowerment. He functioned as the Director of Chemicals Limited, Nidadavole and Sramajeevi Press, Madras. Paturi served Akademi Andhra Pradesh Sahithya Akademi as a member for five years<ref name=Veerayya />

==In Library Movement, Association and Education==

In Andhra Pradesh State, the library movement was launched by Sri [[Ayyanki Venkata Ramanaiah]], and it was further lead and spread by Sri Paturi in multidimensional ways. Paturi's contributions to the spread of library movement, library education and to the Andhra Pradesh Library Association for more than five decades were highly significant.<ref name=Veerayya /><ref>Sarda, K.Architects of Andhra Library Movement.[http://www.pressacademyarchives.ap.nic.in/magazineframe.aspx?bookid=16509 Grandhalaya Sarvasvamu. 37 (8&7)]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}:134-137. Retrieved 29 February 2020</ref>

* He strived in the propagation of excellent literary works, the publication of manuscript journal, Library adult education movement. He along with his other associates rejuvenated a ruining library in his native village called "Arya Bala Samajam" and re-established the same as "Sevasrama Vani Mandiram" in January 1930 in a new building under the auspices of Seva Asramam.
* He assumed the charge as Secretary of Guntur Library Association in 1935 and set up libraries in about 160 villages in the district and also played a key role in the construction of new buildings for 28 libraries.
* He started an innovative programme of setting up of "Boat Libraries", under the auspices of Seva Asramam during 1935–42 to create reading interest among the public. The first boat library launched in the Krishna Bank Canal between Pedavadlapudi and Kolluru on 25 October 1935, and another one 17 November 1935 from Pedavadlapudi and Pidaparru in Guntur district. This became a national sensation and paved the way to set up many more "Boat Libraries".
* He is one of the five-member sub-committee set up by the state government for preparing the draft of the Andhra Pradesh Public Library Act.
* He acquired an acre of land in the heart of Vijayawada city and constructed Sri Sarvottama Bhavanam in 1949 with the philanthropic donations and built another storey for Bapuji Mandir in 1958. Similarly, he constructed Jogi Raju Bhavan in 1960 for workers accommodation and Ramineni Sadan in 1983.
* Paturi lead [[Andhra Pradesh Library Association]] for five decades and set up district-level branches in all the districts to spread the association activities at the rural level, for which he visited all the districts and libraries. He acquired crores worth properties to fortify the association activities and to create amenities for it.
* In order to enhance good public relations for the libraries and to extend its activities, he had celebrated Grandhalaya Vasantotsavalu (Library Spring Festival) first in 1952 ('Nandana' year) in summer every year. This 5 days activity was continued for many years. These celebrations were praised by the world-renowned library science professor in India Dr. [[S.R. Ranganathan|S.R.Ranganathan]].
* He established Sarvottama Library (Grandhalayam) in the year 1987, which has now grown to a large extent and being used by hundreds of students, self-employment trainees, etc.
* He was the editor of the monthly magazine "[[Grandhalaya Sarvaswam]]", the voice of library movement, for more than 36 years from 12 to 48 volumes. This is acclaimed as the only library science magazine in the country.
* Paturi organised several training camps for library workers and prepared hundreds of library volunteers. In 1966 he started a Certificate course in Library Science which was duly recognised by the Andhra Pradesh state government.

==As a publisher, editor and writer==

Paturi's published works in regional language Telugu include - 15 Indigenous Works, 15 Translated works into Telugu, 6 Compilations, 19 Editorial Works, and other publications.<ref name=Pinakapani>Pinakapani. "Achievements of Kalaprapurna Sri Nagabhushanam". [http://www.pressacademyarchives.ap.nic.in/magazineframe.aspx?bookid=16509 Grandhalaya Sarvaswamu.37 (8&9)]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}:174-179. Retrieved 29 February 2020.</ref> He prepared textbooks according to the syllabus of the Certificate Course in Library Science in Telugu language and published them. They also became reference books for [[library science]]. Paturi published 20 volumes of books written by a popular farming expert Sri Goteti Jogi Raju on agriculture and farming before 5 decades. They were considered as authentic sources on the subject and revised by the agricultural scientists from time to time. He published and propagated books on adult education written by Sri Gadicherla Hari Sarvottama Rao, the pioneer in the adult literacy movement of the time. They were - Vayojana Vidya 1,2,3 Volumes (Books on Adult Education) and Vayojana Vachakalu (Adult Education Readers). He organised the Centenary celebration of Sri Gadicherla in important towns of many districts of the state and also published the Centenary Commemorative issue entitled "Vandemataram" for about 400 pages. Paturi was the editor of 24 to 28 Andhra Pradesh Library Association Conference Volumes and the associate editor for "Andhra Grandhalayam", the quarterly periodical for Volume 2. For more than 36 years, he held the responsibility as the editor for the monthly periodical Grandhalaya Sarvaswam, volumes 13 to 48 and also a popular index to Telugu literature "[[Andhra Vajmaya Sangraha Suchika]]" which was compiled by Sri Velaga Venkatappayya and Mahidhara Jaganmohana Rao and published by the Association in 1962.<ref name=Doyen />

==Honours==

Paturi was recognised as the pioneer of library movement. Paturi was honoured by Andhra University, Visakhapatnam for his involvement in the national independence movement, contributions in spreading library movement in the state in multiple dimensions - as a social activist, propagator of adult literacy, greatest efforts in library education, publications activity and conferred with the honorary doctorate - "Kala Prapurna" in the year 1975.<ref>[http://www.pressacademyarchives.ap.nic.in/magazineframe.aspx?bookid=16509 Kalaprapurna Award. Grandhalaya Sarvasvamu. 37 (8&7)]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}:7. Retrieved 29 February 2020</ref> On the occasion, he was felicitated by the Department of Library Science, University Library, Sarvottama Bhavan School of Library Science and many more educational, literary, social organisations. He was honoured in First World Telugu Conference, Hyderabad. He also received Yarlagadda Rajyalakshmi Venkanna Choudhary Kala Peetham Award.<ref name=Pinakapani /> He was invited by the Andhra University to felicitate, as the first student of the Department of Library Science in the year 1987 on the occasion of university's Golden Jubilee Celebrations. The Telugu Federation of [[Delhi]] had arranged to felicitate Paturi as he was one of the most influential personalities in Andhra Pradesh and for his contribution to the upliftment of library movement in the state. Unfortunately, this could not happen due to his ill health.

The great Telugu poet "Karunasri ([[Jandhyala Papayya Sastry]]") described that - "He is humane university; He is the moving library" The most popular socialist leader late Sri Acharya N.G.Ranga designated him as - "Sarasvati Pujari" (Priest of Goddess 'Sarasvati').<ref name=Pujari/> [[S.R. Ranganathan]] described him as "one of the few persistent and staunch devotees of Library Science, which mother India produced". Sri [[Suravaram Pratapareddy|Suravaram Pratapa Reddy]] praised him as "one who dedicated his life to the cause of the Library movement". [[Gadicherla Harisarvothama Rao]] said that Nagabhushanam stands for the word ‘Library'.<ref>Venkatappaiah, Velaga, (ed.), Jeevita Charltra Kosamu, Vijayawada; Sri Mahalakshmi, 1986, p. 122-124.</ref>

==Birth centenary==

Paturi's Centenary celebrations were organised statewide by [[Andhra Pradesh Library Association]] (APLA) and Paturi Nagabhushanam Centenary Celebration Committee from 20 August 2006 to 20 August 2007. The Centenary celebrations were inaugurated by the then chief minister of the state [[Y.S.Rajasekhara Reddy|Dr.Y.S.Rajasekhar Reddy]] in [[Hyderabad]] on 20 August 2006. State ministers Sri [[Rosaiah|K. Rosaiah]], Smt.N.Rajyalakshmi participated in the occasion. The District Central Libraries in Kurnool, Anantapur, Medak, Karimnagar, Nalgonda districts, and the libraries in several districts and also the college libraries such as ANR in Gudivada, DRN in Chilakaluripeta, CR Reddy PG College in Eluru and KVR in Nandigama joined in celebrating the occasion in their premises. Subsequently, the leaders of the library movement of the Rayalseema region celebrated Paturi's Centenary in Anantapur district on 10 September 2006 under the guidance of Sri Battula Venkatarami Reddy. In Rajamahendravaram, the event was celebrated in Rajamahendrapura Mandira Grandhalayam on 17 September 2006. Similarly, the celebrations were conducted by Machilipatnam Grandhalayam Vikas Samiti, Visakhapatnam Poura Grandhalayam (Public Library) and Vijayawada Book Festival. The concluding ceremony of 'the centenary celebrations of Sri Paturi Nagabhushanam', the doyen of Library Movement in AP was organised by the Andhra Pradesh Library Association at their National Conference on "Reorientation of Library services in India" held at Vijayawada from 18 to 20 August 2007.<ref name=Pujari/>

==Conclusion==
He did not pause his activities related to association, writings, even when he was severely ill and taking treatment for cancer. He was worried about the continuation of library movement, association, Sarvottama (library) Grandhalayam, Library School and the monthly periodical Grandhalaya Sarvaswam, for which dedicated his entire life. His commitment is well understood from his final words - "I have no other desire except that - if I had a chance I wish to be reborn here and serve this library association in the same way".<ref name=Pujari/>

The Andhra Pradesh Library Association has completed 100 years and celebrated the centenary in the year 2014 successfully going forward, expanding its activities while continuing his legacy and the values set by Paturi<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.apla.co.in/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Library Association |access-date=2020-02-28 |archive-date=2020-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317182931/http://www.apla.co.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==External links==
# [http://www.apla.co.in/ Andhra Pradesh Library Association] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317182931/http://www.apla.co.in/ |date=2020-03-17 }}
# [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.386104/page/n5/mode/2up%20 Andhra Vajmaya Sangraha Suchika]
# [http://www.apla.co.in/sarvaswamu/ Grandhalaya Sarvaswamu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226181358/http://www.apla.co.in/sarvaswamu/ |date=2020-02-26 }}
# [http://www.pressacademyarchives.ap.nic.in/magazineframe.aspx?bookid=16509 Grandhalaya Sarvaswamu.37(8&9):]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Kalaprapurna Abhinandana Sanchika (Kalaprapurna Falicitation Issue)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagabhushanam, Paturi}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian librarians]]
[[Category:20th-century librarians]]

Popula Pette

2026-02-05T22:27:30Z

Rajnishkumar123: put up new entry

{{Short description|1997 Telugu television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Popula Pette.jpg
| genre = Comedy drama
| creator = [[Jandhyala]]
| writer = Jandhyala
| director = Jandhyala
| starring = [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] Kinnera [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] [[Sakshi Ranga Rao]]
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_episodes =
| producer = [[Ramoji Rao]]
| runtime =
| company = [[Usha Kiran Movies]]
| network = [[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|1997|01|24|df=y}}
}}

'''''Popula Pette''''' ({{Literal translation|[[Masala dabba|Spice box]]}}) is a 1997 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language comedy-drama television series created and directed by [[Jandhyala]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Nelki Naresh Kumar |date=28 May 2024 |title=Popula Pette Serial: సీనియర్ నరేష్, జంధ్యాల కాంబోలో వచ్చిన క్లీన్ కామెడీ సీరియల్ - ఈటీవీ విన్ ఓటీటీలో రీ టెలికాస్ట్‌ |trans-title=Popula Pette: Clean Comedy Serial by Senior Naresh and Jandhyala Now Streaming on ETV Win OTT |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/senior-naresh-jandhyala-popula-pette-telugu-serial-re-telecasted-on-etv-win-ott-121716876172179.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614065658/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/senior-naresh-jandhyala-popula-pette-telugu-serial-re-telecasted-on-etv-win-ott-121716876172179.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 June 2024 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=te}}</ref> Produced by [[Ramoji Rao]] under the [[Usha Kiran Movies]] banner, the series premiered on 24 January 1997, and aired on [[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]] every Friday, with episodes having a runtime of approximately 20 to 24 minutes.<ref name=":2" /> The show features [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]], Kinnera, [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]], and [[Sakshi Ranga Rao]] in key roles.<ref name=":0" />

Set in the middle-class colony of Ananda Nilayam, humorously referred to as "Popula Pette" by outsiders, the series revolves around the lives of several eccentric families navigating everyday challenges with humour. ''Popula Pette'' marked Jandhyala's only directorial project for television. The series was praised for its clean humour, family-oriented content, and portrayal of middle-class life. It is considered an influential show in Telugu television, often cited as a precursor to later series like [[Amrutham (TV series)|''Amrutham'']].<ref name=":0" />

== Premise ==
The series is set in Ananda Nilayam, a middle-class colony populated by diverse families, humorously referred to as "Popula Pette" (spice box) by outsiders, symbolizing the variety of its residents.

The series follows the lives of several quirky families. Kameswara Rao, affectionately called "Kamesam," lives with his movie-obsessed wife and their mischievous son, Babloo. While Kamesam works hard to save money, his wife remains absorbed in films, and Babloo frequently causes trouble with his antics.

Another family in the colony is Anjaneyulu and his wife, who have nine children due to poor family planning, leading to frequent visits from extended relatives. Panakala Rao, a member of another family, is known for his "poonakalu" (sudden convulsions or trances), which he sometimes feigns to avoid the control of his domineering wife. Other eccentric characters include the "Ice Cream Aunty," who constantly craves ice cream and forgets everything else in her pursuit, and Appa Rao, a tailor who is known for his frequent use of cuss words.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] as Kameswara Rao "Kamesam"
* Kinnera
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as Panakala Rao
* Krishnaveni
* [[Sakshi Ranga Rao]] as Anjaneyulu
* Alapati Lakshmi
* [[Subbaraya Sarma]]
* Mamatha
* [[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]] as Lottery Ticket Seller
* Master Sadanandam as Babloo
* [[AVS (actor)|AVS]] as Babloo's school teacher
* [[Kallu Chidambaram]]
* [[Rajeev Kanakala]]
}}

== Production ==
''Popula Pette'' marked the television directorial debut of [[Jandhyala]], a prominent filmmaker known for his family-oriented comedies in [[Telugu cinema]]. The series, which aired on [[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]] in 1997, remains Jandhyala's only directorial project for television. True to his cinematic style, the show centered on middle-class struggles and family dynamics, blending humour with domestic issues. The episodes maintained a family-friendly tone, avoiding explicit content or jokes.<ref name=":0" />

The casting of actor [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]], who had previously collaborated with Jandhyala on several successful films such as [[Rendu Jella Sita|''Rendu Jella Seetha'']] (1983), ''[[Choopulu Kalasina Subhavela]]'' (1988), and ''[[Hai Hai Nayaka]]'' (1989) was a significant element of the series. Their established professional partnership brought familiarity and appeal to the show, capitalizing on their successful comedic rapport.<ref name=":0" />

The series depicted the everyday lives and challenges of middle-class families, exploring domestic issues, relationships, and personal struggles through comedy and subtle satire. A notable episode features a child who introduces fake parents to his teacher to avoid punishment from his real parents.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Telugu TV Serial Popula Pette |url=https://nettv4u.com/about/telugu/tv-serials/popula-pette |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=Nettv4u |language=en |archive-date=19 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219191210/https://nettv4u.com/about/telugu/tv-serials/popula-pette |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Release ==
''Popula Pette'' premiered on 24 January 1997, and aired every Friday, with each episode having a runtime of approximately 20 to 24 minutes.<ref name=":2">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.etvwin.com/serials/popula-pette |title=Popula Pette Episodes |language= |publisher=[[ETV Network|ETV Win]] |access-date=2024-12-17 |archive-date=19 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219135831/https://www.etvwin.com/serials/popula-pette |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Despite its popularity, the series concluded within a year due to unforeseen circumstances.<ref name=":0" />

In recent years, ''Popula Pette'' was re-telecast on the [[ETV Network|ETV Win]] [[Over-the-top media service|OTT]] platform, gaining a new audience. Select episodes were also made available on [[YouTube]], allowing the series to reach a wider and modern viewership.<ref name=":0" />

== Reception ==
''Popula Pette'' was appreciated for its humour, character development, and focus on relatable themes. Its family-friendly approach, avoiding explicit jokes, and effective blend of drama and comedy were well received.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2012 |title='˜Telugu people' don't want dubbed serials |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/telugu-people-dont-want-dubbed-serials/articleshow/21269931.cms |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |language=en |archive-date=19 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219121518/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/telugu-people-dont-want-dubbed-serials/articleshow/21269931.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The on-screen chemistry between lead actors Naresh, Subramanyam, and Ranga Rao also contributed to the show's appeal.<ref name=":0" />

Although it concluded after a year due to unforeseen circumstances, the series is regarded as a notable Telugu television comedy and is considered an influence on later shows like [[Amrutham (TV series)|''Amrutham'']]''.<ref name=":0" />''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* ''[https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLhFZrcu-dWgmdg5fGpOt4UIKH8c7J5H-N Popula Pette]'' at [[YouTube]]
* [https://www.etvwin.com/serials/popula-pette ''Popula Pette''] at ETV Win

{{Jandhyala Subramanya Sastry}}

[[Category:1997 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian comedy television series]]
[[Category:Indian television sitcoms]]
[[Category:ETV Telugu original programming]]

Arundhati (epic)

2026-02-04T22:51:26Z

Rajnishkumar123:

{{Short description|Hindi epic poem by Rambhadracharya}}
{{infobox book
| name = अरुन्धती महाकाव्य
| title_orig = Arundhatī (Epic Poem)
| translator =
| image = Ramabhadracharya Works - Arundhati (1994).jpg
| caption= Cover page of Arundhati (epic), first edition, showing the [[Saptarshi|Saptarṣi]] as the [[Big Dipper]] [[asterism (astronomy)|asterism]]
| author = [[Rambhadracharya|Jagadguru Rambhadracharya]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| series =
| subject =
| genre = Epic Poetry
| publisher = Shri Raghav Sahitya Prakashan Nidhi, Haridvar
| pub_date = 1994
| media_type = Print (hardcover)
| pages = 232 pp ''(first edition)''
| isbn =
| oclc =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}
{{Rambhadracharya sidebar}}
'''''Arundhatī''''' ({{langx|hi|अरुन्धती}}) (1994) is a [[Hindi]] [[Epic poetry|epic poem]] ([[Mahakavya]]) composed by [[Rambhadracharya|Jagadguru Rambhadracharya]] (1950–) in the year 1994. It consists of 1279 verses in 15 cantos (sargas). The poem presents the narrative of the couple [[Arundhati (mythology)|Arundhatī]] and [[Vasistha|Vasiṣṭha]] which is found in various [[Hindu]] scriptures. As per the poet, the narration of the epic is directly related to the psychological evolution of humans.<ref name="arundhati-intro">Rambhadracharya 1994, pp. ''iii—vi''.</ref> A copy of the epic was published in 1994 by the Shri Raghav Sahitya Prakashan Nidhi, [[Haridwar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The book was released by the then [[President of India]], [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]] on July 7, 1994.<ref>Rambhadracharya 2000.</ref>

==Composition==

In the prologue of the work, the poet mentions why he chose Arundhatī as the subject of his first ever epic poem composed in [[Kauravi dialect|Khadi Boli]], the standard dialect of Hindi. He mentions that his reverence for Arundhatī is natural as he was born in a family of Vaśiṣṭha [[Gotra]]. He found the character of Arundhatī – ''“which has invaluable elements of the Indian culture, society, righteousness, nation and Vedic philosophy”'' – to be unblemished, inspiring and worthy of imitation. He further says that the practice of [[Agnihotra]] was substantially promoted and furthered by Arundhatī and Vasiṣṭha only, and that along with the seven sages (the [[Saptarshi|Saptarṣi]]), only the wife of Vasiṣṭha is worshipped, and no other seer's wife is accorded this honour.<ref name="arundhati-intro"/>

==Narrative==

===Sources===
Most of the narrative of the epic can be found in various Hindu scriptures. Some portions are the original compositions of the poet.<ref name="arundhati-intro"/> The birth of Arundhatī is found in the [[Shiva Purana|Śiva Purāṇa]] and [[Bhagavata Purana|Śrīmadbhāgavata]], but the epic describes the birth as per Śrīmadbhāgavata. The instruction by [[Brahma|Brahmā]] to Arundhatī is taken from the [[Ramayana#Uttara Kanda|Uttarakāṇḍa]] of the [[Ramcharitmanas]]. The animosity between [[Vishvamitra|Viśvāmitra]] and Vasiṣṭha is based on the [[Balakanda|Bālakāṇḍa]] of [[Valmiki|Vālmīki]]'s [[Rāmāyaṇa]]. The birth of Śakti and [[Parashara|Parāśara]] is found in the [[Mahabharata|Mahābhārata]] and several [[Brahmana|Brāhmaṇa]] works. The final events in the epic are based on the narrative of Valmiki's Rāmāyaṇa, Rāmacaritamānasa and [[Vinaya Patrika|Vinayapatrikā]].<ref name="arundhati-intro"/>

===Synopsis===
Arundhatī is the eighth daughter of Ṛṣi Kardama and Devahūti, and is married to Vasiṣṭha, the eighth son of Brahmā. Brahmā assures the couple that they will have the ''Darśana'' (sight) of [[Rama|Rāma]]. The couple spends many years waiting for Rāma. Viśvaratha, the son of the king Gādhi, tries snatch celestial cow [[Kamadhenu|Kāmadhenu]] from Vasiṣṭha, but is unable to stand against the ''Brahmadaṇḍa'' of Vasiṣṭha. Viśvaratha undergoes penance and becomes the Ṛṣi Viśvāmitra. The revengeful Viśvāmitra curses all hundred sons of Arundhatī and Vasiṣṭha to die. The forgiveness of the couple gives rise to a son Śakti, whom Viśvāmitra gets killed by a demon. Arundhatī and Vasiṣṭha then head for [[Vanaprastha|Vānaprastha Āśrama]], leaving their grandson Parāśara to look after their hermitage. Brahmā ordains them to re-enter [[Grihastha|Gārhasthya Āśrama]], reassuring that they will have the ''Darśana'' of Rāma as a householder couple only. The couple starts living in an Āśrama near Ayodhyā. With the birth of Rāma, a son named Suyajña is born to them. Rāma and Suyajña study together in the [[Ashram|Āśrama]] of Arundhatī and Vasiṣṭha. After the marriage of Sītā and Rāma in [[Mithila (India)|Mithilā]], Arundhatī meets [[Sita|Sītā]] for the first time when the newly-wed couple arrives in [[Ayodhya|Ayodhyā]]. Sītā and Rāma spend fourteen years in exile. When they return home, they have their first meal after the exile which is prepared by Arundhatī, and the epic ends thereafter.

===The fifteen cantos===
# '''Sṛṣṭi''' (Hindi: सृष्टि, meaning ''Creation''):
# '''Praṇaya''' (Hindi: प्रणय, meaning ''Adulation''):
# '''Prīti''' (Hindi: प्रीति, meaning ''Affection''):
# '''Paritoṣa''' (Hindi: परितोष, meaning ''Satisfaction''):
# '''Pratīkṣā''' (Hindi: प्रतीक्षा, meaning ''Expectation''):
# '''Anunaya''' (Hindi: अनुनय, meaning ''Supplication''):
# '''Pratiśodha''' (Hindi: प्रतिशोध, meaning ''Retribution''):
# '''Kṣamā''' (Hindi: क्षमा, meaning ''Exculpation''):
# '''Śakti''' (Hindi: शक्ति, meaning ''Qualification''):
# '''Uparāma''' (Hindi: उपराम, meaning ''Cessation''):
# '''Prabodha''' (Hindi: प्रबोध, meaning ''Cognition''):
# '''Bhakti''' (Hindi: भक्ति, meaning ''Devotion''):
# '''Upalabdhi''' (Hindi: उपलब्धि, meaning ''Acquisition''):
# '''Utkaṇṭhā''' (Hindi: उत्कण्ठा, meaning ''Anticipation''):
# '''Pramoda''' (Hindi: प्रमोद, meaning ''Elation''):

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==

* {{cite book | title=अरुन्धती महाकाव्य | trans-title=The Epic Arundhatī | first=Svami | last=Rambhadracharya | language=Hindi | author-link=Jagadguru Rambhadracharya | publisher=Shri Raghav Sahitya Prakashan Nidhi | place=Haridwar, Uttar Pradesh, India | date=July 7, 1994 | url=http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/pdfs/JR1994Arundhati.pdf | accessdate=October 25, 2012 | archive-date=March 4, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104738/http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/pdfs/JR1994Arundhati.pdf | url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book | title = मुण्डकोपनिषदि श्रीराघवकृपाभाष्यम् |trans-title=The Śrīrāghavakṛpā commentary on the Muṇḍaka Upaniṣad | first=Svami | last=Rambhadracharya | language=Hindi | author-link=Jagadguru Rambhadracharya | publisher=Shri Tulsi Peeth Seva Nyas | place=Satna, Madhya Pradesh, India | date=January 14, 2000}}

==External links==
* [http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/works/aru/contents.php Arundhatī online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104826/http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/works/aru/contents.php |date=2016-03-04 }}

[[Category:Epic poems in Hindi]]
[[Category:Hindi-language literature]]
[[Category:Hindi poetry]]
[[Category:Works by Rambhadracharya]]

Beti Bechwa

2026-01-31T10:34:09Z

Rajnishkumar123: Creating Article.

{{short description|Bhojpuri Play by Bhikhari Thakur}}
{{infobox play
| name = Beti Bechwa
| writer = [[Bhikhari Thakur]]
| chorus =
| characters =
| mute =
| setting =
| premiere = 1925
| place =
| orig_lang =
| series =
| subject = Women Empowerment, Poverty
| genre = [[Theatre]]
| web =
}}

'''Beti Bechwa''' ([[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]: {{Script |Kthi|𑂥𑂵𑂗𑂲 𑂥𑂵𑂒𑂫𑂰}} ) or '''Beti Biyog''' (English:- The Daughter seller) is a [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] play by Playwright [[Bhikhari Thakur]].{{sfn|Dost|2017}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kishore |first1=Satyendra |title=Re-settlement of Ex-servicemen in India: Problems, Patterns, and Prospects |date=1991 |publisher=Concept publishing company |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788170223566}}</ref>{{page needed|date=June 2023}} It was one of several plays written by Thakur based on true events, showing the bad side of society, poverty and Women Empowerment. The play shows the practice of mismatched marriages which are executed between young girls and aged men in exchange of money for the girl's family.<ref>{{Cite news|title="BIDESIA" – THE FOLK THEATRE OF EASTERN INDIA|work=The Theatre Times|url=https://www.thetheatretimes.com/bidesia-folk-theatre-eastern-india/|access-date=2020-12-23|archive-date=2020-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205114514/https://thetheatretimes.com/bidesia-folk-theatre-eastern-india/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Characters ==

* Upato : A young girl
* Lobha : Upato's mother<ref>{{Cite book|title=Bhojapurī Akādamī nibandhamālā: Sāhityika nibandha saṅkalana|publisher=Bhojapurī Akādamī|year=1995}}</ref>
*Chatak : Upato's father
*Gotiya : A relative of Chatak
*Pandit : A priest
*Dulaha : An old man and Upato's Husband
*Panch : Judge of village court
*Other characters: Some women and Baratis

== Plot ==
''Upato'' is the daughter of ''Lobha'' (mother) and ''Chatak'' (father). Due to the poor condition of the family they find it difficult to marry Upato and decided to sell her to any rich family. A person named ''Jhantul'' lives in a village named ''Baklolpur'' (trans.: City of fools), who is very rich, aged and unmarried. Chatak fixes Upato's marriage with him and took the money. No one knows about this in the village, When the barat arrives, everyone is astonished to see the groom. An old man with no teeth and muscle on his body.

Lobha wanted to sell her daughter but not with an old groom. Somehow she let the marriage happen and Upato went to Jhatul's home. Chatak goes to meet Upato after marriage when she asks him that what mistakes did she make that she is facing these. Greedy Chatak had not any answer to this question. After somedays Upato came to her parents' home and Jhatul's also reaches there. In Panchayat it is decided that since Upato is married to Jhatul now she had to live with him. Upato's Mother Lobha blames his father Chatak for this condition of their daughter.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Bhikhari: Lok Kalakar Bhakt Bhikhari Thakur ki samast rachnaon ka vishleshan|publisher=Loka Kalākāra Bhikhārī Ṭhākura Āśrama|year=1978|pages=83–90}}</ref>

==Impact==

This play was so impactful that, There are stories of young girls leaving the mandap and running away instead of docilely marrying the old men their parents have taken money from. In Nautanwa village in Uttar Pradesh, after the play was staged there, the villagers sent back a [[Baraat]] of an old bridegroom. After a performance in Dhanbad, Jharkhand, some members of the audience marched to a nearby temple and took an oath that they would stop this practice.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-07|title=Remembering Bhikhari Thakur, the bard of Bihar|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art-culture/remembering-bhikhari-thakur-the-bard-of-bihar-101628335626595.html|access-date=2021-11-23|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=2021-11-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122233238/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art-culture/remembering-bhikhari-thakur-the-bard-of-bihar-101628335626595.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Shivlal Bari, an artist who worked with Bhikhari Thakur, said that after watching this play people stopped selling there daughter.{{Sfn|Dost|2017|p=108}}

==References==
<references />

== Bibliography ==

* {{cite journal |last=Dost |first=Jainendera |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13528165.2017.1384187|title=Naach, Launda Naach or Bidesiya Politics of (re)naming|journal=Performance Research |date=2017|volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=106–112 |doi=10.1080/13528165.2017.1384187 |s2cid=158697968 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite book |last=Rai |first=Sandeeo |title=Aesthetics and Politics: Two leading Bhojpuri Artists |publisher=Becomeshakespeare.com |year=2020 |isbn=978-93-90543-50-2 |edition=1st |location=Wadala (East), Mumbai |language=En}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1925 plays]]
[[Category:Bhojpuri literature]]
[[Category:Plays by Bhikhari Thakur]]

Anthony Elkins

2026-01-29T19:04:52Z

Rajnishkumar123: Creating New Entry

{{Short description|British corporate executive (1904–1978)}}
Sir '''Anthony Joseph Elkins''' [[CBE]] (1904–1978)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Descendants of William Elkins|url=http://green.gen.name/elkins/d1.htm#i4105|access-date=2021-10-27|website=green.gen.name}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=2 November 1978|title=Obituary: Sir Anthony Elkins|page=19|work=The Times|publication-place=London|url=https://archive.org/details/NewsUK1978UKEnglish/Nov%2002%201978%2C%20The%20Times%2C%20%2360448%2C%20UK%20%28en%29/page/n17/mode/2up|via=The Internet Archive}}
* {{cite web |title=Eighth Generation: Sir Anthony Elkins |url=http://green.gen.name/elkins/d1.htm#i4105 |website=John Green's Family Data}}{{rs|date=February 2022}}</ref> was a British corporate executive. Educated at [[Haileybury College]], Elkins arrived in India in 1924, at the age of 20. He rose to become chairman of Gillanders Arbuthnot and Co and its successor, the [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway|Darjeeling–Himalayan Railway Co]],<ref name=":0" /> chairman of the Indian Copper Corporation (later nationalised and merged into [[Hindustan Copper]]),<ref>{{Cite news|date=26 November 1953|title=Indian Copper Corporation Limited|page=5|work=The Times of India|location=Bombay|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/501788132/|id={{ProQuest|501788132}} }}</ref> director of the [[Imperial Bank of India]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last1=Westrip|first1=Joyce P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALbaCwe6VHkC&pg=PA312|title=Colonial Cousins: A Surprising History of Connections Between India and Australia|last2=Holroyde|first2=Peggy|date=2010|publisher=Wakefield Press|isbn=978-1-86254-841-1|language=en}}</ref> president of the [[Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Industry]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Industry |url=https://bengalchamber.com/agm14/pages/president.html|access-date=2021-10-27|website=bengalchamber.com}}</ref> president of the [[Associated Chambers of Commerce]] (ASSOCHAM),<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ghatak|first=Aditi Roy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMEVAQAAMAAJ|title=Partnership for Progress: The ASSOCHAM Story, 1920–1995|date=1995|publisher=Associated Chambers of Commerce & Industry of India|pages=71, 82, 286|language=en}}</ref> and president of the [[The Bengal Club|Bengal Club]].<ref name=":1" /> In 1950, Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. invited Elkins to serve as the only British advisor to the [[First five-year plan (India)|First Five Year-Plan.]]<ref name=":1" /> Elkins later returned to Britain, serving as vice chairman of the [[Army & Navy Stores (United Kingdom)|Army & Navy Stores]] and chairman of [[Bryant & May|Bryant and May]] and the British Match Co.<ref name=":0" /> Elkins received a CBE for his services during the Second World War, where was appointed as Controller of Supplies in Bengal, and was knighted in 1952.<ref name=":0" /> He retired to [[Perth]], Australia, in the 1970s.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Elkins, Anthony}}
[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:1978 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century business executives in rail transport]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:People educated at Haileybury and Imperial Service College]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]

Spathodea

2026-01-14T12:49:19Z

Rajnishkumar123: small add layout for accuracy further and fixed typos

{{Short description|Genus of trees}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Starr 031210-0047 Spathodea campanulata.jpg
|image2 = Spathodea campanulata flower cluster (Philippines) 2.jpg
|status = LC
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref =<ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author1=Rivers, M.C. |author2=Mark, J. |name-list-style=amp |title=''Spathodea campanulata'' |article-number=e.T49196213A49196223 |year=2017 |access-date=13 November 2023}}</ref>
|display_parents = 3
|genus = Spathodea
|parent_authority = P.Beauv.
|species = campanulata
|authority = [[Ambroise Marie François Joseph Palisot de Beauvois|P.Beauv.]]
}}

'''''Spathodea''''' is a [[genus]] in the plant family [[Bignoniaceae]]. The single species it contains, '''''Spathodea campanulata''''', is commonly known as the '''African tulip tree''' or the '''Nandi Flame'''.<ref>{{PLANTS|id=SPCA2|taxon=Spathodea campanulata|accessdate=24 November 2015}}</ref> The tree grows between {{convert|7|-|25|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall and is native to [[tropical dry forest]]s of Africa. It has been nominated as among 100 of the "World's Worst" invaders.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/100_worst.php |title = GISD}}</ref>

This tree is planted extensively as an [[ornamental plant|ornamental tree]] throughout the tropics and is much appreciated for its very showy reddish-orange or crimson (rarely yellow), campanulate [[flower]]s. The [[Genus#Use in nomenclature|generic name]] comes from the [[Ancient Greek]] words σπαθη (''spathe'') and οιδα (''oida''),<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NJ6PyhVuecwC |title=The Names of Plants |first=D. |last=Gledhill |edition=4 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-86645-3 |year=2008 |page=357}}</ref>{{citation needed|reason=Gledhill seems to confuse -ειδής (= '-like') and οἶδα = 'I know'. A more reliable source is needed.|date=March 2025}} referring to the [[spathe]]-like [[flower|calyx]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ndDtX-RjYkC |title=CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names |volume=4 R-Z |year=2000 |first=Umberto |last=Quattrocchi |publisher=Taylor & Francis US |isbn=978-0-8493-2678-3 |page=2526}}</ref> It was identified by Europeans in 1787 on the [[Gold Coast (region)|Gold Coast]] of Africa.<ref>{{citation |title=African Tulip Tropical Tree|url=http://tropicalflowerguide.com/african-tulip-tropical-tree.html}}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Funchal, Spathodea campanulata, Parque de Santa Catarina.jpg|thumb|Spathodea on [[Madeira]]]]
The [[flower bud]] is [[ampule]]-shaped and contains water. People sometimes play with these buds because of their ability to squirt water.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hargreaves|first1=Dorothy|last2=Hargreaves|first2=Bob|title=Tropical Trees of Hawaii|url=https://archive.org/details/tropicaltreesofh00doro_0|url-access=registration|year=1964|publisher=Hargreaves|location=Kailua, Hawaii|page=[https://archive.org/details/tropicaltreesofh00doro_0/page/2 2]|isbn=978-0-910690-02-7}}</ref> The sap sometimes stains yellow on fingers and clothes. The open flowers are cup-shaped and hold rain and dew, making them attractive to many species of [[bird]]s.

==Flower anatomy==
The African tulip tree flower produces large flamboyant reddish-orange flowers that have approximately five petals and are 8–15 cm long. The flowers are bisexual and zygomorphic. These are displayed in a terminal corymb-like raceme inflorescence. Its pedicel is approximately 6 cm long. This flower also has a yellow margin and throat. The pistil can be found at center of four stamens that is inserted on the corolla tube. This flower has a slender ovary that is superior and is two celled. The seeds of this tree are flat, thin, and broadly winged.

==Species associations==
In [[Neotropical]] gardens and parks, their [[nectar]] is popular with many [[hummingbird]]s, such as the [[black-throated mango]] (''Anthracothorax nigricollis''), the [[black jacobin]] (''Florisuga fusca''), or the [[gilded hummingbird]] (''Hylocharis chrysura'').<ref name = bm&da2005>Baza Mendonça & dos Anjos (2005)</ref> The wood of the tree is soft and is used for nesting by many hole-building birds such as [[Lybiidae|barbets]].<ref name = ad&gv&md2012>de QUEIROZ, A. C. M., VENTURIERI, G., VENTURIERI, G., & de OLIVEIRA JUNIOR, M. C. M. (2012). Effect of toxicity of nectar and pollen of african tulip tree (Spathodea campanulata) on Melipona fasciculata and M. seminigra (Apidae, Meliponini). In Embrapa Amazônia Oriental-Resumo em anais de congresso (ALICE). In: ENCONTRO SOBRE ABELHAS, 10., 2012, Ribeirão Preto. Anais... Ribeirão Preto: FUNPEC, 2012</ref> Unfortunately the flowers have a natural defence killing bees, and it is thought various other species who harvest its pollen.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}{{disputed inline|date=May 2025}}

==Geographic distribution==
*Native to: Angola, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia
*Exotic in: Australia, Bangladesh,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/article/1471856/ফুটেছে-রুদ্রপলাশ |title = ফুটেছে রুদ্রপলাশ {{!}} প্রথম আলো| date=18 April 2018 }}</ref>[[Brazil]], [[Colombia]], Costa Rica, Cuba, Fiji, [[Hawaii]], [[Honduras]], India, Jamaica, [[Mauritius]], [[Mexico]], Papua New Guinea, [[Puerto Rico]], Sri Lanka, [[Zanzibar]], Philippines

It has become an [[invasive species]] in many tropical areas, such as Hawaii, Queensland (Australia), Fiji, Papua New Guinea, South Africa<ref>{{Cite web|title=African tulip tree – Invasive Species South Africa|url=https://invasives.org.za/fact-sheet/african-tulip-tree/|access-date=17 February 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> and the wet and intermediate zones of Sri Lanka.<ref>{{citation |title=Invasive Species Compendium|url=http://www.cabi.org/isc/?compid=5&dsid=51139&loadmodule=datasheet&page=481&site=144}} and Lalith Gunasekera, ''Invasive Plants: A guide to the identification of the most invasive plants of Sri Lanka'', Colombo 2009, pp. 70–71.</ref>{{clear|left}}

''Spathodea campanulata'' is a [[list of common weeds of Queensland|declared class 3 pest species in Queensland]], Australia, under the ''Land Protection (Pest and Stock Route Management) Act 2002''.<ref>{{citation | title=Land Protection (Pest and Stock Route) Regulation 2003 (Qld) – Schedule 2}}</ref> It is known to be toxic to Australian native [[stingless bee]]s, such as ''Lipotriches (Austronomia) flavoviridis''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=O'Flaherty |first1=Antonia |title=Brisbane beekeeper creates editable map to track African tulip trees killing native stingless bees |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-02-17/beekeper-creates-tree-map-to-save-native-bees/13156240 |access-date=18 February 2021 |work=ABC News |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=17 February 2021}}</ref>

==Pests and diseases==
In [[Uganda]], two lepidopteran species, two termite species, and one bark beetle attack ''S. campanulata''. In Puerto Rico nine insect species in the orders [[Hemiptera]], [[Hymenoptera]], [[Lepidoptera]], and [[Thysanoptera]] have been reported as feeding on various parts of ''S. campanulata''. The species is quite susceptible to butt and heart rot; wood of the tree rots quickly when in contact with the ground.

==Use==
Its wood is too weak for construction use but ideal enough for boxes and toothpicks. [[Fijians|Fijian]] children sometimes use its flower buds as [[water gun|water pistols]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Keppel |first1=Gunnar |title=Trees of Fiji: A Guide to 100 Rainforest Trees |last2=Ghazanfar |first2=Shahina A. |author-link2=Shahina A. Ghazanfar |date=2011 |publisher=Secretariat of the Pacific Community & Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit |edition=third, revised |pages=58–9}}</ref>

==Common names==
*Afrikaans: {{lang|af|fakkelboom}}, {{lang|af|Afrika-vlamboom}}<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=African tulip tree (Spathodea campanulata) |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/126566-Spathodea-campanulata |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=iNaturalist |language=en}}</ref>
*Bangla: {{Transliteration|bn|rudrapalash}} ({{lang|bn|রুদ্রপলাশ}})
*English: African tulip tree, fountain tree, Nandi flame, Nile flame, squirt tree, tulip tree, Uganda flame, Flame Tree of Thika
*Fijian: {{lang|fj|pasiu}}, {{lang|fj|pisipisi}}<ref name=":0" />
*French: ''tulipier de Gabon''<ref name="auto"/>
*Hindi: {{Transliteration|hi|rugtoora}} ({{lang|hi|रुग्तूरा}})
*Javanese: {{lang|jv|ꦕꦿꦸꦠ꧀ꦕꦿꦸꦠꦤ꧀}} ''crut-crutan''
*Kannada: {{Transliteration|kn|Neerukayi mara, Jeerkolavi mara}} ({{lang|kn|ನೀರುಕಾಯಿ ಮರ, ಜೀರ್ಕೊೞವಿ ಮರ, ಜೀರ್ಕೊಳವಿ ಮರ }})
*Luganda: {{lang|lg|kifabakazi}}
*Luhya: {{lang|luy|muzurio}}
*Malay: {{lang|ms|panchut-panchut}}
*Malayalam: ''African Poomaram'' ({{lang|ml|ആഫ്രിക്കൻ പൂമരം}})
*Sinhala: {{Transliteration|si|kudaella gaha}}, {{Transliteration|si|kudulu}}
*Spanish: {{lang|es|amapola}}, {{lang|es|espatodea}}, {{lang|es|mampolo}}, {{lang|es|tulipán africano}}, in Puerto Rico {{lang|es|meaíto}}, in Guatemala {{lang|es|llama del bosque}}.<ref name="auto"/>
*Sundanese: {{lang|su|ᮊᮄ ᮃᮎᮢᮦᮒ᮪}} ''kaï acret'' or {{lang|su|ᮊᮤᮃᮎᮢᮦᮒ᮪}} ''kiacret''<ref>{{cite book |title=Five hundred plant species in Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, West Java: a checklist including Sundanese names, distribution, and use |date=2010 |publisher=CIFOR |location=Bogor, Indonesia |isbn=978-602-8693-22-6 |page=74}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>
*Swahili: {{lang|sw|kibobakasi}}, {{lang|sw|kifabakazi}}
*Telugu: {{Transliteration|te|Neeti Budda}} ({{lang|te|నీటి బుడ్డ}}), {{Transliteration|te|Gonuganta}} ({{lang|te|గోనుగంట}})
*Tamil: {{Transliteration|ta|pasadi}} ({{lang|ta|பாசடி}})
Nandi: Septet (singular),Septonok (plural)
*Trade name: Nandi flame

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Spathodea campanulata flower in Narshapur, AP W IMG 0721.jpg|{{center|Flower}}
File:Spathodea campanulata at Secunderabad W IMG 6626.jpg|{{center|Fruit}}
File:Bark I IMG_2807.jpg|{{center|Bark}}
File:Spathodea campanulata A.jpg|{{center|Habitus}}
File:Spathodea_campanulata.jpg|{{center|Buds}}
File:Spathodea campanulata, saad, Krantzkloof NR.jpg|{{center|Seed}}
File:Yellow Spathodea Santa Cruz de Tenerife.JPG|{{center|Yellow cultivar}}
File:Flower of Spathodea campanulata at Muzhappilangad .jpg|{{center|Buds}}
File:火焰樹 Spathodea campanulata 20210319195317 01.jpg|{{center|Fruits}}
File:火焰樹 Spathodea campanulata 20210319195317 02.jpg|{{center|Fruits}}
File:火焰樹 Spathodea campanulata 20210319195317 04.jpg|{{center|Phyllotaxy}}
File:火焰樹 Spathodea campanulata 20210319195317 05.jpg|{{center|Leaves}}
</gallery>

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{aut|Baza Mendonça, Luciana & dos Anjos, Luiz}} (2005): Beija-flores (Aves, Trochilidae) e seus recursos florais em uma área urbana do Sul do Brasil [Hummingbirds (Aves, Trochilidae) and their flowers in an urban area of southern Brazil]. [Portuguese with English abstract] ''Revista Brasileira de Zoologia'' '''22'''(1): 51–59. {{doi|10.1590/S0101-81752005000100007}} [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbzool/v22n1/a07v22n1.pdf PDF fulltext]
* http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=75

==External links==
* {{Wikispecies-inline|Spathodea campanulata}}
* {{Commons-inline|Spathodea campanulata|Spathodea}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q16034822|from2=Q387442}}

[[Category:Bignoniaceae]]
[[Category:Flora of the Afrotropical realm]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Africa]]
[[Category:Ornamental trees]]
[[Category:Monotypic Lamiales genera]]

Ratlam Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-12T17:13:42Z

Rajnishkumar123: put up info

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Ratlam
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| map_image = Madhya Pradesh Lok Sabha constituencies (Ratlam highlighted).png
| map_caption = Ratlam Lok Sabha constituency within Madhya Pradesh
| established = 1952
|assembly_cons = [[Alirajpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Alirajpur ]] [[Jobat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jobat]] [[Jhabua (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jhabua]] [[Thandla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Thandla]] [[Petlawad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Petlawad ]] [[Ratlam Rural (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ratlam Rural]] [[Ratlam City (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ratlam City]] [[Sailana (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sailana]]
|reservation= ST
| mp = [[Anita Nagarsingh Chouhan]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|electors={{formatnum:1246756}}
}}
'''Ratlam''' Lok Sabha constituency (formerly, '''[[Jhabua]]''' Lok Sabha constituency) is one of the 29 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]]. This constituency is reserved for the candidates belonging to the [[Adivasi|Scheduled tribes]]. This constituency was renamed as Ratlam in 2008, following [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of the parliamentary constituencies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.centralchronicle.com/viewnews.asp?articleID=2348|title=Three new faces in Cong candidates' list|publisher=Central Chronicle|date=March 14, 2009|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717050439/http://www.centralchronicle.com/viewnews.asp?articleID=2348|archivedate=July 17, 2011}}</ref> This constituency covers the entire [[Alirajpur district|Alirajpur]] and [[Jhabua district|Jhabua]] districts and part of [[Ratlam district]].

==Vidhan Sabha segments==
Presently, Ratlam Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following eight [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mpinfo.org/mpinfonew/english/election_commission/191208.asp|title=Three new Parliamentary seats come into existence Dewas, Tikamgarh and Ratlam in Shajapur, Seoni and Jhabua out|publisher=Department of Public Relations, Madhya Pradesh government|date=December 19, 2008|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621174614/http://www.mpinfo.org/mpinfonew/english/election_commission/191208.asp|archivedate=June 21, 2009}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|191
|[[Alirajpur Assembly constituency|Alirajpur]] (ST)
| rowspan="2" |[[Alirajpur district|Alirajpur]]
|[[Nagar Singh Chouhan|Chouhan Nagar Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|-
|192
|[[Jobat Assembly constituency|Jobat]] (ST)
|[[Sena Mahesh Patel]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|193
|[[Jhabua Assembly constituency|Jhabua]] (ST)
| rowspan="3" |[[Jhabua district|Jhabua]]
|[[Vikrant Bhuria|Dr. Vikrant Bhuriya]]
|-
|194
|[[Thandla Assembly constituency|Thandla]] (ST)
|[[Veersingh Bhuriya]]
|-
|195
|[[Petlawad Assembly constituency|Petlawad]] (ST)
|[[Nirmala Bhuria|Nirmala Bhuriya]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|219
|[[Ratlam Rural Assembly constituency|Ratlam Rural]] (ST)
| rowspan="3" |[[Ratlam district|Ratlam]]
|[[Mathuralal Damar]]
|-
|220
|[[Ratlam City Assembly constituency|Ratlam City]]
|[[Chetanya Kasyap|Chetanya Kashyap]]
|-
|221
|[[Sailana Assembly constituency|Sailana]] (ST)
|[[Kamleshwar Dodiyar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Adivasi Party}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Amar Singh Damar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Jamuna Devi]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|Sur Singh
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhagirath Bhanwar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Dileep Singh Bhuria]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=8}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Kantilal Bhuria]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Dileep Singh Bhuria]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2015 Jhabua-Ratlam Lok Sabha constituency by-election|2015]]^
|[[Kantilal Bhuria]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Guman Singh Damor]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Anita Nagarsingh Chouhan]]
|}
^ by poll

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Ratlam]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Parliamentary Constituency 24 - RATLAM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1224.htm |website=ECI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ratlam Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/ratlam-constituency-lok-sabha-election-results-2024 |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Anita Nagarsingh Chouhan]]
|party= Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes= 7,95,863
|percentage= 51.93
|change= +2.23
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Kantilal Bhuria]]
|party= Indian National Congress
|votes= 5,88,631
|percentage= 38.41
|change= -4.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 31,735
|percentage = 2.07
|change = -0.73
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,07,232
|percentage = 13.52
|change = +7.05
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 15,32,643
|percentage = 72.94
|change = {{decrease}}2.76
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bhartiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Ratlam]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Guman Singh Damor]]
|votes =6,96,103
|percentage = 49.70
|change = +7.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kantilal Bhuria]]
|votes = 6,05,467
|percentage = 43.23
|change = -6.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 30,364
|percentage = 2.80
|change = +0.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Tribal Party
| candidate = Kamleshwr Bhil
| votes = 14,784
| percentage = 1.06
| change = new
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 90,636
|percentage = 6.47
|change = -1.84
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 14,01,335
|percentage = 75.70
|change = +14.35
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
====By poll 2015====
{{Election box begin|title=Bye-election, 2015: Ratlam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kantilal Bhuria]]
|votes = 5,36,743
|percentage = 50.19
|change = +9.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Nirmala Bhuria]]
|votes = 4,47,911
|percentage = 41.88
|change = -8.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal (United)
| candidate = Vijay Hari
| votes = 21,572
| percentage = 2.02
| change = +0.81
}}
{{Election box candidate
| party = [[Rashtriya Krantikari Samajwadi Party|RKSP]]
| candidate = Kisan Singh Chouhan
| votes = 14,301
| percentage = 1.34
| change = new
}}
{{Election box candidate
| party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
| candidate = Pawan Singh Dodiya
| votes = 9,238
| percentage = 0.86
| change = new
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 24,426
|percentage = 2.28
|change = -0.52
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 88,832
|percentage = 8.31
|change = -1.71
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,69,497
|percentage = 61.35
|change = -2.24
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Ratlam]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Dileep Singh Bhuria]]
|votes = 5,45,980
|percentage = 50.41
|change = +11.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kantilal Bhuria]]
|votes = 4,37,523
|percentage = 40.39
|change = -8.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Babu Singh
| votes = 18,485
| percentage = 1.71
| change = new
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal (United)
| candidate = Bheru Singh Damor
| votes = 13,116
| percentage = 1.21
| change = new
}}
{{Election box candidate
| party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
| candidate = Meena Atul David
| votes = 10,979
| percentage = 1.01
| change = new
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 30,364
|percentage = 2.80
|change = new
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,08,457
|percentage = 10.02
|change = +0.99
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,82,690
|percentage = 63.59
|change = +12.66
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Ratlam]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kantilal Bhuria]]
|votes = 3,08,923
|percentage =48.46
|change =N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dileepsingh Bhuria
|votes = 2,51,255
|percentage = 39.41
|change = N/A
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
| party =Independent (politician)
| candidate = Rameshwor Singar
| votes =22,946
| percentage = 3.60
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =57,668
|percentage =9.03
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,37,429
|percentage = 50.93
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|

|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Alirajpur district]]
* [[Jhabua district]]
* [[Ratlam district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/madhya_pradesh/ratlam/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Ratlam lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coord|23.33|75.05|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ratlam (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ratlam district]]
[[Category:Jhabua district]]
[[Category:Alirajpur district]]

List of international cricket centuries by Ricky Ponting

2026-01-08T10:49:37Z

Rajnishkumar123:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Australian English|date=December 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
[[File:Ricky Ponting YM.jpg|300px|thumb|right|[[Ricky Ponting]] has scored 71 centuries in [[international cricket]].|alt=A man stands in front of a brick wall; he is wearing a cap.]]

[[Ricky Ponting]] is a former [[Cricket in Australia|Australian cricketer]] and [[Captain (cricket)|captain]] of the [[Australia national cricket team]]. He has scored [[Century (cricket)|centuries]] (100 or more [[Run (cricket)|runs]]) on 41 occasions in [[Test cricket]] and 30 times in [[One Day International]] (ODI) matches, both of which are Australian records.<ref>{{cite news| title=Ponting leads Australian fightback|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ausveng/content/story/270826.html|publisher=Cricinfo|date=3 December 2006|access-date=16 September 2009}}</ref><ref name="odi100s">{{cite web| title=Records–One-Day Internationals: Most hundreds in a career| url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/282935.html| publisher=Cricinfo| access-date=16 September 2009| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214154934/http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/282935.html| archive-date=14 February 2008| df=dmy-all}}</ref> In Test matches, Ponting has scored hundreds against all Test playing countries. He is the joint third (41) with [[Joe Root]] in the list of Test century-makers, behind [[Sachin Tendulkar]] (51) & [[Jacques Kallis]] (45).<ref>{{cite web| title=Records–Test matches: Most hundreds in a career| url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/227046.html| publisher=Cricinfo| access-date=17 April 2010| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215215132/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/227046.html| archive-date=15 December 2012| df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ponting's first Test century was achieved against [[England cricket team|England]] at [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]] in 1997, when he scored 127. His highest innings is 257, scored against [[India national cricket team|India]] in late-2003 at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]]. Ponting, among 41 centuries, has scored 6 double centuries, while his Test centuries have been made at 21 [[cricket field|cricket grounds]], including 15 at venues outside Australia. Ponting has been dismissed four times in the nineties, along with 96 on his Test debut.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ricky Ponting Test matches: Ground averages|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/7133.html?class=1;template=results;type=batting;view=ground|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120718022840/http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/7133.html?class=1;template=results;type=batting;view=ground|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 July 2012|publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=15 September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=Ricky Ponting Test matches: Player analysis – Innings by innings list| url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/7133.html?class=1;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative| publisher=Cricinfo| access-date=15 September 2009| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804191644/http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/7133.html?class=1%3Btemplate%3Dresults%3Btype%3Dbatting%3Bview%3Dcumulative| archive-date=4 August 2009| df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ponting has scored centuries in both innings of a Test three times, equalling the record set by [[Sunil Gavaskar]]. This included a century in each innings of his 100th Test match thus becoming the only player in history to achieve that feat. In that match he also guided Australia to a successful run chase against South Africa on the final day.<ref>{{cite news| title=Tall scoring, and centuries without boundaries|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/asksteven/content/story/243052.html|publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=16 September 2009}}</ref> In 2006, Ponting scored seven centuries, the most by an Australian in a year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ponting becomes first dual medallist|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2006/02/06/1563602.htm|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=16 September 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120101034/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2006/02/06/1563602.htm|archive-date=20 November 2010}}</ref>

In ODIs, Ponting has scored 30 centuries against 11 opponents. He has scored centuries against all cricketing nations that have [[One Day International#Teams with ODI status|permanent One Day International status]] and is the first ever batsman in the world to achieve this feat in ODI cricket history. His first ODI century was against [[Sri Lanka cricket team|Sri Lanka]] in the ninth match of the Benson & Hedges World Series, held in the Melbourne Cricket Ground in 1996. His highest ODI score is 164, which he scored against [[South African cricket team|South Africa]] at the [[Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]] in 2006. This propelled Australia to a new ODI world record score, although this mark lasted only a few hours before South Africa overhauled their target in the last over of the match. He is fourth (30) in the list of ODI century-makers, behind [[Virat Kohli]] (53*), [[Sachin Tendulkar]] (49) and [[Rohit Sharma]] (33*).<ref name="odi100s"/> Ponting has scored 12 centuries at home grounds and 16 centuries at away or neutral venues. Seven centuries were hit at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. He has been dismissed four times in the 90's.<ref name="odidis">{{cite web|title=Ricky Ponting One-Day Internationals: Batting analysis|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/7133.html?class=2;template=results;type=batting|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119193454/http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/7133.html?class=2;template=results;type=batting|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 January 2013|publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=7 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="ground">{{cite web|title=Ricky Ponting One-Day Internationals: Ground averages|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/7133.html?class=2;template=results;type=batting;view=ground|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130120035756/http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/7133.html?class=2;template=results;type=batting;view=ground|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 January 2013|publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=15 September 2009}}</ref> Ponting previously held the highest score in a [[Cricket World Cup|World Cup]] final with 140 not out against India in 2003, before it was broken by [[Adam Gilchrist]] in 2007.<ref>{{cite news|title=India falls to defending champs in final|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/cricket/2003/world_cup/news/2003/03/23/australia_india_ap/|publisher=Sports Illustrated|access-date=16 September 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325035807/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/cricket/2003/world_cup/news/2003/03/23/australia_india_ap/|archive-date=25 March 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Gilchrist leads Australia to World Cup treble|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/story/292681.html|publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=16 September 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615204316/http://www.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/story/292681.html|archive-date=15 June 2009}}</ref> He has scored five World Cup centuries, along with [[Kumar Sangakkara]], both are behind Tendulkar with six.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=12;type=trophy |title=Records / World Cup / Most runs |publisher=Cricinfo |access-date=20 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217183955/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=12%3Btype%3Dtrophy |archive-date=17 December 2015 }}</ref> His 145 against [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]] in 1998 equalled [[Dean Jones (cricketer)|Dean Jones]]' Australian record score, but this was surpassed in early-1999 by Adam Gilchrist's 154.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cricket: Ponting prompts Australia with record|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket-ponting-prompts-australia-with-record-1155957.html|work=The Independent|date=4 April 1998|access-date=16 September 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104101147/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket-ponting-prompts-australia-with-record-1155957.html|archive-date=4 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Triangular Series: Gilchrist's 154 raises the tempo|url=http://static.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1998-99/OD_TOURNEYS/CUODS/SCORECARDS/AUS_SL_CUODS_ODI15_07FEB1999_ET_MR.html|publisher=Cricinfo|date=8 February 1999|access-date=16 September 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100814035018/http://static.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1998-99/OD_TOURNEYS/CUODS/SCORECARDS/AUS_SL_CUODS_ODI15_07FEB1999_ET_MR.html|archive-date=14 August 2010}}</ref>

In September 2009, Ponting retired from [[Twenty20#International|Twenty20 international]] (T20I) cricket,<ref>{{cite news|title=Ponting quits Twenty20 cricket|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/09/07/2678891.htm|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=9 August 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908021043/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/09/07/2678891.htm|archive-date=8 September 2009}}</ref> failing to score a century in a T20I match. However, in the first International played, he hit 98 [[not out]] against New Zealand in Auckland.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ricky Ponting Cricinfo Profile|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/australia/content/player/7133.html|publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=9 February 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118100922/http://www1.cricinfo.com/australia/content/player/7133.html|archive-date=18 November 2008}}</ref>

Ricky Ponting has scored hundreds at each of the six prominent cricketing venues in Australia in both Tests and ODIs and is the only Australian to do so.
[[File:Ponting and Warne2.jpg|right|thumb|Ponting and [[Shane Warne]] during the [[2006–07 Ashes series]]. The series saw Ponting score two centuries.|alt= A ground with two sportsman playing cricket, with a boundary rope in the background]]

==Key==
* * {{en dash}} Remained [[not out]]
* {{dagger}} {{en dash}} [[Man of the match]]
* {{double-dagger}} {{en dash}} [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]] of Australia in that match
* (D/L) {{en dash}} The result of the match was based upon the [[Duckworth–Lewis method]]

==Test cricket centuries==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+Test centuries scored by Ponting<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Test cricket centuries by Ricky Ponting |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/7133.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=11 February 2020 }}</ref>
!{{abbr|No.|Number}}
!Score
!Against
![[Batting order (cricket)|{{abbr|Pos.|Position in the batting order}}]]
![[Innings#Cricket|{{abbr|Inn.|The innings of the match}}]]
!{{abbr|Test|The number of the Test match played in that series}}
!Venue
!{{abbr|H/A/N|Home, Away, or Neutral venue}}
!{{abbr|Date|Date the match was held, or the starting date of match for Test matches}}
!{{abbr|Result|The result of the match from Australia's perspective}}
! class="unsortable" scope="col"|{{abbr|Ref|Reference}}
|-
| 1
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1270}} 127
|| {{cr|ENG}} || 6 || 2 || 4/6 || [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]], [[Leeds]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|1997|July|24}} || Won || <ref name="ct1">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63757.html |title=England vs. Australia, Headingley, Leeds, July 24–28, 1997 |access-date=20 June 2008 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708114220/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63757.html |archive-date=8 July 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 2
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1050}} 105
|| {{cr|SAF}} || 6 || 1 || 1/3 || [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|1997|December|26}} || Drawn || <ref name="ct2">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63778.html |title=Australia vs. South Africa, Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne, December 26–30, 1997 |access-date=27 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912052735/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63778.html |archive-date=12 September 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 3
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1040}} 104
|| {{cr|WIN}} || 6 || 1 || 3/4 || [[Kensington Oval]], [[Bridgetown, Barbados|Bridgetown]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|1999|March|26}} || Lost || <ref name="ct3">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63839.html |title=West Indies vs. Australia, Kensington Oval, Bridgetown, March 26–30, 1999 |access-date=27 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724034524/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63839.html |archive-date=24 July 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 4
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1051}} 105* {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|SRI}} || 6 || 1 || 3/3 || [[Sinhalese Sports Club Ground]], [[Colombo]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|1999|September|30}} || Drawn || <ref name="ct4">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63847.html |title=Sri Lanka vs. Australia, Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo, September 30–4 October 1999 |access-date=27 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720102403/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63847.html |archive-date=20 July 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 5
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1970}} 197 {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|PAK}} || 6 || 2 || 3/3 || [[WACA Ground|WACA]], [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|1999|November|26}} || Won || <ref name="ct5">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63856.html |title=Australia vs. Pakistan, WACA, Perth, November 26–30, 1999 |access-date=27 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717050620/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63856.html |archive-date=17 July 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 6
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1250}} 125
|| {{cr|IND}} || 6 || 1 || 1/3 || [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|1999|December|10}} || Won || <ref name="ct6">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63865.html |title=Australia vs. India, Adelaide Oval, Adelaide, December 10–14, 1999 |access-date=27 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630091903/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63865.html |archive-date=30 June 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 7
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1410}} 141*
|| {{cr|IND}} || 6 || 2 || 3/3 || [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]] || Home ||{{dts|format=dmy|2000|January|2}} || Won || <ref name="ct7">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63867.html |title=Australia vs. India, Sydney Cricket Ground, Sydney, January 2–4, 2000 |access-date=27 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630091914/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63867.html |archive-date=30 June 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 8
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1440}} 144
|| {{cr|ENG}} || 3 || 1 || 4/5 || [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]], [[Leeds]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2001|August|16}} || Lost || <ref name="ct8">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63939.html |title=England vs.Australia, Headingley, Leeds, August 16–20, 1997 |access-date=20 June 2008 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703035429/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63939.html |archive-date=3 July 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 9
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1570}} 157* {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|NZL}} || 3 || 1 || 2/3 || [[Bellerive Oval]], [[Hobart]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2001|November|22}} || Drawn || <ref name="ct9">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63954.html |title=Australia vs. New Zealand, Bellerive Oval, Hobart, November 22–26, 2001 |access-date=27 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611065354/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63954.html |archive-date=11 June 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 10
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1000}} 100*
|| {{cr|SAF}} || 3 || 4 || 2/3 || [[Newlands Cricket Ground]], [[Cape Town]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2002|March|8}} || Won || <ref name="ct10">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63979.html |title=South Africa vs. Australia, Newlands, Cape Town, October 8–12, 2002 |access-date=27 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724033117/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63979.html |archive-date=24 July 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 11
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1411}} 141
|| {{cr|PAK}} || 3 || 1 || 1/3 || [[Paikiasothy Saravanamuttu Stadium|Saravanamuttu Stadium]], [[Colombo]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|2002|October|3}} || Won || <ref name="ct11">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64001.html |title=Pakistan vs. Australia, P Saravanamuttu Stadium, Colombo, October 3–7, 2002 |access-date=27 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709114023/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64001.html |archive-date=9 July 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 12
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1500}} 150
|| {{cr|PAK}} || 3 || 1 || 3/3 || [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|2002|October|19}} || Won || <ref name="ct12">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64003.html |title=Pakistan vs. Australia, Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium, Sharjah, October 19–22, 2002 |access-date=27 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705090733/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/64003.html |archive-date=5 July 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 13
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1230}} 123
|| {{cr|ENG}} || 3 || 1 || 1/5 || [[The Gabba]], [[Brisbane]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2002|November|7}} || Won || <ref name="ct13">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64009.html |title=Australia vs. England, Brisbane Cricket Ground, Brisbane, November 7–10, 2002 |access-date=27 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618072459/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64009.html |archive-date=18 June 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 14
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1540}} 154 {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|ENG}} || 3 || 2 || 2/5 || [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2002|November|21}} || Won || <ref name="ct14">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64010.html |title=Australia vs. England, Adelaide Oval, Adelaide, November 21–24, 2002 |access-date=27 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090702142837/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64010.html |archive-date=2 July 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 15
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1170}} 117
|| {{cr|WIN}} || 3 || 2 || 1/4 || [[Bourda]], [[St. George's, Grenada|Georgetown]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2003|April|10}} || Won || <ref name="ct15">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64024.html |title=West Indies vs. Australia, Bourda, Georgetown, April 10–13, 2003 |access-date=27 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010035443/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64024.html |archive-date=10 October 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 16
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|2060}} 206 {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|WIN}} || 3 || 1 || 2/4 || [[Queen's Park Oval]], [[Port of Spain]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2003|April|19}} || Won || <ref name="ct16">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64025.html |title=West Indies vs. Australia, Queen's Park Oval, Port of Spain, April 19–23, 2003 |access-date=27 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721220540/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64025.html |archive-date=21 July 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 17
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1130}} 113
|| {{cr|WIN}} || 3 || 1 || 3/4 || [[Kensington Oval]], [[Bridgetown, Barbados|Bridgetown]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2003|May|1}} || Won || <ref name="ct17">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64026.html |title=West Indies vs. Australia, Kensington Oval, Barbados, May 1–5, 2005 |access-date=27 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714154009/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64026.html |archive-date=14 July 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 18
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1690}} 169 {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|ZIM}} || 3 || 2 || 2/2 || [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2003|October|17}} || Won || <ref name="ct18">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64049.html |title=Australia vs. Zimbabwe, Sydney Cricket Ground, Sydney, October 17–20, 2003 |access-date=27 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615204740/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64049.html |archive-date=15 June 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 19
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|2420}} 242
|| {{cr|IND}} || 3 || 1 || 2/4 || [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2003|December|12}} || Lost || <ref name="ct19">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64060.html |title=Australia vs. India, Adelaide Oval, Adelaide, December 12–16, 2003 |access-date=27 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091120055943/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64060.html |archive-date=20 November 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 20
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|2570}} 257 {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|IND}} || 3 || 2 || 3/4 || [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2003|December|26}} || Won || <ref name="ct20">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64061.html |title=Australia vs. India, Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne, December 26–30, 2003 |access-date=27 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714055925/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64061.html |archive-date=14 July 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 21
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|2070}} 207 {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|PAK}} || 3 || 2 || 3/3 || [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2005|January|2}} || Won || <ref name="ct21">{{cite web |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64115.html |title=Australia vs. Pakistan, Sydney Cricket Ground, Sydney, January 2–5 November 2005 |access-date=27 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615195244/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64115.html |archive-date=15 June 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 22
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1052}} 105 {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|NZL}} || 3 || 2 || 3/3 || [[Eden Park]], [[Auckland]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2005|March|26}} || Won || <ref name="ct22">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64130.html |title=New Zealand vs. Australia, Eden Park, Auckland, March 26–29, 2005 |access-date=27 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714055940/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64130.html |archive-date=14 July 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 23
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1560}} 156 {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|ENG}} || 3 || 4 || 3/5 || [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]], [[Manchester]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2005|August|11}} || Drawn || <ref name="ct23">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/215686.html |title=England vs. Australia, Old Trafford, Manchester, August 11–15, 2005 |access-date=27 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090701050050/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/215686.html |archive-date=1 July 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 24
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1490}} 149 {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|WIN}} || 3 || 1 || 1/3 || [[The Gabba]], [[Brisbane]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2005|November|3}} || Won || <ref name="ct24">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/223889.html |title=Australia vs. West Indies, Brisbane Cricket Ground, Brisbane, November 3–6, 2005 |access-date=27 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714061551/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/223889.html |archive-date=14 July 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 25
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1041}} 104* {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|WIN}} || 3 || 3 || 1/3 || [[The Gabba]], [[Brisbane]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2005|November|3}} || Won || <ref name="ct24"/>
|-
| 26
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1171}} 117 {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|SAF}} || 3 || 1 || 2/3 || [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2005|December|26}} || Won || <ref name="ct25">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/226372.html |title=Australia vs. South Africa, Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne, December 26–30, 2005 |access-date=27 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720102234/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/226372.html |archive-date=20 July 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 27
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1200}} 120 {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|SAF}} || 3 || 2 || 3/3 || [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2006|January|2}} || Won || <ref name="ct27">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/226373.html |title=Australia vs. South Africa, Sydney Cricket Ground, Sydney, January 2–6, 2006 |access-date=27 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720110253/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/226373.html |archive-date=20 July 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 28
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1430}} 143* {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|SAF}} || 3 || 4 || 3/3 || [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2006|January|2}} || Won || <ref name="ct27"/>
|-
| 29
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1030}} 103 {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|SAF}} || 3 || 1 || 2/3 || [[Sahara Stadium Kingsmead|Kingsmead]], [[Durban]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2006|March|24}} || Won || <ref name="ct29">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/238202.html |title=South Africa vs. Australia, Kingsmead, Durban, March 24–28, 2006 |access-date=27 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106132945/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/238202.html |archive-date=6 November 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 30
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1160}} 116 {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|SAF}} || 3 || 3 || 2/3 || [[Sahara Stadium Kingsmead|Kingsmead]], [[Durban]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2006|March|24}} || Won || <ref name="ct29"/>
|-
| 31
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1180}} 118* {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|BAN}} || 3 || 4 || 1/2 || [[Fatullah Osmani Stadium]], [[Fatullah]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2006|April|9}} || Won || <ref name="ct31">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/238171.html |title=Bangladesh vs. Australia, Narayanganj Osmani Stadium, Fatullah, April 9–13, 2006 |access-date=27 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618165406/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/238171.html |archive-date=18 June 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 32
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1960}} 196 {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|ENG}} || 3 || 1 || 1/5 || [[The Gabba]], [[Brisbane]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2006|November|23}} || Won || <ref name="ct32">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/249222.html |title=Australia vs. England, Brisbane Cricket Ground, Brisbane, November 23–27, 2006 |access-date=27 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717050520/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/249222.html |archive-date=17 July 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 33
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1420}} 142 {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|ENG}} || 3 || 2 || 2/5 || [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2006|December|1}} || Won || <ref name="ct33">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/249223.html |title=Australia vs. England, Adelaide Oval, Adelaide, December1– 5, 2006 |access-date=27 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703023725/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/249223.html |archive-date=3 July 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 34
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1400}} 140 {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|IND}} || 3 || 2 || 4/4 || [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|January|24}} || Drawn || <ref name="ct34">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/291354.html |title=Australia vs. India, Adelaide Oval, Adelaide, January 24–28, 2008 |access-date=27 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720103012/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ausvind/engine/match/291354.html |archive-date=20 July 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 35
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1580}} 158 {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|WIN}} || 3 || 1 || 1/3 || [[Sabina Park]], [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|May|22}} || Won || <ref name="ct35">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/319139.html |title=West Indies vs. Australia, Sabina Park, Kingstown, May 22–26, 2008 |access-date=27 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714102535/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/319139.html |archive-date=14 July 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 36
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1231}} 123 {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|IND}} || 3 || 1 || 1/4 || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|October|9}} || Drawn || <ref name="ct36">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/345669.html |title=India vs. Australia, M Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, October 9–13, 2008 |access-date=27 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714041500/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/345669.html |archive-date=14 July 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 37
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1010}} 101 {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|SAF}} || 3 || 1 || 2/3 || [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|December|26}} || Lost || <ref name="ct37">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/351682.html |title=Australia vs. South Africa, Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne, December 26–30, 2008|access-date=27 June 2009|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116185832/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/351682.html |archive-date=16 November 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| 38
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1501}} 150 {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|ENG}} || 3 || 2 || 1/5 || [[Sophia Gardens (cricket ground)|Sophia Gardens]], [[Cardiff]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2009|July|8}} || Drawn || <ref name="ct38">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/345970.html |title=England vs. Australia, Sophia Gardens, Cardiff, July 8–12, 2009 |access-date=27 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090711144347/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/345970.html |archive-date=11 July 2009 }}</ref>
|-
|| 39
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|2090}} 209 {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|PAK}} || 3 || 1 || 3/3 || [[Bellerive Oval]], [[Hobart]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2010|January|14}} || Won || <ref name="ct39">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/406201.html |title=Australia vs. Pakistan, Bellerive Oval, Hobart, January 14–18, 2010 |access-date=15 January 2010 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115113651/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ausvpak09/engine/current/match/406201.html |archive-date=15 January 2010 }}</ref>
|-
| 40
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1340}} 134
|| {{cr|IND}} || 4 || 2 || 2/4 || [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2012|January|4}} || Won || <ref name="ct40">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/518951.html|title=Australia vs. India, Sydney Cricket Ground, Sydney, January 4–8, 2012|access-date=26 January 2012|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203214730/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/518951.html|archive-date=3 February 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| 41
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|2210}} 221
|| {{cr|IND}} || 4 || 1 || 4/4 || [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2012|January|24}} || Won || <ref name="ct41">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/518953.html|title=Australia vs. India, Adelaide Oval, Adelaide, January 24–28, 2012 |access-date=11 February 2020|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130104122/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/518953.html|archive-date=30 November 2017}}</ref>
|}

==One Day International centuries==
[[File:Ricky Ponting.jpg|right|thumb|Ponting during his 124 against Sri Lanka on 12 February 2006 at the Sydney Cricket Ground|alt=A man in a cricket uniform swinging the bat at a sports ground. A crowd watches in the background.]]

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ODI centuries scored by Ponting<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/7133.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|title=List of One-Day International cricket centuries by Ricky Ponting|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=11 February 2020}}</ref>
!{{abbr|No.|Number}}
!Score
!Against
![[Batting order (cricket)|{{abbr|Pos.|Position in the batting order}}]]
![[Innings#Cricket|{{abbr|Inn.|The innings of the match}}]]
![[Strike rate|{{abbr|S/R|Strike rate during the innings}}]]
!Venue
!{{abbr|H/A/N|Home, Away, or Neutral venue}}
!{{abbr|Date|Date the match was held}}
!{{abbr|Result|The result of the match from Australia's perspective}}
! class="unsortable" scope="col"|{{abbr|Ref|Reference}}
|-
| 1
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1230}} 123
|| {{cr|SRI}} || 4 || 1 || 89.13 || [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|1996|January|09}} || Lost || <ref name="c1">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65535.html |title=Australia vs. Sri Lanka, Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne, 9 January 1996 |access-date=10 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907053216/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65535.html |archive-date=7 September 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 2
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1020}} 102
|| {{cr|WIN}} || 3 || 1 || 91.07 || [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|1996|March|04}} || Lost || <ref name="c2">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65181.html |title=Australia vs. West Indies, Sawai Mansingh Stadium, Jaipur, 04 March 1996 |access-date=10 June 2008 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406204303/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65181.html |archive-date=6 April 2010 }}</ref>
|-
| 3
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1000}} 100
|| {{cr|NZL}} || 3 || 1 || 87.71 || [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|1998|January|21}} || Lost || <ref name="c3">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65566.html |title=Australia vs. New Zealand, Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne, 21 January 1998 |access-date=10 June 2008 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100112220353/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65566.html |archive-date=12 January 2010 }}</ref>
|-
| 4
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1450}} 145 {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|ZIM}} || 3 || 1 || 91.77 || [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[New Delhi]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|1998|April|11}} || Won || <ref name="c4">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66142.html |title=Australia vs. Zimbabwe, Feroz Shah Kotla, Delhi, 11 April 1998 |access-date=10 June 2008 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924014753/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66142.html |archive-date=24 September 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 5
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1240}} 124* {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|PAK}} || 3 || 2 || 96.12 || [[Gaddafi Stadium]], [[Lahore]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|1998|November|18}} || Won || <ref name="c5">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64594.html |title=Pakistan vs. Australia, Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore, 18 November 1996 |access-date=10 June 2008 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118110247/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64594.html |archive-date=18 November 2008 }}</ref>
|-
| 6
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1150}} 115 {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|IND}} || 3 || 1 || 95.04 || [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2000|January|12}} || Won || <ref name="c6">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65589.html |title=Australia vs. India, Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne, 12 January 2000 |access-date=10 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925170627/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65589.html |archive-date=25 September 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 7
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1010}} 101
|| {{cr|IND}} || 3 || 1 || 92.66 || [[Indira Priyadarshini Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2001|April|3}} || Won || <ref name="c7">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64710.html |title=India vs. Australia, Indira Priyadarshini Stadium, Visakhapatnam, 3 April 2001 |access-date=10 June 2008 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925170555/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64710.html |archive-date=25 September 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 8
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1020}} 102 {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|ENG}} || 3 || 2 || 87.93 || [[County Cricket Ground, Bristol|County Ground]], [[Bristol]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2001|June|10}} || Won || <ref name="c8">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66276.html |title=England vs. Australia, The Royal & Sun Alliance County Ground, Bristol, 15 April 1996 |access-date=10 June 2008 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703033905/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66276.html |archive-date=3 July 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 9
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1290}} 129 {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|SAF}} || 3 || 1 || 102.38 || [[Mangaung Oval]], [[Bloemfontein]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2002|March|30}} || Won || <ref name="c9">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64761.html |title=South Africa vs. Australia, Goodyear Park, Bloemfontein, 30 March 2002 |access-date=10 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117082800/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64761.html |archive-date=17 January 2010 }}</ref>
|-
| 10
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1190}} 119 {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|ENG}} || 3 || 1 || 96.74 || [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2002|December|15}} || Won || <ref name="c10">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65630.html |title=Australia vs. England, Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne, 15 December 2002 |access-date=10 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822160245/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65630.html |archive-date=22 August 2009 }}</ref>
|-
|| 11
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1060}} 106* {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|SRI}} || 3 || 2 || 109.27 || [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2003|January|21}} || Won || <ref name="c11">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65640.html |title=Australia vs. Sri Lanka, Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne, 21 January 2003 |access-date=20 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124113305/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65640.html |archive-date=24 November 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 12
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1140}} 114 {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|SRI}} || 3 || 1 || 104.58 || [[SuperSport Park]], [[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|2003|March|07}} || Won || <ref name="c12">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65275.html |title=Australia vs. Sri Lanka, SuperSport Park, Centurion, 07 March 2003 |access-date=20 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021113510/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65275.html |archive-date=21 October 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 13
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1400}} 140* {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|IND}} || 3 || 1 || 115.70 || [[Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|2003|March|23}} || Won || <ref name="c13">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65286.html |title=Australia vs. India, Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg, 23 March 2003 |access-date=20 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608071852/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65286.html |archive-date=8 June 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 14
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1011}} 101 {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|BAN}} || 3 || 1 || 85.59 || [[Marrara Oval]], [[Darwin (city)|Darwin]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2003|August|06}} || Won || <ref name="c14">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64832.html |title=Australia vs. Bangladesh, Marrara Cricket Ground, Darwin, 06 August 2003 |access-date=20 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710023333/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64832.html |archive-date=10 July 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 15
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1080}} 108* {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|IND}} || 3 || 1 || 104.85 || [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2003|November|12}} || Won || <ref name="c15">{{cite web |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66371.html |title=India vs. Australia, M Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, 12 November 2003 |access-date=20 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827232503/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66371.html |archive-date=27 August 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 16
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1150}} 115 {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}}
|| {{noflag|Asian XI}} || 3 || 1 || 112.74 || [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|2005|January|10}} || Won || <ref name="c16">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66387.html |title=Asia XI v ICC World XI, Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne, 10 January 2005 |access-date=20 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609074110/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66387.html |archive-date=9 June 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 17
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1410}} 141* {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|NZL}} || 3 || 1 || 111.02 || [[McLean Park]], [[Napier, New Zealand|Napier]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2005|March|5}} || Won || <ref name="c17">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64937.html |title=New Zealand vs. Australia, McLean Park, Napier, 5 March 2005 |access-date=20 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091220233202/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64937.html |archive-date=20 December 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 18
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1110}} 111 {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|ENG}} || 3 || 2 || 96.52 || [[Lord's]], London || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2005|July|10}} || Won || <ref name="c18">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/213080.html |title=England vs. Australia, Lord's, London, 10 July 2005 |access-date=20 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731094514/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/213080.html |archive-date=31 July 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 19
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1240}} 124 {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|SRI}} || 3 || 1 || 97.63 || [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2006|February|12}} || Won || <ref name="c19">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/236595.html |title=Australia vs. Sri Lanka, Sydney Cricket Ground, Sydn12, 28 February 2006 |access-date=20 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090807110632/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/236595.html |archive-date=7 August 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 20
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1640}} 164 {{dagger}}{{efn|Ponting shared the man of the match award with [[Herschelle Gibbs]].<ref name="c20"/>}} {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|SAF}} || 3 || 1 || 156.19 || [[Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2006|March|12}} || Lost || <ref name="c20">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/238200.html |title=South Africa vs. Australia, Wanderas, Johannesburg, 12 March 2006 |access-date=20 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608092530/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/238200.html |archive-date=8 June 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 21
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1110}} 111 {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|NZ}} || 3 || 1 || 90.98 || [[WACA Ground|WACA]], [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2007|January|28}} || Won || <ref name="c21">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/249230.html |title=Australia vs. New Zealand, WACA, Perth, 28 January 2007 |access-date=20 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804144704/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/249230.html |archive-date=4 August 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 22
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1040}} 104 {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|NZ}} || 3 || 2 || 92.03 || [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2007|February|04}}|| Won || <ref name="c22">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/249231.html |title=Australia vs. New Zealand, Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne, 04 February 2007 |access-date=20 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008010521/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/249231.html |archive-date=8 October 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 23
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1130}} 113 {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|SCO}} || 3 || 1 || 121.50 || [[Warner Park Sporting Complex|Warner Park]], [[Basseterre]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|2007|March|14}} || Won || <ref name="c23">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/247458.html |title=Australia vs. Scotland, Warner Park, Basseterre, 14 March 2007 |access-date=20 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831065530/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/247458.html |archive-date=31 August 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 24
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1070}} 107* {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|NZL}} || 3 || 2 || 99.07 || [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]] || Home ||{{dts|format=dmy|2007|December|14}} || Won || <ref name="c24">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/291345.html |title=Australia vs. New Zealand, Adelaide Oval, Adelaide, 14 December 2007 |access-date=20 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122072814/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/291345.html |archive-date=22 January 2010 }}</ref>
|-
| 25
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1340}} 134* {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|NZL}} || 3 || 1 || 100.75 || [[Bellerive Oval]], [[Hobart]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2007|December|20}} || Won || <ref name="c25">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/291347.html |title=Australia vs. New Zealand, Bellerive Oval, Hobart, 20 December 2007 |access-date=20 June 2009 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091031100348/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/291347.html |archive-date=31 October 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 26
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1240}} 124 {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|IND}} || 3 || 1 || 93.23 || [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|February|24}} || Won || <ref name="c26">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/291368.html|title=Australia vs. India, Sydney Cricket Ground, 24 February 2008|access-date=20 June 2009|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003020716/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/291368.html|archive-date=3 October 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 27
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1260}} 126 {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|ENG}} || 3 || 2 || 115.59 || [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2009|September|15}} || Won || <ref name="c27">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/350047.html|title=England vs. Australia, Trent Bridge, 15 September 2009|access-date=16 September 2009|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917083921/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/350047.html|archive-date=17 September 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 28
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1110}} 111* {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|ENG}} || 3 || 2 || 96.52 || [[SuperSport Park]], [[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|2009|October|02}} || Won || <ref name="c28">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/415285.html|title=Australia vs. England, SuperSport Park, 02 October 2009|access-date=3 October 2009|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004023914/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/415285.html|archive-date=4 October 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 29
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1060}} 106* {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|WIN}} || 3 || 1 || 94.64 || [[The Gabba]], [[Brisbane]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2010|February|14}} || Won || <ref name="c29">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/406195.html|title=Australia vs. West Indies 2009/10|access-date=14 February 2010|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222074625/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/406195.html|archive-date=22 February 2010 }}</ref>
|-
| 30
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1040}} 104 {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|IND}} || 3 || 1 || 88.13 || [[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|Sardar Patel Stadium]], [[Motera]], [[Ahmedabad]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2011|March|24}} || Lost || <ref name="c30">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/433601.html|access-date=24 March 2011|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|title=ICC Cricket World Cup – 2nd quarter final – India vs. Australia}}</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=7133|check-wikidata=no}}

{{International cricket centuries}}

{{featured list}}

[[Category:Australia cricket-related lists|Ponting]]
[[Category:Lists of international cricket centuries by player|Ponting, Ricky]]

Kādambarī

2025-12-30T13:54:00Z

Rajnishkumar123: starting first info v1 - done

{{short description|7th century Sanskrit literature. novel by Banabhatta}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=January 2024}}
{{italic title}}
{{about|the Sanskrit novel||Kadambari (disambiguation)}}
'''''Kādambarī''''' is a romantic novel in [[Sanskrit]]. It was substantially composed by [[Bāṇabhaṭṭa]] in the first half of the 7th century CE, who did not survive to see it through completion. The novel was completed by [[Banabhatta]]'s son Bhushanabhatta, according to the plan laid out by his late father. It is conventionally divided into Purvabhaga (earlier part) written by [[Banabhatta]], and Uttarabhaga (latter part) by Bhushanabhatta.
(An alternate tradition gives the son's name as Pulindabhatta.)
<ref name ="layne">
{{Cite book | last = Layne | first = Gwendolyn |
title = ''Kadambari: A Classic Sanskrit story of Magical Transformations (Translation into English)'' | publisher = Garland Publishing | location = New York and London| year = 1991}}</ref>

The standard editions of the original Sanskrit text are by Peterson<ref name ="peterson">
{{Cite book | last = Peterson | first = Peter G. |
title = Kadambari | publisher = Government Central Book Depot | location = Bombay | year = 1884}}</ref> and
Kane.<ref name ="kane">
{{Cite book | last = Kane | first = P. V.|
title = The Kadambari of Banabhatta: Purvabhaga | publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publishers| location = Bombay | year = 1921}}</ref> There are translations into English by Kale,<ref name="kale"/>
Layne<ref name = "layne"/> and
Ridding;<ref name ="ridding">
{{Cite book | last = Ridding | first = C.M. |
title = The Kadambari of Bana (Translation into English) | publisher = Royal Asiatic Society | location = London| year = 1896}}</ref> and an abridgement into [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] by [[Bhalan]] (edited by [[Keshavlal Dhruv]]).

This novel has an extremely intricate plot which is difficult to summarize concisely. Its central thread is that of a romantic attachment (and eventual union) between the hero Chandrapeeda and the heroine Kadambari. However, there are several competing subplots; indeed, the heroine does not make her appearance until past the midpoint. Many of the characters appear in multiple incarnations, some as humans and some as demigods or animals. The narration proceeds in a succession of nested frames; a large part of it is a retelling by a parrot of a story which was told to it by a sage. The latter story also contains several instances of one character relating a sub-story to another character.

The plot has probably been adapted from the story of King Sumanas from [[Gunadhya]]'s ''[[Brihatkatha]]'' (a conjectural collection of stories in the extinct [[Paishachi]] language). This story also appears in
[[Somadeva]]'s ''[[Kathasaritsagara]]'' (which is believed to be a Sanskrit precis of Gunadhya's work).
<ref name ="kale">
{{Cite book | last = Kale | first = M.R. |
title = '''Bana's Kadambari: Purvabhaga Complete (Translation into English) ''' | publisher = Motilal Banarasidass Publishers | location = Delhi | year = 1968}}
</ref>

Apart from the ''Kadambari'', Banabhatta is also the author of ''[[Harshacharita]]'', a biography of his patron king [[Harshavardhana]].
It is this circumstance which allows one to date the author with a reasonable degree of certainty.

== Plot synopsis ==

(The paragraphs have been numbered for ease of reference. The original text is continuous, and has no chapter divisions. The Purvabhaga (first part) ends abruptly inside Paragraph 16, at a point when Kadambari is speaking about her love-sickness to [[Patralekha]], as narrated by the latter to Chandrapeeda.)

# There is a valiant king named [[Shudraka]], who rules over a vast and prosperous kingdom with the capital city of Vidisha. One day, a [[Chandala]] (ചണ്ടാല, चाण्डाल) maiden comes to his court and makes a present of a parrot (named Vaishampayana) to the king. After having (eating) some tasty morsels and rested in the royal chambers, the parrot begins to narrate his tale with the preamble, "Your Majesty, this is a very long story; but if you are curious, it will be told."
# The parrot says that he used to live in the Vindhya forest with his aging father. One day, the forest is overrun by [[Shabara]]s (शबर) (a band of hunters) who kill an enormous number of animals and cause great destruction. Vaishampayana's father is dragged from his hollow and murdered. After the commotion has died out, Vaishampayana wanders off, and eventually finds refuge in a hermitage where he meets the divine sage Jabali. The latter stares at the parrot for a while and remarks that "He is experiencing the fruit of his own misbehaviour." The other hermits become curious at this remark, and Jabali begins to narrate the tale which fills a large part of the 'Kadambari'.
# Jabali says that in the country of Avanti, there was a city called Ujjayini which was ruled by King Tharapeeda. He had wealth, vitality, spiritual knowledge, and a large harem, but no son (अनपत्यता). One night, the king dreams that [[Chandra]] (चन्द्र, the Moon God) had entered the mouth of his queen Vilasavati. He relates this dream to his chief minister Shukanasha, who in turn confides that in ''his'' dream, a figure clad in white placed a Pundarika (पुण्डरीक, lotus) into the lap of his wife Manorama.
# Within a few days, both wives are found to be pregnant, and each of them gives birth to a boy. Tarapeeda's son is named Chandrapeeda, and Shukanasha's son is named Vaishampayana (वैशम्बायन:). The two boys, who become bosom friends, are raised together in a heavily fortified university built especially for them. Chandrapeeda acquires a powerful and swift horse called Indrayudha (इन्द्रायुधः), which becomes his inseparable companion.
# Having completed their education, the two friends reenter the capital city. There are boisterous celebrations at their return, and Chandrapeeda is ogled at by throngs of besotted young women. Queen Vilasavati makes a present of a beautiful prepubescent girl named Patralekha (पत्रलेखा) to her son. Tarapeeda decides to install his son as the heir-apparent. Shukanasha gives him some worldly advice, after which, Chandrapeeda and Vaishampayana, accompanied by a vast army, set forth to conquer the world.
# Chandrapeeda subdues all the princes in the world, and decides to settle for a temporary rest at Suvarnapura in the [[Himalayas]]. One day, while riding his horse, he sees a couple of [[Kinnara]]s (किन्नरः, a race of demigods), and gives a chase. They elude him however, and the prince gets lost. He finds himself at the bank of the beautiful lake Acchoda. Having quenched his thirst, he hears a sweet melody and begins to look for its source. It is found to originate from the [[Veena]] ( वीणा, lute) of a heavenly and lustrous damsel dressed as an ascetic, sitting in a temple of Lord [[Shiva]] (शिव).
# The damsel, named Mahashveta (महाश्वेत), offers hospitality to Chandrapeeda. He insists that she should narrate her story. Mahashveta begins the narration in a gush of tears with the words, " O Prince, what is to be gained by hearing my story of my renunciation of the world? But if you are eager to know, I shall narrate it for you."
# Mahashveta relates that she is the daughter of a [[Gandharva]] (गन्धर्वः, a demigod). One day, she had come to Lake Acchoda for a bath, when she spotted a handsome young ascetic and was instantly smitten. An enticing smell seemed to emanate from his body. The ascetic, too, appeared to be overwhelmed by passion. She approaches a second young sage (named Kapinjala), who tells her that her object of infatuation is named Pundarika. He is the son of [[Lakshmi]] (Goddess of Wealth) who had conceived him while sitting on a lotus, by merely looking at the great sage Shvetaketu (श्वेतकेतु). One day, as Kapinjala and Pundarika were wandering in the Nandana forest, the goddess of the forest presented a fresh mango sprout to Pundarika as an ornament for his ear. It is this sprout which is the source of this smell.
# Pundarika removes the sprout from Pundarika's ear, and places it onto Mahashveta's ear. His rosary falls down, as he is trembling from the pleasure of touching her cheek. Mahashveta wears it around her neck. Kapinjala scolds Pundarika for succumbing to such a mean passion, contrary to his calling as an ascetic. Pundarika feels abashed, and asks for his rosary back in mock-anger. Since Pundarika is visibly befuddled due to his passion, Mahashveta deceives him by giving him her strand of pearls instead of the rosary.
# They part company, and that night Mahashveta is driven senseless by her love-sickness. Her beetle-box bearer Taralika mentions to her that she was approached by Pundarika, who enquired about her mistress. He has given a love-letter for Mahashveta written on the bark of a tree using the juice of a leaf as ink. Mahashveta loses her mind after reading it, when the arrival of Kapinjala is announced. The latter reports that Pundarika is driven to the brink of his existence by his passion for Mahashveta, and henceforth his life is in her hands.
# After Kapinjala has departed, Mahashveta is tormented and falls into a swoon. As the moon rises, she leaves her palace to meet Pundarika. However, she hears Kapinjala's wailing from a distance, who tells her that Pundarika is dead. Mahashveta is heart-broken, and prepares to immolate herself on the funeral pyre. At this moment, a divine being descends from the skies and carries aloft Pundarika's body. He admonishes Mahashveta not to give up her life, and reassures her that "You two will be reunited." Kapinjala is agitated, and flies away himself in pursuit of this being. Mahashveta believes herself to be responsible for Pundarika's death. She has given up all worldly pleasures, and is now an ascetic. This ends Mahashveta's narrative, begun in Paragraph 7.
# Chandrapeeda consoles Mahashveta and advises her not to blame herself. He enquires after her companion Taralika. Mahashveta explains: The [[Gandharva]] king Chitraratha and his queen Madira have a daughter named Kadambari, who has been a childhood companion to me. She is filled with despair due to my plight, and has vowed not to marry as long as I am in grief. Kadambari's parents are vexed by this decision of hers, and have asked me to persuade her. Thus, immediately before your arrival here, I have sent Taralika to deliver my message to Kadambari.
# The very next day, Taralika returns along with a young [[Gandharva]] named Keyuraka. The latter says that Kadambari was very upset by the message and is firmly decided against marrying while Mahashveta's bereavement continues. Mahashveta decides to visit Kadambari herself, accompanied by Chandrapeeda. They visit Mount Hemaketu (the Gandharvas' dwelling). Immediately after Chandrapeeda and Kadambari have seen each other, the two are utterly in love.
# Mahashveta importunes Kadambari that she should let Chandrapeeda return to his place, since his companions must be anxious about him. Chandrapeeda returns, and is reunited with Vaishampayana, Patralekha and his army. The next day, he is trailed by Keyuraka who brings the message that Kadambari is suffering from pangs of separation.
# Chandrapeeda, immediately mounts his horse Indrayudha, and accompanied by Patralekha, speeds away towards Kadambari. Kadambari is growing pale from desire. Chandrapeeda coyly offers to cure her by suggesting that his body is at her service, but Kadambari demurs. As Chandrapeeda is about to leave, Kadambari requests that Patralekha be left behind as her companion. This is agreed to, and Chandrapeeda returns to his camp.
# He receives a letter from his father Tarapeeda complaining of his prolonged absence and requesting his immediate return to the kingdom. Chandrapeeda sends a messenger to Kadambari, leaves Vaishampayana in charge of the slowly returning army and marches rapidly onwards towards the capital. In a few days he reaches Ujjayini. Along the way he comes across a Chandika temple and witnesses the antics of a very eccentric shrivelled [[Dravidian peoples|Dravida]] ascetic. (This part seems to have been composed merely for amusement, and has no connection with the later narrative.) Chandrapeeda's parents and the citizens are delighted to see him. In a few days, Patralekha brings news that Kadambari is suffering exceedingly from love-sickness.
# Keyuraka arrives shortly thereafter, confirming this description of Kadambari. Chandrapeeda's own state of mind is quite the same. He decides to solicit the help of his friend Vaishampayana. He goes forth and meets his returning army, but hears the following strange account from his generals: while the army was camped at Lake Acchoda, Vaishampayana went into [[A State of Trance|a state of trance]] and seemed to be searching for something. He now refuses to be separated from the lake.
# Chandrapeeda becomes anxious for his friend and sets out in search of him, having taken leave of his parents. However, he finds no trace of Vaishampayana at Lake Acchoda. He meets Mahashveta however, who narrates the following story. She saw a young [[Brahmin]] wandering about, who made passionate advances of love towards her. She was inflamed by anger, and cursed him that he would turn into a parrot. That very moment he fell lifeless on the ground. It was only later that she learnt that the youth was Chandrapeeda's friend Vaishampayana.
# Chandrapeeda is rendered unconscious by this news. At this moment, Kadambari (who has told her parents that she is leaving to see Mahashveta), arrives at the scene, accompanied by Patralekha. They both fall into a swoon after seeing Chandrapeeda lying on the ground. When Kadambari recovers, still thinking that Chandrapeeda is dead, she prepares to immolate herself on his funeral pyre.
# At this moment, a disembodied voice calls out from the sky: 'My child Mahashveta, the body of Pundarika is in my world. He remains imperishable until he unites with you. On the other hand, although Chandrapeeda's soul has fled because of a curse; his body is made of light, and thus forever imperishable. Kadambari must see to it that his body is carefully guarded.' Everyone is astonished. Patralekha exclaims that it is not proper for Indrayudha to remain on earth while his master is no more. She mounts him, and throws herself along with the horse into the Acchoda lake.
# The very next moment, Kapinjala emerges from the lake. Mahashveta is delighted to see her lover Pundarika's friend, and is curious to know his tale. Kapinjala narrates as follows: I chased the heavenly being who had carried aloft Pundarika's body (Paragraph 11) to the moon world. This being declared himself to be the Moon God.
# The latter said to Kapinjala: ' I was once cursed by your friend (Pundarika) for no sound reason, that I would suffer from unrequited love more than once. I cursed him back saying that he would share my agonies. However, once I discovered that he is the lover of Mahashveta (who has a kinship with my race), I brought his body here to preserve it. You (Kapinjala) should go and consult the sage Shvetaketu (Paragraph 8) about seeking his son's deliverance.'
# Kapinjala continues: 'As I hurled myself towards Shvetaketu, I inadvertently ran over an irascible sage who cursed me that I would become a horse. I implored his pardon. The sage relented and said that the curse would only last until my rider was alive. I further requested him that even as a horse, I should not be separated from my friend Pundarika. Thereupon, the sage told me that the Moon God would be born upon the earth as Tarapeeda's son, who would be my rider. Pundarika would be reborn as the chief minister's son and a companion to my rider. After hearing this, I fell into the ocean below, and reemerged as a horse.
# Since I had retained memories of my past life even after having turned into a horse, I purposefully brought Chandrapeeda here in pursuit of the [[Kinnara]] couple. Vaishampayana, the youth cursed by you (Mahashveta), was in fact Pundarika himself in his earlier birth.' This closes the narration of Kapinjala begun in Paragraph 21. Mahashveta is heartbroken at the fact that she has lost her lover for a second time.
# Kadambari enquires after Patralekha who had entered the lake with the horse. However, Kapinjala knows nothing about this, and he leaps into the sky to meet Shvetaketu. Kadambari whiles away her time watching over Chandrapeeda's lifeless body, which shows no signs of decay.
# A messenger sent by Kadambari informs Chandrapeeda's parents of their son's plight. Tarapeeda, Vilasavati, Shukanasa and Manorama arrive at the scene, and are very sorrowful. Tarapeeda gives up all worldly pleasures, and begins to spend his days in the forest near his son's body. Jabali reveals that Vaishampayana (who was cursed by Mahashveta) is the very parrot who is present in the hermitage with them. This ends the narrative of Jabali, begun in Paragraph 2.
# The parrot Vaishampayana continues his narration. He says: 'After Jabali had finished, all of my past life came back to me. I requested him to tell me something of my friend Chandrapeeda's present birth, but he was dismissive. Jabali told me that although as Pundarika I was an ascetic; I came under the pall of sensual desire, because I was born only of a woman's seed (Paragraph 8) and hence lacked the requisite element of manliness.
# After the assembly in Jabali's hermitage has broken up for the night, I (the parrot) became sorrowful at my own degradation from the state of an ascetic [[Brahmin]] to that of an animal. At the very moment, the sage Kapinjala arrived at the hermitage. He embraced me and wept with joy. Kapinjala told me (the parrot): 'I have met your father Shvetaketu, who directed me here. Your woes are about to end.' Afterwards, Kapinjala left the hermitage.
# Eventually, my wings grew stronger, and I could fly. I set off in the northern direction to meet Mahashveta. On my way I fell asleep due to fatigue, and when I woke up, found myself caught in a snare laid by a [[Chandala]] (forest-dweller). I was taken to a Chandala girl who said to me, "Ah my son! You cannot leave me now." Then she brought me here in a golden cage, and made a present of myself to you (King Shudraka). I do not know who this girl is, and why she calls me her son.' This ends the narration of the parrot (begun in Paragraph 1).
# King Shudraka becomes curious and summons the Chandala girl. The girl tells the king that she is [[Lakshmi]], Pundarika's mother (Paragraph 8). Moreover, the king is no other than Chandrapeeda (the Moon God). The mutual curses between the Moon and Pundarika are now at an end. At these words, the king remembers everything in his former life, and slumps in a state of love-sickness for Kadambari.
# At Mahashveta's hermitage, the season of spring arrives gloriously. Chandrapeeda is brought back to life by the touch of Kadambari's hand. He says that since the curse is over, he has abandoned the earthly body of Shudraka. Pundarika appears from heaven in the form in which Mahashveta had fallen in love with him. Both the couples are united. The parents of all the lovers gather around them, and everyone is overcome with joy.
# One day, Kadambari asks Chandrapeeda about Patralekha's whereabouts. Chandrapeeda tells her that Patralekha is in fact Rohini (a demigoddess and a spouse of the Moon) who had come to the mortal world to take care of Chandrapeeda during his curse. Kadambari and Chandrapeeda enjoy their first sexual union. Chandrapeeda returns to Ujjayini, and installs Pundarika as the King. He divides his days between Ujjayini and Mount Hemaketu. The two couples live in eternal happiness.

== Editions and translations ==
* (1896) C. M. Ridding, ''[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/41128 The Kādambarī of Bāṇa.] Translated, with Occasional Omissions, And Accompanied by a Full Abstract of the Continuation of the Romance by the Author’s Son Bhūshaṇabhaṭṭa''.

* (1913) {{Internet Archive | id = Kadamabari_Uttarabhaga-PV_Kane_1913 | name = Kādambarī (Uttarabhāga) edited by P. V. Kane}}

* (1916: [https://archive.org/details/TheKadambariOfBanabhatta1916NirnayaSagarPressKasinathBandurangParab 5th edition]) {{Internet Archive|id=kadambaripurvaba014925mbp|name = Kadambari - Purva Bagha}}

* (1928: 3rd edition) M. R. Kale, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.554035 Sanskrit text and translation].

* (1991) [http://members.aceweb.com/gwenlayne/ Gwendolyn Layne] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711080705/http://members.aceweb.com/gwenlayne/ |date=2015-07-11 }}, [http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil_elib/BaK991__Bana_Kadambari_EN_Layne.pdf Kādambarī : a classic Sanskrit story of magical transformations], Garland Publishing, New York.

* (2009) David Smith, ''Princess Kadambari'', [[Clay Sanskrit Library]], {{ISBN|0-8147-4080-4}}

* (2010) Padmini Rajappa, ''Kadambari: Bana. Translated with an introduction'', Penguin Books. {{ISBN|978-0-143-06466-4}}.

== Adaptations ==
It has been adapted into an [[Indian silent film]], ''Mahashweta Kadambari'' (1922), by [[S. N. Patankar|Shree Nath Patankar]] and an Indian [[Hindi]]-language film, ''Kadambari'' (1944), by Nandlal Jaswantlal.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|publisher=British Film Institute|year=1999|isbn=9780851706696 |access-date=12 August 2012|url-access=registration}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal |last=Sohoni |first=S. V. |date=1985 |title=A HISTORICAL APPROACH TO BĀṆA'S KĀDAMBARĪ |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=66 |issue=1/4 |pages=203–217 |jstor=41693606}}
* Shulman, D. (2014). 'Persons Compounded and Confounded: A Reading of Bāṇa’s Kādambarī". In: Y. Bronner, D. Shulman and G. Tubb (eds). ''Toward a History of Kāvya Literature''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 277–307.
* Dutta, Mercy (2023). "In Pursuit of Love: A Historical Analysis of ‘Feeling’ in Bāṇabhaṭṭa’s Kādambarῑ". In ''Puṣpikā: Proceedings of the 12th International Indology Graduate Research Symposium (Vienna, 2021)''. Herausgegeben von Vitus Angermeier, Christian Ferstl, Dominik A. Haas, und Channa Li, 123-52. Puṣpikā – Tracing Ancient India through Texts and Traditions: Contributions to Current Research in Indology 6. Heidelberg: Heidelberg Asian Studies Publishing. {{doi|10.11588/hasp.1133.c15531}}

==External links==
* {{gutenberg|no=41128|name=The Kādambarī of Bāṇa}} (1896 translation by [[C. M. Ridding]])
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.554035 Bana's ''Kadambari'' (3rd ed) (1928).] Tr. M. R. Kale, Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass
* {{Internet Archive|id=kadambaripurvaba014925mbp|name = Kadambari - Purva Bagha}} (edition by Kasinatha Panduranga Parab)
* {{Internet Archive | id = Kadamabari_Uttarabhaga-PV_Kane_1913 | name = Kādambarī (Uttarabhāga) edited by P. V. Kane}} (1913)

[[Category:7th-century novels]]
[[Category:7th-century Sanskrit literature]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian literature]]
[[Category:Indian novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Panchatantra]]

Hashmat Ali Khan

2025-12-30T01:45:37Z

Rajnishkumar123: starting some bio initial version - done

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar (1902–1960)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Islam]]
| birth_date = 1902
| death_date = 3 July 1960
| birth_place = Amethi, Lucknow, India
| predecessor =
| teachers = [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]], [[Amjad Ali Aazmi]], [[Hamid Raza Khan]], Zafar al-din Bihari
| honorific prefix = ''Mazhar-e-Aala Hazrat'', ''Abul Fatah'',''Sher-e-Sunnat''
| alma_mater = [[Manzar-e-Islam]]
| name = Muhammad Hashmat Ali Khan
| creed = [[Maturidi]]
| denomination = [[Sunni]]
| movement = [[Barelvi movement|Barelvi]]
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
| resting_place = Hashmat Nagar, Pilibhit, Uttar Pradesh
| honorific suffix = Qadri Razvi
| influences = [[Abu Hanifa]], [[Moinuddin Chishti]], [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]]
| influenced = [[Barelvi movement]]
| birthname = Muhammad Hashmat Ali
| main_interests = [[Sufism]], Debates with scholars of other Religious movements
| education = [[Manzar-e-Islam]], Bareilly
| Sufi_order = [[Qadiriyya]]
| known_for = Book against the two-nation theory
| pen_name = Hashmat
| death_place = मुंबई (महाराष्ट्र)
}}

'''Muhammad Hashmat Ali Khan Qadri Lucknowi'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Qamar |first=Muhammad Yusuf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tjXAAAAMAAJ&q=allama+hashmat+ali+khan |title=The Person of the Prophet ... in Contemporary Islamic Thought: A Study of the Brelvi Deobandi Controversy |date=2001 |publisher=PPA Publications |isbn=978-969-8587-04-8 |pages=318 |language=en}}</ref> (1902{{En dash}}3 July 1960) popularly known as '''''Sher Beesha-e-Ahle Sunnat''''' or '''''Munazir-e-Ahle Sunnat''''' was an Indian Islamic scholar, cleric, author and writer belonging to the Barelvi movement of Sunni Islam.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ammar |first=Mohammad |date=16 February 2024 |title=रक्षा मंत्री राजनाथ सिंह बोले- मौलाना हशमत अली खां की वतन परस्ती प्रेरणादायी- कहा; तहजीब के शहर लखनऊ से... - Defense Minister Rajnath Singh said Maulana Hashmat Ali Khan patriotism is inspiring From the cultured city Lucknow |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/pilibhit-defense-minister-rajnath-singh-said-maulana-hashmat-ali-khan-patriotism-is-inspiring-from-the-cultured-city-lucknow-23654441.html |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Congress |first=Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awdDAAAAYAAJ&q=hashmat+ali+khan+pilibhit |title=Proceedings |date=1994 |publisher=Indian History Congress |pages=446–449 |language=en}}</ref> He was the spiritual successor of [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]] in the [[Qadiriyya|Qadiriyya-Razaviyya]] order of [[Sufism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=البغدادي |first=أ د أنوار أحمد خان |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V5oCEAAAQBAJ&dq=%D8%AD%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%AA+%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86&pg=PT252 |title=الإمام أحمد رضا خان الحنفي الماتريدي حياته وخدماته |publisher=Dar al-Malik |isbn=978-81-947627-1-3 |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Delhi |first=Publications Division (India), New |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zPDrDwAAQBAJ&dq=Hashmat+Ali+Khan&pg=PA22 |title=AKASHVANI: Vol. XXIV. No. 26. (28 JUNE, 1959) |date=1959-06-28 |publisher=Publications Division (India), New Delhi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ODBuAAAAMAAJ&dq=Hashmat+Ali+Khan&pg=PA85 |title=Punjab District Gazetteers |date=1907 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gottlieb |first=Robert S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f-xk7L_DNcUC&dq=Hashmat+Ali+Khan&pg=PA1 |title=Solo Tabla Drumming of North India: Inam Ali Khan, Keramatullah Khan, and Wajid Hussain |date=1993 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1093-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=हजरत मौलाना हशमत अली शाह का उर्स आज से - |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/pilibhit-10005258.html |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> He was against the ideology of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] and he had written a book against the [[Two-nation theory]] which is still banned in Pakistan.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Early life and education ==
He was born in 1902 in [[Amethi, Lucknow]], India. By the age of 9, he had already qualified as a Hafizul Quran, memorizing the entire Quran.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Suchita |date=2018-11-01 |title=पीलीभीत से उठी थी जिन्ना के खिलाफ आवाज़-मौलाना ज़रताब {{!}} Maulana Hashmat Ali Khan opposed Jinnah from pilibhit |url=https://www.patrika.com/pilibhit-news/maulana-hashmat-ali-khan-opposed-jinnah-from-pilibhit-3654214 |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=[[Rajasthan Patrika]] |language=hi}}</ref> At the age of 12, he mastered ''Qirat-e-Saba'', which refers to the seven canonical recitations of the Quran.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Delhi |first=All India Radio (AIR), New |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zn3-DwAAQBAJ&dq=Hashmat+Ali+Khan&pg=PA406 |title=AKASHVANI: Vol. XLII. No. 8 (20 FEBRUARY, 1977) |date=1977-02-20 |publisher=All India Radio (AIR), New Delhi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Delhi |first=All India Radio (AIR), New |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KxSyEAAAQBAJ&dq=%D8%AD%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%AA+%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86&pg=PA187 |title=AWAZ (URDU JOURNAL OF AIR): Jild No. 42, No. 4 (16th February, 1977) |date=1977-02-16 |publisher=All India Radio (AIR), New Delhi |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hvMwAQAAIAAJ&q=%D8%AD%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%AA+%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86 |title=National Union Catalog: A Cumulative Author List Representing Library of Congress Printed Cards and Titles Reported by Other American Libraries |date=1978 |publisher=Library of Congress. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Āzād |first=Sayyid Maḥmūd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xSJuAAAAMAAJ&q=%D8%AD%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%AA+%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86 |title=Tārīk̲h̲-i Kashmīr: Kashmīriyon̲ ke ʻurūj o zavāl kī t̤avīl aur mustanad dāstān, 5 hazār qabl-i Masīḥ se 1947ʻ tak |date=1990 |publisher=Siyādat Pablīkeshanz |language=ur}}</ref>

At the young age of 14, he was sent to [[Manzar-e-Islam|Dar al-Uloom Manzar-e-Islam]] in Bareilly to study under the tutelage of the scholars of his time. There, he became a disciple of [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]], an Islamic scholar and the founder of Barelvi movement under [[Sunni Islam]]. Barelvi paid special attention to the Hashmat Ali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=MP |first=SHARMA |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvLfEAAAQBAJ&dq=Hashmat+Ali+Khan&pg=PT7 |title=HOW TO PLAY TABLA |date=2023-10-30 |publisher=Abhishek Publications |isbn=978-93-94885-07-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Karachi |first=Library of Congress Library of Congress Office |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wTiPJgLudNYC&q=%D8%AD%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%AA+%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86 |title=Accessions List, Pakistan |date=1976 |publisher=American Libraries Book Procurement Centers. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Muradabadi |first=(Mufti) Ghulam Subhani Nazish Madani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YzqiEAAAQBAJ&dq=%D8%AD%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%AA+%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86&pg=PA117 |title=Abdus Salam Naami Ulama Wa Mashaikh |date=2022-12-16 |publisher=Abde Mustafa Official |language=ur}}</ref>

He also studied under [[Amjad Ali Aazmi]], and [[Hamid Raza Khan]], the elder son of Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi. His educational journey was marked by his excellence in learning and debating, which earned him the title of "''Abul Fatah''" from Ahmed Raza Khan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anonymous |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YAP1DwAAQBAJ&dq=%D8%AD%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%AA+%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86&pg=PT505 |title=Kitāb shināsi-yi āthār-i Fārsi-yi chāp shuda dar shibh-i qāra (Hind, Pākistān, Banglādish), 1160-1387/1195-1428/1781-2007. Volume 4 |date=2019-05-15 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-40608-7 |language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rizwi |first=Muhammad Hasan Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_U9BQAAQBAJ&dq=%D8%AD%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%AA+%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86&pg=PT3 |title=Lightening: At Temptation of Satan |publisher=Urdu-Books |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shahabi |first=Intzam Allah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LQRqBQAAQBAJ&dq=%D8%AD%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%AA+%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86&pg=PA11 |title=East India Company: Rebel Scholar |publisher=Urdu-Books |language=ur}}</ref>

His early life set the foundation for his later achievements as a lecturer, Mufti, and Principal in various religious institutions, and as a Khateeb at the [[Zeenat-ul-Masajid|Zeenat-ul-Masjid]] in Gojra Waala, Delhi.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Charu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xCVGEAAAQBAJ&dq=Hashmat+Ali+Khan&pg=PT70 |title=Literary Sentiments in the Vernacular: Gender and Genre in Modern South Asia |last2=Brueck |first2=Laura |last3=Harder |first3=Hans |last4=Nijhawan |first4=Shobna |date=2021-12-14 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-51118-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lāʼibrerī |first=K̲h̲udā Bak̲h̲sh Oriyanṭal Pablik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qGltAAAAMAAJ&q=%D8%AD%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%AA+%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86 |title=Khuda Bakhsh Library journal |date=1995 |publisher=K̲h̲udā Bak̲h̲sh Oriyanṭal Pablik Lāʼibreri |language=ur}}</ref>

== Life ==

=== Spiritual Journey ===

* At 14, he took Bai’at (pledge) at the hands of Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Saud ul Hassan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GtdLAQAAIAAJ&q=%D8%AD%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%AA+%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86 |title=Tārīk̲h̲-i Baṛīc: Afg̲h̲ān Qabīlah Baṛīc ke siyāsī va samājī ḥalāt kī tafṣīl |date=2006 |publisher=G̲h̲aznavī Pablisharz ainḍ Buk Selarz |language=ur}}</ref>
* Earned the title of '''"Abul Fatah"''' from Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Janamejaya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ONJCAAAAcAAJ&dq=%D8%AD%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%AA+%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86&pg=PA190 |title=Nuskhá i dilkusha, or Notices and Selections from the Works of Urdu Poets: I |date=1870 |publisher=Ganśa Press |language=ur}}</ref>
* Became a lecturer, Mufti, and Principal at various religious institutions.
* Served as a Khateeb at Zeenat-ul-Masjid in Gojra Waala.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aleemi |first=Muhammad Tauseef Raza |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ehf1EAAAQBAJ&dq=%D8%AD%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%AA+%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86&pg=PA171 |title=Hussame Razviyya |date=2024-02-15 |publisher=Abde Mustafa Publications |language=ur}}</ref>

Teachings and Legacy:

* Known for his oratory skills, deeply drowned in the love of the Holy Prophet Muhammad.
* Warned believers against the [[Deobandi movement]] and [[Wahhabism]] and called them as "Thieves of [[Faith|Imaan]]" to protect their faith.
* His tongue was described as a "naked sword," cutting through false beliefs with bright proofs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jalali |first=Shuaib Attari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrmiEAAAQBAJ&dq=%D8%AD%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%AA+%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86&pg=PA26 |title=Firqa -e- Batila Ka Taqub |date=2022-12-19 |publisher=Abde Mustafa Official |language=ur}}</ref>
* His words also offered comfort and guidance to true believers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Adrawi |first=Muhammad Saleem Ansari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nau0EAAAQBAJ&dq=%D8%AD%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%AA+%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86&pg=PA46 |title=Maqalaate Adrawi |date=2023-03-20 |publisher=Abde Mustafa Official |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Anonymous |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UgP1DwAAQBAJ&dq=%D8%AD%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%AA+%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86&pg=PT609 |title=Kitāb shināsi-yi āthār-i Fārsi-yi chāp shuda dar shibh-i qāra (Hind, Pākistān, Banglādish), 1160-1387/1195-1428/1781-2007. Volume 1 |date=2019-05-15 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-40603-2 |language=fa}}</ref>

== Views on Two-nation theory ==
He was against the Two-nation theory given by [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]. In 1939, Hashmat Ali Khan and Syed Shah Aulad-e-Rasool Muhammad Miyan (1892-1955) was against the creation of Pakistan and challenged the Muslim League's assertion as the sole spokesperson of Indian Muslims.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Jamaluddin |first1=Syed |last2=Jamaluddin |first2=Saiyid |date=1993 |title=A Non-Congress Critique of the Muslim League Hegemony: The Barelwi Perspective, 1939 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44142998 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=54 |pages=441–450 |jstor=44142998 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>

=== Jamat-e-Ahle Sunnat ===
Hashmat Ali Khan along with his contemporary Barelvi ulema such as Maulana Ghulam Jilani, Maulana Abdul Qadir, Maulana Abdul Rahman, [[Shariful Haq Amjadi|Maulana Shariful Haq Amjadi]] had opposed the Two-nation theory and came forward to form Jamat-e-Ahle Sunnat, an organization formed to oppose the creation of Pakistan. It was centred at the Khanquah-e-Barakatiya of Marehra, Etah district. The organization published ''Muslim League Ki Zarri Bakhiya'' and ''Ehkam-e-Shariat Bar Humzaban-e-League-e-Ahle Bid'at'', two treatises of Fatwas issued by Maulana Syed Shah Aulad-e-Rasool Muhammad Miyan.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Miyan |first=Syed Shah Aulad-e-Rasool Muhammad |title=Muslim League ki Zarrin Bakhiya Dari |publisher=Sudar-shan Press |year=1939 |location=Etah |pages=2–3 |language=ur}}</ref>

== Works ==

* ''Fatawa Hashmatia'', a collection of fatwas addressing various aspects of Islamic jurisprudence and belief.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Qadri |first=Abde Mustafa Muhammad Sabir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ccPSEAAAQBAJ&dq=%D8%AD%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%AA+%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86&pg=PA15 |title=Shaykh Saddo (Urdu) |date=2023-08-24 |publisher=Abde Mustafa Publications |language=ur}}</ref>
* ''Sawarim-ul-Hindiya,'' a collection of Fatwas against the Imams of Deobandi movement<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-27 |title=Sher Besha e Ahl e Sunnat Allama Hashmat Ali Khan / شیر بیشۂ اہل سنت علامہ حشمت علی خان |url=https://muftiakhtarrazakhan.com/her-besha-e-ahl-e-sunnat-allama-hashmat-ali-khan/ |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Taj ush Shariah |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''Munazra-e-Sambhal<ref name=":2" />''
* ''Munazra-e-Surat''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Munazira E Soorat By Allama Hashmat Ali Khan Lakhnavi / مناظرہ راندیر سورت by مولانا محمد نظام الدین |url=https://www.darsenizami.in/2019/11/munazira-e-soorat-by-allama-hashmat-ali.html |access-date=2024-07-08}}</ref>
* ''Munazra-e-Punjab''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Munazira Punjab By Allama Hashmat Ali Khan Qadri / مناظرہ پنجاب by شیر بشہ اہلسنت علامہ حشمت علی خان رحمۃ اللہ علیہ |url=https://www.darsenizami.in/2019/11/munazira-punjab-by-allama-hashmat-ali.html |access-date=2024-07-08}}</ref>
* ''Al-Qilada-tul-Tayyab<ref name=":2" />''
* ''Taqreer Muneer-e-Qalb<ref name=":2" />''
* ''Radd-e-Al Muhannad<ref name=":2" />''
* ''Raaz Seerat Committee<ref name=":2" />''
* ''Ulama-e-Deoband Ki Makkariyaan''<ref name=":2" />

== Legacy ==
Darul Uloom Hashmat-ur-Raza, Hashmat Nagar, Pilibhit was founded and established in the memory of Ali Khan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hazrat Hasmat Ali Khan {{!}} District Pilibhit, Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://pilibhit.nic.in/document/hazrat-hasmat-ali-khan/ |access-date=2024-07-08 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

== Bibliography ==

* {{Cite book |last=Anjum |first=Ghulam Yahya |author-link=Ghulam Yahya Anjum|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/maulana-hashmat-ali-lucknawi-ek-tahqiqi-mutala-ghulam-yahya-anjum-ebooks |title=Maulana Hashmat Ali Lucknawi: Ek Tahqiqi Mut'ala |publisher=Danish Kada, New Delhi |year=1992 |pages=351 |language=Urdu}}
* {{Cite book |last=Noori |first=Muhammad Afthab Cassim Razvi |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/141296489/The-Lion-Of-The-Ahle-Sunnat-English |title=The Lion of Ahle Sunnat: Allama Hashmat Ali Khan |publisher=Imam Mustafa Raza Research Centre |year=2007 |location=Durban, South Africa |language=en}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Hashmat Ali}}
[[Category:1902 births]]
[[Category:Manzar-e-Islam alumni]]
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:Maturidis]]
[[Category:Barelvis]]
[[Category:Indian Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:1960 deaths]]
[[Category:Students of Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]]

Siddhashila

2025-11-17T17:29:35Z

Rajnishkumar123: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Short description|Apex of the universe in Jain cosmology}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Italic title}}
[[File:Siddha Shila.svg|thumb|Siddhashila as per the [[Jain cosmology]]]]
{{Jainism}}
'''Siddhashila''' is an area in [[Jain cosmology]] at the apex of the universe, which is where the [[Jainism|Jains]] believe people who have become ''[[Arihant (Jainism)|arihant]]s'' and ''[[tirthankara]]s'' go after they die and attain ''[[Moksha (Jainism)|moksha]]''. Such people are called ''[[Siddha#Jainism|siddhas]]'' after they discard their mortal body, hence the origin of the term.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Culture of India |last=Kuiper |first=Kathleen |page=150 |year=2010 |publisher=[[Rosen Publishing Group]] |isbn=9781615301492}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kevala jnana]]
* [[Jainism and non-creationism]]
* [[Timeline of Jainism]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}
===Sources===
* {{citation |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |author-link=Vilas Adinath Sangave |title=Jain Community: A Social Survey |url={{Google books|FWdWrRGV_t8C|plainurl=yes}} |date=1980 |publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]] |location=Bombay |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-317-12346-3 }}

{{Jainism topics}}

[[Category:Moksha]]
[[Category:Jain cosmology]]

{{Jainism-stub}}

Pesarattu

2025-10-17T00:21:45Z

Rajnishkumar123: Refined content and updated sections

{{Short description|Type of Indian bread}}
{{for|the film|Pesarattu (2015 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Pesarattu
| image = pesarattu.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Pesarattu
| alternate_name =
| country = Coastal region of Andhra Pradesh, [[India]]
| region = [[Andhra Pradesh, India]]
| creator =
| course = [[Breakfast]], [[snack]]
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Green gram]]
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}
'''Pesarattu''' ([[Telugu language|Telugu:]] పెసరట్టు; {{lit|[[green gram]] pancake}}), '''pesara attu''', '''pesara dosa''' ('''mung bean dosa'''), or '''cheeldo''' is a [[crepe]]-like [[bread]], originating in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]], that is a variety of [[Dosa (food)|dosa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pesarattu {{!}} Moong Dal Dosa (Classic Healthy Recipe) |url=https://www.vegrecipesofindia.com/moong-dal-dosa-pesarattu-a-cripsy-dosa-made-from-moong-dal/ |website=www.vegrecipesofindia.com}}</ref> It is made with [[green gram]] batter, but, unlike a typical dosa, it does not contain ''[[Vigna mungo]]''.<ref name="The Guardian - 23 October 2014 - Real street food - No 2: Pesarattu from Chennai">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/oct/23/real-street-food-pesarattu-chennai-india|title=Real street food - No 2: Pesarattu from Chennai|date=23 October 2014|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=26 November 2014}}</ref> Pesarattu is eaten as [[breakfast]] and as a [[snack]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kapila |first=Vaishali |date=19 March 2023 |title=How To Make Andhra-Style Pesarattu For A Delicious Breakfast Meal |pages=1 |work=https://food.ndtv.com |url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/how-to-make-andhra-style-pesarattu-for-a-delicious-breakfast-meal-3873659 |access-date=19 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 November 2018 |title=Andhra Pesarattu Recipe |work=timesofindia.com |url=https://recipes.timesofindia.com/recipes/andhra-pesarattu/rs62296013.cms |access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref> It is typically served with [[ginger]] [[chutney]], [[peanut chutney]] or [[tamarind]] [[chutney]]. Green chilies, ginger and [[onion]]s are used in variants.

==Upma pesarattu==
A pesarattu stuffed with [[upma]] is known as upma pesarattu. It is popular in Andhra Pradesh cities. Upma pesarattu is a favourite in the [[Coastal Andhra]], region especially the [[West Godavari District]], [[East Godavari District]], [[Krishna district|Krishna District]], [[Guntur district]] especially in Planadu regions of Guntur District, Guntur and Vijayawada cities and [[Visakhapatnam District]].

==Variations==
Similar variations found in North Indian cuisine are moong daal ka cheela or besan ka cheela. In Rajasthan they are commonly known as cheeldo.

==Preparation==
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2015}}

The first step is soaking the "pesalu" (moong beans) or whole green gram (a 150 ml cup of gram makes about four medium pesarattus) in water for at least four hours (maximum of seven hours). The soaked gram is then ground to a smooth paste with a couple of green chilies, a small piece of ginger, and some salt. Water is added as required. The mixture is allowed to sit for a few minutes to ensure that the interiors of the grains are fully hydrated.<ref>{{Cite web |last=swasthi |date=2014-11-11 |title=Pesarattu recipe |url=https://www.indianhealthyrecipes.com/andhra-pesarattu-whole-moong-dosa/ |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=Swasthi's Recipes |language=en-US}}</ref>

The batter is poured onto a heated pan. The pesarattu will slowly start to get crispy over the edges and start to unstick from the pan. In professional cooking facilities, due to the high temperatures of the pan, there is usually no need to flip the pesarattu. In domestic settings, the pesarattu is usually flipped, to cook it completely.

Chopped onions and chilies are sometimes added to the pesarattu by spreading them over the batter before it becomes a crepe; [[upma]] is similarly used. In some places, both upma and onions are added to pesarattu.

==See also==
* [[List of Indian breads]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{Pancakes}}
{{Indian bread}}

[[Category:Indian fast food]]
[[Category:Indian breads]]
[[Category:Pancakes]]
[[Category:Andhra cuisine]]

Federation of Associations of Maharashtra

2025-08-07T06:04:33Z

Rajnishkumar123: refine page also and improved wording for accuracy

{{Orphan|date=March 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}

'''Federation of Associations of Maharashtra (FAM)''' is a Mumbai-based<ref name="TT-20020525">{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020525/nation.ht|title=AWARD FOR SINGER PRABHA ATRE KOPARGAON |date=25 May 2002|work=The Tribune|accessdate=25 November 2012|location=Chandigarh}}</ref> summit organisation of 750 small-scale and trade & service providers associations in [[Maharashtra]], India.<ref name="BS-20112811">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/results/news/qa-mohan-gurnani-president-federationassociationsmaharashtra/456881/|title=Q&A: Mohan Gurnani, President, Federation of Associations of Maharashtra |last=Jog|first=Sanjay|date=28 November 2011|work=Business Standard|accessdate=25 November 2012}}</ref> Founded in 1979,<ref>{{cite web |title=About us |url=https://famindia.in/about-us-2 |website=Federation of Associations of Maharashtra |access-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210417055826/https://famindia.in/about-us-2/ |archive-date=17 April 2021}}</ref> it led traders against what it considered "harsh provisions" of the Maharashtra Value Added Tax Act in April 2005.<ref name="ET-20050415">{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-04-15/news/27477561_1_implementation-of-value-added-tax-state-traders-trade-associations|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103103800/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-04-15/news/27477561_1_implementation-of-value-added-tax-state-traders-trade-associations|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|title=VAT now? State traders on strike from today|date=15 April 2005|work=The Economic Times|accessdate=25 November 2012|location=Mumbai}}</ref> FAM has opposed measures by the Indian government to allow [[foreign direct investment]] (FDI) in the retail sector.<ref name="PhDPatel2005">Arpita Mukherjee, PhD; Arpita Mukherjee & Nitisha Patel. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=JqwlvXImtAcC&pg=PA117 Fdi in Retail Sector India: A Report by Icrier And Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Government of India]''. Academic Foundation; 1 January 2005 [cited 25 November 2012]. {{ISBN|978-81-7188-480-3}}. p. 117.</ref><ref name="TOI-20111202">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-02/india/30467083_1_nationwide-bandh-bandh-supporters-traders|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103101536/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-02/india/30467083_1_nationwide-bandh-bandh-supporters-traders|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|title=No united response to traders' bandh |date=2 November 2012|accessdate=25 November 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|location=Mumbai}}</ref> It has likened FDI in retail to a "foreign invasion.<ref name="TOI-20120916">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-16/mumbai/33879795_1_trade-bandh-crores-of-small-retailers-statewide-bandh|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103135953/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-16/mumbai/33879795_1_trade-bandh-crores-of-small-retailers-statewide-bandh|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|title=Trade bandh against FDI in retail on Thursday |last=Jaisinghani|first=Bella|date=16 September 2012|accessdate=25 November 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|location=Mumbai}}</ref> In a protest in which it participated 3.5 million member establishments closed for a one-day [[bandh]].<ref name="TOI-20111201">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-01/india/30462530_1_bandh-today-multi-brand-retail-sector-traders|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103150224/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-01/india/30462530_1_bandh-today-multi-brand-retail-sector-traders|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|title=FDI protest: 35L traders down shutters in Maharashtra, response muted in Bihar |date=1 December 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=25 November 2012}}</ref> In October, 2012 the opposition [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] has cited a letter written to FAM by [[Manmohan Singh]], now Prime Minister of India, in 2002, when he was the leader of the opposition in the [[Rajya Sabha]], India's upper house of parliament, alleging [[double standard]]s practiced by him.<ref name="Hindu-20121006">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bjp-slams-congress-for-double-standards-on-fdi/article3971987.ece|title=BJP slams Congress for 'double standards' on FDI|date=6 October 2012|work=The Hindu|accessdate=25 November 2012|location=Chennai}}</ref> It is a co-signatory to a letter written in 2010 that called for a halt to "Free Trade Agreement" negotiations between India and the European Union.<ref name="HBF-2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.in.boell.org/downloads/call_for_halt.pdf|title=Last chance to prevent onslaught on people's rights and livelihoods! Civil society groups call for an immediate halt to the India-EU trade negotiations|year=2010|publisher=[[Heinrich Böll Foundation]]|accessdate=25 November 2012}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It is associated with a [[₹]]100 billion urban redevelopment project at Chira Bazar in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="AFD-20120211">{{cite news|url=http://www.afternoondc.in/property-interior/will-rehabilitate-resolve/article_47406|title=Will rehabilitate...resolve! |date=11 February 2012|work=Afternoon Despatch & Courier|accessdate=25 November 2012|location=Mumbai}}</ref>

Facebook Page: www.facebook.com/FAMindia.in

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Organisations based in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Economy of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1979]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in Maharashtra]]

B P M High School

2025-07-01T21:43:37Z

Rajnishkumar123: Creating New Post.

{{Short description|School in Khar, Mumbai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{more citations needed |date=May 2013}}

[[File:B P M High School.jpg|thumb|B P M High School]]

'''BPM High School'''<ref>{{cite web |title=B.P.M. HIGH SCHOOL - Ward H District Mumbai Ii (Maharashtra) |url=https://schools.org.in/mumbai-ii/27230500165/b-p-m-high-school.html |website=schools.org.in |access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref> is a school in [[Khar, Mumbai]], this school is run by Mumbai Suburban Education Society. It was established in 1941, the school introduced English Medium in June 1966.

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://bpmhighschool.weebly.com/ School web site]

{{coord|21.9427|87.5312|type:edu_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Mumbai]]

{{Maharashtra-stub}}
{{India-school-stub}}

2011 elections in India

2025-06-27T23:13:58Z

Rajnishkumar123: small changes

{{short description|none}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Elections in India
| country = India
| previous_election = 2010 elections in India
| previous_year = 2010
| election_date = 2011
| next_election = 2012 elections in India
| next_year = 2012
}}
{{Politics of India}}
'''Parliament By-elections''' took place between May and November to elect [[Lok Sabha]] members in the states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Haryana]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[West Bengal]].

'''Legislative Assembly elections''' took place in April and May 2011 to elect legislatures in the [[India]]n states of [[Assam]], [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]].<ref name="No.ECI/PN/17/2011">{{cite web|title=Press Note No.ECI/PN/17/2011:Schedule for the General Elections to the Legislative Assemblies of Assam, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Pondicherry|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/press/current/PN_AE_010311.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2 April 2011}}</ref>

==Legislative Assembly elections==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Date(s)
! State/UT
! colspan="2" |Government Before
! Chief Minister before election
! colspan="2" | Government After
! Elected Chief Minister
! Maps
|-
| rowspan="2" | 4 and 11 April 2011
| rowspan="2" |[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|Assam]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Tarun Gogoi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Tarun Gogoi]]
| rowspan=2|[[File:IN-AS.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bodoland People's Front}}" |
| [[Bodoland People's Front]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bodoland People's Front}}"|
| [[Bodoland People's Front]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="6" |13 April 2011
| [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|Kerala]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |
| [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Left Democratic Front]]
| [[V. S. Achuthanandan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}"|
| [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]]
|[[Oommen Chandy]]
|[[File:IN-KL.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" | [[2011 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|Puducherry]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |[[V. Vaithilingam]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|All India N.R. Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2" |[[All India N.R. Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |[[N. Rangaswamy]]
|rowspan=2|[[File:IN-PY.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="3" | [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Tamil Nadu]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| rowspan="3" | [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| rowspan="3" | [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| rowspan="3" | [[File:IN-TN.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}"|
| [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
| [[Communist Party of India]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" |18 April-10 May 2011
| rowspan="2" |[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}"|
| rowspan="2" |[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}"|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mamata Banerjee]]
|rowspan=2|[[File:IN-WB.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|-
|}

== Parliamentary By-election ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!State
!MP before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
|38
|Rowspan=2|8 May 2011
|[[Kadapa Lok Sabha constituency|Kadapa]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
|10
|[[Bastar Lok Sabha constituency|Bastar]]
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|[[Baliram Kashyap]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Dinesh Kashyap]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|9
|26 September 2011
|[[Jamshedpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jamshedpur]]
|[[Jharkhand]]
|[[Arjun Munda]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ajoy Kumar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)}}
|-
|4
|13 October 2011
|[[Hisar Lok Sabha constituency|Hisar]]
|[[Haryana]]
|[[Bhajan Lal Bishnoi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Haryana Janhit Congress (BL)}}
|[[Kuldeep Bishnoi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Haryana Janhit Congress (BL)}}
|-
|23
|30 November 2011
|[[Kolkata Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency|Kolkata Dakshin]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|[[Mamata Banerjee]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Subrata Bakshi]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|}

== Assembly By-elections ==
=== [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!248
|8 May 2011
|[[Pulivendla Assembly constituency|Pulivendla]]
|[[Y. S. Vijayamma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Y. S. Vijayamma]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
!14
|13 October 2011
|[[Banswada Assembly constituency|Banswada]]
|[[Pocharam Srinivas Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Pocharam Srinivas Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|}

=== [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Arunachal Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!3
|30 May 2011
|[[Mukto Assembly constituency|Mukto]]
|[[Dorjee Khandu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Pema Khandu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

=== [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Bihar]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!62
|25 June 2011
|[[Purnia Assembly constituency|Purnia]]
|[[Raj Kishore Kesri]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Kiran Devi
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

=== [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Chhattisgarh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!59
|14 February 2011
|[[Sanjari Balod Assembly constituency|Sanjari Balod]]
|Madanlal Sahu
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Kumari Bai Sahu
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

=== [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!75
|14 February 2011
|Khadia
|[[Ashok Bhatt]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bhushan Bhatt]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

=== [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Haryana]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!41
|Rowspan=2|30 November 2011
|[[Ratia Assembly constituency|Ratia]]
|Gian Chand
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Jarnail Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
!47
|[[Adampur, Haryana Assembly constituency|Adampur]]
|[[Kuldeep Bishnoi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Haryana Janhit Congress (BL)}}
|[[Renuka Bishnoi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Haryana Janhit Congress (BL)}}
|}

=== [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Himachal Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!12
|Rowspan=2|30 November 2011
|[[Nalagarh Assembly constituency|Nalagarh]]
|[[Hari Naraian Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Lakhvinder Singh Rana]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
!16
|[[Rainka Assembly constituency|Rainka]]
|[[Prem Singh (Himachal Pradesh politician)|Prem Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Hirdaya Ram
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

=== [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Jharkhand]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!57
|10 February 2011
|[[Kharsawan Assembly constituency|Kharsawan]]
|Mangal Singh Soy
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Arjun Munda]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
!24
|30 November 2011
|[[Mandu Assembly constituency|Mandu]]
|[[Tek Lal Mahto]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|[[Jai Prakash Bhai Patel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|}

=== [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!103
| Rowspan=3|9 April 2011
|[[Jagalur Assembly constituency|Jagalur]]
|S. V. Ramachandra
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|S. V. Ramachandra
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
!147
|[[Bangarapet Assembly constituency|Bangarapet]]
|M Narayanaswamy
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|M Narayanaswamy
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
!185
|[[Channapatna Assembly constituency|Channapatna]]
|M.C. Ashwath
|bgcolor={{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}|
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|[[C. P. Yogeshwara]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
!64
|26 September 2011
|[[Koppal Assembly constituency|Koppal]]
|[[Karadi Sanganna Amarappa]]
|bgcolor={{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}|
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|[[Karadi Sanganna Amarappa]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
!93
|30 November 2011
|[[Bellary Rural Assembly constituency|Bellary Rural]]
|[[B. Sriramulu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[B. Sriramulu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|}

=== [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Madhya Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!170
|Rowspan=2|14 February 2011
|[[Sonkatch Assembly constituency|Sonkatch]]
|[[Sajjan Singh Verma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rajendra Pholchand Verma
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
!198
|[[Kukshi Assembly constituency|Kukshi]]
|[[Jamuna Devi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Mukam Singh Kirade
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
!56
|25 June 2011
|[[Jabera Assembly constituency|Jabera]]
|Ratnesh Soloman
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Dashrath Singh Lodhi
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

=== [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!211
|13 October 2011
|[[Khadakwasala Assembly constituency|Khadakwasala]]
|[[Ramesh Wanjale]]
|{{Full party name with color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}
|[[Bhimrao Tapkir]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

=== [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Nagaland]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!26
|7 May 2011
|[[Aonglenden Assembly constituency|Aonglenden]]
|Nungshizenba Longkumer
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Toshipokba
|{{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|}

=== [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Odisha]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!73
|30 May 2011
|[[Umerkote Assembly constituency|Umerkote]]
|Jagabandhu Majhi
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|Subash Gond
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|}

=== [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Puducherry]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!8
|10 October 2011
|[[Indira Nagar Assembly constituency|Indira Nagar]]
|[[N. Rangaswamy]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India N.R. Congress}}
|A.T. Selvane
|{{Full party name with color|All India N.R. Congress}}
|}

=== [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!140
|13 October 2011
|[[Tiruchirappalli West Assembly constituency|Tiruchirappalli West]]
|[[M. Mariam Pichai]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. Paranjothi]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

=== [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!168
|8 May 2011
|[[Pipraich Assembly constituency|Pipraich]]
|[[Jamuna Nishad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Rajmati Nishad
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|}

=== [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!125
|Rowspan=2|25 September 2011
|[[Basirhat Uttar Assembly constituency|Basirhat Uttar]]
|[[Mostafa Bin Qaseem]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[ATM Abdullah]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
!159
|[[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]]
|[[Subrata Bakshi]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Mamata Banerjee]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|}

==See also==
* [[S. Y. Quraishi|S.Y. Quraishi]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*[http://eci.nic.in Election Commission of India]

{{Indian elections}}
{{Legislatures of India}}

[[Category:2011 elections in India]]
[[Category:2011 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:2011 in India]]
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]

Surajit Kumar Biswas

2025-06-23T20:46:35Z

Rajnishkumar123: put up biography.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}

'''Surajit Kumar Biswas''' (born 1940)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Surajit Kumar Biswas(All India Trinamool Congress (AITC)):Constituency - Bongaon Dakshin (SC) (North 24 Parganas) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=1190 |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He is a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Bangaon Dakshin Assembly constituency|Bongaon Dakshin Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community, in [[North 24 Parganas district]]. He won the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[All India Trinamool Congress]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Bongaon Dakshin Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/bongaondakshin-west-bengal-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Biswas is from [[Gaighata]], North 24 Parganas district, West Bengal. He is the son of late Nilratan Biswas. He completed his BA at a college affiliated with the [[University of Calcutta]] in 1961. He is a retired state government employee and his wife is a retired higher secondary school teacher.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Biswas won from Bongaon Dakshin Assembly constituency representing the All India Trinamool Congress in the 2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election. He polled 92,379 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Ramendranath Audhya of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], by a margin of 26,904 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Summary: Bongaon Dakshin (SC) 2016 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/36763 |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |title=Bongaon-dakshin Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing , Winners West bengal Bongaon-dakshin Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-bongaon-dakshin-constituency-96.html?noHeader=true |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bongaon Dakshin Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Swapan Majumder of BJP Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/bongaon-dakshin-election-result-2021-live-updates-bongaon-dakshin-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3695114.html |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] where he polled 87,677 votes to defeat Anuj Baran Sarkar, also of CPI (M), by a margin of 21,889 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2021 |title=West Bengal Election: Bongaon Dakshin Assembly Constituency 2021 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/bongaon-dakshin-2014375341 |access-date=30 April 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> He was denied a ticket to contest the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021 Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhurri |first=Atonu |date=2021-04-19 |title=Promise of citizenship: How BJP is winning over Matua Dalit refugees of Bongaon South |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/04/19/promise-of-citizenship-how-bjp-is-winning-over-matua-dalit-refugees-of-bongaon-south |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=Newslaundry |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Biswas, Surajit Biswas}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politicians from North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:People from Bangaon subdivision]]

Palden Tsering Gyamtso

2025-05-07T15:22:23Z

Rajnishkumar123: quick cleaned up information to improve readability and added references

{{more citations needed|date=July 2023}}
{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Palden Tsering Gyamtso''' is an Indian politician from [[Sikkim]].

He was elected to Upper House of India Parliament - the [[Rajya Sabha]] for the term 2000-2006 from [[Sikkim Democratic Front]].<ref name="Rajya Sabha">{{cite web |url=http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx |title=List of Rajya Sabha members Since 1952 |access-date=21 October 2013 |archive-date=14 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214083532/http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gyamtso, Palden Tsering}}
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Sikkim]]
[[Category:Sikkim Democratic Front politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]

{{Sikkim-politician-stub}}

Abdul Mannan Mandal

2025-02-28T17:19:29Z

Rajnishkumar123: expanded page after review

{{Short description|Bangladeshi politician (c. 1953–2018)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Abdul Mannan Mandal
| birth_name =
| constituency_MP = [[Gaibandha-4]]
| children =
| parents =
| native_name_lang = bn
| native_name = আব্দুল মান্নান মন্ডল
| death_place = [[Dhaka]]
| birth_date = {{circa|1953}}
| office =
| death_date = 7 June 2018
| party = [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
| birth_place = [[Gaibandha District]]
| successor = [[Lutfar Rahman Chowdhury]]
| predecessor = [[Lutfar Rahman Chowdhury]]
| termstart = 15 February 1996
| termend = 12 June 1996
| nickname =
}}
'''Abdul Mannan Mandal''' ({{circa|1953}}-7 June 2018) was a politician of the [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]. He was elected a member of parliament for [[Gaibandha-4]] in [[February 1996 Bangladeshi general election|February 1996]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=List of 6th Parliament Members |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp-bangla/6th%20Parliament%20.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915084544/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp-bangla/6th%20Parliament%20.pdf |archive-date=15 September 2018 |access-date=9 April 2020 |website=[[Jatiya Sangsad]] |language=bn}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Mandal was born in 1953 in [[Gaibandha District]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |script-title=bn:গাইবান্ধা-৪ আসনের সাবেক এমপি অধ্যক্ষ আবদুল মান্নান আর নেই |url=https://www.banglatribune.com/country/news/331917/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A7%AA-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8 |access-date=27 June 2020 |work=[[Bangla Tribune]] |language=bn}}</ref>

== Career ==
Mandal started his political career in 1974 through the Chhatra League. After that, he joined [[Bangladesh Jatiotabadi Chatra Dal]]. He was the joint secretary of BNP's Gobindaganj Thana in 1988 and the president of Gobindaganj Upazila BNP since 1992–2018.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=7 June 2018 |script-title=bn:গাইবান্ধা-৪ আসনের সাবেক এমপি মান্নান আর নেই |language=bn |work=[[banglanews24.com]] |url=https://www.banglanews24.com/politics/news/bd/657708.details |access-date=27 June 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

He was elected to parliament for Gaibandha-4 as a [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] candidate in the [[February 1996 Bangladeshi general election|15 February 1996 Bangladeshi general election]].<ref name=":02" /> He was defeated in the 7th Jatiya Sangsad elections on 12 June 1996 as a candidate of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party from [[Gaibandha-4]] constituency.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

He was the principal of Hakimpur Degree College in Dinajpur. He was the elected chairman of the Shakhahar Union for five consecutive terms from 1965 to 1982.<ref name=":0" />

== Death ==
Mandal died on 7 June 2018.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mandal, Abdul Mannan}}
[[Category:1950s births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Gaibandha District]]
[[Category:Politicians from Rangpur Division]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians]]
[[Category:6th Jatiya Sangsad members]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Puducherry

2025-01-14T16:36:23Z

Rajnishkumar123: put up new details.

{{short description|Wikimedia subject-area collaboration}}
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Navigation}}
{{WikiProject status|Defunct|type=geo|sc1=WP:PY|sc2=WP:INPY}}
Some [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]s have formed a [[Wikipedia:WikiProject|project]] to improve organisation and standardised look and feel of articles related to the [[union territory]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]].

If you would like to help, please inquire on the [[{{NAMESPACE}} talk:{{PAGENAME}}|talk page]] and see the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Pondicherry/to do|to-do list]] there.

'''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Pondicherry/New articles|New articles]]''' page contains articles that may be Puducherry-related. Please add this page your watchlist and monitor the articles.

==Scope==
The scope of this article fundamentally is loosely defined as all articles and sections relating to [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. Almost all of these will be (eventually) categorised under [[:Category:Pondicherry]] and [[:Category:India]]

==Goals==

# Creation of a generally standard look and feel for all Puducherry-related articles.
# To produce as many [[Wikipedia:Featured articles|Featured Articles]] as possible related to Puducherry.

==Participants==
===Active members===
To join WikiProject Pondicherry, edit this section and add the [[Help:Wikitext|Wikitext]] <code><nowiki>#{{subst:me}}</nowiki></code> with your areas of interest to the bottom of the following list of members. Members should also place [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Pondicherry#Member identification|member identification]] on their user page.
#{{User|Tinucherian}}
#{{User|GDibyendu}}
#{{User|Ravichandar84}}
#{{User|Prabhupuducherry}}
#[[User:Acagastya|aGastya]]  [[User talk:Acagastya|✉ Dicere Aliquid ]]:)
#[[User:Wiki tamil 100]]
#{{User|Bsskchaitanya}}

===Inactive members===
Thank you for your help! Please move your username back to the active list when you can participate again.
#{{User|Buaidh}} 13:24:44, 3 May 2019 (UTC) 
#{{User|ilango_j}}
#{{User|Jai Kumara Yesappa}}
#{{User|Showmethedoor}}
#{{User|varun_swm}}
#{{User|Vsenthil}}

===Member identification===
Members of WikiProject Pondicherry should place one of the following lines of [[Help:Wikitext|Wikitext]] on their [[Special:MyPage|user page]] to add it to '''{{nobreak|[[:Category:WikiProject Pondicherry participants]]}}'''.
{{yytop}}
{{yycat|WikiProject Puducherry participants}}
{{yy|Template:User WikiProject Puducherry}}
{{yy|Template:User WP Puducherry}}
{{yy|Template:User WP Puducherry|invite}}
{{yyend}}
For other Puducherry user templates see '''{{nobreak|[[:Category:Puducherry user templates]]}}'''.

==Parentage==
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India]]
**[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/States|Indian states]]

==Descendant WikiProjects==
No descendant WikiProjects have been defined.

==Similar WikiProjects==
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Kerala]]

==Portal==
*[[Portal:Puducherry]]

== Discussion ==
*[[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Puducherry]]

==Naming conventions==
*[[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Indic)]]

==Structure==
Refer to
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_states#Sections]] for state articles
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_districts#Sections]] for district articles
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_cities#Sections]] for city articles

== WikiProject Pondicherrynotice ==

Place this WikiProject notice {{tl|WP India}} at the top of an article's Talk page to direct editors to the WikiProject

Pondicherryfor guidelines.

To use it, place
'''<nowiki>{{WP India |pondicherry=yes |pondicherry-importance= }}</nowiki>'''
at the top of an article's Talk page.
It will produce:
{{WP India |pondicherry=yes |category=no}}

==Stubs==
For stubs about the geography of Puducherry, use '''{{tl|puducherry-geo-stub}}'''. This will go into the [[:Category:Pondicherry geography stubs]] category.

==Templates==

==Featured articles==
* none at the moment

===Featured lists===
* none at the moment

==Good Articles==
* none at the moment

==Articles currently in [[Wikipedia:Featured article candidates|FAC]]==
* none at the moment

==Articles currently in [[Wikipedia:Peer review|PR]]==
* none at the moment

==To-do list==
*

{{WikiProject cleanup listing}}

[[Category:WikiProject Puducherry| ]]
[[Category:India-related WikiProjects|Pondicherry]]

Hilalpur Gram Panchayat

2024-09-05T23:32:06Z

Rajnishkumar123: starting first article w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =Hilalpur panchayat
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type =Gram Panchayat
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|42|05.7|N|85|15|52.1|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[vaishali district|vaishali]]
| subdivision_type3
=Assembly Constituency
| subdivision_name3
=[[Hajipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|hajipur assembly constituency (AC.123)]]<ref>[http://ceobihar.nic.in/map/include/AC123.pdf The Chief Electoral Officer of Bihar official,hajipur pdf ]</ref>
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Hilalpur''' is a Gram panchayat in Hajipur, [[Vaishali District]], [[Bihar]].

==Geography==
This panchayat is located at {{coord|25|42|05.7|N|85|15|52.1|E|type:panchayat}}

==panchayat office==
Panchayat Bhawan Hilalpur (पंचायत भवन Hilalpur )<ref>[http://biharprd.bih.nic.in/Docs/GP_OFFICE/Vaishali.pdf Panchayati Raj Department, Government of Bihar ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103183509/http://biharprd.bih.nic.in/Docs/GP_OFFICE/Vaishali.pdf |date=3 November 2014 }} page number 7</ref>

==Nearest City/Town==
[[Hajipur]] ('''Distance 4 km''')<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/(S(3ird4ricndfyzx45tkdber3h))/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/View_data/Village_Profile.aspx village profile census government official website ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108114001/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/View_data/Village_Profile.aspx |date=2008-01-08 }} State - Bihar, District- vaishali, Sub District - Hajipur</ref>

==Nearest major road highway or river==
NH 103 (National highway 103)
And
Railway line <ref>[http://vaishali.bih.nic.in/vaishali%20MAP.jpg Map - vaishali district official government website ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104113148/http://vaishali.bih.nic.in/vaishali%20MAP.jpg |date=2014-11-04 }} file type: image/jpeg, size:13.9 MB</ref>

==compass==
<ref>[http://ceobihar.nic.in/map/include/AC123.pdf The Chief Electoral Officer of Bihar official,hajipur pdf ]</ref>
{{Geographic location
|Centre =hilalpur
|North =
|Northeast =
|East =
|Southeast =
|South =
|Southwest =sultanpur
|West =
|Northwest =bishunpur basant urf shubhai
}}

==Villages in panchayat==
There are villages in this panchayat<ref>[http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=99319&rlbtype=V Reports of National Panchayat Directory Ministry of Panchayati Raj Government of India List of Census Villages mapped for HILALPUR Gram Panchayat, HAJIPUR, VAISHALI, BIHAR ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103225223/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=99319&rlbtype=V |date=3 November 2014 }} Report printed on 26/09/2014 National Panchayat Portal, Panchayat Informatics Division</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!s.n
|
!villages
|-
| 1||||Halalpur Madarpur
|-
| 2||||Kuari Bazurg
|-
| ||||
|-
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{panchayat of Hajipur block}}
{{Tirhut Division}}

[[Category:Gram panchayats in Bihar]]
[[Category:Villages in Vaishali district]]
[[Category:Vaishali district]]
[[Category:Hajipur]]

Gauhati Lok Sabha constituency

2024-04-22T05:49:57Z

Rajnishkumar123: adjusted article for clarity additionally and cleaned formatting

#REDIRECT [[Guwahati Lok Sabha constituency]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Thummalapalle, Vikarabad district

2024-03-21T10:11:13Z

Rajnishkumar123:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Thummalapalle
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = [[Thummalapally]]
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.582040|N|77.836134|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Vikarabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Telangana|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Marpalle]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 571
| population_total = 1,426
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 501202
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08416
| registration_plate = TS-34
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Sangareddy]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 1:.975 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = 48.24 %
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Chevella Lok Sabha constituency|Chevella]]
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank5_info_sec1 = [[Vikarabad Assembly constituency|Vikarabad]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Normal]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Thummalapalle''' is a village ('''Thummalapalle''', [[Gram panchayat]]) in [[Marpalle]] [[Mandal (disambiguation)|mandal]], [[Vikarabad district|Vikarabad]] [[district]], [[Telangana]] [[States and union territories of India|state]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=District Level Mandal wise list of villages in Vikarabad district|url=https://mines.telangana.gov.in/MinesAndGeology/Documents/GO's/New%20District%20Gos/Vikarabad.pdf|website=Special Chief Secretary of Revenue Department|publisher=mines.telangana.gov.in|accessdate=12 January 2023|archiveurl=https://mines.telangana.gov.in/MinesAndGeology/Views/NewDistrictGos.aspx|archivedate=11 October 2016|format=PDF}}</ref> Nearly 48.24% of population is literate

==History==
Thummalapalle village got its name from the presence of the [[Vachellia nilotica|Babul]] Trees in abundance. [[Vachellia nilotica|Babul]] Trees Known for its medicinal benefits and it is extensively used as a [[Browsing (herbivory)|browse]], timber and firewood species. The bark and seeds are used as a source of tannins. The species is also used for medicinal purposes. This village was once a small site for a group of inhabitants. The Lord Parameshwara Temple, Seventh Day Adventist Church, Mosque (Maseed/Masjid), Oorudamma, Durgamma, Pochamma, Bhulaxmamma, Maktha Bayi Ellamma and Hanuman Temples are some of the religious places in the village.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}

==Demographics==
The boundaries are [[Bilkal]] and [[Gundlamarpalle]] to the east, [[Dargulpalle]] to the west, [[Komshetpalle]] to the north and [[Narsapur, Vikarabad district, Marpalle mandal|Narsapur]] to the south. The village have some water bodies like a lake to its North, a small pond to the west and a water stream in the East.

This village has 331 families residing and the population is approximately 1426 of which 722 are males while 704 are females as per Population Census 2011. There are 1297 voters of which 653 are male and 644 are females as of January 2023. It is a major ''[[gram panchayath]]'' and there are 8 panchayath wards. Apart from the village population, it has a population of approximately 407 from the hamlet village [[Dargulpalle]].

==Geography==
Thummalapalle is located at {{Coord|17.582040|N|77.836134|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Tummalpalli.html Tummalpalli at Fallingrain.com]</ref> It has an average elevation of 571
 metres (1876 ft).

==Distances==
;Distance from various cities (approximately):
*[[Hyderabad]] (state capital) - {{convert|85|km}}
*[[Vikarabad]] (district HQ) - {{convert|37|km}}
*[[Sangareddy]] - {{convert|35|km}}
*[[Zaheerabad]] - {{convert|40|km}}

==Facilities==
There is a government school in the village, Mandal Parishad Upper Primary School (since 1966), [[Anganwadi]] Center (Pre-School).
The village has a PHC sub center, post office and a water tank.

==Transportation==
Thummalapalle is connected to the rest of the state and other districts by road. The Telangana State Road Transport Corporation runs a bus in the village. Thummalapalle has a bus station. The yellow colored auto rickshaw is the most widely used transport service and has a minimum fare of {{INR}} 20 to Mandal and {{INR}} 80 to [[Vikarabad]].

==Economy==
Thummalapalle's economy is predominantly agricultural with several traditional village industries. Agriculture is the main occupation. The main agricultural products of the village are [[Cotton]], [[Chickpea|Bengal Gram]], [[Sorghum bicolor|jowar]], [[Pigeon pea|red gram]], [[mung bean|green gram]], [[Vigna mungo|black gram]], [[Maize|Corn]] and some vegetables.

==People==
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Thummalapalle Village (2011)
|titlebar=#fcd116
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Telangana|Hinduism]]|darkorange|80.17}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|18.34}}
{{bar percent|[[Telugu Christians|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|1.12}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.37}}
}}
There are people from different religions - [[Hindu]], [[Christians|Christian]] and [[Muslims]]. The famous festivals are [[Vijayadashami|Dasara]], [[Bathukamma]], [[Deepavali]], [[Makar Sankranti|Sankranti]], [[Christmas]], [[Ramadan|Ramzan]], [[Republic Day (India)|26 January]] and [[Independence Day (India)|15 August]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vikarabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Vikarabad district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Vikarabad district]]

{{Vikarabad-geo-stub}}

Gandhi assassination

2023-09-08T16:34:48Z

Rajnishkumar123: new redirect

#REDIRECT[[Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi]]

List of Tamil films of the 1950s

2023-08-31T06:50:49Z

Rajnishkumar123: created redirect

#redirect[[Lists of Tamil-language films]]

School of Management, NIT Rourkela

2023-08-26T15:24:12Z

Rajnishkumar123: Made redirect

#REDIRECT[[National Institute of Technology, Rourkela]]